E-202 VOL. 29 HAD EXPORT r P ~ROJ ECT VOLUMNAE 5 ]Waste Management Plan ENVIRONMENTAL -MANAGEMENT- PLAN CAMEROON PORTION ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND UPDATE Environmental Supporting Environmental Management Plan - Documents Management Plan - Chad Portion D Cameroon Portion VOLUME I VOLUME 1 VOLUME 1 * Base Document C Project Description * Base Document * Management Plan for Cultural Properties * Decommissioning * Induced Access Management Plan * Handbook for Site-Specific * List of Studies/Reports * Management Plan for Cultural Properties Environmental Mitigation Actions * List of Consultants/Experts * Handbook for Site-Specific Environmental * Environmental Monitoring Plan VOLUME 2 Mitigation Actions VOLUME 2 * Alternatives Analysis * Environmental Monitoring Plan * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health VOLUME 3 VOLUME 2 Technical Requirements and * Consultation and Public Review Program * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health Specifications Technical Requirements and Specifications VOLUME 3 ~~~~VOLUME 4 VLM VOLUME 3 * Oil Spill Response: Preliminary VOLUME 3 * Compensation & Resettlement Plan Approach * Compensation Plan VOLUME 4 VOLUME 5 VOLUME 4 * Regional Development Plan: * Chad Biological Studies * Environmental Foundation Plan Near Term Measures * Cameroon Biological Studies * Offsite Environmental Enhancement Program * Revenue Management Plan * Indigenous Peoples Plan * Institutional Capacity Building VOLUME 6 VOLUME_ _ * Chad Public Health ~VOLUME 5 VOLUME 5 * Cameroon Public Health * Waste Management Plan * Waste Management Plan VOUM CaeonPblcHat VOLUME 6 * Environmental Line List * Environmental Line List * Environmental Alignment Sheets * Environmental Alignment Sheets REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 4/29/99 This document is available in English and French ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN CAMEROON PORTION VOLUME 5 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN MAY 1999 06-99 Preface |IDocument Control CHAD EXPORT PROJECT WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN REGISTERED HOLDER COPY NUMBER REGISTRATION AND DISTRIBUTION This plan is registered as shown in the box above. To make sure that the holder of this plan continues to receive nor or revised material, it is essential that the registration be kept up to date. The Change of Registration form at the bottom of this page is provided for this purpose, and should be submitted whenever: e The plan holder's address changes * The plan is transferred to another person or group within your organization. * The plan is no longer needed and is being returned or destroyed. When the corrected information is received, a new registration sheet will be issued. CHANGE OF REGISTRATION FORM CHAD EXPORT PROJECT - WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN COPY NUMBER TO: Chad Export Project o This plan is no longer required and is being returned o Please reassign this copy of the plan as follows: (Please print or type and give complete address) Name: Group: Address: Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page i of vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Preface Table of Contents Preface Document Control Table of Contents Update Notice - Example Record of Changes Acronyms Section 1.0 introduction Topic 1.0.1 Scope and Intent of the Plan Topic 1.0.2 How to Use the Plan Section 2.0 Management of Specific Wastes Topic 2.0.1 Use of this Section Topic 2.0.2 General Waste Management Procedures Section 2.1 Waste Specific Guidance Topic 2.1.1 Acid/Caustic Solutions Topic 2.1.2 Ash Topic 2.1.3 Barrels, Drums, Containers, and Gas Cylinders (Empty) Topic 2.1.4 Batteries Topic 2.1.5 Cement and Concrete Wastes (Including Cement-Contaminated Soil) Topic 2.1.6 Cement-Contaminated Drilling Mud Topic 2.1.7 Completion and Workover Fluids Topic 2.1.8 Construction Debris Topic 2.1.9 Contaminated Soil (Hydrocarbon) Topic 2.1.10 Contaminated Soil (Water-Based Drilling Fluids) Topic 2.1.11 Domestic Waste/Trash Topic 2.1.12 Drill Solids/Cuttings (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) Topic 2.1.13 Drill Solids/Cuttings (Oil-Based) Topic 2.1.14 Glycol and Antifreeze Topic 2.1.15 Hydrotest Fluid Topic 2.1.16 Injection Water Filter Cartridges Topic 2.1.17 Lube OiUMotor Oil (Used) Topic 2.1.18 Medical Waste/Trash Topic 2.1.19 Oil Filters and Oil Filter Sludge Topic 2.1.20 Oily Debris Topic 2.1.21 Paint (and Other Coating) Waste Topic 2.1.22 Produced Water Topic 2.1.23 Scrubber Wastes Topic 2.1.24 SeparatorNessel Sludges and Pigging Wastes Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page ii of vii Preface Table of Contents Topic 2.1.25 Slop Oil Topic 2.1.26 Solvents Topic 2.1.27 Tires Topic 2.1.28 Unused, Spent, Expired, and Waste Chemicals and Additives Topic 2.1.29 Vegetation Debris Topic 2.1.30 Wastewater (Domestic) /Sewage Topic 2.1.31 Wastewater (Oily) Topic 2.1.32 Water Treatment Sludge Topic 2.1.33 Whole Mud (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Fluids) Topic 2.1.34 Whole Mud, (Oil-Based) Topic 2.1.35 Other Miscellaneous Wastes Topic 2.1.36 Asbestos Containing Material Topic 2.1.37 Scrap Metal Topic 2.1.38 Glass Topic 2.1.39 Plastic and Rubber Topic 2.1.40 Pyrotechnics Topic 2.1.41 Drum Rinse Section 2.2 Site Specific Plans Topic 2.2.1 Introduction Topic 2.2.2 Quick Reference Chart for Waste Management Section 3.0 Approved Waste Management Facilities Topic 3.0.1 Introduction Topic 3.0.2 Use of Approved Facilities Topic 3.0.3 Project Landfills and Incinerators Section 4.0 Waste Inventories and Tracking Topic 4.0.1 Project Waste Tracking System Topic 4.0.2 Manifesting and Tracking Waste Streams Topic 4.0.3 Sampling and Classifying Wastes Section 5.0 Community Recycling Programs Topic 5.0.1 Identification of Suitable Materials for Recycling Topic 5.0.2 Methods for Distribution of Recyclable Materials Section 6.0 Treatment & Disposal Technologies Topic 6.0.1 Use of this Section Section 6.1 Candidate Treatment Technologies Topic 6.1.1 Composting Topic 6.1.2 Incineration Topic 6.1.3 Landspreading and Landtreatment Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page iii of vii Preface |Table of Contents Topic 6.1.4 Solidification and Stabilization Section 6.2 Candidate Disposal Options Topic 6.2.1 Burial Pits Topic 6.2.2 Injection Topic 6.2.3 Landfill Topic 6.2.4 Surface Discharge Section 7.0 Waste Storage Considerations Topic 7.01 Selection of Waste Storage Units Section 7.1 Waste Storage Considerations Topic 7.1.1 Waste Storage in Containers Topic 7.1.2 Waste Storage in Tanks Topic 7.1.3 Waste Storage on Bulk Pads Section 8.0 Incinerators Topic 8.0.1 Operating Plan Section 9.0 Landfills Topic 9.0.1 Operating Plan List of Tables 2.0.1-1 Chemicals and Substances Not to Be Used 2.0.1-2 Index of Waste Streams 2.2.2-1 Example Format for a Quick Reference Chart 3.0.2-1 b Approved Municipal Landfills in Cameroon 3.0.2-2b Approved Commercial Disposal/Recycle Facilities in Cameroon 3.2.2-3b Approved Project Landfills/lncinerators in Cameroon 4.0.3-1 Tests to be Considered for Each Waste Stream 4.0.3-2 Waste Streams for Which Sampling is Not Typically Required 5.0.1-1 Types of Materials That May Be Recycled and Some Potential Uses Appendix A Glossary Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page iv of vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Preface Update Notice-Example UPDATE NOTICE To all holders of the "Waste Management Plan" for the Chad Export Project: Revision Number: Date: Attached are revised pages to be inserted in the copy of the "Waste Management Plan" which has been assigned to you. Please remove pages in your Plan and replace these revisions. When this is done, record the revisions on the "Record of Revisions" page in your Plan. Remove Old Pages Replace with Revised Pages (Page Numbers) (New Page Number and Date) Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page v of vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Preface IRecord of Changes RECORD OF CHANGES FORM When "Update Notices" are issued to provide new or revised information, the plan holder should insert/replace the appropriate pages in the plan and record the changes below. Revision Revision Revision Date Signature of INumber Date EnteredPerson Number Date Description E Entering Cam WMP English 05-1 1.doc May 1999 Page vi of vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Preface |Acronyms ACRONYMS ACM Asbestos containing material AST Aboveground storage tank BPD Barrels per day BBL Barrels (1 barrel = 42 U.S. gallons) CFC Chlorofluorocarbon CFR Code of Federal Regulations CTF Central treating facility E&P Exploration and Production ECI Exxon Company, International EPC Engineering, procurement and construction EPR Exxon Production Research Company EUSA Exxon Company, U.S.A. mg/kg Milligrams per kilogram mgI/ Milligrams per liter MSDS Material Safety Data Sheet NORM Naturally occurring radioactive materials OIMS-TP Operations Integrity Management System for Technical Products PAH Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (also PNA: polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon) PCB Polychlorinated biphenyl PCP Pentachlorophenol PHPA Partially-hydrolyzed polyacrylamide Ppg Pounds per gallon PPM Parts per million (e.g., mg/l or mg/kg) PS&PL Pump stations and pipeline SIR Sample Identification Record USDOT United States Department of Transportation USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency UST Underground storage tank Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page vii of vii THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 1.0 |Topic 1.0.1 Introduction Scope and Intent of the Plan Purpose of the Plan/Manual The Waste Management Plan ("Plan") is designed as a Project wide reference in effective waste handling and disposal and provides a set of guidelines for general Project use. The target users are field personnel in particular and technical staff involved in planning and implementing Project waste management facilities and practices. The Plan is also a guidance document for Engineering, Procurement and Construction (EPC) contractors and other designated major contractors (referred to as "Contractor") required to prepare their own waste management plans for major construction activities. The more activity-specific Contractor plans will detail the various types of wastes to be generated, projected volumes, and preferred/alternative treatment and disposal methods for each waste, and will be consistent with this Plan. COTCO is responsible for ensuring that EPC Contractors' waste management plans meet the objectives of this Waste Management Plan. COTCO will submit the EPC Contractors' waste management plans to the Republic of Cameroon's Pipeline Steering and Monitoring Commiftee for its review.' The purpose of this review is to: - Communicate the contents of individual EPC Contractor plans to the Pipeline Steering and Monitoring Committee; - Identify and resolve issues/situations in individual EPC Contractor plans that potentially represent discrepancies with this Waste Management Plan; * Facilitate implementation of EPC Contractor plans; and . Facilitate overall monitoring of the Project's waste management-related activities by the Pipeline Steering and Monitoring Committee. The process associated with reviewing each EPC Contractor waste management plan is as follows: 1. COTCO will submit the EPC Contractor waste management plan to the Pipeline Steering and Monitoring Committee. 2. After a review period of 10 business days, the Pipeline Steering and Monitoring Committee will determine if any areas are in conflict with this Waste Management Plan. At the request of either party during this 1 0-day period a meeting will be organized to discuss the EPC Contractors waste management plan. If no written response or request for a meeting is issued within the 10 business days, the EPC Contractor waste management plan will be considered to be acceptable as submitted. 1 EPC Contractor plans will be submitted in English along with a French translation. The goveming text for EPC Contractor plans will be the English text. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 3 Section 1.0 Topic 1.0.1 Introduction |IScope and intent of the Plan Following the completion of the above review process, COTCO will submit the final revised text of each EPC Contractor waste management plan to the Pipeline Steering and Monitoring Committee. Objectives of the Plan/Manual The objectives of the plan are to: * Assist Project and Contractor personnel in managing their wastes effectively and within the requirements of established Project policies and applicable waste regulations; and * Act as a communication tool for Project policy on waste management. Overall Philosophy Where practicable, all personnel should seek opportunities to minimize the amount of waste generated through the use of such practices as process changes, raw material changes, or other commonly accepted waste minimization options. The waste minimization concept can be summarized as the following hierarchy: * If possible, don't generate the waste. * If generated, try to recycle/reclaim the waste. * If it can't be recycled/reclaimed, treat it to "destroy" the waste or render it non-waste like. * If there is still a waste, dispose of it in an environmentally acceptable manner. Because it is realized that waste minimization and/or recycling alternatives may not always be practical, environmentally sound treatment and/or disposal is an acceptable option for the handling of Project wastes. Project facilities (landfills, incinerators, etc.) will be preferred over third party facilities, when available. The plan has been developed based on industry best practices and internationally accepted standards and guidelines such as the "Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal," March 1989, and E&P Forum's "Exploration and Production Waste Management Guidelines," 1993. Unnecessary generation of waste, including hazardous wastes should be avoided at all times. One way to limit the generation of wastes is to control the types of hazardous materials used. A list of hazardous materials that the Project and its Contractors do not plan to purchase/use unless absolutely necessary is included in Table 2.0.1-1. By restricting the use of these materials, the generation of wastes containing PCBs, chlorinated solvents, or other "restricted" materials should be limited. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 3 Section 1.0 Topic 1.0.1 Introduction Scope and Intent of the Plan Management of Change This Waste Management Plan is intended to provide guidance during all phases of the Project and consequently will need to be updated periodically. The Plan will be developed and revised as the Project moves forward and more design details are set and procedures are identified. For example, events that could trigger the need to revise or amend the Plan include: * Completion of the final facility design; * Incorporation/consideration of Contractor-specific waste management plans; * Moving into the Drilling Phase; * Moving into the Operations Phase; and * Additions or changes in the waste streams generated, the treatment options available, or other changes in knowledge or technology. As such, the Plan will be periodically reviewed and modified, if necessary, to help make sure that it is complete and accurate. Immediately prior to the commencement of the Project's operations phase, the Plan will be further modified and expanded to address operations-specific waste streams and waste management requirements. In the event of a significant oil spill, a site-specific action plan will be developed and will address collection, storage, and treatment requirements for spill-generated waste to facilitate subsequent transport and disposal. This site- specific plan may require modifications to waste management practices discussed in this Plan based on the particular issues associated with an individual spill. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 3 of 3 Section 1.0 Topic 1.0.2 Introduction How to Use the Plan General The Plan is intended to be user-friendly and is designed to be a simple reference tool for guidance on how to manage waste streams generated during the course of the Chad Export Project. The Plan may be used as a stand-alone guidance document; however, it is anticipated that individual sites (e.g., pump stations, etc.) will prepare site-specific plans incorporating additional information to facilitate the management of the wastes actually generated at the site. The site-specific plans will build onto the information in this Plan and contain quick references to the waste management options chosen (from this document) for each waste stream. In addition, each Contractor will prepare a waste management plan(s) for review and approval. For example, during the construction phase of the Project, individual contractors will produce site-specific waste management plans covering their activities. Each Contractor plan will be consistent with the procedures and concerns addressed in this Plan. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 3 Section 1.0 |Topic 1.0.2 Introduction How to Use the Plan/Manual Plan Outline Section 2.0 discusses the overall management of wastes, provides a list of wastes that may be generated, provides a list of hazardous materials which use should be restricted, provides a glossary of waste management terms, and summarizes general waste management concerns. Section 2.1 provides waste specific guidelines for the wastes identified. Section 2.2 provides a template for a site specific Quick Reference Chart for Waste Stream Management. Section 3.0 provides a listing of approved waste management facilities (e.g., landfill sites) for the Project. Key site specific information on each of the facilities is provided. Section 4.0 provides waste inventory and tracking information (and forms) for creation of a Project waste tracking system. Information on frequency and type of testing to be performed and classification of wastes is included. Section 5.0 provides information on the types of materials that may be able to be distributed to the local communities for recycle or reuse. Section 6.0 provides descriptions of several candidate waste treatment technologies that may be appropriate, on a case-by-case basis, for some of the waste streams generated and also describes several of the waste disposal options available for some wastes. As appropriate, the discussion includes information on some of the limitations and considerations for implementing the options described. Section 7.0 describes procedures that should be followed to temporarily store waste from the time it is generated until it is sent for disposal or recycle. Section 8.0 provides an overview of a typical Incinerator Operating Plan. [To be fully developed later] Section 9.0 provides an overview of a typical Landfill Operating Plan. [To be fully developed later] Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 3 Section 1.0 Topic 1.0.2 Introduction |How to Use the Plan/Manual Using the Plan This Plan provides general guidance to assist personnel in the proper handling and disposal/recycle of the wastes likely to be generated. The Plan is designed to be relatively comprehensive and will be revised or expanded as new information or activities require. As such, not all topics addressed in this Plan will necessarily apply to each waste stream or each site nor apply each time a routinely generated waste stream is generated. Other appropriate approaches in accordance with generally accepted international practices may also be proposed; if used they would be cause for an update to the Plan. The following steps are suggested for identifying the appropriate waste management option(s) for a specific waste stream: 1. When a waste is generated, refer to the index in Section 2.1 and select the topic that appears to most closely "match" the waste generated. It may be necessary to review several topics. If no topic appears to match the waste, contact the site's Environmental Representative for guidance. 2. If a Topic guideline is provided for the type of waste to be managed, follow the guideline, as appropriate, in addition to the "common" waste management procedures. Proper use of the guideline includes assessing appropriate waste minimization, treatment, and/or disposal options for a specific site and/or waste stream. Each Topic guideline includes a hierarchy of waste management options, in the typical order of preference. It is recognized that there will be cases when options at the top of this hierarchy will not be practical (e.g., not available in country). The Project incorporates waste management infrastructure (e.g., landfills and incinerators) to help ensure waste treatment and disposal methods protective of the environment are available for its wastes. 3. If the waste is not being treated and disposed on-site, refer to the list of approved waste management facilities (Section 3.2) to identify where to send the waste. 4. Complete a waste tracking form (Section 4.1) so that waste inventories/records can be maintained. Other sections in the Plan are provided to assist the user in the proper management of the wastes. Each user should become familiar with sections of the Plan that are applicable to the wastes being generated. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 3 of 3 Section 2.0 |Topic 2.0.1 Management of Specific Wastes I Use of this Section Waste Specific Guidelines As stated in Section 1.0, the waste management philosophy focuses on waste minimization. In order to minimize the generation of unnecessary hazardous wastes, the use of certain chemicals and substances listed in Table 2.0.1-1 will be restricted. If a Contractor feels that reasonable alternatives do not exist for certain applications, Contractor may petition for a deviation from this requirement. Such deviations, if approved, will address subsequent waste handling and disposal. For the wastes that are expected to be generated, waste specific guidelines have been developed. Each waste specific guideline contains: * A definition of the waste type, typical waste examples, and sources of waste generation; * Safety considerations that are specific to the waste. [Note - it is required that all "standard" Project safety procedures be followed (e.g., the use of hardhats, safety glasses, steel-toe shoes, etc., where required, familiarity with MSDSs for materials involved, etc.) during the handling of any waste stream. These requirements are not reiterated within each guideline.] * Waste minimization options; and • Preferred waste management methods. Selection of the waste management option to be used at a specific site will depend on site conditions and availability of the option. For example, Contractors in the early construction phase will not have access to Project landfills until built and may have very small quantities of inert materials such as ash and construction debris that could be buried on-site without adverse effects. The preferred waste management options flow chart for each waste includes special allowances for disposal of small quantities of wastes, if appropriate. The flowchart follows the thought process that should be considered by persons managing waste; however, other issues or options may be appropriate and can be included in the site-specific waste management plans subject to approval. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 4 Section 2.0 |Topic 2.0.1 Management of Specific Wastes |Use of this Section Creating a Quick Reference As part of an individual facility's Site-Specific Plan, waste Summary management summary tables may be created to record the options selected to reduce, treat and/or dispose each waste stream each time it is generated. This table could include a "Comments" column to capture special considerations such as safety concerns or reporting requirements. Preparation of a "quick reference" table can facilitate the handling of routine or frequently generated wastes and help improve consistency of handling. As stated, this Plan will be revised or expanded periodically and each site should review these changes carefully to assess whether a change to the site- specific plan is warranted. An example format for a quick reference table is provided in Table 2.2.2-1 (at the end of Topic 2.2.2). Index of Waste Streams Table 2.0.1-2 provides a listing of waste stream specific management guidelines. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 4 Section 2.0 |Topic 2.0.1 Management of Specific Wastes Use of this Section TABLE 2.0.1-1 Chemicals and Substances Not to be Used Substance to Avoid Alternatives Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) Silicones, esters, cast resin. Friable asbestos Alternatives are readily available for insulation and roofing uses. There are no clearly superior alternatives for some uses such as brake pads for trucks. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) and Glutaraldehyde, Isothlazolin (or other low toxicity biocide). formaldehyde (biocides) Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) Depends on use. USEPA has published lists of USEPA- accepted alternatives for various uses [1,2]. Leaded paints Unleaded paints. Also, water based or low volatility solvent formulations can reduce potential health effects of oil based paints. Chlorinated solvents (e.g., carbon Non-chlorinated hydrocarbon-based solvents, steam tetrachloride, trichloroethylene). cleaning. Heavy metals (reverse emulsion Polymer (non-latex) based formulations. breakers) Mercury (in pressure-measuring Differential pressure cells/transmitters, pneumatic or devices/instrumentation) electric instrumentation. Lead naphthenate (lubricant) Lead-free lubricants. Leaded thread compound Lead-free thread compounds such as Bestolife 2000 (for tubing and casing). Chromate corrosion inhibitors Sulfite or organic phosphate corrosion inhibitors, especially those with reduced toxicity amine function. Chrome lignosulfonate (as fluid loss Carboxymethyl starches for fluid loss control. Improved controlling agent) - all right in small mud control to minimize fluid loss. If used (for rheology), amounts for rheology control keep dose small and use formulations with trivalent form complexed in lignin structure. 