‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫‪30093‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﺴﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Sustainable‬‬ ‫�ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Groundwater‬‬ ‫‪Management:‬‬ ‫‪ Concepts and Tools‬�ﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ�ﻷﺩﻭ�ﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ‪5‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‬ ‫‪2006-2002‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ )‪(GW•MATE Core Group‬‬ ‫‪Héctor Garduño1 Stephen Foster2 Charles Dumars2 Karin Kemper Albert Tuinhof Marcella Nanni‬‬ ‫)‪( 1lead author 2main supporting author‬‬ ‫��ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ �ﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻛﻤﺎ� ﻋﻮﺩﺓ �ﺪﻳﻒ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ �ﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ – ﻣﺼﺮ“‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫ� ﻧﺤﺘﺎ� ﻧﻈﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ؟‬ ‫� ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﺃ�ﻠﺒﻴﺔ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪ�ﻥ �ﻟﻴﻮﻡ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﻫﺎ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﹸﻤﻨﺢ �ﻟﺤﻖ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� )ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﺤﻮﻳﻞ( ﻭ�ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺫﻟﻚ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ( ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻷﻓﺮ�ﺩ ﻭ�ﻟﻜﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻛﺎﺕ �ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻨﻮﺩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺷﺮﻭ� ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� �ﻟﻬﻴﺌﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫��ﻟﺤﻖ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ“ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﻨﺢ �ﻟﺤﻖ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� )ﻭ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻠﻜﻴﺔ( �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬�ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻣﻮﻥ ﻳﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﻫﺬ� �ﺣﻖ �ﻧﺘﻔﺎﻉ“‪ .‬ﺗﻨﻈﻢ �ﻟﻤﻮ�ﻓﻘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ �ﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻭ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� ﺗﺼﺎﺭﻳﺢ‪ ،‬ﺭﺧﺺ‪ ،‬�ﻣﺘﻴﺎﺯ�ﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻔﻮﻳﻀﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﺗﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻫﻨﺎ �ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ“‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )�ﻟﺘﺼﺎﺭﻳﺢ ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻭ�ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ( ﻗﺪ ﺃﹸﺩﺧﻞ ﻓﻲ �ﻟ�ﺎﻟ� ﺃﻭﻻ ﹰ ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ �ﻟﺘﺪ�ﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻔﺎﺩﻱ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺯﻋﺎﺕ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻀﺎﺩ �ﻹﻧﺘﺎ� )�ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ( ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺤﻞ �ﻟﺨﻼﻓﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﺄ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺮﺟﻴﻦ �ﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﻳﻦ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(1‬ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻪ ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﺟﺪ�ﹰ‪ ،‬ﻧﻈﺮ� ﹰ ﻷﻧﻪ ﻳﻘﺪﻡ �ﻷﺳﺎﺱ �ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻭﻟﺼﻴﺎﻧﺔ �ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺧﻄﻮ�ﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻼ ﹰ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻌﺎﻟﺞ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻑ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻛﺎﻑ‪:‬‬ ‫ﺑﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :1‬ﺗﺪ�ﺧﻞ ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ �ﻷﺭﺽ‬ ‫�ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‬ ‫�ﻟﺴﻄﺢ �ﻟﺒﻴﺰﻭﻣﺘﺮﻱ �ﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ �ﻟﻬﺒﻮ� �ﳌ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺮﻛ�‬ ‫ﻟﻀﺦ �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﺜﻼﺛﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ �ﻟﻬﺒﻮ�‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ �ﻟﻬﺒﻮ�‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﻰ �ﻟﻬﺒﻮ�‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻞ‪ Q3‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫‪ Q2‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻷﺟﻞ‪ Q1‬ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺿﻌﻴﻔﺔ �ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺭﻋﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮ�ﻣﺞ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻄﻠ� ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﺾ �ﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺤﺼﻴﻞ �ﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻢ ﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻟﺮﻓﻊ �ﻟﺪﺧﻞ )�ﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ( ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫�‬ ‫�ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺟﺮﺓ ﻻﺣﻘﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺤﻘﻮﻕ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻟﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﻥ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫� ﺇﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﺣﻖ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻀﻤﻦ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ� ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺫ� ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻌﻄﻰ �ﻷﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻮﺻﻔﻬﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﺣﺼﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ �ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ“ )ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ ﻣﻌﺪ� �ﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻣﺤﺪﺩ(‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺎ ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺃ�ﺮ�ﺽ �ﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺃﺻﻮ� ﺛﻤﻴﻨﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﺑﻤﺜﺎﺑﺔ ﺿﻤﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻨﻜﻴﺔ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮ� ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫�ﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ�ﺕ �ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺷﺮ� ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻔﻌﺎ� ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ� ﺃﻥ �ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻻ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ �ﻟﺤﺼﻮ� ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻟﻠﻤﻀﺎﺭﺑﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﺮﻙ ﻟﻠﺘﺒﺬﻳﺮ )�ﻹﻫﺪ�ﺭ(‬ ‫� ﺿﻤﺎﻥ ﻣﻌﻘﻮ� ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻤﺪﺓ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺸﻤﻞ ﺫﻟﻚ ﺣﻖ �ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺑﻌﺾ )ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﹸﻞ( �ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﺾ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺮ�ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺘﻄﻠ� �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻔﻴﺪ ﻭ�ﻟﻔﻌﺎ�‬ ‫� �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ ﺣﺼﺺ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﺎﺋﺪﺓ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻭ�ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻭ�ﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� �ﻟﻤﺮ�ﺟﻌﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ �ﻟﺘﺨﺼﻴﺺ �ﻟﺪ�ﺋﻢ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻭ ﻫﻜﺬ� ﻓﺈﻥ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺨﻀﻊ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺸﺮﻭ� ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺻﻔﺎﺕ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪.(1‬‬ ‫� ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺗﺼﺎﺭﻳﺢ ﺻﺮﻑ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ (�ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ) ﺧﺎﺭ� ﻣﺠﺎ� ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻔﻀﻞ ﺇﺻﺪ�ﺭﻫﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� ﻭ�ﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ �ﺗﺒﺎﻉ �ﻷﺳﻠﻮ� �ﻟﻤﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :1‬�ﻟﺸﺮﻭ� ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺻﻔﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﹸﺤﺪﺩ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻭ�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﺸﺮﻭ� ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺻﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠ� �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ �ﻟﺤﺼﺺ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ �ﻟﻮﻗﺖ‬ ‫• ﻣﺪﺓ �ﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺪﺩ ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ‬ ‫• ﻧﻘﻄﺔ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ�‬ ‫ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻬﻢ �ﻟﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻴﺮ �ﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﻬﻼﻛﻴﺔ‬ ‫• �ﺮﺽ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ�‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻨﻮﻱ ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ �ﻷﻣﺪ‬ ‫• ﻣﻌﺪ� �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ��‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎﺻﻴﻞ �ﻟﻌﻤﻖ‪ ،‬�ﻟﻘﻄﺮ‪ ،‬ﺇﻛﻤﺎ� �ﻟﺤﻔﺮ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺦ‪.‬‬ ‫• ﻣﻮ�ﺻﻔﺎﺕ �ﻷﻋﻤﺎ�‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺻﻔﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ �ﻟﻌﺎﺋﺪ‬ ‫• �ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻷﺟﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺪﻓﻊ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻮ� ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺤﻖ ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﹶﻭ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻪ‬ ‫• ﻛﻠﻔﺔ �ﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫�ﻻﻟﺘﺰ�ﻡ ﺑﺈﻋﻼﻥ ﻧﻘﻞ �ﻟﺤﻖ )ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﺬﻟﻚ(‬ ‫• ﺳﺠﻞ �ﻟﺼﻔﻘﺎﺕ )�ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻣﻼﺕ(‬ ‫�ﺮ�ﻣﺔ )ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭﺓ �ﻟﺤﻖ( ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻌﺪﻡ �ﻻﻟﺘﺰ�ﻡ‬ ‫• ﺧﺴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ �ﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻛﻌﻘﻮﺑﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ �ﻟﻄﻮ�ﺭﺉ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﻳﺾ‬ ‫• ﺗﻌﻠﻴﻖ �ﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ �ﻟﺪﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺘﻌﻮﻳﺾ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﺰﻭﻳﺪ ‪ /‬�ﻟﻄﻠ�‬ ‫• ﻣﺮ�ﺟﻌﺔ �ﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻭﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﻃﻠ� ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻤﺮ�ﺭ ﻗﺒﻞ �ﻻﻧﺘﻬﺎﺀ‬ ‫• ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ �ﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻘﺪﻡ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻤﻴﺰﺓ‬‫� ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺮ�ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺗﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻄﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﺪﻳﺪﺓ )�ﻧﻈﺮ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪ (1‬ﻭ�ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ�ﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺤﺴﺒﺎﻥ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪.(2‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :2‬�ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ�ﺕ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻣﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺈﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻼﺣﻈﺎﺕ‬ ‫�ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� �ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ‬ ‫• ﺷﺆﻭﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺻﺮﻑ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﹶﻥ ﻳﺆﺧﺬ ﻓﻲ �ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭ�ﺳﻊ ﻭﻣﻦ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻌﺘﺒﺮ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ�ﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻃﺮ�ﻑ ﺛﺎﻟﺜﺔ ﻭ‬ ‫• ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻻﺗﺼﺎ� ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻛﺬﻟﻚ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻭ�ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� ��ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻴﺮ‬ ‫• ﺗﺠﺪﺩ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺘﺠﺪﺩﺓ ﻳﺘﻄﻠ� ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫�ﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﺪﺭ�ﺳﺔ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻛﺂﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ �ﻟﺤﻔﺮ �ﻻﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻓﻲ‬ ‫• �ﻟ�ﺮﺽ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺰﺩﻭ� ﻟﺒﻌﺾ �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻠﻒ ﺟﺪ� ﹰ‬ ‫ﺇﺩ�ﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻄﻠ� ﺗﻨﻈﻴﻤﺎ ﻣﺘﻮ�ﺯﻳﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﻤﻬﺎﺭ�ﺕ �ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ �ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻭﺧﻄﺮ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﺬﻱ‬ ‫• ﻣﻬﻨﺔ ﺣﻔﺮ �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺴﺒ� �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ �ﻴﺮ ﺻﺤﻴﺢ‬ ‫ﻳﺠ� ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺠﻬﺰ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻋﺪﻡ �ﻟﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻮﺿﻊ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ ﻭ�ﻟﺤﺎﺟﺔ ﻹﻋﻄﺎﺀ‬ ‫• ﻣﺮﻭﻧﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫�ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺸﺮ�‬ ‫ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺼﻨﻒ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ �ﻟﺘﺪﻫﻮﺭ ﺑﺴﺒ� �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ��‬ ‫• ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻔﺮ� ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﺗﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺧﻼﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﺪﻭ�‪ /‬ﺃﻣﻢ �ﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻑ ﻧﺤﻮ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﻭ ﺃﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻳﻤ ﹺ‬ ‫• �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺸﺘﺮﻛﺔ‬ ‫�ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ�‬ ‫� �ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ�ﺕ �ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺣﺎﺳﻤﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫� �ﻹﻟﻤﺎﻡ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ�ﺕ ﻭ�ﻟﻌﻘﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‪:‬‬ ‫‪ -‬�ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﺎﺭﻳﺨﻴﺔ ﺗﺆﺛﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﺳﺘ�ﻼ� ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ -‬�ﻟﺘﺤﺪﻱ �ﻟﻤﻌﻘﺪ ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ �ﻟﺘﺰ�ﻡ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﺧﺬﻳﻦ ﻓﻲ �ﻻﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺪﻭﺭ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻫﺮﻱ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠ� ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻴﻦ ﺃﻧﻔﺴﻬﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺆﺩﻭﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻋﺪ�ﺩ �ﺑﻴﺌﺔ ﺗﻤﻜﻴﻦ“ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ�‪:‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺇﺩﺭ�ﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻢ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﻠﻈﺮﻭﻑ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ �ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪ -‬ﺿﻤﺎﻥ �ﻟﺪﻋﻢ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻷﻋﻠﻰ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ �ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻗﻮﻳﺔ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ‪/‬ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺼﻴﺺ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫‪ -‬�ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﺟﻴﺪ� ﹰ ﻗﺒﻞ �ﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻌﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﺘﺄﻛﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺃﻳﺔ ﻋﻴﻮ� ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻔﻬﺎ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ �ﻟﺘ�ﻠ�‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﺪﻭﻥ �ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻄﻮﻟﺔ ﻟﻺﺻﻼﺡ �ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ -‬�ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺳﻴﺎﺳﺔ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ �ﻟﺪ�ﻓﻊ ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻞ �ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‪ /‬ﺇﺻﺪ�ﺭ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ ﻭ ﻣﻮﺟﺰ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻴﻔﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫�ﻻﻋﺘﺮ�ﻑ ﺑﺄﻥ �ﻟﻜﻤﺎ� ﺻﻌ� �ﻟﻤﻨﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻭﺑﺄﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﺑﺎﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺷﺎﻣﻼ ﹰ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫�ﻻﻗﺘﻨﺎﻉ ﺑﺄﻧﻪ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺩ�ﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺠﺎ� ﻟﻠﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ �ﻹﺿﺎﻓﻲ؛ ﻓﻠﻴﺲ ﺿﺮﻭﺭﻳﺎ ﹰ �ﻧﺘﻈﺎﺭ �ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ �ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ �ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻭﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻘﺒﻮ� ﺑﺄﻥ �ﻟﻤﻬﻤﺔ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻨﺠﺰ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻋﺸﻴﺔ ﻭﺿﺤﺎﻫﺎ؛ ﻓﻘﺪ ﺑﻴﻨﺖ �ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺔ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻴ ﹸ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺩ�ﺋﻤﺎ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﻌﻰ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ �ﻷﺟﻞ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺒﺪ�ﻳﺔ ﻟﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺇﻗﺮ�ﺭ ﻧﺴﺒﺔ ﻋﺮﻳﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﻈﺎﻡ �ﻟﻤﻘﺪﻡ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺸﺎﺭﻙ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺇﺷﺮ�ﻙ ﻛﹸﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﻴﻦ �ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﹸﺪﻳﺮﻭﻥ �ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ �ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ �ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ �ﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻥ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺗﺘﻄﻠ� ﺗﻮ�ﺯﻧﺎ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺎ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺸﺎﺭﻛﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻤﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﺗﺼﻤﻴﻢ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﺳﺄ� ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻷﺳﺌﻠﺔ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻊ �ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ ﺑﻨﻈﺎﻡ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻗﻴﺪ �ﻟﻨﻈﺮ؟‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﺑﺈﺩﺧﺎ� ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎ ﻫﻮ �ﻟﻤﻌﻘﻮ� ﻭﻳﻤﻜﻦ �ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻪ ﺑﻮ�ﻗﻌﻴﺔ �ﺧﺬ� ﹰ ﻓﻲ �ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﻙ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ ؟‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺪ�ﺭ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻡ �ﻟﻄﻠ� ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻣﻞﹸ ﺣﻖ ﹼ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ .(2‬ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫� �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﻞ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻫﻮ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻴﻦ �ﻵﺧﺮﻳﻦ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻭﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻌﺘﻤﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﻟﺤﺼﺺ �ﻵﺧﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫)ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ �ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻗﺪ ﺗﺘﺄﺛﺮ ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺤﻬﻢ( ﻗﺪ ﻳﹸﺮﻳﺪﻭﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ �ﻟﺘﻌﺒﻴﺮ ﻋﻦ ﺭﺃﻳﻬﻢ ﺑﺨﺼﻮﺹ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻟﺤﻖ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ‪ ،‬ﺇﺭﺳﺎ� ﺷﻜﻮﻯ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻗﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﺎﻟﻲ‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺿﺪ �ﻟﻘﺮ�ﺭ�ﺕ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻡ �ﻟﻄﻠ� ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻼ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺎ‬ ‫ﺼﺒﺢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻓﺾ ﻣﻨﺢ ﻣﻘﺪﻡ �ﻟﻄﻠ� ﺣﻘﺎ ﻣﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ�‪ ،‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺪ ﺗﻤﻨﺤﻪ ﻭﺗﺴﺠﻠﻪ ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﺎ ﺇﻥ ﻳﻤﻨﺢ �ﻟﻄﻠ�‪ ،‬ﻳ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻟﺬﻱ �ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﺪﻓﻊ �ﻟﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻭ�ﻷﺟﻮﺭ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺸﺮﻭ� ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺻﻔﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﻖ ﹼ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺘﻔﻆ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﻭﺃﻥ ﺗﺮ�ﻗ� �ﻻﻟﺘﺰ�ﻡ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� �ﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ �ﻟﻤﻴﺪ�ﻧﻲ ﻭ�ﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ �ﻷﺧﺮﻯ‪ .‬ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻛﺘﺸﺎﻑ ﻋﺪﻡ �ﻟﺘﺰ�ﻡ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻔﺮﺽ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺬﻳﺮ�‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺃﻭ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻹﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ �ﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ� ﻣﺎ �ﺭﺗﻜﺒﺖ ﻣﺨﺎﻟﻔﺔ ﺟﻨﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻠﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ �ﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺎﻣﻞ �ﻟﺤﻖ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻦ �ﻷﻃﺮ�ﻑ �ﻟﺜﺎﻟﺜﺔ �ﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ �ﻟﻌ�ﺀ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ �ﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ �ﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮﻫﻠﺔ �ﻷﻭﻟﻰ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮ� �ﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺗﺒﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺃﺳﻠﻮ� �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﻷﻥ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻴﻦ ﻳﻔﻀﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ ﺳﻠﻄﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻌﻬﻢ )ﺑﺪﻻ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺿﺪﻫﻢ(‪ .‬ﻫﺬ� ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻘﻪ ﺑﻀﻤﺎﻥ �ﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫� �ﻟﻴﺎﺕ ﻟﻔﺾ �ﻟﻨﺰ�ﻉ ﺳﺮﻳﻌﺔ ﻭ �ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺟﻴﺪ‬ ‫� ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﻣﺘﻮ�ﺯﻧﺔ ﻟﺘﺜﻨﻲ ﻋﻦ ﻋﺪﻡ �ﻻﻟﺘﺰ�ﻡ ﻭ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺗﻌﻄﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫� ﻣﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ﻭ�ﻗﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ‬ ‫� ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﻟﺤﻔﻆ �ﻟﺴﺠﻼﺕ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﺴﺦ �ﻟﻤﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﻔﺤﺺ �ﻟﻌﺎﻡ‬ ‫� ﺣﺮﻳﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩﺓ ﻹﻋﺎﻗﺔ �ﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺗﺨﺘﺼﺮ �ﻟﺒﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮ�ﻃﻴﺔ‬ ‫� �ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺣﺎﺳﻢ ﻣﻊ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ �ﻟﺮﺷﻮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﻓﺴﺎﺩ �ﻟﻤﺪﻳﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺩﻭ�ﺕ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺒﻘﻰ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻗﺪﺭ �ﻹﻣﻜﺎﻥ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﻭﺳﺎﺋﻞ ﺗﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ :‬ﺑﺮ�ﻣﺞ ﺟﺪﻭﻟﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭ�ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ �ﻟﺴﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻧﻤﺎﺫ� ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪/‬ﻛﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻹﻋﻄﺎﺀ �ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺠ� �ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫� �ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﺎﺕ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﻳﺔ‪ :‬ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﻻﺳﺘﻼﻡ ﻭﻣﺮ�ﺟﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ �ﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺕ‪ :‬ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﺮ�ﻣﺞ ﻛﻮﻣﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ �ﻟﺘﺰ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎ ﹺ‬ ‫�‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﺩﺓ ﺟﺎﻫﺰ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ ﻭﺗﺴﻠﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺳﻬﻠﺔ �ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ :‬ﻟﺮﻓﻊ �ﻟﻮﻋﻲ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻲ ﻭ�ﻟﻌﺎﻡ ﻋﹸ ﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬�ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻼﺕ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﺩﻣﺎ� ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ �ﻟﻘﻀﺎﺋﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﻤﺜﻠﻮﻥ‬‫�ﳌ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ﻗﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻋﻘﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ �ﳌﻴﺪ�ﻧﻲ ﻗﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ �ﻴﺮ ﺷﺮﻋﻴﲔ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻞ �ﻟﺪﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﻱ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘﺠﻴ�‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻔﺎﻭﺽ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﳌﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﳌﺘﺄﺛﺮﻭﻥ‬ ‫ﻳﺤﻞ �ﻻﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﺌﻨﺎﻑ ﺳﺮﻳﻊ‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﺩﻋﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ ﺃﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﺘﺤﻮ� ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ؟‬ ‫� ﻋﻨﺪ ﺗﺠﺪﻳﺪ �ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻗﺮ�ﺭ ﻗﻮ�ﻧﻴﻦ ﺟﺪﻳﺪﺓ‪ ،‬ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﺻﻌﻮﺑﺎﺕ ﺑﺴﺒ� �ﻟﻀ�ﻮ� ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻴﻦ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﺷﺮﻛﺎﺋﻬﻢ‬ ‫�ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺳﻴﻴﻦ ﻟﻤﻨﺢ �ﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ�ﺕ‪ .‬ﻻ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻗﻮ�ﻋﺪ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ �ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻬﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﻣﻔﻴﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﺆﻫﻠﺔ ﻟﻼﻋﺘﺮ�ﻑ �ﻷﻭﺗﻮﻣﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﺫ� ﻟﻢ ﻳﻜﻦ ﻣﻤﻜﻨﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻤﻞ ﺣﺴﺎ�‬ ‫ﺩﻗﻴﻖ ﻟﻤﻴﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻌﻄﻰ ﻛﻞ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻴﻦ ﺗﺼﺎﺭﻳﺢ ﺫ�ﺕ ﻣﺪﺩ ﻗﺼﻴﺮﺓ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﺮ�ﺟﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺿﻮﺀ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻓﺮ ﻣﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺛﻘﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﹶ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫� ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ �ﻟﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺤﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻌﺮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﻣﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻘﺮ ﺭﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻌﻮﺽ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻨﺎﺳ�‬ ‫� ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻟﻘﺎﺀ �ﻟﻠﻮﻡ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻴﻦ �ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻰ �ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﺮﺿﻲ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؛‬ ‫ﻓﻠﺮﺑﻤﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﺇﺩ�ﺭ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺑﺴﺒ� ﻧﻘﺺ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻧﺰﻋﺎﺕ �ﻟﻔﺴﺎﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻳﺠ� ﻋﺪﻡ �ﻟﺘﺴﺎﻣﺢ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻳﺔ �ﺳﺘﺜﻨﺎﺀ�ﺕ؛ ﻛﹸﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﺫﻟﻚ ﻣﺮ�ﻓﻖ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠ� ﺇﺧﻀﺎﻋﻬﻢ ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ �ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻥ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻣﻮ�ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺣﺪﻭﺩ )ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺕ( ﻧﺴﺒﺔ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺘﺎﺯ ﺑﺎﻟﺘ�ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻗﺪ ﺗﹸﻌﻔﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺑﻴﺮﻭﻗﺮ�ﻃﻴﺔ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﺤﺎ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺒﺮﻫﻦ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻧﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﻴﺪ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺆﻻﺀ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻴﻦ �ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﹸﺤﺘﺎ� ﻓﻲ �ﺧﺮ �ﻷﻣﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﺪ�ﺑﻴﺮ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺻﺮ�ﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ ﻣﺴﺘﺪ�ﻡ؟‬ ‫� ﺇﻥ �ﻟﻤﺘﻄﻠ� �ﻷﻭ� ﻫﻮ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻫﻮ ﺫﻟﻚ �ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺮﺿﻪ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺴﺘﻄﻴﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻻﻣﺘﺜﺎ� ﻟﻪ‪ .‬ﻣﺘﻄﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ‪:‬‬ ‫� �ﻟﺘﻮﻗﻊ؛ ﺗﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻳﺠ� �ﻻﻗﺘﺮ�� ﻣﻨﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺼﻴﺮﺓ �ﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﺿﻊ ﻣﺴﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺩﻭ�ﺕ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻢ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻭﻗﺖ ﻭ�ﺣﺪ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺘﻌﻠﻴﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺜﻤﺮﺓ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻮ�ﺭ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﻜﺘﺎ�‬ ‫�ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﻴﻦ ﻭﻣﺪﻳﺮﻱ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪.‬‬ ‫� �ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ �ﻟﻨﻈﺮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ؛ ﺇﺫ� ﻣﺎ ﺃﻇﻬﺮﺕ �ﻟﻤﺤﺎﻛﺎﺓ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ �ﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫﻥ ﻳﺠ� ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻛﺘﺎﺑﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﻮﺩﺓ �ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻭﺗﺒﺴﻴﻂ �ﻹﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ �ﻟﻘﺪﺭﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫� �ﻷﺳﻠﻮ� �ﻟﺘﺠﺮﻳﺒﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻟﺘﺰ�ﻳﺪﻱ ﺃﻋﻘﻞ؛ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻛﻞ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺘﻄﻠ� �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻧﻔﺴﻪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﻮﺟﻴﻪ �ﻹﺩ�ﺭﻱ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﺴﻤﺢ‬ ‫�ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳﺠﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻌﻠﻢ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﺠﺮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ �ﻹﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ ﺃﺑﺪ� ﺑﺪﻭﻥ ﻗﺒﻮ� �ﻟﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ؛ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺮ�ﻋﻰ ﻫﺬ� ﻭﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ �ﻟﻔﻬﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻮﻥ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ‬ ‫ﺭ�ﺒﺔ ﻭﻗﺪﺭﺓ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺠﺎﺑﺔ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺘﺸﺮﻳﻊ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻨﺘﻈﻤﺔ ﺑﺴﺆ��‪:‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺮ�ﺟﻌﺔ ﹸ‬‫ﺃﺑﻖ �ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﺖ ﹸ‬‫ﹺ‬ ‫�‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻫﻞ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ ﺣﻘﻮﻕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻊ ﻛﺄﺩ�ﺓ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ؟‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻫﻞ ﺃﻫﺪ�ﻑ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﻔﻬﻮﻣﺔ ﺑﻮﺿﻮﺡ ؟‬ ‫‪ -‬ﻫﻞ ﻳﺘﺤﺴﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ؟‬ ‫ﻭﻗﻢ ﺑﺈﺟﺮ�ﺀ ﻛﻞ �ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻼﺕ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ!‬ ‫ﻗﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪- Burchi, S. 1994. Preparing National Regulations for Water Resources Management: Principles and Practice.‬‬ ‫‪UN-FAO Legislative Study 52. Rome, Italy.‬‬ ‫‪- Caponera, D.A. 1992. Principles of Water Law and Administration: National and International. Balkema‬‬ ‫‪Publishers, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.‬‬ ‫‪- Foster, S., Chilton, J., Moench, M., Cardy, F. and Schiffler, M. 2000. Groundwater in Rural Development: Facing‬‬ ‫‪the Challenges of Supply and Resource Availability. World Bank Technical Paper 463. Washington, D.C., USA.‬‬ ‫‪- Garduño, H. 2001. Water Rights Administration: Experience, Issues and Guidelines. UN-FAO Legislative‬‬ ‫‪Study 70, Rome, Italy.‬‬ ‫‪- Kemper, K.E. 2001. ‘Markets for Tradable Water Rights.’ In 2020 Vision for Food, Agriculture and‬‬ ‫‪Environment: Overcoming Water Scarcity and Social Constraints. International Food Policy Research‬‬ ‫‪Institute, Washington, D.C., USA.‬‬ ‫‪- Salman, M.A., ed. 1999. Groundwater: Legal and Policy Perspectives. World Bank Technical Paper 456.‬‬ ‫‪Washington, D.C., USA.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ )‪ (GW•MATE‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭ�ﺷﻨﻄﻦ �ﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ – �ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ �ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ �ﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ �ﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ )‪ (www.worldbank.org/gwmate‬ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ �ﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪.(www.gwpforum.org‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺮ �ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ�ﺕ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻟﻮ�ﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ �ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ �ﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﻭﻳﺠ� ﺃﻻ ﺗﻨﺴ� ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﻪ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪ�ﻥ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ �ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ �ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫�ﻟﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪ� )‪ ،(BNWPP‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺌﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻬﻤﺎ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺘﺎﻥ �ﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