E1576 V6 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT OF NIGERIA FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (FRDP) NIGERIA IN COLLABRATION WITH FEDERAL ROADS MAINTENANCE AGENCY (FERMA) FINAL REPORT FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) FOR THE PERIODIC MAINTENANCE OF LAFIA ­ DOMA ROAD OCTOBER, 2010 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF TABLES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 5 LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF E.I.A PREPARERS ................................................................................................ 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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................................................... 10 CHAPTER ONE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.1 BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................................................................... 14 1.2 NIGERIA ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 1.3 THE APPLICANT ........................................................................................................................................................ 15 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)....................................................................... 16 1.5 EMP TERMS OF REFERENCE ..................................................................................................................................... 16 1.5.1 OBJECTIVE OF THE CONSULTATION: ....................................................................................................................... 16 1.5.2 SCOPE OF WORK:..................................................................................................................................................... 17 1.6 REVIEW OF ESMF OF FRDP ....................................................................................................................................... 17 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE EMP REPORT ............................................................................................................................ 18 1.8 POLICY FRAMEWORK ............................................................................................................................................... 19 1.8.1 THE 1999 CONSTITUTION OF THE FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA ........................................................................ 19 1.8.2 THE NATIONAL POLICY ON ENVIRONMENT ............................................................................................................ 20 1.8.3 ECONOMIC POLICY FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 20 1.8.4 NATIONAL TRANSPORT POLICY ............................................................................................................................... 21 1.9 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ..........................................................................................................................................ERIC21 1.9.1 NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ........................................................................................................................................ 21 1.9.2 NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES .............................................................................................................. 22 1.9.3 NIGERIAN EMP PROCEDURE.................................................................................................................................... 23 1.9.4 OTHER NATIONAL LEGISLATIONS ........................................................................................................................... 25 1.9.5 STATE LEGISLATIONS ............................................................................................................................................... 26 1.10 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES ....................................................................................................................... 33 1.11 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS ................................................................................ 34 CHAPTER TWO ..................................................................................................................................................................... 36 2.0 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION .......................................................................................................................................... 36 2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT ........................................................................................................................................... 36 2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................................................................... 36 2.3 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT....................................................................................................................................... 36 2.4 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .......................................................................................................................................... 36 2.4.1 USING OTHER TRAVEL MODES ................................................................................................................................ 37 2.4.2 ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS .................................................................................................................................... 37 2.4.3 DESIGN VARIATIONS OF ALIGNMENT AND GRADE ................................................................................................. 37 2.4.4 NO-PROJECT ............................................................................................................................................................ 37 2.4.5 PREFFERED ALTERNATIVE: REHABILITATING THE EXISTING ROADS ....................................................................... 38 1 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 2.5 VALUE OF THE PROJECT .............................................................................................................................................. 38 2.5.1 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY ................................................................................................................................... 38 CHAPTER THREE ................................................................................................................................................................... 40 3.0. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT .............................................................................................................. 40 3.1 GENERAL.................................................................................................................................................................. 40 3.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ............................................................................................................................................ 