IMPACTS AND PERCEPTIONS OF COVID-19 GEORGIA HIGH FREQUENCY SURVEY MAIN FINDINGS FEBRUARY 2021 CONTENTS I. Monitoring the effects of COVID-19 in Georgia: Survey Methods II. Impact of COVID-19 on households I. Georgia’s High Frequency Survey: Methodology II. Key Findings: Round 1 • Prevalence of COVID-19 • Employment • Income shocks & poverty transitions • Food security • COVID-19 Vaccine • Perceptions and expectations MONITORING THE EFFECTS OF COVID-19 IN GEORGIA Survey Methods Context of COVID-19 in Georgia • Over 254 thousand people have been diagnosed with COVID-19 in Georgia, by January 2020. Over 3 thousand people have died due to COVID-19. • Georgia responded swiftly to the outbreak of COVID-19, declaring national state of emergency on March 21st, 2020. However, the number of active cases accelerated and increased 10-fold by September 2020. • Localized restrictions based on the epidemiological situation remained in COVID-19 recorded cases in Georgia force until February 2021. The measures include partial closures of intercity passenger transport, restaurants and food outlets. Additional restrictions apply in Tbilisi and other large cities to retail outlets, educational facilities, etc. • The pandemic has contributed to economic slowdowns in key sectors of the economy, including tourism (8% of GDP). • The economic shocks derived from the pandemic are expected to contract the economy by -5.8% in 2020, a sharp Google, with data from Johns Hopkins University (JHU) Monitoring Tool. Accessed: Jan 26th, 2021. contrast to initial forecasts of 4.6% GDP growth held before the pandemic. • Sources: Government of Georgia; World Bank; IMF; Johns Hopkins University (JHU). 4 COVID-19 Outbreak Jan 30. WHO Mar 11. WHO declares outbreak declares COVID-19 a Public Health global pandemic. Emergency. Feb 26. Georgian Mar 21. 23 May. State of citizen returning International emergency from Iran diagnosed passenger traffic lifted. Economic w/ COVID-19. suspended. activities Mar 23. First strict permitted, with Feb 29. quarantine exceptions. Georgia restrictions. Restrictions on closes gatherings. schools. Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2020 2021 Georgia COVID-19 Georgia High- Georgia ES 2019. COVID-19 Monitor Georgia COVID-19 Follow-up Round 2. Frequency 701 interviews (581 survey.** Six rounds Follow-up Round 1. Same 701 firms re- Survey. SMEs and large + collected between Apr-June Same 701 firms (ES contacted. 575 successful Round 2 120 micro firms) 2020, by random digit 2019) interviewed interviews completed in collected in conducted between dialing. Information collected June 2-10 by CATI.* Oct-Nov 2020 by CATI.* Feb 2020. Mar-2019 & Jan- on individual attitudes, 2020. behaviors, wellbeing and expectations. Georgia High-Frequency Survey. Round 1 collected in Dec 2020, by random digit dialing. Information collected on COVID-19 shocks on jobs, incomes, schooling, etc; Data & knowledge response government assistance; individual attitudes and expectations. * CATI: Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews (CATI) ** Collected by the Caucasus Research Resource Center, with funding from the Government of the Netherlands and technical collaboration from the World Bank. Source: WHO (2020); IMF (2020); Government of Georgia. Coverage of COVID-19 Monitoring COVID-19 Follow-Up Enterprise Surveys COVID-19 High-Frequency Surveys Collected firm-level data on the effects of COVID-19 on the Collected data on the socioeconomic impacts of COVID-19 on private sector in 44 countries.* Similar indicators are available households and individuals in 45 countries. Cross-country across countries. harmonized indicators are available.** https://www.enterprisesurveys.org/en/covid-19 https://www.worldbank.org/en/data/interactive/2020/11/11/covid-19- high-frequency-monitoring-dashboard Source: World Bank (2021). * Completed or under implementation, as of January 26th, 2021. ** Updated as of January 15th, 2021. 6 GEORGIA’S HIGH FREQUENCY PHONE SURVEY Round 1: Key Findings GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey Methodology and Implementation Georgia High Frequency Survey: Design Survey Response Round Sampling frame Coverage Method Dates Sample Structure rate COVID-19 • Random Dec 18th – • 1,986 interviews Monitoring : CATI† 40% Pooled dialing of • Representative 24th, 2020 completed Round 1 cross- cellphone of the national sectional numbers. population; data • Post- Tbilisi, Other stratification Urban, Rural weights based locations. COVID-19 Jan 27th – on Census. • 2,039 interviews Monitoring: CATI† 39% Feb 1st, completed Round 2* 2021 Source: World Bank. † Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews. * Data analysis ongoing as of early February 2021, results not included as part of this document. 