March/2015 100421 DEMOGRAPHICS LIVING BELOW US$ 2.50 LIVING BETWEEN US$ 2.50- 5.00 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA LIVING ABOVE US$ 5.00 GENDER AT A GLANCE POPULATION BY AGE AND POVERTY STATUS (MILLIONS), 2011 Source: World Bank ECATSD using EUSILC. 65-older ROMANIA 55-64 45-54 35-44 GNI per capita (Atlas Method, US$)1 9,060 (2013) 25-34 Population living below US$2.50 2 12% (2011) Population living below US$5.00 2 15-24 36% (2011) 0-14 GNI per capita loss due to gender gaps in the 11% (2010) labor market 3 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 1.00 2.00 Most recent…. Women Men Government Gender Action Plan 2010-2012 4 Country Gender Assessment 2002 WOMEN 1 2 EDUCATION Source: WDI. World Bank ECATSD using EUSILC. MEN 3 Teignier, Marc and David Cuberes (2014). "Aggregate Costs of Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate." SHARE OF TERTIARY GRADUATES BY AREA OF STUDY (%), 2011 4 USAID. Source: World Bank Gender Statistics. Education MILLENIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL PROGRESS Health Ratio of girls to boys in primary 98 (2002) 99 (2012) Humanities and arts education Social science, business and law Ratio of girls to boys in secondary 102 (2002) 98 (2012) Science education Servi ces Ratio of girls to boys in tertiary 125 (2002) 133 (2011) Agriculture education Engineeri ng, manufacturing and constructi on Share of women in wage employment 45% (2002) 46% (2012) in the non-agricultural sector 0% 50% 100% Proportion of seats held by women in 11% (2002) 12% (2015) national parliament WOMEN JOBS Source: World Bank Gender Statistics, Inter Parliamentary Union. MEN SHARE OF EMPLOYMENT BY SECTOR* (%), 2014 GLOBAL INDICES Score Max Rank Year Source: EuroStat. *Sectors include those with highest shares of total employment WORLD ECONOMIC FORUM Sector share of total employment Global Gender Gap Index 0.6936 1 72/142 2014 UNDP Human health and social work act ivities 8% Gender Inequality Index 0.3200 0 54/152 2013 Education 5% OECD Accommodat ion and food serv ice activit ies 4% Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor Social Institutions & Gender Index 0.0686 0 29/108 2014 vehicles and motorcy cles 19% EU Agriculture, forestry and fishing 26% Gender Equality Index 44 100 17/27 2013 Manufacturing 13% Public administration and defence; 2% compulsory social securit y Transportation and storage 4% Const ruction 4% 0% 50% 100% EMPLOYMENT BY AGE GROUP (%), 2012 Source: World Bank ECATSD using EUSILC. 100 80 60 40 20 0 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 The constitution of Romania guarantees equality for men and women before the law. Men and women have equal ownership and inher- LEGAL FRAMEWORK itance rights to property. The default marital property regime is partial community of property. There are no laws restricting the indus- tries in which women may work. Women are entitled to 126 calendar days of maternity leave with 85% of wages paid. Men are entitled to 15 days of paternity leave with 100% of wages paid. Parents are entitled to an additional 302 days of partially paid parental leave. The law guarantees pregnant and nurs- ing women workplace protections from dismissal as well as placement in an equivalent position when they return from maternity leave; however, it does not guarantee rights to a flexible schedule. The law stipulates public provision of childcare for children under the age of primary education. The age at which men and women can retire and receive full benefits is 65 and 63, respectively. There is legislation that specifically addresses domestic violence that includes emotional, physical, and sexual abuse (does not include financial abuse). Source: Women, Business, and the Law (2013). PERCEPTIONS Roma Non-Roma ROMA POPULATION Educational expectation for boys/girls (16+)… For boys