40 3.2.1 PROJECT LOCATION ................................................................................................................................................. 41 3.3 DESIGN STANDARDS ................................................................................................................................................ 41 3.3.1 DESIGN REHABILITATION ROAD PROJECT ............................................................................................................... 41 3.4.1 EXISTING ALIGNMENT ............................................................................................................................................. 42 3.4.2 CARRIAGEWAY AND SHOULDERS ............................................................................................................................ 42 3.4.3 FURNITURE .............................................................................................................................................................. 42 3.4.4 DRAINAGE ............................................................................................................................................................... 42 3.4.5 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS ................................................................................................................................... 43 3.5 SCOPE OF WORKS / PROJECT OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................. 43 3.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT OF RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS ..................................................................................... 43 3.6.1 RAW MATERIAL SUPPLY .......................................................................................................................................... 43 3.6.2 PROJECT STAFFING AND SUPPORT .......................................................................................................................... 44 3.6.3 FACILITIES AND SERVICES ........................................................................................................................................ 44 3.6.4 BASE CAMP .............................................................................................................................................................. 44 3.7 PROJECT SCHEDULE ................................................................................................................................................. 44 3.7.1 DECOMMISSIONING PLAN....................................................................................................................................... 44 CHAPTER FOUR .................................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT ..................................................................................................................... 45 4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.1.1 STUDY APPROACH ................................................................................................................................................... 45 4.1.2 LITERATURE/DATA REVIEW .................................................................................................................................... 45 4.2 DATA ACQUISITION METHOD ................................................................................................................................. 45 4.3 FIELD DATA DESCRIPTION ........................................................................................................................................ 49 4.3.1 CLIMATIC CONDITION.............................................................................................................................................. 49 4.3.1.1 RAINFALL ................................................................................................................................................................. 50 4.3.1.2 WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION ................................................................................................................................. 50 4.3.1.3 RELATIVE HUMIDITY ................................................................................................................................................ 52 4.3.1.4 TEMPERATURE ........................................................................................................................................................ 52 4.3.2 AIR QUALITY ........................................................................................................................................................... 53 4.3.2.1 NOISE LEVEL ........................................................................................................................................................... 55 4.3.3 GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................ 55 4.3.4 VEGETATION ........................................................................................................................................................... 56 4.3.4.1 GUINEA SAVANNAH ................................................................................................................................................ 56 4.3.4.2 PATCHES OF SECONDARY VEGETATION .................................................................................................................. 56 4.3.5 GROUND WATER .................................................................................................................................................... 58 4.4 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT/ CONSULTATION ................................................................................................................ 59 4.4.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 59 4.4.2 CONSULTATION OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 59 4.4.3 IDENTIFYING STAKEHOLDERS .................................................................................................................................. 61 4.4.4 CONSULTATION STRATEGIES ................................................................................................................................... 62 4.4.4.1 LEVEL OF ENGAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................ 62 4.4.5 GENDER OF THE RESPONDENTS .............................................................................................................................. 63 2 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 4.4.6 CONCERNS OF THE AFFECTED COMMUNITIES. ........................................................................................................ 63 4.4.7 DEMOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................................................... 64 4.4.8 CULTURE AND RELIGION ........................................................................................................................................... 64 4.4.9. ECONOMY ................................................................................................................................................................. 64 4.4.10 EDUCATION .............................................................................................................................................................. 