28829
28829
2005
28829
28829
2005
� �
2005
33
65.5
63
. ,
. , ,
. , , ,
, ,
.
: .., .., .., .., ..
: ..
: .., ..
63 2004. /
. . -- .: � �. -- 288 .
ISBN 5 7777 0238 4
2004 . World Development Report 2005. A Better
Investment Climate for Everyone Oxford University Press .
ISBN 0 8213 5724 7 ( ), 0 8213 5682 8 ( ).
� �, .
.
. ,
, ,
, , , .
.
, , : Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.,
222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, USA, . 978 750 8400, 978 750 4470, www.copyright.com.
, ,
, : Office of the Publisher, World Bank, 1818 H Street N.W., Washington, DC 20433; 202 522
2422, e mail: pubrights@worldbank.org.
: . --
� 2005�; � Linda Frischtel.
ISBN 5 7777 0238 4
� 2004 . /
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA
� -- � �, 2005
xiii
xv
xvi
1
--
1
, ,
4
6
, 7
-- 9
12
14
I
17
1 ,
19
20
25
33
37
2 38
: ? 39
42
48
53
56
57
vi 2005
3 58
58
60
69
73
77
II
79
4 81
82
86
90
94
5 97
97
109
113
6 117
117
:
127
7 140
141
145
155
III
? 161
8 163
163
167
vii
9 179
179
180
184
�� 186
187
IV
191
10
193
193
194
199
201
203
212
, 2005 243
,
()
2005 244
245
246
246
, 247
252
255
255
255
255
256
267
viii 2005
1. 2 2.12. 51
2. 2.13. --
? 5 52
3. : , 2.14.
7
4. 54
2005 15 2.15. 55
1.1. 2.16. � �
20 56
1.2. 3.1. :
21 59
1.3. , 3.2. 60
22 3.3.
1.4. ? 66
. 3.4.
2003 25 67
1.5. 3.5. :
: , ? 68
27 3.6. --
1.6. 29 68
1.7. 3.7. � �:
, 69
29 3.8.
1.8. -- 70
, 3.9. ��
�� 30 72
1.9. 31 3.10.
1.10. 74
3.11.
32 75
1.11. 3.12. 76
33 3.13.
1.12. 35
2.1. 76
39 4.1.
2.2. 40 82
2.3. 40 4.2. :
2.4.
41 82
2.5. G�camines 4.3.
43 83
2.6. : 4.4. 84
? 43 4.5. 20
2.7. 44 85
2.8. : 4.6.
? 46 86
2.9. 4.7. ;
47 87
2.10. 4.8. , 92
48 4.9. --
2.11. 49 ? 93
ix
4.10. : 6.12.
? 95 139
5.1. , 7.1. /
99 141
5.2. : 7.2. ��
100
5.3. 143
101 7.3.
5.4.
103
5.5. � �? 103 144
5.6. 7.4. 145
7.5. 146
105 7.6.
5.7. 105 150
5.8. 7.7.
108 ? 152
5.9. : 7.8.
? 110 158
5.10. , 8.1.
? 111 164
5.11. 8.2. ��
? 112 .
5.12. () 164
115 8.3.
5.13. 168
116 8.4. 169
5.14. : 116 8.5. :
6.1. : 171
119 8.6. 171
6.2. 8.7.
: 172
, 122 8.8. 173
6.3. 8.9. 174
123 8.10.
6.4. 175
, 8.11.
124 176
6.5. 8.12. � �
124 176
6.6. 8.13.
128 176
6.7. 9.1. :
180
130 9.2. :
6.8. , ? 181
131 9.3. 183
6.9. 9.4.
135 184
6.10. 9.5.
136 185
6.11. 9.6.
138 187
x 2005
9.7. 10.1.
188 197
9.8. 10.2. , :
? 188 198
1.1. , 8.1.
172
( ) 22 8.2.
2.1. , (%) 173
42 8.3. 175
3.1. ? 69 8.4.
3.2. , 177
, -- 10.1.
74 , :
5.1. , 1999--2002 .
( . 2001 .) 195
108
1. 13.
2
2.
3 14
3. , 1.1.
3
4. 21
3 1.2.
5. 60 . 23
1.3.
4
6. �� 23
4 1.4.
7.
5 23
8. 1.5.
�� 6 24
9. , 1.6.
( ) 8
10. 1.7. --
, 25
9 1.8.
11.
26
11 1.9. 26
12. 1.10.
12 28
xi
1.11. 3.2.
28 64
1.12. , 3.3.
30 64
1.13. , 3.4.
32 ,
1.14.
33 65
1.15. -- 3.5.
34 1990 .
1.16. 67
, 3.6.
34 -- 69
1.17. 4.1. ? 83
35 4.2.
1.18. ,
,
86
36 4.3. ,
2.1. 43 89
2.2. 4.4
44 89
2.3. , 4.5.
46 91
2.4. 4.6. --
47 91
2.5. 4.7. 96
��, 5.1.
48
2.6. 98
, 5.2.
48
2.7. -- 102
�� 5.3.
49
2.8. , 102
5.4. ,
50 , ,
2.9. 104
5.5. ,
30% 50
2.10. : , 107
, 5.6.
51
2.11. 109
: 5.7. 1990 .
53 ,
2.12. 109
5.8. :
54 109
3.1. , : 5.9.
, 61 111
xii 2005
5.10.
140
114 7.2.
5.11.
, 142
114 7.3. 143
5.12. -- 7.4.
18 115 ,
6.1.
148
117 7.5.
6.2
118 , 149
6.3 , 7.6.
1990 . 150
120 7.7. ,
6.4 151
( 7.8.
) 127
6.5. , 151
7.9.
129 153
6.6. 7.10.
129
6.7. 154
7.11. , 1990 .,
129 154
6.8. 7.12. ,
,
,
130 156
6.9. 8.1. ,
-- ,
133 165
6.10. 8.2. 174
8.3.
133
6.11. 175
8.4.
134
6.12. 177
9.1.
()
135 181
6.13. 9.2.
, 182
, 9.3. 1990 .
136 186
6.14. 10.1. , ,
137
7.1.
193
, ,
. , ,
--
, , --
,
,
. ,
.
�
, .
2 . , 1,1 .
1 . .
,
30 2
.
, .
. ,
, .
:
.
, .
,
, .
27 �
� :
? ,
30 . 53 ,
.
, ,
, , .
, .
. ,
, .
� , ,
�
.
xiv 2005
, ,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
,
.
.
, ,
.
.
�� .
,
,
.
, ,
,
.
, ,
. ,
.
,
. .
,
,
.
� ,
, .
2005 ,
�
.
,
� , .
.
.
, , , , , ,
. .
: , , . , ,
. .
.
,
, , , , , , , ,
, .
.
.
, ( ), , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
. ,
, , .
, --
, -- .
.
,
, .
II
II
(Business Environment and Enterprise
Performance Survey II)
/ /
,
, .
� �. , ,
; . � �
.
. , ,
, .
() 1000 ,
, . () -- 1000 .
��
,
.
, �
, , ,
. , , ,
,
. , ,
.
.
. �
.
,
�
. ,
,
�
� . ,
�
, ,
. , .
90% ,
.
, 1,2 . .
1 . , ,
.
, ,
�
. , .
, �
.
, ,
. ,
, , . . ,
, ,
,
(. 1).
. �
� (Investment Climate
Surveys), .
26 . 53 , , ,
"Doing ,
Business", ,
130
1. , ( , ),
, � ,
2005� ,
2 2005
1
.
, ;
� , ,
, , .
. , ,
� . ,
; .
, , ,
. , ,
,
.
. , , �
. ; ,
� , .
, . ,
, , ,
, . �
, . ,
. �
2004:
, �*.
,
. , ; * 2004.
: � / .
� , . � .: � �, 2004. � . .
, : Stern (2002)
, ,
, . .
,
, .
.
,
(. . 1).
�
.
,
1 .
1980�1990 .
;
20
2. ,
, , ,
,
, 14�40%
15
, ,
3.
%
30%.
,10
1990 .
,
.
5
,
(. . 2)4.
0
1980 1990 2000
,
: 92 .
�
: World Bank (2004k).
3
, . 2
,
, � � ,
.
?
, (. 14%
. 5).
. � , 90% 7. 41%
, , ,
� �; ,
, ,
5.
. , 45%
, ,
:
. 30% 8. 84 1960�2000 .
�
6. .
.
,
: Bosworth and Collins
,
(2003).
50% , , , ,
(. . 3). .
(��) ,
,
, (. . 6). �
. , �
, , ,
(. . 4).
, , ,
, .
20 400 .
, ,
.
,
. .
3 4
,
10
75
8
% 50
6
,
25
4
0 2
: , 0
.
: World Bank Investment Climate : 1992�1998 ., (1992�2000)
Surveys/BEEPS II 27 (1993�1999).
. : World Bank (2002d).
4 2005
5
,
60 .
,
(
)
.
,
,
,
, ,
.
, ,
.
,
, ,
,
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
,
: Narayan and others (2000). %
. ,
� �
. , ,
.
,
6 , . ,
�� , , , , 9, ,
.
, ,
, 10%
6%10.
,
,
, .
. , ,
.
.
, .
28% 68%11.
,
, �
; ,
0 25 50 75
, , .
"" , .
%
,
12.
: Schneider (2002).
.
,
,
. . ?
, ,
, ,
. � , ,
, ,
25% ,
13. , ,
5
. ,
7
(. . 7).
. 30
, ,
,
25
,
. ,
,
20
200 14.
% 15
, ,
,
. 10
, ,
, 5
,
.
0
,
: . 1.2 .
. ,
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
.
. 2
(. 2). ?
,
�
, . � ,
, 26 . 53 . (
, )
.
.
,
.
.
.
/ ,
.
90%
40% 15.
.
0 20 40 60 80 100
, , ,
, , , %
,
:
. , .
� �
� �. .
, , . 1.
, : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys
6 2005
,
8
.
,
��
.
75 ,
.
.
50 ,
%
� ,
,
,
25 .
:
,
0 .
,
,
, ,
.
: 10 ,
,
, ,
.
,
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys
�� , . ,
. ,
,
�� .
(. . 8).
.
.
. �
. 90% ,
.
, . , ,
, ,
,
. , . ,
, : ,
, ,
. 16.
. (
,
, )
. .
, ,
,
, ,
, .
7
. �
�
� ,
. , .
,
. .
, ,
.
(, ,
.
).
, ,
, ,
.
. ,
. ,
: ,
(. 3).
, .
.
(, , 3 :
). ,
,
,
,
. , ,
. .
,
,
. ,
, . .
. 20 .
8% , ,
. , 1 . , .
64% 1981 . 17% 2001 .
, 2,9% 1970 . 6,7% 1990 .
, 1990 ., , . ,
, 1 . , ,
. , , 54% 1980 . 35% 2000 .
, 1993�2000 .
, . 4% (
,
, ), ,
. , . ,
, , 56% 1992 . 35% 2000 .
, , .
,
. ,
, .
.
, : � Chen and Wang (2001),
, Qian (2003) Young (2000); �
. . Aghion and others (2003), Ahluwalla (2002),
De Long (2003), Rodrik and Subramanian
, , (2004), Varshney (1998); Panagariya
(2003); � Holmgren and others
. (2001); World Bank (2001d).
8 2005
.
.
,
.
, ,
.
. ,
� , 17; .
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
: , ,
, . ,
,
.
:
.
�
, .
. .
,
, ,
, .
.
��
. ,
. ��
(. . 9). (,
),
; , (,
)
(,
9
,
, : ,
). ��
( )
,
.
1
.
0.5
.
,
,
.
,
,
,
,
:
.
.
,
. .
0
() 1 ().
. .
. . 3.1.
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys
BEEPS II. .
9
.
, ,
, ��
. .
, :
;
, , ;
, ; .
,
,
. ,
,
.
,
( � ,
)
, .
.
, ,
, ,
,
, . .
,
,
,
,
, . . ,
, ,
: , .
,
:
. ;
, , .
10
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
,
.
�
0 20 40 60 80 100
%
: Investment Climate Surveys.
, , .
10 2005
; ,
;
. .
,
,
.
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
.
.
,
.
. .
,
(. . 10). .
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
/4 18. 1
, � , ,
. .
,
, .
.
, , .
,
. , /
.
.
. .
.
, ,
.
.
, . ,
,
. .
, .
11
11
.
,
.
.
.
,
19.
,
.
. , 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
, %
: ,
,
, ,
.
�� �� .
,
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
,
, ��
. . ,
(. . 11).
. . ,
,
.
, . ,
,
. ,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
.
( ,
.
), :
, ;
, .
.
.
.
. �
. , ,
, .
, ,
12 2005
.
12
.
,
.
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
�
20% �
0 20 40 60 . 10% 20%
20.
,
: ,
,
.
.
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
, .
.
,
, ,
. ,
.
(. . 12). �� ,
.
,
. ,
.
,
. .
,
.
, :
.
, ,
, , ,
13
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
(, .
). :
, ,
. .
: , 2,2 .
, . , 200
,
, , ��
.
. �
, .
.
, � :
. ,
, ��
.
, .
. .
,
��,
, ,
. , . ,
, , . ,
, .
. , , ,
�
,
. �
�
. ,
; , �
, , ,
,
, . ,
. , ,
, ,
,
,
, .
. .
,
. ,
,
. , .
, , :
. .
.
14 2005
, ;
.
.
,
.
.
�� ,
. ,
.
,
.
,
. ��
2015 .
.
85 .21,
,
, .
.
, ,
.
.
. .
.
,
, ,
, .
(. . 13). 1/4 ,
21 . ,
:
, ,
22.
; ,
13 13% ,
,
,
,
500 .
,
400 .
.
1995
300 . ,
,
.200 , ,
,
,
. ,
100
26 .
0
. ,
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
: (www.oecd.org) World Bank (2004k) ,
15
4 2005
� , .
25% :
, �
. ,
� ;
, �
. ,
,
. , � , ;
, , � ,
,
�
. . ;
� � � ,
. .
30%.
, . � �
, . ,
, ,
. . ,
� �� , ,
, .
, 53% .
2 . , .
.
,
. 50%. ,
,
, ,
90% .
�
, .
�� ,
, , , .
. .
� ,
,
,
, , , .
.
.
�
.
,
,
.
, .
,
.
,
, ,
I .
1 � ,
� , ,
,
.
2 � � ,
,
.
3 � �
,
, .
,
, .
,
1 ,
. .
.
,
, ,
.
, ( , ),
,
. , � , ,
,
� , , .
,
,
, , ��,
. . ,
, ,
,
,
�
.
(. 1.1). ,
,
, , , �
.
: , ,
; ,
; .
, , ,
,
; , . . ,
, �
,
.
, .
, ,
, ,
, ,
, .
,
. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
:
, �
20 2005
. ,
,
.
, , ,
��, , ,
. . ,
, � ,
,
, ,
.
1.1 ?
,
,
,
.
.
, ,
, , ,
,
.
,
, .
.
, ,
,
.
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
,
,
(. 4).
�
, ,
, (. 5).
, .
. , ,
. (. 6 7).
, , , , .
, ,
. , .
. ( )
.
��
� . . ,
, �
, ; , (.
, , 2).
. ,
.
, . .
,
. , .
, , (. 3).
, 21
1. 1.1
,
. 12
20
,
. 10
,
, , 8
,
2.
,
, 6
�2 �1 0 1 2
(. . 1.1)3.
:
�
�, � �, �
, � �
, � Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi
4. (2003). :
0, � 1.
,
: Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003).
, ,
,
5.
,
.
,
. ,
,
, �
� .
"Doing Business" (. 1.2). , , ,
.
1.2
,
,
, .
2001 ., (
. 20 . ).
� .
, �
26 . 53 ,
,
, 4,8 . .
� � 2003 .;
,
, , , 1999 . � .
. �,
.
, .
� "Doing Business". 3 250
, 130 �� 11
� �.
22 2005
.
1.3 , ,
.
, , ,
, (. 1.3).
,
. .
, , ,
,
. .
,
,
, , ,
, : (. . 1.1).
� ?
, (. 2). � , ,
, . ,
. : ,
,
,
. , ,
. (. 2). ,
.
� , ��
.
, ,
, : Easterly and Levine (2003);
, . Gallup, Sachs, and Mellinger (1999). .
, ,
,
. .
,
.
.
, ,
1.1
, ( )
,
� (. 2)
� (. 5)
� � ,
�
, (. 5)
� (. 6)
� �
(. 7)
�
(. 2) �
� (. 4) �
� (. 4) �
� (. 4) �
� (. 4)
� �
, (. 5)
� (. 5)
� (. 6) �
� (. 6)
, 23
1.2
30
25
20
% 15
10
5
0
: ,
, . � �
, , ( ), (
10% ). � �
, (
) ,
(
). �� , ,
( ). � �
, ,
. , .
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
1.3 1.4
.
,
100
100
. %
� .
, % 75
75 ,
. ,
,
,
. , , ,
50 50
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
25
25% � , 25
, ,
.
,
(. . 1.2). ,
0
, 0
:
: ,
, , ;
. , , . .
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. : World Bank Investment Climate
Surveys/BEEPS II.
24 2005
1.5 .
, , ,
,
,
,
,
25 , 7 .
,
6
.
20
5 ,
�
15
4
,
%
3
10 (.
2). ,
2
,
5
(. . 1.3). 95%
1
,
0 0 .
(
) ,
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. :
,
2 ,
200 6. .
,
,
, , ,
�
7.
1.6 ,
30% (. 2)8.
75 .
, , .
,
50 ,
%
.
,
,
25
. ,
,
0 .
, ,
,
/ ,
.
: 10 ,
, ,
� ,
(. . 1.4).
, �� .
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and
WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. ,
, 25
1.4
. 2003
� ,
,
. . ? � ,
, , ,
, . .
( . 1995 .) ,
, 383 . 1960 .
246 . 2002 . .
. ,
, ,
, . ,
, ,
. , ,
,
, ,
. 1950 . 23% . ,
, ,
,
. . ,
, , ,
, ,
() , . .
. ,
. .
� ,
5% . : World Bank (2003).
.
(. . 1.6).
.
,
, �
.
,
, 1.7
, (. �
. 1.5). , 25,000
,
.
, 20,000 ( )
. ,
15,000
: , , ,
, 15 10,000
65 9.
(
..)
5,000
.
�
, 0
1600 1700 1820 1870 1913 1973 2001
,
. : Maddison (2003).
26 2005
1.8 .
,
,
,
8
,
7 (. 1.4).
6 1990 .
% 1980 . , ,
5 1970 .
4 ,
1960 .
3
, ,
2 .
1 ?
0
�1 � ,
�2
,
: , 1980 .
: World Bank (2004k). , ,
, � ,
.
,
, . ,
, ,
, . 1798 . ,
. ,
, 10.
, ,
,
.
, ,
,
(. . 1.7). ,
1.9
,
, � 20�30 .
,
20
,
, ,
, XIX .11,
15 ,
. ,
%
,
,10 , (
),
.
(,
5 ), (,
) ( ,
) �
,
0
1980 1990 2000 .
: 92 . ,
: World Bank (2004k).
, 27
1.5
: ,
.
?
, , ,
, . ,
. 10 � 440 .
1980 . 4 475 . 2002 . ( , ,
. ),
1980 . � 670
. 1980 . 2 570 . 2002 . ,
,
(. .),
, . ,
1990 .
. , ,
1980 . , .
,
, . ,
1990 . , .
.
, .
. .
.
18 75
) .
,
.
12 50
% .
1
1990 2000 .
,
1990 2002 4% (
6 25
(
).
, , ,
56% 1992 . 35% 2000 .
: Ahluwalia (2002); Chen and
0 0
1990 1999 1981 2000 1990 2002 1981 2001 1981 2001 1992 2000 Ravallion (2004); De Long (2003); Che and
Wang (2001); Qian (2003); Rodrik and
Subramanian (2004); Young (2003); Young
: () (2000); Holmgren and others (2001); World
, ( ). Bank (2001d); and IMF and IDA (2003); World
. Bank (2004k); IMF (2004).
, , .
,
,
. ,
, , , ,
, , ,
2000 . , (. . 1.8).
1900 ., ,
, , � 12. ,
, 1990 .,
. ,
, ,
.
. � ,
28 2005
13. , 14�25% ,
1.10 ,
, (. 4).
. ,
; , ,
14. ,
12 , (. 6).
,
8 15. , ,
, ,
4 ,
, , (. 1.5).
0
�4 .
�8 (. . 1.10).
3 4 5 6 7 8 9
.
20 .
,
, ,
:
,
1984 2000 . ,
. ,
(. . 1.9).
(ICRG)
, ,
.
, .
,
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
, , , .
� �
, , , ,
.
,
: World Bank (2004k) and 1.11 ,
International Country Risk Guide , ,
(ICRG). � �16.
4 ,
% ,
.
3
,
,
2
, ,
1 17.
,
0 ,
1 2 3 4 . ,
�1 ,
:
; 1960�2000 62
. .
: Bosworth and
Collins (2003).
, 29
1.6
, ,
�
, .
. , ,
.
.
. ( )
� , , ,
. .
�
, , .
.
, .
. , ,
?
, , ,
. , ,
,
, . . ,
� , ,
, ,
� �. , .
.
. � .
,
, . : Acemoglu (2001); Barro i Martin
, , ( (2003); Bosworth and Collins (2003); Easterly
) and Levine (2001); Hall and Jones (1999);
� �, Parente and Prescot (2000); Klenov and
� Rodrguez Clare (1997); Young (1995).
. , ,
1960�2000 . ,
(45�90%)
,
,
(),
, , 1.7
(. . 1.11 1.6)18. ,
, � �
,
�19. ,
, ,
, , , .
. , 1960 1970 . ,
,
,
20. , ,
, , ,
.
.
. ,
,
,
,
,
. .
, ,
, ,
. ,
. ,
. .
. ,
.
: Castelar Pinheiro and others
(2001) and Schor (forthcoming).
, .
30 2005
,
1.8 �
21.
,
�� 200
��
.
1960 . , , , ��
, . ,
288
, .
. 1986 . 156. ,
96
. , ,
,
, .
, , , ,
53
, . ,
� 88
14 , , , 26 ,
,
:
. 6
20 1 30 1 22.
. , ,
324
, . ,
200 ,
. , 150 , ,
, , 1992 .
,
. 2003 .
� �� 2 .
, �
, , . .
40 60 ,
. : Kim (1997). ,
:
. 19 ( 1961 .), � 15 (
1965 .),
( 1965 )23.
,
,
1.12
, ,
,
.24 ,
75 ,
%
, ,
, ,
.
50
,
25
.
,
0
�
.
: 27
,
.
,
: World Bank Investment Climate
Surveys/BEEPS II. ,
, 31
1.9
, ,
. ,
. ,
. ,
�
, . .
. ,
, , ,
. ,
, . ,
.
�
, . .
. , ,
, ,
.
, . .
, � ,
�. , , ,
. � �,
5% 20% , .
. .
� .
, .
. , ,
(. 7). ,
.
, , . ,
.
� , � ,
.
. , ,
� , . .
(
) .
. , , ,
, ,
. �
. , .
, , , (
) ,
, . , ,
. ,
, ; , , ,
. ,
.
. .
,
, , . : Bartelsman and others (2004); Klein
. , and Hadjichael (2003); Haltiwanger (2000);
. , Roberts and Tibout (1996); Schumpeterr
, . (1942); Cabellero and Hammour (2000);
, Boumol (2002).
.
, , , � ,
, ,
(. 1.7). 25.
,
26.
,
32 2005
1.13
, () 5% 20%
29.
, ,
, ,
20% .
,
,
30.
,
,
, ,
(. . 1.13).
. ,
80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80
: .
1988�2000 , ().
: Bartelsman and others (2004) � World Doing
Business Project. ? , ,
, ,
� �27. ,
�
, .
(. 1.8).
, , 31.
� ,
(. . 1.12) 28. ,
.
,
(. 1.9). .
,
,
1.10
,
32.
� �, , ,
,
15%, 20%.
, ,
, , ,
, , ,
,
. ,
40%, , ,
, , 18%.
. �
, :
. 80% �,
, . , ,
, 38%. ,
,
, 40% , , ,
: Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and
. Mengistae (2003b); Hallward Driemeier,
(. 1.10). ,
Xu, and Wallsten (2003); Dollar and others
(2004). ,
,
, 33
1.14
,
50
.
( )
:
40
80%
1981�2001
. , 30
( )
1 20
,
. 10
,
0
,
2 . , , �10
, �2 0 2 4 6 8 10
, , 1981�2001
1 . . : � 1992�2000 .; ,
.
: Chen and Ravallion (2004); World Bank (2004k).
1.11
1990 . (. .). , , ,
, ,
45�, , 3,9%,
. , , .
, : ,
,
, �
� , , ,
. . ,
.
, ,
� . , , ,
, , , .
. �
, , . ,
. ,
, , 1993 ., 1997 . 59%
, :
1980 . ,
, , 4%
. 62% , 1993 .
8 ; ,
, 1998 . ,
10%
6
. . 1995 1998 . 60%
4 . , 9%
. 1991
2 1,8% , 0,7%. 2000 . 55%
, , 5%
, .
0
,
, . : United Kingdom � DFID (2004);
�2 Pritchet (2003); Graham and Pettinato (2001);
�4 �2 0 2 4 6 8 , Fields and Pfefferman (20030); and Lpez
, % , (2003).
34 2005
1.15 400
� . (. 1.5)35.
. ,
1980 2002 ,
66,8 70,7 ,
, 49 32 1 . .
54 63 ,
40%,
, .
:
. ,
,
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
%
: 60 . . .
: Narayan and others (2000).
:
,
, , 36.
. ,
, ,
, , , ,
37.
33. ,
, ,
(.
, 90% 1.11). ,
(. . 1.14)34. , ,
,
; ,
,
, 38.
1.16 .
, ,
�
5 39.
4
, ,
,
3 .
,
2
.
1
0
0 2 4 6 8
,
: �
,
1960�2000 .
,
: World Bank (2000k).
, 35
1.12
.
,
: 1990 .
, ,
,
, 40% 0,7 .
,
,
. , . , ,
.
. , , ,
.
,
, , , ,
, 80% . , .
,
40. .
� �, 60 . ,
60 , .
, ,
, .
(. . 1.15). . , ,
�
, ,
. , 2003 . .
95%
.
90% ,
,
95% , , 80% , , : Black (1999); Field (2002);
41. , . Grameen Bank website:...grameen
, info.org; Kabeer (2003); Klasen (1999);
(. . 1.16). Klase and Lamanna (2003); Maloney
(2004); Narayan and others (2000); Rama
. , (2002); United Nations (2000); World Bank
, (2001g); and World Bank (2004f).
. , ,
,
1985 2000
2% . , 1.17
.
:
20 . 1995 . 1 , �
. 2002 ., . ,
200 . ., � ,
42.
,
. ,
,
, (. 7).
43.
. 3
, . � 25 , 1,5 �
15 . 30
, �
. 2 ., 7 8 0 25 50 75
, . %
, ,
, ,
: Schneider (2002).
44. /45.
36 2005
1.18 , , 80%
,
, , ,
48.
, , , ,
, , ,
,
, 49.
,
80%
, ,
50.
,
. 10%
, ,
5,8% 51.
0 5 10 15 20
, .
, 1960�2000 .
: World Bank (2000k).
. , ,
,
� , . �
, .
,
(. 1.12)46.
.
(. . 1.17)47. � ,
,
, ,
.
,
( ,
), ( ,
). . , ,
, , ,
� ,
, ,
, ,
. , . ,
, ,
,
, , 37�47 . 52.
(. 6). � ,
,
. �
,
, , ,
,
. (. 6). ,
,
, ,
. 28% 68% ( 6.14).
, 37
� ,
,
,
?
, ,
,
(. 6). .
� ,
, ,
?
. , .
, ,
,
. ,
.
, ;
.
,
17% .
, .
53. 3,
.
.
, .
. , ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
. ,
,
.
, , , ,
,
. 80% ; ,
.
,
54.
,
(. . 1.18). , ,
,
.
, � ,
.
.
(. 5). , .
, ,
, , .
, ,
55. . ,
,
. .
,
2 ,
,
.
�
.
1. , ,
,
. . �
,
, .
, ,
? .
? ,
.
,
,
. , ,
, ,
, : , ,
, , ; :
; � .
�
, ,
, . .
,
, ,
,
,
. ? . ,
,
,
.
,
,
.
. � .
,
.
, ,
. , ,
. , ,
,
,
, . .
39
�
. 2.1.
.
,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
(. 1).
,
.
� , ,
. ,
,
, , ,
,
.
.
,
,
.
.
�
,
(. .)
�
,
, (. ,
2.1). .
.
. ,
, , .
(, ,
).
,
.
,
: .
?
.
(�
�) , :
�, � �, . ,
�1.
, ,
.
, , �
. . ,
(. 2.2),
, . . ,
,
,
, . ,
,
. ,
,
.
40 2005
, ,
2.2 ,
,
.
. ,
. 3000 . . .
.
.
,
.
,
, , . .
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
(218�202 . , ,
. .). .
25% 1960 . 57% .
. 2001 ., ,
XVI�XVII . 2000 . , .
1,4 .
,
(
� .
: Micklethwait and Wooldridge
) (2003); IMF (2004); Bates (2001); Bernstein
. (1996); Yergin and Stanislaw (2002); World
Bank (1996b); McMillan (2002); The .
Economist (2003a); Chinoy (1998); World ,
, Bank (2004k); UNCTAD (2003i). , ,
,
,
, (.
2.3).
�
.
, :
. , � �
2.
2.3
.
. 40% �� ��
. , �
100�200% .
, ,
. . .
,
, ,
, . ,
, .
, (. 9). ,
( ) , , , 20
. , , , � �
(Equator Principles),
/. , ,
. , ,
,
. , , .
, , ,
, "The Body Shop" .
: . : Graham (2000); The Economist
, , (1999, 2002a); www.equatorprinciples.com.
41
, �
, �
,
. ,
(. 5).
,
. .
, ,
, .
2.4
?
, ,
,
. . ,
. . ,
: ,
; , ,
.
,. � ��
; �, . (��)
;
, 50% , .
. . , ��
, � .
:
. , ,
. , �
,
; , , . (. .) ,
. ,
� ��
, , , , ,
; .
,
50%
. . .
.
: ,
�� :
.
�� .
,
. ,
,
.
, ,
.
: World Bank Investment Climate
0 10 20 30 40 50 Surveys; WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal
Firms; Hallward Driemeier and Stone (2004);
, , %.
Halward Driemeier and Stewart (2004); Schnei
: , der (2002); de Soto (2000).
.
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms.
42 2005
. ,
.
, ,
, . ,
( ), ,
, ,
, . , ,
, (
2002 . , ) .
, , ,
2,5 , (. 7).
3.
, .
, .
4. ,
, ,
.
� , ,
. ,
, ,
, 5.
(. 2.4). ,
, ,
,
. :
�� �� � ;
� ;
�
(. ;
6). , �
, . .
2.1
, .
, ,
, , : �
�6.
, % , %
: 55,5 3,9
, ,
�� ( 10 ) 49,9 4,4 ,
(10�19) 56,7 4,8 .
(20�49) 57,6 4,0 , ,
(50�249) 58,5 3,4
(250 ) 55,7 3,0
,
�� : 27,4 8,6
.
( 10 ) 25,5 8,5
�
(10 ) 49,1 9,3 ,
43,1 2,8
50,0 5,2 ,
51,0 3,4 .
59,1 4,2 ,
68,8 7,0
74,2 3,2
.
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms.
43
2.1
2.5 Gecamines �
3
6 . �
"Union Minie�re
du Haut Katanga", 300 70 ,
5 1966 .
% "G�camines".
.
4 , .
, "G�camines"
, , ,
3 .
70% . .
( � ,
2 ) 240 . . ,
,
1960 . �
. �.
1
,
,
, 1974 .
0 , ,
1 800 , . 1990 .
. ,
: , . 1994 .
. �� , , 30,6 . .,
. , � 3 . . .
,
: World Bank Investment Surveys.
. , . .
1970 . 300 . .,
400 . 700 . . 3 . .;
10 . 18 . . , 2 . .
700 . .
900 . . "G�camines"
� . : Wrong (2000).
�
7.
2.6
, : ?
. , ,
,
, .
.
, ,
. , ,
. � ,
�, , . .
,
. , . ,
?
,
(. . 2.1) , . ,
,
, . .
(. . 2.1). � �.
, . , ,
. ,
, .
. .
�
,
, , , ,
, ,
,
. . .
,
: Stijns (2000); Tornell and Lane
: . (1999); Levi (1988); Sacks and Warner
(2001); Leite and Weidmann (1999); Ross
, , , , (2001); Chaudhry (1997); Moore (1998).
44 2005
2.2 8. ,
,
.
.
18 ��
17 , . .
16
15 , (. 2.5).
14 ,
13 ,
12 ,
11 ,
10 .
9 ,
8 , ,
7 ,
6
5 ,
4 (. 2.6).
3
, 2 :
100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 , ,
(
),
.
: 133 , � � ,
,
, . ,
.
,
,
, , , ,
, .
. , ,
� ,
� �9.
: Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi, 2003
.
.
: World Bank (2004b); Kaufmann, Kraay, and
Mastruzzi (2003). . ,
,
2.7 .
, ,
1974 . , 10.
1. . , ,
, ,
.
: ,
. , , (. . 2.2).
, , ,
, ,
, � .
. .
, . 1997 .
, 1994 .
,
. 1997�2002 .
,
, ( 10 73),
(. 5).
� 2 1997 .
�
. 19 2002 .
,
. : Open Society Institute ( .
� �) (2002); Fombad
828 , 141 . (1999); Doing and Riby (1998).
45
. , , ,
.
. ,
� ��
, , ,
.
,
14. � �
,
11. ,
(
)
:
(. 2.7).
, 15. ,
,
,
,
. ,
12. ,
.
,
, . ,
, ,
,
, .
. , � .
,
.
,
.
13. ,
.
,
.
,
. � ,
,
,
, .
. ,
, , ,
16.
.
. ,
. :
� . , ,
. .
.
17.
46 2005
2.8 : ?
, ,
, . ,
. 2002 ., , .
, ,
, , 240 .
, ., , .
. , 600 . . . , ,
,
. , , .
. ,
.
, , .
, ?
. , � : Tullock (1983); Acemoglu, Johnson,
, and Robinson (2001); Hufbauer and Goodrick
( ), . (2003b).
, ,
,
. .
2.3
,
.
, . .
� �
.
18.
�
,
.
,
19.
.
, , ,
,
, ,
,
(. 2.8).
,
, , ,
20.
, ,
0 10 20 30
21.
,
,
�� �� , %
: ,
, , . �� ,
, 22.
.
,
, .
,
: Desai (2004), World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
47
2.4
. ,
1998 . 0
23.
�10
, , %
,
, (. �20
. 2.3).
,
,�30
(. . 2.4)24.
,
�40
.
:
�50
�60
,
.
, : ,
. ,
, . �� ,
,
,
.
.
: Desai (2004), World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
:
�
. (. 3).
, � .
, ,
( ,
3).
,
. (. . 2.5)26.
. � 2.9
�,
, .
, , ,
,
. 300 .
, ��
.
, , , .
, ,
25.
� . . ,
,
. , :
, �
.
, ,
, ,
. , ;
, �
, 13 , ;
. 2/3 �
. ;
�
, .
(. 2.9).
, : Maxfield and Shneider (1997);
, Recanatini and Ryterman (2001).
,
48 2005
2.5 2.6
��, ,
.
2%
2%
2.0
2%
4% 28%
10%
1.5
() 1.0 10%
19%
��
0.5
23%
: ,
0.0
,
�2 �1 0 1 2
, 48 .
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
: (��),
�
,
,
, WEF Executive
Opinion Surveys.
( ) 27.
.
: Kaufmann, Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003).
: Banks (2001). (�
�) .
: Kaufmann (2003); Banks (2001). .
2.10.
,
.
. . ,
, ,
, . . ,
, ,
, .
, . . , . ,
,
�
. . ,
, , ,
, � .
. �
,
, . . .
. ,
, .
,
,
. ,
.
: Blanchard (1986); Caballero
, ,
. (1999); Dixit and Pindyck (1994).
49
, 2.7
�
. � ��
� , ,
��
,
,
(. . 2.6).
.
,
,
.
,
.
. ,
0 20 40 60 80
.
,
,
�� �� , %
, . : , 11 ,
�� .
: World Bank Investment Climate Survey and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms.
,
, , , ,
,
28. ,
, .
,
, ,
29. 2.11
,
, , . . ,
(. 2.10). ,
, .
,
,
. , , ,
, , , .
, . . , ,
, ,
, .
. ,
: , ,
� ,
, ,
1993 . , , .
, .
2 . .30. . , .
,
: Covin and Slevin (1989);
. , , Etounga Manguelle (2000); Hart (2003);
Hofstede (1984); Iyidun and Rodrick
, , , (2003); Lee and Peterson (2000); Lumpkin
and Dess (1996); McGrath, MacMillan, and
. �� Scheinberg (1992); Miller (1983), Miller and
Friesen (1982); Porter (2002); Reynolds
. and others (2004); Wild (1997).
,
50 2005
2.8 , ,
, . ,
, . .
, ,
0,9 .
� �,
%
,
. "
,
0,8 ,
,
,
.
, . .
0,7 33.
,
,
,
.
0,6
, ,
�4 �2 0 2 4
,
. ,
:
, ,
. , .
,
,
, .
,
.
.
.
2.9 , ,
, .
: World Bank: World Business Environment ,
Survey database.
30% 34.
.
40
(. . 2.7).
, ,
,
30
. (. . 2.8). ,
% , ,
, ,
20
. , 30% (. . 2.9).
31. ,
10
,
� 35.
0 � ,
� �32.
:
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
.
. (. 5). ,
,
80 , , ,
, . , , , (. (. 2.12),
: World Bank: World 2.11). .
Business Environment Survey. ,
51
2.12
( C ),
, . .
��
. .
� .
,
� , � .
. ( ,
.
).
, �
. , . . ,
( B A
, , ).
.
A'
,
A , . .
, (
) � .
B'
. (
B C'
,
C , , B1,
B). ,
0 . ,
,
. ( B A1)
,
.
, . .
,
, .
, 2.10
36. , : ,
, , ,
10
.
8
.
6
,
, . 4
,
,
2
. ,
,
0
,
1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000
1990 .
:
,
12 .
. ICRG �
, .
: Henisz (2000); International Country Risk Guide.
52 2005
,
, ,
, .
, �
.
. .
,
, ,
.
�
, ,
. 39.
,
, (. . 2.10).
�
37. ,
.
1689 .
,
, . .
,
(. 6)40.
38. �
. ,
.
,
2.13 � ,
.
( 5).
,
, 2002 . ,
. � ( 4).
, �.
� ,
1980 ., ,
2002 .
1990 . 1990�2000 . .
. 1993�2002 . 20 .
.
4% , ,
.
.
?
1991�92 . , . ,
, , (. 9).
. , �
, . ,
, ,
,
. . ,
� �
, . .
,
, 2002 ., .
. .
. : Holmgren and others (2002);
. 1996 . World Bank (2001d). ,
.
53
( )
41 , ,
,
, 44.
(. 3).
.
,
. 1990 .
, XIX .
(. 2.13). ,
, ,
,
, ,
. , 45. ,
1910�1920 .
, . . , ��
, () 46.
. � ,
.
, .
,
, .
42. ,
� � � 47.
: �
,
.
43. , ,
.
, 2.11
, :
.
20
,
, , %
. ,
10
0
,
.
:
�10
, ,
,
,
. �20
�20 �10 0 10 20
, %
: ,
� � �� �
,
�. 1998�2002 .
.
: www.latinobarometro.org.
54 2005
2.12
.
4 100
80
3
( )
60
( )
40
2
20
1 0
.
.
.
: : � �
?� ( ��, %); � �
?� (1 � ; 4 � ).
: The Pew Global Attitudes Project (2003); Inglehart and others (2000).
2.14
,
2002 .,
, , "Petroleum Development and Pipeline",
, ,
. , ,
,
,
.
. .
. 2003 . .
, , .
. . ,
� , � ,
200 ,
(), . , ,
, ,
.
. 120 ,
.
. : World Bank (2000b); World
Bank (2000e);
, . .
55
,
, ,
. ,
,
(. 2.14).
. ,
, , ,
. ,
.
, ,
, 48. ,
, .
, ,
. :
, � ,
,
,
, . . .
, , , �
49. , .
�
50 (. . 2.11). ,
,
2.15
, ,
. , , .
85% 77% ,
98% 1291 .
(. . 2.12)51. . ,
? . ,
, ,
. , ,
, � . , ,
�, 52, , .
,
. ,
.
53. , ,
.
,
,
, �
. , ,
.
.
,
54..
.
.
.
: Brueckner (2000); Treismann
(. 2.2). , (2000); Tanzi (1995); Weingast (1995).
,
56 2005
,
.
� , .
�
. ,
, 55.
.
,
. ,
.
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
. . , ,
,
,
,
2.16 � �
1990 . . ,
, , ,
, ,
, , "Bhoomi". ,
, ,
(. 5.2).
, ,
. .
,
.
, (RTC).
, 30 ; ,
,
. ,
(. 2.15).
2000 . 2 . ( 43 .
� ). 1000
�, (220 . )
. ��
. .
.
,
� �
,
,
( 9 . � � �
, ). , .
� . ,
12 . RTC ,
, 15 (0,32 . .
), 5�30
1,2� 35 . .
, ,
. (700�2000 . ) 300 .
. (175 . ) ,
. . . ,
, ,
50%
. . 1884 , 1901 ,
1916 .
: Tan (2004); Bhatnagar and
450 . Chawla (2004); Lobo and Balakrishnan
(260 . ). (2002). �� ,
,
57
,
, ,
, ,
, , . , ,
.
, ,
,
. .
. ,
,
, .
. ,
, .
. ,
.
, . ,
,
, ,
57.
.
(. 3).
.
.
,
, 56.
.
, .
,
(. 2.16),
(. 5). ,
,
, ,
, ,
, �
, .
.
, ,
, ,
,
. ,
, , .
, ,
. , . 3
, ,
.
2, � .
,
, .
3
� ,
, ,
. , .
, � .
,
. , , ,
1, .
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
, .
, � .
,
.
, . ,
: .
,
.
,
, ,
. ,
. �
,
,
: .
� .
,
, .
.
�
. , �
, ,
, ,
, ��.
?
, ,
. ,
59
, ,
. , � �. , , ,
, , � � , . ,
�
2. �
,
, , ,
, 4.
3. ,
,
, , , ,
, .
, , ,
,
. .
, , ,
,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. .
, ,
,
. ,
,
�
,
.
, .
() .
,
,
. , ,
, ,
,
3.1. :
20 ,
,
, 8% , .
, ,
. ,
, ,
� 60 17% . . ,
,
, 14%
, . .
, ,
, , , ,
(. . 1.2).
. (), ,
. ,
, , �
� .
. ,
: Chen and Wang (2001); Qian (2003);
. , , Young (2000).
60 2005
3.2
1991 . ,
. ,
1980 . .
, .
, .
. �
,
. . .
1984 . ,
,
, , ,
. . .
.
. .
60%. . "Doing
, Business",
, .
. 9% 1981 . 10 . , ,
, 15% 2000 .
2,9% 1970 . , ,
5,8% 1980 . 6,7% 1990 . .
.
90 . : Aghion and others (2003); Ahluwalia
: (2002); De Long (2003); Rodrick and Subramanian
, . : (2004); Vershney (1998); Panagariya (2003).
(. 3.1) ,
� , ,
() ,
� .
, ,
.
6.
5.
(. 3.2). .
1980 . ,
. .
, , �
, , , 7.
,
.
1991 . ,
.
. , ,
,
. .
?
, ,
,
. ,
,
, .
,
, ,
. ,
,
61
3.1
. , :
,
1,
. 1
, ,
;
0.5
,
(. 3.1.)
,
,
�
. �
�
,
. :
0 ( ) 1 ().
.
.
.
: , .
( ) , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
, ,
, ,
. ,
( ) ,
, .
(. 2).
.
. , "Doing
Business" , ,
200 ,
20, ,
� 2 . , . ,
,
1000 ,
� 50 8. .
��
.
(. 3.9). ,
,
,
, � � � �
, .
,
. , , ,
, .
,
, �
(. 4).
�
, .
.
.
, ,
, ,
62 2005
,
.
� � ,
, , .
, ,
(. 1). ,
,
.
. ,
,
.
�� .
,
, ,
. .
�
. ,
; , .
,
�� .
,
.
.
. :
, � .
, ,
, . ,
:
� , ,
��.
, , .
. �
, . ,
, ,
, .
,
,
. (. 4).
� .
: ,
� �
, , ,
, .
.
� ,
,
. ,
,
, , ,
, , . ,
. , ,
.
�
, .
63
, , ,
.
. , ,
� �,
(. 8).
1991 1996 . ,
. .
. . ,
� .
,
,
.
. ,
, .
(. 4). ,
,
, , :
�
(. 6). ;
� . �
;
�
. , ;
�
, .
?
. ,
� .
� ,
, ,
. .
,
( 1.17),
. , 11.
, .
, � ,
. ,
, 10. ,
, , , (. . 3.2).
,
. , ,
,
,
; , , , ,
. ;
, .
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
��. ,
,
(. . 3.3)13.
64 2005
. 3.2 ,
, ,
, 50 ,
, 1--4
, 50--199 14.
100 ,
5 , 200
,
,
,
75 (. 5).
%
,
,
50 .
,
, ,
15. ��
, 25
,
,
0
. ,
,
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys; WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. 16.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
, (. 4)17;
,
.
(. 5),
,
,
�
(. 6).
�.
.
,
,
,
(. 7).
, .
,
3.3 . ,
,
,
75 , 1--4
, 5
% .
,
,50
.
,
25
18.
, ,
0 (. 4),
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms.
65
(. 5). 3.4
, , ,
19.
50% 100
;
,
, 75
20.
20% , %
,
, ,50
21.
. 25
,
, , ,
, 0
, 22.
.
: Ayyagari, Beck, and Demirgu� Kunt (2003)
, ,
. , , ,
, �
, . 23,
,
25.
, , , ,
.
�� (. 6.6 . ,
).
.
.
, ,
.
(. 6). ,
, ,
,
. 25.
()
(. 6)26.
(
3.4). ,
.
, ,
(. 27.
3.3).
, ,
.
, . .
66 2005
3.3 ?
, , ,
,
, . , ,
. , .
,
,
; , ,
, . ,
. .
. (. .). ,
, , , ,
, , ,
. , , , ,
. , ,
, ,
. , ,
, . . . , .
, , , ,
, , .
. , ,
1990 . ( 100 . , , �
) , , , ,
(54%), (74%), . , �
(76%) , ,
. , ,
, .
. : Biggs, Ramachandran, and Shah
, . (11998); Biggs (2003); Acs and Audretsh
, , , , (1997); Biggs, Shah, and Srivastava (1995);
Batra and Tan (1995); Beck, Demirg�� Kunt,
. , and Levine (2003).
(< 20) (20�40) (50�249) (250 )
, % 0,9 1,4 1,5 1,4
, % 6,7 13,6 20,4 24,9
, % 27,2 41,6 56,7 63,4
, % 5,7 10,1 21,0 34,0
, % 12,6 20,9 39,6 56,8
e mail
36,0 46,9 55,4 58,9
, %
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
12% 1970 . . , ,
29% 2001 .,
0,1 3% , 28.
( 3.5).
,
. 29.
?
. :
(. 3.5) �
. ,
. ,
,
(
, ,
67
3.4
, ,
1,5 .
. .
.
. .
. (
. , ), 15
, 15 , .
. ( )
, . , .
. ,
500 ,
, ,
. (. 9.5).
.
. : Commonwealth Secretariat and
. , , World Bank Joint Task Force on Small States
16 ( (2004); Brautigam and Woolcock (2001);
), Commonwealth Secretariat; Harsh (2002);
, Fairbairn and DeLisle (1996).
)30. , 36.
,
,
, , ,
31. , ,
� .
.
,
. 37.
, 3.5
. 1990 .
,
40 5
5% ,
6,5%32. :
:
� :
4
30 :
. %
%
,
,
3
,
,
20
33.
1990 1995 ., 2
1970 1980 ., 1990
. 1977�1991 . 10
1
, ,
34.
0 0
(. 3.6). 10% 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
: . ()
3%35.
.
: World Bank (2004b).
68 2005
3.5 � ?
, �
. , �.
( (), ,
(. . )
� ( ), ,
�). . ,
, ,
.
,
. . ,
, , .
, ,
. . � �.
,
, . : Aw, Chung, and Roberts (2002);
Bernard and Jensen (1999); Clerides, Lach, and
, , Tybout (1998); Hallward Driemeier, Iarossi, and
, , Sokolov (2002); Kraay (1999); Liu, Tsou, and
(. . ��). ��. Hammitt (1999); Westphal (2002).
�
� ,
. .
��
( ,
,
, ) ,
. ,
, , ( ,
� � ,
� �38. )39.
. ,
,
, (. 3.7).
.
3.6 �
,
1980 ., . ,
, 100%, .
60% , 1992 .
. � 15%,
1990 . �,
. .
. 1991 .
83%, 13% .
. 1998 . ,
30%, . ,
, , ,
, 57%. , ,
, . 40
1980 1990 ., , �
, , , Ace Designers,
, 2003 .
. (11 ), , .
. , .
10% : Aghion and others (2003); De Long
. (2003); Rodrik and Subramanian (2004); Sutton
0,5%. , 1950 1990 . (2002); Topalova (2003); World Bank (2004k).
69
3.7 � �:
. ��
() ,
, .
� 74%. .
1990 . ,
,
. ,
,
15 70% 20 . 2002 . , : � �
. , .
1995 . 59% 9% , 4 .
, , , 9%: : Biers and Dhume (2000); The
, . � Economist (2003c); The Economist (2001);
Head and Reis (1998); Gillespie and others
� (1999); Kapur (2001); Li, Li and Zhang (1999);
, Rauch and Trindade (2002).
,
3.6
.
�
,
(. 5),
(. 6).
,
(. 9). /
.
,
�
. ,
,
.
,
. � � 0 20 40 60
, %
: � �
(. 1). , , ,
, : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
, , 3.1
, ?
,
,
40.
,
0,35 0
41. , 0,15 0
, 33%
, 16,6 3,87
49%
, , , 1,58 0,41
, b 0,74 0,13
(. 3.6)42.
0,04 0,01
, b
� . , b 0,96 0,25
, b 0,34 0,12
26% ,
( ) (. . 3.1). , b 0,28 0,22
, 10 . . . b
, , : Lederman and Saenz (2003).
70 2005
3.8
,
� ,
.
.
. ,
,
,
, ,
.
.
, �
, � ,
. .
,
. �
�
.
, () .
, 45
, .
. .
. ,
, ,
� ,
. D .
, . ?
?
,
B C B C . ,
A
A
D ,
D . �
�
, ,
: Lax and Sebenius (1986). ( ),
,
, .
,
.
43. ,
46.
(. 7)44.
.
,
� 1990 .,
, (.
3.8). 1997�98 .47.
,
,
. 2002 . ,
,
, .
.
71
.
.
. � ,
, 51.
48. ,
, , 52.
,
,
. ,
.
. ,
, 2000 . ,
2002 . ,
, ,
.
XIX � ().
. . ,
,
, ,
. , 53.
,
, ,
, , , 1990 .
.
.
. ,
. � �
, , , �
. , �
,
54.
49,
. , � � ,
, ,
. .
,
. ,
,
. ,
,
. .
, ,
,
.
.
. � �
,
50; . ��
.
.
, .
72 2005
.
.
.
.
, 60 ��,
, ,
,
55. .
,
,
� . �
� ,
. , .
,
, . (Buro de Credito)
,
, .
(. 2).
,
,
, . 56.
,
.
,
3.9 �� ,
,
.
,
�� 2002 . ,
. , �� ,
.
30 , . ,
, ,
. .
, , ,
, ,
, , .
, .
, ,
,
� . ,
�
�. ,
.
,
.
.
� �,
,
. , ,
,
.
. �� �
, .
,
.
: Herzberg (2004).
,
73
, 58.
.
,
, ,
, 59.
,
.
,
, ,
. .
,
.
,
57. ,
�� ,
, , .
(. 3.9).
, ,
� , (
), (
. ).
, ,
,
. , ,
, �
.
(. 7). ,
,
, .
.
�
, , .
, ,
, ,
. ,
��
, .
,
,
:
(. 7). � ;
, � ;
, � ;
. �
, .
�
(. 4).
,
,
. .
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
,
74 2005
3.2 , , --
� � � �
� � � � �
� � � � � � �
� � � � �
� � � � �
� � � �
� � �
: .
, .
. ,
� , ,
� ,
.
.
, , (. 3.10).
( 3.2).
,
3.10 ,
.
,
,
, ,
.
.
. .
,
, , ,
. , .
.
.
,
.
.
. , , .
, .
,
. , ,
. ,
, .
,
:
.
, , 60.
, , ,
.
.
: Coolidge, Grava, and Putnina
. (2004); www.yased.org.tr. . 2000 .
75
,
3.11
(. 3.11).
,
.
, 1980 .
, .
,
,
, �
,
, .
(. 2). �. ,
��
( (
. ,
) )
, ,
�
. .
. 2000 .
, �
, ,
, �. , ,
,
, ,
. . .
, ,
, : Mallon (2004).
,
.
. ,
,
. , ()62. 1988 .
,
,
.
. ,
,
. 2000 .
.
, , , ().
,
: � . ,
� ,
,
61.
(. 5).
. ,
; . ,
. ,
,
,
.
76 2005
,
.
� ,
,
.
, ,
.
66. ,
()
�
. �67.
, .
.
,
,
.
, ,
.
60%
.
.
22 , , ,
, 63. . ,
,
(),
2000 . 2003 . . , ,
1500 64.
. ,
1998 2002 . 3 . , ,
387 , 1157 ,
68.
65. ,
�
,
3.12
,
.
.
1993 . 2000 . , ,
, 69. , ,
,
.
.
.
, ,
, , ,
.
, ,
, , , , , ,
. . ,
�
, �,
, ,
70.
60 14.
, . ,
: Diop (2003); www.apix.sn.
77
.
. , .
, , ,
, ,
, �
. �
, ,
.
.
.
,
.
(. 5).
,
,
,
. .
,
,
. .
, ,
. , .
.
, . ,
,
3.13
(.
5). �
�
1990 . 1998 .
. ,
,
, .
,
, ,
,
. .
()
. , 200
90% ,
. .
71. �� ,
1999 .,
,
, .
,
(. 5). 1996 . , 2000 .,
, ,
;
, , ,
(. 3.13).
. 1997 .
. 2003 .
1000 115 .
350
. .
,
, :
78 2005
,
. .
� � .
. ,
.
, , ,
. ,
,
, .
. , ,
, ,
, .
.
,
I , .
, � II
,
� (.
, , 4);
. (. 5);
1 , (. 6);
(. 7).
,
,
. , .
, � III
, , , ,
. 2 (. 8)
,
(. 9).
: ,
, ,
. .
� IV
,
: ,
, .
,
, ,
, .
II .
4 � � ,
.
5 � �
.
6 � � ,
.
7 � �
.
,
.
� , , �
4 � , , ��,
, , � ,
. .
, ,
50 , ,
, ,
. , ,
(. 4.2).
,
2,2% .
. , , , ,
15% , . , ,
, ,
, �
/3 . 1 1 ( 14�40%), ,
3.
. 8%
15 , , 4.
. , ,
, ,
.
. ,
, 5.
, ,
2. , ,
� . ,
,
.
6. ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
(. 2). ,
, ,
(. 4.1). �
�7.
; ,
,
, . :
82 2005
4.1
, � 3000% ;
, , � 100% .
, 2001 .
. , 15%,
. , . 38%.
, .
. , ,
. , , ,
1980 .,
. .
. , , 1980 . 1990 .,
� ,
�. �
.
,
,
1970 . .
1980 .
. . : World Bank (2003h); Easterly
, . . (2001); Hnatkovska and Loayza (2004); Desai
1980 . and Mitra (2004); Caballero, Engel, and Micco
10 000% ; (2004).
