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Integrated pest
management:
Strategies & policies for effective
implementation
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Mex(gyHapOgaHbI 6aHK peKOHCTpyKUgIH
H pa3BHTHSI/BceMHpHbLIi 6aHK
1818 H Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
Bce npaBa coxpaHwIOTca
Ha3AaHo B COeIHHeHHbX UliTaTax AMepHKH
flepBoe H3faaHHe - MaH 1997 r.
goKnaxI noaroToBJIeH COTpyJIHHKaM1 BCeMHpHOro 6aHKa. H3aoxceHHbue B goKiiaAe MHeHHH Bbipa)KaIOT TOYKy
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HanHqHe BpeAHTeneg H aHTOMocjarOB BO Bpems HeCejibHoro y'e6Horo Kypca no HHTerpHpoBaHHOI 3aBIIHTe
pacTeHHH B ManaHre, MHioue3uA B 1994 r.
ABTOpbI aoKiiaga, COTPYZHHKH erenapTaMeHTa CeCJbCKoro X031l CTBa H nPHPOAHEJX pecypcoB BceMHpHoro
6aHKaTa MaapT B. CxHAJIXopH BaH BeHH (CTapimult cneIJHaiIHcT) H p;yrnac A. ($OPHO (HaqanbHwK oTfeJIa); CTHH
HPot(Pe, KOHCyJIbTaHT YnpaBneHHq 3apy6ezKHoro pa3BHTHH BeIIHKO6PHTaHHH; TJHHa JI. YMaam-JjatHHHrep H
CaHXHBa KYK, }COHCYJIbTaHTii BceMHipHoro 6aHKa.
PeKBz3HTb1 ny6JIHKaTjHH no KaTanory BH63HOTeKH KoHrpecca CIIIA:
Integrated pest management: strategies and policies for effective
implementaion / Tjaart W. Schillhom van Veen ... { et a].).
p. cm. - (Environmentally sustainable development studies and
monographs ; no. 13)
Includes bibliographical references (p. ).
ISBN 0-8213-3748-3
1. Agricultural pests-Integrated control. 2. Agricultural pests-
Integrated control-Govemment policy. I. Schillhom-van-Veen,
T.W. II. Series.
SB950.1458 1996
338. 1'62-dc2O 96-38301
CIP
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vii
A66peBHaTypbI1 HaKpOHHMbI
CGIAR Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research
KrMCH KoHCyAbTaTHBHaS rpynna io MeeKczyHapoaHL1M C.X. HccjieaoBaHIHqM
FAO Food and Agricultural Organization
(DAO HPoIaoBoJIBcTBeHHaq I CeJIbCKoXo3SP1cTBeHHaS opraHm3aillSq OOH
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
FATT 06iuee cor.nauleHHe o TOproB3ie H TapHc2ax
IPM Integrated pest rnanagement
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PIC prior informed consent
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viii
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nOCTaBKlUCOB XHMHKaToB H 3HaHHe MCCTHOM
arpOTexHHKH (cM. BCTaBKY 1.2).
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Xo3ARCTBOM H, KaK rpaBMJIO, pacfpocTpaHH5IOTcC rio BceMy perHOHY H 3a ero iipeAenaMM, Henjl351
8
Dpmep1LI H UHI TerpHpOBaIHa 3aUTa paCTeHHi
orpaHHqHBaTbCSI MCpaMH 3aUUHTLI B OZaHOM X03AAiCTBe. BO.IIbU{HCTBO nporpamm 6opb6bi C
BpC,ZUHTeJMm aOIxcHibI ocy3ueCTBJISTBCq .n:6o Ha perHoHaJIbHOM, JI1H6o Ha rocyaapCTBeHHOM
ypOBHe, H B 3THX uiieix pa3pa6aTbIBaIOTCI npaB}ia O HafLHOHaJiBHOM H perHOHajibHOM KapaHTHHe.
B Ka'ecTBe rlpHMepa MO)KHO IIpHBeCTH yceuieHie Mepbi O,D;HOBpeMeHHOrO IIpHMeHeHHS
nIeCTHUHLOB B perHOHaJIbHOM MH HaUHOHaBlbHOM MacumITa6 B 6opb6e C JIHqHHKaMm MICHOR MYXH B
CIIA H B CeBepHofi A4PHKC.
BCTaBKa 1.2 3HaHHe MeCTHOi4 arpOTeXHHKH
3HaHie MeCTHo~i arpOTeXHHKH HY)KHO paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK 6oraTbIlI HCTOIHHHK HOBOBBeZAeHMA B 6opb6e C
BpeZHTeniMH, OaHaKO Ha cbOHe 6bICTpO CMeHhIflO4XCI CHCTeM CebcKoxo3SAlCTBeHHoro npOH3BOgCTBa
3TOT t4aKTOp TepleT CBOIO aKTya;IbHOCTb. B ueJIOM, 3HaHHg 4)epMepOB 0 KOHKpeTHbIX BpeAHTeiISX CBOaqTCS
K OC03HaHHIO O'eBHAHOH ripHWHHHOi CBSA3H MeX;Y BpeaUiTeiieM H HaHOCHMOM Mm yrgep6e (BeHTnH,1989).
TaKoro poza 3HaHHU He Bceraa 5IBJIqhOTCq rIOJIHbIMH HuH TOqHbIMH, K npHMepy, (cepMepbI MOryT He 3HaTb O
nlOTep.x ypOKaq, Bbl3BaHHbIX BHpyCaMm, ,IUm o aeTaniix KH3HeHHOro UHKiia BpeAHTeuhI, T.e. He Bnia4(eTb
TOi HH4bopMai4Heri, Ha OCHOBe KOTOpOMI nIHpMeHqIOTCs aKTHBHbie MepbI 3aigHTh. COTPYAHHteCTBO Mex,y
ctepMepaMH 14 yCeHbLIM, OCHoBaHHOe Ha B3aHMHoM o6MeHe HHbopMaauHeil, 'aCTO taea nlpaKTHHecKHe
3HaHH5R.
3aluHTa paCTeHUN OT BpetaHTeneH, 43epMepbi H XHMHleCKasl npOMbU1eJIHHOCTb
OCHOBHbIM BHHOBHHKOM yuep6a, rIpH'l4HHSeMOrO IeCTH1uAaMH oKpy)KaiolUeii cpegae H
3,IOPOBb]O Jfloztei, CYHTaCTC5I xHMH'eCKaa nIpOMbIl7ieHHOCTb. YBeJIjHeHHe ripHMCeHCHH
TieCTHUH,D(OB HerIocpeaCTBeHHO nocJIe BTOpOiR MHpOBOiH BOtHbl o6sIcHAIeTcqI HX 1136bITOqHbIMH
3anacamH r CBepXnpOH3BOaCTBOM, oaHaKO rlO3AHee rIpOMMIJIACHHOCTL pearHpyeT Ha
noTpe6HTeJiLcKHRi cripoc, MaH4HfYJH4py5I 11M./2 4>epMepbi HCIOJIb3ylOT neCTHfILHAI H3 coo6paxceHRi
coKpaiWeHHA1 3aTpaT Ha TpyaL, flOBbIWeHlsr rapaHTHr COXpaHHOCTH ypo)Ka3i, nonyYeHHrs
BbICOKOKaqeCTBeHHoro H4 OHopoaHoro KOHeYHOrO ripoayKTa, a TaioKe, B pe3yJlbTaTe nojjyIeHHAI
y6e,qRTeJnHoii 4H�opMpauHR 0 HayiHriX HcciiezoBaHHsIx, pacripocTpaHeHHA ceJILCKO-
XO35IHiCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHA H peKJiaMHORI pa60TbI xHMHqeCKO1ii TIpoMbIu-eICHHOCTH4 (CM. BCTaBKY 1.3). K
npHMepy, Ha HaCTOH'qHBbIe Tpe6OBaHHII nOTpe6HTeJIei o KpaCHBOM (6e3 qepBOTOqHH) BHeCIHeM
BHae OBOWeii H CbPYKTOB rIpoMbIIIIJeHHOCTb oTpearHpoBajia pa3pa6OTKOii Ueixoit cep{HH XHMHKaTOB
,aii, 6Opb6i C BpeaHTeJI5IMH.
B TO )Kce BpCMSI HHayCTp]S4 lIpOH3BOaCTBa neCTHJ.H.oB Cfle,HT 3a MCH5OIIJOHlMMHCS
HaCTpoeHH5IMH o6iuecTBa. 3a liocnegHHe IBa XaeC5ITHAeTH5I B pa3BHTbIX cTpaHax ripeKpaiueHo HAH
coKpaweHO rIpHMeHeHHe HHCCKTHuHL[OB B ceCILCKOM XO3Ir4cTBe, ITOCKOJIBKY OHH CqHTa1OTC51 OAHH14M
H3 nepBMIX H OCHOBHbIX BH4HOBHHKOB BpeaHorO Bo3,aeACTBHs1 Ha 3,aOPOBB yeeoJBeKa (NRC, 1989 r.),
OAHaKO rIpH 3TOM B03pOCJIO IIpHMeHeHHe rep6HiHroB. rIpHlMeHeHHe "BCeCHJIbHbIX" IipeiiapaTOB H1
arpoXHMHKaTOB, XOTS H OxleHb MeeUieHHO, HO BWTecHSIeTcI 6onIee r;OpOrOCTOSIUJHMH XHMHKaTaMH
i[eCeeBoro Aei4cTBw41I. COBPeMeHHMle HayMHbIe H3bICKaHHI B arpOxHMHqecKoi r IIpOMblLuieHHOCTH B
3HaMHTeJIbHOi4 CTeneHH HaiipaBjieHbI Ha pa3pa6OTKy XHMHKaTOB BacoKo cdneugH4HHoro XetCTBHS,
aTaK)Ke reHeTHaecKHe MCTO,bI BMIBCaeHH5 COpTOB paCTeHHAI, YCTolqHBNIx K 6one3HAIM H COPHSIKaM
(H rep6HutzxoycToRt'HBbIx KyjibTyp, YTO IlO3BOJIHT B 6yaylUeM ]lHpe HciTojT3oBaTb rep6HL4mHbI).
CuieAysI 6o0iee CTpOrHM npaBHjiaM, pa3pa6oTaHHbIM no Tpe6OBaHrIo o6luecTBa, OLLLYTHMbIe
1OJIOXHTCJIbHbIe PC3ynbTaTLI OTMexialOTC5I B ccepe 6e3oIIacHoro o6pawueHHL c neCTHUiHaMH, XOTSI
3Ta TeH,2;CHLUHM cKopee xapaKrepHa z3I5i pa3BHTbIX, a He pa3BHBaloJlHXCSI CTpaH. fIpoMbiuIeHHoe
IIpOH3BOZACTBO Bcerga CTaBHT nepe, co6oii ueum OKynIHTb 3aTpaTbI H IOJIY'IHTb InpH6bLn. Pa3Mepbi
6yAyineRI npH6BriH MOryT H3MeHHTbCI B CB5I3H C coKpaiueHHeM Cy6C1A;MpOBaHw15I cenbcKoro
9
14HTerpHpoBaHHasI 3aigHTa pacTeHiA
XO3PR4CTBa B pa3BHBaio1WXcA CTpaHax, y KeCTOneHHem rlpaBI IpHMeHHHSe arpOXHMHKaTOB no
Tpe6oBaHImoa o6uaeCTBa. Pa3yMHOe H4CnOJIb3oBaHHe MaJibiX a03 HeTOKCH'HbIX XHMHKaTOB
HHTeHCHBHoro ueJIeBoro aeiCTBHSI H P13P He HcKJUoqa1oT gpyr apyra, HO Mx 1HpHMeHeHHe Tpe6yeT
IIOCTOSRHHoro KOHTpOJIsI, IpH 3TOM Henjb351 II03BOJIHTh o6pa3oBaTbcs 3aMKHYTOMy
TeXHonorecKoMy Kpyry, 3aCTaBIsIA 4)epMepOB HC1OJTb3oBaTb nleCTHILl HOCpeaCTBOM TaKHX
MexaHH3MOB MapKeTHHra, KaK rIOCTaBKa CeMSIH, o6opyJaoBaHH5 H i1eCTHLUHAOB <(eaHHbiM ImaKeTOM>
(CM. BCTaBKy 1.4).
BCTaBKa 1.3 PblHOK C6bITa arpOXHMHKaTOB
B HacToqiijee BpeMq MHpOBOH1 pbIHOK arpOXHMHKaTOB OUeHHBaeTCq B 21 Mnpa. Aoii. CIlA:
27% npHXOaHTCff Ha CeBepHyio AMepHKY, 30% - Ha 3anaaHyio EBpOny H 14% - Ha AhIOHHIO.
POCT PbIHKa B cTpaHax 03CP (OpraHH3aUHsl 3KOHOMHqeCKOrO COTpyH4HHMeCTBa H pa3BHTHS)
rPHOCTaHOBHCICR, OAHaKO ripetOaraeTCSo , a TO B pa3BHBaiolIHxcS cTpaHax rlpOH3O0zieT
3HamHTeIbHoe yBeiHMeHHe HCrIOJIb3OBaHHSi arpOXHMHKaTOB. B 1990 r. npImeHeHHe XHMHKaTOB
B pa3BHBalO1MHXCSI CTpaHax COCTaBHjiO 20% OT MHPOBOrO noTpe6YieHHa, HO K 2000 r.
npeXnonaraemcs yABOeHHe 3TOFO rIOKa3aTeiiSi. HpHMeHeHHe XHMHKaTOB B 3THX cTpaHax
orpaHHWHBaeTC.q, B OCHOBHOM, HeCKOJIbKHMH KyjIbTypaMH: XJIOIOK, KaKao, Ko04e, Ta6aK, 1BeTbI
H 4PYKTbI (B OCHOBHOM, 6aHaHbI), OBOUiH,pi,HC H MaHC.
HcmoqnuK: AaHHbIe BceMHpHOro 6aHKa, 03CP, 1995 r.
3KOHOMHmeCKHUu nopor BpeLOHOCHOCTH H nllHSITHe peweHUlU o mepax 60pb6bl C BpeAHTeCjmMH
HIoiTHSi "nopoeu 6pedoHocHoCmu" H "3KoHoMuziecKue nopoeu eperoHoCHOCmU" 'aCTO
KCr1OJIb3ylOTCs1 B YrIpOl1eHHOM BHeC aiI o&65ICHeHH5I npogecca ripHHATHA pewreHHA4 no 6opb6e C
BpeaHTeJnMH. lUTepH (1973 r., 261) onpegeisieT nopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH KaK <<�iOTHOCTb
rIO1yJSLUHH, rIpH KOTOpOir aKTrHBHbeIC Mepbi IpHBegyT K MaJIOH BepORTHOCTH Toro, qTo rio1y nHSI
Bpe,HTeiiei4 npeBbICHT 3KOHoMH'ecKHJir nopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH>. 9KOHoMHWecCKI{] nopor
Bpe,OHOCHOCTH o6O3HaqaCT <(TOqKy 6e3y6TITOqHOCTH, IIPH KOTOpo0'k CTOMMOCTb KnOjimiCTBeHHbIX
HJH KaqeCTBeHH>X flOTepb ypoxcas paBHa CTOHMOCTH Mep 60pB6i'L, yCreelHo JIHKBHIHpy}OU1UX
ylgep6 OT BpegHTeJIeA H npeIOTBpaWaiouL U fIOTepH ypoxas*i. rIopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH H
3KOHOMH'iecKmli nopor BpCeOHOCHOCTH MOrYT nepeCeKaTbC3, HO Heo6sI3aTejibHo COBnagaTb.
rlpHHHMaeMbIe 4JepMepaMH aKTHBHLIe Mepbl MOryT 6ITIm o6yc.ioBjIeHBI gec)HgxTOM C1iCegHmaLH1IX
3HaHHA (HarIpHMep, OHH 6oibl2ue noIaraiOTC31 Ha 3PHTeJIbHOe BOCripSHTHe MHOXeCTBa )KyKOB, a He
Ha oLueHKy MX nOTeHHanHJbHorO Bpeaa) HJIH ilojiyqeHHOfi HMH HHcjopMagHH H3 pa3j[HbHLIX
pCKjiaMHMIX KaMnaHHir, B pe3yJ1bTaTe qero 3aTpaTBI Ha 3aLIUHTHbIe MCpi ripeBBiuialoT noiyqaemBIe
OT HHX BBIrO2AI. CJIHIKOM xmaCTO H3-3a HegOCTaTOYHOrO IIOHHMaHHUS 3KOJIOrHH BpeLAHTe3m 4tepMepbI
CqHTalOT, YITO BCC HaCeKOMbIl rIpHHOCAT Bpeg. rIOTOMY Bo3H4Ka3IOT 3Ha'iiTeJIbHHe TpyLHOCTH' npH
1pHMeHeHHH TBep,tMX KOJIWIeCTBeHHBIX 3Ha'eHHIir nopora BpeaHOCTH4 B ionjeSBbIX YCJIOBHAlX 6e3
y'eTa H3MeH'IHBOCTH IOflrynSTAHH BpeLHTeJISI H KOHKpeTHOrO MeCTOpacfonlo)KeHH31, a TaICKe
IIHarHOCTH'IecKHX H arpOTCxHH'ecKJ4x HaBbIKOB 4iepMepOB.
OCHOBHOUi HefoCTaTOK TaKoro noAxoxga 3aKmiuoaeTcsi B TOM, 'YTO OH OCHOBLIBaeTC5 Ha
cIiHLuKoM ripOCTO aL HHaMHKe rOTiy.ISJAIHH H mepax 6opb6bI. B HeKOTOPLIX c7yqasix ,eCiCTBHTeJI5HO
HMeeT CMLICJI IlpHHHSITb rpocDHnaKTrH'eCKHe MepbI IpOTHB yBenjieHIHH folyOYISI14HH BpeAlHTeCJeH Ha
caMol4 paHHe34 CTa,aH. B apyrHx cjiyYasix HMeeT CMbICJi He rIpHHHMaTE HHKaKHX Mep, IIOCKOJIBKY
MHorHC cIepMepm MOryT HeaoOLleHHBaTb BOCCTaHOBHTeJ3ThHYIO cnoco6HOcTL KYJIbTyp H JHBOTHLIX.
HanpHMep, XoIonIaTHHK ZaOBOJIBHo 6NicTpo pereHepHpyeT 31pH paHHeM Aecboua3uaHH, BbI3BaHHOA
X)IO11KOBOU ryceHHueH, OaHaKO cyraHcKxie XJIOnKOpO6biI HCflOJIb3yeT a3pO3OJnIHbIe Ae4)oju4aHTm Ha
10
cIepMepI 1 IHTerpHpOBaHHaH 3aIHTa pacTeHHf4
paHHefl CTaqHH, rlpH 3TOM YHHqTO)KXa 3HTOMO0barOB H C03,aaBa5 BriOCAeaCTBHH Inpo6jIeMy 3auHTbI
paCTeHHii OT TJIU H 6e.IOKpbIuOK.
flpHMeHeHHe TeXHOWorHii 60pB6Mi C BpegHTeJIsIMH, nogo6HO BCeM CeJIBCKOXo3SifCTBeH-
HUIM TexHoJiorHqM, o6ycAoBJIeHo pa3JIH4qHbIMH a6coJIoTHbIMH H OTHOCHTeJIbHEIMH iToTpe6HocTqMH
B (caKTopax IIPOH3BOACTBa (3eMJiu, Tpyg, KaIIHTaJI H HaBUIKH BeAeHHA X035flCTBa). THu H ypOBeHb
cbaKTOpOB npO43BOaCTBa, HCIIOJIB3yeMmX bepMepOM, 3aBHCHT OT MX CTOHMOCTH, HaJIH'HA H
rlPOCTOTUI npHMeHeHHA. HanpHMep, yBeinH i4HHe CTOHMOCTH H36paHHoro MeTOIa 3aUHTbI
paCTeHHii, B qaCTHOCTH, rieCTH1HLOB, MO)KeT npHBeCTH K TOMY, xITO 4)epMepu CTaHyT go)KHAaTbCs
6oJiee BUICOKoro YPOBHsA BpegOHOCHOCTH, B pe3yJILTaTe Qero XHMHKaTMI 6yAyT IplHMeHATBcq peXCe H
B MCHbwIeM o61eMe. HOBMie geMH HJI MeTO,hI TaKlKe, KaK H H43MeHeHHe ueHbI OqHOrO KOMIIOHeHTa
B H36paHHOM c?epMepOM "inaKeTe" MCTO,4OB 3aUIHTbI paCTeHHi4, 3aCTaBHT ero H3MeHHTL CXeMy H
CTerIeHb ripMmeHeHH5 pa3JIHIIHbIX CyUeCTByIoiux IIplHeMOB (HanpHMep, COKpaTHTb nIpHMeHeHHe
neCTHIHgOB H YCOBepIlieHCTBOBaTb lipoUecc BO3gCeJIbIBaHHSI KyYiLTypbI). B TO Xe camoe BpeMs
IOBbIlLIeHHbli flOKa3aTeEJI IIOTeHlHUaEJ1HMAX ITOTepb ripH IaaHHOM YPOBHe yn.ep6a B,I3OBeT
aKTHB43aLHIO 3a:UJHTHMIX Mep, HeCMOTP5I Ha HH3KHH riopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH, BcJIeCCTBHe qero,
KanHTaJIOBJIO)KeHI4S1 B 3alUHTHbC MmeponpHMRTH5 HMCIOT TCH,eHLIHIO yBCJlHMHBaTbC5q C B03paCTaHHeM
1eHHOCTH B03ZeJbIBaeMOk KyJIbTypbI.
BCTaBKa 1.4 IlepeMeHbl B 14HAyCTpIIH lpOI3BOLlCTBa nIeCTHU4LOB
B arpOXHMwHeCKOf IlpOMbiiljieHHOCTH, B rIpOuIJIOM o6BI4HScMeH B nPOH3BOICTBe SZOX11MHKaTOB,
11poHCXO,1T nepeMeHbI. B KOMMep4eCCKOM rinaHe arpoxmmHwecioe rIP0113BOaCTBO YKpYIHIeTC1 3a
c'HeT CJInz1HH5I H npxo6peTeHI45 o6aHKPOTHBIMHxcSI npearipH5iTHii, aKTHBHO npeBpaMasi B CBOH
bwinabil CeMeHoBoaqeCKIe npe2npH51T1s. TaKaq )LMBepCM4)HKaU1151 npOH3BOACTBa OThaCTH
o6bScHsAeTcR BO3paCTaioIUM I4HTepeCOM K npOH43BOQICTBY COPTOB pacTeHHA (nopoa )IHBOTHbIX),
yCTOiN14BbIX K BpeAMIHTenM 1 6ojie3H51M 11I1 YCTOiNI4BbIX K KOHKpeTHbIM IICCT11UHAaM. HaH6o;nee
COBpeMeHHbIe 6one3HeycTo0i9HBbIe copTa BbIBegeHbI nyTeM 1HTpoAyoHpoBaHz5 reHa Bt (reHm,
BbI,eCIeHHbIe H3 Bacillus thuringienses, ecTeCTBeHHaq 6aKTep5is, KOTOpaq1 Bbipa6aTbIBaeT
npOTC14HOBbII TOKCHH C MHCeKTMUHaHbIMH CBo0CTBaMH, m pa3nIHiPHbie HITaMMbI Bt Bo3AeHCTByIoT
Ha onpeaenieHHbie THifbI HaCeKOMbIX). ArpoxHiMwieCKas rIpoMbIJIeHHOCTb, HCTOpH4MecK1
npecne,aoBaBmaa UenIb CO34aTb yHI4BepCaJIbHbIi X4I4MHKaT, MeHqeT HanpaBjIeHHe, flbITaqCb
pa3pa6oTaTb reCTHUHTbI BbLICOKO cneijHqlHtlecKoFO 4eiiCTBM1, OKa3blBaBO11HC MHHHMaJIbHblf4
394eKT Ha nojie3HbIe opraHH3MbI. TeM He MeHee, TaKHe pa3pa6oTKH '4opOroCT05IU4 1 BeAyT K
yaopoxcaHH1o arpOXHMHKaTOB. OCHOBHbIM C,4ep)KHBaiOfljmM ,aKTopoM B BbIBeaeHHH YCTOfl0HBbIX
COpTOB ABJISeTCqL (OPMHPOBaH4e pe3HCTeHTHOCTH. PerHcTpauWs rHI6pltnHbIX COPTOB KyKypy3bI M
COU c Bt B CIUA 3aBHCHT OT BbIfOJIHeHHSI riiaHa 3D4CKTHBHOrO pery.iHpOBaHH5I HX YCTOWiHBOCTH.
HeonpeAej1eHHocTb, CBq3aHHa5 C rOTeHUHajThHOR nOTepeii ypoxKas1 H3-3a BpeAHTejieA,
Co3ZaCT npOI43BOaCTBeHHbIe PHCKH z4TIA ClepMepOB. OT Toro, KaKHM o6pa3oM 4epmep oTpearHpyeT
Ha TaKHe pHCKH (HjiH npoHrHopipyeT Hx), 3aBHCHT aKTHBHOCTh npHMeHqeMbIX mep 3aLUHTUI. MTo6LI
CHH3HTb pHCK 11OTepH ypo)Ksa B cyiytae OTCYTCTBHS4 HHcJopMaiHH o6 ypoBHB pacpocTPaHeHHOCTH
BpeAHTeY1efl H yaiep6e, Depmepbi ipHMeHqIOT rieCTHUH.bI rIPH 6oniee HH3KOM niopore Bpe,OHOC-
HOCTH. TaKoe peiueHie BeCeT K yBejiHqeH4Io 0IaCTOTbI H KOjiH'eCTBa riHMp HSme Mex neCTHIUHgOB.
He3HaHHe CTeineH 3944eKTHBHOCTH KOHKpeTHoro MeToga 3alMHTI MO)KeT ITpHBeCTH K ero H33lHU1He
HHTeHCHBHOMy IPHMeHeHHmo paaH cHHH)KeHH5 CTeremIHb riOTeHUHaJhi-bHoro pHcKa. (Feder, 1979 r.).
(DepMepbI, KaK H HeoCBeqomeHHme HcciegOBaTejiH HH C1ICfHaJIHCTbI 1o pacnpocTpaHeHHb
ceJIbCKOXO3,II4CTBeHHbIX 3HaHHI4 H TeXHOYIOrFH, CKJIOHHbI OTAaBaTb npegflOqTeHlHe COBpeMeHHbIM
TexHojiorSMm, a He TpagH1HOHHbIM MeToaaM.