64 4.4.11 INFRASTRUCTURE ..................................................................................................................................................... 64 4.4.12 LAND USE ................................................................................................................................................................ 65 CHAPTER FIVE ...................................................................................................................................................................... 66 ASSOCIATED & POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ...................................................................................................... 66 5.0 BACKGROUND ......................................................................................................................................................... 66 5.1 BASIS FOR SCREENING ............................................................................................................................................. 67 5.2 SCOPING .................................................................................................................................................................. 68 5.3 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION ....................................................................................................................................... 69 5.4 IMPACTS QUANTIFICATION & DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE ......................................................................... 69 CHAPTER SIX ........................................................................................................................................................................ 77 6.0 MITIGATION MEASURES .......................................................................................................................................... 77 6.1 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................................................................... 77 6.2 APPROACH TO IMPACT MITIGATION ........................................................................................................................ 77 6.3 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL IMPACTS ....................................................................... 78 6.4.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS MITIGATIONS ............................................................................................................... 79 6.4.1 AIR QUALITY: ........................................................................................................................................................... 79 6.4.1.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 79 6.4.2 DUST ........................................................................................................................................................................ 80 6.4.2.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 80 6.4.3 NOISE ....................................................................................................................................................................... 80 6.4.3.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 80 6.5.0 LAND RESOURCES: ................................................................................................................................................... 80 6.5.1 SITE CLEARING ......................................................................................................................................................... 81 6.5.1.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 81 6.5.2 VEGETATION CLEARING........................................................................................................................................... 81 6.5.2.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 81 6.6 WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES ................................................................................................................................ 81 6.6.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 81 6.7 HYDROLOGY ............................................................................................................................................................ 82 6.7.1 CROSSING OF RIVERS, STREAMS, CANALS AND RAVINES; ....................................................................................... 82 6.7.1.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 82 6.7.2 EROSION AND LANDSLIDES DUE TO RAINS ............................................................................................................. 82 6.7.2.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 82 6.7.3 WASTE DUMPS ........................................................................................................................................................ 82 6.7.3.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 83 6.8 WATER QUALITY ...................................................................................................................................................... 83 6.8.1 RIVER/STREAM AND LAKE SEDIMENTATION; .......................................................................................................... 83 6.8.1.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 83 6.8.2 USE OF CHEMICALS AND PESTICIDES; ..................................................................................................................... 83 6.8.2.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 83 6.8.3 FUEL AND OIL SPILLS; .............................................................................................................................................. 83 6.8.3.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 84 6.8.4 FUEL SPILLS FROM ROAD USAGE............................................................................................................................. 84 3 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 6.8.4.1 MITIGATION............................................................................................................................................................ 84 6.9.0 BIOLOGICAL: ............................................................................................................................................................ 84 6.9.1 LAND CLEARANCE AND LOSS OF HABITAT; ............................................................................................................. 84 6.9.1.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 84 6.9.2 BIODIVERSITY LOSS .................................................................................................................................................. 84 6.9.2.1 MITIGATION ............................................................................................................................................................ 85 6.10.0 SOCIO-ECONOMIC: .................................................................................................................................................. 85 6.10.1 SPREAD OF STIS INCLUDING HIV AIDS ...................................................................................................................... 