�
;
�
;
� ;
�
. , , , ,
, ,
4.2
: , ,
, .
.
.
,
, ,
, 30 .
, 43%
. 81%
, , 8.
: ,
�
�. , 14% 9, 25% � (
, . .
)10 () 58% � (
. , )11.
.
. , (. 4.3).
,
1970 . ,
1982 .
. ,
. . ,
, ,
,
. 42% 1978 1984 . 14�25% , ,
,
, . 12.
.
,
: McMillan (2002), Lin
, (1992); World Bank (2003m) ,
, 7,5%
83
,
, , 4.3
13. ,
,
, , .
, ,
,
, 13%14. � �.
, .
,
, , ,
?
. � �
� ,
,
�. .
, , ,
. , , ,
. : ,
. .
, , ,
, .
. ,
,
,
, . ,
. .
, , , , ,
53
, , ,
. .
.
50% 5 ,
, , . : Deininger and others (2003);
15. Samuel and Pender (2002); Pender .
. , . (2001); Mwangi, Ongugo, and Njuguna
, (2000); Gissurarson (2000); Newell,
, , Sanchirico, and Kerr (2002).
,
. , ,
� ,
(. . 4.1), � , . , ,
, , ,
, , .
. ,
, , ,
,
4.1
?
.
, 100
. ,
%
,
20 75
, , , ,
,
16.
50
, ,
, . 25
(. 4.4). 0
. : De Soto (2000).
84 2005
4.4
, , , ,
. ,
. ,
, . ,
. , 80%
, . ,
, 1990 .
XVIII . . .
� ,
. 2002�, ,
, ,
,
. .
, (, ,
, , . ) ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
, , .
, . ,
, . ,
4.3. , . ,
,
23 ,
. , ,
,
, , .
, , � , , ,
, � ,
. . , ,
,
, . . .
: ,
,
, (. 4.10).
. , ,
: Demsetz (1967); Libecap (1994);
, . , Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1993); Ostrom
, , (2000); Binswanger, Deininger, and Feder
, ? (1995); Transition (2003); Hoff and Stiglitz
� , . (2004).
, .
17. , ,
,
, ,
, 21%; 17% , .
. ,
. ,
40%,
, , 67%18. 19.
(
), .
�
.
, .
,
,
,
�� (. 2.16). ,
85
. 4.5 20
, ,
, ,
1982 .
20 ,
,
.
, � ; , . .
. ?
, ,
,
.
.
9,90 .
24,40 . 1 354 . 20. 8,5 ,
, . .
, , ,
, , ,
4,5 1984 . ,
18 2001 . .
,
. , ,
, : ,
, , .
. ,
, , ,
, , , �
,
(. 4.5).
. .
. : Burns (2004).
.
,
, ,
. ,
,
24.
,
. ,
, 25.
,
21.
.
.
.
,
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
(. 4.6).
.
22.
, , , ,
,
,
23. , . ,
86 2005
.
C 4.6
,
.
1984 . ,
, , ,
.
180 .
, , , ,
, .
. ,
, , ,
, ,
, .
. .
,
.
, .
. 18% 1990 .
,
1987 . , ,
100
, . 27.
,
. ,
, 2,5 . , ,
, ,
. 28.
,
.
, , , 2000 .
. . ,
, , , (. . 4.2).
, , ,
10% 1983 1986 .,
,
, .
� , ,
,
, : Domberger and Sherr (1989);
. , Baker (1996); Philipsen (2003); European .
Commission (2004b).
,
4.2 .
(. 4.7).
,
,
,
,
.
16 .
2000 . ,
2003 . ,
% 200 . , .
12
2003 . 12 .
, , , .
26. .
"Doing Business", ,
8
,
274
1000 . . ,
4 .
,
,
(. 6). , ,
0 , ,
: World Bank (2002b). .
87
4.7 :
, , , �
, ,
, , , .
, IV . . ,
. , ,
, .
, . ,
, ,
. ,
,
, , , .
, ,
. . 2001 .,
,
, .
, , ,
11%
8% 7%
. . ,
. .
, ,
, ,
, , ,
, . XIX
. . ,
.
. ,
, , ,
, .
, ,
. , .
,
. XIX , .
, ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
, . ,
, , .
, . : Braga, Fink, and Sepulveda (2000);
. , Maskus (2002); Arora, Ceccagnoli, and Cohen
, , (2003); Nathan Associates Inc. (2003); Hoff
, (2003); Luthria and Maskus (2004).
,
. .
, ,
, , .
, .
.
,
. . ,
, ,
, .
,
29. ,
. �
, �,
88 2005
,
,
,
30. . ,
,
,
31.
, 37.
. , , ,
, , .
.32 , ,
,
38. , ,
,
,
, . . ,
,
, 39.
� ,
33. ,
,
, . 40.
, , � , , ,
. , , , , ,
, , ,
,
,
34. , 41.
� , , , ,
, ,
.
, .
� �
. �,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, ,
. .
, � , , , ,
. ', ,
,
, , ,
.42
.
, � �
. ,
, , (. . 4.3).
35.
, , ,
. , .
"Doing Business"
, , 2003 . ,
, ,
, , 50 , 600
36. 1500 . ,
, ,
89
, 4.3
43. ,
.
� 2004�,
, ,
,
,
.
.
.
,
.
0 20 40 60 80 100
,
44. : .
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
,
45.
.
,
,
, . , ,
. ,
,
85% , .
.
,
.
, 1999 ., .
2/3 , ,
, , ,
(. . 4.4).
.
,
, 46.
4.4
.
, 800
, 1999
, ,
600
.
,
, 400
,
,
2001
, , 200
, .
, , 0
, ',
.
,
. , : Supreme Court of Repblica Bolivariana de Venezuela.
90 2005
, , 2000 . 182
, ,
. 49.
, ,
, ,
. ,
.
, ,
. , .
, , ,
, .
. ,
, ,
,
. .
,
, �
.
.
,
, ,
.
, . ,
, ,
.
, ,
, , , ,
, 50.
,
,
, , , , ,
47. ,
, ,
.
.
. ,
51.
, ,
.
, ,
.
, , . ,
,
,
. ,
.
. 9.
,
48. ,
, .
,
, , ,
. ,
, ,
, 2001 . 371 , , , ,
3,2 .
91
. 4.5
,
.
, 2000 .,
,
,
.
; ,
, 10%
(. . 4.5).
,
, , 0 10 20 30
,
. , %
50% , ,
: 1999�2000
: London~o and Guerrero (2000).
.
25% 9%
(. . 4.6). 20�50 .
. , , ,
� � 6% .
, 37%
, ,
, � 50%, � , �
70%. �.
, , � 80% � .
. �
. �,
,
. ,
. 45% , �
, 20% �53. "Doing
. Business", ,
2002 ., ,
, , ,
, , ,
52. ,
, , .
, ,
, � .
2001 ., . 4.6
�
, 9%
, 22% , 60
, , .
%
.
10
,
. 40
. ,
,
,
.
20
, . , ,
, ,
, 116 400 ,
, 665 000
( 11 000 ). 0
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
92 2005
� . ,
,
. ,
, .
.
.
, ,
, . , ,
.
,
, , , ,
, , �
(. 4.8)54. �.
:
, .
, ,
, .
,
.
,
.
, ,
,
4.8 , , ?
?
, ?
, , ,
. ,
, , , .
. .
,
,
, , , ,
, .
. ,
30�45%. , , .
, ,
.
, ,
50%
, , ,
.
, , .
, ,
. ,
, . ,
, ,
,
.
. .
, 1990 .
,
,
, ,
. , (. 4.9).
, . , ,
,
,
:
,
�
,
, , , ,
. ,
. ,
,
. : Bourguignon (2000); Demom ;
, , bynes and �zler (2002); Wilson (1991).
�
93
.
; ,
�
, ,
57. ,
55. , , ,
,
6�7 .
58.
.
. ,
, 10%, ,
. ,
, 59.
, ,
. ,
, 60.
�
, ,
56.
, �
61.
4.9. �
?
1990 . , , ?
.
68%, � 53%, , . ,
� 61%. , ,
. ��
, .
, .
.
,
, ,
. �
�
1994 1996 . . .
,
:
,
, ,
, , ,
. .
. . ,
, .
, , , �
, ,
, ,
, , .
. �
,
. , ��
400 .
. ,
, , : Bratton and Andrews (1999); Lifsher
. (2001); Fundacio�n Paz Ciudadana (2001, 2002);
. . Webb Vidal (2001); Bratton and Andrews (2004).
94 2005
. ,
.
,
,
62. �� 65.
,
,
. .
,
. .
, ,
� �,
,
66.
. , ,
2, , �
.
, , ,
, 63. , 67.
68.
64.
, � �
� �,
, (. . 4.7).
.
, ,
,
,
. , .
, �
, .
. ,
, ,
, , ,
.
,
. ,
.69
, ,
.
2%
, 1917 . .
, ,
.
, .
,
, ,
(. 4.10).
.
, ��
��. ,
,
.
95
4.10 :
?
, , .
, .
?
, , , .
. ,
, , , , 2000 .
? XIX .,
, .
. , 1997 .
, 2003 .
� ,
,
. , .
, ,
. ,
, , 2000 ., ,
. , ,
, .
. ,
,
. , ,
,
,
. . ,
,
, � , ,
, . ��
,
. , .
.
.
, .
, ,
, : Pound (1959).
, .
,
, ,
� ,
:
, .
. .
,
. (. 9).
, ,
. , .
, , ,
, . ,
.
. ,
�
�, , , ,
, . ,
. ,
: �� , , ,
�� , �� ,
70. , , ,
, , ,
96 2005
4.7
.
25 , .
20 ,
,
.
.
15
2003 ,
.71
10
,
, ,
5 . 9,
.
0 ,
,
:
,
, , ,
, , .
.
, , ,
. ,
.
: Euromoney website. ,
.
, 2, �
. �
, ,
,
(. 9).
.
,
. ,
�
, ,
, .
.
1980 .
,
, 1990 . ,
. ,
1993 . .
,
� �. , , , (. 2).
, ,
, ,
,
.
.
.
,
,
, 5.
,
.
� , , �
5 ,
.
. ,
, .
, e
. , ,
, ,
, .
.
. ,
, ,
, . ,
,
, , ,
,
.
.
.
. ,
, .
.
? (. 6), (. 7),
, , ,
(. 8)
. (. 9).
,
.
,
.
. ,
,
,
, ,
. ,
.
,
. ,
.
,
,
�� ,
, ,
98 2005
5.1 (
� )
( ).
�
66 () : ,
63
() ,
56 , .
30
27 27 () , ,
43 ,
18 . ,
.
11 12
10 ,
7
;
,
1.
�
: World Bank Doing Business Project. ,
: World Bank (2004b).
. ,
,
(. . 5.1).
, .
?
.
,
.
,
(,
, ), ,
,
. (
),
.
� , (
)
,
, , ,
.
� �
. � � � �
,
, .
. ,
. (,
).
.
: ,
. ,
� , ��
,
99
5.1 ,
. .
,
; ,
� ,
,
. � , ,
. , , .
. �
,
.
. ,
, �
, . , �
� �
, .
. . ,
, �
, , , ,
(,
. ,
, ),
�
.
. , , �
, ( ),
, (. 6).
. � ,
,
, , . ,
, �
.
, , . , �
. , , , ,
, .
, : Clarke and Xu (2004); Djankov and
. , . Murrell (2002); Hettige and others (1995); Lovel
, and McKechnie (2000); Megginson and Netter
(2001); Shirley and Walsh (2002); Wheeler
, (2001); World Bank (1995).
�
. ,
.
,
, . ,
(. 5.1).
. ,
, .
, � .
.
, , (.
2). ,
. ,
.
. : ,
� .
, ,
,
.
.
100 2005
� . ,
,
3. ,
. , ,
,
, .
, . ,
,
, ,
, .
,
, , 1854 .,
. .
1981 .,
� .
�. 2, ,
, (. .
, )
. , , 4.
,
. ,
. ,
, 1884 .
,
, ,
. 5.
. ,
,
, , ,
,
2. ,
.
5.2. :
1965 .
, . ,
. ,
, , , ,
, �� ,
, ,
(. 6). ,
, . 1995 .
. .
,
1962 1971 .
,
, .
, �� ��.
. 1970 . ,
, ,
. ,
, 1974 . .
() .
.
,
, 1890 .,
1985 . .
, . ,
: Spiller and Sampson (1996); Phillips
. (), (1993); Jamaica Office of Utility Regulation Act.
101
, ,
6. .
, , . :
, �
, ;
. , � ,
;
�
, .
. ,
,
.
, ,
(. 5.2).
,
,
5.3
1990 ,
,
, , .
, , � ,
� � , �
. , . �
, ��, � �.
,
() , ,
, ,
. ,
,
. , ,
, , , .
()
,
. , , , ,
,
, . . ,
. , ,
. .
. �
� ,
�
.
,
, . , .
, �
, ,
, , � ,
,
. (. 9).
.
, , , : Copeland and Taylor (2004);
, , Wheeler (2001); Becker and Henderson (2000);
� � Dowell, Hart and Yeung (2000); Frankel (2003);
, . Greenstone (2002); Jaffe and others (1995);
. , Keller and Levinson (2002); Klein and
Hadjimichael (2003); List and others (2003).
102 2005
5.2 ,
.
160 80 , ,
,
( ) .
, ,
,
120 ( ) 60
.
,
80 40
.
,
% , , ,
,
,
40 20 7.
. , ,
0 0 2,6 8.
,
� �
: % ,
()
. ,
, Doing Business.
,
: World Bank (2004b).
200 9.
,
. (. . 5.2).
,
, , ,
(. 5.3). , , .
5.3
, 0,4% ,
0,01%10.
(20�50 .) (250 . )
(1�10 .) , ()
20 20
,
,
.
% , %
15 15
,
11.
:
10 10
,
, �
5 5 � (. . 5.3).
,
0 0
. ,
(10�20 .) (50�250 .)
(1�10 .) , (. . 5.3).
,
: , , , ,
, , , , , . 12. ,
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys and WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal firms.
103
5.4
(, ,
2 30 .
. ).
6 12 75%.
. 700 � 1400 .
(
. ,
2000 . 2 , ),
,
15 ,
350 .
. .
, . , ,
, , 1999 . .
6 . , 2000 .
. 14 ., 2001 , 40
2002 . 21 . .
, 10
20 25% 10%
. , ,
, , , .
.
. : � Mallon (2004); �
Sander (2004).
5.5 � � � �?
� , ,
� , .
. 1990 . .
: , ,
, , ,
,
, ,
.
.. .
� ,
�, . ,
,
,
. ,
, . .
,
, , � ,
, �,
. : 14 .
. , � �
.
. , , , . , �
. �
, � � � �
1987 . ,
, ,
. , , 45
. 3 .
, .
, : Bannock Consulting (2001); Brimble
� � (2002); Miralle (2002); Sader (2003).
, .
. ,
,
104 2005
. ,
, ,
,
, , .
, .
.
,
30%
. , (. 2).
. ()
, .
, ,
20%13. ,
(. 5.4). .
,
.
, ,
,
(. 2.15), .
� � (. 5.5).
,
, . �
� � �14.
() , , ,
, . ,
.
Doing Business , .
� � ,
�,
28 15.
.
,
, .
, ,
. ,
,
. ,
5.4
, ,
, ,
100 , , ,
%
.
75
. ,
,
50
,
;
, 25 .
, ,
,
0
.
,
: 50
, 50 . , ,
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. (. . 5.4).
105
, . 5.6
� ,
. .
�
(. 5.6), ,
, � (. 6).
,
, ,
,
, ,
. , , .
,
.
, , .
.
,
.
. .
.
.
,
.
.
,
, , . . ,
. , ,
,
, �
� �
� , ,
; , ,
, (. 5.2).
.
(. 5.7) .
5.7
, ,
. , , ,
,
.
(
. ,
), ,
, .
, ,
. .
, ,
()
.
, .. � ,
�. . ,
�
, , . ,
,
.
, � . .
, : Waelde and Ndi (1996); Tropin (2003).
106 2005
,
� � , ,
, .
,
.
. .
. ,
, ��
,
, (. 8.5).
,
, , ,
7%, 90%
16. , ,
, .
17. ,
, ,
,
, , , 18. 20.
,
, , , ,
, ,
. , (
, ,
, 50% )21
, , 22.
(. 1).
. ,
, ,
. . ,
,
,
. (.
6).
,
.
. . 2004 .
5
, 12,5 ,
, 23.
. ,
.
, , .
, �
, � , .
,
(0,6% .
)
20%19. .
,
.
,
, ,
107
. ,
, .
, � ,
,
, ,
24. ,
.
,
20% .
(. 1).
,
, .
. (. 3).
Doing Business, , 65%
, 5 43
�� (),
10 , . , 28%
, 28.
. ,
(,
, ) , ,
1% ,
76%. 29.
,
,
( , .
).
,
, ,
, 25. 30. ,
,
. 5.5
,
.
, 6 20
,
.
, 15
4
( .. )26. ,
,
27:
10
�
,
. 2
5
, ,
,
.
�
, 0 0
; ,
,
; :
;
.
,
: World Economic Forum (2002); Nicholson (2003).
108 2005
5.8
(. .) �
? � .
, , ,
. ,
. 2000 .
,
. ,
. .
, , .
,
, . , ,
, � , ,
, , ,
, .
?
. .
� ,
, � .
,
, , ,
. ; ,
� . ,
.
, . , .
. 1998�1999 . : CUTS Center for Competition (2003);
Economic and Social Research Foundation
, , (2002).
(1999) (1996 2000) (1996�2000) (1999) (1996�2000) (1998�2000)
, 206 30 166 273 6 50
0 22 16 236 1 22
206 8 149 37 6 28
9,0 1,3 33 7,4 0,9 24,8
,
5.1
.
,
,
, , ,
(. . 5.5).
?
� .
18 56 82 , , ,
40 90 100 (,
12 35 71 / ),
11 56 83 ,
, ,
14 62 86 , ,
(. 5.8).
33 67 83
14 29 71
50 50 50
: , ,
, 18 . .
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
109
5.6
,
,
. ,
,
,
,
,
. 3,
,
.
, , ,
� �
.
,
, � . 0% 10% 20% 30% 40%
: 1999�2000 .
: World Bank (2004k); Ebrill and others (2001).
.
, .
, . ,
.
. .
.
. ,
� .
, ,
. ,
, , ,
5.7
� 1990 .
.
.
1797 .31,
1909 .
1913 .32
() �
1948 .,
1970�1980 .33
,
, , ,
.
,
1993�1994
2000�2001
(. . 5.1).
, 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
, %
,
: 81 ,
. .
, : IMF (2003); OECD (2002d); Dobrinsky (2002).
110 2005
5.9 : ?
, ,
,
� � (. . 5.7). ,
. . ,
, , �
. .
.
, .
, , , ,
, , , :
. (.. �
, ,
, ), .
?
. ,
, , (, ;
, , , , )
,
, , .
. 25 , .
, .
,
(
, . , , .
), , , �
, ,
, . ,
3,3%. , , .
. , , ,
, ,
� � ,
? ; , ,
.
, . , ,
. .
.
,
,
, , ? ,
. ,
, ,
, , � �, (. 8).
1990 .,
( , : Baldwin and Krugman (2004);
) . Brennan and Buchanan (1980); De Mooij and
, Ederveen (2001); Devereux, Griffith, and Klemm
, , (2002); Glaezer, Johnson, and Shleifer (2001);
. Gordon and Hines (2002); Haufler (2001); Hines
. (1999); Mitra and Stern (2003); Oates (2001);
, , Rodrik (1997); Tiebout (1956); Wilson (1999);
, Wunder (2001a).
34. ,
, 36.
,
, ,
35. (. . 5.6). ,
� , ,
�
. (. . 5.7).
, 70% 1990 .
111
,
, 5.10 ,
37. ?
,
� , ,
� . , �
�,
(. 5.9).
, .
, , ,
. . ,
, ,
( ,
), , .
(. 5.10),
.
. , , ,
, ,
.
, , , ,
. ,
, .
, .
, : Fuchs, Krueger, and Poterba
, (1998); Mulligan (2002); Rosen (1995).
. ,
).
,
. . ,
,
,
, (. . 5.8)38.
.
, .
, . ,
. , ,
� � , , 50%
. ,
( 5.9).
�
(e �� ,
.
5.8
: .
10 5.9
%
8
,
6
4
2
0 20 40 60 80
0
2�5 6�25 26�75 76�200 200 %
: ,
��
: Gauthier and Reinikka (2000); Gauthier and .
Gersovitz (1997). : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
112 2005
. , ;
( ),
, .
. , ,
,
5.11 , , ,
.
.
,
39.
? , .
,
, . , . ��
, , . �� (. 3).
, ,
. . , , 41.
,
, ,
, . �
, , , �
. ,
42.
.
,
�
,
�. ,
,
,
.
2002 .
. (), (. 5.11).
, , , ,
, , ,
,
, , , .
. .
, � , .
,
.
, . , ,
. , �� ,
2004 . ��
100 500 . , ,
. .
,
,
(
, ), . ,
.
. 43. ,
.
.
,
732 . .,
, . , ,
,
17,1 . . .
.
: The Economist .
(2002b). ,
, .
113
,
.
53.
, �
. (, ,
1980 .
, ), � �,
15 44.
, .
.
, ,
, ,
,
45.
46. (. 2).
,
47. , ,
, , . 85%
, , , ,
, SUNAT ,
, ,
54.
48. � : ,
1995 . ,
55.
, ,
,
, 49. .
50. 56.
. ,
(, 57. , , ,
), , , ,
, ,
. ,
57.
.
,
,
, 59.
. ,
, ,
60.
. ,
,
51.
. , ,
.
, , ,
. , .
52.
, ,
,
114 2005
5.10 ,
.
,
, 1995 . 60
250 , 80 ,
,
200 (. . 5.10).
60
150 .
,
40 ,
100
20
.
50
(. 8).
,
0 0
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
,
: UNCTAD (2003) �
�, � ,
5.11
. ,
,
,
,
61.
, ,
,
( 5.11).
,
�� ,
,
.
,
,
(. 5.12).
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
( )
: Golub (2003)
,
() . ,
, ,
.
. .
, ,
(13%)62. ,
(. 3). , 10%,
115
5.12
, ,
, . 20
,
, ,
�� , .
. , . ,
, , � , 1992 .
, . .
,
() .
. , , . ,
. ,
. � ,
� . .
, �� ,
, , .
�
. ,
. , �
, , ,
, .
? (.. ,
). , ,
,
. . ,
. .
,
. : Schumukler (2003); World Bank
(2002d); Ariyoshi and others (2000); de Ferranti
( 1997 ), . and others (2000); Edwards (1999); Kaminsky,
� Reinhard, and Ve�gh (2003); Montiel and
� . 1991 . Reinhard (1999); World Bank (2001f).
5%, 2015 .
100 . .
, �
, �
,
(. 10). 5.12
� 2 18
. ,
, , �
,
, �
. ,
,
� �; ,
,
. ,
2 .
18 , 16 ( 5.12).
: ,
� , 0 5 10 15 20
; ,
64. : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
116 2005
.
5.13 20%
,
, ,
. . .
,
, , , , ,
, .
. , 10% ,
.
, ,
, 14%
radeNet. ,
11% 100 .
, .
.
,
, 18% (.
. . 5.13)65.
, ,
,
. , , .
,
, .
66.
, ,
�� . ,
1989 . ,
, , 67.
2�4 .
, ,
,
3�35 . �
(. 5.14).
, �, 24
,
20�35%. .
, , : De Wulf (2004); World Bank
.
(1998b).
. 6.
5.14 :
1995 . � ( 2001 .
. 20 ).
;
. � . 2002 .
, ,
. , ,
, , ,
, , ; ,
. � .
, ;
. . � ; . ,
, � . � �.
1999 .
2003 .,
. () 2005 .
1995 . �
�, 1996 . , ,
. . ,
: , 2003 .
� ,
.
, ( )
; 1996�2000 . : Mwangi (2003).
, , � ,
6 , .
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
.
,
1.
� ,
. ,
,
,
, .
.
(. . 6.1). 2.
, .
, , ,
, .
. � , ,
,
6.1
,
,
.
,
,
, ,
.
,
.
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 ,
,
, %
: , , . ,
, � , ,
�� ��
. .
: World Bank International Climate Surveys.
118 2005
6.2
9.
. ,
1% 5%
,
13%
5% 5% , ,
5% .
,
11%
70% .
52%
22% , ,
, ,
,
,
4%
.
: , , , ,
, ,
, , .
10 ., � 50 .
: World Bank International Climate Surveys, WDR Surveys of Micro and Informal Firms. ,
,
, . , ,
,
, .
, (. ,
. 6.2).
, ,
. ,
.
,
�
, ,
. .
. , , �
.
,
3. , .
,
4. , .
, ,
. ,
.
,
: ,
5. ,
, ,
, .
6. .
:
.
4% 3%7. .
, 1990 .
,
8.
. 1980 .
119
,
6.1
, :
,
10. ,
,
(. 6.1).
,
. .
, 1876 .
, . , :
, , .
,
,
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, .
:
.
(),
,
.
. , ��,
1
,
(). ,
. ,
, , ,
, ,
,
, ,
. . , .
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
�
. , ( )
. .
, . .
: Rajan and Zingales (2003) and
. Haber, Razo, and Maurer (2003).
,
, .
,
, .
. ,
,
, , .
,
, ,
, , ,
13.
11. ,
, , (. . 6.3).
.
12. ()
120 2005
6.3
, 80%
15.
,
100
%
90
.
, 80
2003
70
1995
, . 18 ,
60
1985 , ,
50 50%
16.
40
. , 57% ,
30
20 ,
, 6%
10
75%
0 .
. , 1983 1992 .
��
: � � , , 23 . 17.
; � � � , , , , ,
, ; � � �
.
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ;
,
� � � , , , , .
� � , , , , , ,
, , , .
: 2003 . : Clark, Cull, and Shirley (2003); 1985 . � , , ,
: La Porta, Lo�pez de Silanes, and Schleifer (2002).
.
, ,
,
, ,
. 18.
,
. , 1980 .
,
14. , ,
.
, ,
, ,
. .
, ,
, , , (
. ), , �
, .
, , ,
. , �
,
. , ,
. ,
,
, , ,
: .
. 1998 . ,
121
. , �
,
. �
, � ,
. , �
, ,
, �
. .
,
. . �
, , ,
19
.
, �
.
, .
, . ,
,
, , , �
, .
.
, .
, .
. , ,
20. , ,
,
. ,
,
. , . , ,
,
, 1995 2003 .
. .
.
.
,
, ,
21.
24. ,
, , �
, ,
,
, �
, .
,
. ,
, ,
25.
,
22. ()
.
, 1980
23. 1990 . ,
. ,
, : 26. ,
122 2005
.
6.2 500 15
.
: , ,
.
, , ,
, , .
, .
, , , ,
, ,
,
, .
. 29.
,
, .
.
, ,
,
,
35% (
. , , )30.
, .
, . ,
,
.
��,
. ()
.
, .
,
. , 31.
,
,
,
�
32. ,
, , ,
. .
1998�1999 .
2003 . 31,6 : Hess and Klapper (2003) and (. 6.3).
. World Bank (2004j).
?
,
, , ,
(. 6.2).
. , ,
, 5%,
1%33.
.
, ,
,
. , ,
27.
, , 34.
:
28.
, , ,
. , �� 35.
, ,
36.
.
, ,
, .
123
6.3
3,5 .,
, 280 .
� , . 1992 . ��,
()
� ,
, . . �� �
,
, , .
5�20% . 14,3 .
. , 70 . .
, . , 1998 . ��
,
, . .
. ,
,
, ,
�� ( , ,
), . ,
, ,
. ,
, ,
, .
. , ,
.
, , 1983 . , ,
�� , ,
, , ,
, , .
1986 . �
() . .
.
: Ghatak and Guinnane (1999);
. 2002 . , Morduch (1997); Morduch, Littlefield, and
1 . Hashemi (2003); Hubka and Zaide (2004);
30 , . , CGAP (1997); Klapper and Kraus (2002);
, www.mixmarket.org.
, 39.
, ,
, , . ,
37 , ,
37.
25 75 ,
87 40.
, � ,
. , ,
,
, , �
. ,
, ,
38. .
, ,
( ), ,
(. 4). , ,
� ,
124 2005
,
6.4 , 42.
, ,
. , , �
. � ,
,
, , .
,
366
. , ,
. 43. ,
,
,
. , , ,
,
.
(. 6.4).
() ,
,
( ,
, ,
()).
, . 44.
1999 ., ,
. , ,
,
, , ,
. ,
. 45.
: Fleisig (1998) and Stoica and
,
Stoica (2002).
.
, ,
41. , ,
, , , ( ,
, 25% , ),
6.5
,
. () , (GAAP),
, ).
. , ,
, .
() , , 2001 . BOVESPA ( .
. ) ()
� Novo Mercado, � ,
(, � ,
Neuer Markt. �
� � ,
� � �).
,
. Novo .
Mercado Novo Mercado
, .
.
, : McKinsey & Company (2002); Dyer
, . 25% (2001a, 2001b); Weiss (2002); BOVESPA Web
, 2 , site; Novo Mercado regulations 10.303; and de
( 2 . ). � Carvalho (2003).
125
,
, ,
46. .
, �
�
,
. , ,
,
,
,
, ,
.
,
. ,
. ,
,
, ,
, ,
50.
. ,
( , ,
,
) . , ,
, ,
(. 6.5)47. 51. ,
, ,
,
, ,
. 25%52. ,
, ,
16%,
48. ,
, 40%, ,
, ,
,
, 67%53.
, ,
, .
49.
,
, , ,
,
.
,
, , ,
. ,
, , ,
, � .
. ,
, ,
,
(. 9).
. ,
(
. , ),
126 2005
,
( 56. ,
) 54. , ,
,
,
57.
�� , ,
. ,
. . ,
. ,
,
, , 58.
, ,
. ,
,
, 59.
.
,
. � ,
.
, ,
,
( )
. 60.
(
, , )
2%
. 1998 .
.
, ,
. .
� , ,
,
,
� , ,
. 61.
:
,
1997 . �
, ,
, . 62.
. , ,
,
, ,
�� , ,
55. 63.
, ,
. (
, , ,
, ). ,
,
, , ,
127
, , ,
, .
, .
, 68.
64.
,
.
439 50
65. , , ,
, , .
, ,
. ,
. ,
��
66. ,
.
67.
,
: ,
,
. ,
, ,
, ,
,
, ,
. , .
.
,
,
. � ,
, .
, ,
6.4
,
(. . 6.1). ( )
30
� %
,
, (. . 6.4). ,
, , 20
,
.
,
:
, , , 10
. ,
,
��
. 0
:
20 ., � 20 49,
, , � 50 249 �
250 .
, , : World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
128 2005
. ,
, .
,
, , ,
.
: ,
, ,
, ,
,
,
. , .
, ,
, ,
6.6
,
.69
.
, 1970 .
. , , ,
, .
,
. ,
.
,
,
,
. . ,
,
,
. . .
,
�
.
, ,
, , 80%
. ,
70. ,
. ,
2002 . , :
,
, ,
,
200
300 . � , 4 . .
,
. , .
, ,
, , , ,
:
, .
,
, . , , (. 6.6).
, , ,
, ,
,
. ,
.
, .
,
, , .
.
(
). : Agarval, Alexander, and Tanan
.
, baum (2003); Dubash and Rajan (2001);
India � Ministry of Finance (2003); and Lal
, (2004). ,
129
6.5
(. . 6.5).
100
, 80
. % 60
, ,
40
,
,
20
. , , ,
, 0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
, : , , , 128
1990 . 151 2002 .
, , ( ).
. , : World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Project Database.
6.6
, (. . 6.6).
40
. 30
,
.
: 20
(. . 6.7)71.
, 10
,
,
, 0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002
,
:
,
.
.
: World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Project Database.
,
,
6.7
.
,
,
1,000 400
.
.72
, 750 200
,
. , 500 0
,
, ,
250 �200
. 0 �400
, , 3 5 7 9 11 �4 �2 0 2
(.
6.7).
: 2001 .
, ,
, , .
, ( ).
. : International Country Risk Guide. International Telecommunication Union.
130 2005
6.7
,
, , ,
� , .
. ,
, ��, ,
, . (
. ( )
. , ,
, .) ,
, (
, ).
.
.
� , ,
�, ,
. , .
,
.
, 100 . ,
, �
, �
, . .
, , , :
, � ,
.
. ,
��, . ,
. , .
, ,
, : PPIAF and World Bank (2002); Burr
. , (2000); and Cohen (2001).
(. . 6.8).
,
.
, 1990
,
, ,
,
6.8 (. 4). .
,
, , ,
, .
(. 5.2)73.
,
. , ,
, ,
. ,
, , 74. 2002 .
,
(. 2). , .
, ,
,
,
.
,
, , , . ,
131
6.8 ,
�
� ,
. .
,
. 20 :
, .
,
, , , .
, . ,
. , ��
, ,
, .
. ,
.
,
, � . ,
, .
. , ,
� �
, � � .
, , . , ,
.
, , ,
,
.
,
,
, , .
, , 20 ,
, : Easterly and Serv�n (2003); Irwin
. . (2004); and Tanzi and Davoodi (1997).
. ,
,
,
,
.
, .
,
,
, , .
, ,
(. 6.8).
. ,
,
, 75.
. :
,
.
. ,
, ,
. , , (.
5.1).
132 2005
, ,
,
,
.
. ,
, , ,
,
, .
. ,
,
,
. .
,
, , ,
, .
,
, , , , , :
,
, , , ;
,
. ;
.
, , , . ,
,
��,
, , ,
. , ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
. ,
,
, �
, � .
. , ,
,
, .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
,
, ,
. , ,
, .
:
?
� � �, ,
, .
,
(. 6.8),
133
, ,
.
. 20
. �
� , , 7% .
,
,
81.
, 76. ,
, .
20
, 77.
10%
, .
,
1,5%78. ,
,
, (. . 6.10 6.11)82.
, �
.
0,17 , � (. 6.9),
9 .,
,
.
.79 ,
,
, .
(. . 6.9).
, ,
,
, 6.10
20% ,
80.
6.9
� ,
300
6.7
200 5.2
,
5.4
100
4.6
0
:
2002�2003 .
,
40 .
.
: International Communication Union and World : 1996�2001 .
Bank Investment Climate Surveys. : Qiang, Pitt, and Ayers (2004).
134 2005
6.11 84.
(. 6.10).
,
8
'
,
7 85.
6
5
,
4
.
3
, ,
,
2
,
1
(
0 ).
�6 �5 �4 �3 �2 �1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
,
.
:
.
, 1 , ;
.
1998 .; ,
.
1998 ..
: International Communication Union and World Bank staff.
,
, , , ,
,
. 86.
,
. 2002 .
. , ,
, ( ,
) ,
(. . 6.12).
: 87. , ,
, � �,
, ,
,
: 88.
.
10%
, ,
, 1,5%89.
,
,
83. ,
, ,
. ,
.
,
(. . 6.13),
, 1980 .,
. ,
,
, 5% 90. ,
135
6.12
: World Bank staff; .
, .
. .
,
, ,
6.9
.
, ,
, . ,
,
. ,
.
,
, , ,
,
. , .
( ,
, 6.7).
90%.
,
, , , 41% ,
.
. , , , , 74% ,
,
. , .
, ,
. ,
. , , .
,
, : Cannock (2001); Harris (2002);
, Tomkins (2001); Wellenius (1997a); and Jadresic
136 2005
6.13
, ,
, , , � ,
91.
100
,
,
80
%
,
60 .
,
,40 ,
, ,
, ,
20 , .
,
, �
0 ,
0 90 180 270 360
,
: ,
.
, ,
. 1999 2003 .
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. .
, ,
(
. , ) .
,
,
, , ,
. , , ,
(. 6.8). 92.
37%, � 17% 1986
6.10 1996 .
,
,
93.
,
,
() .
94. ,
. , ,
, , 0,30 . ,
1998 ., 93% 1 , ,
, .
.
. ,
, :
88
. , , . ,
, , �
, ,
,
NEPA,
. . .
,
,
. 24%
, 95.
14%, � 17%.
,
,
. , , : Adenikinju (2003).
(. . 6.14), ,
137
. , 6.14
20 , ,
96.
120
10%, ,
,
20%97. , 100
98.
, 80
,
,
60
, ,
.
, 40
, 40%
, 20
60%.
0
, 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
, ,
:
,
100 1930 .
: Buss (2003).
, , ,
12%102.
99.
, ,
, ,
, 103.
(, ,
,
), � ,
( ) ,
75 100.
. , ,
, , , ,
. ,
,
: ,
, .
,
. , ,
, , ,
, , .
,
, ,
, ,
104.
(. 5).
,
:
. 80% (. 6.11).
.101 , ( )
,
,
105. , ,
.
25 ,
76 ( : ,
) , ,
138 2005
6.11 (. 6.12). ,
. 12 .
, 10%
. ,
. , ,
1990 . 1994 . 2%110. ,
1996 . ,
; ,
��,
. 1950 1960 ., ,
. ,
. 111.
, 1989 . ,
1990 . .
,
, .
. ( ,
,
,
, ) , , ,
, ,
, ,
.
60 . ,
:
��, . ,
,
, (),
, . , , ,
,
.
,
,
,
6 750 � � 112.
. 11 1996 . ,
3 2002 .
, .
: Navarrete (2004) and Ray
. (2004).
.
,
106.
,
107. ,
, ,
10 , .
, , ,
, .
,
108.
,
72 . 33 ., , ,
900 4850 , .
109. ,
. , ,
, .
139
,
. 6.12
,
(
� �), , ,
. .
, , ,
16 30%.
, , ,
, ,
, ,
.
.
. ,
.
, ,
, . .
.
,
29% 68%.
� .
. ,
, ,
. , , .
, , , ,
. , ,
,
� ,
. , ,
113. . .
, ,
, .
,
. .
, ,
, , .
,
. . : World Bank (1996a); Fan,
Hazell, and Thorat (1999); Fan, Zhang, and
. Rao (2004); Fan, Zhang, and Zhang (2002).
.
,
,
.
,
, ,
. .
,
, ,
,
. .
,
,
, 25%
5%, .
10%. 7.
,
� .
. �
, .
7 ,
. � .
;
1.
,
�� , .
2. , 20%
2 ., (.
. .7.1, ).
,
,
(. . 7.1,
7.1
).
��
.
, ,
, ,
�� , .
,
. ,
,
,
.
� 20% �
10�20% .
,
, :
�
: , ,
,
,
.
.
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys. .
141
,
, 7.1. /
.
/ ,
. 1% .
. /
, , ,
, ,
. .
, ,
,
. .
� ,
. . ;
/:
40 . ,
, , 2,5
15 . 2003 . .
80% /
, �� / 75% ,
.
. . .
, 90%
, : Sachs (2003); McArthur and
/. Sachs (2001); UNAIDS (2003); Bloom and
, others (2003); United Nations Economic
Commission for Africa (2000); Bell, Devarajan,
. and Gersbach (2003).
�
. . ,
/,
,
.
, ,
. (. 7.1).
,
:
, ,
,
.
. :
�� , ,
. .
,
,
� 2004�,
.
,
, ,
, ,
. , ,
.
,
.
. ,
,
142 2005
7.2
, ,
.
1980 2000
,
.
,
.
,
,
6.
,
.
0 20 40 60 80
, %
.
: 25 , ;
, . 7.
: Barro and Lee (2001).
. .
.
2000 . ,
40% 25 ,
. .
, .
,
,
(. . 7.2). ,
,
,
,
. .
,
, ,
, 8.
.
.
,
: �
?�3. ,
, (. 7.2). , ,
, . ,
, 9.
, ,
. , ,
,
, 10.
,
4.
: (. . 7.1).
,
5. , . ,
, ,
, ,
143
, ,
7.2. ��
� � � �
.
(. . 7.2).
, 1996 . , , 1948 .,
. , , , ,
,
.
,
. �
�� 300 . ,
, ��, ,
, , .
. :
. ; 1988 ., 1996 .
,
( .
��
); ).
,
.
.
.
. : World Bank (2003); Spar (1998).
,
, , 7.3
. ,
,
.
,
30 80
100
.
,
20�100
, , , 60
20
,
,
20
40
, .
10
,
20
2004 .
,
.
, 0 0
.
: �� � ,
. . �
� ,
�� � � .
. 13 300 33 , �
12 099 29 .
: World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
,
.
.
� ,
. ( )11
. ,
,
. ,
�
144 2005
�
12. . ,
,
. ,
,
.
. , (
)
, ( ).
. 20
,
,
7.3.
(, , , )13.
.
,
.
. ,
, 2002 . 70%
,
, .
.
, .
PROBECAT (SENAI) , ,
,
, , ,
( 1% '14.
) � � . SENAI
,
.
. ,
, .
, ,
, ,
. 1%
, ;
,
. ,
. ,
.
, , . . 1979 ., . ,
. , , .
15.
,
. �� .
, , , ,
,
; .
, , .
.
, 2002 . 28 ..
1990
, .
35�54
.
16.
, , ,
, ,
. ,
: Middleton, Ziderman, and .
Adams (1993); Calderon Madrid and Belem
, (2001); Betcherman, Olivas, and Dar (2003);
.
. , Aedo, and Nu�nez (2001); de Ferranti and
~
others (2003).
145
,
. ,
.
.
.
. , , �� ,
, ,
(. 7.3). ,
.
.
�
. ,
,
,
��.
,
(. . 2).
. ,
,
�
� 17,
.
,
, ( 5).
. ,
,
, ,
.
,
.
�
(. . 7.1).
(. 7.4) � ,
7.4.
, . ,
,
() . ,
. ,
, , .
: ,
, 1990 .
, , ,
. 28%.
, ,
. .
. 5
, 17 . , ,
, , ,
. , (
. , ),
, �
� .
. .
, : ILO (2003b); Burra (1995); Edmonds
(2004); Krueger (1996); Brown (2000); ECD
, (2000a); Martin and Maskus (2001); Miles (2002).
146 2005
,
,
. .
�
, ,
� , ,
. 18.
,
��, . .
.
, .
,
, ,
,
.
, .
,
,
� :
, �
,
;
7.5. �
, ;
. �
.
,
, . .
. �
� ,
,
, ,
,
.
, . ,
. ,
,
, .
(21�28%) (10�24%),
.
, , .
()
(2�4%). ,
, , ;
,
,
, . . ,
,
, ,
, .
.
. ,
. .
. , ( )
,
,
. .
19.
: Aidt and Tzannatos (2002);
, Harrison and Leamer (1997); Maloney and ,
. Ribeiro (2001); Urizar and Lee (2003);
Menezes Filho and others (2002), . ,
(1997a); Ratnam (1999).
147
. ,
, .
, �� � .
. � ,
, , , �
(. 7.5). ,
, . ,
,
, ,
. ,
�� 22.
.20 1992 .,
,
,
, (
. , )
.
,
21.
,
. 23.
,
. .
() �
, .
,
. .
� . ,
,
,
(. . ,
(, , ),
). . , ,
, ,
,
, ,
, �� .
,
.
. , , ,
, .
, :
, � ,
, , (
50%
. )
1990 .
148 2005
7.4
,
4 40
%
3 30
,
2 20
,
1 10
0
0
4 6 8 10 : 0 25 50 75 100
( ) , %
: � /. 1980 2000 .
(). �
26�40 , 30 .
: : Rama & Artecona (2002). : .
24. ,
�
27. ,
(.
.7.4)25. ,
,
, ,
. ;
�� ,
, 28.
. ,
� ,
.
.
,
(
. ) .
, ,
, 1990 . .
,
(. . 7.4). � , , ,
29.
2/3 , (
40% ); ,
(25%)26.
.
, ,
,
, .
, ,
. ,
, .
149
7.5
,
.
�
,
.
,
�� ,
, ,
.
. :
, 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
.
, : .
: Pierre & Scarpetta (2004).
, Doing Business.
.
, ,
,
(. . 7.5)30. , . ,
, ,
, ,
. ,
:
� . , , . ,
, , , , 50%
48 32,
.
40 , .
35 ,
.
,
. ,
, , (), . ,
, ,
. , , .
, , .
,
.
, . ,
,
(, ,
, ). , ,
� . (. 7.6).
� 30 ,
33 � 39 � 31, �
30 . .
. �
150 2005
.
7.6.
,
.
, , .
, ,
, ,
; .
, , ,
.
. , .
, ,
, , ,
,
, . .
,
.
,
,
, , . ,
, ( 9). ,
. 5%
, . 20%,
:
40% (. . 7.6).
,
, . , . ( 30 50%)
� ,
, . (.
. 7.7)33.
.
, ,
( 8) � ,
,
: OECD (2000a); Krumm and
, , Kharas (2003); Basu (1999); Maskus (1997); ,
. 73 , Brown, Deardorff, and Stern (2003); World
, Bank and IFC (2003); ECD (2001); .
6 Raworth (2004). ,
��
7.6 ,
1990 . .
20 8
.
, ,
% 6 (. . 7.8).
,
% ,
,
34.
10 4
35.
. ,
2
�
� ,
, ,
/ 0 0
.
.
: ,
. 20 ., .
1990 .. 2�3
: Bartelsman and others (2004).
151
, 7.7
25�30 ,
.
.
.
. ,
,
,
, ,
, . ,
,
36.
1999 .
;
.
2 ( 6%
) ,
�15 �10 �5 0 5 10 15
. , %
, : ,
37. 20 ..
: Bartelsman and others (2004).
.
7.8
,
.
,
,
( )
,
.
(. 7.7).
,
,
.
�
.
,
,
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
.
,
: .
: Pierre & Scarpetta (2004) Doing
. ,
Business.
152 2005
7.7.
?
� 73 ,
. ,
, , ,
, . , .
, , ,
� .
, 70% , ,
� , ( .
, , )
. , , ; ,
. 15% ,
. ,
. : , , , ,
, , . , ,
.
, . . , ,
.
� , , .
""
, ,
: 8 . 64 .
, , . � c 20 ; � 20
100; � 100.
: Pierre & Scarpetta (2004); Bertoa, Boeri, Cazes (2000); Batra, Kaufmann, and Stone (2002).
, ,
, ,
,
.
19
,
20%.38
, (
;
,
. ).
� . (),
, ,
. 39.
153
� ,
.
,
, .
40. ,
(
, � )
�
� (. . 7.10). ,
� ,
, �
, �� .
,
.
, .
,
,
, .
,
. ,
,
, 41. .
1990 .,
. (
).
, ,
. (. . 7.11)
.
. ,
.
. ,
(. .7.9)42. 7.9
,
,
60
,
,
43. 50
( 12
) (6%
) 40
,
50%
.
, 30
,
, 0
. � 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
� 1990
1990 , : � 2000 ., �
1995�2000 .
�� 44. ,
.
, ,
: World Development Indicators
Doing Business.
154 2005
7.10
16 16
12 12
% %
, ,
8 8
4 4
0 0
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
16 16
12 12 ,
% %
, ,
8 8
4 4
0 0
1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 2000 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
: Bartelsman and others (2004) Brown and Earl (2004).
1980 . ,
( )
1,8 . 1990 .
45. .
;
46. , ,
, , . ,
7.11 ,
, , ,
1990 ., ,
,
16
. 1991 .
,
14
.
,
% 12
, . ,
10 .47
8
.
0
1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 .
,
: Bartelsman and others (2004)
155
,
,
48. ,
,
,
,
( 3). , . ,
,
,
,
49. .
�� �
, .
. ,
, ,
.
,
, ,
50.
,
.
,
,
,
, .
,
, . �
, 51.
. 7.12
�� ; , ,
, ,
. 100
,
90
;
, 80
. 70
60
.
50
,
40
30
,
(. . 7.12). 20
10
:
0
�
;
� ()
: :
�
, , ,
�� .
.
: Vodopivec (2004)
156 2005
.
� , 54.
,
. :
� .
, .
.
, ,
. , �
,
. 1990 .
, ,
,
.
� ,
. ,
, 52. .
,
, 55.
�
, .
. ,
,
, .
,
,
53. .
,
, ( )
. , .
,
.
.
� .
�
, ,
,
, .
.
�
. ,
, .
.
, 56.
, �
, .
,
.
,
, , ,
157
, , ,
. ,
,
, 61.
,
, ,
. .
,
;
. ,
.
,
, ,
. 62.
. ,
,
,
57. .
,
1990 ,
, 2002 . (.
, 7.8).
25%
50%
58. , .
, ,
, ,
63.
. , , ,
, 1990 .
, �
�. , ,
64.
, ,
59. , ,
,
. ,
60.
,
65.
,
.
,
,
.
. ,
,
,
. , �� 66.
� �. , ,
, � �
, ,
. . 1990 .
,
158 2005
7.8.
1990 . ,
(, .
; , ,
,
,
, , , .
).
( ,
). , .
,
. , ,
.
(,
, , . , ,
( 2002 . ). :
) . , .
, ,
, . , .
, .
,
.
, , .
� : Vodopivec (2004); Kugler (2002);
. , Acevedo and Eskenazi (2003).
, , , ,
, , 12%
. , 1/3 ,
, 69.
.
,
, , ,
,
. , 70.
, �
( ) , ,
.
.
��
, .
, ,
�� ,
: ,
. .
,
.
, .
,
, � �,
,
67. .
,
. � �,
,
. ,
, ().
2 41% �
1 8% 68.
159
�� . .
, , , , ,
, , 75.
. ,
,
,
71. 76. ,
,
,
. .
.
,
, , ,
, .
.
.
.
� �
. .
,
,
. ,
, ,
,
, ( ),
. , , ,
,
, . ,
,
.
73.
, ,
. .
�Oportunidades� (
�Progresa�) 1999 . 2,3 .
1990 . (Bolsa Escola, PETI) (PATH)
,
74. .
() (
( ).
) .
, , .
1980 ., ,
.
. ,
(
)
. .
,
� ,
� 77.
. Oportunidades
2%
10 8%,
160 2005
,
� 20%. , , ,
Bolsa Escola ,
, , 5,6% ��
0,4%78. , , , ,
, . ,
. ,
, ,
.
II
.
. III
�
� ,
,
. .
?
, .
III ,
.
8 � � ,
, ,
.
9 � � ,
, ,
.
, II, :
8 . ,
, ,
,
, � , ,
.
. 3, �
.
� �,
, . ,
. .
, ,
,
. , ,
,
.
,
, ,
? . . ,
. 14 15 . , :
��,
. , ,
�� .
,
. ,
250%. 60 70 .
, ,
,
,
.
, .
.
.
: , , ,
, , .
,
. .
164 2005
, ,
. .
: ,
, ,
,
. .
,
, ,
,
.
.
3, , ()
�� .
: ,
,
8.1 ,
,
, ,
� , , .
, . .
. ,
. ,
,
,
, , ,
�� 1979 . . , , ,
2003 . .
350 . .,
��. .
�� 135 . , ,
. . 7.
( ��) ,
,
, ��, .
. , , �
, , 5, 130 , ,
, � ,
��, , ,
. , �� ��
(. 8.1)8.
, ,
,
1 .,
, , . ,
2003 . 3,6 . . (. 8.2).
. : Easterly (2001); Rhee (1990); ,
10 English, Jaffee and Okello (2004). ,
. ,
8.2 �� ,
.
() 9. ,
,
(Socie�te�Textile de Kaloack) 1980 ., ,
1980 . 1989 .,
, , ,
20% . 10.
,
,
,
, ,
,
. 1990 .
. , . ,
25 . . ,
, ,
, 28% � . ,
.
, : Golub and Mbaye (2002).
,
165
11. . 8.1
, ,
, , 160
,
. ,
, 120 ,
.
1962 ., ,
, 80
(. . 8.1).
,
40
,
, .
0
. 1962 1980 2000 1962 1980 2000
,
,
, :
. ( wits.worldbank.org).
,
, , ,
.
. ,
,
. ,
,
,
. ,
,
. .
,
,
, .
, , ,
, .
. ., .
, . ,
, ��
. (. 7.2) 13.
, , , ,
, ,
.
,
. ,
( , , ,
) ,
, 14.
, ,
. .
� ,
, ,
.
, ��
, � ,
. .
, , ,
12. , �
166 2005
15. ,
,
� �, ,
16. , .
� .
,
, , ,
� .
, . (. 8.9).
.
. ,
, ,
, , ,
, . .
, ,
. ,
, . ,
,
. ,
, ,
, �
.
, , ,
,
. , ?
. :
, , ,
1. .
,
. ,
, , .
(
, ) 17. ,
,
. ,
, .
,
, 2.
. , , , .
, , ,
.
.
? : , , ,
� . .
, ,
, ,
. , ,
, .
, ,
. 3.
� .
. .
,
.
,
167
. . ,
, ,
. , ,
,
. ,
,
()
. ,
21.
, 6. . ,
, , ,
,
.
.
4. .
.
,
. , . ()
, ,
22.
.
, ,
,
,
,
. 23.
, ,
,
, � (
18. , ).
19.
.
,
,
, ,
20.
, .
, 3, :
. �
5. . �
,
, . �
, �
. ,
?
,
� .
,
,
, ,
(. 3).
. ,
� 5.
. ,
,
168 2005
. .
�
,
,
(. 6).
. ,
.
.
,
,
(. 6.3).
, .
.
, , ,
. ()
, .
550 . ,
, ,
.
, .
.
,
,
24. ()
() ,
, .
,
(. 8.3). 25.
8.3
1994 . ,
,
,
.
.
, ,
. ,
.
, , .
, � �
. ,
,
(. 3).
.
.
, , .
(
. , ) .
,
.
,
.
.
,
, , ,
.
. , 26.
.
, .
. : Lund and Skinner (2004). ,
169
(. 6).
8.4
(. 8.4).
2001 .
27. .
28. , : 2%
57% ; 75%
�� ,
, 6%. , ,
( 38% ,
, .
2002 .).
50%, , .
29. ,
, ,
: , ,
, .
, ,
.
.
, : Klapper and Zaidi (2004).
,
. ,
, , .
30.
,
35.
, ,
.
.
31.
, .
32. ,
,
(. 3), , ,
.
,
33. , .
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
: ,
.
, ,
, .
.
.
34. ,
,
, ,
.
, ,
. (. 6).
,
.
.
170 2005
. ,
, .
. ,
36. 48.
, ,
37. ,
, ,
,
, , .
26
38. ,
, 49. ,
, ,
, .
39.
,
, ,
. , . , ,
,
. , 50.
, ,
. .
,
. .
.
,
, .
,
. ,
. ,
,
, (. 8.5).
,
,
40.
,
41,
(. 3).
42.
. ,
, .
,
.
43.
1990 ,
44. ,
500 .
,
45. .
, 46, �
, 1980 .
47. , (. 8.6).
171
()
8.5 :
. 2002 . 3000
116 ,
1967 ., ,
43 . , , ,
(. . 8.1)51. ( ,
,
. , 200 . .). ,
, 47
, , .
52. , 675 ,
2004 . ,
, .
,
, , ,
(. 8.7) 53. , .
, 1997 .,
, , , 550
. ,
,
, 90
, .
. , , . , 81%
, . , 83% .
.
. 2003 .
,
, 165 .
, ,
, , : Morris and others (2001); Hussain
. (1997); Gupta (1999); India Ministry of Small
. Scale Industries (2003); Harsh (2003); Katrak
, , , , (1999); World Bank (2003c); Deccan Herald
(2003).
, ,
.
.
. ,
,
8.6
1980 .
:
(, ) , ,
(), , ,
, () . , , ,
(). 23,4 . . 1990 .
, 1980 . 672 1993 ,
. .
, 35% 1980�1995 ., 1992 .,
. .
. ,
, , .
. , 75%
. . ,
, ,
, 1990 . 85% .
. , , �
�,
. . ,
.
() (), . 1984 . 14
: OECD (2003b); Chen (2002); Ge
. . 1980 . (1999).
172 2005
8.1 .
,
1975 1986 1995 1997 2002
25 47 73 93 116 ,
79 176 500 845 3000 ,
( .) ... ... ... 22,5 43 ,
... ... ... 18 30 55.