11
14HTerpHpoBaHHasI 3aWHTa paCTeHHii
MHorHe clepMepbl 11pH BbI6ope MeTOaOB 3a11wThI npH6eraIOT K rioMOUlH KOHCyjBTaHTOB
rIO BOipOCaM ceJIlCKoro X03fl4CTBa, K KOTOpIM OTHOCITCS, rocy apCTBeHH CefceHaZJHCTbI rno
3aigfTe paCTeH4ii, ciieuxaJJ HCTbI no pacripocTpaHcHHlo CeJIbCKOXO35,rCTBeHHMrX 3HaHHf,
COTpyAHHKI opraH3aUHWi no c6LITy IeCCTH1HLOB 11H He3aBHCHMbIe KOHCyJIbTaHTbI. Bo MHorHx
cJiy'asix TaKHe KOHCYJIBTaHTbl HCI1MITMIBaIoT BJTH{IHHe peKiiaMHOfl AeqTejibHocTH arpoxHMH'eCKoR
rIpoMmIIeHHOCTH, H rIO3TOMY Hx peKoMeHgajUHH He Bcerna yqHTwIBaIOT YCTOW1HBOCTB
11pOH3BOzCTBa B aJ1rOCpOYIHOf' nrepcrieKrHBe 1111H 3KOHOMHqeCKyIo 3("eKTHBHOCTb. COBpeMeHHaS
TeH,ieHyHSI <<CBepxrIpHBaTH43HpOBaTb)> KOHCYJIBTaIHOHHie cyx6bi i cnyx6bI pacnpocpaHeH
CeJIBCKOX035IiiCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHR B HCKOTOpbIX cayqaax coKpaiiaeT B03MOXHOCTH 4jepMepOB
rIoJiyqaTb o6eeKTHBHbie peKoMeHgaauHH. C Apyroif CTOpOHLI, B HeKOTOPUX TexHojiorHNeCKHX
liaKeTax, peKOMeHAyeMbIX (rocyaapCTBeHHbIMH) CnKyx6aMH no pacnpocTpaHeHHio ceJIbCKO-
Xo33IiCTBeHHbx 3HaHHf B pa3BHBaioi0RXCcA CTpaHax, qaCTO yKa3bIBaIOTC3 3apaHee YCTaHOBJ1eHHble
CPOKI{ XHMHIQeCKOi o6pa6oTKIL HH1 apyrHx MepOnpAsTHR 6e3 y'eTa BO3,aeACTBHA CpeaCTB 3a=TbI
Ha 3,UOPOBbC cbepMepOB wnH co6cTBeHHoro CyxcAeHHS bepMepa, BMpa6OTaHHoro Ha oCHOBe
IlOJllyqeHHO1i HM HHd)opMauxx. (CM. riaBy 2).
npHMeqaHHs
1. CM. B Norton H Mullen (1994 r.) 0630p 3KOHOMw4eCKOH OLXeHKH rporpaMM H4HTerpHpOBaHHOH 3ai1UTbl
paCTeHHH .
2. B 60JIbInHHCTBe pa3BHTbIX CTpaH arpoxHmwHecCKas 14H.yCTpHa IUHpOKO peKnamHpyeTCq B
ceabcKoXo31IHcTBeHHofi npecce H 'aCTO cbHHaHcHpyeT npoBeaeHHe HayIHbIX i4cCjieaoBaHH Hi pacnpOCTpaHeHHe
ceRbCKOX03CRCTBeHHbLIX 3HaHHfiH H TexHonjorH. TaKaq ripaKTI4Ka nO,HHMaeT BOIIPOC 0 HC3aBi4cHMOCTH OCHOBHbIX
ciiycK6, IIOCTaBfjIfOmiLX HH1opMaLlHio ,inq cepMepcKoro coo6rueCTBa.
12
BoipocTli CeJriCKOX03aAcTBeHHoA IIOiHTHxH H 3awaTa pacTeHHA OT BpeasITete
2. BOHIPOCbI CEJIbCKOX035IAfCTBEHHOH HIOJIHTHKHI
H 3AIIUITA PACTEH14fI OT BPEVTaHTEJIEfI
B Tpa,KiHltOHHux CHCTeMaX 3eMAezeJiHA cyuecTCT B zIHamHIecKoe paBHOBecHe (Hu
3HzeeM1recKa5I yCTOIE}HBOCTh) Mexay MHOrHMH BpeIHTeJimH H riOjie3HEIMH OpraHH3MaMl.
OnipeaejieHHa� CTerieHB rioTepb ypoxKaq CIHTalOTCSI ripHeeMAMMH (CM. BCTaBKY 2.1), HO HX
riomoraeT orpaHHIHTb KOMIlneKC pa3HoO6pa3HNx H 3KoJIorHrecKH c6aAaHcHpoBaHHux Kcym,Typ (a
TaiCKe ceJlTXO3XMBOTHbIx H ,HKO1i rIpHpO;ThI). 3a riocieaHHe A5TLaeczCT iieT oTmeqaeTcs
o6WeMHpoBasI TeHaeHIIHAES HHTeHCH4)HKaulHH H MexaHH3aufm CeJL1CKOXO3s CTBeHHLX CHCTeM B
ueAsix IIOBbIIIIeHHI rIPOyQKTHBHOCTH H o6II eMOB rlpOaOBOJILCTBHA, qTO BO MHOrIx cTpaHax CTaIO
OCHOBHOH 3aaaqeRi 3KOHOMHIeCKOrO pa3BHTH5. B CBI3H C coKpaXeHxeM B03MOXcHOCTH
KYJIBTHBHpOBaTB HOBEIe 3eMn}{ rIpOH3BOaCTBO MO)xHO yBeZJIHTB TOjThKO 3a CqeT yBeffReneHH BbXo,a
rIpoxyX14HH c reKTapa. HHTeHCH4dHKaUH4 HIpOH3BOaCTBeHHI1IX CHCTeM TaICKe InpeC.ne,yeT ue.n
aOCTHKeHRS pocTa CeCJCKOR 3KOHOMHKH H 3aUHTMI iHo ,ylueBbIX ,OXOLIOB HaCeJIeHmSl./
CTpaTerHSl pa3BHTHS cee.IBcKOrO X03RACTBa: H3MeHeHHe CTNMYJIOB lpHmeHeHUH nIeCTHUH1OB
H4HTeHCHCbHKaUjH5 TIPOH3BOaCTBa CBsi3aHa C TeHZeHUiHef B03,aeJubIBaHHA MOHOKYvjTyp w
ripHMeHeHHS XHMHqeCKHIX MeTOaOB 3=UXHTLI paCTeHHR OT BpegHTeJieA. 3To HanpaBjieHHe
o6yciaBJIHBaeTCa HeCKOJrbKHMH cDaKropamH (B HeKOTOpOA CTerieCH CB53aHHIMMH CO cTpaTerHeR
CeJibCKOX03HflfCTBeHHoro pa3BHTHA), a TacKce MaKpO3KOHOMxqeCKOfi H oTpacieBofi HOJIHTHKOR,
iipOBOIHMOk IlpaBHTeJTbCTBaMH H O1UZepAKBaeMOAE OHOpaMH.
CTpaTerHA pa3BHTHI5I Ce,bCKoro X03,PfiCTBa OTKa3biBaeTCq OT Tpa4RuHOHHmX MeTOaOB
X03,IHfCTBOBaHHAI H riOHMepXHBaeT TeXHOhOrmIO MOHOKYJTBTYp H HHTeHCHBHOe )KHBOTHOBOaCTBO,
OaIHHM H3 io6oqHwX 3t4eKTOB KOTOPMIX ABjSieTCS C03,aaHHt HOTeHUVHajHbIX yCJIOBH S ai5A
6mc'rporo pOCTa rIOr Il,vJAIHH BpeHHTe.ieR i 6HoHe3Hefi, H pHCK aOCTxJIeHHS H 3rleMHqecKmX
MaciLTa6OB. ObHUHajiBHbIe CHCTeMbI CeJIBCKOX03,5lHCTBeHHbIX HcciiezOBaHHii, pacnpocTpaHeHEA
3HaHHIH H TexHojiorHfi pearHpyIoT Ha TaKY1O TeHaeHUHiO nyTeM pa3pa6oT1c BbICOKOypOxaEHix
COpTOB paCTeHHII (H BBIBeaeHH5 BNICOKOipOpoyKTHBHW(X IIOPOa CKOTa) B coYeTaHHH c
TeXHOJiOrx}eCKi4MH iIaKeTaMH XH4MxqeCKOff Hn7x MeaHKaMeHT03HOff 3autHThI. XOTS npHMeHeHHe H
pa3pa6OTKy IeiueBbX H 6bcTpoae1CTByIOunxx rieCTHI.IHOB H BeTepHHapHI MXeaHKaMeHTOB MOXKHO
paccMaTpHBaTB KaK 344eKTHBHLIfl H oIepaTXBHLIR cIIoco6 6opb66I c BpeaHTeJIAMH H 6o0e3HMM, B
aojiroCpO'IHOii IIepcrieKTHBe OH MOxKeT OCjOxHHTh npo6HeMy 3a11.tTbI B pe3yTaTe yHMToeHHA
3HTOMObarOB ("nOjie3HNX XYKOB" TaKHX, KaK 60XCs KOPOBKa H 3eMmqRLuIe qepBH, a TaKKe ITH),
iiomoraioIX KOHTpOJIHpOBaTh nOIIYJIAIIHH "BpeIHNX XYKOB" H yKpeITb eCTeCTBeHHibIe
3autfTHLIe CHCTeMi paCTeHHi H XGHBOTHIIX./2
13
4HTerpHpOBaHHa5l 3aHTa paCTeHHi4
BCTaBKa 2.1 Hot0xoA K 3aUxHTe pacTeHHiU B Caxeme (paioH CaBaHH K IOrY OT Caxapm)
B Caxene, rae npHMeHAleTcq CHCTeMa HeopoInaeMoro BO3,aeRbIBaHMa npoca, peUKo npH6eralOT K
HCHOJIb3OBaHHIO xHMMxeCKHX reCTHLIU OB BBHEY HexBaTKH KanHTanIa H BbICOKHX TpyAO3aTpaT,
HeCMOTpNS Ha TO, HTO nOTeHUi4aJIbHble rIOTepH ypOXcaf H3-3a BpeAHTejjei COCTaBJqIlOT flpHMepHO 40%.
,IOXOQZbl OT peanm3auim npogyKilmH CBepxnpOH3BOACTBa no MCCTHbIM PbIHOHHbIM CeHaM peRKO
OnpaBAbIBalOT KarI1Ta1IOBJIo)KeHHq Ha HpHo6peTeHHe HHceKTHLHxOB; 3TE )Ke HHBeCTHLIIHH HMmeH 6bl
6oibmmii 34bcbeKT, eciH4 6bl HcnOJ]b3OBajIHcb Ha HaeM pa6oTHHKoB ARA YHHITO)KeHHh1 COpHAKOB
(oCHoBHoro BpeUIHTeisl) HJnH Ha 3KCTeHCHBHoe rpoH3BOZcTBO. C apyroir CTOpOHbI, rieCTHgHabibi iHPOKO
HCrIOJIb3ylOTC. npH BO3Ae1blBaHHH TexHHMeCKHx KyJIbTyp, HanpHMep, XnOnKaO B pe3yJIbTaTe BePTHKaJIbHO
EHTerpE4pOBaHHbIX npOH3BOZCTBeHHbIX CHCTeM H KOHTpaKTHOrO 3eMjiezejiHg.
MeHblue BHHMaHHS4 yaeJIAeTca noa=epxaHxio reHeTHwecKoro pa3HoO6pa3A, B TOM
qHcjie COXpaHCHHIO 3HTOMOd)arOB, CeJICKULH paCTeHHJ'i H KIBOTHbIX, YCTORIHBBIX K 6oJIe3HA[M H
Bpe,aHTeiAIM. MaKpO3KOHoMHIecKas rlOJIHTHKa TaKX(e ciToco6cTByeT OpHeHTHPOBKe CeJIBCKO-
XO3SWICTBeHHoro IlPOH3BOaCTBa Ha rIPHMeHeHHC neCTHI]HAOB. UpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHa
rIOJIHTHKa 3KOHOMH']eCKOro pa3BHTHSI rHP Bezynxei pOJIH ripOMbIUleHHOrO ripOH3BOACTBa
conpoBoAgaeTcJq "Hajioroo6JIoxeHHeM" ceJIhCKOrO X03S1HCTBa (Korga ygep)KsaioTcs3 HH3KHC 1leHbI
Ha llpOROBOJIbCTBHe), qTO qaCTH'IHO KOMieIHCHPYeTCA 3a CqeT cy6cMHpoBaHHs CpCACTB
CeJIICKOXO35P4CTBeHHOrO IIPOH3BOaCTBa (Bi,Ioxa5L IeCTHUIHMHbI). POCT H3AePXCCK Ha Tpy,t,
BLI3BaHHbIA KOMMePLUHajim3aLI'i CeJIbCKoro XO3A]r4CTBa, IIPHBeJI K ,aaThHe1IuIeMy COKpaluCHHIO
TpaAHIIHOHHbIX TpygoeMKHx MeTOAOB 60pb6i c BpeAHTeji5MH.
npaBHTeJIbcTBa, 4OHOpbl H H36blToMHoe npHMeHeHHe XHMHqeCKHx IeCTHUH2OB
BO3pociiia 3aBHCHMOCTb CeJIbCKOX035AiCTBeHHOrO nlpOH3BOaCTBa OT nleCTH14HOB,
C4)OpMHpOBaBLua5ICA 6niarogaps CTpaTerH1M CeJIBCKOX03iHCTBeHHOrO pa3BHTH5i, CO BpeMeHeM
nlpHBena K yKperiJIeHHIO TeH,CHLaeHUH HCrIOJlb3OBaHxI MeTOaOB XHMH'eCKOH 60pb6bi C BpeaHTeIAMH
KaK ripeo6aiaiaaoiuei CHCTeMMI 3aUWTbI paCTeHH]i. B HacTogiiee BpeMsI npal4TeJIbCTBa MHorHx
pa3BHBaioiuHxc3i cTpaH MmexOT B CBoeM pacnop5KeHN14 CHCTeMy CTHMyJIOB, KOTOpaq noompseT
npmeHeHHe neCTH1IIH,zOB, a He 6o0iee 3K1oiorHqecia4 6e3BpeAHuIX MCTOaOB 143P.
HpHMeHeHCe IieCTHUHUOB nO,gepKHBaeTCi IlpsIMBIMH H KOCBeHHIIMH MepaMH,
rIpoBo,axmMbIMH iipaBHTejibCTBOM H xHMH'ieCKOfi npoMLIJeHHOCTbMO (CM. Ta6J.2.1), a Taxxce
iiOCpe,UCTBOM LUeHOBoro MexaHH3Ma (Waibel, 1994 r., Farah, 1994 r.). npAMoe rocyaapCTBeHHoe
cy6cHgHpoBaHHe 1[eH coKpawaeT 3aTpaTm cbepMepa Ha npMmeHSeMmIe riecTHIKMabI, TeM CaMMm
riLooup3LS ero yBenJHxIHBaTb MX 4CHOJIb3OBaHHe. Cna6ocTb HuH OTCYTCTB4e COOTBeTCTBYOILero
3aKOHoaTenBcTBa H nIpaBHi, H HeaAeKBaTHbIAif KOHTpOJIb 3a MiX co6uniogeHHeM TaioKe crIoco6cTByIOT
HeHaAjexaiemy rIpHMeHeHHIO rieCTH1HiOB. rIOMOlUb RByCTOpOHHHX H MHoroCTOPOHHHX
opraHH3aHiji B BHAe rpaHTOB HJIH Cy6CKgHpOBaHHbIx UXeH Ha ileCTHLH,ALI rlO3BoJIeT
IIpaBHTenJICTBaM pacripeeIi3TB rICCTHULHabI CpetH 4)CpMepOB JIH6o 6ecInaTHO, nH6o rIO HH3KOfl
JeHe. Bouiee Toro, OTCYTCTBHie HHcIopMaLLHH o6 aibTepHaTHBHMx, 3KOjiHorMIecKH 6e3onaCHrix
meTogax 3a=TMI crioco6CTByeT TOMy, 'ITO cuiyx6mI paCnipocTpaHeHI CejBCKOXO3AfICTBeHHbIX
3HaHHfI H TexHojiorH] 3axacCyToinponaraHaRpyloT ripMmeHeHw iTeCTHtgHOB (CM. BCTaBKy 2.2).
rIpaBHTemTCTBa KOCBeHHO cy6Cdh4gpylOT CTOlMOCTb iieCTHIlaOB xepe3 3aBbIUeCHHmIe
o6MeHHbIe KypcbI, 'ITO cinocO6CTByeT yBenIHeHHIO HX HMnOpTa; qepe3 rocyaapCTBeHHbIe
HHBeCTHLRHH B Hay'iHbie HCcJleaOBaHH5 H pa3pa6OTKy rieCTHIIHAOB, KOTOpLie He Bo3MeWaXIOTCS 3a
cxieT noTpe6HTeYIeA; 'iepe3 oco6ie (OpMbI rioOU~PCHHA BHeUIHHX H BHyTpeHHHX IHBeCTMRIHil B
14
BornpoceI ceJibcKoXO3RHCTBeHHOHf nOJIHTHKH H 3aUIHTa paCTeHHIi OT BpeaHrTeIieH
IIPO03BOXaCTBO rIeCTHUHOB (HanpHMep, 6eCn xOxHHuII HMHOpT CpeXCTB IIPOH3BO)CTBa H
HaJIOrOBbIC JIbrOTmI). flOTHmKa, C03oaaioxa 6aptepbI Ha flYTH BHI-apeHH5 HOBbIX TexHoAorHi
(HanpHKMep, AJIHTCJIbHbIM, CJIOXHbIi H ,flopOrOCTOiujHii IIOpMOK perHCTpaunH CeMAH yJy'ieHHLIX
H yCTOiPqHBLIX K 6one3HmM COpTOB paCTeHiiR, HIH OTCYTCTBHe 3aWiHTbI HHTejueKTyaJrbHOii
co6CTBCHHOCTH), TaKxKe orpaHH'HBaeT cjepMepoB B BbI6Ope TCXHOJior0lH 3aLxHTbI paCTeHHAI OT
BpeAH{Teieii.
Ta6Anua 2.1 fipAmbie u KOCBeHHbie Mephi, cHoco6CTByIOwUHe pNMHeHeHHIO neCTHEHLAOB
HpHMle MepblI KOCBeHHbie MepbI
IJeHOBMe baKropb HeieHOBbMe laKrOpbLi IeHOBbMe llaKrOpbi HeuexoBbie caKropbx
* FocyaapcTBeHHbc * rocyaapcTBeHiHa * KoCBeHHbme * rocyaapCTBeHHaM
e1HOBbiC cy6cmawn. Tio31THKa, HariplMep, rocyaapcTBeHB-ie flOJIHTHKa, HanpHMep,
* rocyaapcTBeHHoe npHMoe y'facTHe Cy6CHJHH. Haioroo6AoxeHHe.
flPOH3BOaCThO H rocyaapcTna B c6lrre. * rlepeoueHKa o6MeHHBix * TexHo31orwiecKaa
pacnpe.ieneHle. * Cia6oe mTH KypCOB, cnoco6cTyiouas nJnIOHTHKa,
* Cy6cwaHpoBaHme HeHaaRexamee HMriopTy necThwtaoB. orpaH'{HBa]OIuas
pacxozioB qacTHbix 3aKoHo3aTeC1CTBO 0 * rocyaapcTBeHHaA BHeapeHHe 3KOAOIIrwCCKH
npOH3BO31HTc31eC necTHUHaax. HHBecTHuHoHHaA 6e3BpeaUMIX TeXHOjiOrHA
neCTHUHIoB. * Cna6oe BbITTO31HeHHe rlozlCepXxKa HayqHbix (3anpeT Ha BB03,
* Be3HianoroBasi npo3aaKa (114 HCBbMO31HeHHe) Hcce2mOBaHHm OTCVTCTBHe 3amwmI
riCCTHUHLIOB. npafBH3 0 IpHHMeHeHHH rIecTHUIIOB. HHTeJIeKcyaJIbHJ.x nrpas
* nIpHBa3Ka rieCTHUHDOB; XOHJI14HKT * CTHMYJTbl raU npHMMX co6cTBeHHocTH).
cy6c&HxHpoBaHmoro HHTepecoB. BHeluHHx H BHyTpeHHHX * Cia6aa (iHH
Kpez2HT H CTpaXOBaHHH K * rlponarai-a rieCT141H3OB HHBecTHIIHA, BKIioqaSI HecylLecTByiomuaA)
HCTIOJIb3OBaHHIO roCyzIapCTBeHHblMH TTPOH3BORCTBO 3KoQ3orfqecKas rlO3IHTHKa.
neCTHUHIOB. cJIyIK6amH c.x. reCTHIHnOB. * ToproBaA rapaHTHa aiA
* JbroTHLie HMITOPTHbie KoHCyAbTaljHA. * nowHTKa MHHHMaJiiHOA C.X. cpeacTB npOH3BOaCTBa.
noIMTIHHbI H o6MeHHbMe * focyaapcmBeHHas 3apa6oTHoH nmaTm, * HeHaanexcawHe y'ie6Hire
KYPCbI fPH HMnIOpTe flO3IHTHKa no 3alume BbI3bIBalOlUaq riporpaMMm cHcTeMbi
rIecTHUHloB. paCTeHl4fi OT BpezaHTenlel, 1HCKpHMIHaUH1o ripOTHB pacnpocTpaHeHHiO C.X.
* BioaKeTHoe HanpHMep, noaaepxcxa TpyaoemKHX, 3HaHHV H o6pa3oBaHms.
4)HHaHCHpOBaHHe 6Opb6bl pCKIiaMHpoBaHHH HniH 3KOJIOrFJeCKH 6e3BpeaHrx
C. MaCCOBbiM riOIBieHHeM XCCuIeIOBaHHH rleCTHUH,OB p1OH3BO31CTBeHHbIX
c.x. BpeaHTe3ie1. (HcTpe6nieHHe Bper4Tene$eH; TexHon1orHH.
* fleHoBble cy6cwHvH cneuwHamboe * BbicoKe HMfiOpTHLie
opraHH3aliHA-;IoHopoB. 3axKOHOaaTebCCTBO nO1HHbM Ha
* ,EOHOpCKHH4 ipaHT H13H oTHocHTe31bHo a31bTepHaTHlBHbIe
HOMOIIUb no npoqpHnaKrqYecKHx Mep). TeXHO31OrHH.
cy6cwa14poBaHHI0 3aTpaT * HpO XHMHqecKHA HaCTpoH
Ha necTHUH1abi. nPOMblieiCHHOR
HH4pOpMaB1HH H ciyxc6 c.x.
KOHCyJIbTaIIHA.
AKrHBHOe 31o66H
neCTHuIHOB 13H C113bHbIe
3aHHTepeCOBaHHbie B 3TOM
rpvnnbi.
HcmozuHUK:Waibel 1994
HefloCTaTKm4 B 3KOJIOrHMeCKOi IIOJIHT4Ke TaicKe ITpeLTTCTBYIOT InepeopHeHTaUi Ha
cTpaTerHIo YCTO,lNHBOrO pa3BHTH51 HIH CAepXCBaiOT npHMeHeHHe KOppCKTHripyoU4X Mmep. Jrax2e B
Tex cIyNaax, KOria HIpHHHMaeTC5 COOTBeTCTBY]OJjee 3aKOHOgaTeJIbCTBO, OHO qaCTO OKa3MIBaeTC5
CJIHUIIKOM CJIO)KHIM ,JUIA npaKrmeCKorO BMIIOJIHeHHI. rlpaBHTeJBCTBa MOrYT KOCBeHHO 1OojipTB
HCrIOJlB3OBaHRe IIeCTHL4Hf0B iTyTeM rOCygapCTBeHHOi noT AepIKKH ceJILcKOXO3SkflcTBeHHrIX
Hay'HLIX HccIieaOBaHHii, KoHiUeHTpH10py1OUHX BHHMaHHe Ha TaKHX HanpaBJIeHHqx, KaK pa3pa6oTKa
HOBbIX BHAOB nTeCTHUIOB, MeTO4TI HX rIpHMeHeHHS, TeXHoJIorHH paCTeHHeBoACTBa,
OpHeHTHpOBaHHbIe HCKJl0ll4TChIbHO Ha BbICOKHiH ypOBeHb ipHM4meHeHHL BBOQHMEIX peCCycoB H
BLICOKHil YPOBCHL rHpoH3BOSCTBa. BaHKII TaKxKe MoryT coaeiiCTBOBaTB nIpHMeHeHHIo IIeCTHJJKfOB,
IIPHB4B3bIBa5I KpCe,HTI K KOHKpeTHbIM TCXHoJIorHxLM, B TOM 'IcJIe H K npHMCHeHHio rIeCTHLH[OB
(Thrupp, 1990 r.).
15
14HTerplpoBaHHaa 3aIHTa paCTeHiHl
HHor,aa HaLHOHanJbHLIC IepaBHTeJIBCTBa npiHMCH5UOT 3UKOHoga2TJIBHBe aKra o rleCTHUixL aX
B UeMasx 3awxrTMI CO6CTBeHHOIf arpoXHMHqeCKOlOl XHaYCTpHH. B HeKOTOpBIX cny'xasx TaKoro poja
3a14HTa pacnpocTpaHreTca Ha YCTapeBCBeIH npoxgeccu f npoH3BogCTBa, Inpe,rnpHATHS, He
co6ino aioiHe TeXHHKy 6e3onacHocTH, HA BMirryCKaioUe BpegHylo npo,yKLrno, qTO
IIpeAITCTByeT ripoHHKHoBeHHIO Ha BHyTpeHHHIf pLIHOK HOBLIX H 6e3onacHmrx rpOtyKTOB.
lIpegirpHaqT 110 IIPOH3BOQCTBY lieCTHIUHaOB qacTo HCfOJlb3WOT lpaBHITesJILCTBO B ueasx
pacumpeHHu pLIHKa c6u'Ta CBOA IpIOayK]{HH, B pe3yJIbTaTe nero nTponIaraHARjpyloTca KOMrTLeKCHLIe
TexHojiormecKHe raKeTHI, Kyga BXOJa3IT CeMeHa, ygo6peHwL H ITeCTHg4I; OKa3MIBa1OT Iowgeprxy
IPHKJIa,aHLIM HCChieaOBaHHIM 1T0 iipHMCHeHl10 HeCTHfHOB; 4IHHaHCHPYIOT cJyZX6bi
pacIIpocTpaHeHHs CeCJbCKOX03SlHCTBeHHLIX 3HaHlt, IponaraHaHpyloufe HpHMeHeHHe rleCTH-
1JfOB.