For girls For boys For girls Primary education 2% 5% 1% 0% Roma Non-Roma Lower secondary education 22% 23% 6% 7% KEY INDICATORS Male Female Male Female Upper secondary education 52% 48% 49% 47% Literacy Rate (16+) 79% 70% 98% 97% Post-secondary education 23% 23% 43% 46% Gross enrollment rate Roma Non-Roma (upper-secondary education 16-19) 28% 18% 81% 86% Believe it is somewhat or fully acceptable… Male Female Male Female Average years of education (25-64) 6.1 4.9 10.8 10.2 For a man to slap his wife 25% 20% 11% 7% Employment rate (15-64) 42% 19% 56% 34% For a wife to slap her husband 14% 11% 8% 7% Unemployment rate (15-64) 28% 43% 16% 21% Felt discriminated against because of… Ethnicity 23% 28% 3% 2% POVERTY Roma Non-Roma Gender 1% 11% <1% 1% Poverty PPP$2.15 expenditures based 20% 3% Poverty PPP$4.30 expenditures based 48% 11% Source: UNDP/WB/EC Roma survey for Romania (2011). Europe & Central Upper Middle KEY INDICATORS Male Romania Female Male Asia Female Male OECD Female Income Male Female Year* Endowments: Education, Health, and Demographics Gross pre primary enrollment (% of relevant age group)1 77 78 78 77 69 69 2012 Gross primary enrollment (% of relevant age group) 1 95 93 102 102 102 101 119 115 2012 Gross secondary enrollment (% of relevant age group) 1 96 94 100 98 98 98 87 89 2012 Gross tertiary enrollment (% of relevant age group) 1 44 59 57 69 65 77 31 37 2011 Adult literacy rate (% aged 15 and above) 1 99 98 99 99 96 92 2011 Labor force with tertiary education (% of relevant group) 1 16 20 26 32 26 31 2012 Life expectancy at birth (years) 1 71 78 73 80 77 83 72 76 2012 Maternal mortality rate (per 100,000 live births)1 - 33 - 18 - 21 - 57 2013 1 - 1.5 - 1.7 - 1.8 - 1.9 2012 Fertility rate (births per woman) Access to Economic Opportunity Labor participation rate (% of population ages 15-64)1 73 57 78 63 79 62 82 62 2013 Unemployment (% of labor force) 1 7.9 6.6 9.7 9.5 8.0 8.0 6.0 5.7 2013 Youth unemployment (% of population ages 15-24) 1 23.5 24.2 21.7 22.4 17.5 17.2 14.2 16.0 2013 Self-employed (% of employed men/women) 1 33 33 22 16 18 13 2012 Employment rate of persons ages 25-49 with a child under 3 living in household 2 87 71 2012 1 - 47 - - - 2013 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms) Gender pay gap (in average monthly earnings, % of men's wages, unadjusted) 2 - 10 - 23 - - 2012 Account at a formal financial institution (% age 15+)1 49 41 73 66 86 80 62 53 2011 1 Land owners (% of adult population) Agency Proportion of seats held by women in national parliaments (%) 3 - 12 - 20 - - 2015 Share of women among members of municipal councils or other local area governing - - 31 - - bodies2 Firms with female top managers (%)1 - 20 - - - 2013 Proportion of women in ministerial level positions (%) 1 - 22 - 21 - 27 - 15 2014 Percentage agreeing that a husband is justified in hitting or beating his wife4 Women who have experienced physical and/or sexual violence by a partner and/or non- - 30 - - - 2015 5 partner since the age of 15 *Indicates year of country data. All benchmarking data is from the most recent available year. Source: 1 World Bank Gender Statistics. 2 UNECE. 3 Inter-Parliamentary Union (as of 1/ 1/2015). 4 Demographic and Health Survey. 5 EU Violence Against Women Survey. ABOUT THE DATA Where possible, data is from harmonized regionally comparable sources. All numbers based on microdata in this document calculated by the Europe and Central Asia Team for Statistical Development (ECATSD) are produced using the 2005 PPPs, as the use of the 2011 PPPs in the calculation of global poverty estimates still requires additional analysis. This note was produced by the Poverty Global Practice at the World Bank Group. All indicators are as of 03/19/15 QUESTIONS? For more information, please visit the Gender Data Portal at http://data.worldbank.org/topic/gender .