, 0,8 1,9 ... 4,5 13
: ... � . 1990 .
: ILO (2003a) 100
,
56.
() (. 8.8). 45 , 85%
,
, , 57.
54. (. . 8.2).
20% 58.
, ,
. , 0,7% 59.
,
. 1997 ., 420 . .
60.
,
, . ,
.
, , ,
, , ? .
, ,
. .
(, ,
, ), , ,
8.7
, . , , 1990 .,
. . 40
80 . .
. .
, . 1993 .
� , 12
. , 4
.
, .
. , . 2002 . 55 720
. , ,
, 61 .
5,9% 1991�2001 ., 2002 . , ? ,
73% ,
. . ,
80 . 90 . .
, � ,
, .
. 1980�2002 . ,
5,5%, : � Subramanian and
, Roy (2003); Moran (2002); Rodrik (1999); World
. Bank (2004k);
. � Schrank (2001); Consejo Nacional de
? , , 1980 � Zonas Francas de Exportacio�n (2002).
173
8.8
, .
,
, (),
.
. ,
. ,
, ,
. () .
1947 . ,
16 . , , 2001 .,
().
, , .
1995 .,
, .
, . . ,
: ,
. () 1000 .
.
, , : World Bank (2004d); Hoekman, Mattoo,
" " and English (2002); Hoekman, Michalopoulos,
, . . and Winters (2003); GATT.
8.2
, ,
, %
,
. ,
,
47 30 46
, , ( )
, :
,
19 0 28
,
7 8 11
(. 1).
21 22 7
( )
. : Chalk (2001).
,
, ?
.
.
,
. , 64. ,
, , ,
61. (. . 8.2).
,
. 191 , ;
, ,
, 18% .
9% ,
62. ,
75 � 500�, .
��, ,
63. , .
,
65. ,
.
174 2005
8.2 ,
,
.
200 . ,
( )
, ,
2,000 , ,
150 ,
( ) %
,
.
100 , ,
.
1,000
,
. ,
50
.
. 66.
,
0 0
. ,
7 VW 3
(1980 .) (1987) (1995�1996)
( ,
: % ), ,
. ,
: McKinsey Global Institute (2003) .
, ,
, , ,
, (. 8.10).
,
(. 8.9). .
,
(). ,
: , 160
, 250 , ,
. 67.
, 68:
8.9 � .
.
, .
� .
.
, . .
. � .
. ,
,
� � . 18
.
300 . .
"
1990 ., 80 . " (. 5).
, � .
,
5000 , ,
. .
,
2003 . : O'Malley (2004) Uchitelle
(2003). ,
.
175
8.10
, ,
, , ,
, 50 . . 1990
,
. ,
. 54 .
340 . . .
. 20 ,
, �
, �, , , 1993 . ,
. , . .
, 153 . . 250 .
, .
��,
, , : Yusuf (2003); Scott and Storper
224 . . (2003); Charlton (2003); Christiansen, Oman,
. , and Charlton (2003); Peters and Fisher (2004).
� . 8.3
.
,
.
. . ,
40
� . , ,
,
. 71. 30
, %
. ,
, . 20
,
(. . 8.3) 69. (. 5),
. ,
, , 10
. ,
,
(. 8.11).
0
0,25%.
, , : Morisset and Andrews
Johnson (2003).
. 72.
,
, (. 8.9).
,
70. 8.3
, ,
,
(. . 8.3).
(, 1999)
( .) (.)
.
(EDB) 45,0 3,2 14,06
,
(IDA 1999) 41,0 3,7 11,16
,
(CINDE) 11,0 3,5 3,14
. , (MEDIA 1996) 3,1 1,2 2,58
, (IPC) 8,8 8,4 1,05
(MIDA) 15,0 22,7 0,66
, : Velde (2001)
176 2005
,
8.11
,
.
, ,
1985 . , .
,
. ,
.
100 . 180 . .
.
25%
35% ,
50% 60% . , , .
. .
.
� �,
. . ,
. ,
, ,
, �� , ��
(58%) � � (18%). � �, 10 .
��
, ,
74% .
�� 61% � , .
� �,
��
.
, . 73.
, 21 .
20 . . 1985 252 . . 1989 . ,
. 9,6 . . 2001 . . , ,
, �� ,
� � : Moran (1998); OECD International
Trade by Commodity Statistics Database.
,
��74.
.
8.12 � �
, 30 200 83 .
? 11 83%,
. 36%,
. 33%.
.
. ,
() , 2001 . ,
() , , 5,49 . 5,12 . .
,
, .
. , ,
. ,
� �� ,
,
. . ,
1986�1994 . 32 . 1985�1992 . ,
180 .
. ,
, . ( 438 811 . ,
) � .
( 980 . 1,46 .
17%, ).
14%. : Battat, Franck, and Shen (1996);
1999 . 670 9 19%. UNCTAD (2001b); Ireland IDA (2002).
177
. 8.4
,
. , % , % , %
, , () 100 100
(. 8.12)75. 100 100
100 18�20 10�25
3
100
, 100 25
(. 3). ,
() 100 10�25
, . ,
200
,
.
: 100% .
: Mani (2001a); de Ferranti and others (2003).
,
. ,
, ,
, 78.
.
, ,
, (. . 8.4).
,
, .
. , ,
�
. , �. , ,
, , ,
, ,
, 79.
,
, ,
( )
. , ()80.
.
.
, 8.4
.
.
, (1997)
(. . 8.4). (1995)
,
. (1997)
,
.
(1997)
, ,
(1997)
76.
80% , (1999)
,
0 5 10 15 20 25
20%
77. , , %
, , : OECD (2003f).
178 2005
82.
8.13
,
, ,
.
. , ,
. , 83. ,
()
, ()
,
. ( ),
. . .
, 84.
. ,
.
.
.
: UNCTAD (2003c); de Ferranti
and others (2003); Mani (2001b).
85.
,
, , ,
. .
(. 8.13). , ,
,
,
.
, , .
. , ,
,
, , ,
.
81. ,
,
. ,
() � .
� , 9.
9
, II , 500 .
, ,
, �
. , ,
, , ,
, . , , ,
.
? ,
,
.
, (
, , , )
, , , ,
(. 5). , .
,
,
(. 3). ,
;
( , .
) ,
,
.
: ,
�
, , ,
; .
�
,
; ,
� ��, ,
.
. :
�
.
.
XII . ,
.1 20 . .
,
2. .
�
.
2200 , 200 ,
180 2005
, , ,
. .
. �" .
, �
,
. .
� ,
,
. 3.
, ,
,
. ,
, ,
(. 9.1).
,
. .
� ,
, . ,
;
. ,
.
��,
(),
(),
() ,
,
(. 9. 2).
9.1 : , ?
,
,
,
, .
.
,
.
, ,
. .
.
, . 1959 . (. 9.2).
2200
. .
,
: ,
, ,
(), .
( ). ().
, , ,
,
, .
,
.
, , , .
.
,
(). , ,
, . ,
,
. 4.
,
,
, . .
,
181
9.2 : ?
. , ,
() 1959 . ( .
), . ,
2002 . 22% . ? .
,
() . . , 2,
.
,
. , , .
, , . ,
. , , , ,
.
,
. , . , �
, ,
, ,
(.
, , . 4). ,
. , 80 90
, 100 ,
, ,
, . .
,
. : Dolzer and Stevens (1995);World
. , Bank (2003b); Hallward Driemeier (2003);
, , UNCTAD (2003e); UNCTAD (1998).
, , .
, ,
.
, . ,
, ()
. ,
,
, , . 9.1
()
, .
, 50
,
.
40
,
,
. 30
--
20
,
,
10
,
. ,
0
, 1960 1970 1980 1990
��
, : UNCTAD (2000b)
182 2005
(.
9.2). , ,
, 1960 . (. 9.1).
,
. ,
. ,
, ,
, .
.
,
,
.
,
, .
. ,
.
, ,
.
, , . ,
,
. , �
.
, ,
. .
� � , ,
� ,
, ,
(. . 9.2). �
.
9.2
, , ,
, , ,
12
5
.
--
(. 9.3).
10
,
,
8 �
. ,
,
6 , .
,
4
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 .
: ,
, 1994 .
� � �
18 .
,
ICRG
, ,
/ ,
, .
12. .
: , ,
International Country Risk Guide.
183
9.3
, .
, .
,
. 2001 .
. .
().
. � ,
.
.
� ,
, . ,
, ,
� . ,
6. , ,
, , , .
. : Funke and Nsouli (2003);
,
.
. ,
�
7.
1966 . .
,
(), .
,
8.
140
. ,
.
, ,
,
. .
,
.
.
.
,
. (. 4),
,
. ,
, ,
. . ,
, ,
,
,
. 1990 , .
, , ,
, .
?
.
. ?
, , , ?
�
129 , ?
,
9. ,
,
184 2005
9.4
,
,
. , , 1987�2003
,
10 87
.
( .. ) 6 31
, 6 18
. , , 2 10
,
4 8
amicus curiae,
. (
), 29,5 28,2
,
.
,
.
: 2003.
, : , ICSID,
. 24 .
, 1987 2003 .
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
(. 4).
,
. 10;
?
, .
, ?
.
(
, ),
, .
(. 2).
,
.
? ,
,
, , ,
.
. ,
, � ,
�
. ,
,
.
, .
, , , ,
(. 9.4).
. ,
,
� �. ,
185
, . ,
.
�
, � �,
,
(. 2).
.
, , ,
. 35 .
. ,
11. ,
,
.
.
, ,
, ,
, .
.
, , .
�
, ,
.
, .
,
, , ,
12. .
, ,
,
. . .
,
,
,
. 9.5
13. ,
(), ,
1993 ., ,
. ,
14 () 16 : , , ,
. , , , ,
, , , , ,
, ', , , , .
, ,
. .
(, . 9.5).
�
� ,
,
,
. .
,
.
: , .
,
, ,
, : Ba (2000) and OHADA official
. , . , documents.
186 2005
. ��,
, , ,
, .
. ,
, , ,
.
.
, . ,
.
, , 1970 .
,
. , 16.
.
, , .
,
(. 9.3).
, ,
, , .17
,
,
15. , .
, , ,
, ,
. ,
(. 9.6).
,
,
,
.
. .
��
,
,
, , , . 1990 . 40
,
.
9.3
1990 .
20--40%. ,
200
,
. 12
150 2000 . 10 . 18.
,
100 .
?
50
?
?19.
0 ,
1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 .
: , .
: WTO.
187
,
. 9.6
,
(. 3). ,
, IX . . . . �
� � , �
.
5,
, , 1976 .
.
. , �
, �
� , . , 2003 . 106
; 2005 .
.
, �
,
. 1997 .
. , �
, (, , �
, ) .
1999 . ,
. ,
.
.
,
:
, , 20. . , Transparency International (2004),
Braithwaite and Drahos (2000).
,
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
, , ,
.
21.
, ,
, ,
.
, ,
,
,
. .
, ,
,
, ,
. .
.
2, ,
.
, . . ,
(. 9.7). �
188 2005
9.7.
.
,
,
.
,
.
,
ISO 14 000
.
, , 0 20 40
,
, , , %
: , , . ,
, ,
.
� . (ISO),
�
, � , �
,
. � .
, ,
� �
� . ; , ,
� , ,
. , , ,
, ,
, (. )
.
, , , , : Jorgensen and others. (2003); Smith
. and Feldman (2003); UNCTAD (2001); Berman
, , , and Webb (2003).
9.8 ?
,
. , .
.
1929 . ,
. , ,
1948 . 1959 . . ,
.
�
. 1967 . ,
, .
. 1995 98 . . , .
, ,
. ,
,
2001 . , .
,
. ,
, . ,
,
. (. 5).
, .
, ,
( ) , : Ferrarini (forthcoming); Henderson
, (2000); World Bank (2003b); Parra (2000);
, , , , Warner (2000).
189
. .
,
,
(. 9.8).
. , ,
.
� . �
. ,
, 700
.
,
22.
.
, ,
.
. ,
,
, 10.
, ,
.
IV 10 � �
, ,
, .
, , ,
10 , , 2015 .
. , 1 . 2.
.
,
30
2 . ;
7 8 . 3.
. ,
.
,
.
, .
: , 2 .
, 1,2 . ,
, 1 . 1. . ,
,
,
,
10.1
, , (. . 10.1).
,
500
:
�
400
. ,
.
1995 �
300
,
.200
,
.
� ,
100 ,
.
0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
: ,
.
: OECD online database; World Bank (2004k).
194 2005
.
,
. ? ,
,
. .
,
,
, , .
, ,
.
.
,
. .
,
,
,
100%, .
500%. , ,
, ,
, , 1998 2002 .
4. 21,1 . . �
26% 8.
.
, , ,
2001 . 311 . . .
�
, (. . 10.1).
5. ,
,
.
, .
1998 2002 .
3,1 . .
. , , 26,4 . .
, .
, 2015 .
85 . .,
,
6.
.
,
, .
,
, .
.
. ,
�
; 9.
.
,
10% 30%7.
, 10. ,
, , ,
. . �
195
10.1
, : 1998�2002 . ( . 2001 .)
1,5 5,5 7,0 . . . .
1,7 1,0 2,7 . . . .
1,7 9,7 11,4 3,2 3,0
1,1 2,0 3,1 . . . .
. . . . 0,0 13,4 6,8
6,0 18,2 24,2 16,6 9,8
: .. � . � � , , ,
, ; , , .
� � , , ,
, , , , ,
; , , , ,
; , . �� ,
. � � (, )
(, ), . � �
,
.
: ; , , :
IFC (2002) Migliorisi and Galmarini (2004).
(. 3).
, ,
, .
, �
" "�, .
11. ,
, .
, ,
; 7 . .
, 1998�2002 . 33%
12. , , 13.
, , ,
, . 1980 .
.
,
,
, , .
1990
.
, . 1990 .
(
) ,
, . 14.
,
, ,
,
, ,
196 2005
. 200
(. 2 3). 1980 1990 . .
600 .
� , ,
. .
, ,
, ,
.
15.
,
, .
, � ,
, . ,
. ,
,
, . ,
.
,
, .
,
, .
, , , ,
16.
,
, �
� , .
, , � .
.
�
17 � .
.
:
, 1998 2000 . 1,1
.
(. 3).
.
� .
, �18.
. ,
, . .
.
,
. .
� ,
,
, ,
,
. 19. ,
,
, , ,
,
(. 2).
2,7 . .
1998 2002 ., , ,
13% �
�
197
(. 10.1
10.1).
.
, � , ,
, , , ,
. , , , , ,
, ,
, , () .
, 2004
,
70 . .
. . 310
, 88 .
, 32
. ,
, 45 , 14
20. ,
, 28
�, 1,5 .
. . 80
, .
, � , 9 .
, .,
,
.
.
11,4 . . ,
1998 2002 ., 54% (). , ,
. , 1999 .,
, . �
,
. .
,
�
, , : PPIAF (2003)
, . .
,
(. 6).
,
,
.
. ,
, ,
,
, .
. ,
,
.
.
, ?
.
, . ,
� (
)
, 1990 , , , ,
,
, , .
, . 1998 2002 .,
198 2005
3.1 . . ,
, ,
. (. 6).
,
. , ,
. , (. 10.2).
8
,
,
( 3),
:
, , ,
. ,
� ,
. ,
8, , .
,
. .
, . ,
, , .
, �
. ,
�
.
, , 1998 2002 . 26,4 .
. . ,
21. ,
, ,
, . ,
( ) .
10.2 , : , ,
,
.
.
, ,
,
. ,
, , , . ,
, , . ,
. 1996 2001 .
, 14
,
.
, ,
,
, .
. , ,
, .
, . ,
, ,
. (
, 2002 .,
,
),
. 14 .
, 22.
10 . ,
70%
. . . ,
: Brusky (2003)
,
199
, ,
.
.
.
, 3,
. ,
,
.
50 ,
, 23.
,
. ,
, ,
. ,
,
, .
,
. .
,
. .
��. � �
�,
, , "Doing Business" �
, , ,
. , .
,
.
. ,
.
, .
, ,
.
,
,
. .
,
.
. ,
.
.
,
, .
,
.
. , ,
.
,
, , :
. �
, , ,
;
. �
: ;
200 2005
� ,
, , .
,
. .
,
.
.
, 175 . 24.
. , . .,
�
, (
.
, , ) 25.
.
,
. , .
.
,
, , .
.
,
� .
, ,
,
,
, ,
. .
. .
,
,
.
,
. .
,
, , ,
, , .
.
.
, ,
.
, ,
.
.
, ,
, ,
, ,
, , .
. ,
,
,
. ,
. .
, , ,
, , , ,
. , ,
, , ,
: , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
. , , ,
, , , ,
, , , ,
� http://econ.worldbank. org/wdr/wdr2005/ , , ,
library/ � , , ,
, , , ,
. , , , , ,
, , ,
, , , ,
. , , ,
� , , ,
, , , , ,
� , . ,
, . , , ,
, , ,
, : , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , . , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , , ,
, , , ,
, , , , , , ,
, , , , .
. , , , ,
, . , , : , ,
202 2005
, , , ,
, , ,
, .
.
,
,
, , , ,
, ; ,
, , .
, , , ,
, , ,
. .
20. Barro and Sala i Martin (2003); Bosworth and Collins (2003); Easterly
1. . and Levine (2001); Hall and Jones (1999); Klenow and Rodrguez Clare
1.2 . 1 2 � � (1997); Young (1995).
. 21. Solow (1957); Jones (2002); and Barro and Sala i Martin. (2003).
2. . 1.5. ,
3. Johnson, McMillan, and Woodruff (2002b).
4. Hall and Jones (1999); Parente and Prescott (2000); Easterly and Levine (),
(2001); Bosworth and Collins (2003). , . . ,
5. Schumpeter (1942). . . Hall and Jones (1999) Acemoglu and Jonson (2003).
6. . . 1.13. 22. Jovanovic (1995).
7. OECD (2002b); Carlson and Payne (2003). 23. Parente and Prescott (2000).
8. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a). 24. Hall and Jones (1999) and Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001).
9. Minot and Goletti (2000) Winters, McCulloch, and McKay (2004). 25. Hicks (1935).
10. Hoekman, Kee, and Olarreaga (2001). 26. Baumol (2002).
11. . 6.12. 27. Schumpeter (1942).
12. Field (2002). 28. Carlin and others (2001)
13. . . 1.18. .
14. World Bank (2004b). . : Bastos and Nasir (2003).
15. . . 1.4. 29. Haltiwanger (2000) Bartelsman, Scarpetta, and Schivardi (2003).
16. . . 2.1. 30. Scarpetta and Bartelsman (2003).
17. World Economic Forum (2004). 31.
18. Londoo and Guerrero (2000). .
19. 5.13. 32. Desai and Mitra (2004) and Caballero, Engel, and Micco (2004).
20. Bartelsman and others (2004). 33. World Bank (2002d).
21. World Bank (2004d). 34. Kraay (2003).
22. Migliorisi and Galmarini (2004). 35. ,
I , . , ,
1. Chermak (1992). , ,
2. Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2002); Levine (1997); Kaufmann, ,
Kraay, and Mastruzzi (2003); La Porta and others (1999); Glaeser and Shleifer . .: Chen and Ravallion (2004); Ravallion (2003a);
(2002); Glaeser and others (2004). Deaton (2002).
3. Acemoglu and Johnson (2003); Rodrik, Subramanian, and Trebbi 36. Bourguignon (2004).
(2002); Knack and Keefer (1995a). 37. Dollar and Kraay (2002).
4. Burgess and Venables (2003). 38. Bourguignon (2004).
5. Pritchett (2004). 39. World Bank (2003m); Midlarsky (1999); Fearon and Laitin (2003).
6. World Bank (2004b). 40. Fields and Pfeffermann (2003).
7. Erb, Harvey, and Viskanta (2000). 41. OECD (2002b); Carlson and Payne (2003); India National Sample
8. World Business Environment Survey. Survey Organisation.
9. World Bank (2004b). 42. World Bank (2004i).
10. Malthus (1798). 43. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a) Hallward
11. Maddison (1995). Driemeier, Iarossi, and Sokoloff (2002).
12. De Long (2000). 44. Lanjouw and Stern (1998).
, 45. United Nations (2002b).
1900 . , 46. ILO (2002b).
50% , 1900 ., 47. Schneider (2002); Chen, Jhabvala, and Lund (2002);
. Charmes (2000);Mead and Liedholm (1998); Jhabvala, Sudarshan, and
13. Pritchett (1997). Unni (2004); ILO (2002b).
14. Pritchett (2002) and Hausmann and Rodrik (2003). 48. Minot and Goletti (2000).
15. Easterly (2001); Aghion and Durlauf (2004); Hausmann, Pritchett, 49. Winters,McCulloch, and McKay (2004).
and Rodrik (2004). 50. ,
16. Tanzi and Davoodi (1998). (� �).
17. Sala i Martin and Vila Artadi (2002) Easterly, Devarajan, and Pack .: Dougherty (2004) and Tranberg Hansen (2000).
(2001). 51. Hoekman, Kee, and Olarreaga (2001).
18. Bosworth and Collins (2003). ,
19. Krugman (1997). , ',
204 2005
, , . .: Roberts and Tybout (1996); Harrison ,
(1994); Levinsohn (1993). .
52. ESMAP (2002). 35. Hnatkovska and Loayza (2004) Ramey and Ramey (1995).
53. Field (2002). 36. Svensson (1998); Paunovic (2000); Rodrik (1991).
54. Palmade (2004). 37. North (1993).
. 5. 38. North and Weingast (1989).
39. ., , Henisz (2000); Stasavage (2002); Falaschetti (2003).
2 44. .:
1. 1953 . Fukuyama (2001); Coleman (1998); Putnam, Leonardi, and Nanetti (1993).
, ( � �) 45. ,
: �[] : , .
, " ", �.
2. Litvin (2003). , ,
3. Hufbauer and Goodrich (2003a) Hufbauer and Goodrich (2003b). . ,
4. Rajan and Zingales (2003) , , � .
. .: Banfield (1958); Piore and Sabel (1984); Fukuyama (1995).
5. Stigler (1971) and Peltzman (1976). 46. Olivier de Sardan (1999).
6. Sutton (1976). 47. Alesina and others (2003b).
7. World Bank (1997). 48. Henisz and Zelner (forthcoming) Kubler (2001).
8. Murphy, Shleifer, and Vishny (1993). 49. Kay (2003).
9. Klitgaard (2000). 50. .: Center for Policy
10. Reinikka and Svensson (1999) Transparency International Studies (2003); The Economist (2003b).
Bangladesh (2002). 51. The Pew Global Attitudes Project (2003).
11. Adser`, Boix, and Payne (2003). 52. Muller (2002).
12. Klitgaard (1998). 53. ,
13. Van Rijckeghem and Weder (2001). 1860
14. Laffont and Tirole (1991). � � � �,
15. Hellman and others (1999). .: Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2003).
16. Wintrobe (1998). 54. Micklethwait and Wooldridge (2003).
17. Robinson and Verdier (2002); Robinson (1998); Herbst (2000); and 55. Stiglitz (1989).
Bates (1981). 56. OECD (2003g).
18. .: Barzel 57. Stiglitz (1999b).
(2002); .: De Soto (2000); .:
Golden (1997); .: Rajan and Zingales (2003); 3
.; World Bank (2003p). 1. Maloney (2004).
19. � 2. Johnson,McMillan, and Woodruff (2002b).
�, 3. Reid and Gatrell (2003).
, 4. Rodrik and Subramanian (2004).
. .: Keefer (2002). 5. Cao, Qian, and Weingast (1999).
20. ., .: Morris and Shepsle (1990) Keefer and Khemany (2003). 6. Saavedra (2003). . : Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003); Bineswaree
21. Khemani (2004) Desai and Olofsg�rd (2003). and Freund (2004); Klapper, Laeven, and Rajan (2003).
22. Faccio (2003). 7. World Economic Forum (2004).
23. Fisman (2001). 8. World Bank (2004b).
24. Hellman and Kaufmann (2003). 9. World Bank (2002c) and Commonwealth Secretariat (2003).
25. 10. Blanchard and Giavazzi (2003).
.: Kaufman (2002). 11. ILO (2002b).
12. Chen, Jhabvala, and Lund (2002).
.: World Bank (2000c). 13. . 1.12.
26. Keefer (2002) Keefer (2003). 14. Galal (2004).
27.Mukherjee (2002) World Bank (2000a). 15. Hallward Driemeier and Stone (2004).
28. Dixit and Pindyck (1994). 16. Mitullah (2004); Lund and Skinner (2004); Chen, Jhabvala, and Lund
, (2002).
, , 17. Field (2002); Bannock and others (2004).
. 18. Stern, Dethier, and Rogers (2004).
. 19. Lanjouw and Stern (1998).
, , 20. Reardon and others (1998).
. 21. Lanjouw and Shariff (1999).
22. Foster and Rosenzweig (2004).
, . 23. World Bank (2004k); and Chandra and Rajaratnam (2004).
.: Serven (1997) Caballero (1991). 24. : EBRR (1999) Batra,
29. Pattillo (1998) and Darku (2001). Kaufman, and Stone (2002).
30. Smith (1997a). 25. Christianson (2004).
31. Gaston and Wei (2002). 26. ,
32. Keynes (1936). ; .: McMillan and
33. Thaler (1993); Thaler (2000); Rabin (1998); Kagel and Roth (1995); Woodruff (2002).
Camerer, Loewenstein, and Rabin (2003); Kahneman and Tversky (2000). 27. Baldwin (2003)
34. Henisz and Delios (2003) .
, 49 ; 28. Aitken, Hanson, and Harrison (1997).
205
29. : 12. Feder and others (1988).
Tybout (2003) Keller (2001). 13. Do and Iyer (2003).
30. Hoekman, Kee, and Olarreaga (2001); Roberts and Tybout (1996); 14.
Harrison (1994); Levinsohn (1993). : Baharoglu (2002).
31. .: Hufbauer and Goodrich (2003b). 15. Feder and others (1988).
32. Bayoumi, Coe, and Helpman (1999) de Ferranti and others (2003). 16. Field (2002).
33. Tybout (2003). 17. World Bank (2003n).
34. Fernandes (2003) ; Muendler (2002) ; 18. Macours (2003).
Pavcnik (2003) . , Aghion 19. World Bank (2003n).
and others (2003) . 20. Adlington (2002).
35. Fernandes (2003). 21. Deininger (2002).
36. Aghion and others (2003). 22. International Institute for Environment and Development (2001).
37. Hu and Jefferson (2002); Aitken and Harrison (1999); Djankov and 23. Siamwalla (1993) Stanfield and others (1990).
Murrell (2002). 24. United Nations�Habitat (2003) Baharoglu (2002).
38. Blalock and Gertler (2003); Smarzynska (2002); Kugler (2001). 25. Yahya (2002) Botswana�Ministry of Lands (2002).
39. G�rg and Strobl (2001) Blomstrm and Kokko (1998). 26. Fleisig and De la Pea (2003).
40. 27. IFC and CIDA (2001).
. 28. World Bank (2002b).
44 , ; 29. Greif (1989) Fafchamps (2004).
30. Klein (1992).
166%, � 1%. .: Basant and Fikkert (1996). 31. World Bank (2003a) Jappelli and Pagano (1999).
41. Coe and Helpman (1995) Coe,Helpman, and Hoffmaister (1997). 32. Jappelli and Pagano (1999).
42. 33. Fafchamps (2004).
. ., ., Crespo, Martin, and Velasquez (2002). 34. Milgrom, North, and Weingast (1990).
43. Lederman and Maloney (2003). 35. Mnookin and Kornhauser (1979).
44. UNCTAD (2003c) de Ferranti and others (2003). 36. Galanter and Krishnan (2003).
45. Fernandez and Rodrik (1991). 37. Williamson (1996).
46. Krueger (2000); Tommasi (2002); Hausmann, Pritchett, and Rodrik 38. Cristini and Moya (2001) Castelar Pinheiro and Cabral (2001).
(2004). 39. Laevan and Woodruff (2003).
47. Woo Cumings (2001). 40. Castelar Pinheiro (1998); Sereno, de Dios, and Capuano (2001);
48. Parente and Prescott (2000). Herrero and Henderson (2001).
49. Berglof and Roland (2000). 41. Johnson, McMillan, and Woodruff (2002a) Broadman and others (2004).
50. Cao, Qian, and Weingast (1999) Yeung (2003). 42. Bigsten and others (2000) and Fafchamps and Minten (2001).
51. North and Weingast (1989). 43. Djankov and others (2003b).
52. Boix (2003). 44. Djankov and others (2003b).
53. Kingdon (1995). 45.World Bank (2003f).
54. Consumers International (www.consumersinternational.org) Trans 46.Messick (1999) Burki and Perry (1998).
parency International (www.transparency.org). 47. Chengappa (1999).
55. Cabanero Verzosa and Mitchell (2003). 48. .: Kahkonen and others (2001). .:
56. Georgian Opinion Research Business International (GORBI) (2002) Fleisig and De la Pea (2003).
57. Yufei and others (2004). 49. Inter American Development Bank (2002).
58. Smith (1997a). 50. Ahmadi (1999).
59. Sidak and Baumol (1995) Hempling, Rose, and Burns (2004). 51. UNCTAD (2003a). . 9.
60. Kostrzeva (2003). 52. World Bank (2003d).
61.Wedel (2002). 53. Volkov (2002).
62. OECD (1999a). 54. Polinsky and Shavell (2000).
63. Argy and Johnson (2003). 55. Stone and Ward (2000).
64. OECD (1999b) and OECD (2002c). 56. Schrf (2001).
65. OECD (2000b) and OECD (2002c). 57. Greenwood and others (1998) Waller and Sanfacon (2000).
66. Kirkpatrick and Parker (2003) and Lee (2002). 58. McDonald (1994).
67. Stanchev (2003). 59. Sherman and others (1998).
68. Regobeth and Ahortor (2003). 60. Villadeces and others (2000) Mockus (2002).
69. Stanchev (2003). 61. Buvinic and Morrison (2000).
70. Zeruolis (2003) and Vilpisauskas (2003). 62. Frye and Zhuravskaya (2000).
71. Environmental Resources Management (2004). 63. Rossiter (1961).
64. Mattei (2000) Shavell (2004).
4 65. Chifor (2002).
1. Murdoch and Sandler (2002). 66. Vernon (1971).
2. World Bank (2003m). 67. Wells Jr. and Gleason (1995).
3. Johnson,McMillan, and Woodruff (2002b). 68. West (2001).
4. Besley (1995) World Bank (2003f). 69. ,
5. Erb, Harvey, and Viskanta (2000). , .: Smith (1997a).
6. Torstensson (1994) Knack and Keefer (1995b). 70. Van der Walt (1999).
7. Keefer (2004). 71. Stephenson (2003).
8. World Bank (2003n).
9. Jimenez (1984). 5
10. Lanjouw and Levy (2002). 1. Coase (1960) Pigou (1932).
11. Friedman, Jimenez, and Mayo (1988). 2. Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson (2001).
206 2005
3. Pistor and others (2003). 40. Elstrodt, Lenero, and Urdapilleta (2002).
4. Pistor and others (2003). 41. Djankov and others (2002).
5. Pistor (2000). 42. Ebrill and others (2001) , 10%
6. Berkowitz, Pistor, and Richard (2003). 90% , , .
7. Alesina and others (2003a) Nicoletti and Scarpetta (2003). 43. Das Gupta, Engelschalk, and Mayville (1999).
8. , : Alesina 44. Taliercio Jr. (2003b).
and others (2003a). 45. Bird and Engelschalk (2003) .
9. World Bank (2003a). 46.
10. � , , ,
, , . .:
www.worldbank.org/publicsector/tax/autonomy.html.
. � 47. Bird (2003).
� . 48. Taliercio Jr. (2003b).
11.World Bank (2003g). 49. Taliercio Jr. (2003b).
12. Schneider (2002). 50. Taliercio Jr. (2001).
13. Flores and Mikhnew (2004). 51. Taliercio Jr. (2001); Taliercio Jr. (2003a); Taliercio Jr. (2003b).
14. OECD (2003a). 52. . Das Gupta, Engelschalk, and Mayville (1999) and Bird (2003).
15. World Bank (2004b). 53. Das Gupta, Engelschalk, and Mayville (1999).
16. Winston (1993) OECD (1997b). 54. Taliercio Jr. (2003b).
17. Guash and Hahn (1999) Guash and Spiller (1999) 55. Fjeldstad (2002) World Bank (2004e).
. 56. Gill (2003) Engelschalk, Melhem, and Weist (2000).
18. Fernandes (2003) ; Muendler (2002) ; 57. Bird and Engelschalk (2003).
Pavcnik (2003) ; Aghion and Burgess (2003) . 58. Bird (2003); Engelschalk, Melhem, and Weist (2000); Bird and
19. Bartelsman and others (2004). � , , Engelschalk (2003).
, , , , , . 59. Gill (2003).
10% , 20% � , 60. Bird (2003).
. 61. APEC Committee on Trade and Investment (2003).
20. Akiyama and others (2003). 62.World Bank (2004d), Table 2.9.
21. Akiyama and others (2003). 63. World Bank (2004d), Table 1.9.
22. ., ., McMillan, Rodrik, and Welch (2002). 114 . ( . 1997 .) 265 ,
23. Lawson and Meyenn (2000) . .
"Grameen Telecom" (www.grameen info.org/grameen/ gtele 64. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a).
com/) Grameen Telecom's Web site (www.grameen info.org/grameen/ gtele 65. Engelschalk, Mehlem, and Weist (2000)
com/) 2004 . .
24. La Porta and Lpez de Silanes (2001). 66. De Wulf (2003).
25. World Bank (2004d). 67. De Wulf and Finateu (2002).
26. Evenett (2004).
27. : UNCTAD (2003d). 6
28. .: www.internationalcompetitionnetwork.org, "Advocacy and 1. Rajan and Zingales (2003).
Competition Policy" ICN Conference, Naples, Italy, 2002. 2. Harris (2003); World Bank (1994b);World Bank (2004j); World Bank
29. Khemani (2002) and Kovacic (1997). (2003p).
30. Kee and Hoekman (2003). 3. King and Levine (1993); Levine, Loayza, and Beck (2000); Beck, Levine,
31. The Economist (2002c). and Loayza (2000); Bandiera and others (2000); Demirg Kunt and
32. 1862 . Maksimovic (1998).
. .: www.irs.ustreas.gov/. 4. Caprio and Honohan (2003).
33. Ebrill and others (2001). 5. Li, Squire, and Zou (1998).
34. Lewis (2004). 6. Rajan and Zingales (2003).
35. .: 7. Easterly, Islam, and Stiglitz (2000).
Diamond and Mirlees (1971); Stiglitz and Dasgupta (1971); Ebrill and others 8. Dehejia and Gatti (2002).
(20011); Sandmo (1976) Slemrod (1990). 9. Stiglitz and Rothschild (1976) and Stiglitz and Weiss (1981).
10. Rajan and Zingales (2003).
.: Tanzi and Zee (2001). 11. Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine (2001); Clarke and Cull (2002); La Porta,
36. 2000/2001 . 14% Lpez de Silanes, and Shleifer (2002); Sapienza (2004).
, 12% � 12. Beck, Cull, and Afeikhena (2003); Beck, Crivelli, Summerhill (2003);
9% � . and Omran (2003).
, , 41%, 42% 13. Berger and others (forthcoming); Demirg Kunt and Maksimovic
37%. , (forthcoming); Berger, Hasan, and Klapper (2004).
, 18%, 14% 8%. 14. Schreiner and Yaron (2001).
60 , 15. Townsend and Yaron (2001).
. : IMF (2003), OECD (2002d) 16. Harvey (1991) World Bank (2001f).
Dobrinsky (2002). 17. World Bank (1994a).
37. Mitra and Stern (2003) 18. Vittas and Je Cho (1995).
. 19. Klapper and Zaidi (2004) World Bank (1989).
39. 20. Caprio and Demirg Kunt (1998) World Bank (1989).
1990 2000�2001 . , 21. , 15% ,
; .: Njoku and Obasi (1991).
. IMF (2003), OECD 22. Management Systems International (1996) Magno and Meyer (1988).
(2002d) Dobrinsky (2002). 23. Graham Bannock and Partners Ltd (1997).
207
24. Black and Strahan (2002); Cetorelli and Strahan (2002); Beck, (1996); Smith (1997b); Spiller and Savedoff (1999) Willig (1999).
Demirg� Kunt, and Levine (2003); Cetorelli (2003); Berger, Hasan, and ,
Klapper (2004). , ,
25. Demirg� Kunt, Laeven, and Levine (2003). � �,
26. Berger and others (forthcoming). .
27. Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine (2004) Demirg� Kunt, Laeven, and 70. See Wodon, Ajwad, and Siaens (2003). . : Clarke and Wallsten
Levine (2003), . (2003); Estache, Foster, and Wodon (2002); World Bank (1994b).
28. Unite and Sullivan (2003). 71.
29. Clarke and others (2003); Clarke and others (forthcoming); Escude .: Bergara, Henisz, and Spiller (1998); Henisz
and others (2001). (2002); Henisz and Zelner (2001); Weder and Schiffer (2000) Zhank, Parker,
30. Faulkender and Petersen (2003). and Kirkpatrick (2002).
31. Carmichael and Pomerleano (2002). 72.
32. Impavido (2001) and Impavido, Musalem, and Tressel (2003). .: Lamech and Saeed (2003).
33. Ekmekcioglu (2003). 73. Phillips (1993); Smith (1997a); Smith (1997b).
34. Shah (1997) and Srinivas,Whitehouse, and Yermo (2000). 74. .: http://rru.worldbank.org/
35. Impavido (2001). contracts/.
36. Deepthi and others (2003). 75. ., , Klein and Hadjimichael (2003).
37. Black, Jang, and Kim (2003); Johnson and others (2000); La Porta and 76. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a). ,
others (1997); La Porta and others (1998); Stiglitz (1999a). ,
38. Shleifer and Wolfenzohn (2002). .
39. Demirg�� Kunt and Maksimovic (1998); Demirg�� Kunt and 77. Rller and Waverman (2001).
Maksimovic (1999); Giannetti (2003); Claessens and Laeven (2003); Allayanis, 78. Caldern and Servn (2003).
Brown, and Klapper (2003); Esty and Megginson (2003). 79. International Telecommunication Union
40. Bae and Goyal (2003). SIMA 2001 .
41. , 81. Rossotto and others (2003) Telegeography
2002 . 12,6% 35% International Telecommunication Union.
141% ( IMF�IFS). 82. Wallsten (2001); Wallsten (2003); Bortolotti and others (2002); Boylaud
42. Berkowitz and White (2002). and Nicoletti (2001); Galal and others (1994); Ramamurti (1996); Ros (1999);
43. Pistor, Raiser, and Gelfer (2000). Wellenius (1997b); Winston (1993); Fink,Mattoo, and Rathindran (2002).
44. Claessens and Laeven (2003). 83. Komives,Whittington, and Wu (2003) Clarke and Wallsten (2003).
45. Durnev and Kim (2003); Gompers and Metrick (2001); Joh (2003); 84. World Bank Investment Climate Surveys.
Klapper and Love (forthcoming); La Porta and others (1998). 85. World Bank Investment Climate Surveys Batra, Kaufmann,
46. McKinsey & Company (2002) Aggarwal, Klapper, and Wysocki (2003). and Stone (2002).
47. Levitt (1998); Frost, Gordon, and Hayes (2002); Hail and Luez (2003); 86. World Energy Council (2001).
Lee and Ng (2002). 87. Reinikka and Svensson (2002).
48. Rajan and Zingales (2003). 88. Dollar, Hallward Driemeier, and Mengistae (2003a).
49. Glaeser, Johnson, and Shleifer (2001). 89. Calder�n and Serv�n (2003).
50. Miller (2003). 90. Hunt and Shuttleworth (1996).
51. Galindo and Miller (2001) and Love and Mylenko (2003). 91. ., ., Besant Jones and Tenenbaum (2001).
52. World Bank (2003a). 92. Pollitt (2003); Newbery and Pollitt (1997); and Galal and others (1994).
53. , 93. World Bank (2004j). . : Spiller : Gilbert and Kahn (1996).
50% 94. Zhang, Parker, and Kirkpatrick (2002).
, , 27% 95. Lim�o and Venables (2001).
, , , 96. Clark, Dollar, and Micco (2002).
, 28% , , 97. Lim�o and Venables (2001).
, � 40%. .: Love and Mylenko (2003). 98. Radelet and Sachs (1998).
54. Barron and Staten (2003); Bailey, Chun, and Wong (2003); Padilla and 99. Lim�o and Venables (2001).
Pagano (2000); Castelar Pinheiro and Moura (2003). , ,
55. Chami, Khan, and Sharma (2003). ,
56. Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine (2004) Beck, Demirg�� Kunt, and 25% .
Levine (2003). 100. Lim�o and Venables (2001).
57. Stigler and Becker (1977); Stigler (1975); Rajan and Zingales (2003). 101.World Bank (2004j).
58. Stigler (1971). 102. Clark, Dollar, and Micco (2002).
59. Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine (2001) and Barth, Caprio Jr., and Levine 103. Inter American Development Bank (2001).
(2004). 104. ., Estache and Carbajo (1996) Gaviria (1998).
60.Martinez Peria and Schmukler (2001). 105. Estache and Carbajo (1996); Trujillo and Serebrisky (2003); Gaviria
61. Calomiris and Powell (2001). (1998).
62. Saunders and Wilson (2002). 106. World Bank and PPIAF (2003)
63. Caprio and Honohan (2003). .
64. Stiglitz and Yusuf (2001). 107. Galal and others (1994).
65. Caprio and Honohan (2003). 108. Gaviria (1998).
66. Levy Yeyati,Martinez Peria, and Schmukler (2004). 109. Trujillo and Serebrisky (2003).
67. Beck, Demirg�� Kunt, and Levine (2003). 110. Caldero�n and Serve�n (2003).
68. ., , Tanzi and Davoodi (1997); Tanzi and Davoodi (1998); 111. Fernald (1999).
and Devarajan, Swaroop, and Zou (1996). 112. G�mez-Ib��ez and Meyer (1993) www.worldbank.
69. org/html/fpd/transport/roads_ss.htm.
.: G�mez-Ib��ez (2003); G�mez-Ib��ez and Meyer 113. Tanzi and Davoodi (1997) and Tanzi and Davoodi (1998).
(1993); Klein and Roger (1994); Levy and Spiller (1994); Levy and Spiller 114. Liautaud (2001).
208 2005
7 31. 39
1. ILO (2004). , 20 .
2. Schneider (2002). . : ILO (2002a). 32. Heckman and Pags (2004) ,
3. Pritchett (2001); Easterly (2001); Topel (1999). 52% 90% ,
4. , . Mondino and Montoya (2004) MacIcaac
, and Rama (1997) ,
7�10%. . Psacharapoulos and Patrinos (2002). ,
5. , , .
, 33. ,
, , ,
, ,
. . Bassanini and . .: Alogoskoufis and others
Scarpetta (2002) De La Fuente and Domnech (2002). (1995).
6. Rosenzweig (1995) , 34. Heckman and Pag�s (2004),
, . ,
7. Pritchett (2001) Pissarides (2000). , , ,
8. Acemoglu and Shimer (1999). , .: Abowd and others , , .
(2001) Nestoriak (2004). 35.
9. Bresnahan, Brynjolfsson, and Hitt (2002). : )
10.Van de Walle (2003). ; ) ; )
11. Nicholls (1998). )
12.World Bank (2003e). .
13. IFC (2001); World Bank (2002a); World Bank (2003e); El Khawas, : ) �� ,
DePietro Jurand, and Holm Nielsen (1998). , )
14. Tooley (1999). . .: Djankov and others (2003a) World
15. IFC (2001). Bank (2003a).
16. . 36. World Bank (2003j).
17. 37. World Bank (2002a).
38. ,
(
), . ., ,
. Nicoletti and others (2001)
18. Bourguignon and Goh (2003); de Ferranti and others (2000); Gill, , Scarpetta and others (2002) Scarpetta and
Maloney, and Sanchez Paramo (2002); Devarajan, Dollar, and Holmgren Tressel (2004)
(2001); Rodrik (1997); Freeman (1994); Matusz and Tarr (1999); Rama (2003); .
World Bank (2002d). 39. . Gorg
19. . : Aidt and Tzannatos (2002); (2002) Dewit, Gorg and Montagna (2003)
Brown (2000) Boeri, Brugiavini, and Calmfors (2001). 40. . Nicoletti and others (2001) , Nicoletti and others
20. Aidt and Tzannatos (2002) Forteza and Rama (2002). (2001) , Scarpetta and others (2002)
21. Calmfors (1993). , . Christianson
22. Haltiwanger, Scarpetta, and Vodopivec (2003). (2004) ,
23. Eslava and others (2003).
24. .
0,15 41. 1998 .
: .: Maloney and N��ez (2004). .: Alatas and
Cameron (2003). 60% .
25. , , .
�� , : World Bank (2003j).
. 42. .: Pag�s and Montenegro (1999) Montenegro and Pag�s (2004)
26. . Djankov and others (2003a) ,
1:1 1 ( 0,76
. 2,40)
27. 80% 6,7
, 13,8 .
. .: World Bank 43. Addison and Teixeria (2001) and Nickell and Layard (1999).
(2001b). 44. Cavalcanti (2003) and Mondino and Montoya (2004).
28. � 45. Besley and Burgess (2004).
� .: Maloney and N��ez 46. . Kugler and Pica (2003).
(2004) World Bank (2004g). 47. Pierre and Scarpetta (2004). , 90%
29. . Feliciano (1998) , Gill, Montenegro, and Dmeland ,
(2002) , : .: Chandra and others (2001). .
. : Saavedra and Torero (2004) World Bank (2004) �
30. , . 7.5, � .
48. Dolado, Garca Serrano, and Jimeno (2001); Blanchard and Landier
, , , , (2001); Hopenhayn (2004).
, 49. Ag�nor (1996) ,
. .: Djankov and others
(2003a) World Bank (2003a). .
209
50. Goldberg and Pavcnik (2003) for Colombia, and Aghion and others 74. Habbad and Adato (2001), 101
(2003) for India. (),
51. Winter Ebmer (2001).
52. Kikeri (1998). ,
53. Winter Ebmer (2001) Kikeri (1998). .
54. . Holzmann and Jorgensen (2001) World Bank (2001c). . 75. Rawlings, Sherburne Benz, and Van Domelen (2003).
World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization (2004). 76. ,
55. de Ferranti and others (2000) , , 71% 55% .
1990 . 77. Rawlings and Rubio (2002).
, 78. Sedlacek, Ilahi, and Gustafsson Wright (2000) Bourguignon, Ferreira,
7% . and Leite (2002).
56. Bigsten and others (2003) ,
8
, 1. Chang (2002).
2. Taylor (1996).
. 3. ,
57. Acemoglu and Shimer (1999) , .
:
Noland and Pack (2003); Pack (2000) Smith (2000).
. Lall (2003); Lall (2000) Amsden and Chu (2003). Wong
58. and Ng (2001) . . : Hernandez (2004).
( ) , , , 4. �� ,
,
, . .
.: Dercon (1996). , (
,
),
( ), , , .: Lall (2000);
, .: Chang (1999); ��
, .: Rosenzweig and Rinswanger (1993). .: Amsden and Chu (2003).
59. ., .: Ravallion (2003b) World Bank (2002d). 5. Lipsey and Lancaster (1956).
60. Klasen and Woolard (2001) , 6. Reid and Gatrell (2003);Wolman (1988); and Kokko (2002).
7. Hausmann and Rodrik (2003).
8. , :
( , , , Hausmann and Rodrik (2003); � World Bank (1993);
), . � English, Jaffe, and Okello (2004).
61. de Ferranti and others (2000) , 9. Noland and Pack (2003).
, 10. WTO (2003)
, , ; ,
,
.
. 11. ., .: World Bank (2004d); Noland and Pack (2003); Mody
62. , (1999); Wong and Ng (2001) Lall (2000).
, 12. Irwin (2004).
. : Vodopivec (2004). 13. Rodr�guez Clare (2001).
14. Greenstone and Moretti (2003).
. : MacIsaac and Rama (2001). 15. Reid and Gatrell (2003)
63. Gruber (1997) , ,
22%. ,
64. 1990 . /3 , 2 , 322,5 . 1997 .
, 4,9 . , 2001 .
, .: Vodopivec (2004). , 3,6 . . ,
65.Martin and Grubb (2001).
66.Mazza (1999). .
67.World Bank (1995b). 16. Thaler (1993).
68. Tabor (2002). 17.
69. Cox, Jimenez, and Jordan (1994) , , (1997�2002 .) : )
, 25% ,
, . , ,
70. , .; )
10% , ; )
1984 . � 3%; .: Morduch (1999a). ,
71. Ravallion (2003b), Ravallion and Datt (1995); Subbarao (1997); Teklu ; ) �
and Asefa (1999); Jalan and Ravallion (2003); Chirwa, Zgovu, and Mvula � .; )
(2002). ; )
72. Gaiha (2000). ; ) ,
73. . Subbarao, Ahmed, and Teklu (1995) World Bank . . :
(2002d) . Mani (2001b).
210 2005
18. Cardenas, Ocampo, and Thorp (2003) , 60. UNCTAD (2002b).
61. Wells and others (2001) Bergsman (1999).
, 62. MIGA (2002).
. 63. Wunder (2001b).
19. Jones and Sakong (1980). 64. 1984 . ,
20. Shah (1995a). , , ,
21. OECD (2003). , , 70%. . :
, , . Halvorsen (1995).
22. UNCTAD (2002) Noland and Pack (2003). 65. Zee, Stotsky, and Ley (2002) Shah (1995a).
23. OECD (2003e). 66. Wells and others (2001).
24. Chen and others (2004). 67. UNCTAD (2002b).
25. ILO (2002b). 68. Morisset (2003a).
26. PPIAF and World Bank (2002). 69. Morisset and Andrews Johnson (2003).
27.World Bank (2003i). 70. Morisset and Andrews Johnson (2003).
28. Charitonenko and Campion (2003) Yaron, Benjamin, and Piprek ,
(1997). � ,
29.Morduch (1999b). , , .
30. Adams (1988). 71. UNCTAD (2003b).
31. Yaron, Benjamin, and Piprek (1997). 72. Pursell (2001) UNCTAD (2003b).
32.World Bank (2003i). 73. Moran (2001).
33. Anderson and Feder (2003). 74. Moran (2001).
34. Alex, Zijp, and Byerlee (2002) Anderson and Feder (2003). 75. Battat, Frank, and Shen (1996).
35. Glaeser (2001). 76. Zee, Stotsky, and Ley (2002).
36. Batra and Mahmood (2003). 77. Hall and Van Reenen (1999).
37. Klein and Hadjimichael (2003). 78. , , Shah and Baffes
38. Nugent and Yhee (2002). (1995) Shah (1995b) .
39. Johnson, McMillan, and Woodruff (2002a). Hall and Van Reenen (1999)
40. Hallberg (2000) and Batra and Mahmood (2003). , .
41. Hallberg and Konishi (2003). ,
42. Batra and Mahmood (2003). 1981 .
43. Scott and Storper (2003).
44. : Porter (1998) . .
� 79. OECD (2003f).
, , 80. Kim (1997) Yusuf (2003). ,
,
�. .: Porter (2003). .
45. Slvell, Lindqvist, and Ketels (2003). ;
46. World Bank (2003b).
47. , Altenburg and Meyer Stamer (1999) , .
: � , .: Trajtenberg (2002).
82. Wallsten (2004) , 1998 .
, 135 . ,
�. .
48. Altenburg and Meyer Stamer (1999). ,
49. The Mitchell Group Inc. (2003). . .: de Ferranti and others (2003).
50. The Mitchell Group Inc. (2003). 83. Feser (2002).
51. , 84. Yusuf (2003).
, 85. de Ferranti and others (2003).
maquiladoras ( ,
, ). 9
52. Madani (1999) 18 1. Braithwaite and Drahos (2000) and Dollinger (1970).
, 2. , 1928 .
. , . ,
, � . ,
. , �
. , ...
,
. , �.
. 3. Putnam (1988); Ederington (2001); Staiger and Tabellini (1999);
53. Subramanian and Roy (2003). Conconi and Perroni (2003).
54. Jenkins and Kuo (2000); Panagariya (2000); Radelet (1999); Harrold, 4. Dixit and Nalebuff (1991); Persson and Tabellini (2000).
Jayawickrama, and Bhattasali (1996). 5.
55. English and De Wulf (2002).
56. UNCTAD (1996); Christiansen, Oman, and Charlton (2003); Easson (ROSC)
(2001).
57. UNCTAD (2000c). .
58. Morisset (2003b). 6. Shihata (1986) Jecker,
59. Fletcher (2002).
211
5%, � 5%
1861�1862 . 1%. ,
7. , , , ,
1958 . . World Bank (2004d).
7. Hoekman (2000).
. .: 8.
Paulsson (1996). (2004)
8. .: Shihata (1986). . ,
www.worldbank.org/icsid/ "ICSID (). ,
Review � Foreign Investment Law Journal", ��
Johns Hopkins University Press. , .
9. ICSID (2003). ()
10. (
, , , ).
. : UNCTAD (2003) Hallward Driemeier .: Migliorisi and
(2003). , , . Galmarini (2004).
www.worldbank.org/icsid/cases/awards.htm. 9. World Bank (1998a).
11. Weingast (1995). 10. World Bank (2004a).
: Stephan (1999). 11. , (, ),
. White (1996). ,
12. Putnam (1988); . : Maggi and Rodrguez Clare (1998). � ; . : Zongo and others (2000).
13. 1919 . , ,
, :
(www.iccwbo.org). ,
14. � ; .; www.mca.gov.
; 1966 ., 12. ,
, .: Brook and Smith (2001).
. 13. /3
1
, , ,
, , .
,
(www.uncitral.org). ,
15.Hoekman and others (2004); Schiff and Winters (2003); Bhagwati .
(2002). 14.
16. , 1996 1999 . 40%
1972 . , /3 � 1
17. Siebert (2003). /4 � 1
18.World Bank (2003b); WTO (2003); and Clarke and Evenett (2003b). . .: World
19. Hoekman and Mavroidis (2002) and Clarke and Evenett (2003a). Bank (2001a).
20. 15. Devarajan, Dollar, and Holmgren (2001) and World Bank (1998a).
. , 16. McMillan, Rodrik, and Welch (2002).
; .: 17. World Bank (2003k) and Wolfensohn (1998).
Mendoza and Tesar (2003). 18. IDA and IMF (2003) World Bank (2003l).
21. , , PSPR; c.:
, World Bank (2004h).
, , 20.
, , 2001 .
, . .: Tendler (2002).
22. OECD (2003d) and OECD and WTO (2003). ; . OECD DAC (2001). ,
,
10 .
1.World Bank (2003b). . . European Commission (2004a) United Kingdom DFID
2. (2001).
; . , 2003 . 21. Batra and Mahmood (2003).
22.
: � ,
, [ ]
(2004). ,
3. United Nations (2002b).
4.World Bank (2004d); UNCTAD (2000a); UNCTAD and WTO (2000). . ,
5. IMF estimations from OECD PSE (Producer Support Estimate); OECD ;
(2002a); OECD DAC (2003). ,
6. , ( � ,
1997 .), �. . Schulpen and Gibbon (2002).
� � (GTAP). , 23. , �
, XXI .� (PARIS21); (.: www.paris21.org).
. 24. United Nations (2002a).
10% 25. World Bank (2004c).
�processed� , Adser�, Alicia, Carles Boix, and Mark Payne. 2003. "Are you Being
, . Served? Political Accountability and Quality of Government."
Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 19(2):445�90.
Abowd, John M., John Haltiwanger, Julia Lane, and Kristin Aedo, Cristi�n, and Sergio N��ez. 2001. The Impact ofTraining Policies
Sandusky. 2001. "Within and Between Changes in Human in Latin America and the Caribbean: The Case of `Programa Joven'.
Capital, Technology, and Productivity." U.S. Census Bureau. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank. Available
Washington, D.C. Processed. on line at http://www.ilo.org/ public/english/region/ampro/cinter-
Acemoglu, Daron. 2001. "Directed Technical Change." Cambridge, for/temas/youth/doc/aedo/aedo.pdf.
Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Agarwal, Manish, Ian Alexander, and Bernard Tenenbaum. 2003.
8287. "The Delhi Electricity Discom Privatizations: Some Observations
Acemoglu, Daron, and Simon Johnson. 2003. "Unbundling and Recommendations for Future Privatizations in India and
Institutions." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Elsewhere." Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Energy and Mining
Research Working Paper Series 9934. Sector Board Discussion Paper 8.
Acemoglu, Daron, Simon Johnson, and James A. Robinson. Ag�nor, Pierre. 1996. "The Labor Market and Economic
2001. "The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: Adjustment." IMF Staff Papers 43(2):261�335.
An Empirical Investigation." American Economic Review Aggarwal, Reena, Leora Klapper, and Peter D. Wysocki. 2003.
91(5):1369�401. "Portfolio Preferences of Foreign Institutional Investors."
--------. 2002. "Reversal of Fortune: Geography and Institutions Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper
in the Making of the Modern World Income Distribution." Series 3101.
Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(4):1231�94. Aghion, Philipe, Robin Burgess, Stephen Redding, and Fabrizio
Acemoglu, Daron, and Robert Shimer. 1999. "Efficient Zilibotti. 2003. "The Unequal Effects of Liberalization: Theory
Unemployment Insurance." Journal of Political Economy and Evidence from India." Centre for Economic Policy Research.
107(5):893�28. London. Processed.
Acevedo, Germ�n C., and Patricio A. Eskenazi. 2003. "The Chilean Aghion, Philippe, and Robin Burgess. 2003. "Liberalization and
Unemployment Insurance: A New Model of Income Support Industrial Performance: Evidence from India and the UK."
Available for Unemployed Workers." Paper presented at the Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. Processed.
International Workshop on Severance Pay Reform: Toward Aghion, Philippe and Steven Durlauf. Forthcoming. "Handbook of
Unemployment Savings and Retirement Accounts. Vienna. Economic Growth." Amsterdam: North Holland.
November 7. Ahluwalia, Montek. 2002. "Economic Reforms in India Since 1991:
Acs, Zoltan J., and David B. Audretsch. 1987. "Innovation, Market Has Gradualism Worked?" Journal of Economic Perspectives
Structure and Firm Size." Review of Economics and Statistics 16(3):67�88.
69(4):567�74. Ahmadi, Justice A. M. 1999. "ADR Programmes in India." In
Adams, Dale W. 1988. "The Conundrum of Successful Credit USAID and World Bank, eds., Background Material on ADR.
Projects in Floundering Rural Financial Markets." Economic Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Legal Institutions Thematic
Development and Cultural Change 36(2):355�67. Group.
Addison, John T., and Paulino Teixeria. 2001. "The Economics of Aidt, Toke, and Zafiris Tzannatos. 2002. Unions and Collective
Employment Protection." Bonn: Institute for the Study of Labor Bargaining�Economic Effects in a Global Environment.
Discussion Paper 381. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Adenikinju, Adeola F. 2003. "Electric Infrastructure Failures in Aitken, Brian, Gordon H. Hanson, and Ann E. Harrison. 1997.
Nigeria: A Survey-Based Analysis of the Costs and Adjustment "Spillovers, Foreign Investment, and Export Behavior." Journal of
Responses." Energy Policy 31(14):1519�30. International Economics 43(1-2):103�32.
Adlington, Gavin. 2002. "Land Workshop Material." Paper present- Aitken, Brian J., and Ann E. Harrison. 1999. "Do Domestic Firms
ed at the Regional Workshop on Land Issues in Europe and the Benefit from Direct Foreign Investment? Evidence from
CIS. Budapest, Hungary. April 3. Venezuela." American Economic Review 89(3):605�18.
213
Akiyama, Takamasa, John Baffes, Donald Larson, and Panayotis Ba, Seydou. 2000. "How Can Effective Strategies Be Developed for
Varangis. 2003. "Commodity Market Reforms in Africa: Some Law and Justice Programs? Are There Models for Legal Reform
Recent Experience." Economic Systems 27(1):83�115. Programs? An Example of OHADA." Paper presented at the
Alatas, Vivi, and Lisa Cameron. 2003. "The Impact of Minimum Comprehensive Legal and Juridical Development Conference.
Wages on Employment in a Low Income Country: An Evaluation Washington, D.C. May 6.
Using the Difference-in-Differences Approach." Washington, Bae, Kee-Hong, and Vidhan K. Goyal. 2003. "Property Rights
D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2985. Protection and Bank Loan Pricing." Korea University and Hong
Alesina, Alberto, Silvia Ardagna, Giuseppe Nicoletti, and Fabio Kong University of Science and Technology. Seoul. Processed.
Schiantarelli. 2003a. "Regulation and Investment." Cambridge, Baharoglu, Deniz. 2002. "World Bank Experience in Land
Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Management and The Debate on Tenure Security." Washington,
Series 9560. D.C.: World Bank, Urban and Local Government Background
Alesina, Alberto, Arnaud Devleeschauwer, William Easterly, Sergio Series 16.
Kurlat, and R�main Wacziarg. 2003b. "Fractionalization." Bailey, Andre, Suzi Chun, and Jeffery Wong. 2003. "Wanted: Asian
Journal of Economic Growth 8(2):155�94. Credit Bureaus." The McKinsey Quarterly, July 9.
Alex, Gary, Willem Zijp, and Derek Byerlee. 2002. "Rural Baker, Joanne. 1996. Conveyancing Fees in a Competitive Market.
Extension and Advisory Services: New Directions." Washington, Sydney: Law Foundation of New South Wales for the Justice
D.C.: World Bank, Rural Development Strategy Background Research Centre.
Paper 9. Baldwin, Richard E, and Paul Krugman. 2004. "Agglomeration,
Allayanis, George, Gregory W. Brown, and Leora F. Klapper. 2003. Integration, and Tax Harmonisation." European Economic Review
"Capital Structure, Foreign Debt and Financial Risk: Evidence 48(1):1�23.
from East Asia." Journal of Finance 58(6):2667�709. Baldwin, Richard E. 2003. "Openess and Growth: What's the
Alogoskoufis, George, Charles R. Bean, Giuseppe Bertola, Daniel Empirical Relationship?" Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of
Cohen, Juan Jos� Dolado, and Gilles Saint-Paul. 1995. Economic Research Working Paper Series 9578.
Unemployment: Choices for Europe. Monitoring European Bandiera, Oriana, Gerard Caprio, Patrick Honohan, and Fabio
Integration. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research. Schiantarelli. 2000. "Does Financial Reform Raise or Reduce
Altenburg, Tilman, and Jorg Meyer-Stamer. 1999. "How to Savings?" Review of Economics and Statistics 82(2):239�63.
Promote Clusters: Policy Experiences from Latin America." World Banfield, Edward C. 1958. The Moral Basis of a Backward Society.
Development 27(9):1693�713. Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press.
Amsden, Alice H., and Wan-wen Chu. 2003. Beyond Late Banks, Arthur. 2001. Cross-national Time-series Data Archive.
Development: Taiwan's Upgrading Policies. Cambridge, Mass.: Binghamton, N.Y.: Center for Comparative Political Research at
MIT Press. the State University of New York.
Anderson, Jock R., and Gershon Feder. 2003. "Rural Extension Bannock Consulting. 2001. Best Practices in "One Stop Shops" for
Services." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research SME Development. Bulgaria Reform of Administrative Barriers to
Working Paper Series 2976. SME Development. London, UK: Bannock Consulting.
APEC Committee on Trade and Investment. 2003. Guide to the Bannock, Graham, Matthew Gamser, and Mariell Juhlin. 2004.
Investment Regimes of the APEC Economies, 5th ed. Singapore: "The Importance of the Enabling Environment for Business and
Asian Pacific Economic Co-operation Secretariat (APEC). Economic Growth: A 10 Country Comparison of Central Europe
Argy, Steven, and Matthew Johnson. 2003. Mechanisms for and Africa." Case Study Commissioned by the UK Department
Improving the Quality of Regulations: Australia in an International for International Development for the 2005 World Development
Context. Melbourne: Productivity Commission. Report.
Ariyoshi, Akira, Karl Habermeier, Bernard Laurens, Inci Otker- Barro, Robert, and Xavier Sala-i-Martin. 2003. Economic Growth.
Robe, Jorge Ivan Canales-Krijenko, and Andrei Kirilenko. 2000. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
"Capital Controls: Country Experiences with their Use and Barro, Robert J., and Jong-Wha Lee. 2001. "International Data on
Liberalization." Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund Educational Attainment: Updates and Implications." Oxford
Occasional Paper 190. Economic Papers 53(3):541�63.
Arora, Ashish, Marco Ceccagnoli, and Wesley M. Cohen. 2003. Barron, John M., and Michael Staten. 2003. "The Value of
"R&D and the Patent Premium." Cambridge, Mass.: National Comprehensive Credit Reports: Lessons from the U.S.
Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 9431. Experience." In Margaret Miller, ed., Credit Reporting Systems and
Aw, Bee Yan, Sukkyun Chung, and Mark J. Roberts. 2000. the International Economy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
"Productivity and Turnover in the Export Market: Micro-level Bartelsman, Eric, John Haltiwanger, and Stefano Scarpetta. 2004.
Evidence from the Republic of Korea and Taiwan (China)." World "Microeconomic Evidence of Creative Destruction in Industrial
Bank Economic Review 14(1):65�90. and Developing Countries." Background paper for the WDR
Ayyagari, Meghana, Thorsten Beck, and Asli Demirg��-Kunt. 2005.
2002. "Small and Medium Enterprises across the Globe: A New Bartelsman, Eric, Stefano Scarpetta, and Fabiano Schivardi. 2003.
Database." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research "Comparative Analysis of Firm Demographics and Survival:
Working Paper Series 3127. Micro-Level Evidence for the OECD Countries." Paris:
214 2005
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, Beck, Thorsten, Robert Cull, and T. Jerome Afeikhena. 2003. "Bank
Economics Department Working Paper 348. Privatization and Performance: Empirical Evidence from
Barth, James R., Gerard Caprio Jr., and Ross Levine. 2001. Nigeria." Paper presented at the Bank Privatization�World Bank
"Banking Systems Around the Globe: Do Regulation and Conference. Washington, D.C. November 20.
Ownership Affect Performance and Stability." In Frederic Beck, Thorsten, Asli Demirg��-Kunt, and Ross Levine. 2003.
Mishkin S., ed., Prudential Regulation and Supervision: What "The Impact of SMEs on Growth, Development, and Poverty:
Works and What Doesn't. Chicago, I.L.: University of Chicago Cross-Country Evidence." Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Press. Policy Research Working Paper Series 3178.
--------. 2004. "Bank Regulation and Supervision: What Works Beck, Thorsten, Ross Levine, and Norman Loayza. 2000. "Finance
Best?" Journal of Financial Intermediation 13(2):205�48. and the Sources of Growth." Journal of Financial Economics 58(1-
Barzel, Yoram. 2002. A Theory of the State: Economic Rights, Legal 2): 261�300.
Rights, and the Scope of the State. Cambridge,U.K.: Cambridge Becker, Randy, and J. Vernon Henderson. 2000. "Effects of Air
University Press. Quality Regulations on Polluting Industries." Journal of Political
Basant, Rakesh, and Brian Fikkert. 1996. "The Effects of R&D, Economy 108(2):379�421.
Foreign Technology Purchase, and Domestic and International Bell, Clive, Shantayanan Devarajan, and Hans Gersbach. 2003.
Spillovers on Productivity in Indian Firms." Review of Economics "The Long-Run Economic Costs of AIDS: Theory and an
and Statistics 78(2):187�99. Application to South Africa." Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Bassanini, Andrea, and Stefano Scarpetta. 2002. "Does Human Policy Research Working Paper Series 3152.
Capital Matter for Growth in OECD Countries? A Pooled Mean- Bergara, Mario E., Witold J. Henisz, and Pablo T. Spiller. 1998.
group Approach." Economics Letters 74(3):399�405. "Political Institutions and Electric Utility Investment: A Cross-
Bastos, Fabiano, and John Nasir. 2003. "Which Dimensions of the Nation Analysis." California Management Review 40(2):18�35.
IC are Most Constraining?" World Bank. Washington D.C. Berger, Allen, Seth Bonime, Lawrence Goldberg, and Lawrence
Processed. White. Forthcoming. "The Dynamics of Market Entry: The
Basu, Kaushik. 1999. "Child Labor: Cause, Consequence, and Effects of Mergers and Acquisitions on Entry in the Banking
Cure, with Remarks on International Labor Standards." Journal of Industry." Journal of Business.
Economic Literature 37(3):1083�119. Berger, Allen N., Asli Demirg��-Kunt, Ross Levine, and Joseph G.
Bates, Robert H. 1981. Markets and States in Tropical Africa: The Haubrich. Forthcoming. "Bank Concentration and Competition:
Political Basis of Agricultural Policies. Berkeley: University of An Evolution in the Making." Journal of Money, Credit and
California Press. Banking.
--------. 2001. Prosperity and Violence: The Political Economy of Berger, Allen N., Iftekhar Hasan, and Leora F. Klapper. 2004.
Development. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Ltd. "Further Evidence on the Link between Finance and Growth: An
Batra, Geeta, Daniel Kaufmann, and Andrew H. W. Stone. 2002. International Analysis of Community Banking and Economic
Investment Climate Around the World: Voices of the Firms from the Performance." Journal of Financial Services Research 25(2-
World Business Environment Survey. Washington, D.C.: World 3):169�202.
Bank. Berglof, Erik, and Gerard Roland. 2000. "From Regatta to Big
Batra, Geeta, and Syed Mahmood. 2003. "Direct Support to Private Bang? The Impact of EU Accession Strategy on Reforms in
Firms: Evidence on Effectiveness." Washington, D.C.: World Central and Eastern Europe." International Monetary Fund.
Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 3170. Washington, D.C. Processed.
Batra, Geeta, and Hong Tan. 1995. "Enterprise Training in Bergsman, Joel. 1999. "Advice on Taxation and Tax Incentives for
Developing Countries: Overview of Incidence, Determinants, Foreign Direct Investment." Paper presented at the FIAS
and Productivity Outcomes." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Seminars on FDI Issues: Knowledge Gains. Washington, D.C.
Private Sector Development Occasional Paper 9. May 27.
Battat, Joseph, Isaiah Frank, and Xiaofang Shen. 1996. "Suppliers to Berkowitz, Daniel, Katharina Pistor, and Jean-Francois Richard.
Multinationals: Linkage Programs to Strengthen Local 2003. "Economic Development, Legality, and the Transplant
Companies in Developing Countries." Washington, D.C.: Effect." European Economic Review 47(1):165�95.
Foreign Investment Advisory Service Occasional Paper 6. Berkowitz, Jeremy, and Michelle J. White. 2002. "Bankruptcy and
Baumol, William J. 2002. The Free-Market Innovation Machine: Small Firm's Acces to Credit." Cambridge, Mass.: National
Analyzing the Growth Miracle of Capitalism. Princeton, N.J.: Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 9010.
Princeton University Press. Berman, Jonathan E., and Tobias Webb. 2003. Race to the Top:
Bayoumi, Tamim, David T. Coe, and Elhanan Helpman. 1999. Attracting and Enabling Global Sustainable Business. Business
"R&D Spillovers and Global Growth." Journal of International Survey Report. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Economics 47(2):399�428. Bernard, Andrew B., and J. Bradford Jensen. 1999. "Exceptional
Beck, Thorsten, Juan Miguel Crivelli, and William Summerhill. Exporter Performance: Cause, Effect or Both?" Journal of
2003. "The Transformation of State Banks in Brazil." Paper pre- International Economics 47(1):1�25.
sented at the Bank Privatization, World Bank Conference. Bernstein, Peter L. 1996. Against the Gods: The Remarkable Story of
Washington, D.C. November 20. Risk. New York: John Wiley & Sons.
215
Bertola, Giuseppe, Tito Boeri, and Sandrine Cazes. 2000. Bird, Richard M., and Michael Engelschalk. 2003. "Tax Policy and
"Employment Protection in Industrialized Countries: The Tax Administration: Lessons from the Last Decade." World Bank.
Case for New Indicators." International Labour Review Washington, D.C. Processed.
139(1):57�72. Black, Bernard, Hansung Jang, and Woochan Kim. 2003. "Does
Besant-Jones, John, and Bernard Tenenbaum. 2001. "The Corporate Governance Affect Firms' Market Values? Evidence
California Power Crisis: Lessons for Developing Countries." from Korea." Stanford, C.A.: Stanford Law and Economics
Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Energy and Mining Sector School, Olin Working Paper 237.
Board Discussion Paper 1. Black, Sandra E. 1999. "Investigating the Link Between Competition
Besley, Timothy. 1995. "Property Rights and Investment Incentives: and Discrimination." Monthly Labor Review, December.
Theory and Evidence from Ghana." Journal of Political Economy Black, Sandra E., and Philip E. Strahan. 2002. "Entrepreneurship
103(5):903�37. and Bank Credit Availability." Journal of Finance 57(6):2807�33.
Besley, Timothy, and Robin Burgess. 2004. "Can Labor Regulation Blalock, Garrick, and Paul Gertler. 2003. "Technology From
Hinder Economic Performance? Evidence from India." Quarterly Foreign Direct Investment and Welfare Gains Through the
Journal of Economics 119(1):91�134. Supply Chain." University of California. Berkeley, C.A.
Betcherman, Gordon, Karina Olivas, and Amit Dar. 2003. "Impacts Processed.
of Active Labor Market Programs: New Evidence from Blanchard, Olivier. 1986. "Investment, Output, and the Cost of
Evaluations with Particular Attention to Developing and Capital: A Comment." Brookings Papers on Economic Activity
Transition Countries." Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Social 0(1):153�58.
Protection Network Paper Series 402. Blanchard, Olivier, and Francesco Giavazzi. 2003. "Macroeconomic
Bhagwati, Jagdish. 2002. Free Trade Today. Princeton, N.J.: Effects of Regulation and Deregulation in Goods and Labor
Princeton University Press. Markets." Quarterly Journal of Economics 118(3):879�907.
Bhatnagar, Subnash, and Rajeb Chawla. 2004. "Bhoomi: Online Blanchard, Olivier J., and Augustin Landier. 2001. "The Perverse
Delivery of Land Titles in Karnataka, India." Ahmedabad Indian Effects of Partial Labor Market Reform: Fixed-term Contracts in
Institute of Management and Government of Karnataka. France." Economic Journal 112(480):214�44.
Ahmedabad, India and Karnataka, India. Processed. Blomstr�m, Magnus, and Ari Kokko. 1998. "Multinational
Biers, Dan, and Sadanard Dhume. 2000. "In India, a Bit of Corporations and Spillovers." Journal of Economic Surveys
California." Far Eastern Economic Review 163(44):38�40. 12(3):247�77.
Biggs, Tyler. 2003. "Is Small Beautiful and Worthy of Subsidy? Bloom, David E., Lakshmi. R. Bloom, Davod Steven, and Mark
Literature Review." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. Weston. 2003. Business and HIV/AIDS: Who Me? Geneva: World
Biggs, Tyler, Vijaya Ramachandran, and Manju Kedia Shah. Economic Forum.
1998. "The Determinants of Enterprise Growth in Sub- Boeri, Tito, Agar Brugiavini, and Lars Calmfors, eds. 2001. The Role
Saharan Africa: Evidence from the Regional Program on of Unions in the Twenty-First Century. New York: Oxford
Enterprise Development." Washington, D.C.: World Bank, University Press.
Regional Program for Enterprise Development Discussion Boix, Carles. 2003. Democracy and Redistribution. New York :
Paper 103. Cambridge University Press.
Biggs, Tyler, Manju Kedia Shah, and Pradeep Srivastava. 1995. Bortolotti, Bernardo, Juliet D'Souza, William L. Megginson, and
"Technological Capabilities and Learning in African Enterprises." Marcella Fantini. 2002. "Privatization and the Sources of
Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Africa Department Series, Performance Improvement in the Global Telecommunications
Technical Paper 288. Industry." Telecommunications Policy 26(5-6):243�68.
Bigsten, Arne, Paul Collier, Stefano Dercon, Marcel Fafchamps, Bosworth, Barry, and Susan M. Collins. 2003. "The Empirics of
Bernard Gauthier, Jan Willem Gunning, Abena Oduro, Remco Growth: An Update." The Brookings Institution. Washington,
Oostendorp, Cathy Patillo, M�ns Soderbom, Francis Teal, and D.C. Processed.
Albert Zeufack. 2000. "Contract Flexibility and Dispute Botswana�Ministry of Lands, Housing and Environment. 2002.
Resolution in African Manufacturing." Journal of Development Botswana National Land Policy. Gaborone: Natural Resources
Studies 36(4):1�37. Services Ltd. for the Ministry of Lands, Housing and
--------. 2003. "Risk Sharing in Labor Markets." World Bank Environment. Department of Lands.
Economic Review 17(3):349�66. Bourguignon, Francois. 2000. "Crime, Violence, and Inequitable
Bineswaree, Bolasky, and Caroline Freund. 2004. "Trade, Development." In Joseph Stiglitz, ed., Annual World Bank
Regulations and Growth." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Conference on Development Economics. Washington, D.C.: World
Research Working Paper Series 3255. Bank.
Binswanger, Hans P., Klaus Deininger, and Gershon Feder. 1995. --------. 2004. "The Poverty-Growth-Inequality Triangle." Paper
"Power, Distortions, Revolt, and Reform in Agricultural Land presented at the Indian Council for Research on International
Relations." In Jere Behrman and T. N. Srinivasan, eds., Handbook Economic Relations Conference. New Delhi, India. February 4.
of Development Economics vol. 3B. Amsterdam: Elsevier B.V. Bourguignon, Francois, Francisco Ferreira, and P. G. Leite. 2002.
Bird, Richard M. 2003. "Administrative Dimensions of Tax Ex-ante Evaluation of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: The
Reform." University of Toronto. Toronto, Canada. Processed. Case of Bolsa Escola. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
216 2005
Bourguignon, Francois, and C. Goh. 2003. Trade and Labor Market Brusky, Bonnie. 2003. "Knowing When to Stop: The Case of
Vulnerability in Korea, Indonesia, and Thailand: Evaluating UNDP Bangladesh." Washington, D.C.: CGAP Direct Case
Vulnerability from Repeated Cross-sections. Washington, D.C.: Study 4.
World Bank. Burgess, Robin, and Tony Venables. 2003. "Towards a Micro-
Boylaud, Olivier, and Giuseppe Nicoletti. 2001. "Regulation, economics of Growth." London School of Economics. London.
Market Structure, and Performance in Telecommunications." Processed.
OECD Economic Studies 32:99�142. Burki, Shahid Javed, and Guillermo E. Perry. 1998. An Economic
Braga, Carlos A. Primo, Carsten Fink, and Claudia Paz Sep�lveda. Theorist's Book of Tales: Essays that Entertain the Consequences of
2000. "Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development." New Assumptions in Economic Theory. Washington, D.C.: World
Washington, D.C.: World Bank Discussion Paper 412. Bank Latin American and Caribbean Studies.
Braithwaite, John, and Peter Drahos. 2000. Global Business Burns, Anthony. 2004. "Thailand's 20 Year Program to Title Rural
Regulation. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Land." Background paper for the WDR 2005.
Bratton, William J., and William Andrews. 1999. "What We've Burr, Chandler. 2000. "Grameen Village Phone: Its Current Status
Learned About Policing." City Journal 9(2):14�27. and Future Prospects." Paper presented at the Business Services
--------. 2004. "Driving Out the Crime Wave: The Police for Small Enterprises in Asia: Developing Markets and Measuring
Methods that Worked in New York Can Work in Latin America." Performance Conference. Hanoi, Vietnam. March 6.
Time, July 23. Burra, Neera. 1995. Born to Work: Child Labour in India. Oxford:
Brautigam, Deborah, and Michael Woolcock. 2001. "Small States in Oxford University Press.
a Global Economy--The Role of Institutions in Managing Busse, Matthias. 2003. "Tariffs, Transport Costs and the WTO
Vulnerability and Opportunity in Small Developing Economies." Doha Round: The Case of Developing Countries." Estey Centre
World Institute for Development Economics/United Nations Journal of International Law and Trade Policy 4(1):15�31.
University. Helsinki. Processed. Buvinic, Mayra, and Andrew Morrison. 2000. "Technical Notes
Brennan, Geoffrey, and James Buchanan. 1980. The Power to Tax: on Violence Prevention." Washington, D.C.: Inter-American
Analytical Foundations of a Fiscal Constitution. Cambridge, U.K.: Development Bank, Social Development Division, Technical
Cambridge University Press. Note 5.
Bresnahan, Timothy F., Erik Brynjolfsson, and Lorin M. Hitt. 2002. Caballero, Ricardo J. 1991. "On the Sign of the Uncertainty-
"Information Technology, Workplace Organization and the Investment Relationship." American Economic Review
Demand for Skilled Labor: Firm-Level Evidence." Quarterly 81(1):279�88.
Journal of Economics 117(1):339�76. --------. 1999. "Aggregate Investment." In John B. Taylor and
Brimble, Atchaka. 2002. "Thailand's Experience of One-Stop Michael Woodford, eds., Handbook of Macroeconomics.
Shops." Paper presented at the APEC Seminar on Investments' Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B. V.
One Stop Shop. Lima, Peru. February 26. Caballero, Ricardo J., Eduardo M. R. A. Engel, and Alejandro
Broadman, Harry, James Anderson, Constantijn A. Claessens, Micco. 2004. "Microeconomic Flexibility in Latin America."
Randi Ryterman, Stefka Slavova, Mar�a Vagliasindi, and Mar�a Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research
Vincelette. 2004. Building Market Institutions in South Eastern Working Paper Series 10398.
Europe: Comparative Prospects for Investment and Private Sector Caballero, Ricardo J., and Mohamad Hammour. 2000. "Creative
Development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Destruction and Development: Institutions, Crises and
Brook, Penelope J., and Suzanne M. Smith, eds. 2001. Contracting Restructuring." Paper presented at the World Bank Conference in
for Public Services: Output-Based Aid and Its Applications. Development Economics. Washington, D.C. July 20.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Cabanero-Verzosa, Cecilia, and Paul Mitchell. 2003.
Brown, Drusilla K. 2000. "International Trade and Core Labour "Communicating Economic Reform." World Bank. Washington,
Standards: A Survey of Recent Literature." Paris: OECD, D.C. Processed.
Directorate for Education, Employment, Labour and Social Calder�n, C�sar, and Luis Serv�n. 2003. "The Output Cost of Latin
Affairs, Labour Market and Social Policy�Occasional Papers 43. America's Infrastructure Gap." In William R. Easterly and Luis
Brown, Drusilla K., Alan V. Deardorff, and Robert M. Stern. Serv�n, eds., The Limits of Stabilization: Infrastructure, Public
2003. "The Effects of Multinational Production on Wages and Deficits, and Growth in Latin America. Washington, D.C.: World
Working Conditions in Developing Countries." Cambridge, Bank.
Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Calderon-Madrid, A., and T. Belem. 2001. The Impact of the
Series 9669. Mexican Training Program for Unemployed Workers on Re-employ-
Brown, J. David, and John S. Earle. 2004. "Economic Reforms and ment Dynamics and on Earnings. Washington, D.C.: Inter-
Productivity-Enhancing Reallocation in the Post-Soviet American Development Bank.
Transition." Kalamazoo, M.I.: Upjohn Institute Staff Working Calmfors, Lars. 1993. "Centralization of Wage Bargaining and
Paper 04-98. Available on line at http://www.upjohninst.org. Macroeconomic Performance: A Survey." OECD Economic
Brueckner, Jan K. 2000. "Fiscal Decentralization in Developing Studies 21:161�91.
Countries: The Effects of Local Corruption and Tax Evasion." Calomiris, Charles W., and Andrew Powell. 2001. "Can Emerging
Annals of Economics and Finance 1(1):1�18. Market Regulators Establish Credible Discipline? The Case of
217
Argentina. 1992�99." In Frederic Mishkin, ed., Prudential Center for Policy Studies. 2003. Blue Bird Agenda for Civil Society in
Supervision: What Works and What Doesn't. Chicago, I.L.: Southeast Europe. In Search of Responsive Government: State
University of Chicago Press. Building and Economic Growth in the Balkans. Budapest: Center
Camerer, Colin F., George Loewenstein, and Matthew Rabin, eds. for Policy Studies, Central European University.
2003. Advances in Behavioral Economics. Princeton: Princeton Cetorelli, Nicola. 2003. "Life-Cycle Dynamics in Industrial Sectors:
University Press. The Role of Banking Market Structure." Federal Reserve Bank of
Cannock, Geoffrey. 2001. "Expanding Rural Telephony: Output- St.Louis Review 85(4):135�47.
Based Contracts for Pay Phones in Peru." In Penelope J. Brook and Cetorelli, Nicola, and Philip E. Strahan. 2002. "Banking
Suzanne M. Smith, eds., Contracting for Public Services: Output- Competition, Technology and the Structure of Industry." Federal
based Aid and its Applications. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Reserve Bank of Chicago. Chicago, I.L. Processed.
Cao, Yuanzheng, Yingyi Qian, and Barry R. Weingast. 1999. "From CGAP (The Consultive Group to Assist the Poor). 1997. "Scaling
Federalism, Chinese Style, to Privatization, Chinese Style." Up in Microfinance-Evidence from Global Experience."
Economics of Transition 7(1):103�31. Washington, D.C.: CGAP Focus Note 6.
Caprio, Gerard, and Asli Demirg��-Kunt. 1998. "The Role of Chalk, Nigel A. 2001. "Tax Incentives in the Philippines: A Regional
Long-Term Finance: Theory and Evidence." World Bank Research Perspective." Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund
Observer 13(2):171�89. Working Paper WP/01/181.
Caprio, Gerard, and Patrick Honohan. 2003. "Can the Chami, Ralph, Mohsin Khan, and Sunil Sharma. 2003. "Emerging
Unsophisticated Market Provide Discipline?" Paper presented at Issues in Bank Regulation." Washington, D.C.: International
the Market Discipline: The Evidence across Countries and Monetary Fund Working Paper 101.
Industries Conference. Chicago, IL. October 30. Chandra, Vandana, Lalita Moorty, Jean-Pascal Nganou, Bala
Cardenas, Enrique, Jos� Antonio Ocampo, and Rosemary Thorp, Rajaratnam, and Kendall Schaefer. 2001. "Constraints to Growth
eds. 2003. An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin and Employment in South Africa: Report No.2 Evidence from
America. Vol. 3. Industrialization and the State in Latin America: the Small, Medium and Micro Enterprise Firm Survey."
The Postwar Years. New York: Palgrave Publishers Ltd. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Southern Africa Department,
Carlin, Wendy, Steven Fries, Mark E. Schaffer, and Paul Seabright. Discussion Paper 15.
2001. "Competition and Enterprise Performance in Transition Chandra, Vandana, and Bala Rajaratnam. 2004. "Differences in
Economies Evidence from a Cross-country Survey." London: Firm Types and Obstacles to Growth: Insights from South African
CEPR Discussion Paper 2840. Investment Climate Surveys." World Bank. Washington, D.C.
Carlson, Ingrid, and Mark J. Payne. 2003. "Estudio Comparativo de Processed.
Estad�sticas de Empleo P�blico en 26 Pa�ses de America Latina y Chang, Ha-Joon. 1999. "Industrial Policy and East Asia: The
el Caribe." In Koldo Echebarria, ed., Red de Gesti�n y Miracle, the Crisis, and the Future." Paper presented at the Re-
Transparencia de la Pol�tica P�blica. Servicio Civil: Temas para un thinking the East Asian Miracle. San Francisco, C.A.
Di�logo. Washington, D.C.: Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo. --------. 2002. Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in
Carmichael, Jeffrey, and Michael Pomerleano. 2002. The Historical Perspective. London: Anthem.
Development and Regulation of Non-Bank Financial Institutions. Charitonenko, Stephanie, and Anita Campion. 2003. "Expanding
Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Commercial Microfinance in Rural Areas: Constraints and
Castelar Pinheiro, Armando, Indermit S. Gill, Luis Serv�n, and Opportunities." Paper presented at the Paving the Way Forward:
Mark R. Thomas. 2001. "Brazilian Economic Growth, An International Conference on Best Practice on Rural Finance.
1900�2000: Lessons and Policy Implications." Paper presented at Washington, D.C. June 2.
the GDN Conference. Rio de Janeiro. December 9. Charlton, Andrew. 2003. "Incentive Bidding for Mobile Investment:
Castelar-Pinheiro, Armando. 1998. "The Hidden Costs of Judicial Economic Consequences and Potential Responses." Paris:
Inefficiency: General Concepts and Calculation for Brazil." In Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Organization of American States, ed., Judicial Reform in Latin Development Centre, Technical Papers 203.
America: An Unfinished Task. Washington, D.C.: Organization of Charmes, Jacques. 2000. "The Contribution of Informal Sector to
American States. GDP in Developing Countries: Assessment, Estimates, Methods,
Castelar-Pinheiro, Armando, and C�lia Cabral. 2001. "Credit Orientations for the Future." Paper presented at the 4th Meeting
Markets in Brazil: The Role of Judicial Enforcement." In Marco of the Delhi Group on Informal sector Statistics. Geneva.
Pagano and Oracio Attansio, eds., Defusing Default: Incentives and Chaudhry, Kiren Aziz. 1997. The Price of Wealth: Economies and
Institutions. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Institutions in the Middle East. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
Bank. Chen, Chunlai. 2002. "Foreign Direct Investment: Prospects and
Castelar-Pinheiro, Armando, and Alkimar Moura. 2003. Policies." In OECD, ed., China in the World Economy: The
"Segmentation and the Use of Information in Brazilian Credit Domestic Policy Challenges. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-
Markets." In Margaret S. Miller, ed., Credit Reporting Systems and operation and Development.
the International Economy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Chen, Martha Alter, Renana Jhabvala, and Frances Lund. 2002.
Cavalcanti, Carlos B. 2003. "Argentina: Growth, Productivity and Supporting Workers in the Informal Economy: A Policy Framework.
Labor Reallocation." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. Geneva: International Labor Office.
218 2005
Chen, Martha Alter, Renana Jhabvala, and Reema Nanavaty. 2004. Clarke, George R. G., Robert Cull, and Mary Shirley. 2003.
"The Investment Climate for Female Informal Businesses: A Case "Synthesis: Empirical Studies of Bank Privatization." Paper pre-
Study from Urban and Rural India." Background paper for the sented at the World Bank Conference on Privatization.
WDR 2005. Washington, D.C. November 20.
Chen, Shaohua, and Martin Ravallion. 2004. "How Have the Clarke, George R. G., and Scott J. Wallsten. 2003. "Universal
World's Poorest Fared since the Early 1980s?" World Bank Service: Empirical Evidence on the Provision of Infrastructure
Research Observer 19(2):141�69. Services to Rural and Poor Urban Consumers." In Timothy
Chen, Shaohua, and Yan Wang. 2001. "China's Growth and Poverty C. Irwin and Penelope J. Brook, eds., Infrastructure for Poor People:
Reduction: Trends between 1990 and 1999." Washington, D.C.: Public Policy for Private Provision. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2651. Clarke, Julian L., and Simon J. Evenett. 2003a. "A Multilateral
Chengappa, A. 1999. "File Management in Secretariat: Present Framework for Competition Policy?" In Simon J. Evenett and
Structure." Institute for Human Resource Development. Swiss Secretariat of Economic Affairs, eds., The Singapore Issues
Hyderabad, India. Processed. and the World Trading System: The Road to Cancun and Beyond.
Chermak, Janie M. 1992. "Political Risk Analysis: Past and Present." Bern: World Trade Institute.
Resources Policy 18(3):167�78. --------. 2003b. "The Deterrent Effects of National Anti-Cartel
Chifor, George. 2002. "Caveat Emptor: Developing International Laws: Evidence from the International Vitamins Cartel." Antitrust
Disciplines for Deterring Third Party Investment in Unlawfully Bulletin 48(3):689�726.
Expropriated Property." Law and Policy in International Business Clerides, Sofronis K., Saul Lach, and James R. Tybout. 1998. "Is
33(2):179�282. Learning by Exporting Important? Micro-dynamic Evidence
Chinoy, Mike. 1998. N. Korea Shows Small Signs of Private Enterprise. from Colombia, Mexico, and Morocco." Quarterly Journal of
Atlanta, G.A.: CNN News website. Available on line at Economics 113(3):903�947.
http://ww.cnn.com/WORLD/asiapcf/9809/16/ nkorea.economy/. Coase, Ronald H. 1960. "The Problem of Social Cost." Journal of
Chirwa, Ephrain W., Evious K. Zgovu, and Peter M. Mvula. 2002. Law and Economics 3(1):1�44.
"Participation and Impact of Poverty-oriented Public Works Coe, David, and Elhanan Helpman. 1995. "International R&D
Projects in Rural Malawi." Development Policy Review Spillovers." European Economic Review 39(5):859�87.
20(2):159�176. Coe, David T., Elhanan Helpman, and Alexander W. Hoffmaister.
Christiansen, Hans, Charles Oman, and Andrew Charlton. 2003. 1997. "North-South R&D Spillovers." Economic Journal
"Incentives-based Competition for Foreign Direct Investment: 107(440):134�49.
The Case of Brazil." Paris: Organization for Economic Co-opera- Cohen, Nevin. 2001. What Works: Grameen Telecom's Village Phones.
tion and Development, Development Centre, Working Papers on Washington, D.C.: World Resources Institute, Digital Dividend
International Investment 2003/1. Study.
Christianson, David. 2004. "The Investment Climate in South Coleman, James S. 1988. "Social Capital in the Creation of Human
Africa Regulatory Issues: Some Insights from the High-Growth, Capital." American Journal of Sociology 94(Supplement):
Export-Oriented SME Sector." Case Study Commissioned by the s95�s120.
UK Department for International Development for the 2005 Commonwealth Secretariat. 2003. "Promoting Investment into
World Development Report. `Economies with Endowed Handicaps'." Paper presented at the
Claessens, Stijn, and Luc Laeven. 2003. "Financial Development, 2003 Small States Forum. Dubai. September 24.
Property Rights, and Growth." Journal of Finance 58(6):2401�36. Commonwealth Secretariat and World Bank Joint Task Force on
Clark, Ximena, David Dollar, and Alejandro Micco. 2002. Small States. 2004. Small States: Meeting Challenges in the Global
"Maritime Transport Cost and Port Efficiency." Washington, Economy. Washington, D.C. and London: Commonwealth
D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2781. Secretariat and World Bank.
Clarke, George R. G, and Lixin Colin Xu. 2004. "Privatization, Conconi, Paola, and Carlo Perroni. 2003. "Self-enforcing
Competition and Corruption: How Characteristics of Bribe International Agreements and Domestic Policy Credibility."
Takers and Payers Affect Bribes To Utilities." Journal of Public Munich: CESIfo Working Paper Series 988.
Economics 88(9-10):2067�97. Consejo Nacional de Zonas Francas de Exportaci�n. 2002. Informe
Clarke, George R. G., and Robert Cull. 2002. "Political and Estad�stico del Sector Zonas Francas 2002. Santo Domingo,
Economic Determinants of the Likelihood of Privatizing Rep�blica Dominicana: Consejo Nacional de Zonas Francas de
Argentine Public Banks." Journal of Law and Economics Exportaci�n.
45(1):165�77. Coolidge, Jacqueline, Lars Grava, and Sanda Putnina. 2004.
Clarke, George R. G., Robert Cull, Mar�a Soledad Martinez Peria, "Inspectorate Reform in Latvia 1999�2003." Background paper
and Susana S�nchez. Forthcoming. "Bank Lending to Small for the WDR 2005.
Businesses in Latin America: Does Bank Origin Matter?" Journal Copeland, Brian R., and M. Scott Taylor. 2004. "Trade, Growth and
of Money, Credit and Banking. the Environment." Journal of Economic Literature 42(1):7�71.
--------. 2003. "Foreign Bank Entry: Experience, Implications Covin, Jeffrey G., and Dennis P. Slevin. 1989. "Strategic Management
for Developing Countries, and Agenda for Further Research." of Small Firms in Hostile and Benign Environments." Strategic
World Bank Research Observer 18(1):25�40. Management Journal 10(1):75�87.
219
Cox, Donald, Emmanuel Jimenez, and John. Jordan. 1994. "Family De Wulf, Luc. 2004. "Tradenet in Ghana: Best Practice in the Use
Safety Nets and Economic Transition: A Study of Private Transfers of Information Technology." Background paper for the WDR
in Kyrgyzstan." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. 2005.
Crespo, Jorge, Carmela Martin, and Francisco Javier Velazquez. --------. 2003. "Uganda: Issues and Lessons in Customs
2002. "International Technology Diffusion Through Imports and Reform." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed.
Its Impact on Economic Growth." Madrid: European Economy De Wulf, Luc, and Emile Finateu. 2002. "Best Practices in Customs
Group Working Paper 12. Administration Reform -- Lessons from Morocco." Washington,
Cristini, Marcela, and Ramiro A. Moya. 2001. "The Importance of D.C.: World Bank PREM notes 67.
an Effective Legal System for Credit Markets: The Case of Deaton, Angus. 2002. "Counting the World's Poor: Problems and
Argentina." In Marco Pagano and Orazio Attansio, eds., Defusing Possible Solutions." World Bank Research Observer 16(2):125�47.
Default: Incentives and Institutions. Washington, D.C.: Inter- Deccan Herald. 2003. "Will China Challenge India?" Deccan
American Development Bank. Herald, February 3.
Cukierman, Alex. 1992. Central Bank Strategy, Credibility, and Deepthi, Fernando, Leora Klapper, Victor Sulla, and Dimitri Vittas.
Independence: Theory and Evidence. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. 2003. "The Global Growth of Mutual Funds." Washington,
CUTS Center for Competition, Investment and Economic D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 3055.
Regulation, eds. 2003. Pulling Our Socks Up: A Study of Dehejia, Rajeev H., and Roberta Gatti. 2002. "Child Labor: The
Competition Regimes of Seven Developing Countries of Africa and Role of Income Variability and Access to Credit in a Cross Section
Asia under the 7-UP Project. Jaipur, India: Jaipur Printers. of Countries." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
Darku, Alexander Bilson. 2001. "Private Investment, Uncertainty Working Paper Series 2767.
and Irreversibility in Uganda." African Finance Journal 3(1): Deininger, Klaus. 2002. "Agrarian Reforms in Eastern European
1�25. Countries: Lessons from International Experience." Journal of
Das-Gupta, Arindam, Michael Engelschalk, and William Mayville. International Development 14(7):987�1003.
1999. "An Anti-corruption Strategy for Revenue Administration." Deininger, Klaus, Songquing Jin, Berham Andrew, Samuel Gebre-
World Bank, Washington, D.C.: PREM Note 33. Selassie, and Berhanu Nega. 2003. "Tenure Security and Land-
David, Paul A., Bronwyn H. Hall, and Andrew A. Toole. 2000. "Is Related Investment: Evidence from Ethiopia." Washington, D.C.:
Public R&D a Complement or Substitute for Private R&D? A World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2991.
Review of the Econometric Evidence." Research Policy 29(4- Demirg��-Kunt, Asli, Thorsten Beck, and Vojislav Maksimovic.
5):497�529. Forthcoming. "Bank Competition, Financing Obstacles and
de Carvalho, Antonio Gledson. 2003. "Effects of Migration to Access to Credit." Journal of Money Credit and Banking.
Special Corporate Governance Levels of Bovespa." University of Demirg��-Kunt, Asli, Luc Laeven, and Ross Levine. 2003. "The
Sao Paulo, Economics Department. Sao Paulo. Processed. Impact of Bank Regulations, Concentration and Institutions on
de Ferranti, David, Guillermo E. Perry, Indermit S. Gill, J. Luis Bank Margins." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
Guasch, William F. Maloney, Carolina Sanchez-Paramo, and Working Paper Series 3030.
Norbert Schady. 2003. Closing the Gap in Education and Demirg��-Kunt, Asli, and Vojislav Maksimovic. 1998. "Law,
Technology. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Finance and Firm Growth." Journal of Finance 53(6):2107�37.
de Ferranti, David, Guillermo E. Perry, Indermit S. Gill, and Luis --------. 1999. "Institutions, Financial Markets and Firm Debt
Serven. 2000. Securing Our Future in a Global Economy. Maturity." Journal of Financial Economics 54(3):295�336.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Demombynes, Gabriel, and Berk �zler. 2002. "Crime and Local
De La Fuente, A., and R. Dom�nech. 2002. "Human Capital in Inequality in South Africa." Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Growth Regressions, How Much Difference Does Data Quality Policy Research Working Paper Series 2925.
Make?" London: CEPR Discussion Paper 3587. Demsetz, Harold. 1967. "Toward a Theory of Property Rights."
De Long, J. Bradford. 2000. "Cornucopia: The Pace of Economic American Economic Review 57(May 1967):347�58.
Growth in the Twentieth Century." Cambridge, Mass.: National Dercon, Stefan. 1996. "Risk, Crop Choice, and Savings: Evidence
Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 7602. from Tanzania." Economic Development and Cultural Change
De Long, J. Bradford. 2003. "India since Independence: An 44(3):458�513.
Analytic Growth Narrative." In Dani Rodrik, ed., In Search of Desai, Padma, and Pritha Mitra. 2004. "Why Do Some Countries
Prosperity. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Recover So Much More Easily Than Others?" Paper presented at
De Mooij, Ruud A., and Sjef Ederveen. 2001. "Taxation and the Festschrift in Honor of Guillermo A. Calvo. Washington,
Foreign Direct Investment." CPB Netherlands Bureau for D.C.
Economic Policy Analysis: CPB Discussion Paper 003. Desai, Raj M. 2004. "Political Influence and Firm Innovation:
--------. 2002. "Taxation and Foreign Direct Investment: Micro-Level Evidence from Developing Countries." Background
A Meta-Analysis." CPB Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy paper for the WDR 2005.
Analysis: CPB Report 2002/1. Desai, Raj M., and Anders F. Olofsg�rd. 2003. "A Political Model of
De Soto, Hernando. 2000. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism the Soft Budget Constraint: Evidence from Transitions
Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Economies." Georgetown University, School of Foreign Service
Books. Working Paper. Washington, D.C.
220 2005
Devarajan, Shantayanan, David Dollar, and Torgny Holmgren. 2003a. "Investment Climate and Firm Performance in Developing
2001. Aid and Reform in Africa Lessons from Ten Case Studies. Countries." World Bank. Washington D.C. Processed.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank. --------. 2003b. "Investment Climate, Infrastructure and Trade:
Devarajan, Shantayanan, Vinaya Swaroop, and Heng-fu Zou. 1996. A Comparison of Latin America and Asia." World Bank.
"The Composition of Public Expenditure and Economic Washington, D.C. Processed.
Growth." Journal of Monetary Economics. 37(2):313�44. Dollar, David, and Aart Kraay. 2002. "Growth is Good for the
Devereux, Michael P., Rachael Griffith, and Alexander Klemm. Poor." Journal of Economic Growth 7(3):195�225.
2002. "Corporate Income Tax Reforms and International Tax Dollar, David, Anqing Shi, Shuilin Wang, and L. Colin. Xu. 2004.
Competition." Economic Policy: A European Forum 0(35): 449�88. Improving City Competitiveness through the Investment Climate:
Dewit, G., H. Gorg, and C. Montagna. 2003. "Should I Stay or Ranking 23 Chinese Cities. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Should I Go? A Note on Employment Protection, Domestic Dollinger, Philippe. 1970. The German Hansa. Stanford, Ca.:
Anchorage, and FDI." Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Stanford University Press.
Labor, Discussion Paper 845. Dolzer, Rudolf, and Margrete Stevens. 1995. Bilateral Investment
Diamond, Peter A., and James A. Mirlees. 1971. "Optimal Taxation Treaties. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
and Public Production I: Production Efficiency." American Domberger, Simon, and Avrom Sherr. 1989. "The Impact of
Economic Review 61(1):8�27. Competition on Pricing and Quality of Legal Services."
Diop, Chimere. 2003. "Support to Private Sector and Trade International Review of Law and Economics 9(1):41�56.
Development: Lessons Learned." Paper presented at the Dougherty, Carter. 2004. "Trade Theory versus Used Clothes in
International Conference on Trade and Investment. Dakhar. Africa." The New York Times, June 3.
April 23. Dowell, Glen, Stuart Hart, and Bernard Yeung. 2000. "Do
Dixit, Avinash, and Barry Nalebuff. 1991. "Making Strategies Corporate Global Environmental Standards Create or Destroy
Credible." In Richard Zeckhauser, ed., Strategy and Choice. Market Value?" Management Science 46(8):1059�74.
Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. Dubash, Navroz K., and Sudhir Chella Rajan. 2001. "The Politics
Dixit, Avinash K., and Robert S. Pindyck. 1994. Investment Under of Power Sector Reform in India." World Resources Institute.
Uncertainty. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Washington, D.C. Processed.
Djankov, Simeon, Rafael La Porta, Florencio L�pez-de-Silanes, Durnev, Art, and E. Han Kim. 2003. "To Steal or Not to Steal: Firm
Andrei Shleifer, and Juan Botero. 2003a. "The Regulation of Attributes, Legal Environment, and Valuation." Paper presented
Labor." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic at the 14th Annual Conference on Financial Economics and
Research Working Paper Series 9756. Accounting (FEA). San Diego. October 31.
Djankov, Simeon, Rafael La Porta, Florencio L�pez-de-Silanes, and Dyer, Geoff. 2001a. "Brazil's Pitch for Market Credibility."
Andrei Shliefer. 2003b. "Courts." Quarterly Journal of Economics Financial Times, February 27.
118(2):453�518. --------. 2001b. "UBS Warburg Leads Brasil IPO." Financial
Djankov, Simeon, Ira Lieberman, Joyita Mukherjee, and Tatiana Times, February 22.
Nenova. 2002. "Going Informal: Benefits and Costs." World Easson, Alex. 2001. "Tax Incentives for Foreign Direct Investment,
Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. Part I: Recent Trends and Countertrends." Bulletin for
Djankov, Simeon, and Peter Murrell. 2002. "Enterprise International Fiscal Documentation 55(7):266�74.
Restructuring in Transition: A Quantitative Survey." Journal of Easterly, William. 2001. The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists'
Economic Literature 40(3):739�792. Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics. Cambridge, Mass.:
Do, Quy-Toan, and Lakshmi Iyer. 2003. "Land Rights and MIT Press.
Economic Development: Evidence from Vietnam." Washington, Easterly, William, Shantayanan Devarajan, and Howard Pack.
D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 3120. 2001. "Is Investment in Africa Too Low or Too High? Macro
Dobrinsky, Rumen. 2002. "Tax Structures in Transitions Economies: and Micro Evidence." Journal of African Economies 10(suple-
A Comparative Perspective vis-a-vis EU Member States." Paper ment):81�108.
presented at the Oesterreichische National Bank East-West Easterly, William, and Ross Levine. 2001. "It's Not Factor
Conference. Vienna. November 3. Accumulation: Stylized Facts and Growth Models." World Bank
Doig, Alan, and Stephen Riley. 1998. "Corruption and Economic Review 15(2):177�219.
Anticorruption Strategies: Issues and Case Studies from --------. 2003. "Tropics, Germs and Crops: How Endowments
Developing Countries." In UNDP, ed., Corruption and Integrity Influence Economic Development." Journal of Monetary
Improvement Initiatives in Developing Countries. New York: Economics 50(1):3�39.
United Nations Development Program. Easterly, William R., Roumeen Islam, and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 2000.
Dolado, Juan Jos�, Carlos Garc�a-Serrano, and Juan F. Jimeno. "Shaken and Stirred: Explaining Growth Volatility." In Boris
2001. "Drawing Lessons from the Boom of Temporary Pleskovic and Nicholas Stern, eds., Annual World Bank Conference
Employment in Spain." Madrid: Fundaci�n de Estudios de on Development Economics. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Econom�a Aplicada 2001�11. Available on line at http:// Easterly, William R., and Luis Serv�n, eds. 2003. The Limits of
www.fedea.es/. Stabilization: Infrastructure, Public Deficits, and Growth in Latin
Dollar, David, Mary Hallward-Driemeier, and Taye Mengistae. America. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
221
EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development). the IASE�National Bureau of Economic Research Conference on
1999. Transition Report 1999: Ten Years of Transition. London, "Productivity Dynamics". Santiago de Chile.
U.K.: European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. ESMAP. 2002. Rural Electrification and Development in the
Ebrill, Liam, Michael Keen, Jean-Paul Bodin, and Victoria Summers. Philippines: Measuring the Social and Economic Benefits.
2001. The Modern VAT. Washington, D.C.: International Washington, D.C.: Energy Assistance Management Assistance
Monetary Fund. Programme.
Economic and Social Research Foundation (ESRF). 2002. Estache, Antonio, and Jos� Carbajo. 1996. "Competing Private
Competition Law and Policy--A Tool for Development in Tanzania. Ports--Lessons from Argentina." Washington, D.C.: World
Jaipur, India: CUTS Center for International Trade, Economics Bank, Public Policy for the Private Sector Note 100.
and Environment. Estache, Antonio, Vivien Foster, and Quentin Wodon. 2002.
Ederington, Josh. 2001. "International Coordination of Trade and Accounting for Poverty in Infrastructure Reforms: Learning from
Domestic Policies." American Economic Review 91(5):1580�39. Latin America's Experience. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Edmonds, Eric V. 2004. "Does Child Labor Decline with Improving Esty, Benjamin C., and William L. Megginson. 2003. "Creditor
Economic Status?" Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Rights, Enforcement, and Debt Ownership Structure: Evidence
Economic Research Working Paper Series 10134. from the Global Syndicated Loan Market." Journal of Financial
Edwards, Sebastian. 1999. "How Effective Are Capital Controls?" and Quantitative Analysis 38(1):37�59.
Journal of Economic Perspectives 13(4):65�84. Etounga-Manguelle, Daniel D. 2000. "Does Africa Need a Cultural
Ekmekcioglu, Rengin. 2003. "Development of Factoring Market in Adjustment Program?" In Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel
Turkey." Paper presented at the Factoring Industry as a Key Tool Huntington, eds., Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human
for SME Development in EU Accession Countries Conference. Progress. New York: Basic Books.
Warsaw. October 23. European Commission. 2004a. Proposal for a Regulation of the
El-Khawas, Elaine, Robin DePietro-Jurand, and Lauritz Holm European Parliament and of the Council: On the Access to
Nielsen. 1998. Quality Assurance in Higher Education: Recent Community External Assistance. Brussels: European Commission.
Progress; Challenges Ahead. Report 21199. Washington, D.C.: --------. 2004b. Report on Competition in Professional Services.
World Bank, Human Development Network. Brussels: European Commission.
Ellis, Amanda. 2003. Engendering Private Sector Development. Evenett, Simon J. 2004. "Competition Law and the Investment
Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Climate in Developing Countries." Case Study Commissioned by
Elstrodt, Heinz-Peter, Pablo Ordorica Lenero, and Eduardo the UK Department for International Development for the 2005
Urdapilleta. 2002. "Micro Lessons for Argentina." The McKinsey World Development Report.
Quarterly 2002(2):1�8. Faccio, Mara. 2003. "Politically Connected Firms." University of
Engelschalk, Michael, Samia Melhem, and Dana Weist. 2000. Nashville. Nashville, Tenn. Processed.
"Computerizing Tax and Customs Administrations." Washington, Fafchamps, Marcel. 2004. Market Institutions and Sub-Saharan
D.C.: World Bank PREM Note 44. Africa: Theory and Evidence. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
English, Philip, and Luc De Wulf. 2002. "Export Development Fafchamps, Marcel, and Bart Minten. 2001. "Property Rights in a
Policies and Institutions." In Bernard M. Hoekman, Philip Flea Market Economy." Economic Development and Cultural
English, and Aaditya Mattoo, eds., Development, Trade, and the Change 49(2):229�68.