BCTaBKa 2.2 irHTerpwpoBaHHaA 3aauXTa paCTeHHfi KaK JHHdOpmaUHOHHOeMKaM cHCTeMa
BBHUY TOro, 'qTO pa3HbIX Bpe2IHTeflef4 npHBhIeKalOT pa3HbI paCTeHHa, H 6opb6a C HHMH Tpe6yeT HHAIHBHIayaJbHbIX
CTpaTerHii 143P, x4HTerpHpOBaHHaa 3aUHTa paCTeHHHi B 3HaqHTeJIbHOh CTerIeHH IoHHpaeTC Ha HayqHbIe
HCCnejIOBaHHA H o6pa3oBaHHe. H4MeHHo o6pa30BaHH4e HayqHT tpepMepoB nOHHMaTb H npaIBHJTbHO HCnOJhb3OBaTb
HHC)opMaiHKIO Ha TaKOM ypoBHe, HTTO5bI OHH MOrJIH C yBCpeHHOCTbhO OTKa3aTbC5 OT flpaKTHK4 <oflpbicKHBaHHI5
no;ief no KaJIeHgapio>>, nepeRTa K ripaKTHKe HaGIoKaeHI4 H yqeTa, BbIHBJIRTb H npejaynpex(aTb 3a60oIeBaHHI4, H
HauIaeCTBHe BpefHTenieii, H ripHMeHHTb XHMHKaTbI TOJbKO no Heo6xoQHMoCTH.
PeryalpHbIrl o6Mex HHC)opMaLU{eii cpegm 4C)pMePOB noMoraeT npaKTHKC Ha6IIO4eHHSR; HanpHMep, 4epMepbi
MoryT coo6maTb a Bbl5BJIeHHbIX HacCKOMbIX no TenecjOHy, I4JI14 BCTpv4aTbCSi Ha eAKeHeaeJIbHbIX co6paHaHx, rue
MoryT o6cyxcaaTb OT'eTbI a Ha6JloLIeHH4ax, BcIThIIUKH 6one3HeTH, HamieCTBHe BpeJAHTe;leP, peKOMeHaOBaTb MepbI
6opb6bI.
flpHMemaHHns
1. O6cyxczaeTcs BOnpOC o npeHMymeCTBax IUHpOKO npHMeHAeMbIx nOHSTHt4 3KOHOMHqHOCTH H yCTOIIqHBOCTH
CHCTeMbI BbICOKHX BJIOKeHIHH - BbICOKOHi OT2aaqH (BbICOKHH YPOBCHb BBO1HMbIX peCypcoB - BbnCoKue o6teMb
npoH3BofCTBa) no cpaBHeHHio C CHCTeMOII HH3KHX BJIO)KCHH141 - HH3KO9 OT4aqH (NRC, 1989 r.).
2. B 6o0ee IIIHpOKOM nOHHMaHHH 3HTOMOq4arm MOryT BKAIOoaTb orbLIJIHTeJieCi, MeCTHbIX H HHTpOfAyL4HpOBaHHbIX,
HanpHMep, MeAOHOCHbIX rIleJ.
16
14HTerpRpOBaHHaa 3aiIHTa paCTeHHiM
3. HHTerpHpOBaHHaq 3atlUHTa paCTeHHUiiH HIHCTpyMeHTbl roCyJaapCTBeHH0OH
HOJIHTHKH
CyigecTByIoT BeCKHe nIpH'IHHLI 1ip}MHeHeHHI aKTHBHEX rocyAapCTBeHHIIX Mep,
B03,aeiiCTByIO IHX Ha Bm6Op TeXHOjiOrlHi XHMHqeCKOf4 HIiH HeXHMHqCCKOi4 3aUVTLI OT BpeaHTeJIeR.
3TH IlpHWHbI OCHOBIIBa1OTC5 Ha aBYX ciiejyioLuHx dcaKTopax:
� Bo3ae6cmeue npufmeHefMbix necmuL4uaoe Ha oxpyicaioou.yIo cpeay u 3aopo6be 4emoeeKa:
HMeeTCA B BHAY BpeaHoe Bo3J,ejiCTBHe Ha 3aopoBBbeqeJIoBeKa, HaqHHaL c OCTporo OTpaBJIeHHS H
BMICoKoro PHCKa paKOBEIX 3a6ojTeBaHHi cpeaH Tex, KTO pa6oTaeT C XHMH'qeCKHMH BeLUeCTBaMR,
H 3aKaHxIHBaA 3arpI3HCHHeM IlpOAYKTOB IHTaHHA OCTaTOWHbIMM IiCCTHUHAaaMl (CM. BCTaBKY
3.1). KpoMe Toro, YqHTbIBaeTCS UHpOKoe Bo3XICeICTBHe XHMHKaTOB Ha oxpy)KaIouPio cpeAy, TO
CCTb BO,ay, IIoqBy H pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe opraHH3MbI, He riotjiexaiL[He geJIeBofl o6pa6oTKe. TaKHe
pHCKH BM13MIBalOT oTpHuaTeJIbHbIe BHCIuHHe 344ieKThI, KOTOpbIe BJIeKYT 3a co6oi4
MaTepaJIbHbIe 3aTpaTbI aJIA o6uleCTBa ii yujep6 ,uims oKpyxaioiueii CpegmI. O,aHaKO 3TH
MaTepHaJIbHbIe 3aTpaTbI, KaK IIpaBHJIO, He HaXOgAT OTpaXKeHH5 B LjeHOO6pa3OBaHHH, He
oIiJaqMBaIOTCa roTpe6HTejisMH H HH B KaKOi copMe He KOMneHCHpyIOTCS/1. B TaKOil CHTyaLHH
Ha6Jmo,aaeTcs1 pacxoXeCHHe Mexgy 3aTpaTaMH qacTHoro noTpe6HTeJIL H H3rAepAKKaMH ,ii
o6uWeCTBa, T.e., 10o4JIHHHbIMH "COUaA4bHbIMH H3,4epxxKaMl". TaKlM o6pa3oM, Korqa c TO'IKH
3pCHHS o6iijeCTBa YpOBeHB HcriOJIb3OBaHmS rIeCTHIJHZOB SIBJISICTCS HeOrITHMaJIBHIM, Tpe6yeTcs
rocyzapCTBeHHoe BMeluaTejibCTBO.
� AepOHOMUCeCKue nloCJeaCm6'wq npumeHeHUS necmU(UO06:
rJiaBHaa npo6JLeMa COCTOHT B nOSBjeeHHH rorIyjLURHi BpeHTeiiek, yCTOI4IHBbX K Uef1CTBHIO
rleCTHUMOB (Georghiou, Mellon, 1983 r.). B TaKHIX cayqasix MOxeT 6L1Tm IIOAopBaHa
yCTOf4lqHBOCTb ripOH3BOaCTBeHHbIX CHCTeM, BBEHy pOCTa H3MeHTIHBOCTH POH43BOXaCTBa H
CHHxeHHS 3KOHOMHlleCKoii X3HeCrioCo6HoCTH. B KaqeCTBe rpHmepa pC3HCTCHTHOCTH K
XHMHMeCKIM riperiapaTam MO;KHO nIpHBeCTH c4OpMRpOBaHHe CoripOTHBiLeMoCTH K IIHpeTpHHy y
ryceHHLbI COBKI XJIOIKOBOIi, 'ITO BEI3Banjo pe3Koe coKpallUeHHe IIpOH3BOACTBa xjioT'aTHHKa B
KYHTae H H,IH,HH B 1994 r. H IIOBUIUeHHe MHpOBMiX ieH Ha XJIOrIOK. B o6emx cTpaHax 3Ta
ripo6JleMa CB5I3aHa C OTCyTCTBHeM 3C4eKTHBHOrO peryjiHpOBaHMS c6mITa lTeCTH]HAOB. rlpH
HeCipaBHJbHOM lipHMeHeHim HCCTHUH,fOB MOryT 6bIcTpO Bo3paCTH 'aCTHbIe H COUHanJIHbIe
H3AepxcKH no 6opb6e c BpeaHTeYI5MH. CollHaabHbIe H3,aepxGH yBehIH'HBalOTCq B CBSI3H C
B03,ae4CTBxeM X14MHKaTOB Ha 3,2OpOBBe :enIOBeKa H oKpyx(aioulyIO cpeay./2 HenpaBwbHof
IIpaKcrHKe ripHMeHeH4 rIIeCTHUHAOB cdnoco6cTByeT OTCYTCTBHe 3HaHmiI o6 aBjiTepHaTHBHbIX
MCTozaX 3aUHTI paCTeHHii H4HH HaBNIKOB Hx IIpHMeHeHHsL.
nepeoueHKa pojiH rieCTIH[OB B ceCJbCKOM XO3JLfICTBe Ha'aJaci 40 neT Ha3ag, rnocue
BMIXOAa B CBeT iny6uHKaui.H PeiNeu KapcoH "Mojma1nHBasi BecHa" (Farvar H Milton,1992r.).
OuHaKo J1H1LLb B nociieaHHe HeCKOJIbKO neT npo6uIeMa, peIluaBuiascs Ha TeXH'IeCKOM YPOBHe
(HanpHMep, 3aliHTa pa6OTHHKOB, HeriOCpeACTBeHHO pa6OTaiougx C rieCTHgHAaMH, a TaKxKe
noTpe6HTejieA; KiaCcq4)HKaUH5 neCTHUH,oB H 3anpeT HCnoJLb3oBaHHA HaH6ojLee oiTacHbix
17
143P H HHCTpyMeHTh rocyaapCTBeHHOii IIOJITHKH
LLIOXHMHKaTOB), BKTIOqeHa B IIOBeCTKY aHS rOCyAapCTBeHHOIt H AOHOpCKOA HOJIHTHKH B o6aacrTH
CCJIJCKoro XO33IHCTBa. 3To CB53aHO C TCM, qTO 4OKyCe BHHMaHHS OKa3aJIHCL He TOJILKO o6teMbI
CCJbCKOX03AflCTBeHHOrO HpOH3BOACTBa, HO 3KO3IOrRHCcKH yCTOiPHBOe yripaBjeHHe llpOH3BOf-
CTBeHHLIMH CHCTeMaMH, qTO orpaXeHO B cornauiemAax IOHCEjJ no floBecTKe tHH 21.
BCTaBKa 3.1. 32aopoBbe 9eAoBeKa
Yrpo3a 3,0POBbUO YenoIBeKa HaH6oJIee ApKO npoSBASeTCH B pa3BHBaioiitXcS cTpaHax, rae nonIb3oBaTeIn{
neCTH1IJHOB MaJIoo6pa3oBaHHbI H HMe1OT TIJIoxHe cpeaCTBa HHaIHBayaibHOi 3amiTbl xsia pa6oTbl C neCTHI4HAaMH.
OcHoBHoe BHHMaHHe yaensieTC5c OCTpblIM oTpaBJIeHH3M, CBH3aHHbIM C HCnpaBHJIbHbHM xpaHeHHeM, ripMmHeHHeM
XHMHKaTOB H OTCYTCTBH4eM cneuoAexczbi. rlo ogeHKe BceMHpHoiI opraHH3aUHH 3apaBooxpaHeHHH (BO3,1990 r.) 25
MJIH. 'ieJIOBeK B pa3BHBaioLHXc5 cTpaHax MoryT nocTpaaaTb OT OTpaBBieHHI rneCTHIHAaMH Ha flpOH3BOACTBe. Ha
o6uaeM 4OHe rIpiHMeHeHHq neCTHUHAOB 1OJIi nIocTpagaamHx OT HX B03IekICTBHq, B OCHOBHOM, flpHXOfHTCH Ha
pa3BHBaIOIrHecH CTpaHbl, rge HeYAOB eTBOPITenI HMCHAIOTCH MepbI 6e3onaCHoCTrH fpl4 pa6oTe C XHMHKaTaMH
H3-3a HerpaMOTHOCTH pa6OTHHKOB H cna6oCTH npaBHJI H HOpM. ZJoonroCpoMHbie rocJeICTBHH BO3[eCACTBHl
neCTHUHAOB (paK H JpyrHe Y YHKUH4OHajibHbie HapymeHHa opraHHA3Ma) nnoxo goKyMeHTHpyIoTcq. Rola H Pingali (1993
r.) pa3pa60Taanr IHHelHoe ypaBHeHne xJnA ripoc'eTa 3aTpaT Ha 3upaBooxpaHeHHe, KOTOpOC BKjiioMBaT TaKHe
napaMeTpbl, KaK Bo3paCT, Bec H pOCT, KypeHme Him ynoTpe6JleHHe ainKorojiq, o6mHe H OTHOCHTeuIbH$Ie [03bi
p14HMCHeMbLIX riCCTHUJHOB.
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B pacriopSIKeHHH IIpaBHTeCJbCTB HMeeTCT geiubi psig IOJIHTHMCKHCX H perJIaMeH-
THPYIOWHX HHCTpyMeHTOB, CTHMYJIHPYIOIIHX fipHMeHCHHe 3KOJorIecKH 6e3BpeAHoA H
3KOHOMHqeCKH UeAecoo6pa3Hoii fpaKTHKH 3aui{TbI paCTeHHH OT BpejHTeJlei. HaH6oaee Ba2KHbIe
HHCTpyMCHTI nepeqHcisnHoTcsi HH)KC (BapHaHTNI npaKrHiecKoro ITPHMCHCHHA TaKHX HHCTpyMCHTOB
o6cyxgaloTCA B pa3Laejie 4):
* CO3AaHHe CHCTeMbI, nppeaycMaTpHBaloluei IIOBbMIucHHe HH4OpMHJpOBaHHOCTH
rocyaapCTBeHHBIX JIHU, HrpHHHMa1o0lUx nojIHTWqecKHe peuleHHa, a TaicKe nioTpe6HTeaefi
H npOH3BoaHTeJIeii o6 onacHoCTH ripHMeHeHHui neCTHJUJAOB.
* Pa3pa6oTKa HopMaTHBHofi 6a3b1 ArI3 o6ecneqeHHa Haguexaixero H 6e3onacHoro
npOH13BOnCTBa, pacrnpeieieHHA H HCIOJIL3OBsaHH5 neCTHUMAOB.
* nepeopweHTMpoBKa CeCJICKOXO35IHCTBCHHOH H 3KOJIor]HueCKOu IOJIHTHKH Ha
rlpHMeHeHHe HHTerpHpOBaHHOi 3aUxHThI paCTeHHi4, BBegeHHe COOTBeTCTBY1OU1HX
3KoHOMHMecKUX CTHMyJIOB B BHLC HaJIOrOB H CieilHaibHMIX C6OpOB Ha fCCTHgUHbI,
BLI3bIBIHOWX OTpHUaTeCJbHble BHCeUHHe 3cjceKTbI; KpaTKOCpOqHoe cy6CHAHpoBaHHe
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S44eKTOB.
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peryYI5IpHOi mHcopMamgH 0 MeToaax 6opb6u C BPCeHTeJI3IMH H TexHoJIorHAx, B TOM qHCJLe
aOCTaTOqHbIe 6IoaxCeTHbIe OTqHcJCeHHA Ha HCCJICAOBaHHI4, pacnipocTpaHeHHe CeJIECKO-
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BMeiUaTeCJbCTBa llpOBO0LHTC5 C y'eTOM CHTyaUHH H yCJIOBHA] B KOHKpeTHOH cTpaHe. HOTOMy IipH
pa3pa6oTKe Mep rocyaapCTBeHHorO BMeluaTCJIbCTBa KpHTHIeCKyIO pOJIb HirpaeT y'eT MeCTHbIX
B03MO)KHOCTeHi H Oco6eHHOCTei CeJTECKOX03,LCTBeHHOro ceKropa.
18
I4HTerpHpOBaHHasI 3ai~HTa pacTeHHif
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HCIrIOJT3OBaHHe rCCTHU1HfOB (CM. pa3,Reii 2), BbIpa6aTbIBaaHcb B nlepHog OTCYTCTBHSA HH4OpMagHH o
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AaaBjeHHe Ha rOCyxapCTBeHHwIe BjiaCTH, Tpe6ya peryjiHpOBaTB IIPOH3BOaCTBO, TpaHCIIOPTHPOBKY H
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H3P Heo6xoaHMo o6eciie'HTb rOCyAapCTBeHHbIe HHBeCTHIHH B CHCTeMy o6pa3oBaHHA H cpeaCTBa
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npecuienyloTc3i cnienyioiaHe OCHOBHUIe geiiH:
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* IpocfHjiaKTHKa 4bOPMHPOBaHHSI yCTOPIHBOCTH K ReCTHJfHgaM B [eueiBbix H He ixeiieBIx
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pa3Hoo6pa3HbIx MexaHH3Max (Ta6n. 3.1). OpraHbI peryjiHpoBaHH4 MoryT orpaHH'HTb, o6Y1o)MTh
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TOBapoHpOH3BoACTBeHHOfi CHCTeMbl H MOHHTOpHHra YCTO2NHBOCTH K neCTHviHgaM. BBe1aeHHe
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CHCTeMbl C YMeTOM npeo6uIaAaiowmx o6cTosITeJIcTB B KOHKpeTHOM4 CTpaHe.
MexaHH3M perHCTpallHH neCTHLHaOB Tpe6yeT, 11T06bi H3rOTOBHTeiH iipegaoCTaBHJH
Ha,jiexcauywo HHH4copMauIHIo, aOKa33bIBaIouo 6e3oiiacHoCTb H 3q4eKTHBHOCTb ripHMeHeHH5
KOHKpeTHOrO rieCTHLHga B oco6Lix cuiyqaqx H B COOTBCTCTBHe c pa3pa6oTaHHwMH HHCTpyKUHRMH.
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TaKHle Xe Tpe6oBaHH5 npeabTIBJMIOTC5 K pemname H Har[5HbIM noco6HAM. TaiKxe MOx(eT
CyU.eCTBOBaTb Tpe6oBaHHe o6 HCIIbITaHHH H oLgeHKe KOHKpeTHbIX npO,xyKToB. TaKHe Mepbi, KaK
jiHUeH3HPOBaHme H CepTH4bHLIHpOBaH4e, HeO6XOaHMbi LanJ TOrO, 'To6LI iHILa, pa6oTaio=e C
19
143P H HHCTPYMeHTM rOCyaapCTBCHHOR nOJITHKH
IIeCTHU4HAaMH (pa6oTH14KH ilpeInpIpTTi4 H HacTHLe iiHLta), rIpOeMOHCTpHpOBaJIMH crioco6HlocT
BbIIIOJIH3ITb YCTaHOBJieHHbie iipaBHjia H lIOKa3aJIH 3HaHH5I, inOJIyCHHmae Ha KypCax o6yteHwH.
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flOJLb3Y HX IPHMeHeHHA B zipyrxx cTpaHax. XOTS yKa3aHHa5 <<TO'qKa OTcqeTa> He6ecIIoJIe3Ha,
per,HcTpaJHA XHMHKaTa B apyrofi cTpaHe caMa riTo ce6e He rapaHTHpyeT ero IIpmrO,4HOCTH B CTpaHaX
C OTJIHI'HMMH CHCTeMaMM 3eMjieAeJIA, nOrgrOTOBKH 4)epMepOB, MeTOaaMH 3aUHTLI H
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arpoXHMHKaTOB. pacnrpocTpaHmTeim.
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(HoBoro cocTaBa, HOBOrO cymecTBylom;Hx arpo- pacnpocTpaHHTeimr
npe,iHa3HaqeHHql). XHMHKaTOB B IojnroCpoqHo0
nepcneKTHBe.
3anpeT BpeaHbix IIecTTIUHJoB. * 3anpeT npoztnac H HpoH3sBOHTeCH, pa3pa6oTqHKH,
npOH3BOzCTMa. pacnpocTpaHHTeJn H KOHeqEHble
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HHCneICIuK; HaKa3aHHe 3a pacIIpocTpaHHTeniH H
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conpoTHB3CMeocTH nplHHUHTJTJIbHoe yqacTne pacrIpoCTpaHHrTeji.
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perHcTpaurno, c6opa c iiOJTb3OBaTejieR w HaJIoroB/3. YCTaHOBKa cTporuix Tpe6oBaHHA ripH
jiHLjeH3HpOBaHHH H CePTH41RKauRH, B3HMaHHe riiiaTI 3a perHCTpaUHIO H ITpoq14X c6opoB B
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HacwIlUeHm1 pbHKa HOBOii, 6o0ee 34XeKTHBHOR H 6e3onacHoii TpoAyKuHei.
20
14HTerPHPOBaHHa$I 3aIIHTa paCTeHHit
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yKa3aHHOrO rIpHHuHIIa OCcjOo)KHReTC51 BBHRY CJIOXKHOCTH H pacxoaOB 110 BIS3IBJieHHIO cy6beKTa,
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c6opoB, KaK TipaBHJO, noxUKpenriqeTcqI 3aKOHo,aaTeJIbCTBOM, oroBapHBaIouuHM uITipac1bI 3a
Heco6jlloeHHe npaBHJI, xajIaTHOCTB H HapyIueHHe YCTaHOBjieHHIIX HopMaTHBOB. B teZiom,
Hajioroo6jio)KeHHe iieCTHULHOB npeACTaBJeT co6oi 6o0ee Fm6KHiai HCTpyMeHT, YeM npHHHHn
<(BCe HJIH HIero>>�, IpHMeHsieMbiH Ip1H perlCzCTpaUHH XHMHKaTOB (TO eCTb, rieCTHLAHA 31H60
pa3peUlialOT K HpHMeHeHHIo, JIH60 3anpeWalOT), OaHaKO Hyxaamj B 6o0ee CTpOrHX (H 6ozee
,goporoCTo0I9Hx) mepax no o6ecneqeHHno ero BbIrIojLHeHma. frIojiyeHHbie HazjorOBbIe iiOCTyriLieHH5
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3aUHTMI paCTeHHiVi H yKpeTieI-HH5I yCTOfl'IHBOCTH ceJIicKoro XO3sriiCTBa B ueZjOM. TeM He MeHee,
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3aBHCHMOCTH Hay-HO-4Cc1eaOBaTeJIBCKOi aeslTeJIbHOCTH OT rtpogawu rieCTHgHAOB. B cTpaHax
EBponeiecKoro Cob03a, a TaKxKe apyrmx rocyuapcTBax (Bonny H Charles, 1993r.) cepbe3Ho
paccmaTpHBaeTC.I B03MOXKHOCTb ripHMeHeHHS npHHHiTSa "3arp$I3HHTejib rmaTHT" B LueJIx KOHTpOJLS
3a HCrIOAb3OBaHHeM neCTHJIHaOB. B CIEA (LuTaT AVIOBa) riOCTynIJIeHH5, noXyqeHHbie OT
Hajioroo6jiox(eHii neCTRUH,OB, HanpaBBJ31IOTC5 Ha 4�HHaHCHpOBaHHe HccJIeaOBaTeJIbCKOi4 pa6oTLI
nio o6ecne'IeHHno yCTOIxIHsBOCTH CeJIbCKOro x03,qiiCTBa. B CIUA cy,qe6Haa ipogexypa 5BJ1eTC5
o6LUenpHHsqTbIM HHCTpyMeHTOM, KOTOpbIR IICIIOJIb3yeTC5 ripaBHTejibCTBOM, IIOCTPpaaaBIUMMH
xiaCTHbIMH JIHWaMH HJIH rpynnoifi 1HLJ, aJIA OUeHKH yluep6a HIHI HaKa3aHH3I 3a Hapy-uieHHe 3aKoHa,
xazjaTHOCTb HJIH HeCo6JuogeHHe YCTaHOBBJeHHbLX HopMaTHBOB. B TaKOi4 cHTyaLHH cyae6Hoe AeIo H
CBSI3aHHbdI C 3THM PHCK - Ba)KHbii ibaKTOp, onpeqejIno=uni nOBe4IeHHe 11OTeHIHajIbHbIX
"3arpq3HHTejiefi".
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aJI nponaraHbi 3KOjiOrHYecKH 6e3BpeAgHIX TipHeMOB 6opb6W C BpCeHTenJIMH MOryT
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noagepxxa Hcc1e,LOBaHHii, pacnpocTpaHeHqu 3HaHHia H TeXHoj1ormir. HanpHMep, B gezuix
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pa3pa6OTaTL KpaTKOCpO'HbIe nporpaMMbI npe,goCTaB3IeHH rpaHTOB aZA 4)epMepOB, npHMeHA1iUHX
1I3P. TaiGxe Cy6cHMax 3KOHOMUiYeCKM OTipaBaaHbI, rIOCKOJIbKy CTHMYJIHPYIOT qeJ5TcejbHoCTb
"TIepBonpoxogLieB", ripoKja,bIBaIoiuHx nyTI. AAR I11pOKOMacduTa6Horo BHepeHCHH H13P, nyTem
Harj1ZHoR AgeMoHcTpa:tHH ee ripaKTHiecKHX pe3yjibTaTOB. HanpHMep, npe,aOCTaBj1eHHe nepBoro
rpaHTa cbepMepCKoR rpynTne aisi ripHMeHeqHH5I 1I3P, MoxKeT rOZOjKHTb Ha'Iajlo KoiLTeKTHBHOi&
nporpamme Ha6mIozeHI.q 3a Bpe,HbIMMU opraHH3MaMH HJIH HCnoJIb3oBaHrIno XpyrHx MeTOaOB
KOHTPOJIA 3a BpeCHTeji5iMH H yKpCnHTb KOHTaKTbi Meexy 4TepMepaMH.