85 6.10.1.1 MITIGATION ....................................................................................................................................................... 85 6.10.2 RURAL - URBAN MIGRATION ................................................................................................................................... 85 6.10.2.1 MITIGATION ....................................................................................................................................................... 85 6.10.3 ARCHEOLOGICAL AND HERITAGE SITES ................................................................................................................... 85 6.10.3.1 MITIGATION ....................................................................................................................................................... 86 6.10.4 TRAFFIC CONGESTION AND ROAD ACCIDENT ........................................................................................................ 86 6.10.4.1. MITIGATION ................................................................................................................................................... 86 6.11 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION PROCESS ................................................................................................................ 92 CHAPTER SEVEN ................................................................................................................................................................... 94 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ...................................................................................................... 94 7.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................................................................ 94 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS).................................................................................................... 95 7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN ................................................................................................................... 96 7.4 MONITORING PLAN ................................................................................................................................................. 97 7.4.1 MONITORING OBJECTIVES ...................................................................................................................................... 97 7.4.2 MONITORING REQUIREMENTS ............................................................................................................................... 98 7.5 RESOURCES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION ............................................................................................................. 103 7.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRENGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EMP........................................................................... 103 7.7 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING .................................................................................................................................. 104 7.8 COST ESTIMATES ................................................................................................................................................... 105 7.9 EMP BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITIES .................................................................................................................... 106 CHAPTER EIGHT ................................................................................................................................................................. 107 8.0 REMEDIATION PLANS AFTER CLOSURE OF THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................................ 107 8.1 INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................................................... 107 8.2 DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES ............................................................................................................................ 107 8.2.1. REHABILITATION OF CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES ................................................................................................. 107 CHAPTER NINE ................................................................................................................................................................... 111 9.0 CONCLUSION ......................................................................................................................................................... 111 REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 113 ANNEX 1 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 115 ANNEX 2 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 118 ANNEX 3 ............................................................................................................................................................................. 126 4 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road LIST OF TABLES List of Tables 1.1 World Bank Operational Policies 4.1 Air Quality Measurement Equipment 4.2 Average Monthly Rainfall Data of Lafiya Area (1996-2004) in mm 4.3 Monthly Wind Speed and Direction Data of Lafiya and Doma Area (1999-2004) in m/s 4.4 Monthly relative humidity data of Lafiya Area (1996-2004) in% 4.5 Monthly ambient temperature data of Lafiya Area (1999-2004) in oC 4.6 Air Quality Result of the Project Route in Dry Season. 4.7 Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria 4.8 Wildlife composition of the project area 4.9 Physico-chemical and heavy metal characteristics of the borehole water in dry seasons. 4.10 Peoples Perception on the Environmental Components of the project 5.1 Impact Indicators for Various Environmental Components 5 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road LIST OF FIGURES List of Figures Page 1.1 Location of Nasarawa State in Nigeria 3.1 Section of Lafiya ­ Doma Road at Lafiya 6 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS APHA America Public Health Association ASTM America Society of Testing & Materials AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome BAT Best Available Technology BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild fauna & flora DO Dissolved Oxygen DS Dissolved Solids EAR Environmental Audit Report EEC European Economic Community EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ESA Environmentally Sensitive Areas ESIA Environmental & Social Impact Assessment ESMF Envi. & Social Mgt Framework EMP Environmental Management Plan FEPA Federal Environmental Protection Agency FERMA Federal Roads Maintenance Agency FMENV Federal Ministry of Environment FGD Focused Group Discussion FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FMWHUD Fed. Ministry of Works, Housing & Urban Development FRDP Federal Roads Development Project GIS Geographic Information System HC Hydrocarbon HIV Human Immuno Virus HSE Health Safety and Environment IEE Initial Environmental Examination IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature KAP Knowledge, Attitude & Practice LFN Laws of the Federation of Nigeria L. G. A. Local Government Area MDGs