WTO: A Handbook. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Fairbairn, I. J., and Worrell DeLisle. 1996. South Pacific and
English, Philip, Steven Jaffee, and Julius Okello. 2004. "Exporting Caribbean Island Economies: A Comparative Study. Brisbane:
Out of Africa: The Kenya Horticulture Success Story." Paper pre- Foundation for Development Cooperation.
sented at the Scaling Up Poverty Reduction: A Global Learning Falaschetti, Dino. 2003. "Credible Commitments and Investment:
Process Conference. Shanghai. May 25. Does Opportunistic Ability or Incentive Matter?" Economic
Environmental Resources Management. 2004. Contracting Out Inquiry 41(4):660�74.
Utility Regulatory Functions. Washington, D.C.: Environmental Fan, Shenggen, Peter Hazell, and Sukhadeo Thorat. 1999. "Linkages
Resources Management for the World Bank. between Government Spending, Growth, and Poverty in Rural
Erb, Claude B., Campbell R. Harvey, and Tadas E. Viskanta. 2000. India." Washington, D.C.: IFPRI Research Report 110. Available
"The Risk and Expected Returns of African Equity Investment." on line at www.ifpri.org.
In Paul Collier and Catherine Pattillo, eds., Investment and Risk in Fan, Shenggen, Linxiu Zhang, and Xiaobo Zhang. 2002. "Growth,
Africa. London: McMillan. Inequality and Poverty in Rural China." Washington, D.C.:
Escude, Guillermo, Tamara Burdisso, Marcelo Catena, Laudra IFPRI Research Report 125. Available on line at www.ifpri.org.
D'Amato, George McCandless, and Thomas E. Murphy. 2001. Fan, Shenggen, Xiaobo Zhang, and Neetha Rao. 2004. "Public
"Las MIP y MES y el Mercado de Credito en la Argentina." Expenditure, Growth, and Poverty Reduction In Rural Uganda."
Buenos Aires: Banco Central de la Rep�blica Argentina, Washington, D.C.: IFPRI, Development Strategy and
Documento de Trabajo 15. Governance Division (DSGD), Discussion Paper 4. Available on
Eslava, Marcela, John Haltiwanger, Adriana Kugler, and Maurice line at www.ifpri.org.
Kugler. 2003. "Have Market Reforms Changed the Evolution of Faulkender, Michael, and Mitchell A. Petersen. 2003. "Does the
Productivity and Profitability in Colombia?" Paper presented at Source of Capital Affect Capital Structure?" Cambridge, Mass.:
222 2005
National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series Fombad, Manga. 1999. "Curbing Corruption in Africa: Some
9930. Lessons from Botswana's Experience." International Social Science
Fearon, James D., and David Laitin. 2003. "Ethnicity, Insurgency Journal 51(2):241�54.
and Civil War." American Political Science Review 91(1):75�90. Forteza, Alvaro, and Mart�n Rama. 2002. "Labor Market "Rigidity"
Feder, Gershon, Tongroj Onchan, Yongyuth Chalamwong, and and the Success of Economic Reforms across More Than One
Chira Hongladarom. 1988. Land Policies and Farm Productivity Hundred Countries." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy
in Thailand. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press. Research Working Paper Series 2521.
Feliciano, Zadia M. 1998. "Does Minimum Wage Affect Employ- Foster, Andrew D., and Mark R. Rosenzweig. 2004. "Agricultural
ment in Mexico?" Eastern Economic Journal 24(2):165�80. Productivity Growth, Rural Economic Diversity and Economic
Fernald, John G. 1999. "Roads to Prosperity? Assessing the Link Reforms: India 1970�2000." Economic Development and Cultural
Between Public Capital and Productivity." American Economic Change 52(3):509�42.
Review 89(3):619�38. Frankel, Jeffrey A. 2003. "The Environment and Globalization."
Fernandes, Ana M. 2003. "Trade Policy, Trade Volumes and Plant Cambridge Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research
Level Productivity in Colombian Manufacturing Industries." Working Paper Series 10090.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Freeman, Richard. 1994. A Global Labor Market? Differences in
Series 3064. Wages Among Countries in the 1980s. Washington, D.C.: World
Fernandez, Raquel, and Dani Rodrik. 1991. "Resistance to Reform: Bank.
Status Quo Bias in the Presence of Individual-Specific Friedman, Joseph, Emmanuel Jimenez, and Stephen K. Mayo.
Uncertainty." American Economic Review 81(5):1146�53. 1988. "The Demand for Tenure Security in Developing
Ferrarini, Benno. Forthcoming. "A Multilateral Framework for Countries." Journal of Development Economics 29(2):185�98.
Investment?" In Simon J. Evenett and Swiss Secretariat of Frost, Carol, Elizabeth Gordon, and Andrew Hayes. 2002. "Stock
Economic Affairs (eds.) The Singapore Issues and the World Trading Exchange Disclosure and Market Liquidity: An Analysis of 50
System: The Road to Cancun and Beyond. Bern: World Trade International Exchanges." Paper presented at the 13th Annual
Institute. Conference on Financial Economics and Accounting joint with
Feser, Edward. 2002. "The Relevance of Clusters for Innovation The 5th Maryland Finance Symposium. College Park, MD.
Policy in Latin America and the Caribbean." University of November 15.
California, Background paper prepared for the World Bank, LAC Frye, Timothy, and Ekaterina Zhuravskaya. 2000. "Rackets,
group. Chapel Hill. Processed. Regulation, and the Rule of Law." Journal of Law, Economics and
Field, Erica. 2002. "Entitled to Work: Urban Property Rights and Organizations 16(2):478�502.
Labor Supply in Peru." Princenton, N.J.: Princeton University, Fuchs, Victor R, Alan B. Krueger, and James M. Poterba. 1998.
Princeton Law and Public Affairs Working Paper 02-1. "Economist's Views about Parameters, Values and Policies: Survey
Fields, Gary S., and Guy Pfeffermann, eds. 2003. Pathways Out of Results in Labor and Public Economics." Journal of Economic
Poverty. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Literature 36(3):1387�425.
Fink, Carsten, Aaditya Mattoo, and Randeep Rathindran. 2002. Fukuyama, Francis. 1995. Trust: The Social Virtues and the Creation
"Liberalizing Basic Telecommunications: The Asian Experience." of Prosperity. New York: Free Press.
HWWA-Institut f�r Wirtschaftsforschung-Hamburg: HWWA --------. 2001. "Social Capital, Civil Society and Development."
Discussion Paper 163. Third World Quarterly 22(1):7�20.
Fisman, Raymond. 2001. "Estimating the Value of Political Fundaci�n Paz Ciudadana. 2001. Plan Cuadrante: la Gran Reforma.
Connections." American Economic Review 91(4):1095�102. Santiago de Chile: Fundaci�n Paz Ciudadana. Available on line at
Fjeldstad, Odd-Helge. 2002. "Fighting Fiscal Corruption: The Case http://www.pazciudadana.cl/haciendo/ doc/plan_cuadrante.PDF.
of the Tanzania Revenue Authority." Chr. Michelsen Institute. --------. 2002. Plan Comuna Segura, Compromiso 100. Santiago
Bergen, Norway. Processed. de Chile: Fundaci�n Paz Ciudadana. Available on line at
Fleisig, Heywood, and Nuria De la Pe�a. 2003. Law, Legal Institutions, http://www.pazciudadana.cl/haciendo/doc/comuna_ segura.PDF.
and Development: Lessons of the 1990s for Property Rights, Secured Funke, Norbert, and Saleh Nsouli. 2003. "The New Partnership for
Transactions, Business Registration, and Contract Enforcement. Africa's Development (NEPAD): Opportunities and Challenges."
Washington, D.C.: Center for the Economic Analysis of Law. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund Working Paper
Fleisig, Heywood W. 1998. How Problems in the Framework for 03/69.
Secured Transactions Limit Access to Credit. Washington, D.C.: Gaiha, R. 2000. Rural Public Works and the Poor: A Review of the
Center for the Economic Analysis of Law. Employment Guarantee Scheme in Maharashtra. India: University
Fletcher, Kevin. 2002. "Tax Incentives in Cambodia, Laos PDR, of Delhi, Faculty of Management Studies.
and Vietnam." Paper presented at the IMF Conference on Galal, Ahmed. 2004. "The Economics of Formalization: Potential
Foreign Direct Investment: Opportunities and Challenges for Winners and Losers from Formalization in Egypt." Cairo: The
Cambodia, Laos PDR and Vietnam. Hanoi. August 16. Egyptian Center for Economic Studies Working Paper 95.
Flores, Gonzalo, and Andrei Mikhnew. 2004. "Improving the Galal, Ahmed, Leroy Jones, Pankaj Tandon, and Ingo Vogelsang.
Business Environment for SMEs." World Bank. Washington, 1994. Welfare Consequences of Selling Public Enterprises: An
D.C. Processed. Empirical Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press.
223
Galanter, Marc, and Jayanth Krishnan. 2003. "Debased Glaeser, Edward L., Simon Johnson, and Andrei Shleifer. 2001.
Informalism: Lok Adalats and Legal Rights in Modern India." "Coase Versus the Coasians." Quarterly Journal of Economics
In Erik G. Jensen and Thomas C. Heller, eds., Beyond Common 116(3):853�99.
Knowledge: Empirical Approaches to the Rule of Law. Stanford, Glaeser, Edward L. 2001. "The Economics of Location-Based Tax
C.A.: Stanford University Press. Incentives." Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Institute of Economic
Galindo, Arturo, and Margaret J. Miller. 2001. "Can Credit Research, Discussion Paper 1932.
Registries Reduce Credit Constraints? Empirical Evidence on the Glaeser, Edward L., and Andrei Shleifer. 2002. "Legal Origins."
Role of Credit Registries in Firm Investment Decisions." Paper Quarterly Journal of Economics 117(4):1193�229.
presented at the Annual Meetings of the Inter-American Glaeser, Edward L., Rafael La Porta, Florencio L�pez-de-Silanes,
Development Bank. Santiago de Chile. March 16. and Andrei Shleifer. 2004. "Do Institutions Cause Growth?"
Gallup, John Luke, Jeffrey D. Sachs, and Andrew D. Mellinger. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research
1999. "Geography and Economic Development." International Working Paper Series 10568.
Regional Science Review 22(2):179�232. Goldberg, Pinelopi K., and Nina Pavcnik. 2003. "The Response of
Gaston, Gelos R., and Shang-Jin Wei. 2002. "Transparency and the Informal Sector to Trade Liberalization." Journal of
International Investor Behavior." Cambridge, Mass.: National Development Economics 72(2):463�96.
Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 9260. Golden, Miriam A. 1997. Heroic Defeats: The Politics of Job Loss.
Gauthier, Bernard, and Mark Gersovitz. 1997. "Revenue Erosion Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.
through Exemption and Evasion in Cameroon, 1993." Journal of Golub, Stephen, and Ahmadou Aly Mbaye. 2002. "Obstacles and
Public Economics 64(3):407�24. Opportunities for Senegal's International Competitiveness: Case
Gauthier, Bernard, and Ritva Reinikka. 2001. "Shifting Tax Studies of the Peanut Oil, Fishing and Textile Industries."
Burdens Through Exemptions and Evasion: An Empirical Washington, D.C.: World Bank Africa Region Working Paper
Investigation of Uganda." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Series 37.
Policy Research Working Paper Series 2735. Golub, Stephen S. 2003. "Measures of Restrictions on Inward
Gaviria, Juan. 1998. "Port Privatization and Competition in Foreign Direct Investment for OECD Countries." Paris:
Colombia." Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Public Policy for the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development,
Private Sector, Note 167. Economics Department Working Papers 357.
Ge, Wei. 1999. "Special Economic Zones and the Opening of the G�mez-Ib��ez, Jos� A. 2003. Regulating Infrastructure: Monopoly,
Chinese Economy: Some Lessons for Economic Liberalization." Contracts, and Discretion. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University
World Development 27(7):1267�85. Press.
Georgian Opinion Research Business International (GORBI). G�mez-Ib��ez, Jos� A, and John R. Meyer. 1993. Going Private, The
2002. Legal Reform Monitoring Study. Tbilisi, Georgia: Georgian International Experience with Transport Privatization. Washington,
Opinion Research Business International. Available on line at D.C.: Brookings Institution.
www.gorgi.com. Gompers, Paul A., and Andrew Metrick. 2001. "Institutional
Ghatak, Maitreesh, and Timothy W. Guinnane. 1999. "The Investors and Equity Prices." Quarterly Journal of Economics
Economics of Lending with Joint Liability: Theory and Practice." 116(1):229�59.
Journal of Development Economics 60(1):195�228. Gordon, Roger, and James R. Hines. 2002. "International
Giannetti, Mariassunta. 2003. "Do better Institutions Mitigate Taxation." In Alan J. Auerbach and Martin Feldstein, eds.,
Agency Problems? Evidence from Corporate Finance Choices." Handbook of Public Economics, Vol. 4. Amsterdam: Elsevier B. V.
Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 38(1):185�212. G�rg, H. 2002. "Fancy a Stay at the `Hotel California'? Foreign
Gilbert, Richard J., and Edward P. Kahn, eds. 1996. International Direct Investment, Taxation and Firing Costs." Bonn: Institute
Comparisons of Electricity Regulation. Cambridge, U.K.: for the Study of Labor, Discussion Working Paper 665.
Cambridge University Press. G�rg, Holger, and Eric Strobl. 2001. "Multinational Companies
Gill, Indermit S., William F. Maloney, and Carolina Sanchez-Paramo. and Productivity Spillovers: A Meta-analysis." Economic Journal
2002. Trade Liberalization and Labor Reform in Latin America and 111(475):F723�F739.
the Caribbean in the 1990s. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Graham Bannock and Partners Ltd. 1997. Credit Guarantee Schemes
Gill, Indermit S., Claudio E. Montenegro, and D�rte D�meland. for Small Business Lending: A Global Perspective. London: Graham
2002. Crafting Labor Policy: Techniques and Lessons from Latin Bannock and Partners Ltd.
America. New York: Oxford University Press. Graham, Carol, and Stefano Pettinato. 2001. "Frustrated Achievers:
Gill, Jit B. S. 2003. The Nuts and Bolts of Revenue Administration Winners, Losers, and Subjective Well Being in New Market
Reform. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Economies." Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, Center
Gillespie, Kate, Liesl Riddle, Edward Sayre, and David Sturges. on Social and Economic Dynamics Working Paper Series 21.
1999. "Diaspora Interest in Homeland Investment." Journal of Graham, Edward M. 2000. Fighting the Wrong Enemy: Anti-Global
International Business Studies 30(3):623�34. Activists and Multinational Enterprises. Washington, D.C.:
Gissurarson, Hannes H. 2000. "Overfishing: The Icelandic Institute for International Economics.
Solution." Sussex: The Institute of Economic Affairs, Studies on Greenstone, Michael. 2002. "The Impact of Environmental
the Environment 17. Regulations on Industrial Activity: Evidence from the 1970 and
224 2005
1977 Clean Air Act Amendments and the Census of East Asia: A Comparative Analysis with Firm-Level Data."
Manufactures." Journal of Political Economy 110(6):1175�1219. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research
Greenstone, Michael, and Enrico Moretti. 2003. "Bidding for Working Paper Series 8894.
Industrial Plants: Does Winning a `Million Dollar Plant' Increase Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and David Stewart. 2004. "How Do
Welfare?" Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Investment Climate Conditions Vary Across Countries and Types
Research Working Paper Series 9844. of Firms?" Background paper for the WDR 2005.
Greenwood, Peter W., Karyn E. Model, C. Peter Rydell, and James Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Andrew H. W. Stone. 2004. "The
R. Chiesa. 1998. Diverting Children from a Life of Crime: Investment Climate for Informal Firms." Background paper for
Measuring Cots and Benefits. Santa Monica, CA: Rand the WDR 2005.
Corporation. Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, L. Colin. Xu, and Scott Wallsten. 2003.
Greif, Avner. 1989. "Reputation and Coalitions in Medieval Trade: "The Investment Climate and the Firm: Firm-Level Evidence
Evidence on the Maghribi Traders." Journal of Economic History from China." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
49(4):857�82. Working Paper Series 3003.
Gruber, Jonathan. 1997. "Consumption Smoothing Effects of Haltiwanger, John. 2000. "Aggregate Growth: What Have we
Unemployment Insurance." American Economic Review 87(1): Learned from Microeconomic Evidence." Paris: Organization for
192�205. Economic Co-operation and Development Economics
Guasch, J. Luis, and Robert W. Hahn. 1999. "The Costs and Department Working Paper 267.
Benefits of Regulation: Implications for Developing Countries." Haltiwanger, John, Stefano Scarpetta, and Milan Vodopivec. 2003.
World Bank Research Observer 14(1):137�58. "How Institutions Affect Labor Market Outcomes: Evidence
Guasch, J. Luis, and Pablo Spiller. 1999. Managing the Regulatory from Transition Economies." Paper presented at the 2003 World
Process: Design, Concepts, Issues, and the Latin American and Bank Economists' Forum. Washington, D.C. April 10.
Caribbean story. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Halvorsen, Robert. 1995. "Fiscal Incentives for Investment in
Gupta, S. P. 1999. Interim Report of the Study Group on Development Thailand." In Anwar Shah, ed., Fiscal Incentives for Investment and
of Small Enterprises. New Delhi: Planning Commission Village Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press.
and Small Industries Division, Government of India. Harris, Clive. 2002. "Private Rural Power: Network Expansion
Haber, Stephen, Armando Razo, and Noel Maurer. 2003. The Using an Output-Based Scheme in Guatemala." Washington,
Politics of Property Rights: Political Instability, Credible D.C.: World Bank, Private Sector and Infrastructure Network,
Commitments, and Economic Growth in Mexico, 1876�1929. Note 245.
Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. --------. 2003. "Private Participation in the Infrastructure of
Haddad, L., and M. Adato. 2001. "How Efficient do Public Works Developing Countries: Trends, Impacts, and Policy Lessons."
Programs Transfer Benefits to the Poor? Evidence from South Washington, D.C.: World Bank Working Paper 5.
Africa." Washington, D.C.: International Food Policy Research Harrison, Ann E. 1994. "Productivity, Imperfect Competition and
Institute Discussion Paper 108. Trade Reform: Theory and Evidence." Journal of International
Hail, Luzi, and Christian Luez. 2003. "International Differences in Economics 36(1-2):53�73.
Cost of Capital: Do Legal Institutions and Securities Regulation Harrison, Ann E., and Edward Leamer. 1997. "Labor Markets in
Matter?" Brussels: European Corporate Governance Institute Developing Countries: An Agenda for Research." Journal of Labor
(ECGI)�Law Working Paper 15. Economics 15(3):S1�S19.
Hall, Bronwyn H., and John Van Reenen. 1999. "How Effective are Harrold, Peter, Malathi Jayawickrama, and Deepak Bhattasali.
Fiscal Incentives for R&D? A Review of the Evidence." Research 1996. "Practical Lessons for Africa from East Asia in Industrial
Policy 29(4-5):449�69. and Trade Policies." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Africa
Hall, Robert E., and Charles I. Jones. 1999. "Why Do Some Technical Department Series 310.
Countries Produce so much more Output per Worker than Harsch, Ernest. 2002. "Making Regional Integration a Reality: New
Others?" Quarterly Journal of Economics 114(1):83�116. Strategies Aim for Public Involvement, Practical Results." Africa
Hallberg, Kristin, and Yasuo Konishi. 2003. "Bringing SMEs into Recovery 16(2-3):10�10.
Global Markets." In Gary S. Fields and Guy Pfeffermann, eds., Harsh, Vivek. 2003. Small Scale Industries and Reservation Policy.
Pathways out of Poverty: Private Firms and Economic Mobility in Anand-Gujarat, India: Institute of Rural Management.
Developing Countries. Boston, Mass.: Kluwer Adademic Available on line at http://www.irma.ac.in/pub/network/
Publishers for the International Finance Corporation. 9-3doc2.html.
Hallberg, Kristin. 2000. "A Market-Oriented Strategy For Small and Hart, David M. 2003. "Entrepreneurship Policy: What It Is and
Medium-Scale Enterprises." Washington, D.C.: International Where It Came From." In David M.Hart, ed., Emergence of
Finance Corporation Discussion Paper 40. Entrepreneurship Policy: Governance, Start-Ups, and Growth in
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary. 2003. "Do Bilateral Treaties Attract the U.S. Knowledge Economy. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge
Foreign Direct Investment? Only a Bit...and They Could Bite." University Press.
World Bank. Washington, DC. Processed. Harvey, Charles. 1991. "On the Perverse Effects of Financial
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, Giuseppe Iarossi, and Kenneth L. Sector Reform in Anglophone Africa." South African Journal of
Sokoloff. 2002. "Exports and Manufacturing Productivity in Economics 59(3):258�86.
225
Haufler, Andreas. 2001. Taxation in a Global Economy. Cambridge, Microfinance Loans in India." World Bank. Washington, D.C.
U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Processed.
Hausmann, Ricardo, Lant Pritchett, and Dani Rodrik. 2004. Hettige, Hemamala, Mainul Huq, Sheoli Pargal, and David Wheeler.
"Growth Accelerations." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau 1995. "Determinants of Pollution Abatement in Developing
Economic Research Working Paper Series 10566. Countries: Evidence from South East Asia." World Development
Hausmann, Ricardo, and Dani Rodrik. 2003. "Economic 24(12):1891�904.
Development As Self-Discovery." Journal of Development Hicks, John R. 1935. "Annual Survey of Economic Theory: The
Economics 72(2):603�33. Theory of Monopoly." Econometrica 3(1):1�20.
Head, Keith, and John Reis. 1998. "Immigration and Trade Hines, James R. Jr. 1999. "Lessons from Behavioral Responses to
Creation: Econometric Evidence from Canada." Canadian International Taxation." National Tax Journal 52(2):305�23.
Journal of Economics 31(1):47�62. Hnatkovska, Viktoria, and Norman A. Loayza. 2004. "Volatility and
Heckman, James, and Carmen Pag�s. 2004. Law and Employment: Growth." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
Lessons from the Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge, Working Paper Series 3184.
Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Hoekman, Bernard. 2000. "The Next Round of Services Trade
Hellman, Joel S., Geraint Jones, Daniel Kaufmann, and Mark Negotiations: Identifying Priorities and Options." Federal Reserve
Schankerman. 1999. "Measuring Governance and State Bank of St.Louis Review 82(4):31�48.
Capture: The Role of Bureaucrats and Firms in Shaping the Hoekman, Bernard, Hiau Looi Kee, and Marcelo Olarreaga. 2001.
Business Environment." London, U.K.: European Bank for "Markups, Entry Regulations, and Trade: Does Country Size
Reconstruction and Development Working Paper 51. Matter?" Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
Hellman, Joel S., and Daniel Kaufmann. 2003. "The Inequality of Working Paper Series 2662.
Influence." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. Hoekman, Bernard, Aadita Mattoo, and Philip English, eds. 2002.
Hempling, Scott, Kenneth Rose, and Robert E. Burns. 2004. The Development, Trade, and the WTO: A Handbook. Washington,
Regulatory Treatment of Embedded Costs Exceeding Market Prices: D.C.: World Bank.
Transition to a Competitive Electric Generation Market. Columbus, Hoekman, Bernard, and Petros C. Mavroidis. 2002. "Economic
O.H.: National Regulatory Research Institute. Development, Competition Policy, and the WTO." Washington,
Henderson, David. 2000. The MAI Affair: A Story and its Lessons. D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Report Working Paper Series
London: Royal Institute of International Affairs. 2917.
Henisz, Witold J. 2000. "The Institutional Environment for Hoekman, Bernard, Constantine Michalopoulos, and Alan L.
Economic Growth." Economics and Politics 12(1):1�31. Winters. 2003. "More Favorable and Differential Treatment of
--------. 2002. "The Institutional Environment for Infrastructure Developing Countries: Toward a New Approach in the World
Investment." Industrial and Corporate Change 11(2):355�89. Trade Organization." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy
Henisz, Witold J., and A. Delios. 2003. "Policy Uncertainty and the Research Working Paper Series 3107.
Sequence of Entry by Japanese Firms, 1980�1998." Journal of Hoekman, Bernard, and others. 2004. Leveraging Trade for
International Business Studies 34(3):227�41. Development: The World Bank Research Agenda. Washington,
Henisz, Witold J., and Bennet A. Zelner. Forthcoming. "Legitimacy, D.C.: World Bank.
Interest Group Pressures and Change in Emergent Institutions: Hoff, Karla. 2003. "Paths of Institutional Development: A View
The Case of Foreign Investors and Host Country Governments." from Economic History." World Bank Research Observer
Academy of Management Review. 18(2):205�26.
Henisz, Witold J., and Bennet A. Zelner. 2001. "The Institutional Hoff, Karla, and Joseph E. Stiglitz. 2004. "After the Big Bang?
Environment for Telecommunications Investment." Journal of Obstacles to the Emergence of the Rule of Law in Post-
Economics & Management Strategy 10(1):123�47. Communist Societies." American Economic Review 94(3):753�63.
Herbst, Jeffrey I. 2000. States and Power in Africa: Comparative Hofstede, Geert. 1984. Culture's Consequences: International
Lessons in Authority and Control. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton Differences in Work Related Values. Beverly Hills, C.A.: Sage
University Press. Publications.
Hernandez, Zenaida. 2004. "The Debate on Industrial Policy in Holmgren, Torgny, Louis Kasekende, Michael Atingi-Ego, and
East Asia: In Search for Lessons." Background paper for the WDR Daniel Ddamulira. 2001. "Uganda." In Shantayanan Devarajan,
2005. David Dollar, and Torgny Holmgren, eds., Aid and Reform in
Herrero, Alvaro, and Keith Henderson. 2001. "The Cost of Africa: Lessons from ten Case Studies. Washington, D.C.: World
Resolving Small Business Conflicts: The Case of Peru." Inter- Bank.
American Development Bank, Sustainable Development Holzmann, Robert, and Steer Jorgensen. 2001. "Social Risk
Department, Best Practices Series. Washington, D.C. Processed. Management: A New Conceptual Framework for Social
Herzberg, Benjamin. 2004. "Investment Climate Reform: Going Protection and Beyond." International Tax and Public Finance
the Last Mile: The Bulldozer Initiative in Bosnia and 8(4):529�56.
Herzegovina." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. Hopenhayn, Hugo. 2004. "Labor Market Policies and Employment
Hess, Ulrich, and Leora Klapper. 2003. "The Use of New Products, Duration: The Effects of Labor Market Reform in Argentina." In
Processes and Technology for the Delivery of Rural and James Heckman and Carmen Pag�s, eds., Law and Employment:
226 2005
Lessons from the Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge, Impavido, Gregorio. 2001. Assessment of Implementation of the IAIS
Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research. Insurance Supervisory Principles. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Hu, Albert G. Z, and Gary H. Jefferson. 2002. "FDI Impact and Impavido, Gregorio, Alberto R. Musalem, and Thierry Tressel.
Spillover: Evidence from China's Electronic and Textile 2003. "The Impact of Contractual Savings Institutions on
Industries." World Economy 25(8):1063�76. Securities Markets." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy
Hubka, Ashley, and Rita Zaidi. 2004. "Innovations in Research Working Papers Series 2948.
Microfinance." Background paper for the WDR 2005. India�Ministry of Finance. 2003. Economic Survey 2002�2003.
Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, and Ben Goodrich. 2003a. "Next Move in New Delhi: India�Ministry of Finance.
Steel: Revocation or Retaliation." Washington, D.C.: Institute for India�Ministry of Small Scale Industries. 2003. Annual Report
International Economics, International Economics Policy Briefs 2002�2003. New Delhi: India�Ministry of Small Scale Industries.
PB03-10. Inglehart, Ronald and others. 2000. World Values Surveys and
--------. 2003b. "Steel Policy: The Good, the Bad and the Ugly." European Values Surveys, 1981�1984, 1990�1993, and
Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics, 1995�1997. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter University Consortium for
International Economics Policy Briefs PB03-1. Political and Social Research [distributor].
Hunt, Sally, and Graham Shuttleworth. 1996. Competition and Inter-American Development Bank. 2001. Economic and Social
Choice in Electricity. New York: John Wiley & Sons. Progress in Latin America 2001 Report. Washington, D.C.: Inter-
Hussain, Abid. 1997. Report of the Expert Committee on Small American Development Bank.
Enterprises. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of --------. 2002. Evaluation of MIF Projects: Alternative Commercial
Industry. Dispute Resolution Methods. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American
ICSID. 2003. "Disputes before the Centre." News from ICSID Development Bank, Office of Evaluation and Oversight.
20(1):2�2. International Institute for Environment and Development. 2001.
IDA, and IMF. 2003. Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers--Detailed From Abundance to Scarcity--The Closing of the Frontier:
Analysis of Progress in Implementation. Washington, D.C.: Addressing Land Issues in West & Central Africa. London:
International Development Association and International International Institute for Environment and Development,
Monetary Fund. Drylands Program.
IFC. 2001. Investing in Private Education: IFC's Strategic Directions. Ireland�IDA. 2002. IDA Annual Report 2002: Enriching Ireland.
Washington, D.C.: International Finance Corporation, Health Dublin: Industrial Development Agency.
and Education Group. Irwin, Timothy C. 2004. "Accounting for Public-Private Partnerships:
--------. 2002. The Private Sector Financing Activities of How Should Governments Report Guarantees and Long-term
International Financial Institutions (2001Update). Washington, Purchase Contracts." Background paper for the WDR 2005.
D.C.: International Finance Corporation. Iyigun, Murat F., and Dani Rodrik. 2003. "On the Efficacy of
IFC, and CIDA. 2001. Financial Leasing in Russia: Market Survey Reforms: Policy Tinkering, Institutional Change, and
2000�2001. Washington, D.C.: International Finance Entrepreneurship." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of
Corporation and Canadian International Development Agency. Economic Research Working Paper Series 10455.
ILO (International Labour Organisation). 2002a. "Compendium Jadresic, Alejandro. 2000. "Promoting Private Investment in Rural
of Official Statistics on Employment in the Informal Sector." Electrification: The Case of Chile." Washington, D.C.: World
Geneva: International Labor Organization, STAT Working Bank Viewpoint Note 214.
Paper 1. Jaffe, Adam B., Steven R. Peterson, Paul R. Portney, and Robert N.
--------. 2002b. Women and Men in the Informal Economy: Stavins. 1995. "Environmental Regulation and the Competi-
A Statistical Picture. Geneva: International Labor Organization. tiveness of U.S. Manufacturing: What Does the Evidence Tell
--------. 2003a. Employment and Social Policy in Respect of Export Us?" Journal of Economic Literature 33(1):132�63.
Processing Zones (EPZs). Geneva: International Labor Jalan, Jyotsna, and Martin Ravallion. 2003. "Estimating the
Organization Governing Body. Benefit Incidence of an Anti-Poverty Program by Propensity-
--------. 2003b. Investing in Every Child--An Economic Study of Score Matching." Journal of Business and Economic Statistics
the Costs and Benefits of Eliminating Child Labor. Geneva: 21(1):19�30.
International Labor Organization. Jappelli, Tullio, and Marco Pagano. 1999. "Information Sharing,
--------. 2004. Global Employment Trends. Geneva: International Lending and Defaults: Cross-Country Evidence." Salerno, Italy:
Labor Organization. Centro Studi in Economia e Finanza, Working Paper 22.
IMF (International Monetary Fund). 2003. Government Finance Jenkins, Glenn P., and Chun-Yan Kuo. 2000. "Promoting Export-
Statistics. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund. Oriented Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries:
--------. 2004. World Economic Outlook. Washington, D.C.: Tax and Customs." Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Institute for
International Monetary Fund. International Development Consulting Assistance on Economic
IMF, and IDA. 2003. Joint Staff Assessment of the Poverty Reduction Reform II 65.
Strategy Paper Annual Progress Report. Washington, D.C.: Jhabvala, Renana, Ratna M. Sudarshan, and Jeemol Unni, eds.
International Monetary Fund and International Development 2004. Informal Economy Centre Stage: New Structures of
Association. Employment. New Delhi: Sage Publications India.
227
Jimenez, Emmanuel. 1984. "Tenure Security and Urban Squatting." Kay, John. 2003. The Truth About Markets: Their Genius, Their
Review of Economic and Statistics 66(4):556�67. Limits, and Their Follies. London: Allen Lane.
Joh, Sung Wook. 2003. "Corporate Governance and Firm Kee, Hiau Looi, and Bernard Hoekman. 2003. "Imports, Entry, and
Profitability: Evidence from Korea before the Economic Crisis." Competition Law as Market Disciplines." Washington, D.C.:
Journal of Financial Economics 68(2):287�322. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 3031.
Johnson, Simon, Peter Boone, Alasdir Breach, and Eric Friedman. Keefer, Philip. 2002. "The Political Economy of Corruption in
2000. "Corporate Governance in the Asian Financial Crisis." Indonesia." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed.
Journal of Financial Economics 58(1-2):141�86. --------. 2003. "The Political Economy of Public Spending
Johnson, Simon, John McMillan, and Christopher Woodruff. Decisions in the Dominican Republic." World Bank. Washington,
2002a. "Courts and Relational Contracts." Journal of Law, D.C. Processed.
Economics and Organization 18(1):221�77. --------. 2004. "A Review of the Political Economy of
--------. 2002b. "Property Rights and Finance." American Governance: From Property Rights to Voice." Washington,
Economic Review 92(5):1335�56. D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 3315.
Jones, Charles I. 2002. Introduction to Economic Growth. New York: Keefer, Philip, and Stuti Khemani. 2003. "Democracy, Public
W. W. Norton and Company. Expenditures, and the Poor." Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Jones, Leroy, and Il Sakong. 1980. Government, Business and Policy Research Working Paper Series 3154.
Entrepreneurship in Economic Development: The Korean Case. Keller, Wolfgang. 2001. "International Technology Diffusion."
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research
Jorgensen, Helle Bank, Michael Peder Pruzan-Jorgensen, Margaret Working Paper Series 8573.
Jungk, and Aaron Cramer. 2003. Strengthening Implementation Keller, Wolfgang, and Arik Levinson. 2002. "Pollution Abatement
of Corporate Social Responsibility in Global Supply Chains. Costs and Foreign Direct Investment Inflows to U.S. States."
Washington, D.C.: World Bank and International Finance Review of Economics and Statistics 84(4):691�703.
Corporation. Keynes, John M. 1936. General Theory of Employment, Interest and
Jovanovic, Boyan. 1995. "Learning and Growth." Cambridge, Money. London: MacMillan and Co. Ltd.
Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Khemani, R. S. 2002. "Competition Policy, Economic Adjustment
Series 5383. and Competitiveness." In Ijaz Nabi and Manjula Luthria, eds.,
Kabeer, N. 2003. Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and Building Competitive Firms: Incentives and Capabilities.
the Millennium Development Goals: A Handbook for Policy-makers Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
and other Stakeholders. London: Commonwealth Secretariat. Khemani, Stuti. 2004. "Political Cycles in a Developing Economy:
Kagel, John H., and Alvin E. Roth, eds. 1995. The Handbook of Effects of Elections in the Indian States." Journal of Development
Experimental Economics. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Economics 73(1):125�54.
Press. Kikeri, Sunita. 1998. "Privatization and Labor: What Happens to
Kahkonen, Satu, Young Lee, Patrick Meagher, and Haji Semboja. Workers when Governments Divest?" Washington, D.C.: World
2001. "Contracting Practices in an African Economy: Industrial Bank Technical Paper 396.
Firms and Suppliers in Tanzania." College Park, MD: University Kim, Linsu. 1997. Imitation to Innovation: The Dynamics of Korea's
of Maryland, IRIS Center Working Paper 242. Technological Learning. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business
Kahneman, Daniel, and Amos Tversky, eds. 2000. Choices, Values School Press.
and Frames. Cambridge, UK: Press Syndicate of the University of King, Robert G., and Ross Levine. 1993. "Finance and Growth:
Cambridge. Schumpeter Might be Right." Quarterly Journal of Economics
Kaminsky, Graciela L., Carmen M. Reinhart, and Carlos A. V�gh. 108(3):717�37.
2003. "The Unholy Trinity of Financial Contagion." Journal of Kingdon, John W. 1995. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies.
Economic Perspectives 17(4):51�74. New York: Longman.
Kapur, Devesh. 2001. "Diasporas and Technology Transfers." Kirkpatrick, Colin, and David Parker. 2003. "Regulatory Impact
Journal of Human Development 2(2):265�86. Assessment: Developing its Potential for Use in Developing
Katrak, Homi. 1999. "Small-Scale Enterprise Policy in Developing Countries." Manchester, UK: Centre on Regulation and
Countries: An Analysis of India's Reservation Policy." Journal of Competition, Working Paper Series 56.
International Development 11(5):701�15. Klapper, Leora, and Elke Kraus. 2002. "Credit Information
Kaufmann, Daniel. 2002. "Rethinking Governance: Empirical Infrastructure and Political Economy Issues." World Bank.
Lessons Challenge Orthodoxy." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Washington, D.C. Processed.
Processed. Klapper, Leora, Luc Laeven, and Raghuram G. Rajan. 2003.
--------. 2003. "Governance Redux: The Empirical Challenge." "Business Environment and Firm Entry: Evidence from
World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. International Data." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of
Kaufmann, Daniel, Aart Kraay, and Massimo Mastruzzi. 2003. Economic Research Working Paper Series 10380.
"Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996�2002." Klapper, Leora F., and Inessa Love. Forthcoming. "Corporate
Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Report Series Governance, Investor Protection, and Performance in Emerging
3106. Markets." Journal of Corporate Finance.
228 2005
Klapper, Leora F., and Rida Zaidi. 2004. "A Survey of Government from a Panel of Chinese Enterprises." Revue d'Economie du
Regulation and Intervention in Financial Markets." Background Developpement 0(1-2):183�207.
paper for the WDR 2005. --------. 2003. "What Can Cross-Country Regressions Tell Us
Klasen, Stephan. 1999. "Does Gender Inequality Reduce Growth About the Determinants of Pro-Poor Growth?" World Bank.
and Development? Evidence from Cross-country Regressions." Washington, D.C. Processed.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Report on Krueger, Anne. 1996. "Observations on International Labor
Gender and Development Working Paper Series 7. Standards and Trade." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of
Klasen, Stephan, and Francesca Lamanna. 2003. "The Impact of Economic Research Working Paper Series 5632.
Gender Inequality in Education and Employment on Economic --------, ed. 2000. Economic Policy Reform: The Second Stage.
Growth in the Middle East and North Africa." University of Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Munich. Munich. Processed. Krugman, Paul. 1997. The Age of Diminished Expectations: U.S.
Klasen, Stephan, and Ingrid Woolard. 2001. "Surviving Economic Policy in the 1990s. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Unemployment without State Support: Unemployment and Krumm, Kathie, and Homi Kharas. 2004. "Overview." In Kathie
Household Formation in South Africa." Bonn, Germany: Krumm and Homi Kharas, eds., East Asia Integrates: A Trade
Institute for the Study of Labor, Discussion Working Paper 237. Policy Agenda for Shared Growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank
Klein, Daniel B. 1992. "Promise Keeping in the Great Society: A and Oxford University Press.
Model of Credit Information Sharing." Economics and Politics Kubler, Dorothea. 2001. "On the Regulation of Social Norms."
4(2):117�36. Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization 17(2):449�76.
Klein, Michael U., and Bita Hadjimichael. 2003. The Private Sector Kugler, Adriana. 2002. "From Severance Pay to Self-Insurance: Effects
in Development: Entrepreneurship, Regulation, and Competitive of Severance Payments Savings Accounts in Colombia." Bonn,
Disciplines. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor Discussion Paper 434.
Klein, Michael U., and Neil Roger. 1994. "Back to the Future: The Kugler, Adriana, and Giovanni Pica. 2003. "Effects of Employment
Potential in Infrastructure and Privatization." In Richard O'Brian, Protection and Product Market Regulations on the Italian Labor
ed., Finance and the International Economy Vol. 8: The AMEX Market." Bonn, Germany: Institute for the Study of Labor,
Bank Review Prize Essays: In Memory of Robert Marjolin. New Discussion Paper 948.
York: Oxford University Press. Kugler, Maurice. 2001. "Externalities from Foreign Direct
Klenow, Peter, and Andr�s Rodr�guez-Clare. 1997. "Economic Investment: The Sectoral Pattern of Spillovers and Linkages."
Growth: A Review Essay." Journal of Monetary Economics University of Southampton. Southampton. Processed.
40(3):597�617. La Porta, Rafael, Florencio L�pez-de Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and
Klitgaard, Robert. 1998. "International Cooperation Against Robert Vishny. 1997. "Legal Determinants of External Finance."
Corruption." Finance and Development 35(1):3�6. Journal of Finance 52(3):1131�50.
--------. 2000. "Subverting Corruption." Finance and Development La Porta, Rafael, and Florencio L�pez-de-Silanes. 2001. "Creditor
37(2):2�5. Protection and Bankruptcy Law Reform." In Stijn Claessens,
Knack, Stephen, and Philip Keefer. 1995a. "Institutions and Simeon Djankov, and Ashoka Mody, eds., Resolution of Financial
Economic Performance: Cross-Country Tests Using Alternative Distress: An International Perspective on the Design of Bankruptcy
Institutional Measures." Economics and Politics 7(3):207�227. Laws. Washington DC: World Bank.
--------. 1995b. "Institutions and Economic Performance: Cross- La Porta, Rafael, Florencio L�pez-de-Silanes, and Andrei Shleifer.
Country Tests Using Alternative Institutional Measures." 2002. "Government Ownership of Banks." Journal of Finance
Economics and Politics 7(3):207�27. 57(1):265�301.
Kokko, Ari. 2002. "Globalization and FDI Incentives." Paper pre- La Porta, Rafael, Florencio L�pez-de-Silanes, Andrei Shleifer, and
sented at the World Bank ABCDE�Europe Conference. Oslo, Robert Vishny. 1998. "Law and Finance." Journal of Political
Norway. June 22. Economy 106(6):1113�55.
Komives, Kristin, Dale Whittington, and Xun Wu. 2003. --------. 1999. "The Quality of Government." Journal of Law,
"Infrastructure Coverage and the Poor: A Global Perspective." In Economics, and Organization 15(1):222�79.
Timothy C. Irwin and Penelope J. Brook, eds., Infrastructure for Laevan, Luc, and Christopher Woodruff. 2003. "The Quality of the
Poor People: Public Policy for Private Provision. Washington, D.C.: Legal System, Firm Ownership, and Firm Size." Washington,
World Bank. D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 3246.
Kostrzeva, Karina. 2003. "New Quality of Law-drafting Process and Laffont, Jean-Jacques, and Jean Tirole. 1991. "The Politics of
Public Administration in Poland Concerning the Harmonization Government Decision Making: A Theory of Regulatory
with EU Legislation." Paper presented at the Regulatory Impact Capture." Quarterly Journal of Economics 106(4):1089�127.
Assessment Conference. American University of Bulgaria. Lal, Sumir. 2004. "Can Good Economics Ever Be Good Politics?
February 27. Case Study of the Power Sector in India." World Bank.
Kovacic, William E. 1997. "Getting Started: Creating New Wasington, D.C. Processed.
Competition Policy Institutions in Transition Economies." Lall, Sanjaya. 2000. "Selective Industrial and Trade Policies in
Brooklyn Journal of International Law 23(2):1197�225. Developing Countries: Theoretical and Empirical Issues."
Kraay, Aart. 1999. "Exports and Economic Performance: Evidence Oxford, U.K.: Queen Elizabeth House Working Paper Series 48.
229
--------. 2003. "Reinventing Industrial Strategy: The Role of Levitt, Arthur. 1998. "The Importance of High Quality Accounting
Government Policy in Building Industrial Competitiveness." Standards." Accounting Horizons 12:79�82.
Oxford, U.K.: Queen Elizabeth House Working Paper Series 111. Levy, Brian, and Pablo T. Spiller. 1994. "The Institutional
Lamech, Ranjit, and Kazim Saeed. 2003. "What International Foundations of Regulatory Commitment: A Comparative
Investors Look for When Investing in Developing Countries: Analysis of Telecommunications Regulation." Journal of Law,
Results from a Survey of International Investors in the Power Economics, and Organization 10(2):201�46.
Sector." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Energy and Mining --------, eds. 1996. Regulations, Institutions, and Commitment:
Sector Board Paper Series 6. Comparative Studies of Telecommunications. Cambridge, U.K.:
Lanjouw, Jean O., and Philip I. Levy. 2002. "Untitled: A Study of Cambridge University Press.
Formal and Informal Property Rights in Urban Ecuador." Levy-Yeyati, Eduardo, Mar�a Soledad Martinez Peria, and Sergio L.
Economic Journal 112(482):986�1019. Schmukler. 2004. "Market Discipline in Emerging Economies:
Lanjouw, Peter, and A. Shariff. 1999. "Rural Poverty and Non-Farm Beyond Bank Fundamentals." In William C. Hunter, George G.
Employment in India: Evidence from Survey Data." Charles Kaufman, Claudio Borio, and Kostas Tsatsaronis, eds., Market
University. Prague. Processed. Discipline across Countries and Industries. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
Lanjouw, Peter, and Nicholas Stern. 1998. Economic Development in Press.
Palanpur over Five Decades. Oxford and New York: Oxford Lewis, William W. 2004. The Power of Productivity: Wealth, Poverty
University Press. and the Threat to Global Stability. Chicago: University of Chicago
Lawson, Cina, and Natalie Meyenn. 2000. "Bringing Cellular Press.
Phone Service to Rural Areas: Grameen Telecom and Village Pay Li, Hongyi, Lyn Squire, and Heng-fu Zou. 1998. "Explaining
phones in Bangladesh." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Public International and Intertemporal Variations in Income Inequality."
Policy for the Private Sector Note 205. Economic Journal 108(406):26�43.
Lax, David A., and James K. Sebenis. 1986. The Manager as Li, Shaomin, Shuhe Li, and Weiying Zhang. 1999. "Cross-regional
Negotiator: Bargaining for Co-operation and Competitive Gain. Competition and Privatization in China." MOCT-MOST 9(1):
New York: Free Press. 75�8.
Lederman, Daniel, and William F. Maloney. 2003. "R&D and Liautaud, Gerard. 2001. "Maintaining Roads: Experience with
Development." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Output-Based Contracts in Argentina." In Penelope J. Brook and
Working Paper Series 3024. Suzanne M. Smith, eds., Contracting for Public Services: Output-
Lederman, Daniel, and Laura Saenz. 2003. "Innovation and based Aid and Its Applications. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Development Around the World 1960�2000." World Bank. Libecap, Gary D. 1994. Contracting for Property Rights. Cambridge,
Washington, D.C. Processed. U.K..: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, Charles, and David Ng. 2002. "Corruption and International Lifsher, Marc. 2001. "If He Can Fight Crime There, He'll Fight It
Valuation: Does Virtue Pay?" Cornell University. Cornell. Anywhere." Wall Street Journal, March 8. Page: A18.
Processed. Lim�o, Nuno, and Anthony J. Venables. 2001. "Infrastructure,
Lee, Norman. 2002. "Developing and Applying Regulatory Impact Geographical Diadvantage, Tansport Costs, and Trade." World
Assessment Methodologies in Low and Middle Income Bank Economic Review 15(3):451�79.
Countries." Manchester, U.K.: Centre on Regulation and Lin, Justin Yifu. 1992. "Rural Reforms and Agricultural Growth in
Competition, Working Paper Series 30. China." American Economic Review 82(1):34�51.
Lee, Sang M., and Suzzane J. Peterson. 2000. "Culture, Lipsey, Richard, and Kevin Lancaster. 1956. "The General Theory
Entrepreneurial Orientation, and Global Competitiveness." of Second Best." Review of Economic Studies 25(1):11�32.
Journal of World Business 35(4):401�16. List, John A., Daniel L. Millimet, Per G. Fredricksson, and W.
Leite, Carlos, and Jens Weidmann. 1999. "Does Mother Nature Warren McHone. 2003. "Effects of Environmental Regulations
Corrupt? Natural Resources, Corruption, and Economic on Manufacturing Plant Births: Evidence from a Propensity Score
Growth." Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund Matching Estimator." Review of Economics and Statistics
Working Paper WP/99/85. Available on line at 85(4):944�52.
http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ cat/wp1_sp.cfm?s_year= Litvin, Daniel. 2003. Empires of Profit: Commerce, Conquest and
1997&e_year=2001&brtype=default. Corporate Responsibility. New York: Texere.
Levi, Margaret. 1988. Of Rule and Revenue. Berkeley: University of Liu, Jin-Tan, Meng-Wen Tsou, and James K. Hammitt. 1999.
California Press. "Export Activity and Productivity: Evidence from the Taiwan
Levine, Ross. 1997. "Financial Development and Economic Electronics Industry." Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv 135(4):675�91.
Growth: Views and Agenda." Journal of Economic Literature Lobo, Albert, and Suresh Balakrishnan. 2002. Report Card on Service
35(2): 688�726. of Bhoomi Kiosks: An Assessment of Benefits by Users of the
Levine, Ross, Norman Loayza, and Thorsten Beck. 2000. "Financial Computerized Land Records System in Karnataka. Bangalore, India:
Intermediation and Growth: Causality and Causes." Journal of Public Affairs Centre.
Monetary Economics 46(1):31�77. Londo�o, Juan Luis, and Rodrigo Guerrero. 2000. "Violencia en
Levinsohn, James. 1993. "Testing the Imports-as-Market-Discipline America Latina: Epidemiolog�a y Costos." In Rodrigo Guerrero,
Hypothesis." Journal of International Economics 35(1-2):1�22. Alejandro Gaviria, and Juan Luis Londo�o, eds., Asalto al
230 2005
Desarrollo: Violencia en Am�rica Latina. Washington, D.C.: Inter- James Heckman and Carmen Pag�s, eds., Law and Employment:
American Development Bank. Lessons from Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge, Mass.:
L�pez, Humberto. 2003. Pro Growth, Pro Poor: Is there a Trade off? National Bureau of Economic Research.
Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Maloney, William F., and Eduardo Pontual Ribeiro. 2001.
Love, Inessa, and Nataliya Mylenko. 2003. "Credit Reporting and "Employment and Wage Effects of Mexican Unions--A Case of
Financing Constraints." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Extreme Efficient Bargaining." World Bank. Washington, D.C.
Research Working Paper Series 3142. Processed.
Lovei, Laszlo, and Alastair McKechnie. 2000. "The Costs of Malthus, Thomas. 1798. Essays on the Principle of Population.
Corruption for the Poor." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Public London: J. Johnson.
Policy for the Private Sector Note 207. Management Systems International. 1996. Case Study of Impact on
Lumpkin, G. T., and Gregory G. Dess. 1996. "Clarifying the Sub-Borrower Enterprises in Tow PRE Projects, Philippines.
Entrepreneurial Orientation Construct and Linking It to Washington, D.C.: Office of Program Review, Bureau of Private
Performance." Academy of Management Review 21(1):135�72. Enterprise, USAID.
Lund, Frances, and Caroline Skinner. 2004. "The Investment Mani, Sunil. 2001a. "Globalization, Markets for Technology and
Climate for the Informal Economy: A Case of Durban, South the Relevance of Innovation Policies in Developing Countries."
Africa." Background paper for the WDR 2005. Nairobi: African Technology Policy Studies Network Special
Luthria, Manjula, and Keith E. Maskus. 2004. "Protecting Paper 2.
Industrial Inventions, Authors' Rights, and Traditional --------. 2001b. "Role of Government in Promoting Innovation
Knowledge: Relevance, Lessons, and Unresolved Issues." In Keith in the Enterprise Sector: An Analysis of the Indian Experience."
E. Krumm and Homi Kharas, eds., East Asia Integrates: A Trade Maastricht, The Netherlands: United Nations University Institute
Policy for Shared Growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank and for New Technologies Discussion Paper 2001-3.
Oxford University Press. Martin, John P., and David Grubb. 2001. "What Works and for
MacIsaac, Donra, and Martin Rama. 1997. "Determinants of Whom: A Review of OECD Countries' Experiences with Active
Hourly Earnings in Ecuador: The Role of Labor Market Labour Market Policies." Swedish Economic Policy Review
Regulations." Journal of Labor Economics 15(3):136�65. 18(2):9�56.
MacIsaac, Donra, and Martin Rama. 2001. "Mandatory Severance Martin, Will, and Keith E. Maskus. 2001. "Core Labor Standards
Pay: Its Coverage and Effects in Peru." Washington, D.C.: World and Competitiveness: Implications for Global Trade Policy."
Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2626. Review of International Economics 9(2):317�28.
Macours, Karen. 2003. "Insecurity of Property Rights and Matching Martinez Peria, Mar�a Soledad, and Sergio Schmukler. 2001. "Do
in Land Rental Markets in Latin America." PhD thesis. University Depositors Punish Banks for `Bad' Behaviour?: Market
of California at Berkeley. Discipline, Deposit Insurance, and Banking Crisis?" Journal of
Madani, Dorsati. 1999. "A Review of the Role and Impact of Export Finance 56(3):1029�51.
Processing Zones." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Maskus, Keith E. 1997. "Should Core Labor Standards be Imposed
Research Working Paper Series 2238. Through International Trade Policy?" Washington, D.C.: World
Maddison, Angus. 1995. Monitoring the World Economy. Paris: Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 1817.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. --------. 2002. Benefiting from Intellectual Property Protection.
--------. 2003. The World Economy: Historical Statistics. Paris: Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Mattei, Ugo. 2000. Basic Principles of Property Law: A Comparative
Maggi, Giovanni, and Andres Rodr�guez-Clare. 1998. "The Value of Legal and Economic Introduction. Westport, Conn: Greenwood
Trade Agreements in the Presence of Political Pressures." Journal Press.
of Political Economy 106(3):574�601. Matusz, Steven J., and David Tarr. 1999. "Adjusting to Trade Policy
Magno, Marife T., and Richard L. Meyer. 1988. "Guarantee Reform." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
Schemes: An Alternative to the Supervised Credit Program." Working Paper Series 2142.
Paper presented at the Financial Intermediation in the Rural Maxfield, Sylvia, and Ben Ross Schneider. 1997. Business and the
Sector: Research Results and Policy Issues Conference. Manila, State in Developing Countries. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University
Philippines. September 26. Press.
Majone, Giandomenico. 1996. "Temporal Consistency and Mazza, Jacqueline. 1999. "Unemployment Insurance: Case Studies
Policy Credibility: Why Democracies Need Non-Majoritarian and Lessons for Latin America and the Caribbean." Washington,
Institutions." Florence: European University Institute Robert D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, Technical Study
Schumann Center Working Paper 57. RE2/SO2.
Mallon, Raymond. 2004. "Managing Investment Climate Reforms: McArthur, John W., and Jeffrey D. Sachs. 2001. "Institutions and
Vietnam Case Study." Background paper for the WDR 2005. Geography: Comment on Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson
Maloney, William F. 2004. "Informality Revisited." World (2000)." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic
Development 32(7):1159�78. Research Working Paper Series 8114.
Maloney, William F., and Jairo N��ez. 2004. "Measuring the McCubbins, Marthew, and Arthur Lupia. 1998. "Political Credibility
Impact of Minimum Wages: Evidence from Latin America." In and Economic Reform." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed.
231
McDonald, G. J. 1994. "Testimony Given to the U.S. Senate." In Miles, Rebecca. 2002. "Employment and Unemployment in Jordan:
Ronald G. Slaby, Ren�e Wilson-Brewer, and Kimberly Dash, eds., the Importance of the Gender System." World Development
Aggressors, Victims and Bystanders: Thinking and Acting to Prevent 30(3):413�27.
Violence. Newton, Mass.: Education Development Center. Milgrom, Paul R., Douglas C. North, and Barry R. Weingast. 1990.
McGrath, Rita G., Ian C. MacMillan, and Sari Scheinberg. 1992. "The Role of Institutions in the Revival of Trade: The Law
"Elitists, Risk-Takers, and Rugged Individualists? An Exploratory Merchant, Private Judges, and the Champagne Fairs." Economics
Analysis of Cultural Differences Between Entrepreneurs and Non- and Politics 2(1):1�23.
Entrepreneurs." Journal of Business Venturing 7(2): 115�135. Miller, Danny. 1983. "The Correlates of Entrepreneurship in Three
McKinsey & Company. 2002. McKinsey Global Investor Opinion Types of Firms." Management Science 29(7):770�91.