21
1I3PH HHCTpyMeHTM rocyaapcTBeHHoIA IIOJITHKH
BCTaBKa 3.2 Pery.HpOBaHHe ripUMeHeHHM nIeCTHUUUOB B ue.,iAx npegoTBpauleHHA 4)OpMHuOBaHHR
pe3HCTeHTHOCTH
B TO BpCMeI, KaK 650IbIn14HCTBO ripaBHJI KacaeTc.9 Ka'ecTBa u 6e3OnacHOcT14 Me,HKaMeHTOB HnJ1
leCTH1LUH,OB 4 rpe,gycmaTpHBaeT 3aIUTY nOAb3OBaTeJieg H oKpy)Kaiolegi cpeXabI, B HeKOTOpbIX cTpaHax
TaKCKe peryii4pyeTcq i4x nplpHMeieHHe. LUe.nb TaKOrO peryJIHPOBaHH51 COCTOHT B TOM, 'ITO6bI
rpe,aOTBpaT14Tb 6bIcTpoe cbOPM14POBaHHe YCTOAI1HBOCTH K ,ICieCTBH1IO reCTH141UHOB. IlpHMeHeHHe
HHceKT14UH14OB lIPOTHB XJIOrIKOBO14 COBKI4 14 apyrHx CpeaCTB 60pb6bl C XJIOrIKOBbMM4 BpeaUTenjiMH
CTporo perynipyeTC51 B TaKHX cTpaHaX, KaK ABCTpaIiHS, 3HM6a6Be H B HeKOTOphlX EaTaTax CILIA, B
pe3yzbTaTe qero 3Ha'q1TeJIbHO yBenIiiHJncsi CPOK nojie3HOIo aeAiCTBHR HHCeKTHLHZ,OB Ha OCHOBe
nHpeTp1Ha. HarIpOTHB, 6eCKoHTpOJIbHaq TOprOBJII HHceKT14L9H,AaM1 B MH,HI H K1Tae ripHBeIia K
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B03eCJIbIBaH149 XJIOIKa B o6eC4x CTpaHax. rlO4O6HbIe ripaBHnia ripMeHfflOTCq ripi4 HcCnOJIb3OBaH1H41
Tpi4riaHOCOMHbIX ripenapaToB ;LJiq JIe'eHMSI CKOTa B HHrep1H HU pyrHx cTpaHax A4pHKH.
HayzfHble uccaedoeaHw?, pacnpocmpaHeHue ceA7bCKOXO3AuCmeeHHbIX 3HaHUU U mexHOuOeUU, o6yzieHue
CywecTByIoijjasI BO MHOFHX CTpaHaX TeH,CHLeHUsH cHHaHCHPOBaTb HayqHbIe 4ccJIe,eo-
BaHH5I, pacnpoCTpaHeHHe CeJIbCKOXO35ii4CTBeHHbIX 3HaHHR H o6yqeH4e, ripegycMaTpHBaiouie
ipiHMeHeHHe reCTH1MHaOB, 5BjiSeTC1 OTBeTHOH peaKlHeH Ha HCKa)KeHHe 3KOHoMHqecKHx CTHMYJIOB,
B pC3yJibTaTe qero HCKYCCTBCHHO CO3,aalOTCA YCJIOBHJ AJIAS cHHaHCHPOBaHHS3 CBq3aHHbIx c
XHMHKaTaMm HCCJIetOBaH4W. TaKaJl TeHZeHUH5 CBULzeTeJIbCTBYeT o6 3KOHOMH4qeCKOR CHle
3apy6exHoi4 H OTeqeCTBeHHOH 1HHyCTpHH npOH3BO4CTBa IleCTHLjHaOB, HMe1OLIHX BO3MO)KHOCTb
pCKiaMHpOBaTb H cjHHaHCHpOBaTb 14CIIOJIb3OBaHHe 3aiaTeHTOBaHHbX TexHojorHecKmx TiaKeTOB.
rlpaBHTeJIbCTBa MOryT CTHMYJLHpOBaTb COUHaNJbHO OpHCHTHPOBaHHbIH H ITOqTH OrITHMa)buHbIH
KOMriiJeKC Hay'HbIx HcciiegOBaHHR H npaKTHtIeCKOii ae5Te3IbHOCTH iryTeM nocJIezoBaTeJIbHoro
IplPMCHMeHeH BbIInIIerepexHCJIeHHbIX 3KOHOMH'qeCKHX H iipaBOBbIX pbIqarOB, 'ITO BbI3OBeT 3c4)eKT
COIIOCTaBJ1CHH3I CTOHMOCTH rfCCTHL,40OB C COL[HabHbMIMH H3AepxKaMH, H TaKlIM o6pa3oM
CTHMYJIHpOBaTb CnIPOC Ha aBJbTepHaTHBHbIe TexHojiorHH, BKJIOqa 143P (CM. IpHMepbI ycneiLiHoro
nepexoAa OT reCTHAH,1OB K 143P B Ta6ii. 3.2.). XHM4IqeCKaq HH,ycTpHA TacKie 6ygeT
3aRHTepeCOBaHa B HHBeCTHPOBaHHH CpeaCTB B pa3pa6OTKy 3KO3IOrHqeCKH 6e3BpeRHbIX
TexHoJIorHiH/4.
XOTS B AojiroCpO'IHOH repcieKrUBe ripHopHTeTHbIe HaripaBjieHH5 B o6inacTH Hay1HbIx
HCcjie,OBaHHA, paciipoCTpaHeHH5 CeJlbCKOX03.UiiCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHA H o6y3eHHq ,O)HbI
H3MeHHTbCg B COOTBeTCTBHe C 3KOHOMH'eCKHMH H HOpMaTHBHO-npaBOBbIMH yCJIOBHMMH, B
HacTosLuee BpeMA y)Ke cyLeCTByeT pL1A BapHaHTOB 10OOWPeHHSq BHCepeHH5i 143P nyTem npOBeaeHHs
COOTBeTCTByIoLueii IOJIHTHKH B o6nacTH HayHIHX HCCJIeXOBaHHi4 H TeXHOjIOrHH. OrHH H3 11OAXOAOB
COCTOHT B OUCHKe H H3MeHeHRH (B cIiyae Heo6xooiHMocTH) opraHH3aIIHOHHOfi CTPYKTyPLI
HCcJieAOBaHHH H pacfipocTpaHeHHSI 3HaHHf C R1O3HURH oco6eHHOCTeir H3P B KOHKPeTHbIX
yCJIOBHsqX. aeUeHTpajiR3OBaHHbID4 xapaKrep HCcJIeaOBaHHH, pacnpocTpaHeHHa CeJIbCKO-
X035fACTBeHHbIX 3HaHH1 U o6y'eHHs (KOTOpbxe npOBOaATCS B HenocpeaCTBeHHOf' 6JiH30CTH OT
c4epMepcKHx noiieii) Mo)KeT OTBeqaTb MeCTHbIM nOTpe6HOCT5M H TeM caMbIM cIoco6CTBOBaTb
BHeApeHHIO H3P. PacnpocTpaHeHHe (repeaaqa 3HaHHi4) TexHojiorH'ecKHx riaKeTOB,
pa3pa6OTaHHbIX B HayMHO-HCCJIe,4OBaTeITbCK4X CTaHUH53X, npOBORHTCf C MeHbuLLM ycnexoM.
BHeApeHHIO 143P cnoco6CTByeT geieHTpan43aUHA B YCTaHOBKe rpHOPHTeTHbIX HanpaBieeHHi
Hccne, oBaHHi4, OpHeHTal]4A Ha H1OTpe6HOCTH 4)epMepOB, cbHHaHCHPOBaHHe H BO3HarpaxKeHHe
HccJiC,aOBaTeJIbcKix yqpexLeHHi4. Hay'Haa rIOJIHTHKa B o6iaCTH 6opb6bI C Bpe,lHTejIIMH TacKxe
Mo)KeT 6bITb copHCHTHPOBaHa Ha KOHKpeTHbIe HOTpe6HOCTH pa3JlIHqHbIX InpOH3BOCTBeHHBIX
22
I4HTerpHpOBaHHasI 3auUHTa paCTeHHIi
cHcTeM. rlpH pa3pa6oTKe HaytHoro npoeKra H ero alHaJi3e Heo6XoZRMo COCpe,OTOlqRTL BHHMaHHe
Ha rIOTCHLHaJBHbIX COHaJhHbMX H 3KOJIOrHqeCKHX <3aTpaTaX H BuIrogax� .IH6o rryTem nIOOUIPeHl
MHoro0 HUHClHUfiHapHbiX HccjieAOBaHHi, JIH6o iyTeM 11iaHHPOBaHHR Io3TanHOrO YTBep1KAeHHA
IIpoeKTa, KOrga yqHTbIBa]OTCSI yKa3aHHbie acneKrbi. CAegyeT HpogyMaHHo 4)opMHpoBaTL MHoro-
ripocbHIbHbIe HayqiHo-4CcJIeAOBaTejibCKHe rpyruiI H OripegejmTb HX 3aAaHHA BO H36exaHHe
KOHc)jiHKroB <<oxpaHsieMOR TeppHTOpHH>>, B qaCTHOCTH, MexAy cIyx6aMH no pacripocTpaHeHHo
ce3BCKoXO3JPACTBeHHLIx 3HaHm4, 3alXHTbI paCTeHHH HAH BeTepHHapHIMMH cnyx6aMH (Rolling H van
de Fliert, 1994 r.).
Ta6inua 3.2. IlpHMepbl ycneWHioro BHeApeHsi 143P
KvnbTvpa CTIpaHa 3deKT
CoeBbie Bpa3HJIIn B TeqeHHe 7 IieT ipfMmeHeHHe rieCTH1lHAOB
6o6bi COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 80%
PHC lHH{Ig (OpHcca) CoKpaTHJIOcb EHCflOJb3OBaHHe Hi-iceKTHUHaoB
PHc 14HAOHe3HR HcUORb3oBaHme neCTHILIAOB
coKpameHO Ha 60%
XAori,aTHHK HHKaparya B 70-x lriMHeHeHHe
neCTHUIA0B COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 30%
PamnKHbie Ky6a B 80-x i4cnoJIb3OBaHHe neCTHInHAOB
KYJIbTypbl COKpaTHJIOCb Ha 80%
MexayHapoawHbIe corJalueHHs H KOHBeHUUH
C Haqaria 80-x rO,OB yqpeKeHHIA, BXoa5WHe B COCTaB OpraHH3aILHH O6ieAHHeHHblIx
HauHui, BbICTynalOT C 1HHLtHaTHBo4f no 3aKyJoqeHHio MeXZYHapOAHbIX ZRoroBopoB 0o rpHMeHeHHH
iecTTH1HAoB/5. HanpHMep, (DAO (rIpoAoBJmbcTBeHHaI H ceejbCKOXO3s4iCTBeHHaI opraHH3agq
OOH) BMIIYCTHJIa pag lnO,pO6HbIX PYKOBO,ACTB nIo 3aKyHKe, ToproBJIe, TpaHCrIOpTHpOBKe H
XpaHeHHIO neCTHUNHOB nIo, Ha3BaHHeM "MexyHapo0HMii KOgeKC IIoBegeHHAs no
pacripOCTpaHeHHO H 11pHMeHeHHIO necTHeuTHIoB" ((DTAO, 1990 r.). KogeKC oxBaTbIBaeT Bce acineKrm,
BKJuOIa3i rIoJIox(eHHsI o perylJIipOBaHHH ripHMemeHHHs H rIpaKTHKC rlpOH3BOACTBa neCTHUHAOB.
FIPHHAITle rOJIOoKeHHi4 Ko,AteKca ipOTHCXOAHT Me,UIeHHO, IIOCKOJIBKy HIX OCylueCTBJIeHHe HaXO,4;HTCc
B pyKax CTpyKTyp, KOTOpbIe 3aHHMalOTC3I He TO1IbKO 3auHTOrli CeJIbCKOX03I4iCTBeHHbIX paCTeHHii, HO
H pacnpee ieHnem HeCTHR}HIOB.
OTHOCHTeJIIHO HeZAaBHO 06WenlpHHATbie MCAyHapOZtHwIe HOpMb 6op16Mi c
BpegIHTeiAMH 6IJIH IOIIOJIHeHbl HOBbIM r1oj1oxKeHHeM "CorJiacHe c npeABapHTenbHoro noniyqeHsA
HHcbopMauxlH" (prior informed consent/ PIC), KOTOpOe np1OBOHl4TC5I B AGH3Hb (DAO H IOHEn. B
COOTBeTCTBHe C 3THM ZAOKYMeHTOM coAep)KaWHeC3 B CIIHCKe rlpOAyKTbI, (Te, KOTOpIie 3anpelueHw
HJIH CTpOFO orpaHHoeH I B p5iAe cTpaH) MOrYT 3KCIlOPTHpOBaTbCSI JIHUEb B TOM cjiyiae, ecjIH cTpaHa
pacIojiaraeT IOJIHOi4 HH4)opMaltHeii 0 XHMHKaTe H gaeT 11oToxHTeJleHoe corJIacHe. flepBbI}i
CIIHCOK, coLIepACaBWHi4 12 HaHMeHOBaHHj4, ceiPiac BKJIHO'aeT 39 xHMHKaToB. B HacToAuWee BpeMA
TaKoe coriiaLuieHHe rio,rIHcaHo 120 cTpaHaMH.
B03 BBeJia HOBLIA MeexcyHapoAHbIii CTaHzapT, corniacHo KOTOpOMy neCTHLIH,gbI
K10acCHtHpYIOTC.ITo CTerieHH opajibHOil TOKCH'-HOCTH ,Aim MJLeKOnHTaIOUHx. rIpeACTaBJIeHHbIe
AaHHbIe cjiyIKaT HHdopMaUHeA' 0 HaAjIeX(alUHX HOpMax, BKJlioqaSl MaKCHMajiBHo aoIryCTHMCe
OCTaToqHMie YPOBHH rleCTHHRAOB, yKa3aHHMie B corJIIaweHHm o <Codex Alimentariuso
(npoAoBoJmcTBeHHbIfi KOgeKc), KOTOpbI4i SBj1SeTCA OCHOBHLIM AOKyMeHToM, peryAHpY1OIIUlM
KaqeCTBO CenbCKOX03Pi;CTBeHHOi npOLgyKI14H. MeXQyHapoZHbIe KO,AeKCbI 1H coriaiueeHH
23
113P H HHCTpyMeHTm rOCyaapCTBeHHOJi IIOJITHKH
OKa3bIBaIOT OIIOCpCeOBaHHoe BJIHSHHC Ha MeTOgbI 60pb6bi C Bpe,HTeiSMH B pa3BHBaiouiHXC1
cTpaHax (CM. BCTaBKy 3.3).
TaKHe corlIalIleHHA H KOgeKCI cjiyxcaT HCTO'qHHKOM UeHHO1r HH43OpMaaHi H H o6pa30oM
YCTaHOBJICHHMIX CTaHaapTOB IIpH BBefeHHI B aeCCTBHe HaUHOHajiLHOrO 3aKOHoaaTeJIBCTBa, TaKHM
o6pa3ysa coKpaluai pacxoAm Ha HHtopMaLUHIO H COBepiUeHHe cgeAOK. TeM He MeHee,
HeIIOCpeaCTBeHHOC BJIHHHeC OrOBOpOB H KOgeKCOB OrpaHWqeHHO, H, KaK B 60JIbUmHCTBe cuiyqaCB C
gOrOBOpaMH, KOTOpme 3aKiiOoqa]OTCs Ha ao6pOBOJmHOMi OCHOBe, HX IIOJIO)KCeHH 3waICTYIO He
BMIIOJIHsIIOTC5I (Fleishcer, 1994 r.). aoroBopLI, co,gepxawHe KOHKpeTHLIe o6A3aTeJiLcTBa no
nO:3TarlHOMY npeKpaiueHHno HCIIOJIb3OBaHH5 orpeaeYeHHIX POYKrOB (HarnpHMep,
MOHpea.iBcxi HZ IpOTOKOJI), HMelOT 60.mblue rpaKTHqeCKOii CHJIbI, KaK H co6JiboAeHHe CTpaHaMH-
HMrIOPTepaMH KeCTKHX CTaH,aapTOB MaKCHMaJIBHO gOrIYCTHMbIX OCTaTOqHbIX ypOBHeHl ITeCTHULH,OB B
BB03HMO II rIpOyKUHH. OCHOBHiM acneKTOM, HipaioiuHM po0nb IIPH 3aKIioCeHHH meyHapoAHEIX
AOrOBOpOB O rieCTHLgAax, SIBrIAIeTC5I TOT 4)aKT, qTO TOprOBJIA ITCecTH4JHMaMH, 6yAyqiH
KpyITHOMacuITa6HOR MHpOBOR HH,HlyCTpHWfi, 3aBHCHT OT apryMeHTOB 0 CBo6OAHOA ToprOBJIe, KaK H
rio6oAi pyro ii poayKT HJIH ToBap. B cwiay 3Toro perynJIHpOBaHHe 1IeCTHIIUAOB lpeC,CTasBji5eT Co60H
oTAeJThHM1'i BOIlpOC B paMKaX corialueHHri FATT H HAO)TA, HO He C TOqKH 3peHH5L OXpaHbI
OKpyKaiolueiR cpeabi, a B ruiaHe CO3fIaHH5I HecCnpaBeRJ14BbIX TOPrOBmIx 6apbepOB. CoriiaieHHe
rATT pYKOBOaCTBYeTCA rIojioxceHHAMH rlpO,xOBO.mcTBeHHorO KogeKcaCa H 6o0iee xceCTKHC HOpMbi
OCTaTOwHOrO co,gep)KaHHA ieCTHIgHOB, qeM MaKCHMaJIbHO ,onyCTHMbIC YpOBHH B KoAeKce, MOryT
paccmaTpHBaTbCsI KaK TOprOBbIfi 6apbep.
BCTaBKa 3.3 Ha3BaHHA HeKOTOPbIX MeeXyHapOAHbIX opraHH3aLHi, coriauweHHH H KoHBeHllHH no nHcnof06b3oBaHHI0 H
npolaawe neCTHIJHAOB/ 6
* IlpOAOBOJIbCTBeHHaa H ceJIbcKoXo35H1CTBeHHaSi opraHI3aalid5 OOH ((DAO) BbInYCTHiBa pa noapO6Hbix
PYKOBO,aCTB 0 3aKynKe, ToproBJIe, TpaHClIOpTHpOBKe H xpaHeHHH neCTHIUHAOB B COCTaBe <(Mex,kiyHapOXHoro
KoAeKca noBeaeHNH, npi pacnpe4eneHI H H InpHMiHeHHH neCTHIUHAOB>> (GDAO, 1990 r.). DAO TaK)Ke BBeJ1o B
,aeicTBHe npaBHJIo <,CoriiacHe Ha OCHOBe npeABapHTeJIbHO9 HH4)opMaLUHH>>, BKA1ol4eHHoe B <'MeXayHapOAHbIl
KOAeKC lOBeaCHH5I>;.
* HPOZOBOnbcITBeHHbul KOQCKC (Codex Alimentarius) yCTaHaBJIHBaeT o6ulHe CTaHaapTbl KaMecTBa H OCTaTO'IHOrO
CoAepxKaHHA XHMHKaTOB B npOgyKTax nHTaHHq. B KogeKce YCTaHaBJIH4BaeTC5I MaKCHManbHoe coaepxKaHHe
OCTaTOIHbIX neCTHIUHXOB B pa3JIHqHbIX BHIaaX ceJIbcKOXO35IHcTBeHHbIX H fIJIOXOOBOIUHbiX npoglyKTax.
* OpraHH3aumq a(bpHKaHCKOrO eaIHHCTBa riozQOTOBHMJa #3aripeT Ha NMIIOPT B A(4PHKY N TpaHCH paHHHbie
IepeBO3KH no TeppHTOpHH A,PHKH onacHbIx OTXOAOB>> (KoHBeHLXHH B BaMaKO) (OAE. 1991 r.).
* B JIOHAOHCKOM pyKOBO,CTBe aeTaJIbHo pa3pa6OTaHbI npHHUHrIbI <'06MeHa HH4)opMaLUHe4 0 XHMHKaTaX B
MeX.yHapOaHOH ToproBjie> (1OHEHI, 1987 r.).
* OpraHM3anUH 3KOHOMHMeCKOrO COTPYZgHHNleCTBa H pa3BHTHN (09CP) BblIUYCTHIia <'PYKOBOXaCTBO no 6opb6e C
BpeAJHTeJIHMH H ripHMmeHeHHio neCTHUHOIOB zo]I areHTCTB nIOM014H)> (03CP, 1990 r.).
* 06iee cornalneH-He o TapHmtax H TOPrOBjie (FATT) H CeBepoaMepHKaHcKoe cornanleHHe o CBo6O0lHOA
TOproBjie (HAq)TA) CTaBST uenb rapMOHH3HpOBaTb npaBnia TOprOBJIH, BKJIiOa5i perynJIHPOBBaHHe TOPrOBJIH
neCTHLxUaaMH H MeAHKaMeHTaMH. B COCTaBe BceMHpHOH Op-aHH3aUHH 3LapaBooxpaHeHHq HMCeTCq pPg
KOMHTeTOB, KOTOpbIe 3aHHMalOTCq BOripOCaMH TOprOBJIH necTH1HUZaMH, B TOM 'IHCJIe, KOMHTTblI no CeCjbCKOMy
XO3SIiCTBy, CaHHTapHbIM H (pHTOCaHHTaPHUlM MepOnpHRTHRM, TOprOBjie H 13KOJIOr'HH, rOCyzapCTBeHHblM
3aKyrIKaM H TeXHHIeCKHM 6apbepaM TOprOBJIH.
* MoHpeajibcKHN npOTOKOJI (1988, 92, 95 rr.), aOKyMCHT 0 3aripeTe 4)HHaHCHpOBaHHq MHOrOCTOpOHHHMH
4HHaHCOBbIMH opraHH3aUHRMH BedecTB, BbI3bIBaiOMiHx HCTOM;CHHe O3OHOBOFO CjiO5 (3anpeiaeHo
ipiHMeHeHHe MeTNji 6poMHaa, IIIHpOKO HcnojIb3ylOIeroca B cejibcKOM XO3sRHCTBe B KaBeCTBe dbyMHraHTa).
(IOHEn, 1994 r.).
24
HHTerpHIpOBaHHasI 3auxTa paCTeHMii
rIpHMeqaHNs
1. B KaqIeCTBe npOCTOrO npmCepa ytie`a BHeinH3X 3b)C4eKTOB, CBS3aHHbIX C BO3aeHCTBHeM OHOro neCTH4tHU a Ha
rITHL, CM. James (1955 r.)
2. Cy6cHX4HpoBaHHe leCTHIItH,AOB TaKxce roUHHMaeT BOnPOCbl coiCHajibHoro paBeHCTBa, nOCKOJIbKy 6onee
COCTOSITeJIbHbie bepMepbI m KOpnOpaUmH H3B3ieKaIOT H3 cHTyaLHH 6oRmme Bbiroz,, eM MeJIKHe 4epMepEa. MeAiaHe
4epMepbI H ceJIbXo3pa6oTHHKH iaCTo rlOBCepraeTCg 6oIbHieMy pHCKy OTpaBjieHHq neCTHLHAMmH HiuH noTpe6jieHH5I
3arp.q3HeHHbMX XHMHKaTaMH npOOYKTOB IHTaHHq N BO,bl.
3. )KecTKoe peryjiHpoBaHje HHoraa BbI3bIBaeT 3azepxcKy HCIOJb3OBaHR60ne 60.iee 6e3onacHbIx 6HojiorHIecKHx H
Tpazi4HHOHHbIX MeTOaOB 6opb6bi C BpeCHTeuISMH, BBHAY Toro, qTO orpaHHtl4HHOCTb pbIHKOB c6buTa 3aCTasBJIeT
H36eraTb xZoporocToiiero npoiecca CepTH14UKai4HH.
4. B TO BpeM51 KaK HHAYCTPHI nlpOH3BO,aCTBa neCTH14H,JOB rlepBOHwaaIbHo CTpeMHi4aCb K BbInYCKY r1eCTHUHAOB
mHPOKOOXBaTHOrO aer1CTBH5I, 3KoJIOrMH'ecKHe npo6uieMb H y)KeCToqeH4e perynJHPOBaHIH ripHHenJIH K pa3pa6oTKe
XHMHKaTOB KOHKpeTHOrO iAerieBoro ACeCTBH51. XOTA yjiyImeHiCe i4enesoro ZeHCTBHR XHMHKaToB coKpamaeT
3KOAormOHecKHe p4CKH, yBejiHneHHie pacXOAOB Ha pa3pa6oTKy neCTHIjHaOB H TI031yqeHH51 pa3pemUeHHq Ha HX
upHMeHeHHe, a TaKxce cyxKeHHe PbIHKa rp1PBOAI4T K POCTy UeHbl Ha TaKHe npO,yKTbl.
5. YVLHTbBaq pa3HOUJiaHOBOCTb HHTepeCOB, TaKHe corjiaifeHHiM oTpa)Ka1OT HHTepeCbi iUHPOKHX KpyrOB
3aHHTepeCOBaHHbIX JIH4. MHoroHaLIHoHaJbHbIe KOHrn3oMepaTbl KOHTPOI14pY1oT OCHOBHYIO tIaCTb MHpOBOso
HHIIYCTPHH nleCTHI4HZOB, H BBHay HX MaCmTa6HOCTH H 3aHHTepecOBaHHOCTH B paCiuHpeHHH reorpa4)H'feCKoro
OXBaTa, OHH OKa3bIBaIOT CyUeCTBeHHOe B.HIHlHHe Ha peCYhIHpOBaHHe H HCfIojIb3oBaHHe nleCTHIIHX40B (nuH60
HanIpAMYIO Ha KOHKpeTHbie npaBHTejibCTBa, 3460 Ha MecAWyHapoaHbIe opraHH3aU4KH, HanpHMep, Groupement
International de Fabricants de produits Agrochimiques/MexQyHapoaHbIu C0103 npoH3BOAHTejiefi arpoxMmH'eCKO9
npOAYK4H4, IIpoAoBoIIcTBeHHaq H cejibCKOxO35IIiCTBeHHaq opraHI3aIH5l OOH (qPAO), KoMHTeT Codex
Alimentarius, BceMi4pHasa opraH43aumq 3zpaBooxpaHeHHH). C Apyroi CTOpOHbI, HenpaBHTejibCTBeHHbie
opraHM3au4H (HanpHMep, I'IHH4opMau4S o 1erCTB14H rieCTHgIHAoB, (DOHA 3aI4TbI OKpy)Kaiowegi cpeabi H gpyrme)
IoRIMpKHB0lOT PHCK HCIIOJIb3oBaHi4SI neCTHN14210B, nporiaraHZHpyIOT a3IbTepHaTHBHbie MeTObI 3aIIIHTbI, aKTHBHO
uo66HpylOT, BbICTynlla B no4zepXCKH rIoJIHTHK14 H npaKTHKH liapTH4 3ejieHbIX>>.