8 Methodology and Implementation Georgia High Frequency Survey: Topics Socio-demographic COVID-19 Remote learning background Prevalence Employment Household incomes Food security Government Public opinion on Coping strategies assistance COVID-19 vaccines Perceptions going forwards Source: World Bank. † Computer Assisted Telephone Interviews. 9 Key Findings: Households & Individuals COVID-19 Prevalence • 16% of respondents has had a family member sick with coronavirus. The perceived incidence is highest in Tbilisi, with 21% of respondents reporting positive cases of COVID-19 in their families. Only 11% of rural respondents reported a family COVID-19 case. • Several obstacles to distance learning were identified. Although 75% of households has internet access at Remote home and 76% has access to a smartphone at home, children face limitations in ICTs to learn remotely. Learning Around 22% of household with school-aged children report that unstable internet connect is a barrier to online learning (this share is close to 29% for rural households). •The most common concern for learning is that children’s struggles to focus during online classes (31% of households), followed by the lack of physical activity (29%). Most respondents are aware of online resources and materials, and they can find enough time to help children’s learning. Few interviewees dismiss teachers’ preparedness to teach online. • 42% of workers in Georgia may have lost their job since the coronavirus outbreak; they reported employment before March 2020, but they were not employed in December 2020. At least 300 thousand Employment (almost 50%) of those workers attributed this change to job or business losses to COVID-19. An additional 4% of workers who were no longer employed in Dec-2020 stopped working to avoid exposure to the virus. • Child and elderly care responsibilities are more common reasons for females (than males) losing their job since March 2020. Nonetheless, their shares remain low. • Over 55% of workers in restaurants and hospitality reported unemployment due to the economic consequences of COVID-19. Over 40% of workers in wholesale and retail also lost their job or business to COVID-19. Accounting for sectoral size, the largest increases of unemployment attributed to COVID-19 come from wholesale and retail (20%), followed by construction (13%). Restaurants and hotels shows a large drop in employment (8%). • One third of households observed their household incomes decreased since February 2020. Only 6% Household observed higher household incomes, while the rest remained unchanged. On average, households with Incomes available information earned 207 fewer GEL in December than February 2020. Income shocks due to losses in labor incomes affected 33% of households. • A proxy analysis based on self-reported household incomes suggests that up to 12% of respondents may have become impoverished between February 2020 and November 2020. Key Findings: Households & Individuals Food Security • Food insecurity is a main concern. 54% of households have struggled with insufficient money to buy food over the past month. Among them, 30% face food insecurity at least once per week. • The most common strategies to cope with the negative economic effects of the pandemic are reliance on Coping assistance from friends & family (11% of households) and reliance on savings (11%). However, households Strategies have also borrowed from friends & family (8%) or used credit purchases (8%), while only 4% have taken loans from a financial institution. • Concerningly, some households have reduced consumption of non-food items (7%) and even reduced food consumption (7%). Less than 1% of respondents reported engaging in alternative activities to generate income. Government • Most Georgian households (84%) have received some form of government assistance to mitigate the effects of COVID-19. Utility subsidies have been most common, reaching three quarters of households. Around 35% Support of households received assistance for school supplies or children, and 12% of households had relief on loan payments. • The two unemployment benefits considered have reached 6% of households (GEL 200 allowance for formal workers) and 10% (one-time payment the self-employed). COVID-19 • Respondents were divided on their willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. 