Millenium Development Goals NIWA National inland Waterways Authority NESREA Nat. Env. Standards & Reg. Enfor. Agency NGO Non-governmental Organization NEEDS National Economic Empowerment & Dev. Strategy. NPC National Population Commission OP Operational Policy PPE Personal Protective Equipment QA/QC Quality Assurance/ Quality Control RAM Risk Assessment Matrix RPF Resettlement Policy Framework 7 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SMENV State Ministry of Environment SPM Suspended Particulate Matter SS Suspended Solids STDs Sexually Transmitted Diseases STIs Sexually Transmitted Infections TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOR Terms of Reference TSRIC Transport Sector Reform Implementation Committee TSP Total Suspended Particulate UNCED United Nation Conference on Environmental and Development. UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme USDA United States Department of Agriculture USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WB World Bank WHO World Health Organisation WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Dev. cfu/ml Colony forming unit per millilitres dBA Decibel ft Feet g Gramme k Kilogramme g/cm Gramme per Centimetre Km Kilometer m3 Meter Cube meq Milliequivalent mg Milligramme mg/Kg Milligramme per Kilogramme mg/l Milligramme per Litre ml Millilitre mm Millimetre m/s Meter per Second NTU Turbidity Unit o /oo Parts per thousand oE Degree East oN Degree North PH Hydrogen ion concentration ppb parts per billion ppm parts per million o C degrees Celsius g Microgramme S micro Siemen m micrometer 8 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road % Percentage Al Aluminum C Carbon Ca Calcium CaCO3 Calcium Carbonate CCl4 Carbon Tetrachloride Cd Cadmium Cl Chloride CO Carbon Monoxide CO2 Carbon Dioxide Cr Chromium Cu Copper Fe Iron H Hydrogen H2O Water H2S Hydrogen Sulphide HCL Hydrogen chloride Hg Mercury K Potassium Mg Magnesium Mn Manganese N Nitrogen Na Sodium Na2PO4 Sodium phosphate NaOH Sodium hydroxide NH3 Ammonia NH4+ Ammonium ion NH4F Ammonium flouride Ni Nickel NO2 Nitrite ion NO3 Nitrate ion NOX Nitrogen Oxides O2 Oxygen P Phosphorus Pb Lead PO4 Phosphate SiO2 Silicate SO2 Sulphur dioxide SO4 Sulphate ion V Vanadium Zn Zinc 9 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES1 INTRODUCTION The Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN) through the Federal Ministry of works (FMW) requested the World Bank's support towards the Federal Roads Development Project (FRDP). The purpose is to meet the immediate and short term funding needs for the federal road network and to support Government's efforts with policy and institutional reforms promoting improved service delivery, road management and financing. The Roads Sector Development Team (RSDT), who is saddled with the responsibility of implementing FRDP in collaboration with Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA), is proposing to rehabilitate the twenty five (25) kilometers Lafiya to Doma Road in Nasarawa State. The highway is an important link road to other parts of the state and the country in general especially in areas of transportation of agricultural commodities which are abound in the area. The Lafiya ­ Doma road which is part of the Federal road network though motorable, is at present not in a very good condition. ES2 OBJECTIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) The objectives of the EMP for the Lafiya to Doma Road in Nasarawa State include: identify the possible negative environmental and social impacts of the project as presently planned for implementation; and propose measures required to mitigate these potential negative impacts. the identification and assessment of environmental effects of rehabilitation works within the twenty-five (25) km section of the road. Identification and address issues arising from involuntary resettlement. propose mitigation measures including environmental management plan/ procedure. ES3 LEGAL/POLICY FRAMEWORK The EMP is carried out within the legal framework of both local and international environmental guidelines and regulations. The work scope of this project involves development of roads and highways and related activities. The EIA Act and the World Bank safeguard policies are similar. OP.4.01 and Nigerian EIA Act are also similar. World Bank EA Screening Category A is similar to Nigerian EIA Act category I, World Bank EA Category B is equivalent to Nigeria EIA Act Category II, World Bank EA Category C is equivalent Nigeria EIA Act Category III. However in the event of divergence between WB safeguard policy and the Existing Environmental laws in Nigeria that of the World Bank will take precedence. 10 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road ES4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed activity is a road rehabilitation project of the approximately 25km Lafia-doma road. It involves the scarification of failed section of the Road, provision of stone base, prime coat, asphalt overlay, re-instatement of shoulders, construction of concrete lined drains & earth drains and replacement of bridge deck (bridge span 19.30m). ES5 Project Location The Highway route is located within Nasarawa State covering Lafiya and Doma. The section of the route stretches through a distance of about 25km. ES6 Project Alternatives Approach to the selection of best project implementation and design alternatives will take into consideration the one that suits the purpose best. Potential alternatives considered include; Taking no action or no project option, Using alternative travel modes, Improving the existing facilities and alternative alignments construction of a multi-lane, controlled access facility on new location. ES7 BASELINE DATA ACQUISITION METHODS A multi-disciplinary approach was employed in the characterization and acquisition of the baseline data from the project area. Literature search, field data gathering exercise as well as laboratory analyses and data interpretation were applied. Field work started in the study area between 3rd and 10th March 2010. The data generated from the literature search include maps, geographic data, meteorological data and information on the vegetation and soils of the Road Route. ES8 POTENTIAL & ASSOCIATED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS Varieties of methodologies exist for environmental impact assessment. The project despite been small in magnitude and scope, is expected to generate the following impacts: Site Clearing & Earthworks: at this stage of the project, impacts that are expected to arise include; Air Quality impairment through dust generation during scarification, Biodiversity loss through clearing of adjoining road side vegetation, changes in river hydrology and damage to aesthetics through burrow pit excavation for fill material. Culverts and Drains demolishing/ construction activities will lead to generation of noise from machinery operations, impact on air quality from dust and fumes generation by heavy duty machines/ equipment, traffic obstruction and increased risk of accident. 