6. 3aAaqH H pa6o0He IIiaHbI yKa3aHHbIX opraH3agHti MOX(Ho Hal4TH no c3e1y1omlHM agpecaM KOMnbrOTepHo0
ceTH:
Basel Convention: http://www.unep.ch/basel/
Codex: http://ftp.fao.org/waicent/faoinfo/ECONOMIC/esn/codex/Default.htm
FAO: http://www.fao.org/WAICENT/FAOINFO/AGRICULT
/AGP/dafault.htm
Montreal Protocol: http://www.unep.org/unep/secretar/ozone/issues.htm
OECD: http://www.oecd.org/ /
OAU: http://www.rrapide -pana.com/demo/oua/bamakoco.htm
UNEP: http://www.unchs.unon.org/home.htm
WIO/GATT: http://www.wto.org
25
1HHTerpHpOBaHHaSI 3aIUHTa pacTeHHif
4. CTpaTerHsI BHeapeHHs HHTerpHPOBaHHOH 3alllHTbI paCTeHHH
OHIT IlpOBegeHgR niporpamm HHTerpHpoBaHHOf4 3alHTbI paCTeHJA B cTpaHax APHIpKH,
A3HH, JIaTHHCKOfi AMepHKH H CIlA (KarIHclopHHsq) npeAcTaBsjieT co6ok iUeHHbie ypoKH quA
pa3BHBaiouHXxcq cTpaH (Teng H Heong, 1988 r.; Wiebers, 1993 r.; Kiss H Meerman,1991 r.; Murray H
Nathan, 1994 r.). OnbIT noKa3IBaeT,I qTO ripH UIHpOKOMacduTa6HoM BHe,gpeHHH 13P HYXKHO yqecTb
LABa KJloqeBMIX CTpaTerHqeCKHX KOMIIOHCHTa:
* C03,aaHHe paBHbIX yCJIOBHf{ RJTq pa3HbIX MeTO,4OB 6opb6MI C BperHTeJMMH, YTO
03HaqIaeT OTKa3 OT IIOJIHTHKH, npoinaraHgi4pyiowefi 3KOJIOrHqeCKH HCYCTOWIHBbIe
npiHeMbi 6opb66I C BpeCHTeJlMH, H yKpemeHHe HHCTHTYTOB peryJIHpOBaHHA.
* BbIIROIHeHHe MepOflpHSITHlf, 6JIarOrIpH3TCTByIOUU{X BHegpeHH1o 143P liocpegCTBOM
4jOpMHpOBaH5KI o6weCTBCHHOrO MHeHHS, rio,CepXKKH Hay3HO-HcCJIeLoBaTeJ>BCKoHf
AeATeIBHocTH, pacpoCTpaHeHs ceJIbCKOXO3JHCTBeHHbIx 3HaHH1 H TexHojTorHji,
o6yreHHsi; TPH 3TOM 11o2IepKHBaeTc5I pOJib aeiUeHTpa32H3aLHH H HHHLUHaTHB,
OpHeHTHpOBaHHEIX Ha cbepMepa.
flepBbii KOMIIOHCHT HeO6xogHM aiil cOPMMHPOBaHHA 6JIaronPHSITHbIX YCJIOBHii ]rLs 143P,
O,aHaKO 3TorO HCeoCTaTOYHO aJI3L 4HTeHCHBHOrO BHeIpeHH5I HHTerpHpOBaHHOHi 3aUHTbI paCTeHifH.
BTOPOIi KOMIIOHeHT Heo6xoRHM, HO He3d4eKTHBeH 6e3 nepBoro. B HaCTo5jlXeM pa3Aene
o6cyxcgaeTCsi 31beKTHBHOe HCIIOJIb3OBaHH4e 3THX aBYX HHCTPYMCHTOB, CTHMYJIHPYIOWi4X BHe)RPeHHe
143P. npl4BepxKeHHOCTb KYPCY 1H3P H Tpe6oBaHHe nIo ero BbIIOJIHeHHIO C TOYKH 3peHH1 nHOjIHTHKO-
opraHH3agH0HHlJX nepemeH CJIO)KHbI, rIOCKOJIbKy BMIXORUT 3a paMKII OTpaCJIeBbIX ipaHH1t H Tpe6yloT
HPOBegCHHI MCpOIIpHITHH KaK Ha MHKpO-, TaK H Ha maKpo ypoBHe. Oco6oe BHHMaHHe
Heo6xoQLHMO YaCJIHTb riOChiigOBaTeJIbHOCTH H ueJIeBoR HaTIpaBJIeHHOCTH KOHKpeTHbIX
MepOnpHITHii, 'T06bI CBeCTH K MHHHMYMY 3KOHOMH'ecKHe 3aTpaTbI, CB5I3aHHbie C H3MeHeHHeM
IOJIHTHKHI, B OCo6eHHOCTH4 TaM, rqe MOXKCT C�OpMHPOBaTbC5 1HJIH yKperiHTC5c ofilIO3H1RUH
IpOBO,HMbIM npeo6pa3oBaHHisM.
Focy,aapcTBeHHasl nOJIHTHKa no BHeapeHHlO HHTerpHpOBaHHON 3aUl4RTbI paCTeHHH
Pa3pa6oTKa OCHOB rOCyZapCTBeHHOR IIOJIHTHKH IpHMeHeHHS 143P SBjseTCi
Heo6xO,HMoR CTyneHb]O B peanl43axHH CTpaTerHH 143P Ha HayHOHanIbHOM ypOBHe. HeKoTopbie
cTpaHLI y)Ke cgeiaaim Imar B 3TOM HaripaBJIeHHH, HanpHMep, Ky6a (Rosset H Benjamin, 1994 r.),
I4HAoHe3Hsi (Kenmore,1991 r.), HHaepAaaHgbI (Vijftigschild, 1996 r.) H CELIA (USDA/ARS, 1993 r.).
rlpeHMyWeCTBa TaKoro noaxoaa COCTORT B TOM, qTO nporpamma pa3H0o6pa3HbIX MepOIlpHTiTHH no
BHCegpeiHo 143P, KaK Ha YpOBHe 3JxiMeHTOB rocygapCTBeHHOi{ ITOJIHTHKH, TaK H Ha YPOBHe
npaKTH'ieCKoro BHCapeHH5 143P B xo3sHHCTBax, pa3pa6aTWIBaeTCsi Ha OCHOBe e,HHoro H JIorH'ecKC4
nocJIe,oBaTeYIbHoro peuieHmsA. TaKoe pelneUHe MOX(eT 3aSjOX1Tb OCHOBY AJS KOHCyJIbTauHfHi CO
BceMH 3aHHTepeCOBaHHLIMm JmLlaMH, qTo6bI o6eCneHqHTb IIIHPOKyio HHCTiHTygHOHanbHYpo
no,mepXKy B03MO)KHbLiM paaHKaJIbHbIM H3MeHeHHSM (CM. BCTaBKy 4.1 H 4.2). 14 HaKoHeL, SRCHO
26
CTpaTeriA BHeapeHRA 143P
BbIpaeKeHHa,5 flO3HULHSl ripaBHTevJbCTBa B OTHOIueH[H BHeapCHHA 143P CTaHeT MOUUH{IM CHrHaJiOM
A,3 BceX y4acTH1rKoB 3Toro npouecca.
BO3HHKaeT BOIIpOC, Kyga B HHCTHTyL.HOHaJIbHOM ruiaHe BITHCElIBalOTCS riOJIHTHKa Iio
BHeapeHHIO 143P H ee HHCTHTYUOHaHJ1bHbIC OCHOBLI? IIOJIHTHKa BHepeCHH51 H3P CB13aHa iHe
TOJIbKO c ceJIbCKHM XO35qiHCTBOM H JieCOBOACTBOM, HO H C rocyaapCTBeHHLim yNpaBZcHHem
oKpyxKaioIef cpe)tor, HayLIHOi geqTeJILHOCTOIO H pa3pa6OTKOH TexHoJIorHl, IIpOH3BOaCTBOM H
o6pa3oBaHmeM. CylUecTByeT CHEHa5I B3aHMoCB53b MCexzy nepeHcCJIeHHEIMMH c4epaMH, Bm6opOM
BapiaHTOB BHeapeNHis H3P H 6o0iee IIHpOKO]r4 npo6.ieMoii YCTOiPHBoro pa3BHTH5 cenBCKoro
XO3.IHCTBa H 1pHpHQOaHbIX pecypcoB, a TaKCKe COOTBCTCTByiOiLel nIOJIHTH4KOH H HHCTHTyLUHOHamIBHOI
CTpyKTypoi4 no ee no,uep)oxe. TaKl[M o6pa3oM, Co3,aHH4e cneiUHaJbHOii mil pa6o'eii rpyiTnni nIo
BOlIpOcaM 143P MOxcHO paCCMaTpHBaTL B KOHTeKCTe 6o0iee UpOKOAi ueJieBOH4 HHRH1aTHBLI,
HaripHMep, B KOHTeKCTe HagHOHaJIbHOrO iDIaHa 3KOJlorHqIcKHx MepOripHRTHRA HJiH pa6OTbI
HauHOHaJEbHorO KOMHTeTa no yCTORHHBOMy pa3BHTH10. CneuHarIbHwIe, 4CHHaHCHpyeMbie
rocyAapCTBoM, HHHuHaTHBbI H MepbI I1o BiHapeHH1O 143P ciieayeT r1pOBOAgHTb Ha 1pOTIXLeHHH
onpe,eAeHHorO riepxoga BpeMeHH, TO eCTb, .Io Toro, KaK 6yayT CO3,AaHbI Hae2KaulHe CTHMYJIM>IaSI
CeHoo6pa3oBaHHH, pery.7iHpOBaHHSI H TaK Aaliee, H ,o TOrO, KaK HaIHyT 344eKTHBHO
c1yHKIHOHHPOBaTb HHCTHTYTLI, 3aHHMmajoHuc5 peryipoBaHem H KOHTpOjieM, H
o6ecne'qHBalooiHe nOTOK Heo6XoARHMOii HHOpMaugH H TeXHoJIorHii.
B ICJIqX OKa3aHEHW riOMOUH B onpeAe1jeHHH iejiei, rIpHOpHTeTHLIX HanpaBJIeHHii, pOJIH
pa3JIH'IHbIX HHCTHTYTOB H HX OTBeTCTBeHHoCTH 3a BHe,npeHHe pa3JIHqHbIX acrieKTOB 143P Mo)KHo
HCfrIOJIb3OBaTb npoitecc IUHPOKOOXBaTHbIX KOHCyJIbTa]Hii B cjopMC rpaKTWICCKHX H TeOpeTHYCCKHX
CeMHHapOB, TaKHM o6pa3oM o61eIHHSI pa3Hoo6pa3HbIe roCylaapCTBeHHmIe, iqaCTHMC H
HeiIpaBHTeJIbCTBeHHble 3aHHTepeCOBaHHbie CTPYKTypEI B paMKaX CKOopAHHHpOBaHHOii H OTKplIToi4
nIporpaMMmI. TaKoil ripoLecc TaKxe HatenieH Ha IoBbLIIeHHe MHHOPMHpOBaHHOCTH
ripOH13BOaHTejieA H roTpe6HTe.1eA, H rTOHHMaHI Mmm p4CKOB npHMeHCHHi S rieCTH1lHgOB JI
3,aOpOBb3I H oKpyxailOuei cpeaI, a TaioKe rioHCK 6o.IlBloro qHcJIa CTOPOHHHKOB 113P H
Mo6Hmx3aumHo rOCy,aapCTBCHHEIX CpCeaCTB Ha nogepX)Ky BHmepeHHS HHTerpHpoBaHHOI 3awHT>I.
HeiTpaBHTejmEcTBeHHble opraHH3aLmHH MOryT CTaTb <<eCTeCTBeHHbIMH>> COO3HHKaMH B 3TOM
npoUecce.
HwsopMaixH, aHJai3 H HpHOPHTeTbl
rIOJIHTHKa, npeaycmaTpHBaiouas inoaaepxcKy 143P, B ]LejiOM, yKperIH4T o6luecTBeHHoe
6narococTo,lHHe, HO B TO ;Ke BpeM5 B KpaTKOCpOqHOH nepCrieKTHBe MOxeT OKa3aTb OTpH1iaTeZJlHOe
BJIHS3HHC Ha IPOQaYKTHBHOCTb ceiiEcKoro XO35iHCTBa H ,aOXOabIl HeKOTOpEIX rpynI HaceIieHHI4. TaK
Zilbennan H4 gpyri4c aBTOpEI (1991 r.) flPH=lIJl K BbIBO,y, qTO I1pM OTCYTCTB4H 3q4eKTHBHbIx
3aMeHHTCJIefi, 3aripeT Ha 4MHOPT I1eCTHUHfOB BJIe'qeT 3a co6otl rnaAeMe ypOBHefi IIpOH3BOARCTBa,
OBb1ifIueHHle UeH, cyweCTBeHHOe coKpaWieHHe aHCKpeUHOHHNX XAOXOlaOB affA noTpe6HTeJiefi H
nepepacripeAeneHie ripi4611J1M B flOJlb3y Tex IIpOH3BO,HTeJIeIi, KOTOpEIe He HCIIOJlb3yIOT IIeCTHlIEHAI.
T'ITo6bI AOCTHEb nrIaBHOrO iiepexoaa K MCTOay 3KOJIOrHqeeCKH yCTOTqHBOli HHTerpHpOBaHHoi
3aUWTEI paCTCH4i H COekiCTBoBaTbr npoueccy 4OCTHXKCHHAI uHpOKOMacIITa6HmIx eieneH pocTa
CeJIbCKOrO xO3.iiCTBa, H3MeHeHH5i nOJIHTHx{eCKoro Kypca Heo6xogHMo IIpOBO,HTh
uerieHanpaBJ1eHHo H nOCTeITeHHO. HHxKe nepe'HcJIaIoTcs Te c4epw, KOTOpE,Ie, nIO Bceii
BCpOHTHOCTH, norpe6y1oT c6opa H aHlJlH3a NHHopMaUHHi. nepBOHaqaE,mHO Heo6xoaHMo
onpe,aeIHTb COCToiHHze H HaiiH'He ripHeMJIeMMX TeXHOJIorHii 143P H nepcneKTrHBi> Ix BHegpeHHs
depMepaMH. TaKoe peiueHrie 3aBHCHT OT KOHKpeTHOti CHCTeMbI CejibCKOX03SIACTBeHHOrO
rIpOH3BOaCTBa H Tpe6yeT AOKaAlEHbIX [aHHLIX, ITOJIYqHBUHX MHOrOripO�HjuBHylO OUeHKy.
27
HHTerpHpoBaHHaa 3aUgTa pacTeHuAii
HanpHlMep, B HCKOTOpbIX BbICOK03aTpaTHbIX CH4CTeMaX npOBeLeHHe Mep, HCHocpeACTBeHHO
HarlpaB3IeHHLIx Ha coKpaiueHHe fpHMCeHeHJ5 rHeCTHUHaOB qepe3 MexaHH3MU UeHoo6pa3OBaHa HmH
BCTaBKa 4.1 HIHTerpHpoBaHHaA 3aaL4Ta paCTCHHI B 4HHgoHe3HH
B Haqanie 80-x rPAOB o6mHpHbie nfloHaOIu BO3felAblBaHHH pica B 14H1OHe3Hri 6Eur 3apaxeHbI
KOpH1'HeBOI4 6aOmKoi (Nilaparvata lugens). 3KOHoMH'ecKHti nopor BpeaOHOCHOCTH rOBOpHJ o
HeBO3MO)KHOCTH npHMeHeHHH1 aKTHBHbIX Mep 3aMIITbl, HeCMOTpS Ha TO, 'ITO MexQyHapOAHblfl HayqHO-
HccneAOBaTenbCKHH HHCTHTyT pica ?IOCTOSHHO 3aHHMaJICS BbLBeaeflHeM yCTOiPiHBbIX COpTOB, H
UCCTHHIHbl HHTeHCHBHO HcnOJTb3OBaJIHCb 4bepMepaMH.
B 1986 r. yKa3OM npe3HIAeHTa H npH noatepxKee (DAO/2 6bma npOBO3rJIameHa HaULHOHaJLbHa5 flOJIHTHKa
14-HoHe3HH HO BHJApeHHI10 143P. Pe3y.IbTaTm ripOBCeeHHbMX riocnTe 9TOrO HayHbLIX HccJIeXOBBaHHH
nOKa3aIiH,' ITO HHceKTHUHAbl, He OKa3aB CyeCCTBeHHOrO Bo3geRCTBHS Ha nOBbiieHNHe ypoxaHHOcTH pHca,
pa3pyUIHnIn ronyflJIHH eCTeCTBeHHbLIX 3HTOMoI4aroB H JaeCTa6HJnH3HpOBaJIH CHCTeMy IpOH3BOACTBa pHca.
MHorwe HHCCKTHUIHXbI 6bInH 3anpeIIeHbl, cy6CHJIpOBaHHe coKpaueHO HuH OTMeHeHO, 6bnoI npOBse)eHO
yKpenIeHne CHCTCMbl 3aIHTbl paCTeHHr4 H CB$I3aHHbIX C 3THM HayqHO-HCCeiezoBaTeJIbcKHx H yMe6HbIX
HHCTHTyTOB. Ha'ianocb ocyIUeCTBJIeHHe nporpamm o6y'eHI4Ha no lpuHMCHeHHlO 143P. K cepegHHe 1992 r.
npomuinH riofrOTOBKy 1000 crieuHhaIHCTOB no Ha6nhoaeHHIo H yqeTy nOnyYHqUI4H HaCeKOMbiX, 3000
CneuHaHIHCTOB no pacnpoCTpaHeHHIo 3HaHHf, H He MeHee 150 TbiC. q3epMepOB flpOlmITH o6y4eHHe rio
BOnpocaM Ha6nioAeHn5 H noHHMaHMH 3KOJIOrHH pacTHTehibHoi 6IOIIKu H e CeCTecTBeHHbIX BparoB, a
TaKKe co6unEOeHHl 3JIeMeHTapHbIx npaBHeri nopora BpeaOHOCHOCTH H 3KOHOMHmeCKOA BpeAoHOCHoCTH.
3a nepHoa C 1987 -90 rr. o6ieM IHCIOJIb3OBaHHi neC1CTHIH4AOB COKpaTHJIC5 Ha 50%, a ypoxcaiiHocTb BbIpOcIa
Ha 15%. 3a ce30H aOlOJIIHHTe3bHbC 'IHCTb`Ie aOXOabi cocTaBnuiu 18 aonn. CIlA Ha OgHoro cpepMepa,
ripoiuegiero iIOArOTOBKY no H3P; npm STOM 3aTpaTbl Ha o6y'IeHHe B cpeJHeM COCTaBHJIH Bcero 4 goni.
CGIA Ha OaHOrO cbepMepa. $eaepanbHoe npaBHTeJIbCTBo C9KOHOMH4IO 120 MH.nHo0n. CLIA 3a roa (85%)
B pe3ynbTaTe COKpaIeHHf cy6cHAHpOBaHHR nIeCTHUHJIOB H HaripaBHJIO 3TH cpeACTBa ua gajibHeUnIHe
HHHuHaTHBbI nO 143P. B 1993 r. ripaBHTenfbCTBO 4H-aoHe3HH, BCeMHpHbl 6aHK H AMP CIUA BbaeJIHJIH 53
MuIH. ZOJIJI. CLUA Ha peanl3auHHO npoeKTa no BHCapeHHIO H paCIpOcTpaHeHHIO 143P B MaCMTa6aX Bcea
CTpaHbI.
14HHoHe3nHicKH rIpoeCKT MaCTO IIPHBOQIHTC5 B KaYeCTBe nI01IOxcHTenbHorO ripHMepa, HO B 14HAHH
opouiaema5i SKOCHCTeMa BO3AeJbIBaHHR pHca BroJIHe npHcnoco6uieHa K eCTCcTBeHHbIM MeTOgaM 6opB6bl c
BpeJJHTeJSiMH. KoMnieKcHbie noIaxoJIbI H3P B JpyIHX IlpOH3BOACTBeHHbIX H 3KOJIOrH'eCKHX CHCTeMax,
BeposTHo, nOTpe6yIOT 60oee fIOJIHOfi HHCbopMaLHH4 H JaPYFHX nOaXOaOB. OnHaKO, IHOMHMO 60pb6bl C
BpegHTeJlSMH, IiOJIO)KHTefIbHOe 3HaMeHHe HMelOT roleBble yMe6Hbie CTaHi4HI, o6yIeHme tepMepoB H
KOHXieniLH5 nepenaaY oTBeTcTBeHHocTH.
Icmo[iHuK: Kenmore, 1991; aaHHbUe BceMH-pHoro 6aHKa.
perynIHpOBaHSX, MoKeT paccmaTPHBaTbCA KaK CejHHCTBeHHo Ba)HbIr cnoco6 BO3aeeACTBRS Ha
BbI6Op TeXHOJLorHlH H BHeapeH4e H3P. TeOpeTHweCIC KaK rocyaapCTBeHHbIe, TaK H qaCTHMe
rIOCTaBULHKH CeJIICKOXO3f4CTBeHHBIX ycuiyr goJKHbI OTKOppCKTHpOBaTb rIpewIaraeMyIo HMH
HHcDopMagHIo H TeXHoJIorHH B COOTBeTCTBHe cO ciipocoM ckepMepOB Ha ajBTepHaTHBHwe MeTOabI.
Ha rpaKcrKe MHOOMHCJIeHHbie HeCOBepiIeHCTBa pLIHKa, TexHHqcCKHe H HHcjopMaUHOHHbiC
orpaHHiqeHHs3 MoryT 3aMe,ZJIHTb TeMIi pacnpocTpaHeHHs 143P. H103TOMY Heo6xogHMo
OAHoBpeMeHHO cocpegOTOqHTb YCHJIHA Ha HayqHbIx HCCJieAoBaHHSIX, pacripocTpaHeHHH
CeJIbCKOXO3SH{CTBeHHLIX 3HaHHH H o6yqeHHH.
CornacOBaHHbie MeporipHATHR, HarlpaBJIeHHbie Ha OKa3aHHCe rOMOmLH 4epMepaM B
nepexoge K 13P C HCIOAL30BaHHeM HpHKIiZaHEIX rIOJeBMIX HCCJIegOBaHHA, AeMOHCTpaI.RXH HOBbDa
TeXHOJIOrHii H o6yqewHH MOryT CTaTh MOI4HbIM H 344eKTHBHbIM CpeACTBOM n7o0aepXK
rIPOBOIHMMIX 3KOHOMHqeCKHx H peryTYHpyYoWHx Mep. TaKOll floAxoJ onpaBAnji ce6A B opowaembx
CHCTeMax rIpOH3BOACTBa pHca B HisoHe3HH H HCKOTOpbIX CTpaHaX A3HH/ 3. XOTS] HHTeHCHBHbIe
28
CTpaTerwH BHeapeHHA 143P
MepbI 11o 6y6eHH1O 4)epMepOB HOBbIM TCXHojOorHAM MoryT 6bITb oporoCTOsAMH, 1OABjMeTCI BCe
6o0iine CBHaeTeJIbCTB B IIOJII3y HX BbICOKOIH 3KOHOMHIYeCKOi OTRaqH. (Pincus, 1994 r.)
BCTaBKa 4.2 IlpaKTHKa npHMeHeHHS MHTerpHpOBaHHOH 3alUHTbI paCTeHHu Ha Ky6e
Ky6a B3aYIa Kypc Ha COKpaLeHHe 3aBHCHMOCTH ceimcKoro XO3.qHCTBa OT lIpHMeHeHHq XHMHKaToB B HaYianie
80-x, rIpHHAB B 1982 rory Kypc Ha BHeJpeHHe 13P. KpaeyroJIbHblM KaMHeM 3TorO Kypca CTaiia pa3pa6oTKa
MeTOgOB 6HonorHIecKoAi 3aMHTbI paCTeHH9, YTO fnpHBeJIO K pa3BepTbIBaHHIO KaMinaHHH no 3aMeHe neCCTHUHZOB
Ha 6HIonorHMecKHe areHTbI II 143P. Pe3y.nbTaToM CTaJIo pe3KOe COKpameHHe HcnoJIb3oBaHIS neCTHLIHZoB, oAHaKO
HeCMOTP,q Ha 3TO, B 1991 roly Ky6a HMnopTHpoBaiia rieCTHUMZOB Ha 80 MjiH. Aojin. CIlA. KaMriaHHfl BHOBb
pa3BepHyaCb rIocne pa3Baaia CCCP H npHBenia K )aJIbHeguIleMy coKpaueHIno IMmiOpTa IICCTHJH2OB (�ao 30 MJIH.
,aoxi. CILIA). Fo oUeHKam MeTOabI 6HoJiorHMecKofi 3amHTbI ripHMeH5JHCb Ha 56% B03aeabIBaeMbiX niomaAeri.
BonbluHM JaOCTOHHCTBOM ocymeCTB2qeMOHi Ha Ky6e nporpammbi 60pb6bi C BpeAHTenJIMH SIBjjqeTCg HajIWIHHe 218
1jeHTpOB BOCnpOH3BOaCTBa 3HTOMObarOB H 3HTOMonaTOreHOB, rde aeUeHTpanH30BaHo BCeeTC5 HPOH3BOACTBO
6HoareHToB.
foJ1ocnoTeJbHbIe PC3yJIbTaTbI npOBUHMOIi Ha Ky6e ripOfpaMMbI o61bslcHqnIoTc KaHHTaJiOBjoxceHHlMH B
iloacKHe pecypCbI B 80-x rozax H CHJIbHO9 rioNaepxmKOHi Co CTOPOHbI MOnogibIX y'eCHbIx, KPHTHKOBaBmHX
3aBHCHMOCTb CeJIbCKoro X035iqICTBa Ha Ky6e OT 3apy6e)KHbiX CcpeZICTB Ce.IbCKoX03sliCTBeHHoro npOH3BOACTBa m
HaHocHMbl4 HMH ymep6 oKpyxaioL.ei cpexe. OCTaeTcq OTKPbITbIM BOrIpOC, BbIDHBeT i aJbTepHaTHBHa5 Mm0oaJIb
pa3BHT4Iq CeIbCKOrO X035PICTBa B xo0e COBpeMeHHOrO Kpl43Hca.