37% of respondents would receive the vaccine, 34% would not receive the vaccine, and 30% did not know. Vaccines • The most common concern regarding vaccines is safety. Close to 40% of respondents who would not take the vaccine believe that the vaccine will not be thoroughly enough tested six months from now. • Georgians’ perception of the current situation and expectations for the future are not optimistic. Almost 50% Perceptions of households currently face a “bad” financial situation in their household. An additional quarter of households live in a “very bad” financial state. • Going forward, almost one quarter of households expect that the financial situation will worsen in the next 12 months; 30% expect no changes and 30% are uncertain. Only 16% expect improvements in their financial situation. 1) Prevalence of COVID-19 • 16% of respondents reported knowledge of at least one case of COVID-19 among family members (including themselves). Most reported cases had been confirmed by a lab test.* • The reported prevalence was much lower among rural respondents (11%) and higher in Tbilisi (21%). Prevalence of Coronavirus cases Respondent or family member diagnosed with COVID-19 (Tested) Respondent or family member suspected with COVID-19 25% 21% 20% 20% 3% 2% 16% % Respondents 15% 2% 11% 10% 2% 18% 18% 14% 5% 9% 0% Georgia Tbilisi Other Urban Rural Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Notes: Respondents weighted by post-stratification weights for the national adult population. Notes: * The Armenia High Frequency Survey found that 5% of households had a family members who tested positive for the coronavirus. A potential explanation is that round 1 of the Armenia HFS was collected between July and September 2020, during a period of relatively low incidence of new COVID-19 cases in the country. In contrast, the data collection period for the Georgia HFS corresponded with a period relatively rapid spread of new COVID-19 cases. 12 2) Household assets and internet access • Access to internet and communication technologies (ICTs) is relatively widespread in Georgia. Three quarters of households have access to internet connection at home. And, nationally, internet and computer coverage are around 90% among households with school-aged children. • Nonetheless, there are significant spatial disparities in access to ICTs. In Tbilisi, home internet coverage is almost 90%, and close to 90% of households use smart phones. But only 62% of rural households have internet connection at home. Female-headed households have more restricted access to ICTs and other assets. • Limited and unequal access to ICTs could widen inequality; affect the ability of children to learn remotely; reduce connectivity and labor opportunities for workers; and threaten family businesses during the pandemic. Households inputs for human capital, December 2020 Internet Smartphone Tablet Computer Laptop 100% 90% 80% 70% % Households 60% 50% 89% 87% 40% 79% 80% 75% 76% 70% 30% 60% 62% 67% 51% 20% 31% 10% 20% 12% 13% 6% 0% Georgia Tbilisi Other Urban Rural Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Notes: See Appendix for additional results. 13 3) Distance learning • The most common barrier for remote Reported barriers to online learning (% Households with school-aged children) learning is children’s trouble to stay focused during online classes. Almost one Georgia Tbilisi Other Urban Rural 5% 1% third of households with school-aged Do not have internet access 6% 8% children face this barrier. 22% Internet access is irregular 17% 20% 29% • 29% of households with school-aged 2% Didn't know online classes & learning children also report the lack of physical materials were provided 4% activity as barrier. 4% Teachers are unprepared to teach online 2% 6% 3% • The assessment of teachers’ preparedness 31% Child has trouble staying focused during 30% seems generally positive. And few online classes 31% 33% households with school-aged children lack 3% Child is not familiar with how to use a 2% time, willingness or access to online computer 2% 3% learning material. 1% I do not have the time to help them access the 2% materials 1% 1% 4% Unwilling to use the available materials 6% 4% 3% Not enough computers/devices w/ internet 9% 7% connection 10% 10% 29% Lack of physical activity 33% 33% 22% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Note: Bars do not add up to 100%, as multiple choices were allowed per household. 14 3) Distance learning • Beyond coverage, the quality of ICTs is a Reported barriers to online learning (% Households with school-aged children) potential concern. Few households lack internet access, though poor quality Georgia Tbilisi Other Urban Rural 5% 1% connections are common. Rural Do not have internet access 6% 8% households are most affected. Only 8% of 22% 17% rural households with school-aged Internet access is irregular 20% 29% children lack internet connection for 2% Didn't know online classes & learning online learning; but almost 30% are materials were provided 4% affected by irregular internet access. 4% Teachers are unprepared to teach online 2% 6% 3% • Similarly, most children are familiar with 31% Child has trouble staying focused during 30% computers. However, up to one tenth of online classes 31% 33% households report insufficient number of 3% Child is not familiar with how to use a 2% computers or devices (with internet computer 2% 3% connection) at home. This points at the 1% I do not have the time to help them access the possibility that some children may be left materials 1% 1% 2% behind within households. 4% Unwilling to use the available materials 6% 4% 3% Not enough computers/devices w/ internet 9% 7% connection 10% 10% 29% Lack of physical activity 33% 33% 22% 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Note: Bars do not add up to 100%, as multiple choices were allowed per household. 15 4) Employment • 42% of workers (employed in March 2020) lost their job after the COVID-19 outbreak (they did not have a job by December 2020. • There are relevant gender disparities in job losses. 50% of female workers lost their job after the pandemic, compared to 37% of male workers. Job loss estimates in the population (Employed in March 2020, not employed in December 2020) By gender By location All Females Males Tbilisi Other Urban Rural Number of workers 630,296 302,286 328,010 184,176 186,213 259,906 % Adult population 22% 20% 25% 21% 24% 21% % Workers 42% 50% 37% 35% 45% 47% • The estimated total job losses affected 630 thousand workers. Additionally, around 65 workers switched employment between March and December 2020. Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. 16 4) Employment • Expressed as share of all adults, one fifth of Georgians (22%) lost their job between March and December 2020. • The “loss of job or business because of COVID-19” was the main reason, accounting for 48% of employment losses. The fear of exposure to the virus was responsible for 4% of jobs lost. • Other reasons cited included: temporary absence (12% of job losses); illness (7%); “unrelated” to COVID-19 (7%); lack of transport to access workplace (6%); and loss of casual work (5%). Reasons for job loss between March and December 2020, among all adults Other reported cause for job/business loss Don't want to be exposed to the virus Care for ill family, child or elderly (includes home-schooling) Lost Job/business because of COVID-19 Unemployed in December 2020 35% 32% % adults employed in March 2020 30% 25% 24% 24% 25% 22% 21% 21% 21% 21% 20% 18% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% Georgia Tbilisi Female BA or quivalent Rural Male Other Urban Secondary technical/Vocational Upper secondary education Master, 5-year diploma, Doctor Lower secondary or lower Location Respondent's gender Respondent's educational attainment Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. 17 4) Employment • 120 thousand jobs were lost in wholesale and retail between March and December 2020; 85 thousand jobs were lost in construction; and 55 thousand jobs were lost in the tourism and restaurant industry. • Overall, 55% of workers in restaurants and hospitality reported unemployment due to the economic consequences of COVID-19. Over 40% of workers in wholesale and retail lost their job or business to COVID-19. Absolute number of job losses Mar-Dec 2020, by sector Share of job losses between Mar-Dec 2020, by sector Workers employed in March 2020, not employed in Dec 2020 Job loss by December 2020 Job loss explicitly attributed to COVID-19* 140,000 120,000 80% 72% 70% 100,000 70% 62% % Workers in March 2020 55% 60% 80,000 50% 50% 44% 45% 41% 41% 60,000 40% 35% 31% 29% 31% 27% 24% 40,000 30% 17% 16% 20% 11% 12% 15% 20,000 5% 9% 8% 10% 2% 0% 4% - 0% Public utilities Other services Construction Personal services Public admin Agriculture, hunting, fish Tranport Restaurants, Hotels, Tourism Communications Finance, banking, real estate Industry, Manufacturing Wholesale and retail Communications Agriculture, hunting, fish Wholesale and retail Industry, Manufacturing Restaurants, Hotels, Tourism Personal services Public admin Finance, banking, real estate Other services Prof serv, educ, health, domestic Tranport Construction Public utilities Sector of employment in March 2020 Section of Employment in March 2020 Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Notes: * Includes reasons “Lost job/No business because of COVID-19” and “Don’t want to be exposed to the virus”. 18 5) Income shocks • 34% of households in Georgia reported lower incomes after the COVID-19 outbreak (November 2020 vs. February 2020), shifting the income distribution. • Specifically, 33% of households reported decreased incomes due to job losses or closures of businesses related to the COVID-19 shock. Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Note: Before and post COVID-19 periods refer to February 2020 and November 2020, respectively. 19 6) Poverty transitions • 12% of households became impoverished (“new poor”) after the outbreak of COVID-19, according to a measure of poverty based on self-reported household incomes in the GHFS. • The rate of impoverishment was highest in Tbilisi (15% of households) and lowest in rural areas. Though poverty continues to be higher among rural households. • Only 2% of households increased their incomes to escape poverty. Almost one third of households remained poor before and after the pandemic outbreak (“always poor”). Poverty transitions between March 2020 & December 2020 Always poor New poor Escaped poverty Never poor 100% 90% 80% 49% 50% 54% 70% 66% % Households 60% 50% 2% 5% 2% 10% 40% 12% 12% 1% 30% 15% 20% 38% 31% 33% 10% 18% 0% Georgia Tbilisi Other Urban Rural Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Notes: Poverty is measured based on household per capita incomes (self-reported monthly household incomes and household size). Poor households are defined as those with incomes per capita per day lower than the international upper-middle-income poverty line of $5.50 (2011 PPP). Household incomes are unadjusted for changes in price levels across regions and within the year 2020. 20 7) Food security GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey • 55% of Georgian households faced some degree of food insecurity over the past month.* • Food insecurity was more common among rural households and those losing a job since the start of COVID-19. 5% of rural households faced insufficient money to feed their families everyday, 6% of households losing a job faced similar food insecurity. • 80% of poor households (identified by household income) faced food insecurity.** Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Notes: * Question: “Speaking about the last month, how often did you not have enough money to buy the food you or your family needed? Was it...” ** Poverty is proxied by an indicator of per capita income. 21 8) Household coping strategies GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey • Over 10% of households affected by the economic consequences of the pandemic had to rely on assistance from friends and family. Additionally, 11% of households relied on their own savings. • 7% of households affected had to reduce food consumption. Only 1% of households had access to additional sources of income to cope with the shocks.* • Households that became impoverished or lost a job between March and December 2020 had to rely on coping strategies more often. One in four impoverished households relied on assistance from friends and family; one in four reduced food consumption. Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Notes: *Not shown. Answers with less than 2% of households are excluded. Poverty and impoverishment are proxied by an indicator of per capita income. 22 9) Government assistance GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey • Most Georgian households (84%) have received some form of government assistance to mitigate the effects of COVID-19. Coverage has been similar across Tbilisi, urban, and rural areas. • Utility subsidies have been the most widespread measure (74% of households), followed by assistance (GEL 200 payment) for school supplies or children (35%), and relief on loan payments (12% of households). • Coverage of two unemployment benefits considered has been lower: 6% of households for the monthly (GEL 200) allowance for formal workers losing their job, and 10% for the one-time payment the self-employed). Type of government support received by household Monthly allowance (GEL 200) for six months for job loss Income tax exemptions One-time payment (GEL 300) for self-employed who lost income Payment (GEL 200) for school supplies/child Increased monthly social vulnerability status or other status payment Subsidy on loan (mortgages) Subsidy on utility payments Relief on loan payments Subsidy on utility payments 80% 76% 74% 74% 72% 70% 60% 50% % Households Payment (GEL 200) for school 40% 37% 37% supplies/child 35% 32% 30% 20% 15% 14% 10% 12% 11% 11% 10% 8% 9% 8% 10% 8% 6% 6% 6% 6% 6% 5% 6% 4% 3% 3% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 1% 1% 0% Georgia Tbilisi Other Urban Rural Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Notes: Calculated as the share of households that explicitly reported receiving each type assistance, among those that received any assistance. 