11 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Pavement & Surfacing activities would lead to impact on surface water through run off of washed areas/ asphalt into the neigbouring water body, noise generation during surface dressing and air/ gaseous emissions. Socio-economic impacts that may arise include displacement of small road side businesses which have in most cases encroach into the main road corridor. There may all be impact on crops due to vehicles maneuvering during site preparation and surfacing activities. There would also be loss of farmland due to burrow pit acquisition. The project may in addition lead to Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers. Aside of the negative impacts, the project is expected to generate a lot of positive impacts such as job creation (even though for a short term), ease of transportation leading to reduced transport fares and significant reduction in rate of accidents. ES9 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN This Environmental Monitoring Plan will ensure that the integrity of the Road Project has been developed covering the project activities from site preparation, through construction, commissioning, operation of the highways, decommissioning and abandonment. The plan relates to the handling of hazardous materials and wastes, emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing, adverse weather preparedness, and decommissioning. The programme will help to verify the effectiveness of the prescribed mitigation measures is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementation of the EMP findings. On the social concerns of the project, the issue of Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post-construction demobilization of large contingent of workers would be given adequate attention in view of its socio-economic implication when project implementation commences. This would be through Awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyle and behaviour including the use of BCC/IEC materials ES10 INSTITUTIONAL ARRENGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EMP 12 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the project implementation is integrated harmoniously into the communities. The monitoring staff and personnel shall achieve the following objectives: propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project, promote awareness to construction workers and the general public regarding environmental protection and execute concrete means of applying the EMP. In the execution of the project, the RSTD will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures through their contractor who would be accountable to the RSTD. This contractor shall have an Environmental Engineer on site who will be responsible for all environmental issues. Whereas the World Bank will monitor the execution/ implementation of the project by RSTD. FERMA on the other hand will regulate the contractor work, while the EIA Division the Federal Ministry of Environment in collaboration with affected state Ministry of Environment will carry out regulatory monitoring to ensure that all agreed mitigations are actually implemented in line with regulatory requirements. ES11 EMP BUDGET Based on available data, a sum of N550M will be allocated to the project. From this total budget, it is recommended that at least 0.01% of the total budget will be allocated for environmental and social concerns. Budget and Responsibilities Item Budget (estimate) Responsibility Mitigation N9m Con tractor Management N3.75m RSDT Capacity Strengthening N3.75m RSDT/World Bank Monitoring N5.25m RSDT/FMENV/State Min Env Total N21.75m ES12 CONCLUSION The preparation of Environmental Management Plan for the periodic maintenance of Lafiya ­ Doma road was carried out in compliance with existing national guidelines and regulation. The study has described the baseline condition of the affected area, identified the project's potential environmental impacts and proffered appropriate mitigation measures. In view of the fact that all stakeholders have been carried along during the EMP study there is no stern environmental, health, social or cultural issues that may warrant the cancellation of the proposed project, it is therefore recommended that project implementation can commence with strictly adhering to the proffered mitigation measures. Finally, the identified potential 13 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road environmental and social impacts that may result from the periodic maintenance of the Lafiya ­Doma road are minor, site specific and relatively easy to manage to acceptable levels. CHAPTER ONE 1.1 BACKGROUND Roads play a key role in the socio-economic development of any Nation. Developments in the industry, agriculture, service, trade and other major sectors of a country's economy depend to a large extent on the efficiency of the existing road network. In the Nigerian context, the emphasis on the development of infrastructure, including roads and highways is evident. Some of the recent important road projects, which have indeed been taken up to provide a fillip to the socio-economic development of the country, include the North-South and East-West highway corridors and several others. The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) has proposed to rehabilitate the 25KM Lafiya to Doma Road in Nasarawa State. The highway is an important link road to other parts of the state and the country in general especially in areas of transportation of agricultural commodities which are abound in the area. The Lafiya ­ Doma road which is part of the Federal road network though motorable, is at present not in a very good condition. It is apparent that in the past, planning and designing of highways are normally done, on the basis of economic and traffic flow considerations. However, the environmental impacts of road construction and operation activities with potential air and noise pollution and possible dislocation and disruption of the delicate balance of the fragile eco-system and the need to evolve an efficient approach to deal with such effects are now receiving focused attention. In fact the issue of transport and the environment has assumed a relatively high priority at the national and global level. In order to achieve synergy between environmental protection and execution of road sector projects of this magnitude an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required. It is mandatory in Nigeria as stipulated by Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 1992 of the Federal Ministry of Environment formerly Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA). In the same vein, other multilateral aid agencies, including the World Bank and African Development Bank as well as European Union require EIA as part of their conditions for project financing and support. The need for EIA of road projects may be seen in the context of sustainable development, to: Protect the productivity and capacity of natural systems and the ecological processes which maintain their functions, Promote development that is sustainable and optimizes resource use and management opportunities. Ensure that environmental concerns are explicitly addressed and incorporated into the project decision making process. 