HcmotjUuK: Rosset H Benjamin, 1994 r.
B ciiyae I1porpaMMi 143P aJUIi opoIuaemoro BmbpalLAHBaHm5I pHca B 14IHoHe3HH
aJIBTepHaTHBHbIe MeTOUbI 3URHTMI paCTMHHm 6bJIH pa3pa6OTaHbI H rOTOBEI K BHCepeHHIO H, KPOMe
Toro, 3j4eKTHBHO ACUrCTBOBaJ1H c.iyx'-6bI HCCiieCOBaHHi, pacnpocTpaHeHC A 3HaHHi H o6yqeHHA.
O,aHOBpeMeHHO POCT 3aTpaT B qaCTHOM ceKTope Ha 6opb6y c Bpea4HTCJ1AM4 o6ecrietIm yBeIiHqeHRe
qHcJia HpOH3BogHTeYIei4, xKceJa0oLIHx HcrlCITaTb aJIbTepHaTHBHwe MeTOabI. nOKa aHajiOrHqHbIX
pC3yJIbTaTOB He 40CTHrHyTO 1pH rPOH3BOXCTBeHHbIX CHCTeMaX, KOTOpbIe MeHee HHTCHCHBHbI H
MeHee OpHeHTHPOBaHbI Ha pbIHOK. 14 LaeACTBHTeJIbHO, CTpaHbI CTaB5IT nepeg co6oi cioXKHylo
3aga'qy riepexoZa OT OTHOCHTeJlbHO H143K03aTpaTHMIX TpaaIHUHoHHbIX CejlTCKOX035Lq'ICTBeHHbIX
CHCTeM K 6o0iee HHTeHCIIBHbIM TexHoIor5mIM 6e3 H36BITOqHOfi 3aBHCH1MOCTH OT rIeCTHJfH,OB.
XOTS: MepbI nIo o6eCdneqeHHno HCHCKaxKeHHbIX 1eH Ha TeXHO3IrMHH 6opb6bI C BpezHTeCISIMH
nlpo,AoJILKaIOT HlrpaTb Ba)KHyiO poJib, Cepbe3HIM CcAepK aBaiOLHM 4)aKTopOM Ha IIyTH BHeXapCHH5I
143P, Bepo5ITHO, CTaHeT HaJIWHqe 3cleKT1sHbIx H KOHKypeHTHEix aIibTepHaTHBHIIX
(HexIHMH'eCKHx) MeTOaOB. HanpHMep, npogoaxaeT ouwaTbC31 ge4HUHT MaI03aTpaTHLIX
TexHIonorHii H3P aJiA MHOrOOTpaCJIeBbIX c)epMepcKiHx CHCTeM, KOTopble MOrJIH 6bI HpHMCH51TC5A Ha
6o0Jbllei qaCTH Cy6-Caxapbl B A4pHKe (Kiss H Meerman, 1991r.). rlpH OTCYTCTBHH
W3HCCIIOCo6HbIX aSJbTepHaTHB no6bie MepbI, BbI3bIBI0HC TIOBbIUeHHe 3aTpaT Ha neCTHUHabI,
MOryT paCulHHBaTbCq KaK HeoripaBaaHHoe JIHMHTHpOBaHHC pOCTa rlpo0yKTHBHOCTH CeJrbCKoro
XO33licTBa H 6narococTosHHA HaceCieHHA, rHPH 3TOM B 3HaqHTeJIbHOij CTenieH He ooLteHHBaIOTCA
go3IroCpO'IHbIe COUHJLxlbHbIe BbIrolbI KaK CO CTOpOHMI rHpOH3BOIHTeJIeA, TaK H rOCygapCTBeHHbIx
JIHIL, I1PHHHMaiwiU x nOJ1HTHW:ecKHe peuIeHI43. Hap3gy C yJIyqIlleHleM ceJAbCKOXo3AjiCTBeHHoR
HHclpacTpyKTypbI H cnyx6 Ba)KHO HaiipaBJIqTb 3Haq}ITeJIbHbIe HHBeCTHL4HH B HOBbIe H3MICKaHlHS H
pa3pa6OTKy ipaKTHmecKKux MeTOaOB 143P. 3Ta 3aJaaa npe,ycmaTpHBaeT o6eCneIHTb 1oCTOSHHLIIi
AOCTYII cbepMepoB K MeTogaM 3alIIHTbI paCTeHHi4 OT BpeaHTeJieVf C MHHHMaJIbHLIM HpHMeHeHHeM
reCTHUHLLOB rlo mepe CTaHOBJICHDI4 HOBOA CHCTeMbI X03L11CTBOBaHHIs. OCHOBHbIM KPHTepHeM npH
onpe,reJeeHHN r1PHOpHTeTHOCTH HayIHbIX H3MICKaHHii H ,gXe5TeJlbHoCTH no pacripocTpaHeHHlO
TeXHOjiOrHii H 3HaHH-i CJIY)KI4T CIIPOC t3epMepOB Ha HOBbIC TCXHOJIOrHI.
29
14HTerpHpOBaHHasi 3augTa pacTeHHif
5ACHo, qTO aHanJH3 nOTpe6HocTeiA H 11pHOPHTeTHbIX HaIIpaBjieHHi4 BHeapeHH5 HI3P
goJI)KeH ripegyCMaTpHBaTb KOHKpeTH>Ie npOH3BOACTBeHH>ie CHCTeMbI, 6ITb AHHaMH,HbIM H
YqHTIIBaTb 3BO umOUt10 MeTOAOB 60pL6bI C Bpe,HTejiAMH, KOTOpbIe Hepa3pLIBHO CB53aHM C
XHTeHCHc4HKaIJHeA H aHHBepCHdHKa]iHeiA cenbcKoro xO3qlAtCTBa. 1TO6mI o6ecIetIQlT Heo6xogHMoe
paBHOBCcHe aKTHBHIX 3KOHoMH'ecKKHX, HOpMaTHBHI1X H TeXHHTieCKX Mep, cJie,yeT YEIHTUIBaTh
OTHOcHTejibHyio POJIb gpyrHX HHCTpyMeHTOB ce3TbCKOXO3HfiCTBeHHOi riOjiHTHKH H CBA3aHHbie c
HHMH H39Cep)KK.
Mepbl 3KOHOMHmeCKorO H rOCyaapCTBeHHoro pery3RpoBaHHs
Bo MHorIx pa33BHB1aoWlXCS4 cTpaHaX Ha nyTH lpeajIH3agHH 3KOHOMHWeCKOH H
PerYJI5THBHORi IIOJIHTHKH nO 11o,agep)KKe BHeapeHHqI 13P Bo3HHKaeT psW cy3ieCTBseHHwx rlperpag.
rpOBe,zeHHbIe 0630pT,I 1lOKa3bIBaIOT, qTO B gBaaUaTH ruT1 IIpOeIeHTaX pa3BHBaTOUIMXCq CTpaH
OTCYTCTByeT 3aKoHoaaTeJIbCTBo, a B BOCLMHAeC51TH npOueHTax OTCYTCTBYJOT pecypcm AIm
pa3pa6OTKH H BbiIO3nHCeHHS TaKOrO 3aKOHoaTenIICTBa (QDAO, 1993 r.). TaKoe no3iosexHHe
oco6eHHo xapaKTcpHo Aui AcjpMKaHcKHx cTpaH, r,e B ceMHeeC31TH UeCCTH ITpogxeHTax cAyraeB
OTCYTCTBYIOT 3aKOHbI, KOHTpOJiHpyIOLuHe 11pHMCHeHHe HIeCTHllH,OB ((DAO, 1993 r., Tobin, 1994 r.).
TaKas1 CHTyalUsI o6IsIcHsIeTcz pagom cbaKTopOB. KoMmITeKCHaS H cTporaS CHCTeMa perHcTpaLrnH,
3aKOHOB, HOpM, o6yqeHHL, KOHTpOJI5 H HHcbOpMauHH OKa3bIBaeTc51 6o0nee AoporocTo3uieir4 Io
CpaBHCHHIO C anJbTepHaTHBHbIMH KpaTKOCpOqHbIMmH rOCyapCTBeHHIMMH rporpammamH
Ol.YTlTHMbIMMH HCiOCpeACTBeHHbIMM pe3yJIbTaTaMH. 3aTpaTmI CBq3aHbI C ae4H9lHTOM
HH4)paCTpyKTypbi H CPCaCTB CB13H. OaHOBpeMeHHO 4)HHaHCOBbIe acTIeKIbi, CBq3aHHble C
1OJIHT4KOR 143P, a HMeHHO, COKpaLLIeHHe cy6cHZHpoBaHHsi, Ha3Ioroo63ioJKeHHe, jIHueH3HPOBaHHe
H c6opbI 3a percTpaLuro rieCTHLUIOB, HaH6ojiee T5LDe(Jo CKa3WBalOTcCS Ha CTpyKTypaX,
3aHHMaiowHXc.1 HpOH3BOZCTBOM H TOprOBjeie neCTHUgfLaMH, 1 Ha ()epMepax, 3aHHMaioulHXC5
TOBapHMIM HpOR3BOACTBOM CeJThXO3KY3TbTyp H TlpHMeHSflO1JX 60JAMUOe KOJIH'eCTBO neCTHgHAOB.
9TH 3aHHTepecoBaHHi rpyInmI qBJLISOTC31 MOIIHOi' CHJIOii. pHHHMaSI BO BHHMaHHe
rlepe'lHcjieHHbIe C,cpbBaioie taKropbi, Heo6xoa4Mo 1npOBeCTH cneAyoWHe MepT,I:
* Pa3pa6oTaTb XOpOIlO opraHH3oBaHHYIO CHCTeMy pery3IHpoBaHHA C HH3KH{MH
a,aMHHHCTpaTHBHbIMH 3aTpaTaMx (HaripHMep, B npouxecce perHcTpauHH MO)KHO
flOJIb3OBaTbC5I aaHHb,IMH 4pyrHx CTpaH, HMeioiIHx aHaJIOrlHMHbIe HI4H 6o0nee BlICoKHe
CTaH,apThl).
* YqpexgeHHl, 3aHHMaiouHecS1 pean3auRHei 3KOHOMHIecKHx H1 peryJIHpy1o01Jx Mep,
AO31)KHbI HMeTB AOCTaToxiHbIe HOJIHOMOt{qH no HX <(rIpOTaAKHBaHHio>> Yepe3 pa3j11HLIC
HHCTaHUHH.
* H13bMCKaTb riyTH 1OKpbITHI pacxO,OB, CB13aHHbIx C rpaKTHxileCKHM BbI11OJ1HeHHeM
MepOnpHIHTHiI (HanpHMep, 3a C'-eT B3HMaHH31 1ImaTbI 3a perHcTpaRiHo).
* CoqeTaTb rpoBeAeHHe nOJIHTHKH c o6iuecTBeHHoi HH4)OpMa1uHerei H pa3J>ICHeHHeM ee
rIOJ1O)KHTe3IhHDIX pe3yJIbTaTOB.
* CTHMYJIHpOBaTb JaCHEIR H OTKpbITLIii npoiuecc, B TOM iHcJIe ripoBezeHHe KOHCyJTbTa]9l4
C npeACTaBHTeJISMH rlpOMMbIwieHHOCTH H gpyrHMH 3aHHTepecoBaHHmm rpyralmHM, B
iLeJLqx BO3MOx(Horo pa3peiLeHH5I KOH4XTIHKTa HHTepeCOB.
30
CrpaTerHsI BHezpeiiHA 113P
BCTaBKa 4.3 Heo6xoLWMaR HHdopMaalHA AS npoBeaeNHH IOJIHTHKH HHTerpHpoBaHHOii 3auHThl
pacTeHH9:
CenbcKoXo3alicmeeHeHbl( ceKmop u noeceKmop
* XapaKrepHcTHKa ce3ruXO3ceKTopa;
* HIpo6.neMLi H MeTOALi 6opb6gi C BpeaLTTeJI5IfH;
* HeraTmBHLIe 344eKTLr, BMI3BaHHLIe TIPHMeHeHHeM HlecTHfUlHL2oB;
]IoAumuKa, OKa3bieaiou4aR 6JZUHue Ha 6opb6y c 6pedumeiMu
* OrpacieBasI;
. PeryjirpyioiasI;
* MaKpo3KOHOMH1iecCKas;
* 9KoJborwlecKas1 IH TexHoJIorHIecKasl;
* HayrHas, o6pa3oBaTeJrbHas1, pacnpocTpaHeHHsl
CeJIbXO3. 3HaHHii H TeXHojiorHHf;
CmpyKmypa c.x. npou3eodcm6a
* XapaKTepHcTlHKa X03HifCTB;
* XapaicrepHcTHnKa paCTeHHeBOACTBa H )KHBoTHoBoaCTBa;
* AHaJIH3 3aTpaT-Biroa ajiLTepHaTHBHEIX MeTOQOB 3alUHTLI pacTeHHIi;
ICMO'iHUK: Agne, Fleisher H Waibel, 1994 r.
IjejleBas1 HaIIpaBjieHHoCTh Hf oripeejrieHi4e ipfopEHTeTHOCTH 3KOHOMHCIeCKHX H
PeryJIHPpy1OfHX Mep Tpe6yeT OInpceCJeHHbIX YCJIOBHfI. Bo-repBuIX, BBealeHHC B Uef4CTBHe H
ripaKTrHwecKoe ocyIIeCTBJIeHHe rieperEcjieHiix mep Tpe6yeT MHHHMajibHbIX 3aTpaT, eCJIH yxe
CylueCTBYeT BcrIoMoraTejibHaq HH4bpaCTpyKTypa (HanppHMep, ripOrpaMMbI KOHTpOAA KaIeCTBa,
MOHH4TOP14Hra H o6y'eHHA 4)epMepOB). B TO xKe BpeMSI rpOH3BOAHTeJIH, ITo Bcef BCepOqTHOCTH,
npIHMyT y'IaCTHe B HOBO1R CHCTeMe, Korga BOO'HIHK y6eRSTCS B rlOjiOxCTejibHMIX pe3yjibTaTax Mep,
o6ecneqHBaioiui4x OrITHMaiBHme MCTOaLI iipHMeHeHHS iieCTHIU{HOB. Pen,B H,eT O TaKOM npHMepe,
KaK TpoH3BOQHTeJIH-3KcnopTepbI, KOTOPbIM H3BecTHO 0 KOHKYPCHU4H Ha me PyHapogHNIx plIHKaX
H 0 p14CKe, CB5l3aHHOM C ITOCTaBKaMH HH3KOKaqeCTBeHHbIX HAR He6e3OIrIaCHbix ipOyKTOB.
rIo;wepxKa yKa3aHHMIX Mep TaKcKe YKPCITHTCI TaM, rge CyUleCTByeT TecHas CBSI3b MexQKy
nPOH3BOaHTTeJIAMH H ioTpe6HTeISiMH (HanpUMep, Ha ceCicKHx pbIHKax) H OcyiLecTBjiAeTCq
o6WeCTBeHHbIfl KOHTPOJTb 3a Ka'IeCTBOM H 6e3onaCHOCTmlO flpO,ryKUH4.
flpH pa3pa6oTKe uejeBEIX Mep Heo6XoaHMo IIPHHHMaTb B pacueT TeXHHKO-
9KOHOMHUeCKHe oco6eHHOCTH pa3JIuliHbiX IpOH3BOaCTBeHHMIX CJCTeM. HailpHMep, B HHaOHe3HH
3anpeT Ha p5$A HeCTHU1ULOB, HpHMCHAeMMIX Ha pHce, XBHJIC51 3KOHOMH'IeCKH Ue.ecoo6pa3Hoi4
MepOU, nOCKOJIbKy HayqHO-o6oCHOBaHHbIe CBHizeTeJIBCTBa 4OKa313IBaJI4 3d44eKTrBHOCTB
flpOH3Bo,aCTBa. CoKpaTHJIHCb 3aTpaTbI H ypoxKaRHOCTB CTa6MHi3HpOBaAacb. ajjq npllBHBeeHHS
3KOHOMH,qecKHx U perynKpYWUXLHx MCP B COOTBCTCTBHe C KOHKpeTHIMMH IIpOH3BOCTBeHHMMH
CHCTeMaMH Tpe6yeTcsI TeCHoe B3aHMQOefICTB4e MexCry ceJIbCKOXO3RMCTBeHHbIMH HayqHO-
HccieCOBaTenBICKHMH HHCT1TyTaMR, cAyx6aMH H0 pacnpocTpaHeHHIO 3HaHHMi H TexHojiorH$i, H
apyrHM4 BCaOMCTBaMH, Ha4enjeHHIIMH o6si3aHHocTblo npaKTrHecKoro BbIIIOJIHCHHA 3TMX mep Ham
pyKOBO,aCTBa 3TOM npOUeCCOM, HalipHMep, "KOMHCCHA no HleCTjuLHMam (wim II3P)" (CM. BCTaBKY
4.4). LjeHTpaAbHoe npaBHTeBJICTBO Heo6I3aTeJIbHO AOJXHO BMIiOJIHSATb peryJIHpYIOUIy1O pO.Im (XOTs
rATT I1PH3HaeT HaUHOHaNJbHbIe CTaHaapTbI). MHorHe o653aHHoCTH, CB53aHHbie C
HCHJIIOIb3OBaHHM H KOHTpojieM neCTHUH4OB, MoryT 6bITB nepeaaHbi Ha YpOBeHb urraTa M1H
31
IIHTerpHpoBaHHasI 3anITa paCTeHHfi
rIPOBHHUHH, npHqeM B HeKOTOpEIX iuTaTax Mo)KeT paCCMaTpHBaTbC5 BOIIpOC o6 YCTaHoBKe 6o0iee
CTporHx CTaHgapTOB (HanipHMep, uTaTBI C BbICOKOI rLJIOTHOCTbIO HaCeJICHHS). / 4
BCTaBKa 4.4. )TeperyJiHpoBaHHe pbIHKa H YCTOk4HBOCTb Bpe2HTe.ieH K neCTHuHAaM B KHTae H 14HAHH
Pe3Koe na,e,Me H 1pOX3BOaCTBa xnonKa B KHTae B nocJieCHi4e HeCKOJIbKO iieT BbI3BaHO TeM, MITO O4HH 143
rniaBHbIX BpeAHTefie1, XJIOrIKOBaA COBKa (Heliothis armigera), Bblpa6oTana yCTO0P'14BOCTb KO MHOr1M
H4HceKT149,aaM, H{TO Bbl3BaHjo OrPOMHbIe 3KOHOMHiecKHe rIOTepi4. B HeKOTOpbIX ripOBHHUHqlX B AOJIHHe
KbITOA peKH ypoKaIiHOCTb H3-3a BpeZ1Teiiei H 3acyxH yriaiia Ha 50- 60%. B XyHaHe, Xy63fke H flUaHbayHe
o6m;ee CHHXeHHe ypoX(AZHOCTH ,jOCTHrjio 30-50%. K TOMY xKe qacToTa XHMH4CCKO1i o6pa6OTKH yBeniHtlHnacb C
8-10 pa3 go 15-25 14 3a KOPOTKoe BpeM5I ueHa Ha pacribIJITenii yfaBoHiiacb, a To H yTpoi4iacb. B HaK6oIee
nocTpaaBIHHx OT BpeAHTeiq paMoHax npoH3BOACTBO XJIOnKa cTallo coBepmeHHo HeBbIroAHbIM. CornacHo
oKnia,y MeZyHapoZHO9 opr-aHH3a4 KOHTpojin 3a yCTOfilI4BOCTb1O BpeJu4TejieA K rieCTH141UHaM (IOPRM,
1993 r.) CaMbIM Ba)KHbIM CbaKTopOM (,OpMHpoBaHH1 pe3HCTeHTHOCTH ABJIseTcI HeperyjiHpyeMbIii PbIHOK
necTHUH,z4oB.
Hozo65a1i CHTyaULti4 MMeJia MeCTO B 14HZI14. 3faecb epeIYPOBaHie ripHBejiO K yBenI4HTeHHIO qi4CIia
HC6OJnILMHX KoMriaHIPi, npozaioii14x (cy6c&HapyeMbie) ieCTHUHNbI, rIpH He3q4eKT14BHoM KOHTPOJIe 3a
KaH4eCTBoM npOayKTa 1 6e3 peKoMeHaaI4i4 AAI (4)epMepOB. B HHKrn cymeCTByeT 60iee 86 TbIC.
rocpe,HHx-eCK14X (bHpM. B YCJIOBH4X 6eCKOHTpOJbHoi9 npoAaa)K4 reCTH4UHAOB, BepoRTHO, OqeHb TpyaHO 141H1
HeBO3MO)KHO peajiH3oBaTb nOJIHTHTKY 13P. (Giliham el al.,1995r).
OpHeHTHPOBKa HayIHUX HccJ1eaOBaHH9, paCnpOCTpaHeHAs 3HaHHR H o6yIeHHs Ha 4fepMepOB
YYaCTHe 4)pMeepOB B c6ope HHcbopMagHi 0 MCToaaX 3aWTbI, xapaicepHix I3 MeCTHBIX
YCJIOBH1H H KOHKPCTHbIX CHCTeM 3eM1eCeJi, paccmaTp4BaeTCq KaK BaxKHbIH 4aKTop,
oripe,aeY1oW1HH ycrIeUIHocTb mep 1o BHeapeHI40 H3P. TaKOti nogXoZ Mo0HO paBHO 1pHMeHATb K
fino6oki TCXHoJor0H yCTORxIHBoro po0H3BOaCTBsa H ynpaBJIeHH3I pecypcaM4. BHe,zpeHrHe 143P Ha
KOHKpeTHMIX rlOj1eBbIX yYaCTKaX Tpe6yeT, YT06bI cjepMCpmI, pa6oTHHKH clyX6 pacrpocTpaHeH
cCJIBCKOXo33IfiCTBeHHbIX 3HaHH14 H TeXHoJIorHH, a TaKXe TexHHiecKHe pa6oTHHKH B o6AaCTm
3aWTbI paCTCHHii ripaKTxxecKH 11oHHMaJm 3KOKor3I0 o 1H XKH3HeHHbii LRlKYI OCHOBHLIX BpeaHTeJeie H
Hx eCTeCTBeHHbIX BparOB, 1 3TH 3HaHHI3 2,JL-KHbI OTpa3HThbC5 B HHCTpyMeHTaX ripHHSiTHA peflIeHHH
(HanpliMep, oripeaeAeHrie riopora BpeaoHOCHOCTH) H TaKTHKe IIpaKTHqeCKOi 60pb6bI C
BpeAHTeji5MH.
OTCboga cJieayeT, YTO OCHOBHbIM KoMnoHeHToM jIIo6oi HHUHaTTHBMI 1o BHeApCHHI0
HOBOiH TeXHOJlor4H AIBJi5eTCI o6y'eHHe 4epMepoB, pa6oTHHKoB CJ1yxc6i Ha6.iiogeHHI H y'eTa
Bpe,LTeJIeii, ciCIeHaJIHCTOB 11o paciipOCTpaHeHHIO 3HaHHA (CM. BCTaBKY 4.5). TaKOe o6yleHIle
AO1KHO OCYUWeCTBJIThC5I Ha MeCTax, 1IOCKOJIbKy OCHOBHaI HH4bopMauHA HOCHT MeCTHMIl xapaKrep
H rIyo'lyeHa COBMeCTHO C c4epMepaMH B xoae IIOJIeBIX np4HKJ1a,HbIX HCCjieqoBaHHfi. TaKoro poga
4eueHTpajiH30BaHHLIM 1o,aXoZ K o6y'leHHIo, Korga ojieBblIe yqaCTKH CTaHOBITC5 "IKoJI0ii", C
ycnexom oripaBaaI ce6R B p3e A3HaTCKHX CTpaH (ADB, 1993 r.).
BCTaBKa 4.5 06yseHHe H pacnpocTpaHeHHe 3HaHHf cpeAm 4)epMepoB
* IpeaMem. XO3.qriCTBO 14 3KOJWormS BP211HTeISi (HaripMmep, r11y6oKoe nOH14MaHIH1e B3aHMOZeiiCTBI4fl
Mex)zy KyJIbTypo9, BpeC1TenieM H oKpyKaioMefi cpeaog).
* Memoo. B OCHOBHOM, nyTeM pacnpOCTpaHeHH ceJlbXO33HaH141 MO)KHo nepeAaBaTb TeXHoJIorHH,
opraHH43oBbIBaTb CeepMepoB 11 ripocBeBiiaTb 4X (Heo6xogiiMo OTJIWaTb OT o6yIeH14R).
* Heo6xoauMas noa&dCpKa pacnpocmpaHeHUq 3HaHUU. CnegyeT npeo6pa3oBaTb npocTyIo nepeAa'y
TeXHoJIorFHi s npocBeieHH epMepoM H nOMO'ib 4pepmepam opraHH3OBaTbC5I.