1. United States Federal Register, Volume 59, No. 53, (59 FR 13044), Office of the Federal Register, National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D. C., March 18, 1994. 2. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, "Acceptable Substitute Refrigerants Under SNAP," EPA-430-F-94-014, April, 1994. Note: If reasonable alternatives do not exist for certain applications, a petition for a deviation from this requirement may be reviewed. Such deviations, if approved, will address subsequent waste handling and disposal. Cam WMP English 05-1 1.doc May 1999 Page 3 of 4 Section 2.0 Topic 2.0.1 Management of Specific Wastes Use of this Section TABLE 2.0.1-2 Index of Waste Streams Waste Streams Topic No. Acid/Caustic Solutions 2.1.1 Ash 2.1.2 Barrels, Drums, Containers and Gas Cylinders (Empty) 2.1.3 Batteries 2.1.4 Cement and Concrete Wastes (including Cement-Contaminated Soil) 2.1.5 Cement-Contaminated Drilling Mud 2.1.6 Completion and Workover Fluids 2.1.7 Construction Debris 2.1.8 Contaminated Soil (Hydrocarbon) 2.1.9 Contaminated Soil (Water-Based Driling Fluids) 2.1.10 Domestic Waste/Trash 2.1.11 Drill Solids/Cuttings (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) 2.1.12 Drill Solids/Cuttings (Oil-Based) 2.1.13 Glycol and Antifreeze 2.1.14 Hydrotest Fluid 2.1.15 Injection Water Filter Cartridges 2.1.16 Lube Oil /Motor Oil (Used) 2.1.17 Medical Waste/Trash 2.1.18 Oil Filters and Oil Filter Sludge 2.1.19 Oily Debris 2.1.20 Paint (and Other Coating) Waste 2.1.21 Produced Water 2.1.22 Scrubber Wastes 2.1.23 SeparatorNessel Sludges and Pigging Wastes 2.1.24 Slop Oil 2.1.25 Solvents 2.1.26 Tires 2.1.27 Unused, Spent, Expired, and Waste Chemicals and Additives 2.1.28 Vegetation Debris 2.1.29 Wastewater (Domestic) / Sewage 2.1.30 Wastewater (Oily) 2.1.31 Water Treatment Sludge 2.1.32 Whole Mud (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) 2.1.33 Whole Mud (Oil-Based) 2.1.34 Other Miscellaneous Wastes 2.1.35 Asbestos Containing Material 2.1.36 Scrap Metal 2.1.37 Glass 2.1.38 Plastic and Rubber 2.1.39 Pyrotechnics 2.1.40 Drum Rinse 2.1.41 Cam WMP English 05-1 1.doc May 1999 Page 4 of 4 Section 2.0 Topic 2.0.2 Management of Specific Wastes General Waste Management Procedures Introduction Although reasonable efforts will be made to reduce the quantity of waste generated, waste streams will be generated. During the period after the waste is generated and before the waste is sent for disposal or recycle, the waste should be properly managed in containers, tanks, bulk pads or other approved unit in a manner that reduces the potential for impact to human health and the environment. Typically, wastes should not be stored for any longer than necessary. During construction or some other early phases of the Project, it is realized that appropriate landfills, incinerators, or other facilities may not be available and that a waste may need to be stored onsite for some period of time until approved facilities are available. During later phases of the Project when the landfills, incinerators or other facilities are available, then wastes should be sent for disposal or recycle in a timely manner so as to limit the total quantity of waste onsite at any given time and the potential for accidental releases. To facilitate the proper management of wastes, there are some specific waste management steps that should be followed regardless of which phase the Project is in (e.g., construction, drilling, operation), which site is generating the waste stream or which waste stream is involved. Rather than repeat these common requirements in the guidelines for each of the specific wastes in Section 2.1, the common requirements are specified below. Waste Sampling Prior to sending a waste for disposal or recycle/reclaim, it is important to know certain information about the waste such as whether it is a solid or liquid, an organic or inorganic, a hazardous or non-hazardous waste and similar information. In some cases, the generator may know the needed information either based on knowledge of how the waste was generated or from data obtained during previous generation events. If sufficient data is not available to be able to decide on the proper disposal or recycle/reclaim option, it may be necessary to collect and analyze a sample of the waste to obtain the needed data. If it is necessary to obtain a sample of a waste, the sampling should be conducted following the procedures in Section 4.0. Sampling Records Whenever a sample is collected, a "Chain-of-Custody" form must be completed to document the sample collection and handling. In addition, a "Sample Identification/Analysis Request" (SIR) form should be completed (see Section 4.0). Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 3 Section 2.0 Topic 2.0.2 Management of Specific Wastes General Waste Management Procedures Analytical Testing Samples should be analyzed only by "certified" analytical laboratories that have been approved for use (See Section 4.0). Lab Data Review When samples are submitted, the laboratory should be instructed to provide the results to the person who will assess the data and make the decision on how to dispose or recycle/reclaim the waste. Waste Accumulation During the period when the waste is generated and the waste is sent for disposal or recycle/reclaim, the waste should be properly managed in containers, tanks, bulk pads or other approved unit (see below). Typically wastes should not be stored for any longer than necessary. During construction or some other early phases of the overall Project, it is realized that appropriate landfills, incinerators, or other facilities may not be available and that the waste may need to be held onsite for some period of time until such facilities were constructed. During later phases of the Project when the landfills, incinerators or other facilities are available, then wastes should be sent for disposal or recycle/reclaim in a timely manner so as to limit the total quantity of waste onsite at any given time and the potential for accidental releases. Waste Transport Hazardous waste should be transported using approved hazardous waste transporters. Waste Disposal Both hazardous and non-hazardous waste may only be disposed of at approved sites unless other arrangements have been approved in advance on a case-by-case basis (see Section 3.0). Waste Manifest A completed Waste Manifest Form should accompany all wastes transported for disposal or recycle/reclaim. This includes both hazardous and non-hazardous waste regardless of the ownership or location of the receiving facility (see Section 4.0). A copy of the fully completed (i.e., signed by the generator, transporter and receiving facility) form should be forwarded to the waste tracking system database manager (see Section 4.0). Burial Records Under certain circumstances, specific types and/or quantities of waste may be buried at or near the location where they are generated. For each burial location, a Waste Burial Record should be completed and a copy of the record should be forwarded to the waste tracking system database manager (see Section 4.0). Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 3 Section 2.0 Topic 2.0.2 Management of Specific Wastes |General Waste Management Procedures Recordkeeping A copy of all waste management-related documents (e.g., Chain-of-Custody, SIR, laboratory analyses, manifests, burial record, etc.) associated with each waste shipment or burial event should be maintained by the generator and a copy should be submitted to the waste tracking system database manager. Repetitive Wastes If a waste to be managed has been generated before and prior experience, knowledge, and/or testing has shown the waste to be hazardous or non-hazardous, the current waste may be classified based on this prior experience, knowledge, and/or testing, provided that the current waste is "essentially the same" as the previously generated waste. Essentially the same means that the wastes are generated using the same process, procedures, chemicals, etc. and in the same environment such that the properties and compositions of the wastes may reasonably be expected to be nearly identical. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 3 of 3 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.1 Waste Specific Guidance |Acid/Caustic Solutions Definition Waste acids/caustics, which are generated from the use of an acid or caustic cleaner or from workover operations. These wastes should be handled as hazardous (corrosive) wastes if their pH is less than 2.0 or greater than 12.5. Typical Wastes in This Category . Caustic (NaOH) * Fracturing acids * Cleaning acids * Vessel cleaners * Engine block flushing agents or cleaners * Neutralized acids * Completion and workover fluids Typical Waste Sources * Drilling operations * Completion/workover operations * Equipment maintenance / cleaning Safety Considerations Refer to original MSDS. Avoid skin contact or ingestion. Wear protective clothing and glasses when handling. These solutions should be neutralized prior to disposal. Safe practices need to be implemented to minimize risk while combining solutions. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Judicious use of products and chemicals. * Evaluate preventative maintenance schedule/program elements. * Reuse until spent or neutral. * Product substitution (less toxic or recyclable). * Inventory control/proper storage. . Use inhibitors to prevent scale build-up and vessel cleaning requirements. Equipment/Facilities * Material upgrades. Process * Modify process to reduce scale and sediment. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 3 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.1 Waste Specific Guidance IAcid/Caustics Solutions (continued) Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-1i1.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 3 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.1 Waste Specific Guidance |Acid/Caustics Solutions (continued) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Pretreatment Neutralize (if necessary; see below) * Interim Storage Storage tank or container ypical Order o Final Treatment/Disposal Options 1 Aqueous solutions may be bled into water treatment system as long as significant pH change to the treatment system does not occur * 2 Injection with produced water at a rate where resulting pH is compatible with equipment and operations ^ Acids/caustics may be chemically neutralized or diluted with water such that the resulting pH is in the target range of 6-8. As appropriate, check with wastewater treatment system operator before discharge. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 3 of 3 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.2 Waste Specific Guidance |Ash Definition Residual matter remaining after combustion. If the material combusted contained hazardous components, the ash may need to be tested for these components to determine the appropriate disposal location. If a refuse/camp incinerator only receives food, paper, and other non-hazardous refuse (and no plastics), the resulting ash may be treated as non-hazardous. Ash from an industrial incinerator (e.g., one burning oily wastes, medical wastes, etc.) should be treated as hazardous unless testing is performed to show that it is not hazardous. Typical Wastes in This Category * Incinerator ash * Burn pit ash - Oily waste * Medical waste (excluding sharps) Typical Waste Sources * Combustion/incineration of organic wastes (e.g., wood, paper, food wastes, medical wastes, etc.) Safety Considerations Steps should be taken to reduce airborne ash while handling. PPE may be appropriate. Waste Minimization Options . Recycle wastes when feasible. * Optimize incinerator process to maximize combustion. . Segregate non-hazardous and hazardous industrial wastes and burn separately in batch mode to ensure that hazardous ash may be collected and handled separately. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.2 Waste Specific Guidance Ash WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Inteim Storage Container or roll-off bin Finalt Treatment/Disposal 00ptions Prtratmn Stor untilrjet o / \ e No Wlandlill I Yes N h Yes No 0 00;fPretreatment: . Store until : i : ; ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~landfill Stabilize ~~~~~~~~~~available Reer to toa as volum for enire timeE on s ite. 5 0 0:0 Disposai: 0 : i: ; : 000jDisposal0j000:t;00 i t;: Disposal j400 :0 Hazardous waste Non-hazardous Bury onsite landfill waste landfill *If leachable metals are present at levels of concem, see Section 4.0, Topic 4.0.3 (Sampling and Classifying Wastes). **Landfill may stabilize material for generator. **Refers to total ash volume for entire time on site. Note: Residual ash associated with vegetation burning during site clearing addressed in the 'Vegetation Debris" specific waste topic. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.3 Waste Specific Guidance Barrels, Drums, Containers, and Gas Cylinders (Empty) Definition A container is empty if all material has been removed that can be removed using practices commonly employed to remove the material from that type of container (e.g., pouring, pumping, aspirating). To the extent possible, the empty container should be dry. However, under no circumstances can an empty container have more than one inch of residue remaining at the bottom, or more than 3% by weight of the total capacity, whichever is less. Containers that are not empty must be managed based on the characteristics of the contained material. Other Handling Considerations Containers which contain acutely hazardous waste must be triple rinsed using a solvent capable of removing the contents. The rinsate must then be disposed of as a hazardous waste or used for the chemical's intended purpose. The container is then considered non-hazardous. Contact the site's Environmental Representative for assistance in determining if you have an acutely hazardous waste Aerosol cans are considered empty when the pressure in the can approaches atmospheric. Typical Waste in this Category * Barrels and Drums a Pails and cans - Compressed gas cylinders and aerosol cans - Other chemical containers Source of Waste . Construction * Drilling operations * Completion/workover operations * Operations Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact with residue in empty containers, especially, if unsure of original contents. If some liquid has spilled on the outside surfaces of the container, be sure to wear protective gloves and clothing prior to handling. Consult MSDS for the original contents. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 3 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.3 Waste Specific Guidance Barrels, Drums, Containers, and Gas Cylinders (Empty) Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Retum the container to the original supplier. - No cleaning of drums is necessary when drums are being retumed to the supplier. * Establish a "network inventory" within operational areas to reduce the number of containers. Equipment/Facilities Use bulk tanks or storage tanks and buy product in bulk. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 3 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.3 Waste Specific Guidance IBarrels, Drums, Containers, and Gas Cylinders (Empty) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Pretreatment Rinse (if appropriate) V Interim Storage Appropriate container management area (see discussion on Container Management) Final Treatment/Disposal Options i cotntDn u sOen Option hazardous materials Yes Ru to Spi o (e.g., oils, acids, well -Return to Supplier or chemicals)?* / Crush, Hazardous Waste Landfill lNo Typical Order of Option Preference 1 Send to drum reconditioner 2 Crush, sell for scrap 3 Crush, non-hazardous waste landfill * Empty paint containers, regardless of size, are not considered to be hazardous waste provided that all of the following conditions are met: 1. The containers have been drained so that only a thin film of paint remains in them. 2. They are completely dried so that they contain only solidified paint. 3. They contain no toxic or ignitable vapors arising from paint or solvent thinners. 4. They contain no other extraneous hazardous materials (e.g. paints with heavy metals). Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 3 of 3 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.4 Waste Specific Guidance Batteries Definition Batteries used in various field and plant operations: spent nickel-cadmium, lithium, mercury-cell, and lead-acid batteries. Typical Wastes in This Category * Spent or damaged vehicle or equipment batteries Typical Waste Sources * Oil and gas production facilities * Vehicles, engines, emergency power systems * Instruments/small equipment Safety Considerations Wear protective gloves when handling batteries. Do not damage or crack batteries; the contents may be hazardous. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Evaluate change-out frequency. Equipment /Facilities * Use rechargeable batteries, where practical. * Use low power switches. * Use solar power. * Use batteries made of less hazardous materials. Process * Evaluate need for battery versus generator back-up. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.4 Waste Specific Guidance IBatteries WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Pretreatment Stabilize (if appropriate)* Interim Storage Appropriate container depending on size, quantity and planned methods of disposal/ recycle-follow container management options. TiypicaltOrder -of Preference Final Treatment/Disposal Options 1 Recycle (authorized recycler only) 2 Hazardous waste landfill * If battery is cracked/damaged and leaking. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.5 Waste Specific Guidance Cement and Concrete Wastes (Including Cement- Contaminated Soil) Definition Excess liquid cement that was not used during well cementing operations, loose fragments of solidified cement dislodged by the bit while drilling out casing cement jobs, concrete debris from construction operations, and soil containing cement. Typical Wastes in This Category * See above Typical Waste Sources . Construction * Drilling operations * Completions/workover operations Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact with liquid. Wear protective gloves when handling the waste. Consult original MSDS for details. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Where possible, order less cement to reduce excess. * Use excess cement for other applications/jobs. - Consider using liquid additives to avoid discarding unused pre-blended bulk cement. - Improve storage and handling procedure to avoid contaminating dry cement. * Crush and use for fill, road base, or erosion control material. * Use to stabilize/solidify other waste streams. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.5 Waste Specific Guidance Cement and Concrete Wastes (Including Cement- Contaminated Soil) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART l lnterim Storage Solids: Liquids§' Bulk pad (cover if leachable Tank or container product is present) Typical Ordereni o jFinal Treatment/Disposal Options Preference 1 Recycle/reuse 2 Onsite burial 3 Non-hazardous waste landfill Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.6 Waste Specific Guidance |Cement-Contaminated Drilling Mud Definition Drilling fluid (mud) contaminated with cement during cementing operations. Typical Wastes in This Category . See above Typical Waste Sources * Drilling operations * Completions/workover operations Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact. Wear protective gloves when handling the waste. Consult original MSDS for details. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures - It may be possible to treat cement-contaminated mud with bicarbonate and continue to use. * Consider using cement-contaminated mud in a mud to cement program. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.6 Waste Specific Guidance I Cement-Contaminated Drilling Mud WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART I nterim Storaae Storage tank, mud tank, or drilling pit Tyl pical Oorer of:|: :::7;:7X:7 ; 0::W::;: ::.::;;;:: ;.:|:j S~ Typica O::t:00 Prderec0;ij o0j; f aFinal Treatment/Disposal Options Preference: 1 Recycle (e.g., dry and use for landfill cover) 2 Onsite burial Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.7 Waste Specific Guidance Completion and Workover Fluids Definition Fluids used during well completions and workovers. These fluids may include used or unused materials. Typical Wastes in This Category * Cement-contaminated mud * Acid retums * Solvents Typical Waste Sources * Well completions and well workovers Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact with or ingestion of the waste. Wear protective eye gear and protective clothing when handling. Consult the MSDS for the original materials. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Substitute raw materials (less toxic or more recyclable). * Use excess fluids on next job. e Reuse fluids until spent or neutral. - Dewater fluids to reduce volume. - Evaluate workover frequency/well maintenance schedule. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.7 Waste Specific Guidance Completion and Workover Fluids WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Storage Tank or Container Final TreatmentlDisposal Options * Cement-Contaminated Mud Acid Returns Solvents See "Cement-Contaminated See "Acids/Caustics" See "Solvents" Drilling Mud" ^ In general, if these workover/completion fluids are well segregated, they can be handled as indicated above. If, however, there are mixtures, multi-step management processes may be required. For example, an acid return with xylene or ethylene glycol monobutyl ether content might be neutralized to a moderate pH prior to managing the waste for the solvent. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.8 Waste Specific Guidance Construction Debris Definition Concrete waste, wood, metal, glass, and other scraps or by products of construction activities. Most of these wastes tend to be inert. Typical Wastes in This Category * Pallets and other wood debris * Scrap metal * Site clearing (vegetation debris) * Cement and concrete wastes (including cement- contaminated soil) * Glass Typical Waste Sources . Activities associated with site clearing and construction of facilities, buildings, pipelines, roads, etc. Safety Considerations Wear proper protective clothing for the type of waste. Scrap metal, pallets and other wastes may have sharp edges or protrusions. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Order items in bulk. * Recycle/reuse pallets, containers (on site and in community). - Take steps to avoid/minimize rework. * Evaluate needs for site clearing and methods available. * Chip wood and plant debris for soil additive or erosion control contaminated soil (hydrocarbon). * Segregate waste prior to disposal. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.8 Waste Specific Guidance IConstruction Debris WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART I!nterim Storage Roll-off bin or stockpile (keep site tidy; no special containment requirements for inert materials) Final TeFatmTaent/Disposal Options Vegetation Debris See waste specific topic Cement and Concrete Wastes See waste specific topic Cement-Contaminated Soil See "Cement and Concrete Wastes" Paint (and Other Coating) Waste See waste specific topic Oil Contaminated Soil See "Contaminated Soil (Hydrocarbon)" Pallets and other wood debris See "Vegetation Debris" Scrap Metal See waste specific topic Glass See waste specific topic * If the metal is a container that has been in contact with organic liquids or toxic chemicals, it will be rinsed and crushed. ** Large pieces of metal (e.g., wrecked vehicles, engine blocks, etc.) will not be buried. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.9 Waste Specific Guidance |Contaminated Soil (Hydrocarbon) Definition Soil impacted by hydrocarbons (oil) during the course of routine operation and maintenance or as a result of accidental releases. Typical Wastes in This Category * Crude-contaminated soil * Fuel-contaminated soil * Hydrocarbon-based solvents or well chemicals- contaminated soil * Vehicle/equipment fluids-contaminated soil Typical Waste Sources * Spills or leaks located near pumps, pumping units, headers, manifolds, well test units, storage tanks, tank loading racks, well cellars, gathering lines, material storage/injection facilities and vehicle maintenance Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion of the waste. Wear protective equipment to minimize or prevent contact with the waste. Consult the MSDS for the original materials. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures - Use for berms or roadmix (if non-hazardous). * Minimize oil releases and recover oil as a liquid (for reprocessing) when possible. Equipment/Facilities Use drip pans and sorbents to catch drips and small leaks. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.9 Waste Specific Guidance Contaminated Soil (Hydrocarbon) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Ilnterim Storage Container (drum, roll-off bin) On bulk pad or plastic sheeting Typical Ordertof FinalbTeatmentlDispfosa[Optons Prefetrence 1 In situ land treatment (bioremediation) * 2 Composting 3 Non-hazardous waste landfill ** The typical target for treatment of oil-contaminated soil is 1 weight percent (or less) total petroleum hydrocarbon (per USEPA Method 418.1 or equivalent) remaining. Higher or lower concentrations may be appropriate on a case-by-case basis. Small amounts of contaminated soil at drilling sites may be disposed of in the lined reserve pit. If hydrocarbon is hazardous, then impacted soils should go to the incinerator or the hazardous waste landfill. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.10 Waste Specific Guidance |Contaminated Soil (Water-Based Drilling Fluids) Definition Soil impacted by water-based drilling fluids (muds) during the course of routine drilling and workover operations or impacted as a results of accidental releases. Typical Wastes in This Category * See above Typical Waste Sources * Spills or leaks located near pumps, storage tanks, solids control equipment, etc. Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion of the waste. Wear protective equipment to minimize or prevent contact with the waste. Consult the MSDS for the original materials. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Use for berms or roadmix (if non-hazardous). * Maintain good housekeeping practices (e.g., minimize drips and leaks; use drip pans; etc.). Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.1 0 Waste Specific Guidance IContaminated Soil (Water-Based Drilling Fluids) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage None required rTy ical: Order ofi :: : +:r .:: : T ; hr: Tc Ord 0 e ere 0 of0 itFinal Treatment/Disposal Options Preference 1 Leave in place/bury 2 Non-hazardous waste landfill/cover * If the water based drilling fluid contains additives of environmental concern or high salt (e.g. chlorides) concentrations, send the material to appropriate landfill. As appropriate, the material may be used for landfill cover. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.11 Waste Specific Guidance |Domestic Waste/Trash Definition Discarded items from the kitchen, bathroom, laundry, warehouse, offices, etc. Many of these items may be biodegradable; others will be inert. Typical Wastes in This Category . Food wastes (e.g., scraps, glass jars, aluminum and tin cans) * Paper, envelopes, and other office supplies * Cardboard and other packaging materials * Disposable plates, cups, utensils * Light bulbs (non-fluorescent) Typical Waste Sources * See above Safety Considerations Handling practices should be appropriate for the types of waste collected. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Segregate reusable materials for community reuse programs. * Order items in bulk to reduce packaging. * Use reusable rather than disposable items. * Prepare food only for the number of people expected. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.11 Waste Specific Guidance I Domestic Waste/Trash WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Closed container or roll-off bin* is Ca incinerator No be buried wto Yes avaiiable? attracting scavengers and vectors Yes No DisposalU Disposal': Disposal-: Incinerate Bum onsite Bury in burn pit onsite (cover daily) * Segregate food waste and other types of waste where possible. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 ITopic 2.1.12 Waste Specific Guidance |Drill Solids/Cuttings (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) Definition Fragments of rocks dislodged by the bit and brought to the surface in the drilling mud. May be coated with drilling mud, including additives, such as barite, that may settle out. These materials may contain organics or heavy metals. If an oil or solvent based pill is added during drilling, associated cuttings should be segregated and treated as oily wastes. Typical Wastes in This Category . See above Typical Waste Sources . Drilling operations * Completions/workover operations Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact. Wear protective gloves when handling the waste. Consult original MSDS for details about constituents. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Use alternative mud systems to minimize hole sloughing. * Optimize drilling mud additive usage to minimize hole sloughing. * Substitute additives with less toxic alternatives. * Reuse cuttings for road base, cement, etc. * Optimize shale shaker operation to recover mud. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam VVMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.12 Waste Specific Guidance |Drill Solids/Cuttings (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Storage tank, mud tank, or drilling pit Typical : t Order o4f X :; 0 Final Treatment/Disposal * PreferenceSi;T ;tX:t 00000i0000000XE0at0 i00tt ltET ;;;-0 i !000 0i0 00 0t 1 Onsite burial 2 Dry and use for landfill cover 3 Land application 4 Non-hazardous waste landfill * Drilling muds and fluids that contain only approved additives will be non-hazardous, provided they do not contain substantial concentrations of toxic substances from other sources (e.g., metals from geologic deposits encountered during drilling operations). Materials determined to be hazardous should be sent to the hazardous waste landfill and may require stabilization prior to disposal. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.13 Waste Specific Guidance Drill Solids/Cuttings (Oil-Based) Definition Fragments of rocks dislodged by the bit and brought to the surface in the oil-based drilling fluid (mud) (e.g., diesel, mineral oil). May be coated with drilling fluid, including additives, such as barite, that may settle out. Typical Wastes in This Category . Diesel and mineral oil-based drilling fluids ("muds") * Water-based cuttings from the oil producing zone * Cuttings generated after introduction of an oil-based pill Typical Waste Sources . Drilling operations * Completions/workover operations Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact. Wear protective gloves when handling the waste. Consult original MSDS for details about constituents. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Segregate oil-based cuttings from water-based cuttings. * Use low toxicity fluid as a substitute for diesel (e.g., mineral oil-based mud). * Select low toxicity additives where practical. * Optimize shale shaker operation to recover mud. Process * Reuse cuttings in cement manufacture process. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.13 Waste Specific Guidance IDrill Solids/Cuttings (Oil-Based) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interlm.Storage Storage tank, mud tank or lined drilling pit TypicaldOrder of Preference Final Treatment/Disposal' Options 1 Incineration 2 Composting 3 Land treatment Reuse solids on site or as landfill cover (depending on properties) Note: Oily drill solids/cuttings that have been stabilized and where the oil contamination is 1 weight percent (or less) total petroleum hydrocarbon may also be buried in a lined pit and sealed in plastic to isolate the solids from the environment. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.14 Waste Specific Guidance Glycol and Antifreeze Definition This guideline applies to waste glycol (e.g., ethylene glycol) or waste fluids or solids that contain glycol (e.g., filters, contaminated soil, etc.). Typical Wastes in This Category * Antifreeze, coolants, deicing and heat transfer fluid * Soils contaminated with these fluids * Glycol filters Typical Waste Sources * Vehicles * Liquid-cooled engines * Dehydrators Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact with or ingestion of the waste. Consult the MSDS for the original materials. Note: some glycol solutions may be toxic to humans or animals if orally ingested. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures a Substitute raw materials. * Use material until completely spent. - Equipment maintenance to prevent fluid contamination. Process * Send off site for recycle/treatment rather than disposal. * Filter, strengthen and reuse in equipment. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.14 Waste Specific Guidance IGlycol and Antifreeze WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim fStorage Container (;;: ;:Final Treatment/Disposal Options Yes Typical Order ofr Option mater'ial \ 1 solid (e.g. 1 Incinerate 2 Land treat on site 3 Non-hazardous waste No 3 landfill Typial Order of Preference Oto I Recycle/Reclaim 2 Incinerate Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.15 Waste Specific Guidance IHydrotest Fluid Definition Water used to test piping and vessels for integrity prior to placing them in service. May contain biocides, corrosion inhibitors, or other additives and may pick up oil or grease from the unit being tested. Typical Wastes in This Category * See above Typical Waste Sources * Pipeline integrity testing * Vessel and tank integrity tests Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact. Wear protective gloves when handling the waste. Consult MSDS sheets for additives, if present. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Reuse fluids to test other pieces of equipment or other segments of pipeline. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.15 Waste Specific Guidance IHydrotest Fluid WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART I nterim Storage Equipment tested Tank Typical Orderrvet f :Final TreatmenttDisposal Opbions I Preference 1 Surface discharge * 2 Inject with produced water * Pretreatment and/or testing may be necessary prior to discharge. All discharges must be in accordance with the Environmental Management Plan. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.16 Waste Specific Guidance Injection Water Filter Cartridges Definition Solid, spent injection-water filter cartridges used to remove solids and hydrocarbons from produced water prior to reinjection (for disposal or waterflood). Typical Wastes in This Category * Spent injection water filter cartridges containing solids (e.g., sand, scale, etc.) and trace hydrocarbon Typical Waste Sources . Filters on injection water systems Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion of the waste. Wear gloves, as appropriate. Waste Minimization Options * Use backwash filters or use different filtration system. Completely spend cartridges before disposal. * Minimize oil content. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.16 Waste Specific Guidance I Injection Water Filter Cartridges WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Container Roll-off bin Typical Order6ofF !FinalTreiatment/Disposal Options Preference 1 Non-hazardous waste landfill * 2 Incinerate - If filter cartridge tests as hazardous waste (e.g., because of hydrocarbon, metal, etc.) it may need to be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.17 Waste Specific Guidance Lube Oil/Motor Oil (Used) Definition Petroleum-based lubricating greases and motor oils, as well as synthetic oils used for these same purposes. These oils may be contaminated by impurities (e.g. metals) as a result of their use. Typical Wastes in This Category * Waste lube oil and other lubricating greases * Waste motor oil * Transmission oil Typical Waste Sources * Equipment and vehicle maintenance and repair (e.g. of intemal-combustion engines, pumps, compressors, etc.) Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact or ingestion. Handle with care to avoid spills and contamination. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Evaluate changeout frequency. * Use higher-grade oils with longer life. * Periodic equipment maintenance to minimize leaks. * Change filters more often to extend oil life. * Reduce volumes required for well operations. * Segregate - try not to blend with dissimilar wastes. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.17 Waste Specific Guidance ILube Oil/Motor Oil (Used) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART InterimfStrage.t Container or tank Typical Order of Final Treatment/Disposal Options Preference, 1 Recycle to crude stream 2 Recycle/reclaim offsite at commercial reclaimer or refinery 3 Incinerate Cam WMP English 05-1i1.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.18 Waste Specific Guidance IMedical Waste/Trash Definition Wastes generated by medical procedures. Many of these may be potentially biohazardous materials. Typical Wastes in This Category * Bandages, gauze and other materials contaminated by body fluids * Specimens, lab cultures, etc. * Plastic syringes, tubing, etc. * Needles, glass and other "sharps" Typical Waste Sources * First aid a Routine clinical procedures Safety Considerations Proper PPE should be worn at all times to minimize exposure to infectious/biohazardous materials. Needles and other sharp objects should be contained in "sharps" disposal containers, and all potentially biohazardous wastes should be stored and transported in biohazard bags. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Segregate non-biohazardous items. I Use equipment that can be sterilized and reused rather than disposal items, where appropriate. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.18 Waste Specific Guidance |IMedical Waste/Trash WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Short-term Storage Biohazard bag in closed, vector-proof container (no sharps) (Store sharps in rigid "sharps" containers*) TY7sPta Ore F 7 ih;f lal Treatmnent 75 | | ~ ~1 |Incinerate in industrial incinerator I]nterim Storagei Closed container or roll-off bin (ash) Disposal Hazardous waste landfill'* * Sharps should be processed to remove the infectious (biohazard) characteristic and to limit the potential for personal contact (e.g., buried in a hazardous waste landfill in the sharps container). As appropriate, stabilize prior to disposal if leachable metals are present at levels of concern, see Topic 4.0.3 (Sampling and Classifying Wastes). Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.19 Waste Specific Guidance IOil Filters and Oil Filter Sludge Definition Contaminants collected on filters may be hazardous materials; thus additional testing may need to be performed on them to determine if they are hazardous wastes prior to disposal. If the contaminants in the filters are determined to be hazardous, the filters must be disposed of as hazardous wastes. The filters may be sock, cartridge, or canister type filters. If the material of which the filter and filter housing is made (e.g., a lead alloy) is determined to be hazardous, the filter must be disposed of as a hazardous waste. Typical Wastes in This Category * Fuel filters * Oil filters Typical Waste Sources . Construction - Drilling operations - Completions/workover operations a Vehicle/equipment engines Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact. Wear protective gloves when handling. Minimize handling: store in a closed container. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Evaluate changeout frequency. * Identify and address causes for filter changeout. * Use higher-grade oil with longer life. Equipment/Facilities * Use recyclable metal filters instead of disposable filters. * Use backwash filters or use different filtration system. * Evaluate the use of cyclone (centrifugal) filtering system. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.19 Waste Specific Guidance |Oil Filters and Oil Filter Sludge (continued) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Pretreatment Drain all free liquids (recycle recovered liquids or put in used oil storage container) Crushing may help recover additional liquid and reduce waste volume InterimtStorage:- Drum or container TyPicalOrder of nentDisposal Options Prefetrence I Incinerate 2 Non-hazardous waste landfill * * If filter cartridge is made of a hazardous material or if the oil tests above criteria for maximum metals content, then the filter may need to be disposed of in a hazardous waste landfill. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.20 Waste Specific Guidance |Oily Debris Definition Oil-stained debris generated during routine operations, maintenance activities and oil spills that is not contaminated with hazardous constituents other than those typically found in petroleum (i.e., no solvents, pesticides, etc.). Typical Wastes in This Category * Oily rags, clothing, gloves, pump packing, pipe, wood hoes, rakes shovels, etc. Typical Waste Sources * Routine maintenance and operation * Oil spill clean-up activities Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact with or ingestion. Consult the MSDS for the original materials. Consider potential that waste may be flammable, when appropriate. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Use washable protective equipment. * Use washable tools/equipment. * Minimize oil spills. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.20 Waste Specific Guidance I Oily Debris WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Pre-Treatment Separate any free oil (recycle oil or place in waste container) I nterim Storage Container or roll-off bin (no free or dripping oil) Final Treatment/Disposal!Options" Note: If the waste stream is covered by another Guideline (e.g., oily scrap metal) refer to the other guideline. Is debris \ }!ilVlpayQT; i;j 0f4;0 ; 00t;0 ; a Qf :d saturated with oil Yes iOrder of or likely to be Yreerece pton -- hazardous X waste? 1 Incinerate 2 Hazardous waste landfill No Typical Order of ~i Proferncei Option I Recycle (liquid, etc.) 2 Incinerate 3 Non-hazardous waste landfill Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.21 Waste Specific Guidance Paint (and Other Coating) Waste Definition Liquid and semi-iiquid paint (and other coating) wastes generated in field and plant maintenance operations and spent abrasive blast media. Excluded from this category are dried, empty paint cans, paint brushes, can liners, and water-based paints which, by definition, are non-hazardous. Typical Wastes in This Category * Unused or contaminated paint (and other coatings) * Abrasive blasting media containing coating chips and potentially metal from the vessel being cleaned for coating. Typical Waste Sources . Construction * Equipment and facilities maintenance Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact, ingestion, or breathing solvent vapors and blast media dust. Wear protective clothing when handling. Consult original MSDS. Consider the potential for the waste to be flammable, when appropriate. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures - Use product in its entirety/order only amount needed. - Properly store materials/keep labeled. - Evaluate paint schedule/limit types and colors. - More durable coatings over properly prepared surfaces. - Use water-based coatings instead of oil based coatings. * Use solvent still to recover paint thinner, etc. * Blast in central area where media can be reused. * Use blast media that does not contain metals, silica, etc. Equipment/Facilities * Try not to use heavy metal (e.g., lead, chrome) paints. Use paint pot liners and throw-away brushes, rollers, etc. to minimize the need for cleanup solvents, thinners, etc. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.21 Waste Specific Guidance I Paint (and Other Coating) Waste WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART I nterim Storage Containers ::fTlypicaldO:rderof::; ; f j ; ;.i id::: : :X:!:S g::4:::; Typical OrdtPre eregnce; oft:; :0:0 :0 Final Treatment/Disposal[Options Preference 1 Recycle/Reclaim (liquids only) 2 Incinerate (liquid or solid) 3 Hazardous or non-hazardous waste landfill (solid only)* * Liquids must be solidified prior to disposal in a landfill. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.22 Waste Specific Guidance IProduced Water Definition Water produced in association with oil and gas. This waste may contain salts (e.g., chlorides); hydrocarbons; well treatment, oil separation and produced water treatment chemicals (corrosion inhibitors, biocides, oxygen scavengers, demulsifiers, clarifiers, etc.). Typical Wastes in This Category * Produced water from separators and other process equipment Typical Waste Sources * Well testing * Crude oil and gas production Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion and physical contact. Wear protective gloves when handling the waste. See MSDS for treatment chemicals. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Use produced water in lieu of other fluids for completion fluids. Process * Install down-hole zone isolation, and selective perforation to reduce volume of produced water produced. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.22 Waste Specific Guidance IProduced Water WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Tank Lined pit 1 jypical Ordet of 11: : i ;t : T Oirderencet; olflt Final Treatment/Disposal Options Preference 1 Injection * * Treatment may be required prior to injection. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.23 Waste Specific Guidance Scrubber Wastes Definition Caustic or non-caustic soda or soda ash liquid solutions generated by scrubbing systems. Aqueous sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate scrubber waste solutions from crude oil-burning steam generation units are typically non-hazardous. Wastes are typically caustic, but could be acidic if not enough caustic is used. Typical Wastes in This Category * Caustic soda and soda ash scrubbing solutions * Non-caustic soda and soda ash streams Typical Waste Sources * Steam generation units * Gas/oil cleanup units * Air pollution control or sulfur dioxide scrubber waste from flue gas emission control in combustion of fossil fuels Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact with or ingestion of the waste. Wear protective clothing. Consult the MSDS for the original materials. May be corrosive and/or reactive. Waste Minimization Options * Substitute raw materials. * Completely spend material before disposal. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.23 Waste Specific Guidance |IScrubber Wastes WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Intetrim Storage Containers or Tanks Typical Order of :|l|: 0Final Treatment/Disposai Options Preference 1 Inject into produced water stream for reinjection 2 Inject into waste water stream Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.24 Waste Specific Guidance SeparatorNessel Sludges and Pigging Wastes Definition Separator/vessel sludges consist of produced solids that accumulate in production vessels and equipment and that are typically recovered when performing maintenance on these vessels. These sludges are often called tank bottoms. This waste category includes pigging waste from pipelines. Typical Wastes in This Category * Scrubber sludge * Scraper trap/sludges from production gathering lines * Mixtures of oily sand, silt, rust and scale * Parrafins Typical Waste Sources * Separators, clarifiers, product storage tanks, slop oil tanks, slop oil skimmers, produced water treatment pits/ponds * Pigging wastes Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact. Wear protective gloves, clothing and possibly breathing apparatus if necessary when handling the waste. Consult MSDS for crude oil. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Use emulsion breakers to recover oil from sludges. * Perform downhole diagnostics to ensure gravel packing is intact. * Minimize downhole corrosion. Process * Reduce sand production by gravel packing wells, installing slotted liners, and selective perforating. * Filter out solids to recover oil and water. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.24 Waste Specific Guidance |ISeparatorNessel Sludges and Pigging Wastes WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART lnterim Storage Tank or Container Typical Orderencf Final Treatment/Disposal Options Preference 1 Incinerate 2 Compost 3 Landfill (hazardous or non-hazardous) Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.25 Waste Specific Guidance |Slop Oil Definition Slop oil consists of crude oil recovered after a spill or process upset. Slop oil may also include off-specification crude oil. It is generally collected in a sump and returned to the system for reprocessing. Typical Wastes in This Category * Slop oil * Off-specification crude oil Typical Waste Sources * Drilling and completion activities * Operations activities Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact. Wear protective gloves (and clothing as appropriate) when handling. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Implement a spill reduction program. Equipment/Facilities i Replace/repair leaking components (e.g., valves, flanges, pump packing, etc.), when necessary. Process i Implement process modifications to capture slop oil and return it to the production system. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.25 Waste Specific Guidance I Slop Oil WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART interim Storage Tanks, containers or sump (if appropriate) Typical Orderzof fo:.fijP :E1,> ,:L Typical Order :f Final Treatment/Disposal Options Preference 1 Recycle to crude stream 2 Use as fuel 3 Incinerate in industrial incinerator Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.26 Waste Specific Guidance Solvents Definition Petroleum-based waste solvents such as kerosene, Varsol, paint thinner or stripper, gasoline, toluene and xylene used in cleaning operations. Typical Wastes in This Category * See above Typical Waste Sources * Routine operation and maintenance activities Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact and ingestion. Consult original MSDS. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Use proper inventory control. * Use water-based solvents. * Evaluate cleaning schedule. * Use product in its entirety. * Reuse product until it is spent. * Avoid using halogenated solvents. Equipment/Facilities * Eliminate equipment leaks to minimize cleaning requirements. * Reprocess for reuse (e.g., filter or gravity settle to separate solids). Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.26 Waste Specific Guidance Solvents WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim'Storage Container ~Typical;Orderof : : ; : i : : : r; : Typca OrelErene 0 0l of ; ;;Q:000iFinalTreatmentlDisposal Options Prefearence 1 Recycle to crude stream (hydrocarbon-based solvents) 2 Recyclelreclaim 3 Incinerate in industrial incinerator Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.27 Waste Specific Guidance Tires Definition Tires used on automobiles, trucks, carts, and heavy equipment until worn or damaged. Typical Wastes in This Category . See above Typical Waste Sources . See above Safety Considerations Depending on activity, wearing PPE such as leather gloves may be appropriate. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Check pressures and wheel alignments to reduce wear/prolong tire life. * Use as packing material or as protection in materials storage yards. * Provide to local population for use in manufacturing shoes, etc. * Use in upgrading local roads (pavement amendment). Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.27 Waste Specific Guidance Tires WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage As practical with provisions for vector control * Typical Order of : : :: :A::4 0E : Typical Order I f Final Treatment/Disposal Options 'Preference 1 Send to tire recycler 2 Reuse for erosion control, grind for use in road materials (e.g., asphalt amendment) or other purpose. 3 Non-hazardous waste landfill ** 4 On site burial ** * Steps must be taken to ensure that the tires do not collect water and form a habitat for mosquitoes and other vectors. If buried, measures should be taken to prevent tires from floating to the surface over time. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.28 Waste Specific Guidance Unused, Spent, Expired, and Waste Chemicals and Additives Definition Chemicals and additives that may no longer be used for their intended purpose because of contamination, degradation, or change in process. Note: some materials may be covered in other guidelines. Typical Wastes in This Category * Drilling fluid additives * Treatment chemicals (corrosion inhibitor, anti-foulants, biocides, water treatment, etc.) * Laboratory chemicals (e.g., ferric oxide, titration colorimetric indicators, salts, etc.) * Medical clinic and laboratory chemicals Typical Waste Sources . Drilling and production operations * Wastewater treatment system * Water treatment and product oil quality control laboratories * Medical clinic Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact or ingestion of the waste. Consult MSDS for individual chemicals and additives. Wastes may be corrosive, ignitable, reactive, or toxic. Special Handling Requirements In some cases, the appropriate disposal option may involve packaging the waste in another container prior to disposal in a hazardous waste landfill or being sent offsite. The practice of pufting multiple small containers into a larger container is referred to as a "Lab Pack". The larger, outer container is the 'Overpack" container. Wastes to be put into Lab Packs should be containerized and managed as follows: 1. The inside containers should be securely sealed, non- leaking, and be constructed of a material that does not react dangerously with, be decomposed by, or be ignited by the waste contained therein. 2. The inside containers should be the original material or equivalent compatible material. 3. The inside containers should be overpacked in an open head metal or plastic shipping container of no more than 110-gallon capacity. 4. The inside containers should be surrounded by a sufficient quantity of absorbent material capable of completely absorbing all of the liquid contents inside the Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 4 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.28 Waste Specific Guidance Unused, Spent, Expired, and Waste Chemicals and Additives smaller containers: the absorbent material should not be capable of reacting with, being decomposed by, or being ignited by the contents of the inside containers. 5. The metal outer container (overpack) should be full after packing with inside containers and absorbent material. 6. Incompatible waste should not be placed in the same outer container (overpack). Try not to mix hazardous and non-hazardous wastes in the same container. 7. Reactive waste should be rendered non-reactive prior to packaging. Cyanide and sulfide bearing wastes (with cyanide concentration less than 1,000 mg/I) that generate toxic gases when exposed to pH conditions between 2 and 12.5 do not need to be rendered non-reactive prior to packaging. 8. Sufficient absorbent should be used so that inside containers are packed in such a manner so that they do not come in contact with one another. 9. The overpack container must have appropriate labels to alert persons to the containers contents and the potential hazards. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Use chemical until it is spent or consumed. * Order smaller quantities of degradable chemicals to avoid expiration. * Recycle chemicals if practical (e.g., chemicals that are normally put into, or become entrained in, the crude or produced water may be able to slowly be blended into these streams). * Reuse in less critical application if practical. * Substitute raw materials. * Return excess (unopened) chemical to supplier. * Keep containers closed to prevent potential contamination by rain, dust, etc. * Store raw materials where they are not exposed to the environment (e.g., rain, wind, sunlight, etc.). * Keep all containers properly labeled. * Follow proper storage and dispensing procedures - dispense only the amount needed and do not return "contaminated" material to the raw material. Cam WMP English 05-1l1.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 4 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.28 Waste Specific Guidance Unused, Spent, Expired, and Waste Chemicals and Additives Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. If the chemical can be found in another waste category discussed in this section, consult the topic for that waste category for additional information. However, note that options given for another waste stream may not apply to the waste chemical because of differences in chemical concentration (e.g., between pure chemical and the concentration found in a treated water or drilling mud). Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 3 of 4 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.28 Waste Specific Guidance Unused, Spent, Expired, and Waste Chemicals and Additives WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART fInte6rm'Storage' Container Pretreatmenit / Is chemical \Ys/ Is ceia e solid? (no >i: < chemical > * \ fIree liquids Solidifm bustible Solidify fYes * i~~~~~~Yes ~~Disposali Disposal Disposal Non-hazardous landfill Incinerate in industrial incinerator** Hazardous landfill * * Consult MSDS and Topic 4.0.3 (Sampling and Classifying Wastes). ** Liquid chemicals sent to incinerator should not be explosive, halogenated, high in metals content, or otherwise present a potential for unsafe operations or toxic air emissions. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 4 of 4 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.29 Waste Specific Guidance Vegetation Debris Definition Non-commercially valuable vegetation that is cutVcleared from a site for the purposes of construction or site maintenance. Typical Wastes in This Category . Small trees and brush * Grasses, vines, and other ground cover clippings * Large trees without commercial value Typical Waste Sources * Site clearing/preparation * Site maintenance Safety Considerations Wear appropriate PPE. Debris may have sharp protrusions. Some species of plants may cause skin irritation. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Only clear the area required for safe operations. * Only grub when necessary. - Make material available to the local population for building materials and fuel. * Chip small trees and brush and use as soil amendment, as bulking agent for composting, or for erosion mitigation over areas to be reclaimed. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.29 Waste Specific Guidance Vegetation Debris WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storag e. Stack/pile : Typical Ordet fof'::::i : ;i:f ::i0:;:j:;:;.: :0;4 : ::fi:::0 : : Typical 00rdferenee : i ;:: : of VFinal Treatment/Disposal Options Preference 1 Use to create natural barriers in areas to be reclaimed 2 Use for site stabilization/erosion mitigation 3 Leave on site * 4 Burn** * Material must be left in a manner that does not promote wildfires or create habitat for vectors. Wood left for use by local inhabitants must be cut up and neatly stacked in manageable pieces (not requiring more than two people to carry). Care must be taken to ensure that the resulting fire does not get out of hand. Buming should be done in designated areas only when wind direction is away from camps, villages, and other locations where people would be affected. Written procedures to burn vegetation will be implemented and will include a number of protective measures, including but not limited to: firefighting resources on hand, no/minimal fuel used to assist the combustion process, fire attended at all times, pre-approved residual ash handling procedures, etc. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.30 Waste Specific Guidance Wastewater (Domestic) /Sewage Definition Water containing sewage, detergents (e.g., soap, shampoo, laundry detergent, etc.) and materials washed off of people, their clothes, dishware and utensils, kitchen facilities, etc. during cleaning activities. Typical Wastes in This Category * Shower water * Laundry water * Toilet water * Kitchen water Typical Waste Sources * Camps, laundry, toilets, showers, sinks, dishwashers (see above) Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion and contact with waste. Wear appropriate PPE for potentially infectious materials. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures - Use low flow toilets and showers. • Reuse wash water for other washing applications (moving from less dirty to more dirty applications). Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. The following is an example of the types of wastewater systems that may be used in different phases of the Project or in different locations. The actual methods used will depend on site-specific considerations. Separate protocols for wastewater management may be developed outside the coverage of this plan (e.g., sanitary wastewater treatment systems for "permanent" camps). Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.30 Waste Specific Guidance Wastewater (Domestic) / Sewage WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Tank No Is septc tankrn practical Pretreatment surface water (volume and enearby with site conditions Pa*ae sufficient and Packagedion limitations)? sewage capacity? \\ V // ~~~~~treatment plant \\ < Yes Yes l | Disposal Disposal Disposal Septic tank* 1. Surface absorption system Surface discharge * 2. Surface evaporation adsorption system (e.g., sprinkler) ** * Includes soak pits, septic tanks, leaching fields and/or infiltration systems as required for site conditions. ** Must be pre-approved and performed in manner that avoids soil erosion. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.31 Waste Specific Guidance Wastewater (Oily) Definition Water containing small amounts of oil from contact with oily equipment or soil or from oil spill recovery activities Typical Wastes in This Category * Rainfall runoff from under/around equipment * Vehicle and equipment oily wash water * Water with oil and emulsions recovered during oil spill recovery or clean-up activities Typical Waste Sources * See above Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion and contact with waste. Wear appropriate PPE for potential oil contact. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Maintain good housekeeping practices to minimize the amount of spilled, dripped, and leaked oil. * Reuse wash water for other washing applications (moving from less dirty to more dirty applications), as practical. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. The following is an example of the types of oily wastewater systems that may be used in different phases of the Project or in different locations. The actual methods used will depend on site-specific considerations. Separate protocols for oily wastewater management may be developed outside the coverage of this plan (e.g., produced water treatment). Note that if oily wastewater is generated near the field facilities, the water may be treated for injection with the produced water if properties are compatible. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.31 Waste Specific Guidance |Wastewater (Oily) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Tank Pretreatment;; / if present \ Yes i; 00: i Peetet4 0 ; : : to forrnm separate Recover oil by skimming or other means \ layer? /l Dispos-al'. Filter to remove trace oil. Send to septic tank system, surface absorption system, surface evaporation adsorption system, injection water system or surface discharge, as appropriate *Note: Must be pre-approved. Testing may be required. Cam WMP English 05-1 1.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.32 Waste Specific Guidance Water Treatment Sludge Definition Solids remaining after treatment of domestic wastewater and sewage. These solids are often separated out of the wastewater stream in flocculation, settling, or clarification tanks after disinfection. Typical Wastes in This Category * See above Typical Waste Sources * Water treatment units Safety Considerations Do not ingest or inhale waste. Avoid physical contact. Wear appropriate PPE. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures 0 Incorporate anaerobic digester into treatment process. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.32 Waste Specific Guidance Water Treatment Sludge WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Sludge drying bed Tank Typical0Order of Final TreatmentDisposal Options Preference; I Landspread and incorporate into surface soil * 2 Dry and landfill * Avoid clearing land for this purpose (e.g., spread solids over areas that will be revegetated after site abandonment). If land needs to be cleared, leave trees and other large plants in place and spread solids around them. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.33 Waste Specific Guidance Whole Mud (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Fluids) Definition A liquid mixture composed of water, inert solids (barite), reactive solids (clays, bentonite) and additives (lignite, etc.) used to drill wells and perform workovers. May be fresh or saline with a density ranging from 9 to 19 lbs. per gallon. Typical Wastes in This Category * See above Typical Waste Sources * Drilling operations * Completions/workover operations Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact. Wear protective gloves when handling the waste. Consult original MSDS for details. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures Recover weighting agents (e.g., hematite, barite). • Reuse spud mud instead of discarding, if possible. * Store mud for use on next well. . Minimize volume of mud discarded by preventing contamination with cement returns, where possible. * Return to vendor (depends on market conditions). Equipment/Facilities * Install better solids control equipment. • Optimize pit size. * Ensure solids control equipment is running as specified by manufacturer. Process Install and operate closed loop mud systems and/or a central mud plant, where appropriate. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.33 Waste Specific Guidance |Whole Mud (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Fluids) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Storage tank, mud tank or drilling pit Typical Order of Final Treatmbet.Disposal Otions Prefrence I Landspread 2 Onsite Burial 3 Dry and use for landfill cover Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.34 Waste Specific Guidance Whole Mud, (Oil-Based) Definition A liquid mixture composed of oil, inert solids (barite) emulsifiers and other additives used to drill wells and perform workovers. Density ranges from 9 to 19 lbs. per gallon. May have high salt concentration in water phase of the emulsion. Typical Wastes in This Category . See above Typical Waste Sources . Drilling operations * Completions/workover operations Safety Considerations Avoid ingestion or physical contact. Wear protective gloves when handling the waste. Consult original MSDS for details. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures - Return to vendor or resell. e Store mud for use on next well. i Avoid using oil-based muds, when possible. , Minimize volume of mud discarded by preventing contamination with cement returns, where practical. EquipmentlFacilities * Install better solids control equipment. * Optimize pit size. * Ensure solids control equipment is running as specified by manufacturer. Process Install and operate closed loop mud systems, where practical. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.34 Waste Specific Guidance Whole Mud (Oil-Based) WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART |fInterimStorage Storage tank, mud tank or lined drilling pit TyPiaOrdferee of Final TreatmentlDisposal Options Preference I Recycle to crude stream 2 Recycle/reclaim (fuels blending) 3 Incinerate 4 Landfill (non-hazardous, typically) Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.35 Waste Specific Guidance |IOther Miscellaneous Wastes Definition Miscellaneous wastes that are not covered by one of the other guidelines in this Section. Typically, these wastes will be generated infrequently or on a one-time basis. Typical Wastes in This Category . Miscellaneous Typical Waste Sources . Routine production, exploration, drilling, maintenance and related support activities Safety Considerations Avoid physical contact with or ingestion of the waste. Wear protective clothing. Consult MSDS for the original materials. Waste Minimization Options * Substitute raw materials. * Reuse or recycle materials. * Do not mix unknown wastes. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.35 Waste Specific Guidance Other Miscellaneous Wastes Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown below. Waste Identification and Classification The field guidelines in this manual should first be reviewed to identify if the waste falls into a category that is covered by another guideline. If so, then waste identification and classification procedures in that guideline should be followed. If the waste does not fall into a category covered by another guideline, then an attempt should be made to classify the waste, using knowledge of how the waste was generated. That is, if the waste has been generated previously and prior experience, knowledge and/or testing has shown the previously generated waste to be hazardous or non- hazardous, the waste may be classified based on this experience. If there is insufficient information to classify the waste, it should be sampled to establish the proper classification. Waste Characteristics If the waste is not covered by another guideline and is required to be tested for classification, an attempt should be made to identify the source of the waste and the constituents that make up the waste in order to identify the appropriate tests to be run and the appropriate treatment and disposal options. If there are questions, contact the Environmental Representative. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.36 Waste Specific Guidance Asbestos Containing Material Definition In general, steps should be taken to avoid the use of asbestos containing materials (ACM); however, it is realized that appropriate altematives for some applications may not be readily available. Typical Wastes in This Category . Asbestos brake pads, gaskets, pump packing, etc. Typical Waste Sources * Repair/maintenance of items containing asbestos such as those listed above Safety Considerations Wear proper protective equipment. Avoid creating and inhaling asbestos containing dusts. When possible, keep friable asbestos containing materials moist with water and/or in sealed containers to reduce the potential for dust generation. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Use non-asbestos containing materials, when practicable. * Maximize useful life of ACM items. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.36 Waste Specific Guidance Asbestos Containing Material WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART * Interim Storage Container (drum, roll-off bin), try to keep moistened with water and/or sealed in plastic bags if friable Typical Order of Preference Final Treatment/Disposal Options: I Non-hazardous waste landfill 2 Onsite burial* * Bury in a manner that reduces the potential for airborne emissions of asbestos fibers. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.37 Waste Specific Guidance Scrap Metal Definition Scrap metal may include sheet metal, piping, tubing, wire, empty drums/containers, pump housings, valves, fittings, and vehicle/equipment parts. To be managed as "scrap metal", the metal should not be contaminated by significant quantities of other materials (e.g., chemical residues in a drum) or contain free-flowing materials (e.g., oil in a valve). If such materials are present, then the metal may need to be 'decontaminated' or else managed in accordance with the guideline for the material present. Typical Wastes in This Category * See above Typical Waste Sources * Construction * Equipment repair or replacement Safety Considerations Wear proper protective clothing for the type of waste. Scrap metal may have sharp edges or protrusions. Wear appropriate protective equipment if the metal is contaminated by other materials. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Order/cut wire, pipe, etc. in length needed. * Recycle/reuse (onsite and in community). * Take steps to avoid/minimize rework. * Repair, rather than replace, equipment, when possible. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 0S-1 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.37 Waste Specific Guidance I Scrap Metal WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART * ; i; Interim Storage Roll-off bin or stockpile (keep site tidy; no special containment requirements for inert materials) Typical'Order of Preference i Final Treatment/Disposal Options 1 Sell to scrap yard for recycling* 2 Onsite burial ** 3 Non-hazardous waste landfill * If the metal is a container that has been in contact with hazardous materials, see guideline for "Drums, Containers and Gas Cylinders (Empty)". ^^ Large pieces of metal (e.g., wrecked vehicles, engine blocks, etc.) should not be buried. Cam WMP English 05-1 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.38 Waste Specific Guidance Glass Definition Some glass waste may be generated during various phases of the Project. Typical Wastes in This Category * Plate glass from housing and vehicle windows * Bottles, jars, etc. Typical Waste Sources * Buildings and vehicles * Human consumables and "household products" Safety Considerations Wear proper protective clothing for the type of waste. Broken glass may have sharp edges. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Recycle/reuse (on site and in community). • Avoid breakage requiring replacement. * Crush glass and use as aggregate in concrete items. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.38 Waste Specific Guidance I Glass WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART I nterim Storage Containers (drums, roll-off bins, etc.) Typical Oirderlof Preference Final Treatment/Disposal Options 1 Sell to scrap yard for recycling 2 Non-hazardous waste landfill 3 Onsite burial Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.39 Waste Specific Guidance Plastic and Rubber Definition Plastic, rubber and related materials/wastes may be generated during various phases of the Project. Typical Wastes in This Category * Packaging materials * Plastic drums and containers . Gaskets * Pipeline epoxy-coating material Typical Waste Sources * Raw material * Repair/replacement of rubber or plastic parts Safety Considerations Wear proper protective clothing for the type of waste. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Order items in bulk (if less packaging). * Recycle/reuse (on site and in community). * Take steps to avoid/minimize rework. * Segregate waste prior to disposal. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.39 Waste Specific Guidance Plastic and Rubber WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART I fnter6im Storage Containers (drums, roll-off bins, etc.) Typical Order of Preference Final Treatment/Disposal Options 1 Sell to scrap yard for recycling 2 Non-hazardous waste landfill 3 Onsite burial 4 Incineration* * Incineration is not typically preferred if there are large quantities to be managed due to potential air emissions concerns. Incineration of plastics must be pre-approved, with appropriate segregation of plastics in place to identify which plastics can and cannot be incinerated without toxic air emissions conserns. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.40 Waste Specific Guidance Pyrotechnics Definition Some waste pyrotechnics may be generated during various phases of the Project. Typical Wastes in This Category * Signal flares * Smoke canisters * Firing caps * Explosives Typical Waste Sources * Outdated materials * Damaged materials Safety Considerations Wear proper protective clothing for the type of waste. Use caution when handling. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Purchase in limited quantities/only amount expected to be used. * Use before expiration date. i Manage to avoid damage/loss of integrity (e.g., store in a cool, dry place). * Recycle to community for appropriate use. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.40 Waste Specific Guidance |Pyrotechnics WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART Interim Storage Containers (drums, etc.) Typical Order, of Preference: FinaliTreatment/Disposal Options 1 Detonation (under written safety guidelines) 2 Incinerate (if safe to do so) 3 Hazardous waste landfill Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.1 Topic 2.1.41 Waste Specific Guidance Drum Rinse Definition In some cases, it may be necessary or otherwise appropriate to rinse drums or other "empty" containers to facilitate management of the empty containers. Typical Wastes in This Category a Aqueous/inorganic drum rinse containing hazardous material constituents (e.g., acid, caustic, ammonia, or other water-soluble materials) * Non-aqueous/organic drum rinse containing hazardous material constituents (e.g., oil or other hydrocarbons) Typical Waste Sources * Drum and container rinsing Safety Considerations Wear proper protective clothing for the type of waste. Consult MSDS for original material. Avoid mixing incompatible rinsates in same container. Waste Minimization Options People/Procedures * Recycle/reuse material in the manner the original material was used. For example, if "new" acid was diluted with water prior and put in process "x", then rinse drum with water and put rinsate in process "x". * If the water/solvent used to rinse the drums does not adversely affect the process that the raw material was added to (or becomes entrained in during processing), put the rinsate in the process (e.g., corrosion inhibitor in well, lube oil in crude stream, etc.). * Segregate waste prior to disposal. Preferred Management Methods After candidate waste minimization options have been employed where appropriate, the typical sequence of waste management options to use is shown in the flowchart below. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 2.1 |Topic 2.1.41 Waste Specific Guidance Drum Rinse WASTE MANAGEMENT OPTION FLOWCHART * lnterim Storage Container (i.e. drum, tote bin) or Tank (segregate like materials) Typical Orderbof Preference 'Final Treatment/Disposal Options 1 Recycle into wastewater treatment system or crude oil treating system or as "otherwise used" 2 Incinerate 3 Solidify and landfill Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 2.2 Topic 2.2.1 Site Specific Plans Introduction Introduction Each site should prepare a waste management plan that summarizes the specific decisions that were made regarding treatment and disposal of waste streams generated at that site. The information in this Waste Management Plan should be used as a basis for these decisions. Any special circumstances for the site should be noted. A Quick Reference chart may be prepared for the site. This chart would convey the key information a site worker would need to know in order to dispose of the waste in the approved manner. An example of a Quick Reference chart is shown in Table 2.2.2-1 in Topic 2.2.2. Elements of Site Specific Plans The purpose of a site-specific plan is to allow site personnel to capture information specific to their waste streams in a format that is easy to reference and that facilitates consistent management of a particular waste stream each time it is generated. To prepare a site-specific plan, site personnel should review this Plan to assess which waste streams are likely to be generated and select appropriate management, testing, and disposal/recycle options. When documented, the site- specific plan essentially becomes a condensed version of this Plan. The site-specific plan should be designed to be revised or amended as new waste streams are added, as management procedures change, or as otherwise needed. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of I Section 2.2 Topic 2.2.2 Site Specific Plans Quick Reference Chart for Waste Management Table 2.2.2-1 Example Format for a Quick Reference Chart Waste Stream Approved Interim Approved Approved Comments Waste Storage Disposal /Hauler Mgmt. Site Method(s) Medical waste Incineration Biohazard Incinerator ABC Do not send bags inside at Storage Transport sharps to rigid drum Yard an Construction incinerator Camp Note The site-specific plan only needs to include those waste streams that are generated at the site. An example is shown in the table above in italics. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 1 Section 3.0 Topic 3.0.1 Approved Waste Management Facilities lIIntroduction Use of this Section Approved waste management facilities listed in this section may be used for the types of wastes listed/described in the waste-specific guidelines in Section 2.1 without additional approvals provided such disposal is consistent with the operating procedures of the accepting facility. Additional waste management facilities may be approved for use as part of a site-specific action plan for a significant oil spill. Wastes must be disposed in the country in which they were generated. Wastes are not to be transported across country borders unless in accordance with international conventions and with prior management approval. Procedure for Approving Facilities Before a facility can become an "approved" facility, an assessment must be conducted following an assessment protocol specific to the type of facility. Typically, the assessments will be conducted by a Project environmental field monitor, or other qualified individual designated by the Project's environmental monitoring organization. The purpose of the assessment is to determine whether the facility has the appropriate environmental controls in place for the proposed waste shipments. If there is a need to start using a non-approved facility, contact the Environmental Representative to request an assessment. After a facility assessment has been conducted, the facility will either be added to the list of approved facilities, or be included on a list of facilities that have been evaluated but failed to meet criteria for approval. Depending on the reason for non-approval, the facility may be contacted to assess whether the concerns can be mitigated. In addition to the initial assessment, approved facilities will be re-assessed periodically by a Project environmental field monitor, or other qualified individual designated by the Projects environmental monitoring organization, to evaluate whether the facility still meets Project criteria for approval. The frequency of assessments may vary depending on the type of facility and/or the types and volumes of waste sent to the facility. A target frequency is once every 2 years. In addition to the periodic assessment, if conditions at a facility change (e.g., a change in management occurs) or a potential problem has been identified, the facility may be re- assessed. Note: All facilities should be approved by the Project's environmental monitoring organization: Contractors may not approve a facility on their own. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of I Section 3.0 Topic 3.0.2 Approved Waste Management Facilities Use of Approved Facilities Procedure for Use of Approved Disposal of materials in Project controlled waste Facilities management sites is preferred over the use of third party facilities. However, where dictated by logistics or construction schedule, the Project and its Contractors may use other approved waste treatment and disposal facilities as indicated in this section. The wastes must be appropriate for the waste treatment and disposal facility, as defined in this Section. Each waste shipment being sent to a disposal or recycle/reclaim facility must be accompanied by a completed Waste Manifest Form (see Topic 4.0.2). If the facility is a non-Project owned facility, the facility should be required to agree in advance that it will accurately complete its portion of the Waste Manifest Form and return the appropriate copy to the Project environmental monitoring organization. Approved Facilities A number of waste treatment and disposal facilities have been approved for Project use and it expected that additional facilities may need to be approved in the future. Summary lists of the approved facilities are provided in the tables below. Table Facility Type 3.0.2-1a Approved Municipal Landfills in Chad 3.0.2-1 b Approved Municipal Landfills in Cameroon 3.0.2-2a Approved Commercial Disposal/Recycle Facilities in Chad 3.0.2-2b Approved Commercial DisposaVRecycle Facilities in Cameroon 3.0.2-3a Approved Project Landfills/Incinerators in Chad 3.0.2-3b Approved Project Landfills/Incinerators in Cameroon Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 4 Section 3.0 [Topic 3.0.2 Approved Waste Management Facilities IUse of Approved Facilities Table 3.0.2-lb Approved Municipal Landfills in Cameroon Name Douala Yaounde Location Makepe Nkoulfoulou-Soa Douala, Cameroon Yaounde, Cameroon Facility Owner City Council of City Council of Yaound6 Douala Facility HYSACAM HYSACAM Operator Description Engineered landfill Engineered landfill with with single clay liner single clay liner (standard unknown) (standard unknown) Project Wastes Combustible and non- Combustible and non- Approved for combustible, non- combustible, non- Disposal at hazardous materials: hazardous materials: Landfill paper, plastic and paper, plastic and metal metal cans/containers, broken cans/containers, glass, etc. broken glass, etc. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 4 Section 3.0 Topic 3.0.2 Approved Waste Management Facilities Use of Approved Facilities Table 3.0.2-2b Approved Commercial DisposallRecycle Facilities in Cameroon Name Location Facility Owner Facility Operator Facility Type* Description Project Wastes Approved for Disposal/Recycle *Type: Drum Reconditioner, Scrap Metal Recycler, Battery Recycler, etc. Note: None approved as of March 1, 1999. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 3 of 4 Section 3.0 Topic 3.0.2 Approved Waste Management Facilities Use of Approved Facilities Table 3.0.2-3b Approved Project Landfillsilncinerators in Cameroon Name Location Pump Pump Station Pressure Ngaoundal Station No. 2 No. 3 Reducing Station Facility Owner Facility Operator Facility Type* Description Project/Contractor Wastes Approved for Disposal at Landfillllncinerator *Type: Landfill or Incinerator Note: None in operation as of March 1, 1999. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 4 of 4 Section 3.0 1 Topic 3.0.3 Approved Waste Management Facilities I Project Landfills and Incinerators Background The types and volumes of wastes to be generated by Project-related activities have been estimated. Based on the preliminary evaluations of waste volumes, an analysis of available waste treatment/disposal facilities currently in existence and an objective to ensure that these wastes are disposed in a manner which is protective of human health and the environment, a decision was made to build landfills and install incinerators for Project-related waste. Location of Project Facilities The actual locations of Project waste management facilities will be identified as the detailed design moves forward and sufficient information about prospective site locations is obtained to make site selection decisions. The number/size of landfills may change as waste disposal needs are re- assessed during detailed design. Incinerators will also be co-located at the landfill sites, or may be in other locations proximate to Project facilities (e.g., pump stations or oil field facilities). Design of Facilities Landfills will be built to specification ECS/CCS 134-1 (based on United States Environmental Protection Agency engineering standards), GPS-007, or comparable standard. Each landfill will be constructed incrementally with both hazardous and non-hazardous waste cells as dictated by need. Incinerators will be built to specification ECS 7-4-1/CCS 7-1- 10 (based on United States Environmental Protection Agency engineering standards) or comparable standard. Incinerators will be built to accommodate (and adequately combust) both hazardous (including infectious/biohazardous) wastes and non-hazardous wastes. Incinerators for temporary use will be built to specification GPS-006. Security provisions for each facility will be commensurate with the level of protection necessary to preserve the integrity of the site and its operations. Operation of Facilities Landfill operations will be in accordance with a site-specific "Landfill Operating Plan" as described in Section 9.0. Incinerator operations will be in accordance with a site- specific "Incinerator Operating Plan" as described in Section 8.0. Waste-tracking Wastes sent to Project waste treatment and disposal facilities must be accompanied by a Waste Manifest Form. Waste-tracking procedures and sampling requirements are described in Topic 4.0.3. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 3.0 Topic 3.0.3 Approved Waste Management Facilities Project Landfills and Incinerators Wastes Accepted In general, all waste streams for which the preferred disposal option indicated in the waste-specific guidelines in Section 2.1 is "non-hazardous waste landfill" or "hazardous waste landfill" will be accepted at Project landfill facilities. In general, all waste streams for which the preferred treatment/disposal option indicated in the waste-specific guidelines in Section 2.1 is "incinerate" will be accepted at Project incineration facilities. Although the above statements are generally true, Project landfills/incinerators may refuse to accept wastes generated by Project Contractors if waste volumes are excessive (e.g., contractor is not using its camp incinerator to burn non- hazardous combustible materials prior to sending waste ash to the Project facility). In addition, if a Contractor uses a material on the Project "Chemical and Substances Not to be Used" list (see Table 2.0.1-2) without prior approval, the landfill/incinerator may refuse to accept wastes containing these materials (e.g., PCB, chlorinated solvents, asbestos, leaded paints). Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 4.0 Topic 4.0.1 Waste Inventories and Tracking Project Waste Tracking System General Principles and Needs Procedures will be implemented to track the types of wastes generated and the disposal and recycle/reclaim options used to manage the wastes. Accurate waste inventories and waste tracking systems can be a useful resource for several reasons including: * Records of how much of each waste stream is produced at individual sites can help identify waste minimization opportunities. * Records of where wastes are disposed may be useful if there is a future need to conduct a site investigation or remediation effort due to a concern or impact. Project Waste Tracking System The goal of the Waste Tracking System is to record, for each waste generated and managed, the: • Type of waste, * Volume (quantity) of waste, * Handling or disposition method used, and the * Ultimate disposal location (e.g., specific landfill and cell location). Personnel handling wastes will be instructed to complete a Waste Manifest Form for each shipment of waste. The manifest will record the above types of information about each waste stream and the data recorded on the manifest will be entered into a central computer database that will allow the data to be sorted to produce various types of reports. Examples of the types of summaries that may be able to be generated include: * Volume of each waste type generated by source and/or over time * Volume of each waste type generated by location * Volume and disposal methods used for each waste stream over time. As appropriate, the data in the database can be evaluated periodically to identify potential trends that could lead to potential opportunities to improve waste management practices or waste minimization. The information can also be used to shape future waste management decisions such as assessing the needs for additional landfill or incinerator capacity. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 1 Section 4.0 Tpic 4.0.2 Waste Inventories and Tracking Manifesting and Tracking Waste Streams Waste Manifests Obtaining the data to be included in the Waste Tracking System database will involve all participants in the "cradle- to-grave" waste management activities. This includes the generator of the waste (e.g., construction site), the transporter (e.g., hauler), and the receiving facility (e.g., landfill). All three parties will be required to take part in manifesting and tracking the waste as it travels from its point of generation (cradle) to its ultimate disposal location (grave) and all share in being accountable for proper recordkeeping. For most waste streams, a Waste Manifest Form will be used to track the handling and disposition of the waste. An example of the form is provided on the following page and shows the types of information to be recorded. The actual form may be changed from time to time to capture the desired information. Note that the form requires that discrepancies between the amount sent by the generator (transported by the transporter) and the amount received by the disposal site/recycler be reconciled. If a decision is made to bury the waste onsite (for the locations and non-hazardous waste types allowed), then a Non-Hazardous Waste Burial Record Form should be completed instead of a Waste Manifest Form. An example "burial form" showing the type of information to be obtained is shown below. Copies of the 'burial forms" must also be provided to the Waste Tracking System database manager so the information can be included in the database. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 5 Waste Manifest Form - Cameroon (front) Manifest No. CAM - 000001 PART A,-Generator Responsible Facility: O PRS El FSO O PS2 El PS 3 O Pipeline El Infrastructure El Telecom LI Ngoundal El Other (not listed) Source Site Location: Receier Use Only Part C) Container Waste Description co.B . I c 0. CC ' I z Ow~~ Intended Receiver: |I Project Landfill El - | O Other (not listed, include full address) Certification: |I declare that the information I have provided in Part A is correct and complete. Name (Print): Signature: Date (ddlmmlyy): Phone: Fax: 24-hr Emergency: P B ranso Company: El Approved Contractor #1, City, Name: E l Approved Contractor #2, City, Name: T LI Approved Contractor #3, City, Name: _______{ L° Other: Company Name: Address (Street, City, Province, Code) Certification: I declare that I have received wastes as described in Part A for delivery to the Intended Receiver and that the information in Part B is correct and complete. Name (Print): Signature: Date (dd/mm/yy): Unit No.: Phone: 24-hr Emergency: PART C RneeiVer(alsos 1Part*A. A abo :). Receiving Location: LI Project Li Li i O Other (not listed, include full address) Date Received: Intended Receiver: (see Part A) L Yes LI No Discrepancies between Waste Received and Part A (use attachments as necessary) Certification: Except for the discrepancies noted above, I declare that I have received wastes as described in Part A and that the information in Part C is correct and complete. Name (Print): Signature: Date (dd/mm/yy): Phone: Fax: 24-hr Emergency: -PASr D - Geerator - Explanation of Discrepancies Noted by Receiver (if any) /Corrective Actions Taken (use aftachments as necessary) Name of Authorized Person (Print): Signature: Date: Phone: Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 5 Waste Manifest Form Directions - Cameroon (back) Acid/Caustic Solutions AC Landfill, Non-Hazardous 1 Ash ASH Landfill, Hazardous 2 Barrels, Drums, Containers and Gas Cylinders (Empty) MTC Incinerator 3 Batteries BAT Bum Pit 4 Cement and Concrete Wastes (incl. Cement- CMT Composting 5 Contaminated Soil) Cement-Contaminated Drilling Mud CMD Land Application 6 Completion and Workover Fluids CWF Land Treatment 7 Construction Debris CDB Recycle 8 Contaminated Soil (Hydrocarbon) SHY Above-Ground Contained Storage 9 Contaminated Soil (Water-Based Drilling Fluids) SDF Pit Storage 10 Domestic Waste/Trash TSH Water Treatment Facility 11 Drill Solids/Cuttings (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) DSW Water Injection Well 12 Drill Solids/Cuttings (Oil-Based) DSO Community Reuse 13 Glycol and Antifreeze GLY Other 99 Hydrotest Fluid HTF S E I Cdle Injection Water Filter Cartridges WFC Tonne T Lube Oil /Motor Oil (Used) LMO Cubic Meter M Medical Waste/Trash MED Kilogram KG Oil Filters and Oil Filter Sludge OLF Liter L Oily Debris DBO Paint (and Other Coating) Waste PNT I Produced Water PW Hazardous H Scrubber Wastes SCB Non-Hazardous NH SeparatorNessel Sludges and Pigging Wastes SLGV Slop Oil SLP Solvents SLV IH - Industrial Hazardous 1 Tires TIR INH - Industrial Non-Hazardous 2 Unused, Spent, Expired, Waste Chemicals and EXC 11- Non-Hazardous 3 Additives__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Vegetation Debris DBV III- Inert 4 Wastewater (Domestic) /Sewage WWT Wastewater (Oily) WWO } Zd Water Treatment Sludge SLGW Drum D Whole Mud (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) WMW Tank T Whole Mud (Oil-Based) WMO Bulk BK Other Miscellaneous Wastes MISC Carton C Asbestos Containing Material ACM Bag BG Scrap Metal SM Other 0 Glass GL Plastic and Rubber PR Pyrotechnics PYR Drum Rinse DR Manifest Instructions: 1. Generator completes Part A and has Transporter complete Part B. Generator retains back (blue) copy. 2. Transporter carries manifest to Receiver. If portion of load is lost during transportation (e.g., via truck spill), Transporter must notify Generator within 24 hours. 3. Receiver completes Part C, retums back page (pink) to Transporter, and retains second copy (yellow). 4. Receiver returns original copy (white) to Generator with 14 days of receipt of wastes. 5. If discrepancies are noted in Part C, Generator investigates and takes actions to correct discrepancy. Investigative results and corrective actions are documented in Part D of the original copy. 6. Once discrepancies have been reconciled, Generator retains Green form and forwards original (white) to the Waste Tracking Database Manager. Note: All parties must retain manifest copies and supporting data for a minimum of 3 years. 4c:\windows\desktopTnj\cam wmp english 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 3 of 5 Non-Hazardous Waste Burial Record - Cameroon (front) Record No. Responsible Facilty: OPRS OFSO OPS2 UPS3 O Pipeline U Infrastructure U Telecom O Ngoundal O O O O O Other (not listed) Source Site Location: Name: iLocation: O Other (include full address/location description) Burial Pit Location: Perrnanent Reference (e.g. Distance/Bearing from Reference to Center of Pit (m): wellhead): O m to N or S (circle) and m to E or W (circle). O m at degrees from N (compass bearing). If no permanent reference point available, provide GPS Coordinates (UTM reference WGS84): Easting m Northing m UTM Region (e.g., 33N) Location S kketch:. ii N - -d|-oPit Ditensions (average}: : -i;: Width (m): Length (m): Depth (m): Pit BaselUneri. ( er reqired f6r..... Soil (check one): Liner (check one): U non-lateritic soil O no liner O laterite soil 0 plastic liner U packed laterite O other liner (see over soil below) Description of Other (not listed above): Soil Cover (check one): O non-lateritic 3 packed laterite Description of Other (not listed at left): Liner (check one): O none O plastic O other liner ( g) Estimated Cover Thickness (m): Description -d Buried Wastes: (Note: ASl wastes must.be:non-hzardo unless buried in an aprovd ladfl- -facilit.) :-- --.- :.:::: Waste Description z Comments (e.g., sample IDs) NH NH NH NH Certification: I delare tiat fe waste bunllocation'ahe Of the wstes podave isH _ _ __nds Po te. Name of Authorized Person (Print): Signature: Date (ddlmmlyy): Phone: I Fax: 24-hr Emergency: Company: O Project 1 OApproved Contractor #1 Q Approved Contractor #2 U Other: Company Name: Address (Street, City, Province, Code) Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 4 of 5 Non-Hazardous Waste Burial Record Instructions - Cameroon (back) E ~ Acid/Caustic Solutions AC Ash ASH Barrels, Drums, Containers and Gas MTC Cement and Concrete Wastes (incl. Cement- CMT Cylinders (Empty) Contaminated Soil) Batteries BAT Cement-Contaminated Drilling Mud CMD Construction Debris CDB Contaminated Soil (Water-Based Drilling Fluids) SOF Contaminated Soil (Hydrocarbon) SHY Domestic Waste/Trash (small volumes only, e.g., < 5 m3) TSH Drill Solids/Cuttings (Oil-Based) DSO Drill Solids/Cuttings (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) DSW Glycol and Antifreeze GLY Tires TIR Injection Water Filter Cartridges WFC Whole Mud (Fresh Water Gel and PHPA Mud) WMW Lube Oil /Motor Oil (Used) LMO Medical Waste MED Note: Inclusion of wastes on the above list of wastes allowed to Oil Filters and Oil Filter Sludge OLF be buried does not imply that this is the preferred disposal option. Oily Debris DBO On-site burial should be minimized to the extent practical. Under no circumstances should a hazardous waste be buried on site. If Paint (and Other Coating) Waste PNT the waste type is listed above but contains hazardous materials Scrubber Wastes SCB (e.g., ashes with heavy metals contents), it should be disposed at Sepa.atAesse Sludges andPiggingWastea hazardous waste landfill or through other appropriate means. SeparatorNessel Sludges and Pigging Wastes SLGV Slop Oil SLP i ME Solvents SLV Tonne T Unused, Spent, Expired, and Waste EXC Cubic Meter M Chemicals and Additives_____ Vegetation Debris DBV Kilogram KG Water Treatment Sludge SLGW Liter L Whole Mud (Oil-Based) WMO Hazardous (not allowed) H Note: The waste types listed above should not be buried Non-Hazardous NH on site. IH - Industral Hazardous (not allowed) 1 INH - Industrial Non-Hazardous (not allowed) 2 11 - Non-Hazardous (not allowed) 3 IlIl - Inert (allowed) 4 Drum (not allowed) D Tank (not allowed) T Bulk BK Carton C None N Directions: 1. Generator (or Site Closure Manager) fills out opposite side of form. 2. Generator retains yellow (back) copy and sends original (white) copy to Waste Tracking Database Manager within 7 days of burial/pit closure activity. Note: All parties must retain burial records and supporting data for a minimum of 3 years. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 5 of 5 Section 4.0 |Topic 4.0.3 Waste Inventories and Tracking |Sampling and Classifying Wastes General Principles and Needs One of the important steps in the overall waste management and disposal/recycle process is to assess whether a waste stream is a hazardous or non-hazardous waste. This information is important for use in deciding the appropriate waste management procedures for a specific waste including assessing whether it can be disposed of in a hazardous or non-hazardous waste landfill cell. At present, there are no regulations specifying criteria for when a waste is a hazardous or non-hazardous waste. To assist in decision making, general classification concerns from other counties have been used as a guideline and lead to the classifications for hazardous and non-hazardous wastes used in this Plan (terms are defined in the Glossary and below). For many of the waste streams, the generator may have sufficient knowledge regarding the hazardous materials used in the process or activity that generated the waste to be able to classify the waste as hazardous or non- hazardous without the need for sampling the waste. In some cases, the information available may be insufficient or inconclusive and sampling of the waste may be appropriate to obtain data for use in classifying the waste. Proper waste sampling and testing can be an important part of an effective waste management program. Sampling and testing can be used to: - Obtain data to properly classify the waste thereby facilitating the appropriate management and disposal/recycle of the waste which can help reduce the potential risk to environment and health/safety of people; * Ensure that wastes that are discharged to the environmental meet acceptable environmental standards; and * Measure whether treatment/reclamation targets have been met. Sampling and Testing Requirements Sampling and analytical testing will not be required in many cases because the generator will have sufficient knowledge to make the decision of whether the waste should be managed as a hazardous or non-hazardous waste. For example, testing will not typically be required for: * Items of known composition (e.g., excess chemicals in marked containers, paper, scrap iron, etc.) * Waste streams for which previous experience or testing provides guidance for classification (e.g., drilling mud from a well where the mud was prepared essentially the same as it was for other wells). Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 9 Section 4.0 rropic 4.0.3 Waste Inventories and Tracking Sampling and Classifying Wastes Sampling Procedures For some waste streams, the data available may be insufficient to make a decision on whether the waste is a hazardous or non-hazardous waste. In this case, sampling and testing may be appropriate. However, before sampling the waste, consideration should be given to what the waste should be tested for, what test methods should be used; and how the results will be used or how they will influence the handling of the waste. For example: If the waste is an oily sludge and the preferred method of disposing of the sludge is to incinerate it regardless of whether it is hazardous or non-hazardous, then there may be no benefit achieved by testing the waste. * If a waste acid is likely only to be 'hazardous" because of a low pH (i.e., it is not-expected to be contaminated with other materials), then the waste should only be tested for pH. If the preferred disposal method for waste acid is to bleed it into the wastewater stream, then the only concern may be "how strong the acid is" which can adequately be measured with pH paper (litmus paper) onsite and not require the time to collect and send a sample to a lab. * If the desired test method cannot be run by an onsite or local laboratory and the sample must be sent out of country, then it should be considered whether the sample can be properly packaged/sent and be received and analyzed within the quality control standards specified in the "official" analytical methods to be used. In some cases, it may be just as well to consider the waste as being a hazardous waste and manage it as such without conducting the testing. If it is concluded that a sample should be collected and analyzed, then the sample should only be collected by a properly trained individual following appropriate protocols for the sample type/waste stream. Following collection, samples should be handled, preserved, and managed according to accepted practices. In general, samples should be collected using clean equipment and samples should be placed in clean, capped containers. If the material to be sampled is not homogeneous, then multiple samples collected from several locations should be collected and mixed to provide a representative sample. Samples should be uniquely labeled immediately (an example label is shown below) after collection, and a Sample Identification Record (SIR) should be filled out. The SIR records information about the sample and an example SIR showing the type of data to be recorded is provided later in this Section. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 9 Section 4.0 opic 4.0.3 Waste Inventories and Tracking ISampling and Classifying Wastes Sample Chain of Custody Because the results of the sampling and testing activities will be used to make decisions on how to manage/dispose of the waste, it is important to make sure that the sample is not tampered with between the point of collection and the lab and that the lab runs the proper tests. To help ensure the integrity of the process, a Chain of Custody record should be completed and accompany each sample (or group of samples). The Chain of Custody documents the collection and handling of the sample including significant information about the sample (date and time of collection, collector, sample ID, etc.). The Chain of Custody form accompanies the sample at all times until the sample is analyzed and each person taking possession of the sample must record specific information on the form (e.g., name, date and time of receipt, etc.). An example of a Chain of Custody Record made a part of the SIR is shown later in this Section. When properly completed, the Chain of Custody form increases the confidence that can be placed in analytical results by ensuring that sample results reported correspond to the waste sampled and that the sample was handled properly prior to analysis. Analytical Laboratories Analytical laboratories must be approved by the Project environmental monitoring organization and must be "certified" for the analyses performed. It is expected that some types of on site analytical capabilities will be available at some of the Project facilities. In addition, independent laboratories may be available to conduct certain types of tests. As of March, 1999, no outside laboratories in Chad or Cameroon have been approved for use. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 3 of 9 Section 4.0 Topic 4.0.3 Waste Inventories and Tracking rSampling and Classifying Wastes Sample Analysis Depending on the waste stream and expected constituents, various analyses may be appropriate to assess whether a waste stream is hazardous or non-hazardous in those cases where generator knowledge is not sufficient to make this decision. In general, the tests selected should be limited to those that will provide data for decision making: there is typically no reason to test a sample for constituents or by test methods that are not expected to provide useful decision making information. Individual sites have the option of testing their waste streams, as necessary, to obtain data to make waste management decisions and/or support the decision they make. Sampling and analytical testing may be time consuming (i.e., several weeks before results are available). Although each type of waste stream may vary from location to location, from generation event to generation event, or be influenced by "other constituents, Table 4.0.3-1 provides a typical list of tests that may be conducted on the different waste streams to obtain data to assess whether the waste is a hazardous or non-hazardous waste. The test methods listed are USEPA methods; however, comparable test methods may be available and be able to provide appropriate data (e.g., the use of litmus paper for measuring pH). Table 4.0.3-2 provides a partial list of the waste streams that typically may not need to be sampled. Waste Classification As of March 1999, there are no regulations for classifying hazardous waste. The United States does have federal hazardous waste regulations which specify that waste streams tested by specified test methods which exhibit one or more of the characteristics listed below are typically required to be managed as "hazardous waste". For typical classification purposes, Project wastes that exhibit one of more of these characteristics will be considered a "hazardous waste". The characteristics are: * Corrosivity: a liquid waste exhibits the characteristic of corrosivity if it has a pH less than 2 (i.e., strongly acidic) or a pH greater than 12.5 (i.e., strongly basic or caustic) or if the liquid corrodes steel at a rate of more than 1/4 inches (6 millimeters) per year. Wastes with a pH in the range between 2 and 12.5 do not exhibit the characteristic of corrosivity. * Reactivity: a waste exhibits the characteristic of reactivity if it reacts violently, forms explosive mixtures, or emits significant quantities of toxic vapors when mixed with water; or if it is sulfide or cyanide bearing waste that give off vapors in "sufficient" quantities to present a danger to human health or the environment when exposed to liquid with a pH between 2 and 12.5. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 4 of 9 Section 4.0 [Topic 4.0.3 Waste Inventories and Tracking |ampling and Classifying Wastes * Ignitability: a waste exhibits the characteristic of ignitability if it is a liquid with a flash point less than 140 degrees Fahrenheit (60 degrees Celsius); if it is a solid that can cause a fire through friction, moisture absorption, etc.; or if it is a flammable gas. * Toxicity: a waste exhibits the characteristic of toxicity if it contains certain chemical constituents that are sufficiently soluble when exposed to acidic conditions (via a test method) such that the resulting test liquid contains the constituents in concentrations above specified thresholds. Constituents listed in the US regulation include benzene and some heavy metals (e.g., lead, chromium, mercury). Typically, if the waste exhibits one or more of these characteristics, it should be managed as a hazardous waste; however, case-by-case issues may warrant consideration. Documentation of Analyses Copies of the SIR and Chain of Custody forms along with the analytical test results should be maintained onsite. Copies of the information should also be sent to the Waste Tracking System Database Manager so that information can be entered into the database, as appropriate. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 5 of 9 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 4.0 -r op-ic 4.0.3 Waste Inventories and Tracking Sampling and Classifying Wastes Table 4.0.3-1 Tests to be Considered for Each Waste Stream * Analytical Test Method Codes (See table below for definitions) a, 0) No. Waste Streams a) o : 2.1.1 Acid/Caustic Solutions 0l l 2.1.2 Ash 0 Barrels, Drums, and Containers 2.1.3 (Empty) (unknowns only - otherwise see MSDS) 2.1.6 Cement-Contaminated Drilling Mud El El _ 0-[ 2.1.7 Completion and Workover Fluids 0El El [El 0 2.1-9 Contaminated Soil (Hydrocarbon) El 2.1.10 Contaminated Soil (Water-Based 2..0 Drilling Fluids)0 2.1.12 Drill Solids/Cuttings (Fresh Water Gel 0 and PHPA Mud) 2.1.13 Drill Solids/Cuttings (Oil-Based) 0 0l [El 2.1.15 Hydrotest Fluid (if surface discharge) |__ 01 0 E EL E0 0 l E0 2.1.16 Injection Water Filter Cartridges 2.1.23 Scrubber Wastes 0 0 == 2.1.24 SeparatorNessel Sludges and Pigging 0 0x 0| - Wastes I 2.1.30 Wastewater (Domestic) / Sewage __0 0 0I_E 2..1 Wastewater (Oily) (if surface 0El 0 0 0 2|1.31 discharge) 2.1.32 Water Treatment Sludge0 0 Method No. USEPA Test Method Description 418.1 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Metals (method depends on metals of concem) 9045 Corrosivity (pH) 9071 Oil & Grease (in sludges) 9095 Free liquids ("Paint Filter Test') BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COLI Coliform Bacteria PHEN Phenolic Compounds TSS Total Suspended Solids * When practicable, wastes containing free liquids should be treated/solidified to remove free liquids prior to placing the wastes in a landfill. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 6 of 9 Section 4.0 Sopic 4.0.3 Waste Inventories and Tracking pampling and Classifying Wastes Table 4.0.3-2 Waste Streams for Which Sampling Is NOT Typically Required * Topic Waste Stream Comments No. 2.1.4 Batteries Recycling preferred; otherwise manage as hazardous 2.1.5 Cement and Concrete Wastes Not hazardous, can be buried on site (including Cement-Contaminated Soil) 2.1.8 Construction Debris Not hazardous 2.1.11 Domestic WasterTrash Not hazardous 2.1.14 Glycol and Antifreeze Hazardous 2.1.17 Lube Oil/Motor Oil (Used) Recycle, mix with production, or incinerate; otherwise manage as hazardous 2.1.18 Medical Waste Manage as hazardous; typically incinerated (except sharps) 2.1.19 Oil Filters andOilFilterSludNot hazardous unless oil tests above criteria for maximum metals 2.1.1 9 Oil Filters and Oil Filter Sludge content 2.1.20 Oily debris Hazardous unless testing shows non-hazardous 2.1.21 Paint (and Other Coating) Waste Manage liquid paint as hazardous; dry paint is typically not hazardous 2.1.21 Paint(and Oher Cating)Waste unless it contains heavy metals 2.1.22 Produced Water (injected) Reinjected into producing formations 2.1.25 Slop Oil Recycle, mix with production, or incinerate; otherwise manage as 2.1.25 Slop Oil ~~~~hazardous 2.1.26 Solvents Often hazardous. See MSDS. 2.1.27 Tires Not hazardous 2.1.28 Unused, Spent, Expired, and Waste SeeMSDS 2.1.28 Chemicals and Additives 2.1.29 Vegetation Debris Not hazardous 2.1.33 Whole Mud (Fresh Water Gel and Not hazardous PHPA Mud) 2.1.34 Whole Mud (Oil-Based) Hazardous unless testing shows non-hazardous 2.1.36 Asbestos No testing if known to be asbestos; test for asbestos if suspect 2.1.37 Scrap Metal Not expected hazardous unless contaminated with hazardous materials 2.1.38 Glass Not expected hazardous unless contaminated with hazardous materials 2.1.39 Plastic and Rubber Not expected hazardous unless contaminated with hazardous materials 2.1.40 Pyrotechnics Manage as hazardous 2.1.41 Drum Rinse Manage per MSDS or options applicable to original material *sampling will not be required in most instances to classify these waste streams; however, certain circumstances can require that sampling and analysis are performed. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 7 of 9 Container Label - Sample Identification Record .-PART A, -Gene* = J::- ----- Responsible Facility: Sample No. Sample ID Source Site Locaton: (e.g., Field, Well, etc.) Sample Name: (be descriptive) Sample Location: (be descriptive) Sample form: O Solid O Liquid O Sludge LI Gas Free Liquids Present O Yes LI No Sample Type: O Composite OL Grab PAT C Requested Anal s Check tests to be run: Method MethDd Descripton PLEASE SEND ANALYTICAL TEST Check testto be run.Code MtdDecponRESULT REPORTS TO: 418.1 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Metals 9045 Corrosivity (pH) 9071 Oil & Grease (in sludges) _______ 9095 Free Liquids BOD Biological Oxygen Demand COLI Coliform Bacteria PHEN Phenolic Compounds TSS Total Suspended Solids P-AR I-ampler Name (Print): Signature: Date (ddlmmlyy): Company: Address: Phone: Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 8 of 9 Sample Identification RecordlChain of Custody Responsible Facility: Source Site Location: Sample Type Sample Sample LoNoa.n/Descrip6n Date Time Liq uid N. of Container No. ID LoaoIecito ae Tm iud Gas Solid Containers Type Comp Grab piSame Number _ Method Method Descripton PLEASE SEND ANALYTICAL TEST 1 2 3 4 5 6 Code RESULT REPORTS TO: 418.1 Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons (TPH) Metals 9045 Corosivity (pH) 9071 Oil & Grease (in sludges) 9095 Free liquids _____ BOD Biological Oxygen Demand I____ COLI Coliform Bacteria PHEN Phenolic Compounds TSS Total Suspended Solids Special Instructions: Method of Shipment: Name (Print): Signature: Date (ddmm/yy): Phone: Fax: 24-hr Emergency: iAuthorizti maBSUSKi2=fffi* l ~I hereby authorize the performance of the above K indicated work. ____________ Name of Authorized Signature: Date (ddlmmlyy): Person .Pnt: I Relinquished by (Signature): Received by (Signature): Date/Time Comments Relinquished by (Signature): Received by (Signature): Daterime Comments Relinquished by (Signature): Received by (Signature): DatemTime Comments Dispatched by (Signature): Date/Time Received for laboratory by (Signature): Date/Time Comments Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 9 of 9 Section 5.0 |Topic 5.0.1 Community Recycling Programs |IIdentification of Suitable Materials for Recycling Introduction There are a number of ways to reduce the volume of material that must be disposed. Numerous options for waste minimization through product substitution, changes in daily practices or process design, and reuse opportunities have been identified in Section 2.1. Another option that exists for reuse of a material after it has been generated is to recycle it into the community if it has a beneficial reuse. This option exists because materials which may be considered to be "wastes" by Project personnel may still have intrinsic value to individuals in the local communities. WVhen it is safe and practical to do so, materials of value to the community will be made available to the community for reuse. Note that only non-hazardous materials will be recycled into the community. Sources of Recyclable Materials * Domestic (camps and offices) * Vehicle and equipment maintenance * Construction * Other activities/operations Materials Suitable for Reuse by the Various categories of refuse which may contain recyclable Community materials and specific examples of materials that can be reused and their uses are provided in Table 5.0.1-1. Other items suitable for community reuse may be identified later and can be added to this Plan. Materials provided for recycling should never have been in contact with hydrocarbons or other chemicals and should be in an acceptable condition before they are provided for use. Also, if greater quantities of material are available than can be used by the community, then appropriate waste management methods should be applied to the remaining materials. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 5.0 Topic 5.0.1 Community Recycling Programs j Identification of Suitable Materials for Recycling Table 5.0.1-1 Types of Materials That May Be Recycled And Some Potential Uses Type of Materials Potential Uses Plastic Containers * Storage/transportation (e.g., Bottle, Box, Can, Barrel) . Community works Metal Containers * Storage/transportation (e.g., Box, Can, Jar) * Metalworking Plastic sheets, wrapping and packaging * Weather protection/water proofing materials * Wrapping and packaging Glass * Storage/transportation (e.g., Bottle, Can, Jar, Sheet) * Domestic or public use Aluminum . Domestic or public use, storage (e.g., Can, Container) . Metalworking =Q=1t1w.nw"~~~~~~~' OR_ M 1=0 Vegetation Debris * Firewood (e.g., trunk, branch, bush, etc.) . Construction * Art object a Mulch agriculture Wood Waste, Pallets, and Packaging * Firewood (e.g., wood, plywood, wood shaving, . General construction, carpentry plank, wooden crate, scrap material * Art object in carpentry shop) Non-wood packaging material, thick a Domestic use cardboard, etc. Pipe * General construction * Rainfall drainage . Fencing Scrap Iron and Metal . General construction, tool making Rubber Tires * Well bank protection Inner Tubes . Tying wire, well water drawer, specific use Metal Container for Goods . Storage/transportation Transportation . Metalworking material c:twindows\desktop\mj\cam wmp english 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 5.0 Topic 5.0.2 Community Recycling Programs IMethods for Distribution of Recyclable Materials Program Organization A primary objective of the overall program is to recycle materials having a potential beneficial use to local communities in an environmentally acceptable manner and without disrupting the social fabric of the area. Individual, site-specific programs may be administered by a Contractor, another contractor, a non-govemmental organization, a community organization, or some combination of the above. The individual programs will need to address a number of issues: . Criteria and procedures for fair and equitable distribution of materials; * Evaluations of what types (and amounts) of materials, potentially generated by the Project, will be of use to the communities; * Community interactions/communications procedures; * Distribution procedures and attendant logistics; and Reporting and continuous improvement process. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 6.0 Topic 6.0.1 Treatment & Disposal Technologies Use of this Section Summary The technologies discussed in this Section are those that may be effective at achieving the treatment goals and that have the potential to be implemented under site conditions. Other treatment technologies may be considered on a case- by-case basis and will need to consider effectiveness and ability to be conducted at the individual sites where the waste is locate. Before treatment is conducted on a specific waste, a site specific treatment plan should be prepared and the site Environmental Representative should be involved in the analysis and plan preparation along with site personnel. The plan should consider such issues as type and quantity of waste to be treated, the hazardous constituents/characteristics to be treated, the target cleanup levels, the types of treatment that can be used to achieve the objectives, and the time, space and cost to conduct the treatment. Whether a treatment or disposal option is suitable for a particular waste stream will depend on many factors. The following pages summarize some of the factors to consider when determining whether a technology is applicable. Items discussed for each option include: * The locations (onshore or offshore) where a technology may be considered; * The types of wastes or waste components for which a technology offers a reduction of the waste stream's potential for undesired environmental or human health impact, or for which the disposal option is feasible; and • General descriptions of each treatment or disposal option. Limitations of the method are indicated along with discussion of possible environmental impact considerations that accompany use of the method (e.g., from the waste, or from operation of the treatment process), or disposal of the treated waste streams. This information should be useful for screening options, for a particular waste, when it is uncertain whether the preferred management method provided in Section 2.1 is applicable at a given location. The site Environmental Representative should be consulted if additional information on these technologies and guidance with regard to their application and implementation is needed or if other technologies need to be considered. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 6.0 Topic 6.0.1 Technology Considerations IUse of this Section Index of Technologies Covered Treatment Technoloaies Topic No. Composting 6.1.1 Incineration 6.1.2 Landspreading and Landtreatment 6.1.3 Solidification/Stabilization 6.1.4 Disposal Technologies Topic No. Burial 6.2.1 Injection 6.2.2 Landfill 6.2.3 Surface Discharge 6.2.4 A number of wastewater treatment technologies are addressed in Volume 2 (Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health Technical Requirements and Specifications). c:\windows\desktop\nmj\cam wmp english 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 6.1 |Topic 6.1.1 Candidate Treatment Technologies |Composting Locations . Onshore Applicable Wastes * Composting may be appropriate for certain waste streams that are contaminated by (lighter) petroleum hydrocarbons. Composting may be applicable to contaminated soil, drilling mud, tank bottom sludges, and other "granular" solids and sludges. Technology Description Composting is a type of biodegradation process in which the hydrocarbons are broken down into shorter-chain hydrocarbons, some of which can volatilize. Typically, the hydrocarbon-contaminated material is mixed with fertilizer and moisture. The mixture can be covered to keep the temperatures in the mix higher and accelerate the breakdown of the hydrocarbon molecules. The final material may be able to be used as a fertilizer or soil amendment. FeasibilitylLimitations * Composting can be conducted using simple mixing equipment or manual labor and does not require "equipment" or "power/energy". Consequently, even remote locations may be able to have small compost piles to treat hydrocarbon-contaminated wastes. - Because composting may involve mixing the waste with relatively large quantities of non-waste material (e.g., fertilizer or plant matter), it may not be practical where large volumes of waste need to be treated either due to lack of mixing material, or space. * Because composting is a biodegradation process, it may take a relatively long time for highly contaminated soils to be treated to acceptably low levels of contamination. * Composting is not expected to be useful for "non- granular" wastes such as oily scrap metal or oily wastewater nor on heavy hydrocarbons such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. Composting is not effective on non-hydrocarbons (e.g., metals, inorganic salts, etc.) and composting would only provide "dilution" due to the mixture with other materials. Environmental Issues * Although composting may be conducted inside roll-off bins or other containers, it is often conducted in piles on bare earth or a bottom liner. As such, steps should be taken, as appropriate, to limit the potential that contaminants will migrate into the soil, be washed away by stormwater, or be blown away by the wind. There is potential that volatile hydrocarbons will be generated and emitted to the air. Compost piles may also be podorous. Additional Comments Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of I Section 6.1 Topic 6.1.2 Candidate Treatment Technologies Incineration Locations * Onshore or offshore Applicable Wastes * Paper, wood, kitchen wastes and items that will burn. * Hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon containing wastes. Technology Description As a technology, incineration may be used to: * Reduce the volume of waste such as occurs with the burning of trash. * Combust undesired organic constituents (e.g., oil, solvents, etc.) into "innocuous" ash, water vapor and carbon dioxide. * Destroy infectious/pathogenic agents (as is the case in the burning of medical waste). An incinerator needs to be designed and operated at a high enough temperature to burn (incinerate) the undesired features of the waste and different types of waste may require higher temperatures than others depending on the constituents of concern. Incinerators often consume significant amounts of energy to achieve the high temperature. Some of the energy may come from the waste being burned, but the majority is typically provided by burning a fuel such as natural gas, liquid petroleum products or crude. Depending on its design, an incinerator may be able to burn waste in a batch or continuous mode. The waste to be incinerated is fed into an incineration chamber (or kiln) and combustion consumes/destroys the organic component. The process generates a solid (ash) and a vapor (combustion gases consisting of air and the products of combustion from the waste). In order to help alleviate the energy requirements for incineration of a waste stream with low overall energy content, the vapor phase from the incinerator may be used to preheat the combustion air and/or the incoming waste stream. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 3 Section 6.1 |Topic 6.1.2 Candidate Treatment Technologies iIncineration Feasibility/Limitations * Incinerators may be highly technical pieces of equipment, but in general they do not require a lot of space or manpower to operate. The majority of the space is used to store the waste before incineration and to manage the ash after incineration. Often, the majority of manpower needed is used to move the waste into the incinerator and the ash out of the incinerator. An appropriate and adequate fuel source is needed. Depending on the design and operating temperatures, water may be needed to cool incinerator parts or to cool the ash or off gases. Consequently, a water source and cooling water system may be needed. * Typically, incineration is more appropriate for waste streams that contain relatively high concentrations of the constituents of concern (i.e., a high ratio of the constituent to be 'destroyed" relative to the total waste volume) because the entire waste stream needs to be heated to the incineration temperature. * Typically, incineration is not preferred when the majority of waste will not burn (e.g., metal or concrete coated with a thin layer of oil, etc.) or has a low heat content (e.g., soil, oily wastewater, etc.). In addition, some constituents may "burn" to undesired by-products (e.g., dioxins and furans from certain plastics, metal oxides from certain metal containing wastes, acid gases from waste or combustion air, etc.). * One factor to consider for both the air and solid waste streams is that combustion conditions may alter the chemical state of salts and metals from that of the feed stream. Also, particulates may be emitted in the air stream. * Temperatures in the incinerator will typically be between 1,4000 and 1,800°F (7600-9820C). Medical wastes may require temperatures in the range 1,8000 to 2,100°F (9820-1,1 500C). Materials handling issues need to consider the type of waste and preferred method of incineration. Due to the temperatures involved, safety considerations will also need to be addressed. c:\windows\desktop\mj\cam wmp english 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 3 Section 6.1 Topic 6.1.2 Candidate Treatment Technologies Incineration Environmental Issues . Incinerators have the potential to emit undesirable air pollutants; however, technologies are available to reduce these emissions to acceptable levels. If air pollutant emissions of concem are generated, then monitoring and/or testing of the emissions before and/or after the control systems, if installed, may be appropriate. * Depending on the wastes burned, the ash may contain metals, inorganic salts or other constituents of concern. Depending on the final disposal location for the ash and other factors, the ash may need to be treated (e.g., stabilization) prior to placement in a landfill. In other cases, such as the burning of hydrocarbon contaminated soil, the "ash" may be "clean' soil that no longer needs to be managed as a waste. Additional Comments . The residence time (i.e., the length of time the waste needs to be inside the incinerator to burn/destroy the constituents of concern) may range from a few seconds to a few minutes depending on the design and operation of the incinerator and the characteristics of the waste. Incinerators need to be sized correctly which involves consideration of many factors. * If a waste type has not been incinerated previously, it may be appropriate to conduct a small scale test to evaluate the combustion characteristics of the waste to identify if there may be constituents of concern in the exhaust gases or ash that may warrant additional or special requirements. c:Xwindows\desktop\mj\cam wmp english 05.1-1.doc May 1999 Page 3 of 3 Section 6.1 |Topic 6.1.3 Candidate Treatment Technologies |Landspreading and Landtreatment Locations * Onshore Applicable Wastes * Hydrocarbon containing wastes Technology Description The terms Landspreading and Landtreatment refer to a general category of treatment technologies that involve a common feature: the treatment is conducted with the waste being spread out over an area of land (as opposed to being conducted in a piece of equipment such as an incinerator). The treatment involves the use of microorganisms to biologically degrade hydrocarbons. In addition to biodegradation, some hydrocarbon constituents may volatilize into the air. In general, light hydrocarbons will degrade faster than heavy hydrocarbons. Within the treatment category, there are different technologies that incorporate features to: 1) help speed up the biodegradation process; 2) target specific types of hydrocarbons; or 3) otherwise impact the timeliness, effectiveness, and cost of the treatment. In its simplest form, the waste is spread over an area of land and left to allow indigenous microorganisms to degrade the hydrocarbons. This is often referred to as "passive bioremediation" because nothing is done other than the spreading of the waste. However, the biodegradation can be enhanced by maintaining an appropriate amount of moisture, nutrients and oxygen in the waste and adding additional microorganisms to the waste. As it is commonly employed, landtreatment involves spreading the hydrocarbon contaminated waste over the treatment area and then disking the waste into the soil using common farming type equipment. Disking is typically to a depth of 30 to 45 centimeters (12 to 18 inches) and is conducted to help homogenize the distribution of waste, moisture, microorganisms, nutrients, oxygen etc. As desired, additional water and nutrients can be added periodically and the area redisked. Disking also helps to break up the waste allowing the microorganisms better access to the contamination. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 3 Section 6.1 iTopic 6.11.3 Candidate Treatment Technologies |Landspreading and Landtreatment FeasibilitylLimitations * Depending on the quantity of waste, landtreatment may require a relatively large area of land. . Landspreading can be conducted with minimum resources because the only real requirements are space (land) and time. More "sophisticated" systems may involve the need for disking equipment and systems to add water and nutrients. Depending on the methods used, the type and concentration of hydrocarbons present and the desired reduction goals and other factors, bioremediation may take from several months to several years to achieve the desired results. * If water will be added or if the unit is located in an area that gets significant rain, then control systems (e.g., a bottom liner to reduce the potential for waste constituents to migrate downward or stormwater runoff control systems) may need to be provided. . Typically, bioremediation is not effective (other than dilution) on the treatment of metals, inorganic salts or very heavy hydrocarbons such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. The presence of some metals, salts or halogenated compounds may impede biodegradation, as these constituents may be lethal to the microorganisms. In addition, high, low or quickly fluctuating temperature may impede bioremediation. * If light hydrocarbons are present, then volatilization may be high and could result in odors. The presence of sulfur-bearing compounds in the waste could also lead to odorous emissions. Consequently, the potential for air emissions should be considered when evaluating the appropriateness of this technology. * When deciding whether to use a landtreatment technology, it should be considered whether it is desired or acceptable to leave the treated waste in place or whether the treated waste will be excavated and moved to another location. This consideration may influence whether to use this technology and/or the design of the treatment unit. Environmental Issues * Typically, landtreatment areas should not be located in watercourses, flood plains or other areas where the waste could be washed away during storms. * Typically, large vegetated areas should not be cleared for the purpose of installing a landtreatment unit. Before the start of landspreading or landtreatment, site revegetation after treatment is complete should be addressed. * Repeated use of the same area may have the potential to result in concentrated levels of metals, inorganic salts or other constituents in the waste that were not bioremediated. c:\windows\desktop\rnjXcam wmp english 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 3 Section 6.1 --FTo-pic 6.1.3 Candidate Treatment Technologies |ILandspreading and Landtreatment Additional Comments * Landtreatment units should be designed and operated based on consideration of multiple factors. c:\windows\desktop\mj\cam wmp english 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 3 of 3 Section 6.1 Topic 6.1.4 Candidate Treatment Technologies Solidification and Stabilization Locations * Onshore * Offshore (if space/equipment allows) Applicable Wastes * Aqueous wastes containing free water (i.e., water that can be separated by gravity or pressure) or which contain too much moisture to be managed as desired) * Hydrocarbon, salt, and metals containing wastes may be treated if conditions are met Technology Description Solidification and stabilization often use similar principals and have comparable results; however, the intent is different as described below. Solidification The goal of solidification is to "solidify" (i.e., make solid) a waste stream that contains too much water. In its simplest form, solidification may absorb liquid (e.g., adding more dirt to mud). In its purest form, the goal of solidification is to chemically bind the water or liquid so that it cannot be readily separated from the waste by gravity or pressure (e.g., adding cement to a waste where the cement reacts with the water). Therefore, in general, solidification is the addition of hydrophilic polymers, sawdust, soil, cement or other water absorbent materials to water based liquid wastes to bind up the water and solidify the waste. Solidification does not necessarily "stabilize" waste constituents. Stabilization Stabilization involves a chemical process to react the constituents of concern (typically metals) from a more soluble form to a less soluble form. For example, the reaction of a silica material with lead carbonate (higher lead solubility) to form lead silicate (lower lead solubility). Stabilization of wastes can be done in batch or continuous mode. In an ex-situ system, the waste to be treated may be loaded into a hopper from which it is conveyed into a processing unit that mixes the waste with cement or a comparable pozzolan (e.g., fly ash). Silica-based cement- like reactions change the waste material from wet sludge to stable powder. If the initial waste was dry, water may have to be added to complete the cement-like reaction. The constituents of concern are physically and/or chemically bound into a cement-like matrix reducing their ability to leach from the waste mixture. Stabilization is one of the few methods available for treatment of wastes with leachable metals. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 3 Section 6.1 Topic 6.1.4 Candidate Treatment Technologies |Solidification and Stabilization Feasibility/Limitations * The ability to solidify or stabilize a particular waste stream and the effectiveness of the treatment is dependant on waste-specific factors and treatment reagent specific factors. Typically, representative samples of the waste will need to be tested in a laboratory using different processes, formulations, etc. Bench-scale testing may then lead to larger scale pilot tests before actual field implementation. * Typically, testing of the treated material may be appropriate to verify that the desired treatment (stabilization-immobilization) has been achieved and that it will be maintained under the conditions of disposal. Solidification and stabilization often require the use of specialized equipment (e.g., mixers, reagent storage and pumping, etc.) and chemical reagents. The processes involve significant material handling upstream and downstream of the mixing unit and may be labor intensive. - Some waste streams may contain contaminants that inhibit the solidification/stabilization processes. For example, the presence of elevated concentrations of hydrocarbons, salts or certain metals may interfere with the formation of a stable matrix. General rules for effective stabilization indicate that the salts must be less than 4 percent of the waste by weight, while the oil content must be below 25 percent by weight. When attempting to apply stabilization technology to wastes with high salt or oil content, it is important to test the effectiveness of the stabilization to determine whether adjustments need to be made. - Solidification/stabilization is typically not conducted on aqueous waste streams that have low solids content due to the large quantity of reagents needed. * Typically, salts (e.g., NaCI) will not be stabilized within the matrix and will leach from the treated material. c:\windows\desktop\mj\cam wmp english 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 3 Section 6.1 Topic 6.1.4 Candidate Treatment Technologies Solidification and Stabilization Environmental Issues * Steps should be taken to ensure that the solidifying or stabilizing agent added does not act as a source of undesirable compounds (e.g., some fly ashes may contain leachable heavy metals). * These processes typically increase the volume of material to be managed (due to the addition of reagents). Depending on the characteristics of the treated waste, the site location, and other factors, the final disposition of the treated material may vary. Stabilization may generate a powdery solid that is hydrophobic which could adversely impact its ability to be further treated (e.g., landspread for biodegradation of oils). a Oily drill cuttings that have been stabilized are generally buried in a lined pit and sealed in plastic to isolate the solids from the environment. For some sites, if the burial pit was not lined, or the liner failed, pit contents or their leachates could migrate from the site and potentially impact soil or water sources. Additional Comments * Note that solidification and stabilization generally increase the volume of the waste. a There is only a solid phase generated by the stabilization process. e Commercial units are available that will process 50 cubic yards (38 cubic meters) of waste material per hour. These units are portable and can be set up at a waste site. * Time for processing may be affected by the consistency of the waste and additional mixing steps that may be required. c:\windows\desktop\mj\cam wmp english 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 3 of 3 Section 6.2 |Topic 6.2.1 Candidate Disposal Options |Burial Pits Locations * Onshore Applicable Wastes . Non-hazardous solid wastes (no Hazardous Waste may be placed in a Burial Pit - refer to Section 2. 1) Technology Description The use of onsite burial pits is acceptable for some types of non-hazardous waste; however, the use of such pits typically should be limited to those locations where there is not a threat to surface or groundwater. Similarly, the use of burial pits typically should be limited to those times when other disposal options are not available (e.g., early in the construction phase). Burial pits are excavations in which the waste is placed and which are covered with soil when no longer needed. [Note - a Non-Hazardous Waste Burial Form should be completed - see Topic 4.0.21. Feasibility/Limitations * The use of burial pits may be feasible in many locations. Areas to avoid include areas with nearby surface water, shallow groundwater or other locations where 1) the waste may inadvertently be unearthed, or 2) where contaminants in the waste have the potential to migrate out of the waste into surface or groundwater or significant gas emissions may escape to the atmosphere. - The materials disposed should not have the potential to react with each other, react with the soil or degrade the pit liner, if installed. Typically, the wastes should not be disposed in a manner that would allow them to react with, or generate leachate containing constituents of concern if there is, infiltration of rainwater into the waste. Environmental Issues * By itself, burial does not destroy contaminants of concerns and such constituents may have the potential to migrate subsurface to nearby surface or groundwater sources.. Buried waste may undergo biodegradation over time. * If hydrocarbon-containing wastes are buried, there is the potential for the formation of methane or other gaseous products through natural degradation and/or chemical reactions. Air emissions and/or odors may be a concern. * Wastes with high oil, salt, or metals content could be of concern if opportunity for subsurface migration of waste constituents exists (e.g., no natural or synthetic barriers, high precipitation area facilitating percolation, etc.). Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 6.2 Topic 6.2.1 Candidate Disposal Options Burial Pits Additional Comments * The aerial extent of a burial pit, or system of multiple pits, may be limited by the availability of open space at the site. Typically, land should not be cleared for the construction of a burial pit. In general, the best locations for burial pits are those that are in arid regions, that are distant from surface and groundwater resources, and that are located in low permeability soils. Because the constituents of concern are not typically destroyed, consideration should be given to the long- term compatibility of the wastes with each other and with the pit construction materials. c:\windows\desktop\mj\cam wmp english 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 6.2 Topic 6.2.2 Candidate Disposal Options Injection Locations * Onshore or offshore Applicable Wastes * Oil and water based liquid wastes Technology Description The concept of injection involves pumping liquids under pressure into an injection well where they are forced into the subsurface at the bottom of the well. As part of oilfield operations, aqueous wastes such as produced water are injected into wells that terminate in the oil-bearing zone (injection wells or waterflood wells) or in non-oil-bearing zones (disposal wells). Prior to injection, the waste may be filtered to remove solids, trace amount of oil, or other contaminants if these have the potential to clog the well, the receiving formation or react with the well construction materials or subsurface soils. Feasibility/Limitations . Injection requires the presence of a subsurface zone to receive the fluid and to have geological barriers to confine propagated fractures. * The waste must be pumpable and be sufficiently free of solids or other undesirable constituents. Treatment facilities may be required. i Increased injection well pressure may lead to fracturing of the formation rock. Additionally, injection into a limited formation could lead to over-pressuring, requiring increased mud weight for new wells drilled into the same enclosed formation. Environmental Issues . Failure of injection system (tubing, casing, cement, formation capacity excedence, unwanted fracturing) could threaten ground water. * Typically, hazardous wastes should not be injected. Additional Comments . Maximum pump pressure should be specified and safety valves should be installed. * Pressures at adjacent wells and annuli may need to be monitored. Logs may need to be run to detect flow behind casing. * Modeling hydraulic fracturing before injection may be desirable, depending on the circumstances. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 1 Section 6.2 Topic 6.2.3 Candidate Disposal Options Landfill Locations * Onshore Applicable Wastes . Wastes with high solids content (typically, no free liquids) Technology Description Landfills are engineered facilities for the burial of wastes. Many landfills are constructed specifically for the disposal of certain types of wastes. Typically, landfills should be designed and operated to limit the potential for waste constituents and leachate from migrating out of the landfill. At a minimum, landfills are typically constructed with a compacted soil bottom. Landfills may also be constructed with a leachate collection system and/or a leak detection/collection system and/or one or more synthetic liners in addition to the (base) soil liner. Project landfills will be engineered to the technical requirements and specifications provided in Volume 2 of the Environmental Management Plan. The landfills should be operated to maintain the integrity of the liners and the leachate/leak detection systems. Feasibility/Limitations * Landfills can be designed to accept a wide variety of waste streams. A key concern it to take steps to reduce the likelihood that waste constituents will react with each other or with the landfill's construction materials in a manner that results in the waste and/or leachate from degrading the liners or leachate/leak detection systems. a Because the constituents of concern are not typically destroyed, consideration should be given to the long term compatibility of the wastes with each other and with the landfill construction materials Environmental Issues * Wastes with high oil, salt, or metals content could be of concern if potential for subsurface migration exists and there are nearby surface or groundwater sources. * If hydrocarbon-containing wastes are buried, there is the potential for the formation of methane or other gaseous products through natural degradation and/or chemical reactions. Air emissions and/or odors may be a concern. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 6.2 JTopic 6.2.3 Candidate Disposal Options Landfills Additional Comments * Typically, landfills are constructed in phases or cells because this allows different types of wastes to be segregated and also limits the amount of waste that is "exposed" to rainfall at a given time which may result in less leachate. Typically, when a cell is full, a soil and/or synthetic liner cap is put over the top to "protect" the waste from rainwater infiltration * Steps should be taken to segregate the disposal of hazardous wastes from non-hazardous wastes. c:\windows\desktop\mj\cam wmp english 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 6.2 Topic 6.2.4 Candidate Disposal Options Surface Discharge Locations . Onshore or offshore Applicable Wastes * Water-based wastes Technology Description Direct disposal of treated or untreated aqueous wastes into the environment (e.g., onto soil or into surface watercourse). Feasibility/Limitations . Surface discharge may be acceptable for certain types of wastewater (e.g., clean, raw water from flushing a firewater system or non-contaminated hydrotest water). * Typically, drilling wastes should not be discharged into surface water courses or drainage ways, including dry or flowing creeks. a Surface discharges may not contain constituents of concern above allowable concentrations for the receiving land or water. Environmental Issues * Wastewater should be discharged in a manner the limits the potential for erosion. 3 Wastewater containing constituents of concern should not be discharged in a manner that allows the constituents to accumulate: ideally, the discharge should facilitate the dilution of these constituents (e.g., into flowing water). * Because the wastes are discharged directly into the environment, their impacts will be based on the constituents of concern discharged and the sensitivity of the environment. * Oil and heavy metal concentrations in discharged wastes may be of concem if they are high enough to impact plants and animals. Salt levels may be of concern for surface discharges. Additional Comments * For surface discharges, total suspended solids, oxygen demand, oil and grease, heavy metals, chloride, pH, and other properties may be a concern. * Offshore discharges of treated wastewater must meet the International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships criteria. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 1 Section 7.0 | rTopic 7.01 Waste Storage Considerations |ISelection of Waste Storage Units Overview The type of waste management unit to be used to store a specific waste type should be selected based on several factors including the following: * Quantity - some waste streams may be generated in relatively small quantities (e.g., less than 55-gallons) per generation event; whereas, others may be generated in large quantities (e.g., pipeline hydrotest fluids). * Frequency - some waste streams may be generated frequently (e.g., daily or with each well that is drilled); whereas, other waste streams may be generated infrequently (e.g., tank cleanout sludge generated only once every few years); * Composition - some waste streams will be solids, some will be liquids and some will be sludges containing free liquids (i.e., liquids that will separate from the solids by gravity); * Classification- some waste streams will be essentially inert and not pose a risk to health or the environment (e.g., solid concrete or cement) and others will be more hazardous; * Time - some waste streams may have disposal/recycle options that are readily available; whereas, other waste streams may need to be stored for a longer period of time while appropriate disposal/recycle facilities are being constructed or identified. Storage Unit Types Several types of waste storage units will be available and one or more of these types should be appropriate for each of the waste streams expected to be managed. The actual storage unit type used depends on various factors including waste quantity to be managed, the composition and characteristics of the waste, and the amount of time that storage is required. In general, the storage units selected should be designed and operated to properly contain the wastes and to limit the potential that material will be released to the environment. The following sections identify the principal types of storage units expected to be used and provide general operating issues for each type of unit. In the future, if additional information is obtained or other types of storage units are identified as being appropriate, this section will be revised accordingly. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 1 Section 7.1 Topic 7.1.1 Waste Storage Considerations |Waste Storage in Containers Overview Many of the waste streams generated during the various Project phases are expected to be managed in containers. For the purpose of this discussion, containers includes 5- gallon pails, 55-gallon drums, portable "tote tanks", roll-off bins and similar devices that have relatively small capacities (up to 1 cubic meter or approximately 260 gallons) and that may be moved form place to place full (i.e., the container provides a means of storage and/or transport). If a specific waste stream is generated infrequently and in small quantities (e.g., vehicle oil filters in the vehicle maintenance shop), then it may be appropriate to have a designated drum available in the shop. When full, these types of containers could be moved to a central storage location for additional storage or to be emptied into a larger container. For wastes that are generated in larger quantities, it may be appropriate to have a central storage area consisting of multiple drums, roll-off bins and the like. Common Requirements The following good management practices for containers should be followed, where practicable: * Wastes should be stored in containers that are in good condition (i.e., no severe rusting or apparent structural defects). • Wastes should be stored in containers that are compatible with the waste (i.e., the waste will not react with the container and impair its ability to contain the waste). * Waste containers should be kept closed (e.g., bungs in drums, covers or tarps over roll-off bins, etc.) at all times unless waste is being added to or removed from the container. * When space allows, areas should be designated to segregate full waste containers and empty containers. * When possible, waste containers shall be stored in single layers (not stacked). * Containers holding wastes should be inspected weekly for damage or leaks and a written record kept of the inspection, when appropriate. • When possible, avoid storing containers of hazardous wastes on-site for more than 90 days. * Avoid mixing different types of waste in the same container if such mixing involves incompatible materials or makes it more difficult to dispose/recycle the waste. . The void spaces in containers holding smaller liquid- containing items (e.g., Lab Packs) must be filled with an absorbent material that will absorb and not react with liquids, if released from their primary containers. Containers sent for landfill disposal should be filled with absorbent, as necessary, so that they are at least 90 Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 7.1 Topic 7.1.1 Waste Storage Considerations Waste Storage in Containers percent full. * When possible, containers should be stored in a manner that limits the ability of spilled material to migrate downward and laterally. If earthen structures are used, they should have a suitable bottom (e.g., laterite or other relatively impermeable material or synthetic liner) and berms to provide secondary containment. Non-earthen devices can include concrete or metal catch pans or pre- manufactured secondary containment units. The base material should be designed to support, and not be damaged by, the weight of the containers, when full, and that of any equipment or vehicles that may be used to load/unload the containers. * Containers holding waste should be protected from the weather (e.g., rain and wind) to help maintain the integrity of the container and reduce the potential for a spill. Such protection could include storage buildings, roofed areas, tarps, and plastic drum covers to keep water off the tops of the drums. * Containers storing wastes should be labeled to provide information that facilitates the safe and proper management of the waste such as the: a. Name of the waste stream; b. Composition and physical state (e.g., solid, liquid, sludge) of the waste; c. Hazardous properties of the waste (e.g.,. "Corrosive"); d. Name of the activity, process, and/or location that generated the waste; and e. Date the first waste entered the container. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 7.1 |Topic 7.1.2 Waste Storage Considerations |Waste Storage in Tanks Overview Some of the waste streams generated during the various Project phases are expected to be managed in tanks larger than one cubic meter in volume. For the purpose of this discussion, the term tank refers to stationary aboveground storage tanks (ASTs), underground storage tanks (USTs), and portable or mobile aboveground storage devices that are mobilized to the site, used in a stationary location, and later moved after they are emptied (e.g., portable "poly tanks", "Baker tanks", and "frac-tank truck trailers"). Typically, tanks may be used for large quantity waste liquid waste streams such as drilling fluids, oily water and the like. Because of potential concerns for gravity settling, tanks are not typically used for solids or sludges that contain a high concentration of solids unless the tanks are equipped with circulation or blending devices to keep the solids in suspension. All USTs and all ASTs larger than one cubic meter will need to be designed, fabricated, tested and installed to appropriate engineering and construction standards for the material to be stored. These tanks, if used, will undergo the same review and approval process as the rest of the Project facilities. Common Requirements The following good management practices for tanks should be followed, where practicable: * Wastes should be stored in tanks that are in good condition (i.e., no severe rusting or apparent structural defects). - Wastes should be stored in tanks that are compatible with the waste (i.e., the waste will not react with the container and impair its ability to contain the waste). * Waste tanks should be kept closed (e.g., lids and manways closed) at all times unless waste is being added to or removed from the container. * Containers holding wastes should be inspected daily for damage or leaks and a written record kept of the inspection, when appropriate. * When possible, avoid storing hazardous wastes in tanks for more than 90 days. * Avoid mixing different types of waste in the same tank if such mixing involves incompatible materials or makes it more difficult to dispose/recycle the waste. * When possible, tanks should be located in a manner that limits the ability of spilled material to migrate downward and laterally. If earthen structures are used, they should have a suitable bottom (e.g., laterite or other relatively impermeable material or synthetic liner) and berms to provide secondary containment. Non- earthen devices can include concrete or metal catch pans or pre-manufactured secondary containment units. The base material should be designed to support, and not be damaged by, the weight of the tanks, when full, Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 7.1 Topic 7.1.2 Waste Storage Considerations Waste Storage in Tanks and that of any equipment or vehicles that may be used to load/unload the tanks. * Tanks holding volatile organic materials must be managed to limit the potential for a flammable or explosive vapor mixture in the top of the tank. * Tanks must be designed and operated to withstand the pressure exerted by the stored waste, taking into account factors such as temperature fluctuations. * Metal tanks that are in contact with the soil in locations where corrosion could occur to an extent that the integrity of the tank is compromised should be provided with a means to reduce the potential for corrosion (e.g., coatings, cathodic protection, synthetic liners under tank, etc.). * Tanks holding waste should be protected from the weather (e.g., rain and wind) to help maintain the integrity of the tank and reduce the potential for a spill. Such protection could include storage buildings, roofed areas, tarps, and coatings (e.g., paint or epoxy). * Tanks storing wastes should be labeled to provide information that facilitates the safe and proper management of the waste such as the: a. Name of the waste stream; b. Composition and physical state (e.g., solid, liquid, sludge) of the waste; c. Hazardous properties of the waste (e.g.,. "Corrosive"); d. Name of the activity, process, and/or location that generated the waste; and e. Date the first waste entered the tank. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 Section 7.1 Topic 7.1.3 Waste Storage Considerations Waste Storage on Bulk Pads Overview It may be appropriate to manage some waste streams on bulk pads including high-volume, low toxicity waste streams that do not contain free liquids (e.g., oil-contaminated soil). Although bulk pads are often easy to construct and operate, they may not be appropriate for some types of waste streams such as waste streams that contain a significant amount of liquid, waste streams that are easily wind-blown, wastes that are odorous, wastes that are incompatible with water (rain), wastes that attract scavengers or vectors, or waste streams that could be harmful to people or animals if they were to come in contact with the waste. Common Requirements The following good management practices should be followed, where practicable: . Bulk pads should be designed and operated in a manner that limits the ability of the waste being stored from migrating downward and laterally off the pad. If earthen structures are used, they should have a suitable bottom (e.g., laterite or other relatively impermeable material or synthetic liner) and berms to provide secondary containment in case liquid separates from the waste or rain falls on the waste. Similarly, the bulk pads should be located where water will not run onto the pad. Non-earthen devices can include curbed concrete pads or large metal "pans". The base material should be designed to support, and not be damaged by, the weight of the waste or by the equipment or vehicles that may be used to load/unload or move the waste on the pad. - The bulk pad should be constructed to limit the potential for waste constituents or leachate from migrating into the pad. * When appropriate, wastes stored on bulk pads should be protected from rain and wind (e.g., tarps, indoor/roofed or semi-walled pads, etc.). * Signs should be posted near the bulk pad that provide information that facilitates the safe and proper management of the waste such as the: a. Name of the waste stream; b. Hazardous properties of the waste (e.g., "Corrosive"); c. Name of the activity, process, and/or location that generated the waste; and d. Date the first was placed on the bulk pad. * The base of the pad should be kept in good condition (i.e., no severe cracks). • Avoid mixing different types of waste if such mixing involves incompatible materials or makes it more difficult to dispose/recycle the waste. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 2 Section 7.1 Topic 7.1.3 Waste Storage Considerations IWaste Storage on Bulk Pads * When appropriate for the waste being managed, bulk pads should be constructed with a slight slope or other method to drain liquids toward a collection sump. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 2 of 2 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 8.0 |Topic 8.0.1 Incinerators Operating Plan Overview Incinerators will be installed at strategic locations (e.g., landfills) to provide for the burning of hazardous and non- hazardous waste, as appropriate, generated by various Project-related activities. Prior to accepting waste at these incinerators, an incinerator-specific "Incinerator Operating Plan" will be prepared. Although the final plan will not be completed until final incinerator design and construction, the plan will address the issues described below. Training Prior to the incinerator receiving the first waste, incinerator operators will be trained on appropriate waste management procedures and on the proper operating procedures as they relate to the operator's job responsibilities. After the incinerator begins operations, new operators or personnel changing positions will be trained on their responsibilities through classes and/or on-the-job training. Key Elements On a site-specific basis, the "Incinerator Operating Plan" will describe, and personnel will be trained as appropriate, on the following topics: * Procedures to review the incoming waste and its associated paperwork (e. g., manifest) to verify the waste is as described, that it is acceptable to be received, and to be able to direct the waste to the incinerator, non-hazardous waste cell or the hazardous waste cell, as appropriate. * Procedures for waste unloading and segregation pending incineration or disposal. * Procedures for loading the waste into the incinerator (e.g., types of waste, quantity of waste, "compatibility" and heat-load of waste, etc.) and for recording operating parameters (e.g., temperature, weight burned, etc.). * Procedures for the proper operation and monitoring of the incinerator control systems (e.g., temperature, etc.), where installed. * Procedures for the handling, storage and disposal of incinerator ash. * Recordkeeping procedures. Recordkeeping Records will be maintained including: * Copies of the manifests for the wastes received. * An operations log book identifying appropriate information (e.g., types and quantities of waste received, quantity burned, etc.) Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Section 9.0 Topic 9.0.1 Landfills Operating Plan Overview Project landfills will be constructed at strategic locations to provide for the disposal of hazardous and non- hazardous waste generated by various Project-related activities. Prior to accepting waste at these landfills, a landfill-specific "Landfill Operating Plan" will be prepared. Although the final plan will not be completed until final landfill design and construction, the plan will address the issues described below. Training Prior to the landfill receiving the first waste, landfill operations personnel will be trained on appropriate waste management procedures and on the proper operating procedures as they relate to the their job responsibilities. After the landfill begins operations, new personnel or personnel changing positions will be trained on their responsibilities through classes and/or on-the-job training. Key Elements On a site-specific basis, the "Landfill Operating Plan" will describe, and personnel will be trained as appropriate, on the following topics: - Procedures to review the incoming waste and its associated paperwork (i.e., manifest) to verify the waste is as described, that it is acceptable to be received, and to be able to direct the waste to the incinerator, non-hazardous waste cell or the hazardous waste cell, as appropriate. - Procedures for waste unloading and segregation pending incineration or disposal. - Procedures for the placement of the waste in the cells and for recording the location and other parameters. * Procedures for the proper operation and monitoring of the leachate collection and/or leak detection systems, where installed. * Recordkeeping procedures. Recordkeeping Records will be maintained including: * Copies of the manifests for the wastes received. . An operations log book identifying appropriate information (e.g., types and quantities of waste received, location disposed, etc.) Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 1 of 1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK APPENDIX A GLOSSARY Aboveground Contained Aboveground contained storage refers to bins, drums, roll-offs, Storage tanks or any similar storage units capable of wholly containing wastes and keeping them from contact with the ground. Asbestos Containing Material Asbestos-containing material(s) (ACM) are materials containing asbestos at any concentration. A friable ACM is one that can be crushed or pulverized with hand pressure. Burn Sites Burn sites are areas using a low-efficiency bumer device, and a trench or pit, lined as appropriate, to contain the waste materials before and during burning. Combustible A combustible liquid is a hazardous material with a flash point above 600 C (1400F) and below 93°C (2000F) [defined in USDOT 49 CFR 173.120]. Composting Facilities Composting facilities mix biodegradable wastes with bulking agents (such as manure, wood chips, or other vegetative waste) to create an air permeable mixture. The mixture can be placed in piles or windrows. Moisture, aeration, nutrients, and temperature may be controlled to facilitate biodegradation. Corrosive A liquid or solid that causes visible destruction or irreversible damage to skin tissue at the point of contact, or that has a severe corrosion rate on steel [defined in USDOT 49 CFR 173.136]. Corrosivity Corrosivity is one of the characteristics of hazard that may be considered when classifying a waste as hazardous or non- hazardous. A liquid waste exhibits the characteristic of corrosivity if it has a pH less than or equal to 2.0 (i.e., strongly acidic) or a pH greater than or equal to 12.5 (strongly basic or caustic) or if the liquid corrodes steel at a rate of more than 1/4 inch (6 millimeters) per year. Wastes with a pH in the range between 2.0 and 12.5 do not exhibit the characteristic of corrosivity [summarized from 40 CFR 261.21]. Deep Disposal Well For purposes of this Project, deep disposal wells will be those designed to inject water, other than produced water, into zones such that fresh water aquifers will not be adversely affected. Flammable A flammable liquid is a hazardous material with a flash point of 60°C (140°F) or less [defined in USDOT 49 CFR 173.120]. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 1 of 4 Halogenated Compounds Halogenated compounds are molecules that contain chlorine, bromine, fluorine, or iodine. Halogenated chemicals typically have "chloro", "bromo", "fluoro", or "iodo" as part of their name. Hazardous Material A hazardous material is a material that has the potential to pose an unreasonable risk to health, safety, or property. The term "hazardous material" includes hazardous substances and hazardous wastes. In general, materials that have a material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) should be considered to be hazardous materials. (However, do not automatically assume that a material that does not have an MSDS is not a hazardous material.) Hazardous Waste Per USEPA, a hazardous waste is a waste that exhibits one or more of the characteristics of hazard (corrosivity, ignitability, reactivity, or toxicity) [defined in USEPA 40 CFR 2611. More generally, a hazardous waste that has the potential to cause adverse effects to human health or the environment (see Topic 4.0.3). Ignitability Ignitability is one of the characteristics of hazard that may be considered when classifying a waste as hazardous or non- hazardous. A liquid waste exhibits the characteristic of ignitability if it has a flash point less than 600C (140°F); if it is a solid that can cause a fire through friction, moisture absorption, etc.; or if it is a flammable gas [summarized from 40 CFR 261.21]. Impervious A material that demonstrates a permeability of less than 10l centimeters per second. In Situ Spill Treatment Site In situ spill treatment sites are sites where spills occur in a manner allowing treatment "in place" (i.e., without the excavation of the contaminated material). For spills of crude and other oily liquids, treatment in place may involve addition of nutrients, "loosening" of the soil to allow aeration, or other activities to provide better conditions for biodegradation. Incinerator Incinerators are contained units that provide for a virtually complete bum of combustible waste components. Process heaters, cement kilns, and dedicated incinerators can be used to incinerate wastes. Facilities may be fixed or mobile. Cam WMP English 05-11 .doc May 1999 Page 2 of 4 Inert An inert material is a material that is not a hazardous material and that does not pose a risk to human health or the environment (e.g., clean rocks, dirt, concrete, plants, glass, wood, etc.). Injection Well A well constructed for the purpose of injecting fluids into the hydrocarbon producing zone either for disposal, pressure maintenance or enhanced recovery. Land Application Site Land application comprises waste disposal methods involving on-site mixing of the waste with soil on a one-time basis. Waste constituent concentrations/availability may be reduced by dilution, adsorption, volatilization, photo-oxidation, and biodegradation. Simple land spreading, land surface disposal, and dilution burial fit this description. Land Treatment Site Land treatment relies on biodegradation, soil sorption, or dilution to remove hydrocarbons, immobilize metals, or reduce effects of leaching. It involves spreading wastes on the land surface, and tilling them into the soil (along with nutrients and soil amendments, if needed) in a manner to enable or enhance treatment. Landfill (Including Trench and A landfill is an engineered waste burial site that is designed to Burial Method) prevent loss of contents and may be lined to reduce the potential that leachate will migrate into subsurface. Landfills are typically larger than burial sites and are often divided into individually lined segregated "cells." The separate cells may contain different types of wastes. Wastes may be covered periodically with low permeability soil, drilling mud solids and cuttings, or other similar materials. When closed, landfills may be covered with an impervious cap and may be revegetated. Leachate During operation of a landfill, rainwater may enter the landfill and/or some liquids may be disposed. These liquids may "leach" or accumulate hazardous constituents. The resulting liquid (called leachate) typically migrates to the bottom of the landfill. If installed, a leachate collection system removes this liquid from the landfill. Pit Burial Site A pit burial site utilizes lined or unlined earthen pits for disposal of wastes. When closed, burial pits may also be covered with an impervious cap. When closed, burial pits may be covered with earth and may be revegetated. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 3 of 4 Pit Storage A pit storage facility may use lined or unlined earthen pits for storing wastes prior to treatment of disposal. Open reserve pits, and production pits (e.g., emergency, workover, basic sediment, skim, and produced water pits) constitute pit storage. Reactivity Reactivity is one of the characteristics of hazard that may be considered when classifying a waste as hazardous or non- hazardous. A waste exhibits the characteristic of reactivity if it reacts violently, forms explosive mixtures, or emits significant quantities of toxic vapors when mixed with water; or if it is a cyanide or sulfide bearing waste that gives off vapors in "sufficient" quantities to present a danger to human health or the environment when exposed to liquid with a pH between 2.0 and 12.5 [summarized from 40 CFR 261.23]. Toxicity Toxicity is one of the characteristics of hazard that may be considered when classifying a waste as hazardous or non- hazardous. A waste exhibits the characteristic of toxicity if it contains certain chemical constituents that are sufficiently soluble when exposed to acidic conditions (via a test method) such that the resulting test liquid contains the constituents in concentrations above specified thresholds. Constituents listed in the USEPA regulation include benzene and some heavy metals (e.g., lead, chromium, and mercury) [summarized from 40 CFR 261.24]. Water Treatment Facilities Water treatment facilities may be used for the removal of undesirable substances (e.g., particulates, oil, dissolved solids, etc.) and/or the addition of chemicals (e.g., corrosion inhibitors, biocides, disinfectants, etc.). Well Storage Well storage refers to the storage, in a production well, of fluids that can be appropriately recycled into a crude oil stream or re- injected. When the pipeline and re-injection program are on line, these stored liquids may be produced and managed along with produced reservoir fluids. Cam WMP English 05-11.doc May 1999 Page 4 of 4