Survey on Corporate Governance. Washington, D.C.: McKinsey & Miller, Danny, and Peter H. Friesen. 1982. "Innovation in
Company. Conservative and Entrepreneurial Firms: Two Models of Strategic
McKinsey Global Institute. 2003. New Horizons: Multinational Momentum." Strategic Management Journal 3(1):1�25.
Company Investment in Developing Economies. San Francisco, Miller, Margaret. 2003. "Credit Reporting Systems around the
C.A.: McKinsey & Company. Globe: The State of the Art in Public Credit Registries and Private
McMillan, John. 2002. Reinventing the Bazaar: A Natural History of Credit Reporting Firms." In Margaret Miller, ed., Credit Reporting
Markets. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. Systems and the International Economy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT
McMillan, John, and Christopher Woodruff. 2002. "The Central Press.
Role of Entrepreneurs in Transition Economies." Journal of Minot, Nicholas, and Francesco Goletti. 2000. Rice Market
Economic Perspectives 16(3):153�70. Liberalization and Poverty in Vietnam. Washington, D.C.:
McMillan, Margaret, Dani Rodrik, and Karen Horn Welch. 2002. International Food Policy Research Institute, Research Report
"When Economic Reform Goes Wrong: Cashews in 114.
Mozambique." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Miralles, Dennis R. 2002. "Government Administrative Practices as
Research Working Paper Series 9117. Obstacles in Investment." Paper presented at the APEC Seminar
Mead, Donald C., and Carl Liedholm. 1998. "The Dynamics of on Investments' One Stop Shop. Lima, Peru.
Micro and Small Enterprises in Developing Countries." World Mitra, Pradeep, and Nicholas Stern. 2003. "Tax Systems in
Development 26(1):61�74. Transition." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
Megginson, William L., and Jeffry M. Netter. 2001. "From State to Working Paper Series 2947.
Market: A Survey of Empirical Studies on Privatization." Journal Mitullah, Winnie V. 2004. "Street Vending in African Cities:
of Economic Literature 39(2):321�89. A Synthesis of Empirical Findings From Kenya, Cote D'ivoire,
Mendoza, Enrique G., and Linda L. Tesar. 2003. "Winners and Ghana, Zimbabwe, Uganda and South Africa." Background
Losers of Tax Competition in the European Union." Cambridge, paper for the WDR 2005.
Mass.: National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Mnookin, Robert, and William Kornhauser. 1979. "Bargaining in
Series 10051. the Shadow of the Law: The Case of Divorce." Yale Law Journal
Menezes Filho, N., H. Zylberstajn, J. P. Chahad, and E. Pazello. 2002. 88:950�97.
"Unions and the Economic Performance of Brazilian Mockus, Antanas. 2002. "Cultura Ciudadana: Programa Contra la
Establishments." Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Violencia en Santa Fe de Bogot�, Colombia, 1995�1997."
Bank, Research Network Working Paper R464. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank,
Messick, Richard. 1999. "Reducing Court Delays: Five Lessons Sustainable Development Department, Technical Paper 127.
from the United States." Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Mody, Ashoka. 1999. "Industrial Policy After the East Asian Crisis:
Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network From Outward Orientation to New Internal Capabilities?"
(PREM) Note 34. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper
Micklethwait, John, and Adrian Wooldridge. 2003. The Company: Series 2112.
A Short History of a Revolutionary Idea. New York: Modern Mondino, Guillermo, and Silvia Montoya. 2004. "The Effects of
Library. Labor Market Regulations on Employment Decisions by Firms:
Middleton, John, Adrian Ziderman, and Arvil van Adams. 1993. Empirical Evidence for Argentina." In James Heckman and
Skills for Productivity: Vocational Education and Training in Carmen Pag�s, eds., Law and Employment: Lessons from the Latin
Developing Countries. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. America and the Caribbean. Cambridge, Mass. and Chicago, I.L.:
Midlarsky, Manus I. 1999. The Evolution of Inequality: War, State National Bureau of Economic Research and University of
Survival, and Democracy in Comparative Perspective. Stanford, Chicago.
C.A.: Stanford University Press. Montenegro, Claudio E., and Carmen Pag�s. 2004. "Who Benefits
MIGA (Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency). 2002. Foreign from Labor Market Regulations? Chile 1960�1998." In James
Direct Investment Survey. Washignton, D.C.: Multilateral Heckman and Carmen Pag�s, eds., Law and Employment: Lessons
Investment Guarantee Agency. from the Latin America and the Caribbean. Cambridge, Mass.:
Migliorisi, Stefano, and Marco Galmarini. 2004. "Donor Assistance National Bureau of Economic Research.
to Investment Climate Reforms." Background paper for the Montiel, Peter, and Carmen M. Reinhart. 1999. "Do Capital
WDR 2005. Controls and Macroeconomic Policies Influence the Volume and
232 2005
Composition of Capital Flows? Evidence from the 1990s." Murdoch, James C., and Todd Sandler. 2002. "Economic Growth,
Journal of International Money and Finance 18(4):519�35. Civil Wars, and Spatial Spillovers." Journal of Conflict Resolution
Moore, Mick. 1998. "Death Without Taxes: Democracy, State 46(1):91�110.
Capacity, and Aid Dependence in The Fourth World." In Mark Murphy, Kevin M., Andrei Shleifer, and Robert W. Vishny. 1993.
Robinson and Gordon White, eds., The Democratic Developmental "Why is Rent-Seeking so Costly to Growth?" American Economic
State: Political and Institutional Design. New York: Oxford Review 83(2):409�14.
University Press. Mwangi, Anthony. 2003. "Final Report on the Survey on Customs
Moran, Theodore H. 1998. Foreign Direct Investment and Reform and Modernization in Mozambique." World Bank.
Development. Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Washington, D.C. Processed.
Economics. Mwangi, Ester, Paul Ongugo, and Jane Njuguna. 2000.
--------. 2001. Parental Supervision: The New Paradigm for "Decentralizing Institutions for Forest Conservation in Kenya:
Foreign Direct Investment and Development. Washington, D.C.: Comparative Analysis of Resource Conservation Outcomes under
Institute for International Economics. National Park and Forest Reserve Regimes in Mt. Elgon Forest
--------. 2002. Beyond Sweatshops: Foreign Direct Investment and Ecosystem." Paper presented at the 8th Conference of the
Globalization in Developing Countries. Washington, D.C.: International Association for the Study of Common Property.
Brookings Institution. Bloomington, Indiana. May 31.
Morduch, Jonathan. 1997. "The Microfinance Revolution." Narayan, Deepa, Robert Chambers, Meera Kaul Shah, and Patti
Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. Processed. Petesch. 2000. Voices of the Poor: Crying Out for Change.
--------. 1999a. "Between the State and the Market: Can Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Informal Insurance Patch the Safety Net?" World Bank Research Nathan Associates Inc. 2003. Intellectual Property and Developing
Observer 14(2):187�207. Countries: An Overview. Arlington, VA: Nathan Associates Inc.
--------. 1999b. "The Microfinance Promise." Journal of Navarrete, Camilo. 2004. "Managing Investment Climate Reforms:
Economic Literature 37(4):1569�614. Colombian Ports Sector Reform Case Study." Background paper
Morduch, Jonathan, Elizabeth Littlefield, and Syed Hashemi. for the WDR 2005.
2003. "Is Microfinance an Effective Strategy to Reach the Nestoriak, Nicole. 2004. "Endogenous Technology and Local Labor
Millennium Development Goals?" Washington, D.C.: CGAP Market Skill." University of Maryland. College Park, M.D.
Focus Note 24. Processed.
Morisset, Jacques. 2003a. "Does a Country Need a Promotion Newbery, David, and Michael Pollitt. 1997. "The Restructuring and
Agency to Attract Foreign Direct Investment? A Small Analytical Privatization of Britain's Central Electricity Generating Board
Model Applied to 58 Countries." Washington, D.C.: World Bank (CEGB)--Was it Worth it?" Journal of Industrial Economics
Policy Research Working Paper Series 3028. 45(3):269�303.
--------. 2003b. "Tax Incentives: Using Tax Incentives to Attract Newell, Richard G., James N. Sanchirico, and Suzi Kerr. 2002. "An
Foreign Direct Investment." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Empirical Analysis of New Zealand's ITQ Markets." Paper pre-
Private Sector and Infrastructure Network Viewpoint Note 253. sented at the Fisheries on the Global Economy (IIFET)
Morisset, Jacques, and Kelly Andrews-Johnson. 2003. "The Conference. Wellington. August 19.
Effectiveness of Promotion Agencies at Attracting Foreign Direct Nicholls, J. 1998. "Student Financing in the Developing World:
Investment." Washington, D.C.: Foreign Investment Advisory Applying Income-contingent Approaches to Cost Recovery."
Service Occasional Paper 16. University of Melbourne, Department of Science and Maths
Morris, Fiorina, and Kenneth Shepsle. 1990. "A Positive Theory of Education. Melbourne, Australia. Processed.
Negative Voting." In John A. Ferejohn and James J. Kuklinski, Nicholson, Michael W. 2003. "Quantifying Antitrust Regimes."
eds., Information and Democratic Processes. Urbana,I.L.: University Federal Trade Commission. Washington, D.C. Processed.
of Illinois Press. Nickell, Stephen, and Richard Layard. 1999. "Labor Market
Morris, Sebastian, Rakesh Basant, Keshab Das, K. Ramachandran, Institutions and Economic Performance." In Orley Ashenfelter
and Abraham Koshy. 2001. The Growth and Transformation of and David Card, eds., Handbook of Labor Economics. Amsterdam:
Small Firms in India. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. Elsevier B. V.
Muendler, Marc-Andreas. 2002. "Trade, Technology, and Nicoletti, Giuseppe, Robert Haffner, Stephen Nickell, Stefano
Productivity: A Study of Brazilian Manufacturers." University Scarpetta, and Gylfi Zoega. 2001. "European Integration,
of California, San Diego. San Diego, CA. Processed. Liberalization and Labor-Market Performance." In Giuseppe
Mukherjee, Amitabba. 2002. "Lessons from Armenia's Institutional Bertola, Tito Boeri, and Giuseppe Nicoletti, eds., Welfare and
and Governance Review." Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Public Employment in a United Europe. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
Sector, PREM Note 76. Nicoletti, Giuseppe, and Stefano Scarpetta. 2003. "Regulation,
Muller, Jerry Z. 2002. The Mind and the Market: Capitalism in Productivity and Growth: OECD Evidence." Economic Policy
Modern European Thought. New York: Anchor Books. 18(36):9�51.
Mulligan, Casey. 2002. "Capital Tax Incidence: First Impressions Njoku, J. E., and P. C. Obasi. 1991. "Loan Repayment and its
from the Time Series." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Determinants Under the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme
Economic Research Working Paper Series 9374. in Imo State, Nigeria." Savings and Development 2:167�80.
233
Noland, Marcus, and Howard Pack. 2003. Industrial Policy in an Era --------. 2003d. Overview of Donor and Agency Policies in Trade-
of Globalization: Lessons from Asia. Washington, D.C.: Institute related Technical Assistance and Capacity Building. Paris:
for International Economics. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
North, Douglass C. 1993. "Institutions and Credible --------. 2003e. Public Sector Transparency and International
Commitment." Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics Investment Policy. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation
149(1):11�23. and Development.
North, Douglass C., and Barry R. Weingast. 1989. "Constitutions --------. 2003f. Tax Incentives for Research and Development:
and Commitment: The Evolution of Institutions Governing Trends and Issues. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation
Public Choice in Seventeenth-century England." Journal of and Development.
Economic History 49(4):803�32. --------. 2003g. The E-Government Imperative. Paris:
Norton, Seth W. 2002. "Population Growth, Economic Freedom, Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
and the Rule of Law." Montana: The Property and Environment OECD, and WTO. 2003. Second Joint WTO/OECD Report on
Research Center (PERC) Policy Series 24. Available on line at Trade-related Technical Assistance and Capacity Building. Paris and
http://www.perc.org/pdf/ps24.pdf. Geneva: World Trade Organization and Organization for
Nugent, Jeffrey B., and Seung-Jae Yhee. 2002. "Small and Medium Economic Co-operation and Development.
Enterprises in Korea: Achievements, Constraints and Policy OECD DAC. 2001. DAC Recommendation on Untying Official
Issues." Small Business Economics 18(1-3):85�119. Development Assistance to the Least Developed Countries. Paris:
O'Malley, Chris. 2004. "New Hope for a United Base." The Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Indianapolis Star, April 30. Development Assistance Committee.
Oates, Wallace E. 2001. "Fiscal Competition and Harmonization? --------. 2003. Development Cooperation Report 2002. Paris:
Some Reflections." National Tax Journal 54(3):507�12. Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
OECD. 1997a. Employment Outlook--1997. Paris: Organization Development Assistance Committee.
for Economic Co-operation and Development. --------. 2004. Development Cooperation Report 2003. Paris:
--------. 1997b. Regulatory Reform. Paris: Organization for Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
Economic Co-operation and Development. Development Assistance Committee.
--------. 1999a. Regulatory Reform in Japan. Paris: Organization Olivier de Sardan, J. P. 1999. "A Moral Economy of Corruption in
for Economic Co-operation and Development. Africa." Journal of Modern African Studies 37(1):25�52.
--------. 1999b. Regulatory Reform in Mexico. Paris: Organization Olofsg�rd, Anders F. 2004. "The Political Economy of Reform:
for Economic Co-operation and Development. Institutional Change as a Tool for Political Credibility."
--------. 2000a. International Trade and Core Labour Standards. Background paper for the WDR 2005.
Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Omran, Mohammed. 2003. "Privatization, State-Ownership, and
Development. Bank Performance in Egypt." Paper presented at the Bank
--------. 2000b. Regulatory Reform in Korea. Paris: Organization Privatization, World Bank Conference. Washington, D.C.
for Economic Co-operation and Development. November 20.
--------. 2001. Codes of Corporate Conduct: Expanded Review of Open Society Institute. 2002. Corruption and Anti-Corruption Policy
their Contents. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation in Lithuania. Monitoring the EU Accession Process: Corruption and
and Development. Anti-Corruption Policy. New York: Open Society Institute (OSI).
--------. 2002a. Agricultural Policies in OECD Countries: Ostrom, Elinor. 2000. "Collective Action and the Evolution of
Monitoring and Evaluation 2002. Paris: Organization for Social Norms." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(3):137�58.
Economic Co-operation and Development. Pack, Howard. 2000. "Industrial Policy: Growth Elixir or Poison."
--------. 2002b. Highlights of Public Sector Pay and Employment: World Bank Research Observer 15(1):47�67.
2002 Update. Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation Padilla, A. Jorge, and Marco Pagano. 2000. "Sharing Default
and Development. Information as a Borrower Discipline Device." European
--------. 2002c. Regulatory Policies in OECD Countries: From Economic Review 44(10):1951�80.
Interventionism to Regulatory Governance. Paris: Organization for Pag�s, Carmen, and Claudio E. Montenegro. 1999. "Job Security
Economic Co-operation and Development. and the Age Composition of Employment: Evidence from Chile."
--------. 2002d. Revenue Statistics 1965�2001:2002 Edition. Paris: Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development Bank, Office of
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. the Chief Economist Working Paper Series 398.
--------. 2003a. OECD Economic Surveys: Chile. Paris: Palmade, Vincent. 2004. "The Importance of Sector Level
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development. Perspective: Findings and Methodology of the McKinsey Global
--------. 2003b. OECD Investment Policy Reviews--China: Institute." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed.
Progress and Reform Challenges. Paris: Organization for Economic Panagariya, Arvind. 2000. "Evaluating the Case for Export
Co-operation and Development. Subsidies." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
--------. 2003c. "OECD/World Bank Budget Practices and Working Paper Series 2276.
Procedures Database". Paris, Organization for Economic Co-opera- --------. 2003. "India in the 1980s and 1990s: A Triumph of
tion and Development. Available on line at http://ocde.dyndns.org/. Reforms." Paper presented at the Tale of Two Giants: India's and
234 2005
China's Experience with Reform and Growth Conference. New Synthesis Report." Paris: OECD Development Centre, Technical
Delhi. November 14. Paper 168.
Parente, Stephen L., and Edward C. Prescott. 2000. Barriers to Pistor, Katharina, Yoram Keinan, Jan Kleinheisterkamp, and Mark
Riches. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. D. West. 2003. "Evolution of Corporate Law and the Transplant
Parra, Antonio. 2000. "Applicable Substantive Law in ICSID Effect." World Bank Research Observer 18(1):89�112.
Arbitrations Initiated under Investment Treaties." Paper pre- Pistor, Katherina. 2000. "Patterns of Legal Change: Shareholder and
sented at the New Trends in Governing Law Conference. Creditor Rights in Transition Economies." European Business
Washington, D.C. November 2. Organization Law Review 1(1):59�108.
Pattillo, Catherine. 1998. "Investment, Uncertainty, and Irreversibility Pistor, Katherina, Martin Raiser, and Stanislav Gelfer. 2000. "Law
in Ghana." IMF Staff Papers 45(3):522�53. and Finance in Transition Economies: Lessons from Six
Paulsson, Jan. 1996. "Dispute Resolution." In Robert Pritchard, ed., Countries." Economics of Transition 8(2):325�68.
Economic Development, Foreign Investment and Law. London, The Polinsky, Mitchell A., and Steven Shavell. 2000. "The Economic
Hague, and Boston: International Bar Association. Theory of Public Enforcement of Law." Journal of Economic
Paunovic, Igor. 2000. "Growth and Reforms in Latin America and Literature 38(1):45�76.
the Caribbean in the 1990s." Santiago de Chile: United Nations Pollitt, Michael G. 2003. "Electricity Reform in Chile and
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Argentina: Lessons for Developing Countries." Paper presented at
(ECLAC), Economic Development Division, Serie Reformas the Cambridge-MIT Institute Electricy Power Autumn Research
Econ�micas 70. Seminar. Cambridge, Mass. November 7.
Pavcnik, Nina. 2003. "Trade Liberalization, Exit, and Productivity Porter, Michael E. 1998. "Clusters and Competition: New Agendas
Improvements: Evidence from Chilean Plants." Review of for Companies, Governments, and Institutions." In Michael E.
Economic Studies 69(238):245�76. Porter, ed., On Competition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business
Peltzman, Sam. 1976. "Toward a more General Theory of Review.
Regulation." Journal of Law and Economics 19(2):211�40. --------. 2000. "Attitudes, Values, Beliefs, and the Microeconomics
Pender, John, Berhanu Gebremedhin, Samuel Benin, and Simeon of Prosperity." In Lawrence E. Harrison and Samuel P. Huntington,
Ehui. 2001. "Strategies for Sustainable Agricultural Development eds., Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress. New York,
in the Ethiopian Highlands." American Journal of Agricultural N.Y.: Basic Books.
Economics 83(5):1231�40. --------. 2003. "The Economic Performance of Regions."
Perkins, Dwight. 2000. "Law, Family Ties, and the East Asian Way Regional Studies 37(6-7):549�78.
of Business." In Lawrence Harrison and Samuel Huntington, Pound, Roscoe. 1959. Jurisprudence vol. III. Saint Paul, Minnesota:
eds., Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress. New West Publishing Company.
York: Basic Books. PPIAF. 2003. FY2003 Annual Report. Washington, D.C.: Public-
Persson, Torsten, and Guido Tabellini. 2000. "Double-edged Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility, World Bank.
Incentives: Institutions and Policy Coordination." In Gene M. PPIAF, and World Bank. 2002. Private Solutions for Infrastructure in
Grossman and Kenneth S. Rogoff, eds., Handbook of International Cambodia. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Economics Vol. 3. Amsterdam; New York and Oxford: Elsevier, Pritchett, Lant. 1997. "Divergence, Big Time." Journal of Economic
North-Holland. Perspectives 11(3):3�17.
Peters, Alan, and Peter Fisher. 2004. "The Failures of Economic --------. 2001. "Where Has All the Education Gone?" World
Development Incentives." Journal of the American Planning Bank Economic Review 15(3):367�91.
Association 70(1):27�37. --------. 2002. "Understanding Patterns of Economic Growth:
Philipsen, Niels J. 2003. "Overview of the Commission's Searching for Hills among Plateaus, Mountains, and Plains."
Stocktaking Exercise." Paper presented at the Liberal Professions World Bank Economic Review 14(2):231�50.
Conference. Brussels. October 28. --------. 2003. "Who is Not Poor? Proposing a Higher
Phillips, Charles F. Jr. 1993. The Regulation of Public Utilities: International Standard for Poverty." Washington, D.C.: Center
Theory and Practice (Third Edition). Arlington, V.A.: Public for Global Development Working Paper 33.
Utilities Reports. --------. 2004. "Reform is Like a Box of Chocolates:
Pierre, Ga�lle, and Stefano Scarpetta. 2004. "Do Employers' Understanding the Growth Disappointments and Surprises."
Perceptions Square with Actual Labor Regulations?" Background Kennedy School of Government, Harvard University. Cambridge,
paper for the WDR 2005. Mass. Processed.
--------. 2004. "How Labor Market Policy Can Combine Psacharopoulos, George, and Harry Anthony Patrinos. 2002.
Workers' Protection and Job Creation." Background paper for the "Returns to Investment in Education: A Further Update."
WDR 2005. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper
Pigou, Arthur C. 1932. The Economics of Welfare, 4th Edition. Series 2881.
London: MacMillan and Co. Ltd. Pursell, Gary. 2001. "Australian Experience with Local Content
Piore, Michael J., and Charles F. Sabel. 1984. The Second Industrial Programs in the Auto Industry: Some Lessons for India and
Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books. Other Developing Countries." Journal of World Trade
Pissarides, Christopher. 2000. "Human Capital and Growth: A 35(2):379�94.
235
Putnam, Robert D. 1988. "Diplomacy and Domestic Politics: Poor: Theory and Evidence. Baltimore, M.D.: Johns Hopkins
The Logic of Two-Level Games." International Organization University Press for the World Bank.
42(3):427�60. Rawlings, Laura B., Lynne. Sherburne-Benz, and Julie Van
Putnam, Robert D., Robert Leonardi, and Raffaella Y. Nanetti. Domelen. 2003. Evaluating Social Funds: A Cross-country Analysis
1993. Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy. of Community Investments. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Rawlings, Laura B., and Gloria M. Rubio. 2002. Evaluating the
Qian, Yingyi. 2003. "How Reform Worked in China." In Dani Impact of Conditional Cash Transfer Programs: Lessons from Latin
Rodrik, ed., In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Narratives on America. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Economic Growth. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. Raworth, Kate. 2004. Trading Away our Rights: Women Working in
Qiang, Christine Zhen-Wei, Alexander Pitt, and Seth Ayers. 2004. Global Supply Chains. Oxford: Oxfam International.
"Contribution of Information and Communication Technologies Ray, Amit S. 2004. "Managing Port Reforms in India: Case Study
to Growth." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Working Paper 24. of Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) Mumbai." Background
Rabin, Matthew. 1998. "Psychology and Economics." Journal of paper for the WDR 2005.
Economic Literature 36(1):11�46. Reardon, Thomas, Kostas Stamoulis, Mar�a Elena Cruz, Arsenio
Radelet, Steven. 1999. "Manufactured Exports, Export Platforms, Balisacan, Julio Berdegue, and Kimseyinga Savadogo. 1998.
and Economic Growth." Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Institute for "Diversification of Household Incomes into Non-Farm Sources:
International Development Consulting Assistance on Economic Patterns, Determinants and Effects." Paper presented at the
Reform II 43. IFPRI Conference: Strategies for Stimulating Growth of the
Radelet, Steven, and Jeffery Sachs. 1998. "Shipping Costs, Rural Non-Farm Economy in Developing Countries. Arlie
Manufactured Exports, and Economic Growth." Paper presented House, V.A. May 17.
at the American Economic Association Annual Meeting. Recanatini, Francesca, and Randi Ryterman. 2001. "Disorganization
Chicago, I.L. January 8. of Self-organization? The Emergence of Business Associations in a
Rajan, Raghuram G., and Luigi Zingales. 2003. Saving Capitalism Transition Economy." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed.
from the Capitalists: Unleashing the Power of Financial Markets to Regobeth, Christian, and Kofi Ahortor. 2003. "Regulatory Impact
Create Wealth and Spread Opportunity. New York: Crown Business. on Ghana." Paper presented at the Regulatory Impact Assessment:
Rama, Martin. 2002. "The Gender Implications of Public Sector Strengthening Regulation Policy and Practice Conference. Centre
Downsizing: The Reform Program of Vietnam." World Bank on Regulation and Competition, Manchester, U.K. November 23.
Research Observer 17(2):167�89. Reid, Neil, and Jay D. Gatrell. 2003. "Uncertainty, Incentives, and
--------. 2003. "Globalization and Workers in Developing the Preservation of an Industrial Icon: The Case of Toledo Jeep."
Countries." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research In Nicholas Phelps and Philip Raines, eds., The New Competition
Working Paper Series 2958. for Inward Investment: Companies, Institutions and Territorial
Rama, Martin, and Raquel Artecona. 2002. "A Database of Labor Development. Cheltenham, U.K.: Edward Elgar.
Market Indicators Across Countries." World Bank. Washington, Reinikka, Ritva, and Jakob Svensson. 1999. "Confronting
D.C. Processed. Competition: Investment Response and Constraints in
Ramamurti, Ravi. 1996. "The New Frontier of Privatization." In Uganda." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
Ravi Ramamurti, ed., Privatizing Monopolies: Lessons from the Working Paper Series 2242.
Telecommunications and Transport Sectors in Latin America. --------. 2002. "Coping with Poor Public Capital." Journal of
Baltimore, M.D.: Johns Hopkins University Press. Development Economics 69(1):51�69.
Ramey, Garey, and Valerie A. Ramey. 1995. "Cross-Country Reynolds, Paul D., William D. Bygrave, Erkko Autio, and others.
Evidence on the Link Between Volatility and Growth." American 2004. Global Entrepreneurship Monitor Global 2003 Executive
Economic Review 85(5):1138�51. Report. http://www.gemconsortium.org/: Global Entrepreneurship
Ratnam, V. 1999. Trade Unions in the Informal Sector: Finding their Monitor.
Bearings. Nine Country Papers. Geneva: International Labor Rhee, Yung Whee. 1990. "The Catalyst Model of Development:
Organization. Lessons from Bangladesh's Success with Garment Exports." World
Rauch, James E., and Vitor Trindade. 2002. "Ethnic Chinese Development 18(2):333�46.
Networks in International Trade." The Review of Economics and Roberts, Mark J., and James R. Tybout, eds. 1996. Industrial
Statistics 84(1):116�30. Evolution in Developing Countries. Washington, D.C.: Oxford
Ravallion, Martin. 2003a. "Measuring Aggregate Welfare in University Press for the World Bank.
Developing Countries: How Well do National Accounts and Robinson, James A. 1998. "Theories of `Bad Policy'." Journal of
Surveys Agree?" Review of Economics and Statistics 85(3):645�52. Policy Reform 2(1):1�46.
--------. 2003b. "Targeted Transfers in Poor Countries: Robinson, James A., and Thierry Verdier. 2002. "The Political
Revisiting the Trade-offs and Policy Options." Washington, D.C.: Economy of Clientelism." Paris: Centre for Economic Policy
World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 3048. Research, Discussion Paper Series 3205. Available on line at
Ravallion, Martin, and Gaurav Datt. 1995. "Is Targeting through a http://www.cepr.org/pubs/new-dps/dp_papers.htm.
Work Requirement Efficient?: Some Evidence from Rural India." Rodr�guez-Clare, Andr�s. 2001. "Costa Rica's Development Strategy
In D. van de Walle and K. Nead, eds., Public Spending and the Based on Human Capital and Technology: How it Got There, the
236 2005
Impact of Intel, and Lessons for Other Countries." Journal of Sala-i-Martin, Xavier, and Elsa Vila-Artadi. 2002. "Economic
Human Development 2(2):311�24. Growth and Investment in the Arab World." New York:
Rodrik, Dani. 1991. "Policy Uncertainty and Private Investment Columbia University, Department of Economics Discussion
in Developing Countries." Journal of Development Economics Paper Series 0203-08.
36(2):229�42. Samuel, Benin, and John Pender. 2002. "Impacts of Land
--------. 1997. Has Globalization Gone Too Far? Washington, Redistribution on Land Management and Productivity in the
D.C.: Institute for International Economics. Ethiopian Highlands." Addis Ababa: International Livestock
--------. 1999. The New Global Economy and Developing Research Institute, Working Paper 43.
Countries: Making Openness Work. Washington, D.C.: Overseas Sander, Cerstin. 2004. "Less is More: Better Compliance and
Developing Council. Increased Revenues by Streamlining Business Registration in
Rodrik, Dani, and Arvind Subramanian. 2004. "From `Hindu Uganda." Case Study Commissioned by the UK Department for
Growth' to Productivity Surge: The Mystery of the Indian Growth International Development for the 2005 World Development
Transition." Harvard University. Cambridge, Mass. Processed. Report.
Rodrik, Dani, Arvind Subramanian, and Francesco Trebbi. 2002. Sandmo, Agnar. 1976. "Optimal Taxation: An Introduction to the
Institutions Rule: The Primacy of Institutions over Geography and Literature." Journal of Public Economics 6(1-2):37�54.
Integration in Economic Development. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard Sapienza, Paola. 2004. "The Effect of Government Ownership on
University. Bank Lending." Journal of Financial Economics 72(2):357�84.
R�ller, Lars-Hendrik, and Leonard Waverman. 2001. "Telecommu- Saunders, Anthony, and Berry Wilson. 2002. "An Analysis of Bank
nications Infrastructure and Economic Development: A Simulta- Charter Value and Its Risk-Constraining Incentives." Journal of
neous Approach." American Economic Review 91(4):909�23. Financial Services Research 19(2-3):185�95.
Ros, Augustin J. 1999. "Does Ownership or Competition Matter?The Scarpetta, Stefano, and Eric Bartelsman. 2003. "Firm Dynamics
Effects of Telecommunications Reform on Network Expansion and in Developing Countries." World Bank. Washington, D.C.
Efficiency." Journal of Regulatory Economics 15(1):65�92. Processed.
Rosen, Harvey. 1995. Public Finance, 4th Edition. Chicago, I.L.: Scarpetta, Stefano, Philip Hemmings, Thierry Tressel, and Jaejoon
Irwin Publishers. Woo. 2002. "The Role of Policy and Institutions for
Rosenzweig, Mark R. 1995. "Why Are There Returns to Productivity and Firm Dynamics: Evidence from Micro and
Schooling?" American Economic Review 85(2):153�58. Industry Data." Paris: OECD Economics Department Working
Rosenzweig, Mark R., and Hans P. Binswanger. 1993. "Wealth, Paper 329. Available on line at http://www.olis.oecd.org/olis/
Weather Risk and the Composition and Profitability of 2002doc.nsf/linkto/eco-wkp(2002)15.
Agricultural Investments." Economic Journal 103(416):56�78. Scarpetta, Stefano, and Thierry Tressel. 2004. "Boosting
Ross, Michael L. 2001. "Does Oil Hinder Democracy?" World Productivity via Innovation and Adoption of New Technologies:
Politics 53(3):325�61. Any Role for Labor Market Institutions?" Washington, D.C.:
Rossiter, Clinton, ed. 1961. The Federalist Papers. New York City: World Bank Working Research Paper Series 3273.
New American Library. Sch�rf, Wilfried. 2001. "Community Justice and Community
Rossotto, Carlo Maria, Anat Lewin, Carlos Gomez, and Bj�rn Policing in Post-Apartheid South Africa." IDS Bulletin
Wellenius. 2003. "Competition in International Voice 32(1):74�82.
Communications." World Bank, Policy Paper of the Global Schiff, Maurice, and L. Alan Winters. 2003. Regional Integration and
Information and Communications Technology Department, Development. Washington, D.C. and Oxford: World Bank and
Policy Division. Washington, D.C. Processed. Oxford University Press.
Saavedra, Jaime, and M�ximo Torero. 2004. "Labor Market Reforms Schmukler, Sergio. 2003. "Financial Globalization: Gain and Pain for
and Their Impact on Formal Labor Demand and Job Market Developing Countries." World Bank. Washington DC. Processed.
Turnover: The Case of Peru." In James Heckman and Carmen Schneider, Friedrich. 2002. "Size and Measurement of the Informal
Pag�s, eds., Law and Employment: Lessons from Latin America and Economy in 110 Countries Around the World." Paper presented
the Caribbean. Cambridge, M.A. and Chicago, I.L.: National at the Workshop of Australian National Tax Centre, ANU.
Bureau of Economic Research and University of Chicago. Canberra, Australia. July 17.
Saavedra, Jaime. 2003. "Labor Markets during the 1990's." In Pedro- Schor, Adriana. Forthcoming. "Productivity, Embodied Technology
Pablo Kuczynski and John Williamson, eds., After the Washington and Heterogeneous Responses to Tariff Reduction: Evidence from
Consensus: Restarting Growth and Reform in Latin America. Brazilian Manufacturing Firms." Journal of Development Economics.
Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics. Schrank, Andrew. 2001. "Export Processing Zones: Free Market
Sachs, Jeffrey, and Andrew M. Warner. 2001. "The Curse of Natural Islands or Bridges to Structural Transformation." Development
Resources." European Economic Review 45(4-6):827�38. Policy Review 19(2):223�42.
Sachs, Jeffrey D. 2003. "Institutions Don't Rule: Direct Effects of Schreiner, Mark, and Jacob Yaron. 2001. Development Finance
Geography On Per Capita Income." Cambridge, Mass.: National Institutions: Measuring their Subsidy. Washington, D.C.: World
Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series 9490. Bank.
Sader, Frank. 2003. "Do `One-Stop' Shops Work?" World Bank. Schulpen, Lau, and Peter Gibbon. 2002. "Private Sector Development:
Washington, D.C. Processed. Policies, Practices and Problems." World Development 30(1):1�15.
237
Schumpeter, Joseph. 1942. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. Smarzynska, Beata. 2002. "Does Foreign Direct Investment
New York: Harper & Row. Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of
Scott, Allen J., and Michael Storper. 2003. "Regions, Globalization, Spillovers through Backward Linkages." Washington, D.C.:
Development." Regional Studies 37(6-7):579�93. World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2923.
Sedlacek, Guilherme, Nadeem Ilahi, and Emily Gustafsson-Wright. Smith, Gare, and Dan Feldman. 2003. Company Codes of Conduct
2000. "Targeted Conditional Transfer Programs in Latin America: and International Standards: An Analytical Comparison, Part I
An Early Survey." World Bank Report Prepared for the Regional and II. Washington, D.C.: World Bank and International Finance
Study on "Securing our Future". Washington, D.C. Processed. Corporation.
Sereno, Lourdes Ma, Emmanuel de Dios, and Joseph J. Capuano. Smith, Heather. 2000. Industry Policy in Taiwan and Korea in the
2001. "Justice and the Social Cost of Doing Business: The Case 1980s: Winning with the Market. Northampton, Mass.: Edward
of Philippines." World Bank. Manila, Philippines. Processed. Elgar Publishing.
Serven, Luis. 1997. "Uncertainty, Instability, and Irreversible Smith, Warrick. 1997a. "Covering Political and Regulatory Risks:
Investment: Theory, Evidence, and Lessons for Africa." Issues and Options for Private Infrastructure Arrangements." In
Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Timothy Irwin, Michael Klein, Guillermo E. Perry, and Mateen
Series 1722. Thobani, eds., Dealing with Public Risk in Private Infrastructure.
Shah, Anwar, ed. 1995a. Fiscal Incentives for Investment and Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Innovation. New York: Oxford University Press. --------. 1997b. "Utility Regulators: The Independence Debate."
--------. 1995b. "Research and Development Investment, Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Public Policy for the Private
Industrial Structure, Economic Performance, and Tax Policies." In Sector Note 127.
Anwar Shah, ed., Fiscal Incentives for Investment and Innovation. Solow, Robert. 1957. "Technical Change and the Aggregate
New York: Oxford University Press. Production Function." Review of Economics and Statistics
Shah, Anwar, and John Baffes. 1995. "Do Tax Policies Stimulate 39(3):312�30.
Investment in Physical and R&D Capital?" In Anwar Shah, ed., S�lvell, �rjan, G�ran Lindqvist, and Christian Ketels. 2003. The
Fiscal Incentives for Investment and Innovation. New York: Oxford Cluster Initiative Greenbook. Stockholm: Ivory Tower AB.
University Press. Spar, Deborah. 1998. "Attracting High Technology Investment:
Shah, Hemant. 1997. "Toward Better Regulation of Private Pension Intel's Costa Rica Plant." Washington, D.C.: World Bank,
Funds." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Foreign Investment Advisory Service, Occasional Paper 11.
Paper Series 1791. Spiller, Pablo, and Cezley I. Sampson. 1996. "Regulating Tele-
Shavell, Steven. 2004. Foundations of Economic Analysis of Law. communications in Jamaica." In Brian Levy and Pablo T. Spiller,
Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. eds., Regulations, Institutions, and Commitment: Comparative
Sherman, Lawrence W., Denise C. Gottfredson, Doris L. Studies of Telecommunications. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge
MacKenzie, John Eck, Peter Reuter, and Shawn D. Bushway. University Press.
1998. Preventing Crime: What Works, What Doesn't, What's Spiller, Pablo T., and William Savedoff. 1999. "Commitment and
Promising: A Report to the U.S. Congress. Washington, D.C.: Governance in Infrastructure." In Federico Basa�es, Evamar�a
National Institute of Justice. Uribe, and Robert Willig, eds., Can Privatization Deliver?
Shihata, Ibrahim. 1986. "Towards a Greater Depolitization of Infrastructure for Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Inter-
Investment Disputes: The Roles of ICSID and MIGA." ICSID American Development Bank.
Review�Foreign Investment Law Journal 1(1):1�25. Srinivas, P. S., Edward Whitehouse, and Juan Yermo. 2000.
Shirley, Mary, and Patrick Walsh. 2000. "Public versus Private "Regulating Private Pension Funds' Structure, Performance and
Ownership: The Current State of the Debate." Washington, Investments: Cross-country Evidence." Washington, D.C.:
D.C.: World Bank Policy Research Working Paper Series 2420. World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper 113.
Shleifer, Andrei, and Daniel Wolfenzohn. 2002. "Investor Protection Staiger, Robert W., and Guido Tabellini. 1999. "Do GATT Rules
and Equity Markets." Journal of Financial Economics 66(1):3�27. Help Governments Make Domestic Commitments?" Economics
Siamwalla, Ammar. 1993. "The Thai Rural Credit System and and Politics 11(2):109�44.
Elements of a Theory: Public Subsidies, Private Information, and Stanchev, Krassen. 2003. "Applicable RIA Instruments in an
Segmented Markets." In Avishay Braverman, Karla Hoff, and Immature Administrative Environment: The Bulgarian
Joseph E. Stiglitz, eds., The Economics of Rural Organization: Experience." Paper presented at the Regulatory Impact
Theory, Practice, and Policy. New York: Oxford University Press for Assessment: Best Practices and Lesson-drawing in Europe
the World Bank. Conference. Sofia, Bulgaria. February 27.
Sidak, Gregory J., and William J. Baumol. 1995. Transmission Stanfield, David, Edgar Nesman, Mitchell Seligson, and Alexander
Pricing and Stranded Costs in the Electric Power Industry. Coles. 1990. "The Honduran Land Titling and Registration
Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. Experience." University of Wisconsin, Land Tenure Center.
Siebert, Horst, ed. 2003. Global Governance: An Architecture for the Madison, Wisconsin. Processed.
World Economy. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York: Springer. Stasavage, David. 2002. "Private Investment and Political
Slemrod, Joel. 1990. "Optimal Taxation and Optimal Tax Systems." Institutions." Economics and Politics 14(1):41�63.
Journal of Economic Perspectives 4(1):157�78. Stephan, Paul B. 1999. "The Futility of Unification and
238 2005
Harmonization of International Commercial Law." Virginia Narratives on Economic Growth. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton
Journal of International Law 39(3):743�97. University Press.
Stephenson, Matthew. 2003. "When the Devil Turns: The Political Sutton, John. 2002. "Rich Trades, Scarce Capabilities: Industrial
Foundations of Independent Judicial Review." Journal of Legal Development Reconsidered." Economic and Social Review
Studies 32(1):59�90. 33(1):1�22.
Stern, Nicholas, Jean-Jacques Dethier, and Halsey Rogers. 2004. Sutton, Willie. 1976. Where the Money Was: The Memoirs of a Bank
"Growth and Empowerment: Making Development Happen." Robber. New York: Viking Press.
World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. Svensson, Jakob. 1998. "Investment, Property Rights and Political
Stern, Nicholas H. 2002. A Strategy for Development. Washington, Instability: Theory and Evidence." European Economic Review
D.C.: World Bank. 42(7):1317�41.
Stigler, George. 1975. The Citizen and the State: Essays on Regulation. Tabor, Steven R. 2002. "Assisting the Poor with Cash: Design and
Chicago, I.L.: University of Chicago Press. Implementation of Social Transfer Programs." Washington, D.C.:
Stigler, George, and Gary S. Becker. 1977. "De Gustibus Non Est World Bank Social Protection Discussion Paper Series 0223.
Disputandum." American Economic Review 67(2):76�90. Taliercio Jr., Robert. 2001. "Raising Revenues and Raising Hackles:
Stigler, George J. 1971. "The Theory of Economic Regulation." Bell The Problem of Semi-Autonomous Tax Agencies in Developing
Journal of Economics and Management Science 2(1):3�21. Countries." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed.
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1989. "Markets, Market Failures, and --------. 2003a. "Administrative Reform as Credible
Development." American Economic Review 79(2):197�203. Commitment: The Impact of Autonomy of Revenue Authority
Stiglitz, Joseph E. 1999a. "Bankruptcy Laws: Some Elementary Performance in Latin America." World Bank. Washington,
Economic Principles." Paper presented at the Annual World Bank D.C. Processed.
Conference on Development Economics. Paris. June 21. --------. 2003b. "Designing Performance: The Semi-
--------. 1999b. "On Liberty, the Right to Know, and Public Autonomous Revenue Authority Model in Africa and Latin
Discourse: The Role of Transparency in Public Life." Paper pre- America." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed.
sented at the Oxford Amnesty Lecture. Oxford, U.K. January 27. Tan, Eng Pheng. 2004. "The Singapore E-Government
Stiglitz, Joseph E., and Partha Dasgupta. 1971. "Differential Experience." Paper presented at the I Foro Internacional: Hacia
Taxation, Public Goods and Economic Efficiency." Review of una Sociedad Digital. Panam� City, Panam�. April 6.
Economic Studies 38(114):151�74. Tanzi, Vito. 1995. "Fiscal Federalism and Decentralization:
Stiglitz, Joseph E., and Michael Rothschild. 1976. "Equilibrium in A Review of Some Efficiency and Macroeconomic Aspects."
Competitive Insurance Markets: The Economics of Markets with Paper presented at the World Bank Conference on Development
Imperfect Information." Quarterly Journal of Economics 90(4): Economics. Washington, D.C.
629�49. Tanzi, Vito, and Hamid Davoodi. 1997. "Corruption, Public
Stiglitz, Joseph E., and Andrew Weiss. 1981. "Credit Rationing in Investment, and Growth." Washington, D.C.: International
Markets with Imperfect Information." American Economic Review Monetary Fund Working Paper WP/97/139.
71(3):393�410. --------. 1998. "Roads to Nowhere: How Corruption in Public
Stiglitz, Joseph E., and Shahid Yusuf, eds. 2001. Rethinking the East Investment Hurts Growth." Washington, D.C.: International
Asian Miracle. Washington, D.C.: World Bank and Oxford Monetary Fund Economic Issues 12.
University Press. Tanzi, Vito, and Howell H. Zee. 2001. "Tax Policy for Developing
Stijns, Jean-Philippe C. 2000. "Natural Resource Abundance and Countries." Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund,
Economic Growth Revisited." University of California. Berkeley, Economic Issues 27.
Calif. Processed. Taylor, Alan M. 1996. "On the Costs of Inward Looking
Stoica, Christina I., and Valeriu Stoica. 2002. "Romania's Legal Development: Historical Perspectives on Price Distortions,
Regime for Security Interests in Personal Property." Law in Growth, and Divergence in Latin America from the 1930s to the
Transition Spring: 62�6. 1980s." Cambridge, Mass.: National Bureau of Economic
Stone, Christopher E., and Heather H. Ward. 2000. "Democratic Research Working Paper Series 5432.
Policing: A Framework for Action." Policing and Society Teklu, Tesfaye, and Sisay Asefa. 1999. "Who Participates in Labor-
10(1):11�12. Intensive Public Works in Sub-saharan Africa? Evidence from
Subbarao, Kalanidhi. 1997. "Public Works as an Anti-poverty Rural Botswana and Kenya." World Development 27(2):431�38.
Program: An Overview of Cross-country Experience." American Tendler, Judith. 2002. "The Economic Wars Between the States."
Journal of Agricultural Economics 79(2):678�83. Paper presented at the OECD/State Government of Cear�
Subbarao, Kalanidhi, Ahhtes Ahmed, and Tesfaye Teklu. 1995. Meeting on Foreign Direct Investment and Regional
"Philippines: Social Safety Net Programs: Targeting, Cost-effec- Development. Fortaleza, Brasil. December 12.
tiveness and Options for Reform." Washington, D.C.: World Thaler, Richard H. 1993. The Winner's Curse: Paradoxes and
Bank Poverty and Social Policy Discussion Paper 77. Anomalies of Economic Life. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University
Subramanian, Arvind, and Devesh Roy. 2003. "Who Can Press.
Explain the Mauritian Miracle?: Meade, Romer, Sachs, or --------. 2000. "From Homo Economicus to Homo Sapiens."
Rodrik?" In Dani Rodrik, ed., In Search of Prosperity: Analytic Journal of Economic Perspectives 14(1):133�41.
239
The Economist. 1999. "Sweatshop Wars." The Economist, Transition. 2003. "Russia's Unpopular Billionaires on Forbes' List."
February 25. Transition 14:14�15.
--------. 2001. "How Countries go High-Tech." The Economist, Transparency International. 2004. Global Corruption Report. Berlin:
December 28. Transparency International.
--------. 2002a. "Digging Deep: Anglo American Offers AIDS Transparency International Bangladesh. 2002. Corruption in
Drugs to All Its Employees." The Economist, August 8. Bangladesh: A Household Survey. Dakka: Transparency
--------. 2002b. "Enlisting Gamblers." The Economist, International Bangladesh. Available on line at http://www.ti-
September 26. bangladesh.org/.
--------. 2002c. Globalisation--Making Sense of an Integrating Treisman, Daniel. 2000. "The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-
World. London, UK: Economist Books. National Study." Journal of Public Economics 76(3):399�457.
--------. 2003a. "Into Africa: Investing in Angola." The Tropin, Mitchell. 2003. Transfer Pricing: Special Report. Washington,
Economist, June 12. D.C.: Tax Management, Bureau of National Affairs.
--------. 2003b. "Never Had it so Good." The Economist, Trujillo, Lourdes, and Tomas Serebrisky. 2003. "Market Power:
September 11. Ports: A Case Study of Postprivatization Mergers." Washington,
--------. 2003c. "The Diaspora is `Discovered'." The Economist, D.C.: World Bank Public Policy for the Private Sector Note 260.
February 23. Tullock, Gordon. 1983. Economics of Income Distribution. Boston:
The Mitchell Group Inc. 2003. Promoting Competitiveness in Kluwer-Nijhoff.
Practice: An Assessment of Cluster-based Approaches. Washington, Tybout, James R. 2003. "Plant- and Firm-Level Evidence on `New'
D.C.: The Mitchell Group Inc., prepared for the U.S. Agency for Trade Theories." In E. Kwan Choi and James Harrigan, eds.,
International Development. Handbook of International Trade. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell
The Pew Global Attitudes Project. 2003. Views of a Changing Publishers.
World. Washington, D.C.: The Pew Research Center for the Uchitelle, Louis. 2003. "States Pay for Jobs, but it Doesn't Always
People & the Press. Available on line at http://people- Pay Off." The New York Times, November 10.
press.org/reports/pdf/185.pdf. UNAIDS. 2003. AIDS Epidemic Update 2003. New York: Joint
Tiebout, Charles M. 1956. "A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures." United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS.
Journal of Political Economy 64(5):416�24. UNCTAD. 1996. Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment. Geneva,
Tomkins, Ray. 2001. "Extending Rural Electrification: A Survey of New York: United Nations Conference on Trade and
Innovative Schemes." In Penelope J. Brook and Suzanne M. Development.
Smith, eds., Contracting for Public Services: Output-based Aid and --------. 1998. Bilateral Investment Treaties in the Mid-1990s.
Its Applications. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. New York and Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and
Tommasi, Mariano. 2002. "Crisis, Political Institutions, and Policy Development.
Reform: It is not the Policy, it is the Polity, Stupid." Paper present- --------. 2000a. A Positive Agenda for Developing Countries: Issues
ed at the Annual World Bank Conference on Development for Future Trade Negotiations. New York and Geneva: United
Economics. Oslo. June 22. Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
Tooley, James. 1999. The Global Education Industry: Lessons from --------. 2000b. Bilateral Investment Treaties 1959�1999. New
Private Education in Developing Countries. London, U.K.: IEA York and Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and
Education and Training Unit in association with the International Development. Available on line at http://www.unctad.org/en/
Finance Corporation. docs/poiteiiad2.en.pdf.
Topalova, Petia. 2003. "Trade Liberalization and Firm Productivity: --------. 2000c. "Tax Incentives and Foreign Direct Investment:
The Case of India." Massachusetts Institute of Technology. A Global Survey." Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade
Cambridge, Mass. Processed. and Development ASIT Advisory Studies 16. Available on line at
Topel, Robert. 1999. "Labor Markets and Economic Growth." In http://www.unctad.org/en/ docs//iteipcmisc3_en.pdf.
Orley Ashenfelter and David Card, eds., Handbook of Labor --------. 2001a. Social Responsibility. New York and Geneva:
Economics (Volume 3C). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
Tornell, Aaron, and Philip R. Lane. 1999. "The Voracity Effect." Available on line at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//psiteiitd22.
American Economic Review 89(1):22�46. en.pdf.
Torstensson, Johan. 1994. "Property Rights and Economic Growth: --------. 2001b. World Investment Report 2001: Promoting
An Empricial Study." Kyklos 47(2):231�47. Linkages. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and
Townsend, Robert M., and Jacob Yaron. 2001. "The Credit Risk- Development. Available on line at http://www.unctad.org/
Contingency System of an Asian Development Bank." Federal Templates/WebFlyer.asp?intItemID=2434&lang=1.
Reserve Bank of Chicago Economic Perspectives 25(3):31�48. --------. 2002a. Investment Policy Review. Botswana. Geneva:
Trajtenberg, Manuel. 2002. "Government Support for Commercial United Nations Conference on Trade and Development.
R&D: Lessons from the Israeli Experience." Innovation Policy and Available on line at http://www.unctad.org/Templates/WebFlyer.
the Economy 2(1):79�134. asp?intItemID=2811&lang=1.
Tranberg Hansen, Karen. 2000. Salaula: The World of Secondhand --------. 2002b. World Investment Report 2002: Transnational
Clothing in Zambia. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Corporations and Export Competitiveness. Geneva: United Nations
240 2005
Conference on Trade and Development. Available on line at 2000, AIDS: The Greatest Leadership Challenge. Addis Ababa,
http://www.unctad.org/Templates/WebFlyer.asp?intItemID= Ethiopia. December 3.
2399&lang=1. Ur�zar H., Carmen, and Sigfrido Lee. 2003. "The Effects of Unions
--------. 2003a. Dispute Settlement: Investor-state. Geneva: United on Productivity: Evidence from Large Coffee Producers in
Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Guatemala." Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development
--------. 2003b. Foreign Direct Investment and Performance Bank, Research Department Working Paper R-473.
Requirements: New Evidence from Selected Countries. New York Van de Walle, Dominique. 2003. "Are Returns to Investment Lower
and Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and for the Poor? Human and Physical Capital Interactions in Rural
Development. Available on line at http://www.unctad.org/ Vietnam." Review of Development Economics 7(4):636�53.
Templates/webflyer.asp?docid=4378&intItemID=1397&lang=1. Van der Walt, A. J. 1999. "Reducing Regulatory Risk in
--------. 2003c. Investment and Technology Policies for Infrastructure by Requiring Compensation for Regulatory
Competitiveness: Review of Successful Country Experiences. New Takings: A Comparative Perspective." Paper presented at the
York and Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Private Infrastructure for Development, International Conference.
Development Technology for Development Series. Available on Rome, Italy. September 10.
line at http://www.unctad.org/en/docs//iteipc20032_en.pdf. Van Rijckeghem, Caroline, and Beatrice Weder. 2001. "Bureaucratic
--------. 2003d. "Model Law on Competition." Geneva, Corruption and the Rate of Temptation: Do Wages in the Civil
Switzerland: United Nations Conference on Trade and Service Affect Corruption, and by How Much?" Journal of
Development Series on Issues in Competition Law and Policy Development Economics 65(2):307�31.
TD/B/RBP/CONF.5/7/Rev.1. Varshney, Ashutoth. 1998. "Mass Politics or Elite Politics? India's
--------. 2003e. World Investment Report 2003: FDI Policies for Economic Reforms in Comparative Perspective." Journal of Policy
Development National and International Perspectives. Geneva: Reform 2(4):301�35.
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Velde, Dirk Willem te. 2001. Policies Towards Foreign Direct
Available on line at http://www.unctad.org/Templates/WebFlyer. Investment in Developing Countries: Emerging Best-practices and
asp?intItemID=2979&lang=1. Outstanding Issues. London: Overseas Development Institute.
UNCTAD, and WTO. 2000. The Post-Uruguay Round Tariff Vernon, Raymond. 1971. Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational
Environment for Developing Country Exports: Tariff Peaks and Tariff Spread of U.S. Enterprises. New York: Basic Books.
Escalation. Geneva: United Nations Conference on Trade and Villadeces, Andr�s, Peter Cummings, Victoria E. Espitia, Thomas
Development and World Trade Organization. D. Koepsell, Barbara McKnight, and Arthur L. Kellermann. 2000.
Unite, Angelo A., and Michael J. Sullivan. 2003. "The Effect of "Effect of a Ban on Carrying Firearms on Homicide Rates in Two
Foreign Entry and Ownership Structure on the Philippine Colombian Cities." Journal of the American Medical Association
Domestic Banking Sector." Journal of Banking and Finance 283:1205�9.
27(12):2323�45. Vilpisauskas, Ramunas. 2003. "The Introduction of Regulatory
United Kingdom�DFID. 2001. Untying Aid. London: Department Impact Assessment in Lithuania: From Contributing to EU
for International Development. Accession to Improving the Performance of Public
--------. 2004. What is Pro-Poor Growth and Why Do We Need to Administration." Paper presented at the Politics of Regulatory
Know? London: Department for International Development. Impact Assessment: Best Practices and Lesson-drawing in Europe
United Nations. 2000. The World's Women 2000: Trends and Conference. Sofia, Bulgaria. February 27.
Statistics. New York: United Nations. Available on line at Vittas, Dimitri, and Yoon Je Cho. 1995. "Credit Policies: Lessons
http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/ww2000/. from East Asia." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Policy Research
--------. 2002a. International Migration Report 2002. New York: Working Paper Series 1458.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Vodopivec, Milan. 2004. Income Support for the Unemployed: Issues
Population Division. and Options. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
--------. 2002b. World Population Prospects: The 2002 Revision Volkov, Vadim. 2002. Violent Entrepreneurs: The Use of Force in the
Population Database. New York: United Nations Department of Making of Russian Capitalism. New York: Cornell University
Economic and Social Affairs Population Division. Press.
United Nations�Habitat. 2003. The Challenge of Slums: Global Report Waelde, Thomas W., and George Ndi. 1996. "Stabilizing
on Human Settlements 2003. London: Earthscan Publications International Investment Commitments: International Law ver-
Limited. sus Contract Interpretation." Texas International Law Journal
United Nations Commission on the Private Sector and 31(2):216�67.