32
CTpaTerI BHeapeHHSI H3P
YCIleulrHyiO p0Ib B HmHHi4aTHBHbIX MCporipHTH5X cbirpaJIH IIH3OTHbiC rpOeKTbi,
CJIYKHBLUIe nJiaTc4OpMOi4 jis ,gaMoHCTpa1iHH H npoB1pIB MpeTo0oB 143P go iiX ulHpOKO-
MacduTa6Horo pacnpocTpaHeHRAs H o6y'eHI4 cjepMepoB. TaKoe o6yqeHHe AOJI)KHo nroKperUsTbCs
peryJlLlpHOIR RHHOpMauHek, nioCTyrIaiolUeR OT pa6oTHHKOB cyx6ui y'eTa BpegHTeJIeii H 4cepMepoB
K a0JIKH0CTHbIM JiiHIaM, TIPHHHMaOi1iHM pelueHHA, H rIOTOMY CIHTaeTCS HH()opMaLtHOHHO-,
o6pa3OBaTeJlbHO-, H HayKoeMKJiM. fHHiopMauHA Mo)KeT nepeAa3aTbca exegHeBHo (HanpHMep, B
CBoaKe norogiu) HIiH exeHeaenbHo (no pagHo, TeJIeBs,eHHIO, qepe3 ra3eTbl). BHeqpeHHe 143P He
rIoJiyqaeT urHpOKOR noAAepxKcH, ecIiH npH nepe,aqe TeXHOJIOrmH HciOJIb3yeTCI riOgxOg Cr1yCKaHH5
HHHInHaTHBbI CBepXy. AIiTepHaTHBHaq MOaCeJb, KOTOpa5, HailpHMep, HCIInOjb3yCTCS B HHgOHe3HH,
HOCHT Ha3BaHH4e "LaganTHBHOfi HJH npHmazHoA" (CM. BCTaBKy 4.6). BMeCTO nepegaalH iaKeTOB
oTpa6oTaHHb>x TexHojiorMHf H o6iuxx peKOMeH,AagIIH B 3TOR MOaejiH rOCTaBjIeHa 3aAa'a yBCeH4fqHTb
B03MOJHOCTH o6yqeHHI 4jepMepoB, inrpe HCIonJTb3OBaTL HX OnbIT H nO Heo6XOAHMoCTH
a,ganTHpoBaTm TexHoJIorHH (Roling iH van de Fliert, 1994 r.). Bce 3Tlt caKTopbI yqHTMIBaiOTCS rIpH
pa3pa6oTKe HIHBeCTHjRJOHHbIX CXCM H HHCTHTY9I1OHaJlHbIX CTpyKTyp, B IIoarOTOBKe KaapOB,
HaJIa)KI{BaHHH CBl3ek MexKgy HayqHbIMMH HCCJIeOBaHHAMH H pacepocTpaHeHIem ceZbCKO-
X03IHCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHr, BKJHIOqaI CBq3H C ueHTpaMH KoHCyjbTaTHBHofi rpynribi no
Me)KyHap OQHbIM CeJILCKOX03SII'iCTBeHHbIM HCCJIieCOBaHJ�M (CGIAR) H ApyrHMH
MeKgyHapOZlHbIMH HayqHbIMH rpynriaMH.
HpaBHTeJIbCTBO MO)KCT OKa3aTb COzgeiCTBme B C03aaHHH 6iaronpH]ITHbIx yCJIOBHIri aJS
,geeHTPaJH3aujM HHHIJHaTHB H aKTHBH3HpOBaTb yqaCTHe BCeX 3aMHTepecoBaHHBrX CTOpOH, KaK
OTMeqaeTC5I B 4HHcbopMauHoHHOM crIpaBoqHHKC O po0iiH BceMHpHoro 6aHKa>> (1996b), HanpHMep,
nyTeM geCIerHPOBaHH51 agMH4HHcTpaTHBHbIx H 4)HHaHCOBIXIX nOjIHOMoqHj no BHeapeHHIO 13P
perHOHaJlbHbIM CTpyKTypaM Ha OCHOBe MeXaHH3Ma ripe,oCTaBJICHHA CrielIaJIbHbIX ipaHTOB gJH
CTHMyJIHpOBaHHIA yEaCTHSI H 14HHaHCOBoR norggepxcK CO CTOpOHbI 4epMepcKHX o6be;gHHeHHr4 H
HCripaBHTeJIbCTBeHHMIX opraHH3aLtRiA.
BCTaBKa 4.6 OnLIT HIHA0He3aH
* BHegpeHHe 113P HeJIb3S cpaBHHTb C nepeaaqeCi TeXHojiorHi4 OT 3KcriepTa K He 3KCriepTy: 3IeCb Heo6xoXU4Mo
aKTHBH3HPOBaTb npoUecc o6y"eHM51.
* OCHOBHbIM BOnPOCOM o6yqeHiS npH4 BHeZpeHHH H3P zRu 3aw1HTbI pica OT BpeLHTeJiei4 I 6onie3HeA BnJIeTcsJ
rIOH1IMaHme 3KOJIOrHI4 pHCOBOrO nofI.
* O6yqeHHe MHCTPYKTOPOB no 1H3P Tpe6yeT npoitecca nO3HaHH51 I Harip5Myio CBI3aHO C rOBCeeHeBHOfi npaKT14KOfi
c epMepcTBa.
* Pa6OTHHKH cjiy)K6 pacnpocTpaHeHHq ceCJIbCKOXO3sCTBeHHbUx 3HaHHIr HeH36eCKHO IPlHHHMmaOT yIaCTme B
o6yteHHIH H13P.
* $DepMepbI - i-iaH4lyqwHe KaHUH4aTbl AanIg UarOTOBKH HHCTPYKTOPOB no M3P.
| H c m o ' ii U K::van de Fliert, Roling, 1995 r.
fpHMeqaHUH:
FrocyaapCTBCHHOMy KYPCY MO)KeT npeziuecTBoBaTb pa3pa6oTKa perHOHaJIbHO9 nOJIHTHKI4. HanpHMep, pa3pa6oTKa
3aKOHoZaTeCJbCTBa B KajrnbopHHHH npeauIecTBoBaia pa3pa6oTKe OezepaJibHoA nOI1THKH.
2. 14HHHiHaTI4BaM B HHaIOHe3HH H Zpyr4x CTpaHax qaCTHqHO OKa3aHa no4ZepXKa CO CTOpOHbI"MexroCyAapCTBeHHOf
nporpaMMbi pa3pa6oTKM H npHMeHeHi-i 143P Ha KYfIbType pHca B IOACHOii H lOro- BOCTOsHOfi A3H",
Koop,aHH1pyeMoi9 cDAO, CM. Kenmore(1991 r.)
3. KaK npaBHJIO, BHeapefHHe 143P J4qeKT1BHO B rapaHTHPOBaHHbIX oponaeMbIx cHCTeMax 3eMjieAejiHs,
HarpMmep, npH BbIpaMHBaHBHl pHca riazLAH, KorAa HPPHr1AHOHHOf BOXOM yHOCHTCR MHO)KeCTBO BpCAOHOCHbIX
3JIeMeHTOB (wni H3o6JiHme OCaZKOB CJIY)KHT HCTOWHHKOM opomeHHIu), qero HeJIb3Jq CKa3aTb 0 6orapHOM 3eMflezeiuiH.
4. B 6oJbmHHcTBe cJIyqaeB ieHTpa.jbHbIe CTpyKTypbl HMeloT aenIo c perHcTpauHeH, a MeCTHbIe BAaCTH C BOipocaMH,
KOTOpbIe MO)KHO peaTb HJIH KoHTpOJIHpoBaTb Ha MeCTHOM ypoBHe, HanpiMep, Tpe6OBaHHe K xpaHeHH1O H
TpaHCnOpTHpOBKe, MeTORbl npHMeHeH4a neCTIUH4IoB H Mepbl 6e3onacHocTH gniq pa6OTHHKoB.
33
14HTerplIpOBaHHaa 3auxHTa paCTeHHi
5. IOpTejmb iipoeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, HHCTpyMeHTbl
H BapHaHTbl HOJIHTHKH
nI03HRIX3 BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B OTHOIIeHHH 3a}U.HTbI paCTeHHAiL C4OpMHp0BaiaCb Ha
OCHOBe OrIITa BMIIOJIHCHH$L rlporpaMM, rIonaraBUIxcsC CMCIOqHTeJILBHo Ha XHMXIecKY]O 6opB6y c
Bpe9HTeJiSMH, H Br[Oc11eCCTBHH I1PH3HaHHA 3KOHoMHiqeCKoR H 3KoJIorHweCKoAi 3HaxiMoCTH
HeXHMH'qCCKHX MCTOaOB H TeXHOJOorH HHTerpHpOBaHHOl 3aHTI paCTeHHi (H3P). B 1982 r.
ripe3HgeHT BceMHpHoro 6aHKa A.B. K1Io3eH 3aaBHJ, qTO pyKOBOACTByqCb inpOBORHMbIM HM KypCOM,
6aHK He 6yaeT d HHaHCHpOBaTb npOeKTb, cepbe3HO BO3,aeACTByIO1I.He Ha 3,opOBBe HJIH
6e3onacHoCTB HaCeJIeHHI4, 4JIH HaHoCSmJH yiuep6 H BBM3LIBa1OIUHe HeO6paTHMbIe IiOCjeL4CTBHS AJI51
oKpyxaioweii cpeabI. B 1984 r. ABCCTH HeripaBHTeIJCTBeHH,IX opraHH3agHi4 (HIlpO) o6paTAIH4cb K
BaHKy c neTTH14eH 0 IoPHHATHI4 mep no YCTpaHeHH1O 3JI0ynoTpe6JieHHI'4 neCTUHgHaMH, KOTOpb>Ie
HMeiiH MeCTO IPH oCYUeCTBJIeHHH ipoeKTOB, CFHHaHCHpyeMbX BaHKOM. B TOM )Ke rogy
ocjH1iiHajIbHaaf nOYIHTHKa BaHKa B 3TOH o6JiacTH RIoJIy-HJIa oTpa)KeHHe B p31ge gOKyMeHTOB no
BOnTpocaM oxpaHMi oKpyxaloweii cpezIbi, COCTaBJIeHHbIx no o6pa3uy 3aKOHoaTebCTBa CLUA. B
1985 r. BaHK BMIITYCTHJI PYKOBORCTBO no BmI6opy H I1PHMeHeHHio ITCTH1HAOB B 4)HHaHCHpyeMbx
BaHKOM IpOeKTaX H HX 3aKyflKe" C H3MeHeHH5MH OT 1993 r. (World Bank, 1993b). B pyKOBOaCTBC
OTMeqaeTCSI, qTO HCKJlHOqHTeJIbHOe iTpHMeHeHHe MCTOaOB xHMH'qeCKOit 3aLUHTbi paCTCHHi HaHOCHT
IlOTeHuHajBHbIfI Bpea 30pOBb O JIiogeii H oKpyxaiolUei cpege H He HpHBOAHT K YCTOAIHBOCTH H
pCHTa6eJTI,HoCT4 CCJII,CKOX035IiCTBeHHoro npo13BQflCTBa. TaloKe nogepKBaeTCI, YTO 1C.e1i
BaHKOBCKOfi cTpaTerHH no pa3BHTHIO cenBCKoro Xo3ai4CTBa npegycMaTpHBaeT BHegpeHHe
HHTerpHpOBaHHOi' 3aLJHTbI paCTeHH4. B gonojiHeHRe K BBIluCyKa3aHHOMY pyKOBOgCTBy 6buuH
BbIIrUyeHbI aBe TCXHWIecKHe rOICHHTce,Hbie 3arIHCKM B rOMOlUb pyKOBOAHTeCi5iM npOeKToB:
"CIHCOK lieCTIUH.fOB, He pCKOMeHayeMCIX K HcnoEii>3oBaHHIo B CeJIECKOM XO3aClCTBe, HJH
PeKOMeHAYeMLIX K orpaHHqeHHOMy HCnoJIb3oBaHHIO" (1985 r.) H "PYKOBOACTBO 110 3KcIIepTHofI
ogeHKe r1pOeKTOB H Ha,3o0 3a TipoCKTaMH, CB53aHHbIX C IWCTHignaMH H 6opb6oR C BpeAHTehIMH"
(1987 r.).
HOJIHTHKa BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B Bo1poce 6opE6EI C BpeHTeJS[MH H3jaraeTCq B
orIepaUHOHHOi4 aHpeKTHBe 1993 r. no 6opE6e C CejuEKoXO3SlACTBeHHbIMH BpeAHTeji5MH (World
Bank,1993c), BMeCTO KOTOpOA B mione 1993 r. BbInylueHa <<OnepauHoHHasr npoueaypa 4.09> (World
Bank, 1996a), H BnOCjieqCTBI4H PYKOBO,CTBO no 6opib6e C ceJIBCKOXO3SURCTBeHHbIM4 BpeC.HTeJSMM
(World Bank, 1993a). B :3THX AoKyMeHTaX H3P onpeaensIeTcsi KaK npeARnoTHTeJIbHbI>I no0gxO, K
6opb6e C BpeaHTenJIMH B paMKaX onepaUHii BceMHpHoro 6aHKa, o6cyxflaeTcs OT6op npoeKrOB C
yqeTOM HX BO3erRCTBHS1 Ha oKpyIKaOLgyio cpeAy, KOTOpoe YCTaHaBJIHBaeTCA B xoge 3KOYIorH'eCKOf4
OUeHKH; H3JIaralOTCS OCHOBHbIe HpHHUHMbi roarOTOBKH rIiaHOB no 6opb6e c BpeaiHTejSIMH; oT6op H
ripmnHeHHe ieCTHHalOB B paMKaX onepaURHf' BaHKa. flOMHMO 3Toro, B <<C60pHHKe MaTepHanjOB
no oueHKe oKpyxaiowuei cpeam>> (World Bank, 1991) coaepXG4TcA rnaBa o6 HHTerpHpOBaHHOf4
3aiURTe paCTeHHii OT BpeIHTeJieii m HcnoEJI3oBaHHm arpOX4MHKaTOB. [JI npaKTrHeCKorl
peajiH3aU1IH TaKOH nIOJIHT4KH HCIIOJIb3Y1OTCI TPH OCHOBHbIX 4HCTPYMeHTa:
34
rIOpT4ejiib HpOeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa
* OTpacJIeBie HCcjeICOBaHH51 B opme aHajiora c IIpaBHTJIbCTBOM H cTpaTerHH rfoMouI
cTpaHe.
* BbiejeHHe 3aMmoB HaTipaBJIeHHIx, B OCHOBHOM, Ha noggepXKy 17poeKTOB B o6nacTH
ceJIbCKoro xo3AiACTBa H npHpO,aHbIX pecypCoB.
* BjHiHHHe BcCM1pHoro 6aHKa Ha TeMaTHKY MCCJIeRoBaTeJIbCKO0j pa6oTbI HaLHoHajibHBIX H
MexzyHapO0aHbIX HHCTHTYTOB.
0630pbI COCTOSHHS 3KOHOMHKI4 KOHKpeTHOf' CTpaHbI H oTpaChICBme J4CCJIeaOBaHH1
iBJIAIOTC5I Ba)KHbiM 3ieMeHTOM r0MooUH BceMHlpHoro 6aHKa 3aeMWHKaM, H nipecCJe1yloT JLeJib
"o6ecneqHTb r.ny6oKoe iioHHMaHHC ipo6IieM, IIPHCYUHX 3TaIIy pa3BHTHA (3aeMUxKa),
rioTpe6HocTCRi H HCTOqHHKOB BHeCUHero (4HHaHCHpoBaHHA, aHaAITHTjeCKoro MeXaHH3Ma ,USB
OiUeHKH CTpaTerlii pa3BHTHH H XeATeCJbHOCTH JOHOPOB B OKa3aHHH liOMolR" (World Bank 1989).
KoHKPeTHbie ixeiiH oTpaciieBoro aHajTH3a oiipeeJIAIoTcsC cTpaTerHeil IIOMOIJi CTpaHe,
no,aroToBjieHHofa BCeMHpHNiM 6aHKOM, H Hao6opOT, oTpacneBoR aHajiH3 niomoraeT
CbOPMYJInPOBaTb CTpaHOBYIO cTpaTerHlo. OaHaKO Hi2eaBHH4i o630p ripH6JIH3HTeJbHo CTa
1ueCTHAeCC5TH HCCJIeaoBaHi4I ceJIbCKOX035lrCTBCHHoro ceKropa IlOKa3am, qTO B HHX peqKO
paccmaTpHBaIOTC3 BOrIPOCbI HCHonJT3oBaHHS rCCTH1UHOB./1 XOTA 3TO H HeYZI4BHTejBHO, YIHThIBaq
IlHpoKHIR cneKTp npo6riem CeJIbCKOX03%uACTBeHHoro CeKTOpa, CaM 4aKT rOBOpHT 0 MajO1io
TLPHOPHTeTHOCTH BOrIpOCOB HCHOJIb3OBaHH5 fieCTH1R4goB. KaK npaBHJIO, noaXoa K npo6.ieMe
CBO,HTCS1 K COCTaBjieHHio CflHCKa Bcex HCrIOJb3yeMbMX reCTHUWZOB HMH ygo6peHHii 6e3
TuiaTeJIbHoro aHaJIH3a UX Bo3,aeiiCTBHs H4uH pHCKa ZnJIA 3LaOpOBbq floTpe6HTenIeii H oKpyXaIoLueA
Cpe,abI.
0630p IOpT4(eJIsi lpOeKTOB BceMmpHoro 6aHKa
O63op 6a3 aaHHbIx BceMHpHoro 6aHKa noKa3aJI, YTO nOAIL3yICB TaKHM KPHTepHeM
fll01CKa, KaK 143P, HeBO3MOXKHO HzeHTI44H1bHpOBaTb HH IIpOeKTbI, HH KOMIIOHeHTbI, CBI3aHHbIe c
HHTerpHpOBaHHoii 3aUiHTOiA paCTeHHi4/2. Torga MH,eHTH4HLJHpoBaJIH Bce ripoeKTHbie aOKyMeHTi, B
KOTOPbIX co0epXKajiHcb OaHO MRH HCCKOJIBKO KJIioqeBbIX CJIOB HJIH TepMHHOB. 3aTeM 6.uIH
IpoaHaJIH3RpoBaHbI oTqeThI 3KCnepTHOJ' oUeHKH 6o0nee 150 ripoeKToB. H3 HHX 95 npoeKroB, no
KOTOPbIM npOBoaHJIacB 3KCrIepTHa3I oUeHKa, ro,RroToBJICHHble B nepHog 1988-1995 rr., cogepxKaJlR
KOMflOHCHTbI, ripCeyCMaTPHBaIOWHe 3aLLHTy paCTeHHA OT BpeaHTejieR (Ta6A. 5.1). I43 3THX 95
rIpOeKTOB 4I14 KOMIIOHeHTOB B 42 cuy'aAx npegycMaTpHBaiacb 3aKYrIKa rieCTH1U11HoB B
ceJIbCKoxo3SIiCTBeHHLIX ue]IAX, a B 48 - cozaepxKaJIcA KOMrIOHeHT 143P. JIHI,I B 22 rnpoeKrax
fIIJaHHpOBaJIOCb BHeap4HTb MeTOa 13P, npH 3TOM B paMKax 11 iTpoeKTOB nIpCaycMaTPHBajiOCb KaK
cjHHaHCHpOBaHHe 3aKynIKH fIeCTHUtHOB, TaK H BHeapeHHe 143P. B OCHOBHOM, 3aKMbi HiH KpegKTm
BblgejiAJIHCcj> glI CeJLbCKOX035liCTBeHHbIX OTpaCJICBbIX HI nogoTpaCJIeBbIX IlpOeKTOB, BK3Io'aSI 4Ba
3aKiMa Ha oTpacieBbie cipyKrypHbie Iipeo6pa3oBaHHS. 5IBHoe HCKJIIoCeHHe COCTaBJIHKH ripoeKTMI,
CBSI3aHHbIC C pCKOHcTpyK1J;Heg (1), O3,aOPOBjieHHeM H pea6M14TaLuHef (6), CPOqHbIMH
CHTyaLUHIMH (4) H HMnOPTOM KPHTH'ICCKH Heo6XoaHMLIX TOBapOB (1). floqTH nOJIOBHHa npoeKTOB
(41) Tpe6oBaJiH ripOBeaCeHHS qaCTH'IHOj4 O1eHKH COCTOsqHHA oKpyXaIoU9e cpeuI (KaTeropHx "B"),
a 30 He Hy)KxcgaHCb B 1IPOBeEeHHH o1ieHKH ("KaTeropHsl "C"). 20 npoeKTaM He fplPciBaHBajiac
KaTeroplsl BO3eCiACTBHrI Ha oKpy)KaiOuxyio cpegy (CM. pHc. 5.1)/3. CpeqH IlpoeKTOB, B paMKax
KOTOPbIX )j4HHaHCHpOBajiacb 3aKynIKa necTHLUHRoB, 20 KJIaccHcuj4LHpOBaiHCb KaK KaTeropSa "B", a
10 KaK KaTeropws "C". HpH6jiH3HTeJibHo 10 ripoeKTaM, noIaroToBjieHHLIM B nepRo, 1988-1989 rr.,
HC flPHCBsaxaBiaCb KaTeroplH3 BO3,aeACTBH3I Ha oKpy)KaJouyio cpeay.
35
HHTerpHpOBaHHasl 3aigwTa pacTeHuri
Ta6jnn.a 5.1 KpaTKas cBoaKa npoeKToB/KoMHoHeHTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa no 3anuNTe pacTeHail,
1988 -1995 rr.
ro,a HIicno 3aKlynKa Mepbl PlccJIeaoBa- PerHc- 06pa3oBa- rFjiaH no BHeape-
nPOeKTOB rieCTH- rocyaap- HZIf H TpaumI HPIC H 6opb6e C Hle 143P B
UHXOB CTBeHHOi pacnpOCTpa- o6yqeHHe BpeAHTe- X035ik-
nIOJIHTHKH HeHme JIRMH CTBaX
3HaHHrl rIo
I3P
1995 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1
1994 4 4 1 3 1 3 1 3
1993 13 6 0 6 2 8 2 6
1992 20 9 3 8 3 5 0 4
1991 15 3 3 8 1 5 0 2
1990 18 5 1 10 2 5 0 2
1989 11 7 2 5 2 3 3 1
1988 13 8 1 7 1 8 1 3
HCmo0iiUK: aaHHbIe BCeMHpHOrO 6aHKa
143 42 ripoeKTOB, ipeycmaTpl4Baio4x cHHaHcHpoBaHHe lIecTHLtK,OB, B paMKaX 36
npoeKroB 3aKyTIKa reCTHUHOB rIpoBeaeHa Ha CyMMy 361 MjiH. aojiUi. CIIIA (Ta6ii. 5.2); H3 HHX B 1
npoeKrax Ha 3T1 LIejiH Bb,LeJL5elocb 10 MJIH. ,RoiJI. CIIA, qTO B o6iuef4 cyMMe COCTaBHmO 293 MrIH.
gojui. CIlIA. B paMKax Tpex KpynHei4urnx ripoeKTOB, yTBCpx,eHHbIX B 1998 r., TaKaa cyMMa
COCTasBHa 172,5 mIH. ,oviJI. CEIIA. KanHiTajiOBJIoKeHHr B paMKaX 3THX Tpex ripoeKrOB
- pecjieaOBaJIH cieaylqOUHe Uiei: cnrioLuHoe OIIpbICKHBaHHe paCTeHlH1 KaKaO B KaMepyHe ripOTHB
TaKHx 6ojie3Heki KaK "rIecTpal rHHJIb" H "ToqeqHaq rHHJIb" (62,7 MJIH. aOlJi. CIlIA ); 6opb6a c
IIyCTbIHHOR capaHIOlr4 B Amacpe (59,8 MJIH. ,Oj3I. CIIA); rioaaepzcpca opouluaeMoro
paCTeHKeB0,aCTBa B CyqaHe (50 MJIH. ZoIJI. CIIA). EI3 nmITH npoeKTOB, ogo6peHHbrx nocie 1990 r.,
,TpR 6bM1H CBq3aHbI C qpe3BbIakHbiMMH CHTyaUiMiH.
IZLns cpaBHeHHIS, BCeMi4pHIib 6aHK 4rHHaHCHpOBaJI 22 rpoeKra z14 KOMnIOHeHTa,
Cs13aHHbIX c 143P, Ha o6luyio CyMMy 81 MJIH. zoau. CHIA; npH 3TOM CyMMa BbiaejieHHaS Ha lBa
npoeKra COCTaBHJa 52 MAH. aoiui. CmA./ 4. Bcero 5 Mn1H. aonn. CilA (6 1IpoUeHTOB)
HCroIJb3OBaJIHCb Ha 4)HHaHCMp0BaHHe KOMnOHeHTOB H43P, aOKa3bIBaS HH3KHR ypOBeHb
HHBecT14UHRi, HanpaB.ISeMbIX Ha 143P. B reorpa4HwecKoM nIiaHe npoeKibi pacnpeae3uIoTca
cjie,ayiou.tM o6pa3oM: LIeC5ITb B BoCTOMHOR A3xH, riHYeM IIOJIOBHHa 143 HIIX B KJTae; ueCTB B
pai4oHe Cy6caxapui B AcjpHKe; H rio jBa B EBporne, CpegHeli A31HH, JlaTHHCKOii AMepHKe,
KapH6cKoM perHoHe, Ha BnliKcHeM BocToKe H B CeBepHoif AcpHKe. B lOiHoio A3nH 1HBeCTUMHH
oipaHHRHBJIH4Cb HayYHbIMM Hccjie4OBaHH5MH.
06.3aTenIbHoe npoBeaeHme oueHK4 B0o3,aef4cTTMA npoeKra Ha oKpyKCaoujYO cpe,ry
BBseeHO corniacHo oriepaUHoHHoR al4peKTHBe 1989 r. (c H3MeHeHH3IMH OT 1991 r.). OaHaKO 3TOT
HHCTpyMeHT He Bcerra 3MeKHKT10BHO HCrIOJTb3YCTCI B rioaxoAe K peuieHRio BOnPOCOB 3auI1TbI
paCTeHHII. HaripHMep, IBa npoeKTa, coaep)IaUlHx KOMIIOHCHTbI rio cbHHaHCHPOBaHHIO 3aKyHKH
necTi4i11,oB Ha 3HaqHTeJlbHYIO CyMMy 84,5 miH. iojm. CIA, coriacHo oijXeHKe Bo3AeRCTBHA Ha
oKpyKaiowyio cpeAy roJIyIHJIH KaTeropno "C". CiieAyeT OTMeTHTb, qTO 6ObLIUnHCTBO npoeKTOB,
OTHeCeHHbIX K KaTerOpHH "C", OTHOC$TC5 K nepIo4iy ao 1991 roga, nIocZie 3Toro npoeKrmi
pacnpeIIeJISUOTC5I Ha KaTeropHH "B" H "C" 6onee paBHoMepHo.
36
rlopT4ejrnb npoeKrOB BceMHpHoro 6aHnKa
PHCYHOK 5.1 PacnpeaeieHHe npoeKTOB no 3KOJIorH'eCKHM KaTerOpUHsM (1988-95 rr.)