14 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Anticipate and avoid, minimize or offset the adverse significant biophysical, social and other relevant effects of development proposals. Maintain eco-system and conserve bio-diversity, It is in compliance with the national and international regulations of minimizing impact on the environment in which it operates that FERMA planned to conduct an Environmental Imp Assessment (EIA) of the project area prior to its commencement. Presented here is the report of the environmental studies and imp assessment of the road development project in compliance with the provisions of the EIA Act 86 of 1992 and FERMA's Corporate Health, Safety and Environmental policy. 1.2 NIGERIA The Federal Republic of Nigeria by size, covers an area of about 923,768 km2 with a population of over 140 million based on projection from the 2006 national census. It lies in the tropics between latitudes 4oN and 14oN and longitudes 3oE and 14oE. Nigeria's economy as elsewhere hinges on good road network. The country has a transport infrastructure comprising of over 200,000km road network, 3,600 km of narrow gauge Railway, 6 Sea Ports and inland waterways, 4 international and 14 domestic airports and 4,000km of pipeline. The road network is the dominant internal transport mode for the haulage of people, goods and services, accounting for 95% of the domestic traffic flows and providing the only access to the rural communities where majority of the economically active population live. The network of roads comprises 33,000km Federal Highways, 50,000km State Highways and 117,000km Local Government feeder roads. The demand for good road network is growing with the rapid rise in the traffic volume. The number of vehicles in Nigeria is presently put at about 1,000,000 of different categories flying largely bad roads across the nation. 1.3 THE APPLICANT The Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) which is an Agency under Federal Ministry of Works & Housing was established to assume responsibility for the maintenance of all Federal roads nationwide. FERMA recognizes the importance of comprehensive environmental planning and management to any successful project and is committed to undertaking the necessary studies to understand the environmental situation and to address areas where significant environmental imp may be experienced. The key premise which affects this EIA process was established from the initial stages of development to provide general guidance, framework and a commitment to standards acceptable nationally and internationally 15 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Fig 1.1 Location of Nasarawa State in Nigeria 1.4 OBJECTIVES OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) The objectives of the EMP study for the Lafiya- Doma Road are to: identify the possible negative environmental and social impacts of the project as presently planned for implementation; and propose measures required to mitigate these potential negative impacts. Specific objective of the EMP will focus on the following issues: the identification and assessment of environmental effects of rehabilitation works within the 25 km section of the road. Identification and address issues arising from involuntary resettlement. propose mitigation measures including environmental management plan/ procedure. 1.5 EMP TERMS OF REFERENCE 1.5.1 Objective of the Consultation: The objective of this consultation is to undertake an EMP with a view to ensuring that implementation of the federal roads project does no harm to the environment and population. In preparing this EMP, Cirrus Global Services Limited in strict observance of the EMP Terms of Reference (TOR) carried out the following: Review of Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) prepared for the project (FRDP). Review of relevant Nigerian law and procedures; Review EMPs prepared for other recent World Bank projects in Nigeria 16 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Consultation with relevant stakeholders Conducted Field Work for the collection of original and relevant data (Qualitative and Quantitative Data) Compiled Data collation, and Analysis Prepared and Submission of Draft Reports 1.5.2 Scope of Work: The scope of Work covering the following tasks describing the most important work done under this study was also strictly observed. i). Description of Proposed Projects ii). EA Requirements/Regulations. iii). Description of the Environment iv). Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project. v). Analysis of Alternatives of the Proposed Project vi). Development of Environmental Management Plan (EMP) to Mitigate Negative Impacts vii). Institutional Arrangement for the Implementation of EMP: viii). Monitoring and Evaluation: ix). Public Information and Consultation 1.6 REVIEW OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR THE FEDERAL ROADS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT The Federal Roads Development Project (FRDP) seeks to improve Federal Highways in Nigeria to reduce travel costs and increase access to goods and services. A 1999-study on selected sections of the road network in Nigeria found that only about 26% were in good condition. Current estimates show that only about 11 % of the Federal roads are still in good condition. Hence, the Federal Government of Nigeria (FGN), through the Federal Ministry of Works Housing and Urban Development (FMWHUD), requested World Bank's support for the FRDP. The project is meeting the immediate and short term funding needs for the Federal road network and supporting Government's efforts with policy and institutional reforms promoting improved service delivery, road management and financing. 17 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road The principal development objectives are: (i) to reduce road transport costs along the roads supported by the project; (ii) to introduce total asset management methods for delivery and management of federal roads; and (iii) to plan and facilitate sustainable financing arrangements for the road sector. The FRDP is organized into three components to support both the implementation of the proposed reform and the financing of critically needed investments. The three main components are: Policy and Institutional Reforms Institutional Capacity Building Upgrading, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Federal Roads The main activities under the Federal Roads Development Project entail the upgrading and maintenance of the Lafiya - Doma Road using modern methods based on best practices. The Lafiya - Doma Road is classified as a Category B project, implying that the impacts are small scale and site-specific; thus easily remedied. In recognition of the fact that environmental and social concerns may arise as a result of the proposed project, the FMWHUD commissioned an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) study in fulfilment of the World Bank requirements. The ESMF was prepared to satisfy national and state regulatory requirements as well as World Bank's mandate for project of such magnitude and it addresses the environmental and socio-economic consequences of the project. As a category B project, the Lafiya - Doma Road is not expected to have large-scale adverse impacts on the natural environment, health and safety, of communities and individuals. The ESMF provided guidelines to follow as to how to prepare the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). 