Development. 2004. Report to the Secretary-General of the Waller, Irwin, and Daniel Sanfacon. 2000. "Investing Wisely in
United Nations. Unleashing Entrepreneurship: Making Business Crime Prevention: International Experiences." Washington,
Work for the Poor. New York: United Nations Development D.C.: Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Bureau
Program. of Justice Assistance, Monograph 1.
United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. 2000. Wallsten, Scott. 2001. "An Econometric Analysis of Telecom
"HIV/AIDS and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Competition, Privatization, and Regulation in Africa and Latin
Africa." Paper presented at the African Development Forum America." Journal of Industrial Economics 49(1):1�19.
241
--------. 2003. "Privatizing Monopolies in Developing Williamson, Oliver E. 1996. "The Institutions and Governance of
Countries: The Real Effects of Exclusivity Periods." Washington, Economic Development and Reform." In Oliver E. Williamson,
D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies 03-17. ed., Mechanisms of Governance. New York: Oxford University Press.
--------. 2004. "The Role of Government in Regional Willig, Robert. 1999. "Economic Principles to Guide Post-privatiza-
Technology Development: The Effects of Science Parks and tion Governance." In Federico Basa�es, Evamar�a Uribe, and
Public Venture Capital." In Timothy Bresnahan and Alfonso Robert Willig, eds., Can Privatization Deliver? Infrastructure for
Gambardella, eds., Building High-Tech Clusters: Sillicon Valley and Latin America. Washington, D.C.: Inter-American Development
Beyond. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. Bank.
Warner, Mark A. 2000. "The Potential for Restraint Through an Wilson, James Q. 1991. On Character. Washington, D.C.:
International Charter for FDI." In Paul Collier and Catherine American Enterprise Institute.
Patillo, eds., Investment and Risk in Africa. Basingtone: McMillan. Wilson, John Douglas. 1999. "Theories of Tax Competition."
Webb-Vidal, Andy. 2001. "New York Supercop Takes a Crack at National Tax Journal 52(2):269�304.
Caracas." Financial Times, March 22. Winston, Clifford. 1993. "Economic Deregulation: Days of
Wedel, Paul. 2002. Southeast Asia Competitiveness Programs: Reckoning for Microeconomists." Journal of Economic Literature
Thailand. Bangkok: Kenan Institute Asia. 31(3):1263�89.
Weder, Beatrice, and Mirjam Schiffer. 2000. "Catastrophic Political Winter-Ebmer, Rudolph. 2001. "Long-term Consequences of an
Risk versus Creeping Expropriation: A Cross-Country Analysis of Innovative Redundancy-retraining Project: The Austrian Steel
Risks in Private Infrastructure Financing in Emerging Markets." Foundation." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Social Protection
University of Basel. Basel, Switzerland. Processed. Discussion Paper 0103.
Weingast, Barry R. 1995. "The Economic Role of Political Winters, Alan, Neil McCulloch, and Andrew McKay. 2004. "Trade
Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Liberalization and Poverty: The Evidence so Far." Journal of
Development." Journal of Law, Economics, and Organization Economic Literature 42(1):72�115.
11(1):1�31. Wintrobe, Ronald. 1998. The Political Economy of Dictatorship.
Weiss, Ricardo. 2002. "Advances in Corporate Governance in Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Brazil." Institutional Investor 36(9): B16�B16. Wodon, Quentin, Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad, and Corinne Siaens.
Wellenius, Bj�rn. 1997a. "Extending Telecommunications Service 2003. "Lifeline or Means-testing? Electric Utility Subsidies in
to Rural Areas--The Chilean Experience: Awarding Subsidies Honduras." In Penelope J. Brook and Timothy C. Irwin, eds.,
Through Competitive Bidding." Washington, D.C.: World Bank Infrastructure for Poor People: Public Policy for Private Provision.
Public Policy for the Private Sector Note 105. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
--------. 1997b. "Telecommunications Reform-How to Succeed." Wolfensohn, James D. 1998. The Other Crisis: Address to the Board
Washington, D.C.: World Bank Public Policy for the Private of Governors. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Sector Note 130. Wolman, Harold. 1988. "Local Economic Development Policy:
Wells Jr., Louis T., and Eric S. Gleason. 1995. "Is Foreign What Explains the Divergence Between Policy Analysis and
Infrastructure Investment Still Risky?" Harvard Business Review Political Behavior." Journal of Urban Affairs 10(1):19�28.
Sept.�Oct.:44�54. Wong, Poh-Kam, and Chee-Yueng Ng, eds. 2001. Industrial Policy,
Wells, Louis T. Jr., Nancy J. Allen, Jacques Morisset, and Neda Innovation and Economic Growth: The Experience of Japan and the
Pirnia. 2001. "Using Tax Incentives to Compete for Foreign Asian NIEs. Singapore: Singapore University Press.
Investment: Are They Worth the Cost?" Washington, D.C.: Woo-Cumings, Meredith. 2001. "Miracle as Prologue: The State
Foreign Investment Advisory Service Occasional Paper 15. and the Reform of the Corporate Sector in Korea." In Joseph E.
West, Gerard T. 2001. "Comment on Securitizing Political Risk Stiglitz and Shahid Yusuf, eds., Rethinking East Asia. Washington,
Insurance." In Theodore H. Moran, ed., International Political D.C.: Oxford University Press for the World Bank.
Risk Management: Exploring New Frontiers. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 1989. World Development Report 1989. Financial
World Bank�MIGA. Systems and Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
Westphal, Larry E. 2002. "Technology Strategies for Economic --------. 1993. The East Asian Miracle: Economic Growth and
Development in a Fast Changing Global Economy." Economics of Public Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Innovation and New Technology 11(4-5):275�320. --------. 1994a. Mexico: Agricultural Sector Memorandum.
Wheeler, David. 2001. "Racing to the Bottom? Foreign Investment Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Natural Resources and Poverty
and Air Pollution in Developing Countries." Journal of Division, Latin America and Caribbean Regional Office, Country
Environment and Development 10(3):225�45. Department II.
White, Lawrence J. 1996. "Competition versus Harmonization: --------. 1994b. World Development Report 1994: Infrastructure
An Overview of International Regulation of Financial Services." for Development. New York: Oxford University Press.
In Claude E. Barfield, ed., International Financial Markets: --------. 1995a. World Bank Policy Research Report. Bureaucrats in
Harmonization Versus Competition. Washington, D.C.: AEI Press. Business: The Economics and Politics of Government Ownership.
Wild, Volker. 1997. Profit Not For Profit's Sake: History & Business New York: Oxford University Press.
Culture of African Entrepreneurs in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: --------. 1995b. World Development Report 1995: Workers in an
Baobab Books. Integrating World. New York: Oxford University Press.
242 2005
--------. 1996a. Morocco-Socioeconomic Influence of Rural Roads: --------. 2003e. Lifelong Learning in the Global Knowledge
Fourth Highway Project. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Economy: Challenges for Developing Countries. A World Bank
Operations Evaluation Department. Report. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
--------. 1996b. World Development Report 1996: From Plan to --------. 2003f. Nicaragua Land Policy and Administration:
Market. New York: Oxford University Press. Toward a More Secure Property Rights Regime. Report 26683-NI.
--------. 1997. World Development Report 1997: The State in a Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
Changing World. New York: Oxford University Press. --------. 2003g. Peru. Microeconomic Constraints to Growth: The
--------. 1998a. Assessing Aid: What Works, What Doesn't and Why. Evidence from the Manufacturing Sector. Washington, D.C.: World
New York: Oxford University Press. Bank.
--------. 1998b. Project Appraisal Document: Ghana Trade and --------. 2003h. "Productivity and Investment Climate Survey".
Investment Gateway Project. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Washington, D.C., World Bank.
--------. 2000a. Bolivia: From Patronage to a Profesional State. --------. 2003i. Rural Financial Services: Implementing the Bank's
Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Strategy to Reach the Rural Poor. Report 26030. Washington,
--------. 2000b. Chad/Cameroon Petroleum Development and D.C.: World Bank, Agriculture and Rural Development
Pipeline Project (Annex 11). Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Department.
Available on line at http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ccproj/proj- --------. 2003j. The Russian Labor Market: Moving from Crisis to
ect/pro_document.htm. Recovery. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
--------. 2000c. Reforming Public Institutions and Strengthening --------. 2003k. Towards Country-Led Development: A Multi-part-
Governance. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Public Sector Group, ner Evaluation of the Comprehensive Development Framework.
Poverty Reduction and Economic Management (PREM) Network. Synthesis Report. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
--------. 2001a. Adjustment Lending Retrospective. Washington, --------. 2003l. World Bank Group Private Sector Development
D.C.: World Bank, Operations Policy and Country Services. Strategy Implementation Progress Report. Washington, D.C.:
--------. 2001b. Poland Labor Market Study: The Challenge of Job World Bank.
Creation. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. --------. 2003m. World Bank Policy Research Report 2003.
--------. 2001c. Social Protection Sector Strategy: From Safety Net Breaking the Conflict Trap: Civil War and Development Policy. New
to Springboard. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. York: Oxford University Press.
--------. 2001d. Uganda. Country Assistance Evaluation: Policy, --------. 2003n. World Bank Policy Research Report 2003. Land
Participation, People. Washington, D.C.: World Bank, Operations Policies for Growth and Poverty Reduction. New York: Oxford
Evaluation Department. University Press.
--------. 2001e. "World Bank Group Activities in the Extractive --------. 2003o. World Development Report 2003: Sustainable
Industries." World Bank. Washington, D.C. Processed. Development in a Dynamic World. New York: Oxford University
--------. 2001f. World Bank Policy Research Report 2001. Finance Press.
for Growth: Policy Choices in a Volatile World. New York: Oxford --------. 2003p. World Development Report 2004: Making Services
University Press. Work for Poor People. New York: Oxford University Press.
--------. 2001g. World Bank Policy Research Report 2001: --------. 2004a. 2003 Annual Review of Development
Engendering Development Through Gender Equality In Rights, Effectiveness: The Effectiveness of Bank Support for Policy Reform.
Resources And Voice. New York: Oxford University Press. Report 28290. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Operations
--------. 2002a. Brazil Jobs Report 24480-BR. Washington, D.C: Evaluation Department.
World Bank. --------. 2004b. Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to
--------. 2002b. "Review of Leasing Across Selected Middle East Growth. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
and North Africa Countries." World Bank. Washington, D.C. --------. 2004c. Global Development Finance 2004: Harnessing
Processed. Cyclical Gains for Development. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
--------. 2002c. World Bank Group Work in Low Income Countries --------. 2004d. Global Economic Prospects 2004: Realizing the
Under Stress: A Task Force Report. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Development Promise of the Doha Agenda. Washington, D.C.:
--------. 2002d. World Bank Policy Research Report 2002. World Bank.
Globalization, Growth, and Poverty: Building an Inclusive World --------. 2004e. Investment Climate Assessment: Enterprise
Economy. New York: Oxford University Press. Performance and Growth In Tanzania. Washington, D.C: World
--------. 2003a. Doing Business in 2004--Understanding Bank.
Regulation. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. --------. 2004f. MENA Development Report: Gender and
--------. 2003b. Global Economic Prospects and the Developing Development in the Middle East and North Africa Region: Women
Countries: Investing to Unlock Global Opportunities. Washington, in the Public Sphere. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
D.C.: World Bank. --------. 2004g. "Minimum Wages in Latin America and the
--------. 2003c. India: Sustaining Reform, Reducing Poverty. Report Caribbean: The Impact on Employment, Inequality and Poverty."
25797-IN. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. World Bank Office of the Chief Economist for LAC.
--------. 2003d. Jamaica: The Road to Sustained Growth. Report Washington, D.C. Processed.
26088-JM. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. --------. 2004h. The Poverty Reduction Strategy Initiative: An
243
Independent Evaluation of the World Bank's Support Through 2003. --------. 2003. "The Razor's Edge: Distortions and Incremental
Washington, D.C: World Bank. Reform in the People's Republic of China." Cambridge, Mass.:
--------. 2004i. Towards a Private Sector Development Strategy for National Bureau of Economic Research Working Paper Series
Cambodia. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. 7828.
--------. 2004j. World Bank Policy Research Report 2004. Reforming Young, Alwyn. 1995. "The Tyranny of Numbers: Confronting the
Infrastructure: Privatization, Regulation, and Competition. New Statistical Realities of the East Asian Growth Experience."
York: Oxford University Press. Quarterly Journal of Economics 110(3):641�80.
--------. 2004k. World Development Indicators. Washington, Yufei, Pu, Sheng Lei, and Yao Yu. 2004. "Policy Reform on
D.C.: World Bank. Investment Climate: Case Analysis of Hangzhou." Background
World Bank, and IFC. 2003. Race to the Top: Attracting and Enabling paper for the WDR 2005.
Global Sustainable Business. Washington, D.C.: World Bank and Yusuf, Shahid. 2003. Innovative East Asia: The Future of Growth.
International Finance Corporation. Washington, D.C.: World Bank.
World Bank, and PPIAF. 2003. Port Reform Toolkit: Effective Zee, Howell H., Janet G. Stotsky, and Eduardo Ley. 2002. "Tax
Decision Support for Policymakers. Washington, D.C.: World Incentives for Business Investment: A Primer for Policy
Bank. Makers in Developing Countries." World Development
World Commission on the Social Dimension of Globalization. 30(9):1497�516.
2004. A Fair Globalization--Creating Opportunities for All. Zeruolis, Darius. 2003. "The Politics of Impact Assessment across
Geneva: International Labor Organization. the Government and in Euro-institutions. Lessons from
World Economic Forum. 2002. Global Competitiveness Report Lithuania." Paper presented at the Regulatory Impact Assessment:
2001/02. Geneva, Switzerland: World Economic Forum. Best Practices and Lesson-drawing in Europe Conference. Sofia,
--------. 2004. The Global Competitiveness Report 2003�2004. Bulgaria. February 27.
Geneva: World Economic Forum. Zhang, Yin-Fang, David Parker, and Colin Kirkpatrick. 2002.
World Energy Council. 2001. Pricing Energy in Developing "Electricity Sector Reform in Developing Countries: An
Countries. London, U.K.: World Energy Council. Available on Econometric Assessment of the Effects of Privatization,
line at http://www.worldenergy.org. Competition, and Regulation." Manchester: University of
Wrong, Michela. 2001. In the Footsteps of Mr. Kurtz: Living on the Manchester, Centre on Regulation and Competition, Institute for
Brink of Disaster in Mobutu's Congo. New York: Harper Collins Development Policy and Management Working Paper 13.
Publishers. Zongo, Tersius, Siaka Coulibaly, Gilles Hervio, Javier Nino Perez,
WTO. 2003. Working Group on the Interaction between Trade and and Stefan Emblad. 2000. Conditionality Reform: The Burkina
Competition Policy. Study on Issues Relating to a Possible Multilateral Faso Pilot Case. Brussels: SPA Task Team on Contractual
Framework on Competition Policy: Note by the Secretariat. Geneva: Relationships and Selectivity.
World Trade Organization.
Wunder, Haroldene F. 2001a. "Tanzi (1987): A Retrospective."
,
National Tax Journal 54(4):763�70.
--------. 2001b. "The Effect of International Tax Policy on 2005
Business Location Decisions." Tax Notes International Bartelsman, Eric, John Haltiwanger, and Stefano Scarpetta.
24:1331�55. "Microeconomic Evidence of Creative Destruction in Industrial
Yahya, Saad S. 2002. "The Certificate of Rights Story in Botswana." and Developing Countries."
In Geoffrey Payne, ed., Land, Rights & Innovation: Improving Burns, Anthony. "Thailand's 20 Year Program to Title Rural Land."
Tenure Security for the Urban Poor. London: ITDG Publishing. Byaruhanga, Charles. "Managing Investment Climate Reforms:
Yaron, Jacob, McDonald P. Benjamin, and Gerda L. Piprek. 1997. Case Study of Uganda Telecommunications."
"Rural Finance: Issues, Design, and Best Practices." Washington, Chen, Martha Alter, Renana Jhabvala, and Reema Nanavaty. "The
D.C.: World Bank Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Investment Climate for Female Informal Businesses: A Case
Development Studies and Monographs Series 14. Study from Urban and Rural India."
Yergin, Daniel, and Joseph Stanislaw. 2002. The Commanding Clarete, Ramon L. "Customs Valuation Reform in the Philippines."
Heights : The Battle for the World Economy. New York: Simon & Coolidge, Jacqueline, Lars Grava, and Sanda Putnina, "Inspectorate
Schuster. Reform in Latvia, 1999�2003."
Yeung, Godfrey. 2003. "Scramble for FDI: The Experience of De Wulf, Luc. "Tradenet in Ghana: Best Practice of the Use of
Guandong Province in Southern China." In Nicholas A. Phelps Information Technology."
and Philip Raines, eds., The New Competition for Inward Desai, Raj M. " Political Influence and Firm Innovation: Micro-
Investment: Companies, Institutions and Territorial Development. Level Evidence from Developing Countries."
Cheltenham, U.K. and Northhampton, Mass.: Edward Elgar Echeverry, Juan Carlos, and Mauricio Santa Mar�a. "The Political
Publishing. Economy of Labor Reform in Colombia."
Young, Alwyn. 2000. "Gold into Base Metals: Productivity Growth Endo, Victor. "Managing Investment Climate Reforms: The Peru
in the People's Republic of China during the Reform Period." Urban Land Reform Case Study Draft No.2."
Journal of Political Economy 111(6):1220�61. Finnegan, David. "Tanzania's Commercial Court."
244 2005
Gil Hubert, Johana. "The Mexican Credit Reporting Industry
Reform: A Case Study. " ,
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and Andrew H. W. Stone. "The
Investment Climate for Informal Firms."
Hallward-Driemeier, Mary, and David Stewart. "How Do Investment ()
Climate Conditions Vary Across Countries and Types of Firms?" 2005
Hernandez, Zenaida. "The Debate on Industrial Policy in East Asia:
In Search for Lessons." Bannock, Graham, Matthew Gamser and Mariell Juhlin. "The
Hubka, Ashley, and Rita Zaidi. "Innovations in Microfinance." Importance of the Enabling Environment for Business and
Irwin, Timothy. "Accounting for Public-Private Partnerships: How Economic Growth: A 10 Country Comparison of Central Europe
Should Governments Report Guarantees and Long-term and Africa."
Purchase Contracts." Christianson, David. "The Investment Climate in South Africa--
Jurajda, Stepan, and Katar�na Mathernov�. "How to Overhaul the Regulatory Issues: Some Insights from the High-Growth, Export-
Labor Market: Political Economy of Recent Czech and Slovak Oriented SME Sector."
Reforms." Estrin, Saul and Klaus Meyer. "Lessons for Development from
Khan, Shamin Ahmad. "Business Registration Reforms in Pakistan." London Business School's Centre for New and Emerging
Klapper, Leora F., and Rida Zaidi. "A Survey of Government Markets (CNEM) Research Project `Investment in Emerging
Regulation and Intervention in Financial Markets." Marketing'."
Lund, Frances, and Caroline Skinner. "The Investment Climate for Evenett, Simon J. "Competition Law and the Investment Climate in
the Informal Economy: A Case of Durban, South Africa." Developing Countries."
Mallon, Raymond. "Managing Investment Climate Reforms: Fortune, Peter. "Investment Climate Reform in Ukraine."
Vietnam Case Study." Gamser, Matthew. "Improving the Business Trade Licensing Reform
Migliorisi, Stefano, and Marco Galmarini. "Donor Assistance to Environment."
Investment Climate Reforms." Holmes, Peter. "Some Lessons from the CUTS 7-Up: Comparative
Mitullah, Winnie V. "Street Vending in African Cities: A Synthesis Competitive Policy Project."
of Empirical Findings From Kenya, Cote D'Ivoire, Ghana, Irwin, David. "Creating FDI Friendly Environments in South Asia."
Zimbabwe, Uganda and South Africa." Mackinnon, Gregor. "Lessons from CBC Business Environment
Navarrete, Camilo. "Managing Investment Climate Reforms: Surveys 1999, 2001, 2003."
Colombian Ports Sector Reform Case Study." Mehta, Pradeep. "Investment for Development Project (IFD) --
Olofsg�rd, Anders F. "The Political Economy of Reform: Civil Society Perceptions."
Institutional Change as a Tool for Political Credibility." Preston, John. "Investment Climate Reform: Competition Policy
Pierre, Ga�lle, and Stefano Scarpetta. "Do Employers' Perceptions and Economic Development: Some Country Experiences."
Square with Actual Labor Regulations?." Sander, Cerstin. "Migrant Remittances and the Investment Climate:
Pierre, Ga�lle, and Stefano Scarpetta. "How Labor Market Policy Exploring the Nexus."
Can Combine Workers' Protection and Job Creation." Sander, Cerstin. "Less is More: Better Compliance and
Ray, Amit S. "Managing Port Reforms in India: Case Study of Increased Revenues by Streamlining Business Registration in
Jawaharlal Nehru Port Trust (JNPT) Mumbai." Uganda."
Salas, Fernando Jos�. "Mexican Deregulation: Smart Tape on Red Velde, Dirk Willem te . "OECD (UK & EU) Home Country
Tape." Measures and FDI in Developing Countries; A Preliminary
Surdej, Aleksander. "Managing Labor Market Reforms: Case Study Analysis."
of Poland." Vickers, Brendan. "Investment Climate Reform in South Africa."
Yufei, Pu, Sheng Lei, and Yao Yu. "Policy Reform on Investment White, Simon. "Donor Experiences in Supporting Reforms to the
Climate--Case Analysis of Hangzhou." Investment Climate for Small Enterprise Development."
1. ( �
� )
2. (
)
1.
2.
3.
4. ,
5.
, � , .
, , ,
, ,
.
� . ,
. ,
, . ,
. , � ,
�, PRS Group,
, , .
(Business Environment Risk Inteligence)
, ,
( .
. ).
, , ,
, ; .
. �
(The Worldwide . ,
Governance Research Indicators Dataset) , ,
18 , , ,
, , � , .
� �, � � � � , , ,
�. .
, � ,
.
. ,
,
.
,
. � .
� ,
, �
, . .
"Doing Business"
. . ,
,
. , ,
.
,
,
,
, ,
: , .
247
. ,
, ,
, ,
. � Doing Business
�
,
2001 ., 130
, 2,5 . (2003 .);
. 53 .
, 15�20 .
.
. .
. 82 ,
,
� . ( ,
, , ,
. . ,
,
, );
. . .
,
, , ,
. . ,
,
,
� ,
. , ,
, .
.
. .
, , ,
. .
.
.
;
.
, . ,
. .
(, ).
,
. , .
, , ,
,
. . .
,
.
, �
� "Doing Business" ,
, , ,
.
. .
.
econ.worldbank.org./wdr/wdr2005
iresearch.worldbank.org/ics
:
rru.worldbank.org/DoingBusiness.
248 2005
1. ( � � )
. .
,
. .
.
, % , % , % % , % ,
.
, % , % % , %
, %
2002 170 6.7 48.3 19.5 63.5 6.0 4.4 31.0 2.6 6.5 12.9
2002 170 48.5 54.5 47.5 84.5 4.6 32.9 50.6 21.2 11.8 1.4
2003 557 .. 44.8 35.2 75.0 8.6 .. 27.3 .. 11.0 12.2
2002 171 32.0 51.6 13.5 35.7 4.8 8.2 44.1 3.6 9.4 14.1
2002 1,001 45.4 21.4 57.9 97.8 2.8 .. 83.0 39.4 23.5 2.3
2002 250 59.0 77.6 17.9 62.0 3.4 11.2 48.1 12.3 21.6 3.8
2002 250 59.5 62.3 25.4 75.9 4.2 17.9 50.6 18.8 34.4 2.7
a 2001 671 .. .. .. 40.5 .. .. .. .. .. ..
2002 182 40.5 47.0 34.8 62.6 3.0 22.6 38.0 18.7 13.7 1.7
2003 1,642 75.9 66.0 67.2 51.0 .. 32.8 39.6 52.2 22.7 2.8
a 2002 96 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2.3 .. ..
2002 250 21.1 42.7 8.8 60.4 2.4 4.5 40.3 4.9 33.6 1.1
2003 455 66.4 89.5 80.9 57.6 7.4 36.7 71.3 80.4 42.2 4.8
2003 450 47.0 65.9 62.8 50.0 6.0 21.8 56.1 60.9 3.3 3.1
2002 174 44.3 73.4 35.1 81.5 4.4 11.2 59.0 19.0 27.6 7.0
2003 207 57.0 70.1 46.4 49.5 3.8 38.6 36.0 48.8 79.7 4.4
b 2003 1,827 20.9 64.1 37.4 .. .. .. 29.4 15.6 .. ..
2004 713 48.2 56.0 41.5 50.9 4.6 24.7 40.8 22.0 15.6 3.1
2002 250 18.5 52.7 14.2 69.2 3.8 4.0 48.5 8.4 29.2 3.5
2003 503 40.1 44.4 55.9 82.3 6.0 31.4 61.0 41.7 20.1 7.0
2003 284 51.5 451.5 73.8 75.5 5.5 .. 51.3 69.8 31.0 4.1
2002/3 275 34.7 67.0 31.4 82.4 4.6 15.7 66.3 18.5 27.3 8.2
2002/3 3,948 32.9 33.7 27.3 55.0 2.6 .. 17.5 20.0 10.4 2.6
2002 176 27.4 71.4 11.7 62.6 2.3 3.2 49.1 6.4 33.0 2.7
2002 200 33.5 61.9 15.6 52.0 1.9 12.0 59.5 16.2 38.0 2.8
, 2002 170 37.3 42.3 31.2 68.7 1.5 27.1 50.6 20.4 14.1 6.7
2003 902 22.4 .. 14.5 .. .. .. 19.1 11.4 19.1 3.0
a 2001 859 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2002/3 277 57.0 79.0 40.2 77.6 3.0 19.8 72.1 26.5 17.3 3.9
a 2001 232 .. 55.1 .. .. .. .. .. 36.3 .. ..
2003 452 58.2 66.4 65.7 45.5 7.0 33.3 60.4 39.2 2.7 7.0
2002 965 40.1 64.8 40.4 59.0 3.6 .. 62.6 21.5 8.8 2.5
a 2002 583 71.1 78.7 59.6 .. .. .. 34.7 51.6 21.8 10.2
2002/3 608 59.1 68.0 27.6 52.4 3.1 27.0 46.2 24.9 31.6 2.8
2002 506 31.5 75.1 13.7 78.0 2.3 9.5 65.3 12.4 36.4 2.9
2002 255 43.3 54.5 34.9 73.3 4.7 20.9 45.8 19.8 24.7 3.8
2004 262 31.3 42.5 39.9 45.2 1.8 13.3 40.5 15.4 47.0 2.1
2002 250 47.8 42.9 16.3 61.6 4.0 13.8 28.6 8.9 22.4 4.6
2002 170 44.6 55.1 44.65 68.1 2.6 25.3 53.9 15.4 42.9 1.8
2002 188 11.8 47.8 6.1 36.2 5.4 8.0 45.6 3.3 19.7 2.8
2002/3 283 24.4 56.3 21.0 76.7 3.7 9.1 48.2 3.0 20.1 4.2
2003 276 31.5 58.6 51.1 42.9 2.9 20.0 55.1 25.5 25.7 3.2
2002 514 53.8 40.6 23.7 71.8 0.6 11.9 33.1 12.9 5.8 2.7
2003 300 27.6 40.0 38.2 39.0 4.9 .. 30.1 26.8 .. ..
2002/3 360 27.2 42.3 8.7 57.7 2.6 7.6 25.4 7.0 6.7 10.4
2002 463 46.9 67.5 27.8 70.2 4.4 15.3 49.0 19.6 27.9 4.7
2003 719 29.5 49.1 35.2 50.6 4.0 .. 33.8 26.5 27.1 4.2
2002 187 35.9 51.4 22.5 48.7 2.6 27.6 33.3 8.5 13.4 2.1
2002 268 20.2 56.0 12.5 55.5 2.9 11.1 47.1 14.3 33.6 3.1
2003 453 60.7 68.0 49.2 58.9 5.4 34.1 70.8 27.8 36.4 3.5
a 2002 78 31.5 .. 2.7 64.1 3.8 .. .. 1.3 .. ..
2002 170 12.0 45.1 5.4 48.8 1.1 4.8 28.6 6.5 35.9 0.5
a 2002 427 39.3 .. 39.0 .. .. .. .. 9.5 11.5 7.1
249
1. ( � � ) �
.
. ,
,
. . .
. .,
. ,
., .,
. . .,
% % .,
, % , , % % ., %
, % , % %
, %
(% . .
.)
18,8 17,5 10,1 7,3 2,6 12,3 4,9 20,2 .. .. 4,5 1,3
37,1 25,0 22,9 13,6 2,4 20,1 7,8 57,1 .. .. 13,2 7,3
44,8 36,2 27,4 .. 21,6 51,3 27,1 11,5 58,9 8,9 25,5 12,9
35,5 37,7 9,0 7,4 3,7 25,9 11,1 15,8 .. .. 6,0 1,8
35,8 50,7 22,5 4,6 11,5 45,7 48,8 73,2 58,5 5,2 19,8 10,8
47,0 44,2 25,8 11,0 2,4 30,1 8,3 2,8 .. .. 8,4 9,3
33,1 13,0 15,1 8,5 4,2 40,3 9,0 8,0 .. .. 10,2 7,8
.. .. .. .. 9,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
26,9 26,0 11,9 11,7 3,6 27,9 23,2 5,6 .. .. 5,7 9,1
84,5 66,1 29,8 9,4 13,8 71,7 51,6 20,3 40,1 3,8 39,6 56,9
.. .. .. .. 3,1 .. 50 5,6 .. .. .. ..
30,2 13,7 3,3 8,7 4,3 20,2 18,5 1,2 .. .. 12,5 7,3
56,5 34,8 15,6 17,4 9,4 38,7 43,5 26,6 60,7 3,7 31,4 16,7
35,6 23,2 21,1 14,2 5,1 26,4 46,9 36,4 58,0 5,2 26,4 14,2
30,5 47,1 9,9 14,7 3,2 14,2 19,6 22,4 .. .. 8,6 4,0
57,5 27,5 10,1 14,1 4,8 67,7 29,6 39,6 63,8 6,6 35,7 16,9
27,9 26,4 13,4 15,3 6,7 19,2 51 28,9 69,2 11,6 12,5 16,7
29,5 23,0 20,5 14,6 5,8 23,0 16,7 22,3 33,0 6,1 18,9 25,9
18,6 20,7 11,7 14,6 5, 9,9 7,9 12,7 38,6 5,2 6,6 5,9
13,8 14,3 9,0 14,6 5,3 14,0 13,3 3,6 .. .. 6,3 0,8
68,2 50,9 15,2 13,8 8,9 58,3 59,3 48,1 58,5 14,9 27,6 22,5
32,5 35,1 11,6 13,2 3,3 27,7 9,3 4,7 46,1 3,2 7,7 4,5
36,8 26,7 21,3 19,0 7,9 22,3 52,0 29,7 05,0 5,0 30,7 20,7
27,3 27,6 9,2 10,7 1,2 7,6 23,2 4,0 .. .. 15,5 4,1
36,5 19,8 8,1 10,0 2,4 7,0 21,1 4,5 .. .. 7,5 8,5
, 21,0 15,1 17,4 13,5 5,0 16,6 11,1 5,4 .. __ 3,7 4,6
21,7 13,3 10,9 10,2 3,6 17,8 57,3 14,8 40,6 5,2 25,0 14,5
.. .. .. .. 2,7 .. 34,2 .. .. .. .. ..
54,9 47,6 24,6 7,1 2,1 39,6 26,4 5,4 15,5 0,8 11,0 5,2
.. .. .. .. 17,8 .. 11,1 97,4 .. .. .. ..
34,7 18,1 10,6 17,3 5,8 57,6 42,0 34,7 59,5 7,1 17,0 6,9
45,6 46,1 14,5 10,6 17,2 40,1 11,2 39,2 81,3 6,7 12,8 15,0
.. .. .. .. 7,9 55,8 43,6 11,1 30,5 6,3 12,5 ..
64,7 41,0 13,5 12,3 3,1 42,6 31,5 5,8 18,5 0,7 12,2 25,2
24,6 31,8 14,6 14,1 6,9 17,0 8,8 4,6 .. .. 9,9 3,3
51,6 33,2 23,2 10,7 1,4 32,3 25,5 9,5 .. .. 10,8 8,1
50,8 48,2 7,5 13,8 6,5 60,0 23,2 30,7 49,4 9,6 18,5 16,3
35,3 29,3 7,8 15,1 5,5 28,3 11,3 6,2 .. .. 11,9 6,9
31,7 19,8 17,9 9,5 2,2 30,1 41,2 3,0 .. .. 9,7 7,4
11,2 5,9 3,2 7,7 3,1 11,2 23,8 0,5 .. .. 4,3 2,7
26,2 21,8 14,2 8,3 9,6 20,1 2,0 17,1 63,6 5,7 2,4 2,3
73,4 55,7 27,4 16,2 17,5 53,0 13,3 58,9 .. .. 25,0 12,1
38,1 33,1 5,8 8,0 3,7 23,2 11,3 17,3 .. .. 12,8 8,7
48,3 36,1 10,1 5,0 6, 52,8 14,1 44,5 41,7 13,1 30,8 10,8
19,9 22,7 7,7 12,1 6,0 20,6 2,3 4,8 19,0 5,6 4,9 1,7
39,6 34,9 18,2 15,4 5,8 29,1 6,5 5,9 .. .. 13,0 5,8
30,4 25,1 13,5 11,0 2,8 18,2 16,8 33,4 41,6 9,6 11,9 24,7
27,8 7,7 9,2 9,0 3,8 21,6 33,3 1,1 .. .. 8,7 5,4
25,6 19,8 10,2 5,5 4,4 23,1 32,2 5,3 .. .. 9,1 3,5
38,1 28,5 13,0 17,7 16,4 42,2 54,6 28,3 46,4 5,7 22.3 14,1
31,1 16,2 2,7 5,9 9,1 53,7 26,3 38,2 41,0 12,8 41,0 5,2
16,7 4,5 11,2 6,2 1,6 8,4 46,0 10,1 .. .. 23,8 4,2
73,6 60,3 8,3 5,7 13,5 40,2 26,3 42,5 65,6 7,7 17,9 4,6
, , .
, .
.
, �� , 11 � , , , ,
, , , , , . . .: Hallward Driemeier
and Stone (2004).
�..� � .
2002 . ; ,
.
b 895 2000 .
250 2005
2. ( )
Doing Business
.
. .
.
CRG WEF WEF WEF
I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 2003 2003/4 2003/4 2003/4
2 2 157 11 7 5 1 10 5,4 5,6 5,1
29 9 374 20 32 3 1 12 5,1 4 5,1
123 14 267 25 61 7 2,7 9 .. .. ..
47 11 390 39 47 7 4 8 .. .. ..
26 14 407 49 52 16 3,5 8 3,5 3,6 2,7
146 14 1011 47 335 8 4,7 8,5 2,4 2,5 2,8
32 15 520 33 44 5 2,8 5 4,4 2 2,8
25 10 195 24 18 4 1,9 8 .. .. ..
35 8 365 29 .. .. 4 5,25 4,8 3 2,9
79 16 250 28 231 7 5,8 5,5 .. .. ..
34 4 112 27 132 2 0,9 11,5 5,6 3,9 3,8
32 8 570 49 50 3 3,1 .. .. ..
32 11 440 34 19 9 3,3 11,5 4,6 2,7 3
59 15 591 47 92 7 1,8 9,5 3,8 3 3
. . 54 12 330 36 331 7 3,3 .. .. ..
108 11 154 26 69 4 2,2 11,5 4,1 5,1 3,8
152 17 566 25 42 14 10 7,5 5,2 3,6 2,1
135 13 458 41 107 8 4 9 .. .. ..
43 11 512 51 94 5 4 .. .. .. ..
62 11 275 20 44 4 .. .. .. .. ..
6 288 14 21 2 1 12 6 5 4,3 ..
y 52 6 365 21 79 4 2 12 4,9 3,9 2,3
, 116 13 445 41 34 8 4 5,5 3,8 2,1 3,3
56 11 404 37 78 5 5,5 7,5 4,9 4,3 2,8
203 12 368 35 195 5 5,7 5 4 2,7 1,5
.. .. .. .. .. 8,5 4,2 4,7 3,4 .. ..
85 12 200 23 382 7 1,9 7 4,3 4,3 3
39 15 1459 37 55 5 4 11 4,1 2 2,7
49 13 306 44 104 6 3,8 6,5 .. .. ..
45 9 184 26 41 4 1,2 12 5,5 4,5 4,8
62 13 545 36 36 7 3,7 8 3,4 2,9 3,5
38 15 151 14 23 12 2 11 5,1 3,6 3
25 9 375 18 39 8 3,2 .. .. .. ..
. 4 4 83 15 42 6 3,4 11,5 5,5 5,2 5
. . 78 10 580 29 107 7 3,5 8,5 4,5 3,4 3,3
,. . 43 13 410 55 193 7 4,2 6,5 4,4 3,4 3,6
35 6 274 16 70 6 2,7 6 4,1 4,5 2,8
96 10 350 33 30 4 2,2 2,5 3,6 2,6 3,5
l 34 5 585 27 144 7 4 9 5,6 4,2 5
89 11 425 40 67 6 10 8 5,6 4,1 2,5
151 12 570 34 33 6 6 4,5 4 3,6 3,6
36 11 342 43 22 8 4,3 9,5 5,2 4,4 3,4
, . . 48 9 545 23 36 9 4,5 6 .. .. ..
24 4 217 16 38 5 0,4 12 5,2 4,2 3,8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11 5,3 5,3 4,3
108 7 169 23 20 4 1 12 5,5 4,2 3,9
13 9 1390 18 27 8 1,2 12 5,3 3,9 2,6
, . 63 12 360 37 21 6 3 8 .. .. ..
94 11 401 31 56 7 .. .. .. .. ..
25 9 400 41 52 8 3,3 7,5 .. .. ..
37 12 585 58 93 5 3,2 6,5 4,1 4,4 2,8
3 2 346 17 20 6 0,8 12 5,5 4,5 4,1
47 12 360 25 39 7 4,5 9 5,2 3,6 2,8
.. 21 8 492 46 15 7 3,5 .. .. .. ..
41 12 241 25 32 3 2,4 7,5 5,3 4,2 3,3
() 11 5 211 16 56 3 1,1 11,5 5,6 5,4 5,2
198 9 443 53 135 9 5 .. .. .. ..
43 14 363 37 23 7 3 9,25 4,6 4 2,8
, . . 155 13 909 51 106 8 5,2 6 .. .. ..
, . 67 8 560 47 103 6 3 8,5 .. .. ..
, . 22 12 75 29 11 7 1,5 9,5 5,3 4,4 3,8
77 11 550 34 21 6 3,5 8,5 4,7 3,9 3,7
' 58 11 525 25 340 7 2,2 6 .. .. ..
35 13 390 52 75 8 4,2 11 .. .. ..
18 7 189 23 62 10 1,1 11 5 4,1 3,6
92 9 285 49 101 6 2,6 .. .. .. ..
46 6 721 39 25 8 4 9 .. .. ..
26 8 154 17 3 3 1,2 11 5,1 3,8 3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 12 4,4 5,3 5,1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4,9 4,5 4,4
82 11 410 28 49 4 8 .. .. .. ..
44 13 280 29 .. .. .. 8 4,2 3,5 1,9
, 48 13 509 27 74 6 3,7 .. 4,3 3,8 3,7
35 10 277 16 118 6 2,6 8 4,2 4 2,9
30 9 300 31 143 4 2,3 8,5 5,3 5 3,9
42 13 340 28 44 5 3,6 7,5 3,8 3,5 2,5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,5 5 4,8 5,5
11 5 240 17 82 3 1,8 9 4,4 4,2 2,5
58 8 421 37 74 5 1,8 11,5 4,9 3,7 2,5
153 14 580 38 33 7 5 8,5 3,2 3,4 2,1
30 10 280 37 81 5 2,8 6,5 .. .. ..
20 8 314 26 10 4 4 8 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 .. .. ..
85 10 270 31 28 9 1,0 10 4,4 4,2 3
21 7 350 28 .. .. 5 .. .. .. ..
27 11 330 33 49 5 5 7,5 .. .. ..
44 10 730 23 274 21 1,5 3,5 4,7 3,5 2,9
11 7 48 22 5 4 1,7 12 5,6 4,8 5,1
45 9 155 18 65 7 2,2 6 3,2 2,9 2,9
12 2 50 19 2 2 2 11,5 5,7 5,2 4,9
251
2. ( ) �
Doing Business
.
. .
.
CRG WEF WEF WEF
I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 I 2004 2003 2003/4 2003/4 2003/4
23 4 87 14 1 1 0,9 11,5 5,1 3,8 3,9
54 12 614 53 9 3 5,1 11,5 .. .. ..
34 9 455 41 16 4 7 11,5 .. .. ..
24 11 395 46 49 5 2,8 4,5 5 3,5 2,8
19 7 355 45 44 7 2 9,5 4,5 2,8 3,4
56 8 295 22 72 4 2,8 8 .. .. ..
74 17 285 46 48 7 3,9 8,5 4,1 2,2 3,3
98 10 441 35 31 5 3,1 7,5 4,6 2,9 2,2
31 10 1000 41 204 7 1,4 11 4,8 2,9 2,8
78 11 320 24 83 5 2,5 12 5 3,7 2,8
7 7 270 43 .. .. 3,8 .. .. .. ..
36 9 330 29 37 6 1,5 9 4 2,5 2,3
21 9 395 29 354 5 .. .. .. .. __
28 5 335 43 170 8 4,6 8,5 3,6 2,6 2,8
115 12 275 41 52 5 4 6 5 4 3,3
64 12 360 44 4 4 2,8 11 .. .. ..
57 9 485 36 114 6 3 8 4,3 3,9 2,6
51 11 1028 36 186 6 2,6 8 4,1 4,1 2,8
8 7 69 23 9 3 0,8 12 5,4 6,2 5,8
. 47 12 672 48 23 4 4,1 6,5 .. .. ..
52 9 565 27 22 5 4,7 12 4,7 3,4 2,2
61 10 1003 25 391 6 3,6 10 4,9 4,2 3,4
5 5 250 17 12 4 3 12 5,9 4,9 5,2
26 9 305 58 58 8 2,5 6.5 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
33 8 390 26 2 2 2,6 8,5 5,3 4,3 4,1
35 13 242 21 61 12 3 7,5 4,7 4,1 2,6
53 13 535 37 212 6 3 7,5 .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 11,5 4,8 3,9 4,3
a 14 9 27 14 57 5 1,3 8 4,5 5,1 3,4
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
9 8 330 22 9 8 2,9 7,5 4,7 3,4 2,2
36 17 209 15 48 8 2,1 8,5 4,4 3,9 2,7
35 9 368 35 97 12 4 .. .. .. ..
34 15 269 28 93 9 2,6 6 4,1 2,2 2,7
45 11 620 39 66 8 2,1 10,5 4,3 3,3 3,9
50 11 380 25 33 8 5,6 10 5 3,7 2,5
3 240 27 14 3 0.9 12 5,4 5,5 4,3 ..
8 7 75 21 193 10 1,9 12 5,4 4,4 4,2
. 49 12 415 22 956 5 3,1 9 4,6 3,1 2,8
14 10 660 45 69 3 4,8 .. .. .. ..
75 19 526 52 44 6 10 .. 3,6 2,5 2,3
. . 40 10 300 22 122 4 9,2 12 5,1 3,5 3,2
28 10 305 28 31 6 5,6 11 5,6 4,5 3,3
16 3 208 23 2 1 2 12 5,5 5,2 4,1
20 6 170 22 16 4 4,6 11,5 5,1 5,3 4,7
50 8 440 17 63 8 2,2 8,5 4,7 3,7 3,4
. 92 14 388 41 21 12 4,3 6 3,5 2,5 2,9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
72 6 150 25 65 4 3 10 5,3 4,2 2,7
32 7 420 30 56 15 2,4 7 3,6 3 2,2
38 9 277 26 20 6 2 10,5 5,3 4,3 2,9
31 7 202 18 54 5 1,1 9,5 4,9 3,5 4
31 11 60 16 14 6 0,5 12 5,5 3,9 4,5
50,8 9,9 388,3 31,2 81,4 6,2 3,2 8,8 4,7 3,9 3,4
65,8 10,8 416,0 34,5 99,6 6,8 3,9 6,8 4,2 3,6 2,7
50,0 10,6 422,1 32,6 80,4 6,5 3,4 8,7 4,6 3,5 3,1
50,0 11,3 424,9 33,1 66,4 7,0 3,4 7,8 4,5 3,4 3,0
49,9 9,5 417,2 31,8 104,2 5,6 3,3 10.0 4,8 3,7 3,3
57,5 10,7 419,2 33,5 89,3 6,6 3,6 7,9 4,4 3,6 3,0
72,9 9,9 373,8 31,0 59,4 5,2 4,2 7,2 5,0 4,2 3,4
41,7 9,9 389,0 30,2 120,3 6,7 3,3 9,2 4,6 3,3 2,8
73,5 12,0 471,7 35,1 56,8 6,9 3,6 8,1 4,4 3,1 3,1
.
39,3 10,2 412,6 37,3 48,3 6,7 3,7 8,1 4,4 4,1 3,1
46,8 9,3 375,0 30,0 55,8 5,8 4,8 6,6 5,0 3,6 2,9
63,2 11,2 434,2 35,2 434,2 6,9 3,6 7,2 4,2 3,8 2,9
27,2 7,0 280,2 23,2 49,9 4,7 2,0 11,4 5,4 4,7 4,4
�..� � .
252 2005
� ,
�.
1. ,
( , ,
� � � , �
.
) ,
2001 . � � � ,
53 . , .
. , �
, .
. , ,
, ,
.
. , ,
. ,
. , , . , ,
, , �
. 27 �
. ,
�
II� (BEEP II). (, ,
, , , ,
..) .
. � ,
. .
8 �
, , �
� � �
. . ,
: � �, � �, �
� �, � � � 20 .,
�. ().
, ,
. , ,
, ,
, . ,
� � ,
�
. .
, ,
, � ,
, . , .
, , ,
, , ,
.
� � . ,
, , ,
, , � �
� �, .
, ,
2.
. (
, . )
, ,
, � Doing Business
� Doing Business
. , , ,
� .
, : .
253
, ,
.
. � �
, ,
,
. ,
. .
. ,
,
� �
��. , PRS,
, . , .
� 1 12,
50 . .
, � �,
, � / ,
.
(, )
.
. ,
, 50% , 102
. .
, 76 .
. . � �
, , : �
,
:
Business Risk Service Business Environment Risk 50
Intelligence www.beri.com . .
Country Credit Euromoney Institutional Investor 151
Ratings www.euromoneyplc.com . .
Country Risk World Markets Research Center, 186 6
Indicators www.wmrc.com . .
Country Risk Economist Intelligence Unit 100 6
Service www.eiu.com 13 .
.
Economic Freedom of Fraser Institute C 142
the World www.freetheworld.com 10 . . ,
.
FDI Confidence A.T. Kearney 62 . 1 . .
Index www.atkearney.com .
Global Competitiveness World Economic Forum, 102 .
Report www.weforum.org . .
Global Risk Service Global Insight, 117 51
www.globalinsight.com .
Index of Economic Heritage
Freedom Foundation,www.heritage.org 142 10 .
.
International Country Political Risk Services International 140 22
Risk Guide www.prsgroup.com 3 . .
World Competitiveness International Institute of Management 51 9 .
Yearbook Development,www.imd.ch .
199 , ,
. . .
Worldwide www.worldbank.org/ 199 ,
Government Indicators wbi/governance/data . .
.
254 2005
� , .�
, 1 ( )
?� : 1 () 7 (). 7 ().
� �
1 ( .
) 7 ( , ,
). � .
� � PRS Group
.
, ,
2004.
130 ,
, . .
75 , . ,
1,5 . .
, ,
800 , .
2004.
. 2004 CD ROM WDI Online
.
, �� ,
, , .
.
2000 .
, , ,
, , , ,
, , ,
. . , ,
CD ROM, .
1000 800 225
. ()
(WDI Online) CD ROM. ,
.
,
, : ,
, ,
, (), 1993 . , 1993 . �
, � �
() ( . �. . . 1 3.
).
, 1986 .,
, , 1993 . ,
, ,
,
. , , , .
, ,
.
, ,
. . ,
256 2005
. () .
, (),
: ( 2003 . 765 . , ,
), ( 766 . 9 385 .) .
(9 386 . ).
3 035 .
( ) (
). . �� ,
, , ,
( 1,5 ). .
2003 , --
( t, .
, .
, s --
), (w) (m),
. ,
( 1),
,
, ,
. .
2004.
. ,
, , 2004 � �, ,
(� �). :
�
. , � :
( ), http://www.worldbank.org/wdi2001/index.htm.
. : 1 800 645 7247 703 661 1580;
703 661 1501. : The World Bank, P.O. Box 960,
Herndon, VA 20172 0960, U.S.A.
257
, 2005
()
,
, . .
, .
.
--
, . .
, .
'
()
.
, .
.
,
, .
, .
()
.
,
.
.
()
258 2005
1.
.
()a ()b
5 ,
, . . , 1 . (%
, % . , ,
. . . , % , 15 )
2003 1990�2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2002�2003 2002 2002 2002 2000
19,9 1,2 3 431 21 650 563 28 290 1,2 79 6 .. 344,8
8,1 0,3 97 215 26 720 239 29 610 0,6 79 5 .. 60,8
8,2 1,1 95 7 810 28 3 380 10,5 65 96 .. 29,0
3,2 �0,3 116 6 1 740 15 4 700 6,9 74 24 99c 2,9
31,8 1,9 13 60 1 890 189d 5 940d 5,2 71 49 69 89,4
13,5 2,8 11 10 740 26d 1 890d 1,4 47 260 .. 6,4
38,4 1,3 14 140 3 650 419 10 920 3,3 74 19 97 138,2
3,1 �1,1 108 3 950 12 3 770 11,9 75 35 99c 3,5
138,1 1,7 1 061 55 400 258 1 870 3,5 62 73 41 29,3
9,9 �0,2 48 16 1 590 59 6 010 6,1 68 20 100 59,2
10,3 0,3 342 267 25 820 299 28 930 1,0 79 6 .. 102,2
6,7 2,7 61 3 440 7 1 110 2,9 53 151 40 1,6
7,8 �0,8 71 17 2 130 60 7 610 4,9 72 16 99 42,3
9,0 2,4 8 8 890 22 2 450 �0,8 64 71 87c 11,1
4,1 �0,6 82 6 1 540 26 6 320 3,0 74 18 95 19,3
1,7 2,3 3 6 3 430 14 7 960 4,0 38 110 79 3,9
176,6 1,4 21 479 2 710 1 322 7 480 �1,4 69 37 86c 307,5
12,1 2,4 44 4 300 14d 1 180d 4,1 43 207 .. 1,0
7,2 2,1 281 1 100 4d 620d �2,9 42 208 50 0,2
59,3 0,2 246 1 680 28 350 1 639 27 650 2,1 77 7 .. 567,8
10,1 �0,2 110 64 6 330 139 13 780 0,7 72 9 99 54,2
, 25,5 2,1 29 89 3 490 121 4 740 �10,9 74 22 93 157,7
81,3 1,6 250 39 480 202 2 490 6,1 70 26 .. 57,5
8,4 2,0 306 3 380 14d 1 630d �1,8 52 123 52 1,4
20,4 2,2 90 7 320 45d 2 190d 2,5 55 97 74 5,9
12,3 2,6 114 23 1 910 50d 4 060d �0,5 65 49 70 9,9
7,9 2,4 32 3 430 17 2 100 0,0 46 165 .. 1,3
82,6 0,3 237 2 085 25 250 2 267 27 460 �0,1 78 5 .. 785,5
7,0 2,8 62 7 970 18d 2 580d �0,5 66 42 80c 4,8
10,7 0,4 83 147 13 720 213 19 920 4,2 78 5 97 89,6
5,1 �0,5 74 4 830 13d 2 540d 9,4 73 29 .. 6,2
5,4 0,4 127 182 33 750 168 31 213 0,2 77 4 .. 44,6
8,7 1,6 181 18 2 070 54d 6 210d �2,2 67 38 84 25,1
,
67,6 1,9 68 94 1 390 266 3 940 1,4 69 39 .. 142,2
10,4 2,2 14 4 380 9 850 3,5 37 182 80 1,8
13,1 1,9 34 6 480 28 2 180 �6,7 39 123 90 14,8
6,7 2,8 324 105 16 020 128 19 200 �0,8 79 6 95 63,1
1 064,4 1,7 358 568 530 3 068d 2 880d 6,4 63 90 61c 1 070,9
214,5 1,4 1068 173 810 689 3 210 2,8 67 43 88 269,6
5,3 4,0 60 10 1 850 23 4 290 0,5 72 33 91 15,6
, . 66,4 1,5 41 133 2 000 477 7 190 4,4 69 41 77e 310,3
3,9 0,9 57 106 26 960 120 30 450 1,1 77 6 .. 42,2
41,1 0,4 82 698 16 990 905 22 020 1,9 78 6 98 282,9
57,6 0,1 196 1 243 21 560 1 543 26 760 0,4 78 6 99 428,2
, . 19,2 3,7 36 10 520 16 820 0,7 57 114 49 8,4
14,9 �0,7 6 27 1 780 92 6 170 8,7 62 99 99 121,3
13,4 2,9 76 4 310 28d 2 060d 5,8 54 138 69 0,5
16,1 2,5 35 10 640 32 1 980 0,5 48 166 68 e 6,5
31,6 1,0 3 757 23 930 941 29 740 0,9 79 7 .. 435,9
31,9 2,4 56 13 390 33 1 020 �0,7 46 122 84 9,4
. 5,1 1,0 26 2 330 8 1 660 3,9 65 61 .. 4,6
1 288,4 1,0 138 1 417 1 100 6 435f 4 990f 8,4 71 38 91 c 2 790,5
() 6,8 1,4 .. 173 25 430 196 28 810 2,9 80 .. 33,1
44,4 1,8 43 80 1 810 290d 6 520d 2,0 72 23 92 58,5
, . . 53,2 2,7 23 5 100 34d 640d 1,9 45 205 .. 2,7
, . 3,8 3,2 11 2 640 3 710 �1,7 52 108 83 1,8
, . 47,9 0,9 485 576 12 020 859 17 930 2,4 74 5 .. 427,0
4,0 2,1 78 17 4 280 36d 9 040d 3,9 78 11 96 5,4
' 16,8 2,7 53 11 660 23 1 390 �5,6 45 191 .. 10,5
2,4 0,9 134 38 16 340 42d 17 870d �3,3 77 10 83 47,9
2,3 �1,1 37 9 4 070 24 10 130 8,1 70 21 100c 6,0
1,8 1,0 59 1 590 6d 3 120d 20,9 38 132 81e
4,5 1,6 440 18 4 040 22 4 840 1,4 71 32 .. 15,2
3,5 �0,5 53 16 4 490 38 11 090 7,0 73 9 100c 11,9
5,7 2,4 25 2 320 10 1 730 2,6 55 100 66 0,4
2,7 2,2 3 1 430 5d 2 010d 2,9 51 183 41 3,1
16,9 2,9 29 5 290 13 800 6,5 55 135 .. 2,3
, 2,0 0,6 81 4 1 980 14 6 720 2,5 73 26 .. 11,2
11,0 2,0 117 2 170 7 600 3,8 38 182 62 0,8
24,8 2,4 75 94 3 780 222 8 940 3,2 73 8 89c 144,4
11,7 2,5 10 3 290 11 960 3,5 41 222 19c 0,6
30,1 1,7 67 40 1 320 119d 3 950d 3,8 68 43 51 36,5
102,3 1,6 54 637 6 230 915 8 950 �0,1 74 29 91c 424,0
18,8 2,2 24 4 210 2102 1 070d 5,0 41 205 46 1,2
4,2 �0,2 129 2 590 7 1 750 6,5 67 32 99 6,6
2,5 1,3 2 1 480 4 1 800 3,4 65 71 98c 7,5
49,4 1,5 75 .. h .. .. .. 57 108 85 9,1
2,0 2,8 2 4 1 870 13 6 620 �6,7 42 67 83 1 8
24,7 2,4 172 6 240 35 1 420 0,7 60 83 44 3,4
11,8 3,3 9 2 200 10d 820d 1,0 46 264 17 1,2
. . , .