C=32%
|B=43% I
ID=3 %
121 % 6e3 KaTeropiA
A%
flpuMesanue: BKJIioqaCT 95 ripoeKTOB BceMHipHoro 6aHKa 3a 1988-1995 rr., co)tepKaIiu4x KOMrIoHeHT rio 6opb6e c
Bpe4HTejI51Mfl.
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Ta6niHua 5.2 (UHaHCHpOBaHHe nleCTHUH.OB B paMKaX KOMiiOHeHTOB/npoeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa
(1988 -1995 rr.).
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6aHKOM (M.IH.,aOJIJI.
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> 5-IOMJIH. 6 37.55 31.95
> 10-20 MAiH. 8 120.50 86.0
20 MJIH 3 172.50 132.8
Bcero: 36 361.02 250.75
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rOCy,aapCTBCHHOI IIOJIHTHKH H cTpaTeruH COCTOHT B pa3pa6oTKe MeXaHH3MOB TaKHX pelIeHHZi.
JIoKaAbHbi xapaKrep 1I3P o61qCHS1eT 3aHHTepeCOBaHHOCTh BceMHpHoro 6aHKa H ApyrHx
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TOJIbKO O nporpammax HayYHbIX 1CCJleaOBaHKR H pacH pocTpaHeHHA 3HaHHA H TeXHOhIOrHji, a O CyTH
37
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BceMHpHoro 6aHKa ipH alHla)I3e H pa3pa6OTKe COOTBeTCTByiOieii oTpaciieBoii niojiHTHKK H
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3t4eKTHBHOCTH H yCTOuI'FHBOCTH B OTpaCJieBOl CTpaTermH. flpaKTHqeCKa5I pCKOMeHaagHA COCTOHT
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O IOJ4HTHKe, npo6uieMax H ripaKTHKe yCTOliPWBOrO pa3BHT ce mcKoro XO3SPCTBa./5
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pa3gele peKOMeHAauWHi4 gJIiJ npaBHTeJIhcTBa. 3KOHOMHqecK4c HccAeaOBaHHSI, B oco6eHHOCTH,
cTpaTerHR rIOMOIH CTpaHC TaKlKe IgalOT B03MO)KHOCTb npoTaraHaHPOaTb HCIOJIB3oBaHHe
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Mep, CTaB311IHX B UCHTP BHHMaHH5J cbepMepOB. TaloKe B 3THX HccJIegOBaHH5IX MOryT
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flpHBOAHTBCS COOTBeTCTBY1OUHe nlOKa3aTejrH YCTo14HBOCTH H pa3pa6aTbIBaTbcs 39OPOBMie OCHOBbI
CHCTeMbI CTHMYJIHPOBaHHA H PeFY.IHpOBaHH5.
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cTpaHaM-3aeM UHKaM B noarIIOTOBKe H PCaJIH3auHH TiaHOB ripHpOaOXpaHHMIX MepOTIPHATH,i MOXCeT
CTaTb ,OIIOJIHHTeJIbHIM MCXaHH3MOM aTJIq BbIBJIeHHH npo6iieM, CBq3aHHMIX C 3aUHTOI paCTeHH1I OT
Bpeg[HTeiiei1, H nyTefi HX peuleHHs. B 'aCTHOCTHI, fjiaH 3KOjiormqecKHX MepoiTpHATHmi AOJKCH
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nOJITHTqeCKOH H HHCTHTyLHOHajibHO9 OCHOB, CB53aHHbIX C 3KOjioreH; THriI HHBeCTHgHil,
HaiipaB.ieHHbIe Ha o6ecneqeHHe YCTOIqHBOCTH oKpy)Kaiouuefi cpeaIm. Bce 3TH BOIPOCMI HaXOqsT
oTpa)KeHHe B 3KOHOMHqeCKHX H OTpaCACBbIX HCCJICeOBaHHs1x, 3KOHOMHMeCKX MeMOpaH,YMaX,
cTpaTerHH HOMOLiUH cTpaHe, HHBeCTH4HOHHbiX npoeKrax H 3aAMaX Ha 1uejiH CTpyKTYPHO1i
riepecTpoiiKH BceMHpHoro 6aHKa. EaHK HaCTOqTeBJIHO pCKoMeH,yeT rIpaBHTeaJbCTBaM BCex cTpaH
BKJHoqaTB IUTaH 3KOJIOrHlecKHx MepOnpH5THA B flIaHMI pa3BHTHS HaUHOHajLBHOA 3KOHOMHKH H
KOHKpeTHMIX OTpacJIefi. B OTHoIiiieHH H3P Heo6XoAHMO ITPOBeCTI cJieayolu]He Mepbl:
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oilpe,aejieHHbix Mep no 143P.
38
fIOpT4ieji rpoeeKTOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa
3Koioweu,iecKai2 omewca
B HaCTOaiiree BpeMq 3KOJIorH'eCKHI aHlam3 H oueHKa B03IeirfCTBRSI Ha oKPY)KXa10UoA
cpegy ABJIJSIOTCS OCHOBHbIM HHCTpyMeHToM BceMHpHoro 6aHKa ilpH onpe,gejieHHH 3KO0orH-ecKHx
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onpereiiAeT CTerIeHB BHHMaHHA H Heo6xoaHMocTL KOHTPOJIJ1 3a COCTOSHHeM oKpy)KalOWeii cpeglI.
O.gHaKo 3KojiorHweCKas oileHKa B CBoeM COBpeMeHHoM BHte HrpaeT orpaHHqeHHYIO POJIb B
pacrpocTpaHeHHH yCTORqHBbIX MeTOaOB 3aLUIHTbI paCTeHmH 11 chieayjIoLUHM IIpH'HHaM:
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3a COCTOqHHeM oKpyxaiougeii cpegbI 3aBHC5T OT I0porHO3HPOBaHHS npo6ieMbi.
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3aKOHozaTCbCTBa O neCTHIax.
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HCrIOJ1B3OBaHHeM 1IeCTHH,LOB npH HX 3aKyT1Ke B paMKaX 4)HHaHCHpyCMbiX HM ilpoeKToB.
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Heo6xfaHMocTH COBCpUIieHCTBoBaTb J1y'11IiR OnbIT H 3HaHH5 aiJi BbIpa6OTKH 4 y0iop0iZo0eHHoro H
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ripe,oCTaBneHHe pyKOBO4HTCJIqM ripoeKTOB BO3MO)KHOCTH BKj1IOqaTE, B HHX KOM11OHeHTbI 143P H
TaKHM o6pa3oM <<KOMneHCKpOBaTb>> r1pHMeHeHHe nCCTHUHLOB H 436eraTb HH3KOrO pefiTHHra ipiH
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Hay'HbIX HCCJIneOBaHHRI H pacrIpOCTpaHeH4, cejibCKOXO3.1fiCTBeHHbIx 3HaHHI4, KOTOpLie CTaB5T B
1teHTp BHHMaHHAs peuieHHe ripaKimHecKIx npo6J�eM, CTOSLuHX rieper bepmepam H OKa3aHHe
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pacripocTpaHeHH{s ceeBLCKOXO3.nMiCTBeHHJAX 3HaHHA Heo6xogHMo Y'HTMIBaTB cJIe,y1oigee:
* HpH pa3pa6OTKe HayqHoaii IOJIHT4KH, HanpaBJIeHHii McBe.LeAOMCTBeHHoro
COTpyzHH'IeCTBa H aHanjH3e KpaTKOCpOqHMIX H AoJirOCpO'qHbIX IpHOpHTeTOB HCo6XOar4MO
OKa3aTb noaepxKKy d)epmepaM B npHMCHeHmH 1/3P H co6nuoaaTE ripHHLHIT
39
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3aKynKa necmui4ueoe
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npoBe,aeHHA TeH,aCpOB Ha 3aKy1Ky r1eCTHUHflOB" (FAO 1994). CJia6oCTb 3Toro PYKOBOZCTBa B
HeteTKOii IIO3HLJHH B Boripoce KOHTpOJI13 KaYecTBa H perHCTpa4AHH rieCTHgHlHAOB, KOHyeHTpa1iHH
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OLeHKy noTpe6HocTeft B XHMHKaTaX }H KOHTpOJIb 3a Hx ripaBIHMIHbIM npHIMeHeHHeM. XOTAI B
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BAHHMOCTH, HMe1OT HH3KHeC npOH3BOACTBeHHbie CTaHAapTLI, B pe3yZETaTe Yero XHMHKaTEMI
coAepXcaT TOKCHxlecKHe BeLLeCTBa. KpoMe Toro, riogo6Hme 11PoH3Bo0CTBeHHbie 4CHpMw
Hecn1oco6HLI o6ecneqHTm Tpe6yeMylo 3aMeHy I1pOyKLIHH HJIH TCXHHqCeCKoe
o6CJIyXMBaHHC, B oco6eHHOCTH, 11pH BHeApeH4H HOBEIX flpo0yKroB.
* H0pRaOK 3aKynoK BcemupHoeo 6aHKa HMeeT TeHqeHURIO He,AooyeHHBaTb 3HaqeHHe
perHcTpaUH1 XHMHMKaTOB H oTaaBaTE ripeLiRnoMTeHHe 3aKyrrKe KpyiiHLLx 11apTHlH
rieCTHIXHLOB HeCKOJ1bKHX HaHMeHOBaHHti. H4CIOJII>3yeMbIji riop3iAOK riomoraeT
10pH3BeCTH 3aKyriKy H coriJacyeTcsi C CHCTeMaMH LieHTPanJH3OBaHHbIX o6,J3aTen bHEuX
40
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3aeMigHKax. 3aKynKa KpyInHbIX riapTHin fleCTHgIOB MOXKeT IIpHBeCTH K cepbe3HLIM
ripo6neMaM, CBq3aHH6IM C HCTeIeHHeM cpoKa aeHCTBH5, B pe3ynJLTaTe qero norpe6yeTcA
n1POBeCTH goporocToHWHe MepOIpHSHTHS, qTo6bi H36aBHThCSL OT XMMHKaTOB. /7
TexHoflorHa H13P Tpe6yeT ropa3,go 6onee rm6Koro no.axoga, BKnioqaa He6oJIblnHe
o6feMbI 3aKyflOK rleCTHgMAOB EeiLeHTpaJIH30BaHHLIMH cTpyKTypaMH, cnoco6HIMfH
o6ecneq'M Hx HatnexaiIee xpaHeHHe H HIcIOJIb3OBaHHe.
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* rpHHSTb HauHoHanibHyIo nOJIHTHKY B o6nacTH 13P, YqHTbIBaA cnejywmio e acneKTbi: Me)KBefOMCTBeHHoe
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* lepecMoTpeTb H, B cnyqae Heo6xofHMoCTH, yKpeCIHTb CHCTCMy peryJI4poBaHH4 ipHMmeHeHHH neCTHaHfOB,
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3aKoHoaaTeJIbcTBo, MCXaHH3Mbl H pecypCbi perHcTpaiLHi H 1KOHTpOJIH XHMHKaTOB.
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COBpeMeHHOH npaKTHKH H TeHzeHJ4H9 B o6nacTH 6opbGbl C BpeJtHTeCJIMH; npoaHaJIH3HpoBaTb 3aTpaTbI H
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noTpe6HoCTH 4epMepOB.
* noziepKHyTb HCo6XOaHMOCTb npHo6peTeHHa HOBblIX 3HaHHH C yqeTOM HaKoriieHHoro OrIbITa Ha MeCTaX,
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paCnpocTpaHeHHe CeJIbCKOXO3IHCTBeHHbIX 3HaHHri H o6yqeHHe, npH 3TOM CO3faB CHCTeMy CTHMYJIOB H
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41
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iIeCTH1H.OB B paMKaX 4)XHaHCHpyeMbIX BceMHpHUiM 6aHKOM ripOeKTOB COOTBeTCTByeT ffyqLjeji
iipaKTHKe H rOTOMY LmpoKoMacLmTa6HOA iAeaX noAroepxiCx BHeapeHMIA H3P. B KaYeCTBe
AOKa3aTCZhCTBa Toro, qTO 3aeMUHKM BbIIOJIHSIOT o6sl3aTenBCTBa i1o Ha,gIeeX(aweMy 11pHMeHeHHiO
rieCTHAiHoB, HHorAa HC110oju3yeTC5 ilolioXKeHHe 0 coriiacHH Ha r1OCTaBKY XHMHKaTOB C nonyqeHHA
npe,BapHTeCJbHo1a 4HHbopMaauHH. B HacTORsIee BpeMSI BeaeTcA pa6oTa no1 nepecmoTpy PYKOBO4CTBa
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paCTCHirl OT BpeaHTej1ei, B KOTOpOJ 143P onpeAenieeTcs KaK KOMrLTieKCHa3i CHCTeMa,
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pyKoBoX]HTeJiefi npoeKToB, KOTOPbIC pa6oTaloT B oTaeuax cenbcKoro XO3qiRCTBa H rpHpOprHbix
peCypcOB. YKa3aHHbie KypCbI BOtzYT B o6uyio y"e6Hy1o nporpammy no noiaroToBKe, 3KcniepTHofi
OL]CHKe IIpOeKTOB H Haa3Opy 3a onepaJH5IMH, B KOTOpbIX IIpHMeHqOTCS TCXHOJIOrIHI yCTOT4'IBOro
npoH3BO,aCTBa. B HzeajiiHoM cniy'ae TaKoe o6yqeHHe AouixcHo CTaTb o6sI3aTeITHBIM RJIA
PYKOBO,aHTenieu ripoeiToB, 3aHHMaIoiu]Hxcs pa3pa6oTKO'i rIpoeKTOB H HHBeCTH1ULfHi B ccjepe
CeJIbCKoro X035IHCTBa, 3apaBOOXpaHCHH4I HJH XHAMH4CCKOrO npOH43BOaCTBa.
POHa tpuHaHcupoeaHUw uHmeepupo6aHHwo 3aUUm blpacmeHUU
B 1995 roay BCeMHpHbii 6aHK BMeCTeC c (IAO, rIPOOH H IOHErl XraIHi coruacHe CTaTb
Cr1OHcopaMH celTIHaj1bHoirl CTpyKTypbi no npoiTaraH,ge CHCTeMjM 143P, KOTOpaq npecuie,yeT JxenjH
344ceKTHBHO H UIIHpOKOMaCIIITa6HO BbIqBJMSTb, pa3pa6aTbiBaTb, 4UHaHCHPOBaTb, RpaKTrH'ecKH
BHeAp3lTb ]H OeCHHBaTb rp]HMem HHTCrPHpOBaHHOIi 3aWUHThI paCTeHHi4, nlpeaHa3HaeHHbie IA
cbepMepa, B paMKaX HaiHOHWIbHbiX rpOprpaMM H C cTOMOnbiO areHTCTB pa3BHTHS. TaKOIr cI�OHA
npe,nioxKeH B pe3yJfhTTaTe 1oarOTOBKH AoK1inaa o Tpe6yeMbix mepax H HHCTHTyuHoHaALHofi
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C TOxIKH 3peHHI CrioHCopoB; aKTHBH3aUHSI AHaniora H y'aCTHe B HeM 1UHpOKoro Kpyra
"x eACTBYIoWHX JIHU", BKJIIo'aa HeripaBHTCJbCTBeHHbIeC opraHH3auHH.
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OT MewayHapogHoro CeJIbCKOXO3sJiCTBeHHOrO 6iopo CogpyxecTBa (BenHKo6pHTaHrA) 1Io
yrAiy6ileHio CneuHaJ1bHbIX 3HaHHA no 143P H BseeHHio 6a3MA zaHHbIx. B iueirx aHaJiH3a
,ae,TeJIbHOCTH 4)OHaa H BbIpa6oTKH peKOMeH,zaUHfl ajiS CrIOHCOPOB OTHOCHTeCJTHO pa3pa6OTKH
HHCTHTYUHOHaAbHOii H HauHOHajIbHOii IIOJIHTHKH H CTpaTerTHH ITaHHpyeTC5 C03gaTb He3aBHCHMbMlj
KOHCyJuBTa1iHOHHOoR COBeT. COBeT 6yaeT OKa3MIBaTl IIOMOlUf B OIIpeAeCeHiHH ripHOpZiTCTHbIX
periHoHOB BHeapeHHS 143P m 4OpMyJIHpOBaTb KOHKpCTHYIO CTpaTerUio (CM. BCTaBKy 5.3), aaBaTb
ouleHKy AOCTHrHyTbiM pe3yjibTaTaM H HeCOCTaTKaM riporpaMM 143P.
Hpe,yCMaTpHBaeTCR yKOMi-JieKTOBaTb (DOHA He6oJIbuloH rpynnoii ripo4jeccHoHaJIIbHLIx
COTpyZAHHKOB, HMeCOioiX 6oraTbIAi MeXyHapOAHbIii OrIbIT, TexHHwecKHe 3HaHHIA, OribIT no
42
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peaiiMaunm iTpOeKTOB H flOJIyIHBLUIHX UMpOKOC IIpH3HaHHe mexAyHapOflHorO Hay4HO-
TexHrqeCKoro coo6iueCTBa H JIOHOpOB. COTPYaHHKM 3T0oro 4oHaa 6yayT OKa3EiBaTh fOMOJJTb
pyKOBOAHTeJI5M npOeKrOB BceMHpHoro 6aHKa B ripeOji(oSeHHH H pa3pa6OTKe
npoeKTOB/KOMnOHeHTOB H3P. $OHa cNHHaHCHpyCTCS 3a cqeT CpegCTB, flOCTynaIOuIXH, B OCHOBHOM,
OT CrIOHCOpOB, AOHOPOB H iaCTHLIX C3OH4OB.
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OCHOBHMie JIieMeHTbI BHeapeHHI 143P B paMKax 4ioHrwa 143P BKcno4aIoT:
* YMacTHe 43epMepoB B pa3pa6oTKe 1H3P H rIpHKnaZHbIX HCCnIgOBaHHlx, H 06yqeHHe (cepMepOB M13P
HeriOCpeACTBeHHo Ha rioieCBbIX y4acTKax.
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* $)HHaHCHpoBaHHe I1HJIOTHbMX (onbITHbIX) npoCKTOB B pHOpHTeTHbLIX xo3aiicTBax.
* HnaHHpoBaHHe H pa3pa6oTKa HaI4HoHaJbHbLIX nporpaMM BHeapeHHa H3P, HiaipaBBeHHbIX Ha KOOPAHHaUHio
4C11TeJIbHOCTH no P3P H iio0IepXKy MeCTHbIX 1HHUHTaTHB.
noxa3aTeni pe3yflbTaTHBHOCTH BKilloqalOT:
* YKpelneHHe HaimOHa0BbHbIX opraHH3aLUHoHHo-KaZpoBbIx Bo3MoXCHocTeC no pa3pa6oTKe H nIpOBeaeHHIO
YCOBepIeHCTBOBaHHbx nporpamm H3P.
* CBWIeTeiJICTBa peqjopMHpoBaHHa HaUIHoHaJIbHoHI nOJIIHTHKH B noaZep)KKy BHeapeHHH 143P.
* 3HaMHTenbbo B033pocILee yiaCTHe H 3aMeTHal PO0ib �CpMepOB B 4OpMyJIHpOBaHHH H peaIH3auHm cTpaTelm
P3P.
* Bo3poclnee MHCJO HHBeCTHUHOHHbLIX Bo3MMoxKHoCTeH.
* CBHJeTeJIbCTBa 3(lJceKToB pacripOCTpaHeHMq P3P H CHHeprH3Ma (KOrIa o6nHi pe3yflbTaT npeBocXoZHT CyMMy
OTZeJIbHbIX 3QFeKToB), Bblpa3HBmHxCH B yBeCH4eHHH rocygapCTBeHHbIx H MeCTHbIX HHBeCTHUHi B P3P.
HcmoziHUK: MeXBezoMcTBeHHaa pa6o4aa rpynna no Bonpocy P3P, 1995 r.
BCTaBKa 5.3 3Tanb6 aaeapeHuA HHTerpHpoBaHHoi CHCTeMm 3asmwrTu OT BpezHTeLIeri
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* Pa3pa6oTaTb H HcflriTaTb Ha npaKTHKe HHHuaTHBHbLie Mepbi H nHJIoTHble npoeKTbI.
* YKpenHTb opraHH3aij4oHHo-KaapoBbie B03MO)KHOCTH, paciiiHpHTb aaAbHeflmee BHeapeHHHe H UpHMeHeHHe
13P.
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1. lpHmepoB TaKHx npHio)KeHHiA Maoi, 0o1HO 113 HNIX MO)KHO HaHTH B riocJIeCHHX oTpacIieBbIX oTMeTax
BCeMHpHorO 6aHKa: <Pecny6nHKa feMeH. CTpaTerHI yCToWIHBoro ceylbCKoXo35HiCTBeHHoro npoH3BoACTBa�
(World Bank 1993 d); <ApMeHHi. 3afaMa pecJopMbi CeelbCKoXo3aiiCTBeHHOrO CeKTopa> (World Bank 1995a);
JIHTBa: 0630p ceJIbCKOXo39HiCTBeHHoro H4 npOfOBOJIbCTBeHHOro CeKTOpa)> (World Bank 1995b).
2. HTo6b HaATH npoeKTbl Him KoMUOHeHTbI npoeCKToB, CBS3aHHLIe c 6opb6oii H 33aIHTO OT BpernITenefl, P3P,
3aKynKoH, TpaHcnopTT4poBKoVf, xpaHeHMeM, HCnoJIb3oBaHHeM reCTHUHRoB, 6bu npOBeAeH rlOHCK B 6a3ax AaHHbix
no ripoeKTaM pa3BHTH4 HpHpOAHBIX pecypcoB, Kpe CJTHMM onepagHmM, H B 6a3eaaHHbIx 6x-x6nHorpa4nHH ro1OBbMX
OT'-CTOB BCeMHpHOro 6aHKa.
3. TIPHCBOeHHCenpoeKTaM KaTeropuii no cTeneHH UX Bo3xzerCTBHg Ha OKpyxaIOtLJylo cpejy BBe,eHO B 1989 r.( c
H3MeHeHHSMH OT 1991 r.). rlpoeiTbI KaTeropHH "A" npeanonaraloT nofIHylo OUeHKY Bo3fleitcTBHsl Ha
oKpyxaEonyio cpexzy; npoeKTbI KaTeropHi "B" npeftnoniaraloT aHaIH COCTOIHHSI OKpyxcaIoiet Cpezbi, HO He
43
HiHTerpHpoBaHHaaq 3auwa paCTeHHIrl
noJIHylo oaeHKy; H ripoCKTbl KaTeropuH "C" He HyxAaaIOTCS B aHaAH3e, fOCKOJTbKy He OKa3blBalOT BpeAHoro
Bo3AegiCTBHH Ha oKpyxKaioIyIo cpeaiy. ao 1989-1991 IT cyUXeCTBOBaia KaTeropHa "D", nipHCBaHBaeMaA
3KOAOrH-IecKHM npoeKTaM.
4. CTpaHbl-3aeMniHKw , B riepBY1O oMepenb, o6pawaloTcs K BaHKy ,van nonyCeHHR TBepao0 BanioTbI. 144pa 81
MJIH. aoinI. CIIIA He oTpa)KaeT Bcex MeponpHSiTHiR no 143P, IPOBeAeHHbIX neIpe4HcJIeHHbIMH cTpaHaMH.
5. CM. <<BceMHpHbIfi 6aHK. OTgen nCeJIbCKoro xO3sItCTBa H ripHpOfHMIX pecypCoB. TexHHIecKwe 3anHCKIH�. cepHa
N92, 4eBpaib,1994 r.
6. flocne CaMMHTa OOH no npo6neMaM nfIaHeTbl B Pno-Ae-XKagHepo B 1992 r. KoHcyJTbTaTHBHaS rpynna no
MexQyHapo,aHbIM CeJTbCKOX03HflCTBeHHbLIM MCCIICaOBaHHI4M (CGIAR) opraHI4osaiia pa6oMyl rpynny, KOTopaa
peKOmeHzoBaia B 1993 roxiy <(HHTeplUCHTp> 143P nog PYKOBOACTBOM Mer.yHapoAHoro HHCTHTyTa TponflHeCKOro
ceCbCKoro XO3SHiCTBa. B CnHCKe H4CCIeCAOBaHHI) 3TOrO HIHCTHTYTa C HaMaJia 80-x rO,AOB BaaHoe MeCTO 3aHHMaCT
143P. MeACylHaPOaHwbx LJCHTP 4)H3HojOrrHH H 3HTOMOJIOrHH HaCeKOMbIX aBJIHeTCq nH4OHePOM npHMeHeHHH 143P
CO ,UHH OpraHH3algHH.
7. B Tex cuiyqai, KOraa He pa3pa6OTaHbi 6onee yCToiPIHBbie MCTOAbI 6opb6bl C BpeAHTeJISMH H HeO6XOAHMmb
6onbmufe o6,eMb CpCpACTB 3aMlHTbI paCTeH4rl, HanpHMep, ripi MaccoBoM HaiieCTBHH capaHMH wHA gpyrux
BpeDHTenieli, aflbTepHaTfBHbIe nOXOabI BKliOMalOT CO3faaHHe 6aHKOB rieCTHIJH/OB Ha OCHOBe perHOHanJbHbMX
BH3o6HoB.uaeMbx 3arlacoB HiiH no3TanHOCTH rOCTaBOK C y,CTOM npHMOrO cnpoca. (CM. $DAO; 1995 r.)
44
EH6iHnorpadmx
ADB (Asian Development Bank). 1993. IPM Guidelines. Manila.
Agne, S., G. Fleischer, and H. Waibel, eds. 1994. Proceedings of the Workshop on Pesticide Policies. Gottingen,
Germany: Institut fur Agrarokonomie de Universitat Gottingen.
Bentley, J., 1989. "What Farmers Don't Know Can't Help Them: The strengths and weaknesses of indigenous
technical knowledge in Honduras". Agriculture and Human Values 6 (3): 25-3 1.
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CSPI (Center for Science in the Public Interest). 1995. Fundingfor Safer Farming: Taxing Pesticides and
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FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization). 1990. International Code of Conduct on the Distribution and Use of
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. 1993. Safe and efficient use ofpesticides in Africa. Rome
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. 1995. Prevention ofAccumulation of Obsolete Pesticide Stocks: Provisional Guidelines. Rome.
Farah, J. 1994. Pesticide policies in Developing Countries: Do they Encourage excessive Use? Discussion Paper
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