23 10) COVID-19 Vaccine GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey • 37% of Georgian adults declared Willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, if it became available in 6 months.* Don't • One third would not receive the Know Yes vaccine. An additional 30% remained 30% 37% undecided, as of December 2020. No 34% Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. * Question: “If a Coronavirus vaccine becomes available in 6 months, would you want to receive it?” 24 10) COVID-19 Vaccine GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey • Males are slightly more likely than Willingness to take COVID-19 vaccine females to take the COVID-19 Yes No Don't Know vaccine. 20% • Acceptance of the vaccine seems 31% 28% 27% 31% 32% 29% 27% 34% 29% correlated with higher educational attainment. 34% % Adults 32% 29% 37% 33% 35% 41% 35% 33% 32% • Large shares of the population across all sociodemographic groups— 40% 34% 46% 42% 36% 35% 39% 34% 32% 34% between 20 and 30%—remain undecided in December 2020. Female Tbilisi Upper secondary education Male Secondary technical/Vocational Other Urban Master, 5-year diploma, Doctor BA or quivalent Rural Lower secondary or lower Gender Educational attainment Location Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. 25 10) COVID-19 Vaccine GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey Reasons for unwillingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine • The main concern among people (% Adults who would not receive the vaccine) refusing the COVID-19 vaccine is the lack of thorough testing in six 41% months. • One forth of respondents are concerned over the potential detrimental health effects caused by the vaccine. 26% 23% • Further research should investigate other reasons; one fourth of 17% respondents had a different reason to distrust the vaccine. 4% Vaccines create Vaccines are not The vaccine will not The virus does not Other reason larger health effective be thoroughly exist problems for the enough tested in six individual months Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. Note: Percentages do not add up to 100% as multiple choices were allowed. 26 10) COVID-19 Vaccine GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey • The concern over insufficient testing of the vaccine is high across locations and population groups. • 4% of adults who would not receive the vaccine believe that the virus does not exist. This belief is more common among males, rural populations, and individuals with lower educational attainment. Reasons for unwillingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine, by demographic group Vaccines create larger health problems for the individual Vaccines are not effective The vaccine will not be thoroughly enough tested in six months The virus does not exist Other reason 60% % Adults who would not receive the vaccine 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Master, 5-year diploma, BA or quivalent Female Tbilisi Rural Male Other Urban technical/Vocational Upper secondary education Lower secondary or lower Secondary Doctor Location Gender Educational attainment Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. 27 11) Perceptions and expectations GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey • Half of Georgian households reported facing a “bad” financial situation in December 2020. Almost one quarter of households faced a “very bad” financial situation. Bad and very bad financial situations are more commonly reported among rural households, female respondents, and respondents with lower educational attainment. • Almost one quarter of households expect a worsening financial situation over the next year. Only 16% of households expect financial improvements. 60% of households expect the same financial situation or are uncertain. Men are slightly more optimistic than women (22% of male adults expect improvements for their households, vs. 15% of females). Self-assessment of the current financial state of Expected financial state of your family in the next your household 12 months Very good, 0% Improve Very bad, Don't know 16% 23% Good, 28% 30% Worsen 23% Same Bad, 49% 31% % Households % Households Source: Georgia High-Frequency Survey (GHFS). Round 1. 2020. 28 THANK YOU! Alan Fuchs Natsuko Kiso afuchs@worldbank.org nkiso@worldbank.org M Fernanda Gonzalez Icaza mgonzalezicaza@worldbank.org GHFS Georgia High- Frequency Survey