259
1. ()
.
()a ()b
, . . , 5 , (%
, % . , 1 . ,
. . . , % 15 )
2003 1999�2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2002�2003 202 2002 2002 2000
135,6 2,6 149 43 320 122 900 8,3 45 201 67 36,1
16,2 0,6 479 427 26 310 464 28 600 �0,9 78 5 .. 138,9
5,5 2,8 45 4 730 13d 2 400d �0,2 69 41 77e 3,7
4,0 1,2 15 64 15 870 85 21 120 0,9 78 6 .. 32,1
4,6 0,6 15 198 43 350 170 37 300 �0,2 79 4 .. 49,9
148,4 2,4 193 69 470 306 2 060 3,3 64 101 .. 104,8
3,0 1,7 40 13 4 250 19d 6 310d 2,3 75 25 92 6,3
-- 5,5 2,5 12 3 510 123 2 240d 0,2 57 94 .. 2,4
5,6 2,4 14 6 1 100 27d 4 740d �0,3 71 30 92e 3,7
27,1 1,8 21 58 2 150 138 5 090 2,4 70 39 85e 29,5
38,2 0,0 125 201 5 270 437 11 450 4,9 74 9 .. 301,3
10,2 0,2 11241 124 12 130 183 17 980 �0,9 76 6 93 59,8
143,4 �0,3 8 375 2 610 1 279 8 920 7,8 66 21 100 1 435,1
8,3 1,3 334 2 220 11d 1 290d 2,1 40 203 69 0,6
22,2 �0,3 96 51 2 310 159 7 140 5,6 70 21 97c 86,3
6,5 1,9 315 14 2 200 32d 4 890d 1,8 70 39 80 6,7
22,5 2,7 10 187 8 530 281d 12 850d �1,8 73 28 78 374,3
10,0 2,4 52 6 550 17d 1 660d 6,0 52 138 39 4,2
8,1 " 79 16i 1 910i .. .. 5,5 73 19 .. 39,5
4,3 2,6 6 967 90 21 230 103 24 180 �1,0 78 4 93c 59,0
. 17,4 2,8 95 20 1 160 60 3 430 0,0 70 28 83 54,2
5,4 0,1 110 26 4 920 72 13 420 4,8 73 9 100c 35,4
2,0 �0,1 98 23 11 830 38 19 240 3,5 76 5 100 14,6
291,0 1,2 32 10 946 37 610 10 914 37 500 2,0 77 8 .. 5 601,5
� 5,3 2,2 75 1 150 3 530 4,5 37 284 .. 0,6
6,3 1,3 45 1 190 7 1 040 7,8 67 116 99c 4,0
62,0 0,8 121 136 2 190 462 7 450 6,1 69 28 93c 198,6
35,9 2,6 41 10j 290j 22 610 3,5 43 165 77 4,3
4,9 2,6 89 1 310 7d 1 500d 0,9 50 140 60 1,8
9,9 1,5 64 22 2 240 68 6 840 4,4 73 26 73 18,4
4,9 2,2 10 5 1 120 28 5 840 15,3 65 86 .. 34,6
70,7 1,8 92 197 2 790 473 6 690 4,2 70 41 87c 221,6
25,3 2,9 128 6 240 36d 1 440d 0,8 43 141 69 1,5
25,6 1,7 62 11 420 44 1 720 3,0 67 65 99 118,6
48,4 �0,5 83 47 970 262 5 410 10,2 68 20 100 342,8
3,4 0,7 19 13 3 790 27 7 980 1,9 75 15 98 5,4
81,5 2,2 273 88 1 080 379 4 640 2,5 70 37 93c 77,5
5,2 0,3 17 141 27 020 141 27 100 1,7 78 5 .. 53,4
59,7 0,4 109 1 523g 24 770g 1 640 27 460 �0,3 79 6 .. 362,4
4,5 �0,5 80 2 5 350 48 10 710 4,0 74 8 98c 19,6
3,9 2,1 6 1 260 4d 1 080d �8,8 42 180 49e 0,3
8,6 3,0 7 2 250 9 1 100 4,3 48 200 46 0,1
10,2 �0,1 132 69 6 740 160 15 650 2,9 75 5 .. 118,8
15,8 1,4 21 69 4 390 155 9 810 2,0 76 12 96c 59,5
7,3 0,7 186 293 39 880 235 32 030 �1,2 80 6 .. 39,1
9,0 0,3 22 258 28 840 238 26 620 1,2 80 3 .. 46,9
19,2 1,3 297 18 930 72 3 730 4,3 74 19 92 10,2
13,0 1,8 47 23 1 790 45 3 440 0,9 70 29 91c 25,5
4,4 2,6 43 1 190 5d 1 110d 2,8 51 80 .. 0,6
1,4 �1,2 32 7 4 960 17 12 480 5,3 71 12 100c 16,0
68,6 2,3 69 6 90 49d 710d �5,7 42 171 42 5,6
45,3 1,9 37 126 2 780 465d 10 270d �2,0 46 65 86 327,3
2,6 0,8 244 7 3 790 10 3 790 1,1 76 20 88 10,8
127,2 0,2 349 4 390 34 510 3 641 28 620 2,7 82 5 .. 1 184,5
6 271,7 s 1,4w 48 w 34 491 t 5 500 w 51 314 t 8 180 t1 1,4 w 67 w 81 w 79 w 22 994,5 t
2 310,3 2,0 76 1 038 450 5 052 2 190 4,9 58 126 61 2 066,7
2 990,1 1,1 43 5 732 1 920 17 933 6 000 3,9 70 38 90 9 129,1
2 655,2 1,1 47 3 934 1 480 14 617 5 510 4,5 69 40 90 7 116,3
334,9 1,3 26 1 788 5 340 3261 7 9 900 1 7 73 22 91 2 012,0
5 300,3 1,5 53 6 762 1 280 22 894 4 320 3,8 65 88 78 11 196,2
1 854,5 1,2 117 2 011 1 080 8 675 4 680 6,8 69 42 90 3 752,3
472,7 0,1 20 1 217 2 570 3 579 7 570 6,0 69 37 97 3 162,6
534,2 1,6 27 1 741 3 260 3 780 7 080 �0,1 71 34 89 1 357,4
311,6 2,1 28 689 2 250 1 743 5 700 1,2 69 54 69 1 227,2
1 424,7 1,8 298 726 510 3 795 2 660 5,7 63 95 59 1 220,3
702,6 2,5 30 347 490 1 243 1 770 1,3 46 174 65 478,8
971,4 0,7 31 27 732 28 550 28 603 29 450 1,4 78 7 .. 11 804,3
a. � �. b. , .
. . d. ;
. e. . f.
(Ruoen and Kai, 1995). g.
, , . h. (765 . ). i.
. j. .
260 2005
2.
. . .
,
.
, %
% 2 .
1 . ,
, 1 . % 2 . .
. . % , % , % . 20% 20%
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1994e,f 35,2 5,9 41,3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997e,f 30,0 8,1 38,5
2001 .. .. 49,6 2001a 3,7 <1,0 9,1 3,5 2001 c,d 36,5 7,4 44,5
2002 29,6 .. 25,4 2002a <2,0 <0,5 11,8 2,0 2002c,d 28,2 9,1 37,4
1998 16,6 7,3 12,2 1995a <2,0 <0,5 15,1 3,8 1995c,d 35,3 7,0 42,6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1998 .. 29,9 .. 2001a 3,3 0,5 14,3 4,7 2001e,f 52,2 3,1 56,4
1998�99 44,8 60,4 53,7 1998a 12,8 3,3 49,0 17,3 1998c,d 37,9 6,7 45,1
2000 53,0 36,6 49,8 2000a 36,0 8,1 82,8 36,3 2000 c,d 31,8 9,0 41,3
2000 .. .. 41,9 2000a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 0,1 2000 c,d 30,4 8,4 39,1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996e,f 25,0 8,3 37,3
1995 .. .. 33,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2001 .. .. 12,8 2001a 4,7 1,4 16,2 5,7 2001e,f 31,9 6,7 38,9
1999 81,7 .. 62,7 1999a 14,4 5,4 34,3 14,9 1999 c,d 44,7 4,0 49,1
2001�02 19,9 13,8 19,5 .. .. .. .. .. 2001c,d 26,2 9,5 35,8
.. .. .. 1993a 23,5 7,7 50,1 22,8 1993c,d 63,0 2,2 70,3
1990 32,6 13,1 17,4 2001a 8,2 2,1 22,4 8,8 1998e,f 59,1 2,0 64,4
� 1998 51,0 16,5 45,3 1998a 44,9 14,4 81,0 40,6 1998c,d 48,2 4,5 60,7
1990 36,0 43,0 .. 1998a 58,4 24,9 89,2 51,3 1998c,d 33,3 5,1 48,0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1999e,f 36,0 6,1 44,0
1997 .. .. 17,3 1998a <2,0 <0,5 7,3 1,7 1999c,d 24,4 7,7 37,5
, 1989 .. .. 31,3 1998a 15,0 6,9 32,0 15,2 1998e,f 49,1 3,0 53,4
1993 57,2 25,9 50,9 1998a 17,7 3,3 63,7 22,9 1998c,d 36,1 8,0 44,5
1995 66,0 .. 65,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1998 49,9 18,6 39,5 1999a 44,8 17,3 78,5 40,8 1999c,d 30,0 5,6 46,6
2000 74,5 27,1 56,2 2000a 16,0 4,6 37,4 16,0 2000e,f 48,3 2,6 64,1
1994 .. .. 40,0 .. .. .. .. .. 1994c,d 40,3 6,4 47,2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 28,3 8,5 36,9
1993 51,0 57,0 53,0 1998a 23,8 11,6 44,4 23,1 1999e,f 55,0 2,7 58,9
.. .. .. 1998e,f 35,4 7,1 43,6
1997 9,9 12,1 11,1 2001a 2,7 0,9 15,7 4,6 2001 c,d 36,9 6,4 43,6
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997e,f 24,7 8,3 35,8
. 1998 42,1 20,5 28,6 1998a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1998e,f 47,4 5,1 53,3
,
. 1999�00 23,3 22,5 16,7 2000a 3,1 <0,5 43,9 11,3 1999c,d 34,4 8,6 43,6
1998 83,1 56,0 72,9 1998a 63,7 32,7 87,4 55,4 1998c,d 52,6 3,3 56,6
1995�96 48,0 7,9 34,9 1990�91a 36,0 9,6 64,2 29,4 1995c,d 56,8 4,6 55,7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997e,f 35,5 6,9 44,3
1999�00 30,2 24,7 28,6 1999�00a 34,7 8,2 79,9 35,3 1999�00c,d 32,5 8,9 41,6
1999 .. .. 27,1 2002a 7,5 0,9 52,4 15,7 2002c,d 34,3 8,4 43,3
1997 .. .. 11,7 1997a <2,0 <0,5 7,4 1,4 1997 c,d 36,4 7,6 44,4
, . .. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 7,3 1,5 1998c,d 43,0 5,1 49,9
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996e,f 35,9 7,1 43,3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1990e,f 32,5 7,5 40,3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 36,0 6,5 42,0
, . 1998 45,0 30,8 41,8 1998a 15,7 4,5 45,2 15,0 1998c,d 33,4 7,4 41,2
1996 39,0 30,0 34,6 2001a <2,0 <0,5 8,5 1,4 2001c,d 31,3 8,2 39,6
1997 40,1 21,1 36,1 1997a 34,1 9,7 77,7 34,5 1997c,d 40,4 6,9 47,6
2001 49,9 22,1 40,2 2001a 17,1 4,1 50,6 19,3 2001c,d 44,6 5,6 50,9
.. .. .. 1998e,f 33,1 7,0 40,4
1997 53,0 49,0 52,0 1997a 23,0 6,0 58,6 24,1 1997c,d 44,5 5,6 51,2
. 1999 69,7 49,0 64,1 2001a <2,0 <0,5 27,2 5,9 2001c,d 29,0 9,1 38,3
1998 4,6 <2,0 4,6 2001a 16,6 3,9 46,7 18,4 2001c,d 44,7 4,7 50,0
() .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1996e,f 43,4 5,3 50,7
1999 79,0 55,0 64,0 1999a 8,2 2,2 22,6 8,8 1999e,f 57,6 2,7 61,8
, . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
, . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
, . .. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1998e,f 31,6 7,9 37,5
� 1992 25,5 19,2 22,0 2000a 2,0 0,7 9,5 3,0 2000e,f 46,5 4,2 51,5
�' .. .. .. 1998a 15,5 3,8 50,4 18,9 1998c,d 45,2 5,5 51,1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 8,3 2,0 1998e,f 32,4 7,6 40,3
.. .. .. 1995a 36,4 19,0 56,1 33,1 1995 c,d 63,2 1,5 66,5
.. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 2000a <2,0 <0,5 13,7 4,2 2000c,d 31,9 7,9 40,0
1997�98 41,0 26,9 38,6 1997�98a 26,3 6,3 73,2 29,6 1997c,d 37,0 7,6 45,0
2000 61,2 25,4 46,3 2000a 25,9 7,6 63,1 26,8 2000c,d 39,0 6,2 45,7
1999 76,7 52,1 71,3 1999a 49,1 18,3 83,3 44,0 2001c,d 47,5 4,9 53,5
.. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 4,0 0,6 1998c,d 28,2 8,4 36,7
1997�98 66,5 54,9 65,3 1997�98a 41,7 14,8 76,1 38,3 1997c,d 50,3 4,9 56,1
1989 .. .. 15,5 1997a <2,0 <0,5 9,3 2,0 1997e,f 49,2 4,4 54,3
1998 75,9 30,1 63,8 1994a 72,8 37,4 90,6 60,5 1994c,d 50,5 4,6 56,2
. . , .
261
2. ()
. . .
,
.
, %
% 2 .
1 . ,
, 1 . % 2 . .
. . % , % , % . 20% 20%
1998�99 27,2 12,0 19,0 1999a <2,0 <0,5 14,3 3,1 1998�99c,d 39,5 6,5 46,6
1988 .. 10,1 2000a 9,9 3,7 26,3 10,9 2000e,f 54,6 3,1 59,1
1996�97 71,3 62,0 69,4 1996a 37,9 12,0 78,4 36,8 1996�97c,d 39,6 6,5 46,5
1997 26,7 .. 23,3 2001a 22,0 5,8 63,7 25,1 2001c,d 36,2 7,1 43,7
1995 33,1 38,5 36,3 1995a 13,9 3,1 50,0 17,5 1998c,d 44,0 5,6 51,2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 1993a 34,9 14,0 55,8 30,4 1993e,f 70,7 1,4 78,7
1995�96 44,0 23,0 42,0 1995a 37,7 9,7 82,5 37,5 1995�96c,d 36,7 7,6 44,8
1989�93 66,0 52,0 63,0 1995a 61,4 33,9 85,3 54,8 1995c,d 50,5 2,6 53,3
1992�93 36,4 30,4 34,1 1997a 70,2 34,9 90,8 59,0 1996�97c,d 50,6 4,4 55,7
.. .. .. .. .. 1994e,f 32,6 7,3 40,1
1998 68,5 30,5 47,9 2001a 45,1 16,7 79,9 41,2 2001e,f 55,1 3,6 59,7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1997e,f 36,2 6,4 43,8
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 25,8 9,6 37,2
1998�99 35,9 24,2 32,6 1998a 13,4 2,4 65,6 22,0 1998�99c,d 33,0 8,8 42,3
1997 64,9 15,3 37,3 2000a 7,2 2,3 17,6 7,4 2000e,f 56,4 2,4 60,3
� 1996 41,3 16,1 37,5 .. .. .. .. .. 1996c,d 50,9 4,5 56,5
1991 28,5 19,7 21,8 1999a 14,9 6,8 30,3 14,7 1999e,f 56,8 2,2 60,2
1997 64,7 40,4 49,0 2000a 18,1 9,1 37,7 18,5 2000e,f 49,8 2,9 53,2
1993 .. .. 23,8 1999a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1999c,d 31,6 7,3 42,5
.. .. .. 1994a <2,0 <0,5 <0,5 <0,5 1997e,f 38,5 5,8 45,9
1994 .. .. 30,9 2000a 6,1 1,2 23,8 8,0 2000c,d 45,6 4,9 51,3
1993 .. 51,2 1983�85a 35,7 7,7 84,6 36,7 1983�85c,d 28,9 9,7 39,1
1994 27,9 20,4 21,5 2000a 2,1 0,6 20,5 5,2 2000c,d 30,3 8,2 38,4
1992 55,7 43,1 48,3 2000a 31,1 14,1 58,0 29,7 2000e,f 53,2 2,9 57,1
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1992 40,4 .. 33,4 1995a 26,3 7,0 67,8 28,2 1995c,d 41,3 6,4 48,2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1998e,f 42,5 5,0 49,0
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.. .. .. 1996a <2,0 <0,5 2,4 0,7 1996e,f 25,8 8,8 34,8
.. .. .. 1998a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1998�99e,f 28,4 9,1 35,7
.. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 40,8 5,4 45,8
� 1989 76,0 53,0 68,0 1989a 57,0 39,5 74,5 51,8 1989c,d 62,9 1,1 63,4
.. .. .. 1998a 10,3 2,6 50,8 16,3 1998c,d 34,7 8,0 40,0
1992 15,5 10,2 13,1 2000a <2,0 <0,5 32,5 9,0 2000c,d 43,2 6,1 50,0
2000�01 38,7 .. 35,7 1993a 19,9 4,8 59,7 23,0 1993c,d 38,2 6,8 45,5
1987�89 .. .. 32,3 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1995 13,9 3,6 7,6 2000a <2,0 <0,5 6,6 1,3 2000c,d 39,8 6,0 47,3
.. .. .. 1998a 12,1 2,6 44,0 15,4 1998c,d 40,8 6,1 47,5
.. .. .. 2000a <2,0 <0,5 10,3 2,5 2000c,d 40,0 6,1 46,7
1997 .. .. 44,0 .. .. .. .. .. 1999c,d 43,0 5,9 49,7
2000 30,5 22,5 27,5 2000a 21,8 5,4 77,5 28,9 2000c,d 26,8 9,2 36,3
1995 .. .. 31,7 1999a 2,9 0,6 45,7 16,3 1999c,d 29,0 8,8 37,8
.. .. .. 2000a <2,0 <0,5 3,9 0,8 2000e,f 44,6 4,8 50,1
1997 50,7 21,5 36,8 2000a 14,6 2,7 46,4 17,2 2000c,d 46,1 5,4 52,3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 26,9 9,6 36,7
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1995e,f 32,7 7,2 40,2
.. .. .. 2000a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 2001c,d 29,0 8,3 39,6
.. .. .. 1993a 66,6 38,1 84,0 58,4 1993c,d 61,3 2,0 65,0
1995�96 67,0 63,0 64,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. .. .. .. 1996a <2,0 <0,5 <2,0 <0,5 1996e,f 25,4 10,3 35,9
1998 .. .. 17,0 2000a <2,0 <0,5 9,6 2,5 2000'' 57,1 3,3 62,2
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1992e,f 33,1 6,9 40,3
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 2000e,f 25,0 9,1 36,6
� 1995�96 27,0 15,0 25,0 1995�962 6,6 1,0 45,4 13,5 1995c,d 34,4 8,0 42,8
1994 47,0 25,0 35,0 1998a 17,7 7,1 40,8 17,7 1998c,d 43,7 3,3 58,0
1993�94 .. .. 53,0 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
1995 14,7 6,8 8,9 1998a <2,0 <0,5 5,2 0,8 2000e,f 37,2 6,1 44,0
1999�00 45,0 37,0 44,2 1999�00a 26,3 5,7 80,7 31,8 2000c,d 30,0 9,1 39,4
.. .. 1995a 7,1 1,1 23,8 8,6 1995c,d 59,3 2,0 66,5
2000 25,1 .. 18,7 2000a <2,0 <0,5 13,3 2,7 2000c,d 37,9 6,7 46,0
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1993e,f 24,9 10,6 35,7
a. . b. , . d. .
e. . f. .
262 2005
3.
. . ,
% ,
. . ,
, % . 1995 . , , , , ,
. % % % % %
2003 1990�2003 1988�90 2000�2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 1990�2003
518 382 3,8 24 500 36 327 4 26 71 60 18 24 �3 1,9
251 456 2,1 15 593 33 828 2 32 66 58 19 22 1 1,7
7 124 2,4 .. 1 029 16 54 29 60 10 52 �23 65,6
6 124 4,6 1 137 1 868 25 19 56 93 8 23 �24 26,9
65 993 2,4 1 781 1 919 11 65 24 45 8 32 14 14,7
13 189 3,2 218 137 9 65 27 63 ..a 32 5 518,4
129 735 2,3 7 282 10 317 11 35 54 63 11 15 11 4,9
2 797 1,5 .. 2 827 24 38 38 85 10 20 �15 119,9
51 897 4,9 244 318 22 27 52 77 5 23 �6 3,8
17 493 0,6 .. 3 038 10 37 53 60 21 22 �3 252,3
302 217 2,1 30 479 57 462 1 27 72 55 21 19 4 1,8
3 499 5,0 397 621 36 14 50 80 13 19 �12 7,0
19 859 �0,2 3 409 8 282 12 27 61 69 17 21 �8 75,1
8 024 3,5 681 754 15 33 52 77 15 11 �3 7,1
6 963 17,8 .. 7 634 17 35 49 88 25 19 �32 3,5
7 388 4,7 777 575 2 48 50 28 32 25 14 9,0
492 338 2,6 2 982 4 899 6 21 73 58 20 20 2 118,9
� 4 182 4,2 148 185 31 19 50 83 13 19 �15 4,7
669 �1,5 176 1,51 49 19 32 93 8 10 �10 12,8
1 794 858 2,6 29 138 32 918 1 26 73 66 20 16 �2 2,8
82 805 2,4 5 133 5 625 4 31 65 67 11 24 �2 16,4
, 84 793 0,5 4 449 5 399 3 43 54 70 6 12 12 39,5
39 157 7,5 192 256 23 39 38 66 6 32 �4 11,6
2 745 �0,8 .. .. 27 16 57 103 ..a 21 �24 19,4
7 659 4,3 542 571 35 25 40 83 11 19 �14 26,4
24 730 3,8 1 932 2 115 22 19 58 90 5 17 �12 9,3
3 626 4,2 228 286 25 36 39 83 6 14 �4 5,2
2 400 655 1,5 16 783 33 686 1 30 69 59 19 18 4 1,6
6 978 3,0 856 1 037 13 31 56 74 14 29 �17 16,2
173 045 2,7 10 578 13 860 7 22 70 67 16 23 �6 7,5
3 937 �3,2 .. .. 21 23 56 81 10 21 �12 185,8
212 404 2 4 29 551 63 131 3 27 71 48 26 20 6 2,0
. 15 915 5,7 2 061 3 281 11 32 57 80 7 22 �9 9,1
,
. 82 427 4,5 1 000 1 316 16 34 50 72 13 17 �2 7,0
4 299 1,4 188 194 19 30 51 84 11 16 �11 41,8
8 304 1,1 292 355 17 24 59 72 17 8 2 32,3
103 689 4,3 .. .. .. .. .. 60 31 16 �7 8,2
598 966 5,8 342 401 23 26 52 65 13 24 �2 6,8
208 311 3,5 674 748 17 44 40 69 9 16 6 15,3
9 860 4,6 1 810 1 145 2 26 72 80 23 23 �26 2,5
,
136 833 4,0 2 613 3 737 11 37 53 64 10 30 �3 24,6
148 553 7,6 .. .. 3 42 54 47 15 24 15 3,8
836 100 2,8 12 860 22 412 3 30 66 58 18 26 �2 3,8
1 465 895 1,6 13 990 27 064 3 29 69 60 19 20 1 3,4
, 10 831 5,8 329 412 15 40 45 74 14 17 �5 18,6
29 749 �0,6 .. 1 753 8 39 53 59 13 26 2 120,2
4 299 6,6 .. 422 36 28 36 80 6 22 �8 3,4
12 449 2,7 837 1 213 45 19 37 71 12 17 �1 4,4
834 390 3,2 29 425 43 064 .. .. .. 56 19 20 5 1,5
13 842 1,8 265 213 17 19 64 70 19 16 �5 12,2
1 737 �1,5 .. 1 861 39 23 38 68 19 18 �4 191
1 409 852 9,5 227 338 15 53 32 44 13 42 1 4,9
() 158 596 3,7 .. .. 0 12 88 57 11 23 9 1,8
77 559 2,3 3 889 3 619 14 31 55 71 14 16 �2 17,8
, 5 600 �3,9 250 212 58 19 23 92 4 7 �3 617,0
3 510 1,8 486 469 6 61 33 35 18 23 24 7,9
605 331 5,5 .. 13 747 3 35 62 55 13 29 3 4,8
� 17 482 4,8 3 721 5 270 8 29 63 69 15 18 �2 14,9
�' 13 734 2,4 779 1 046 28 21 52 63 12 10 16 7,3
35 369 2,9 .. .. .. .. .. 56 26 9 9 2,6
9 671 �0,1 .. 2 773 5 24 71 62 18 31 �10 31,5
1 135 3,4 591 575 16 42 42 85 33 34 �52 9,5
19 000 4,6 .. 29 874 12 20 68 96 13 17 �26 12,2
18 213 0,0 .. 3 431 7 34 59 64 20 21 �6 45,8
2 036 6,3 462 621 51 23 26 .. .. 22 28,6
1 128 4,4 382 447 19 30 51 82 18 41 �41 5,6
5 459 2,1 160 155 29 15 55 82 10 16 �8 16,0
, 4 705 0,1 .. 4 243 12 30 57 85 12 22 �18 48,8
1 731 3,1 77 124 38 15 48 85 20 8 �13 30,9
103 161 5,9 5 678 6 912 9 49 42 46 14 22 18 3,4
4 326 4,9 251 274 36 27 37 79 10 22 �11 6,0
44 491 2,7 1 823 1 513 18 30 52 64 20 23 �6 2,3
626 080 3,0 1 579 1 913 4 26 70 69 13 20 �2 16,5
4 320 7,0 126 136 23 34 43 59 11 45 �15 24,8
1 964 �5,9 .. 971 23 25 53 95 18 22 �34 78,9
1 188 1,7 1 44 1 444 28 15 57 63 19 31 �13 40,5
.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 .. 24,6
4 658 3,7 1 055 1 545 10 31 59 58 28 24 �10 10,3
5 835 4,6 188 203 40 21 39 79 10 26 �14 6,9
. . , .
263
3. ()
. . ,
% ,
. . ,
, % . 1995 . , , , , ,
. % % % % %
2003 1990�2003 1988�90 2000�2002 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 1990�2003
2 730 2 7 211 197 40 17 43 82 12 16 �10 5,2
50 202 2,7 509 729 37 29 34 57 26 22 �5 23,1
511 556 2,7 34 647 59 476 3 26 71 50 24 20 5 2,4
4 100 4,3 1 255 1 618 18 25 57 78 16 31 �25 28,3
76 256 3,2 20 966 28 740 .. .. .. 60 19 20 2 1,6
221 579 3,4 21 358 37 073 2 38 60 43 20 20 17 3,2
68 815 3,6 544 719 23 23 53 73 12 15 0 8,6
12 916 4,1 2 192 2 967 6 14 81 70 7 26 �3 3,0
�
3 395 2,8 695 823 26 39 35 .. .. .. .. 7,6
5 814 1,7 3 261 3 318 21 27 52 81 8 25 �15 11,2
61 011 3,9 1 39 1 863 8 29 64 72 10 19 �1 18,1
209 563 4,7 .. 1 879 3 31 66 70 16 19 �5 17,7
149 454 2,6 5 391 7 567 4 30 66 61 21 28 �10 4,8
433 491 �1,8 .. 3 826 5 34 61 53 16 20 11 106,4
1 637 2,3 220 254 42 22 36 85 14 20 �19 10,6
60 358 0,2 2 340 3 588 12 36 52 76 9 21 �5 78,1
14 396 4,0 1 619 1 678 9 32 59 88 11 17 �16 5,7
188 479 2,1 7 348 15 796 5 551 44 37 26 20 18 1,7
6 496 4,0 352 354 17 21 62 75 14 20 �9 3,8
19 176 0,5 .. .. .. .. .. 86 19 18 �23 52,9
91 342 6,3 27 156 42 920 0 35 65 41 12 13 33 0,6
21 517 4,3 2 056 2 636 23 29 48 66 11 24 0 6,6
31 868 2,5 .. .. 4 30 67 55 21 25 �1 9,3
26 284 4,0 .. 37 671 3 336 61 53 22 25 0 9,6
10 881 609 3,2 27 975 53 907 2 23 75 70 16 18 �4 2,0
� 793 �3,1 766 359 52 31 17 92 20 18 �31 24,6
1 303 �3,2 .. 617 23 20 56 91 9 19 �19 147,0
143 163 3,7 768 863 9 41 50 62 9 23 6 3,4
b 9 872 3,7 174 187 43 17 40 77 15 18 �10 17,4
1 759 2,1 458 503 41 22 37 83 9 22 �14 5,9
24 282 4,6 2 228 3 115 13 30 58 64 15 25 �4 3,9
6 010 0,8 .. 690 25 44 30 55 13 33 0 226,6
237 972 3,1 1 848 1 848 13 22 65 67 14 23 �3 68,7
6 198 6,8 285 346 33 22 45 76 15 23 �14 8,8
9 949 1,2 .. 1 449 35 22 43 57 19 17 7 162,4
49 537 �5,3 .. 1 576 14 40 46 60 16 19 5 155,0
11 182 1,5 6 832 8 177 9 27 64 73 12 11 3 23,9
80 574 3,5 1 354 1 458 14 32 53 72 11 19 �2 7,7
161 549 2,9 23 140 42 306 3 33 64 51 22 20 8 2,0
1 747 973 1,9 30 635 59 243 3 25 72 55 24 19 2 1,5
28 322 1,7 .. 9 741 8 29 62 61 21 27 �9 53,0
1 198 1,8 383 502 61 25 14 75 13 18 �6 3,9
2 648 3,0 171 211 38 17 46 81 7 45 �33 6,7
85 438 1,4 .. 6 382 4 40 57 53 21 28 �2 9,2
72 416 5,6 4 854 6 226 9 34 57 63 11 22 3 7,0
309 465 1,0 .. .. .. .. .. 61 14 21 4 1,1
300 795 2,3 30 186 40 368 2 28 70 49 28 176 6 1,8
� 18 514 4,7 677 725 20 26 54 76 9 23 �7 9,0
26 913 1,9 4 726 3 310 9 29 62 70 12 22 �4 3,9
734 4,0 .. 68 15 24 61 104 34 22 �60 10,3
8 383 1,5 .. 3 650 5 30 65 62 18 32 �12 35,5
6 638 4,3 .. 154 42 11 47 79 19 21 �19 5,4
159 886 2,3 3 428 4 072 4 31 65 67 14 15 4 9,0
7 817 0,7 1 232 1 487 5 29 66 74 18 27 �19 18,6
4 326 444 1,3 25 293 33 077 1 31 68 56 17 26 1 �0,5
36 356 240t 2,6 w , w 1 051 w 4w 28 w 68 w 62 w 17w 20 w 1 w ..
1 101 435 4,7 329 383 25 25 50 68 13 22 �3 ..
5 995 502 3,3 .. 818 11 38 51 60 13 25 2 ..
4 146 612 3,4 522 716 12 40 48 58 13 27 2 ..
1 830 894 3,0 .. 4 027 7 32 61 65 13 18 4 ..
7 086 806 3,4 492 627 13 36 51 61 13 24 2
2 050 713 7,2 .. .. 14 49 38 52 12 33 3
1 394 511 0,2 2 376 9 31 60 61 16 21 2
1 733 889 2,7 2 770 3 591 7 25 68 62 16 19 11
676 986 3,2 1 917 2 340 11 41 48 54 18 23 5
755 772 5,5 343 412 23 25 52 68 12 23 �2
417 336 2,7 382 360 14 29 57 68 16 18 41
29 270 317 2,5 .. .. 2 27 71 63 18 19 0
a. , . . .
b. .
264 2005
4. ,
,
,
, %
, a,
%
. 2003, , . , ,
. . . . . . % %
2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002 2002
70 358 88 618 29 16 �30 675 .. 16 364 .. .. .. 93,9
96 187 97 678 82 15 �2 392 .. 886 .. .. .. 124,3
2 592 2 626 6 8 �2 021 1 313 1 392 43 1 398 21 8,5
450 1 879 86 1 �408 136 135 101 1 312 20 43,6
25 300 12 850 2 4 1 023 1 065 12 22 800 42 29,1
9 075 4 175 .. .. �1 431 1 420 1 312 32 10 134 120 5,5
29 349 13 813 31 7 9 559 681 785 0 132 314 66 62,4
678 1 269 61 2 �186 108 111 96 1 149 34 7,3
6 820 9 660 92 0 739 132 47 7 17 037 22 40,2
9 964 11 505 64 4 �505 227 247 4 908 7 17,5
267 179b 250 399b 79b 11 9 392 .. 73 635b .. .. .. 115,4
425 765 6 0 �153 41 41 34 1 843 36c 5,8
7 439 10 742 61 �1 648 808 600 48 10 462 79 23,7
1 560 1 575 17 7 �347 601 677 77 4 867 23c 62,3
1 440 4 645 .. .. �2 096 299 293 143 2 515 34 35,8
2 480 2 085 91 0 .. 35 37 22 480 8 �29,5
l 73 084 50 665 54 19 �7 696 9 861 16 566 2 227 932 48 63,6
� 340 710 19 7 �449 8 8 40 1 580 16c 12,4
38 155 1 2 �39 �2 0 24 1 204 110 32,1
303 890 388 282 79 31 �26 713 29 179 .. .. .. 145,3
42 697 47 747 86 25 �2 644 221 54 46 34 958 64 53,8
, 23 650 9 306 13 3 7 423 �1 639 690 2 32 563 33 15,0
19 660 24 020 .. .. �604 759 1 400 16 13 349 35 44,8
330 1 200 .. .. .. 6 6 19 1 248 23 37,3
1 945 3 225 16 3 �106 27 50 33 7 338 73c 31,9
2 395 6 150 35 7 �1 193 61 110 21 4 676 21 15,7
824 764 28 0 �41 0 0 32 3 401 47 12,5
748 375 493 712 86 17 53 513 .. 35 547 .. .. .. 144,7
1 332 3 276 26 2 �266 100 143 64 5 395 50 34,1
13 040 45 379 52 10 �10 405 .. 53 .. 109,5
444 1 058 35 38 �392 149 165 60 1 838 42 19,6
67 887 58 749 66 22 4 991 .. 6 410 .. .. .. 156,6
. 5 547 7 970 34 1 �875 1 351 961 18 6 256 30 45,1
, . 5 750 13 280 35 1 622 437 647 19 30 750 28 109,9
940 1 503 14 2 186 197 63 5 969 127 46,7
1 225 2 835 38 3 �3 26 15 4 066 .. 58,7
31 577 36 430 93 20 �174 .. 1 649 115 .. .. 93,6
54 740 69 743 75 5 4 656 4 944 3 030 1 104 429 17 58,5
60 650 32 390 54 16 6 085 �6 966 �1 513 6 132 208 89 59,4
3 000 5 579 68 3 �619 �31 56 103 8 094 83 89,6
, . 33 360 27 580 9 3 .. 816 37 2 9 154 7 45,3
92 695 52 789 88 41 �2 990 .. 24 697 .. .. .. 110,6
151 876 200 088 78 7 �23 676 36 727 .. .. .. 129,6
290 231 289 017 88 9 �21 942 .. 14 699 .. .. .. 99,6
. 4 355 2 892 .. .. 340 114 114 31 5 290 40 �0,5
12 900 8 327 19 10 �69 4 431 2 583 13 17 538 80 13,0
1 623 1 724 .. .. �64 54 54 37 2 907 68 6,0
1 885 1 970 7 1 .. 38 86 40 8 502 57c 15,7
272 054 245 618 63 14 18 630 .. 20 501 .. .. 92,6
2 395 3 735 24 10 �530 39 50 13 6 031 40 43,2
. 582 717 33 6 �32 �54 5 37 1 797 93 11,4
438 370 412 840 90 23 35 422 47 107 49 308 1 168 255 14 166,4
() 224 040d 207 168 95d 17 17 414 .. 9 682 1 .. .. 144,5
13 010 13 744 38 7 �1 417 947 2 023 10 33 853 46 36,7
, . . 1 260 1 489 .. .. .. 32 32 16 8 726 171 0,2
, . 2 645 1 110 .. .. �62 331 331 115 5 152 228 11,4
, . 194 325 178 784 92 32 6 092 .. 1 972 �2 .. .. 101,9
6 112 7 621 63 37 �946 602 662 1 4 834 33 36,9
' 6 059 3 750 21 3 767 117 230 65 11 816 91 20,7
21 550 11 165 .. .. 4 192 .. 7 2 .. .. 105,8
2 896 5 248 59 4 �956 496 382 37 6 690 85 39,6
427 914 .. .. �119 73 81 43 637 45 10,7
1 458 7 035 69 3 �3 587 4 803 257 103 17 077 102 185,7
7 252 9 870 58 5 �1 214 760 712 42 6 199 49 18,0
371 508 .. .. �82 25 25 50 2 664 85 12,3
369 471 .. .. .. 16 12 135 2 309 56c �8,2
626 843 .. .. �270 8 8 23 4 518 33c 18,4
, 1 336 2 206 70 1 �177 113 77 136 1 619 37 15,9
460 720 0 3 �174 6 6 35 2 912 51c 21,6
100 726 81 067 79 58 7 190 4 807 3 203 4 48 557 57 154,2
985 1 010 .. .. �310 102 102 42 2 803 47c 16,5
8 701 14 158 66 11 413 15 428 21 18 601 51c 84,5
165 334 178 990 84 21 �9 150 14 62211 14 622 1 10 26114 26 38,0
730 1 305 8 3 �657 381 406 112 4 609 27c 13,4
791 1 403 31 4 �92 77 111 33 1 349 78 29,1
516 787 36 0 �105 78 78 85 1 037 69 17,1
2 802 2 515 .. .. �309 69 129 2 6 556 .. 16,5
1 155 1 590 52 1 130 .. .. 68 .. .. �8,2
650 1 730 67 0 �165 9 10 15 2 953 31 38,0
350 510 3 8 .. 0 8 26 1 797 26c 29,1
20 255 10 890 0 0 .. 639 1 281 2 30 476 82 17,1
293 437 261 135 74 28 16 467 .. 28 534 .. .. .. 84,5
590 1 865 19 5 �888 206 174 97 6 485 77 13,4
16 505 18 559 28 10 �3 530 .. 823 .. .. .. 35,1
. . , .
265
4. , ()
,
,
, %
, a,
%
. 2003 , . , ,
. . . . . . % %
2003 2003 2002 2002 2003 2002 2002 2002 2002 1999 2002
68 130 39 895 22 22 28 643 .. 502 .. .. .. 49,0
11 901 13 034 85 1 3 597 379 823 15 33 672 45 43,2
905 2 980 12 1 �408 180 57 12 8 298 84 160,4
� 2 146 1 193 2 19 286 �46 50 38 2 485 82 118,2
1 289 2 079 15 3 376 34 �22 10 2 967 42 93,0
8 864 8 494 21 2 �1 116 3 131 2 391 18 28 167 56 8,5
52 285 66 887 82 3 6 178 5 075 4 131 30 69 521 37 26,5
31 172 44 821 86 7 �7 549 1 790 .. .. .. 54,0
135 162 74 496 22 13 35 905 8 011 3 009 9 147 541 50 43,5
60 240 3 1 �192 3 3 44 1 435 40c 90,7
17 618 24 003 81 3 �1 525 3 173 1 144 31 14 683 37 25,9
3 136 5 763 58 6 �384 1 419 208 36 5 828 46 28,8
88 500 34 089 10 0 11 889 .. .. 1 .. .. 23,9
1 330 2 270 51 4 94 93 45 3 918 53c 60,5
2 522 7 140 .. .. �1 750 507 475 237e 12 688f 102 35,8
144 134d 127 898 85d 60 18 704 6 097 2 .. .. 149,9
,5 980 4 835 7 1 1 440 224 225 5 21 504 117 13,2
22 035 22 318 85 3 .. 5 460 4 012 35 13 013 61 26,7
12 738 13 812 90 5 15 1 865 87 .. .. 11,3
724 006 1 305 648 81 32 �541 834 39 633 .. .. .. 70,1
� 91 320 .. .. 5 5 68 1 448 103c 22,6
798 881 13 42 �41 �10 9 27 1 153 89 ..
80 253 75 679 74 31 7 965 �1 992 900 5 59 212 49 48,4
()* 150 646 127 258 94 42 25 678 �� �� 0 83,5
990 2 120 17 2 �964 214 240 35 7 244 19c,h 51,7
425 558 43 1 �169 75 75 11 1 581 92 46,0
8 027 10 909 82 4 �844 1 625 795 49 12 625 65 147,5
3 403 2 516 7 5 �74 100 8 .. .. 129,6
46 573 67 734 84 2 �1 521 7 582 1 037 9 131 556 77 43,6
525 1 240 8 12 �353 149 150 26 4 100 22c 75,2
2 936 2 576 .. .. 659 �11 65 7 4 568 38 174,4
17 954 23 021 67 5 2 891 �576 693 10 13 555 35 27,9
2 169 2 190 37 3 354 107 177 4 10 736 65 21,3
37 065 39 301 50 65 2 060 3 549 1 111 7 59 342 77 10,0
52 834 41 312 85 24 9 295 .. 8 156 .. .. .. 116,0
384 662 388 373 81 21 25 744 .. 52 020 .. .. .. 17,0
6 164 14 199 73 12 �2 039 3 604 980 37 15 347 76 74,4
130 97 .. .. .. 4 4 16 1 066 78 59,1
230 852 .. .. .. 900 901 28 1 281 37c 19,1
48 723 51 306 89 14 �4 485 10 382 9 323 38 26 419 46 15,4
20 875 19 320 18 3 �594 2 781 1 713 �1 41 945 62 27,5
100 550 96 345 93 21 26 011 3 599 .. .. .. 145,3
100 939 82 317 81 16 10 624 11 828 .. .. .. 246,6
� 5 060 6 455 74 1 �264 206 242 18 9 611 48 93,3
5 988 6 534 10 7 �1 222 2 103 1 275 17 16 452 95 ..
56 600 .. .. �223 21 21 54 528 40 15,0
5 618 7 967 72 12 �1 150 1 586 285 51 4 741 86 44,8
535 2 015 14 �70 71 75 19 6 523 63c �0,5
36 452g 38 141g 63g 5 �1 456 783 739 14 25 041 22 46,7
1 215 3 815 64 0 �1 119 540 481 9 5 477 82 58,7
471 934 382 959 93 24 136 215 .. 9 087 .. .. .. 312,5
7 479 592t 7 624 797t 78 w 21 w .. s 630 827 s 11 w .. s 179,5 w
176 218 198 033 47 4 7 151i 12 941i 12 523 464i 46,9
1 813 068 1 675 174 60 18 146 679i 134 145i 9 1 815 384i 82,9
1 147 024 1 066 326 60 17 98 852i 91 104i 8 1 147 339i 97,9
666 731 608 848 60 21 47 828i 43 041i 12 668 045ij 53,0
1 989 214 1 873 207 60 17 153 831 147 086 10 2 338 848j .. 77,7
746 144 676 038 79 32 .. 47 524 54 834 4 497 354 .. 143,8
458 205k 474 286k 57 10 .. 53 739 32 931 27 545 842 36,8
374 300 359 950 48 16 34 544 44 682 10 727 944 46,8
222 781 155 327 19 2 .. 5 359 2 653 21 189 010 .. 72,1
79 505 102 282 77 4 .. 5 697 4 164 5 168 349 .. 55,3
109 680 105 324 35 4 .. 6 968 7 822 28 210 350 .. 65,0
5 491 151 5 741 481 82 23 .. .. 483 741 .. .. .. 204,1
a. , .
, �� . b. . c. ,
(). d. . e.
, , . g.
. (, , , ).. h.
. i. , Global Development Finance 2004. j.
, . k. .
266 2005
5.
.
()a ()a , ,
%
5 ,
, , , , , 1 . 15 ,
. % ./. . , . . . % .
2003 1990�2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2003 2002�2003 2002 2002 2002 2000
70 .. 353 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 286
69 1,8 136 .. ..f .. .. .. .. 7 .. ..
79 1,6 179 719 9 160 753 9 590 0,4 75 14 .. 352
97 .. 511 .. ..f .. .. .. .. .. .. 1 924
28 766c 3,7 44 .. ..d .. .. .. 43 257 .. 905
� 317 1,6 32 4 684 15 110 5 067 16 140 �0,6 70 16 .. 1 795
271 0,4 630 2 512 9 270 5 0600 15 060 0,8 75 14 100 1 176
712 2,7 1 003 7 569 11 260 11 288 16 170 1,8 73 16 88 19 500
259 2,4 11 807 3 190 1 476 5 840 1,8 74 40 77g 780
� 64 0,4 1 280 .. ..f .. .. .. .. .. .. 462
356 2,5 68 .. ..f .. .. .. 77 6 .. 4 668
874 2,9 19 578 660 .. .. 4,0 63 94 .. 396
210 2,7 17 248 2 880 605 2 880 �0,2 69 42 .. 81
�
() 112 0,6 329 .. ..f .. .. .. 78 .. .. 13 106
1 344 2,6 5 4 813 3 580 7 656 5 700 1,2 53 85 .. 3 499
769 0,4 4 689 900 3 035h 3 950h �1,0 62 72 .. 1 598
1 421 3,3 142 442 310 2 591h 1 820h 6,3 53 126 .. 271
� 1 489 2,9 53 202 140 983 660 �16,9 45 211 .. 264
105 0,8 308 396 3 790 702 6 710 1,4 73 25 .. 213
56 0,0 0 ..f .. .. .. 69 .. .. 557
162 1,5 295 .. ..f .. .. .. 78 .. .. 4 071
705 2,8 30 643 910 1 550h 2 200h 1,8 44 143 .. 385
71 �0,1 95 239 3 360 362 5 090 �0,7 77 15 .. 103
3 367 4,1 .. 3 734 1 110 .. .. �5,2 73 .. .. ..
24 700 2,4 56 .. .. .. .. .. 63 125 .. 76 336
286 0,9 3 8 813 30 810 8 619 30 140 1,2 80 4 .. 2 158
� 470 2,5 117 701 1 490 2 558h 5 440h 2,4 69 38 76 139
� 39 .. 150 .. ..f .. .. .. .. .. .. 286
624 1,9 57 .. ..f .. .. .. 75 16 .. 40 685
770 0,9 83 9 373 12 320 15 042h 19 530h 3,3 78 6 97g 6 423
96 2,2 132 84 880 .. .. 0,4 63 69 .. 26
22 612 1,0 188 ..d .. .. .. 62 55 .. 188 857
� 600 2,5 269 269 450 1 056h 1 760h 0,1 61 79 56 81
11 299 0,5 103 .. .. .. .. 77 9 97 30 913
3 374 2,5 35 445 130 .. .. �2,3 47 235 56 399
5 559 2,0 3 .. ..e .. .. .. 72 19 82 57 125
33 1,3 207 .. ..f .. .. .. .. 11 .. ..
448 1,2 171 19 683 43 940 24 385 54 430 0,3 78 5 .. 8 482
1 225 1,1 603 5 012 4 090 13 789 11 260 2,1 73 19 84 2 895
� 166 400 .. ..e .. .. .. 60 .. .. ..
() 444 1,4 .. 6 335 14600i 9 624h 21 920h 79 .. 91g 1 634
� 293 2,5 977 674I 2 300 .. .. 6,1 69 77 97 498
399 0,8 1 247 3 678 9 260 7 096 17 870 .. 78 5 93 2 814
� 53 1,1 265 143 2 710 .. .. 2,0 65 66 .. ..
� 74 0,7 125 .. ..f .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
, 125 2,0 174 261 2 090 .. .. �0,1 69 24 .. ..
32 1,1 16 842 .. ..f .. .. .. .. 5 .. ..
� 220 1,1 275 .. ..f .. .. .. 76 .. 97 9 929
225 2,2 12 .. ..f .. .. .. 74 .. .. 1 667
� 149 0,3 745 .. ..f .. .. .. 79 .. .. ..
4 041 6,3 48 .. ..f 78 977h 21 040h �5,0 75 9 77 58 913
2 599 3,6 8 19 877 7 830 32 985 13 000 .. 74 13 74 19 775
20 2,2 43 150 7 500 .. .. 1,5 70 29 .. 242
� 3 898 0,7 439 42 057 10 950 62 674 16 320 .. 77 .. 94 8 735
178 0,8 63 284 1 600 1 015h 5 700h 1,9 69 25 99 139
� 28 1,5 277 .. ..f .. .. .. .. 6 .. ..
� 157 2,4 164 50 320 .. .. 2,5 66 118 .. 88
1 106 2,8 64 1 492 1 350 5 359 4 850 0,6 44 149 81 381
, � 80 .. 159 .. ..e .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
� 84 1,4 186 626 7 480 1 336 15 960 �6,5 73 16 92g 227
�
109 0,2 280 361 3 300 719 6 590 2,8 73 25 .. 161
� 47 0,8 130 321 6 880 516 11 040 2,4 71 24 .. 103
� 161 1,4 263 650 4 050 839 5 220 0,8 74 19 .. 322
� 457 2,8 16 273 600 746h 1 630h 0,7 69 24 .. 165
9 626 2,3 15 .. ..d .. .. .. 47 225 .. ..
33 546 2,3 14 15 372 460 63 145h 1 880h 3,6 58 94 60 5 221
438 0,7 3 841 1 990 .. .. .. 70 40 .. 2 118
� 810 0,7 54 351 430 .. .. .. .. 126 .. ..
102 0,5 142 152 1 490 703h 6 890h 1,7 71 20 .. 121
1 313 0,6 256 9 538 7 260 12 405 9 450 3,1 72 20 98 26 362
� 46 �0,2 33 .. ..f .. .. .. .. .. 649
835 1,0 46 1 969 2 360 4 517h 5 410h 3,5 70 21 .. 725
243 1,6 66 .. ..f .. .. .. 74 .. .. 542
494 2,6 18 437 930 .. .. 12,8 52 152 .. 205
: . . , .
a. � �. b. , . . c.
. d. , ( 765 .). e. ,
(3036 9385 .) f. , (9386 . ).g.
. h. ,
(Internaional Comparison Programme). i. , (766 3035 .) j. .
267
�
, , �
� �. .
. CD ROM �World Development Indicators 2004.
� � ,
, () 1993 . (.
(1993 System of National Accounts, SNA). , 1993 . )
� � � , ,
�. .
1 3.
, . ,
, ,
� � -- ,
� 2004. , --
, ,
. , 1 .
()
2003 .
,
, � .
�. ,
. .
() , ,
() , .
.
. , 1995 .
,
. .
,
, .
.
, ,
. ,
, .
, , � .
2004 .� (World Development Indicators 2004).
,
, .
.
, ,
, . ,
. , .
: ,
, , ; , , ,
; , 1995 .
, ,
, . , .
, ,
, , ,
, ,
. , . ,
.
, . , ,
1.
.
. CD ROM ,
World Development Indicators 2004. , ,
268 2005
, , , ,
. ,
, , ,
. (.
). .
. ,
.
. --
. ,
( --
, ), ,
, , . (
, . )
() .
. ,
, ,
��. .
( �� ,
. � � ). (.
, � � 2001 ).
.
( ) ��. ,
, , .
,
.
, .
, ,
(), , ,
, .
.
. .
(2)
, , .
. ,
, , .
, ()
, ,
.
. , ,
1999 .; 1996 ., (World Energy Data Set),
1993 . ,
1996 . , , ,
. (ement Manufacturing Data Set),
, .
. 1950 ,
() . ,
, , ,
. .
.
, . 2.
-- , .
, ,
,
. ,
5 .
, , , ,
, ,
. .
1000 . ,
269
. , ,
, , . ,
.
, 1 , . ,
, 2 , , ,
, .
, 1,08 2,15 , 1993 ( , ,
1 2 1995 ., .
). .
, . , ,
, , ,
. ,
1 2 . ,
, , ,
( . .
), . , ,
. , .
,
. .
, ,
,
. .
, , (
. ,
-- )
-- , . ,
?
. ,
/
, , ? , /
1980 , .
. .
1985 , : ,
,
, � 1990 : .
�
. , Penn .
World Tables , , ,
,
. ( ),
, .
. , ,
, ( )
. .
. , ,
Penn World Tables. Penn World .
Tables ( 1993 .) , ( (
) 1993 . ), .
1 1985 . 1,08 .
1993 . ,
.
, .
(, , )
. ,
.
. , ,
. , .
,
. 100 .
. , , ( )
. .
270 2005
. ,
, , ,
. , ,
, .
.
. , .
,
. ,
1985 1999 . 1995 .
: .
, (
). .
,
, (), .
. ,
.
(), 1�5
, .
.
, : , ,
. , , ( 10�45 ).
, 5�99
Ravaillon and Chen (1996). .
(
, , )
. ,
(, ),
.
. . ,
. , , .
, ,
.
. , , ,
. , , ,
, . .
, .
, . ,
( ) ( -- )
.
. ( ).
. ,
, ,
, . .
( --
)
, ,
. .
(, , ); ,
3. ; , ,
, , ,
, , .
,
. , .
. 1993
.
. .
(), . ,
, ,
, , .
271
, 2 .
, , -- ,
, -- . -- ,
. ,
. 25% .
, ,
, . , .
.
,
, ,
. . 1
.
().
4. , , ,
(
) , . .
( ,
, , ) ,
. , .
(). .
Global Development Finance.
(): 5 (), 6 ( ), 7 (
) 8 ( , ,
68. , .
,
. , ,
, , ( ,
, , . , , ).
, . ,
. International Finance Statistics.
.
, .
. , (
) ,
� � ,
, (10 .
) , ,
.
, ,
.
, ,
Balance of . ,
Payments Statistics Yearbook International Financial Statistics. .
(), r
() --
() --
; . :
, ()
, ln Xt = a + bt
() . :
; ,
; , Xt = X0 (1+r) t.
25% . X -- , t -- , a = log X0, b = ln (1+r) --
( ), . b* -- b,
, , , r
1 . [exp (b*) -- 1] 100
, , , .
272 2005
, , ,
. ( , ,
. ).
. .
,
. ,
.
, ,
, ��. �
: � .
r = 1n(pn/p1)/n, . t
pn p1 :
, n -- , 1n -- .
[et--2 ( t--2 ( )+ et]
1 t ts$
. et* t ts$
=
3 s$ + et--1 s$
. , t--2 t--1 t--1
,
, (pn -- pn -- 1)/ n -- 1.
p t
:
Y t = (Yt/Nt)/et*,
$
(, , ) : e * -- �� (
t
) t;
. et -- (
) t;
, pt -- t;
.
S$-- t;
, Pt
. , Yt$ -- �� t;
, , ,
, , -- . Yt -- ( ) t;
�� Nt -- t.
, ��. .
�� ,
. ,
��
( .
) (. , �
2004.
, , �� ,
. , , , .
� �
: 101831, , , , 9
.: (095) 923 68 39, 923 85 68
: (095) 925 42 69
e mail: orders@vesmirbooks.ru; http://www.vesmirbooks.ru
2005
: . . , . .
: . .
: . .
: . .
11.03.2005. . 84�1081/16 . . . 18,0
� �, 101831, , ., 9
� 13�
107005, , , ., 30
� �
.
,
,
,
, .
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
,
.
2005:
,
.
30 . 53 ,
.
�
?
�
?
�
?
�
?
�
?
�
?
, ,
200 .
� �,
Doing Business 2004. � �
, ,
, .
� �