1.7 STRUCTURE OF THE EMP Deliverables and Reporting Requirements The EMP report is concise and limited to significant environmental issues. The main text focused on findings, conclusions and recommended actions, supported by summaries of the data collected and citations for any references used in interpreting those data. The Report was organised according to the outline below: Executive Summary 18 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Introduction (Chapter One) Project Justification (Chapter Two) Description of the Proposed Project (Chapter Three) Description of the Environment (Chapter Four) Significant Environmental Impacts (Chapter Five) Mitigation Measures (Chapter Six) Environmental Management Plan (Chapter Seven) Remediation Plan after closure of Construction Phase (Chapter Eight) List of References Appendices: List of Environmental Assessment Preparers; List of Persons and Stakeholders met Environmental and Social management clauses that would be inserted in Contracts 1.8 POLICY FRAMEWORK In preparing EMPs such as this, all actions that will result in physical, chemical, biological, cultural and social modifications of the environment as a result of the new project/development are assessed. Also, the EMP should serve as a means of assessing the environmental impacts of a proposed action plan, rather than as a justification for decisions already made or actions already taken. Usually the EMP is carried out using a systematic, multi-disciplinary approach and should incorporate all relevant analytical disciplines to provide meaningful and factual data, information and analyses. Also, EMP studies are carried out within the framework of both local and international environmental guidelines and regulations. The work scope of this project involves development of roads and highways and related activities. 1.8.1 The 1999 Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria The constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (Section 30) confers jurisdiction on the Federal Government to regulate the operations and development activities in this sector. These, together with applicable International conventions provide a basis for an EMP of the 19 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road project. The development will take account of the following Nigerian laws and regulations, and international conventions that apply to the subject development: 1.8.2 The National Policy on Environment The National Policy on the Environment was launched by the President in Abuja on 27 November 1989 (FEPA, 1989). The goal of that policy was to achieve sustainable development in Nigeria and, in particular to: · Secure for all Nigerians a quality environment adequate for their health and well- being. · Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. · Restore, maintain and enhance ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere and for the preservation of biological diversity and to adopt the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of living natural resources and ecosystems. · Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts. · Co-operate in good faith with other countries, international organisations and agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or abatement of trans-boundary environmental pollution. 1.8.3 Economic Policy Framework The Federal Government of Nigeria's recently adopted National Economic Empowerment & Development Strategy (NEEDS) clearly defines its medium-term economic reform agenda and provides an overall policy objective for the country. The policy rests on promoting growth through a market-based economy with greater private sector participation in the economy and Government's role limited to the provision of adequate infrastructure and necessary services. The implementation of the NEEDS is crucial to the attainment of the country's Millennium Development Goals (MDG). 20 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 1.8.4 National Transport Policy As part of the Government's reform policy; the Transport Sector Reform Implementation Committee (TSRC) formulated a National Transport Policy in 2003. The goal of the policy is to: Promote an efficient and affordable integrated transport network. Improve the safety, security, quality and speed of movement of goods and people. Increase the involvement of the private sector in the financing and operation of transport related services. Promote qualitative road infrastructure and operations through greater effectiveness and efficiency in meeting customer needs. Structure the infrastructure to ensure environmental sustainability and internationally accepted standards. Promote a culture of maintenance and upgrading of existing infrastructure. Build strong financial base (both public and private) for the creation, maintenance and upgrading of transport infrastructure. 1.9 LEGAL FRAMEWORK 1.9.1 National Legislations Federal Roads Maintenance Agency Act No. 7 of 2002 of 30 November 2002 as amended by 23 May 2007, the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (Amendment) Act 2007. Federal Environmental Protection Agency Act No 58 of 30 December 1988 : FEPA Act, cap 131, LFN, 1990 National Environmental Protection (Pollution abatement in Industries and Facilities generating Waste) Regulations, 1991 National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 (FEPA, 1991). National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulation S.I. 15 Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 10 December 1992 Federal Ministry of Environment Procedural Guidelines for EIA 21 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Harmful Waste Act No. 42 of 25 November 1988 August 1991 Federal National Parks Act Forestry Act, 1958 Land Use Act 1978 National Policy on the Environment Quarries Act 350 LFN of 1990 Environmental Impact Assessment Sectoral Guideline for Infrastructure development projects (1995) of the Federal Ministry of Environment. Federal Highways Draft Act 2001. It provides guidelines and standards for construction, maintenance and operation of highways, 1.9.2 National Environmental Guidelines The introduction of guidelines and standards was part of the implementation of the National Policy on Environment and the environmental pollution abatement strategy contained therein. The guidelines and standards relate to six areas of environmental pollution control: · Effluent limitations. · Water quality for industrial water uses at point of intake. · Industrial emission limitations. · Noise exposure limitations. · Management of solid and hazardous wastes. · Pollution abatement in industries. National Environmental Protection (Effluent Limitation) Regulations S.I.8 (1991) This regulation was issued in 1991. It provides national Guidelines and Standards for industrial effluents, gaseous emissions, noise, air quality and hazardous wastes management for Nigeria. National Environmental Protection S. I .9 (Pollution and Abatement in Industries in Facilities Producing Waste) Regulations, 1991 This provides general guidelines for the containment of pollution in industries that generate harmful wastes. National Environmental Protection (Management of Solid and Hazardous Wastes) Regulation S.I. 15 22 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road This provides general guidelines for the management of solid and hazardous wastes in Nigeria and emphasises the followings; Waste Notification :Industries are obliged to notify the FMENV of all toxic hazardous and radioactive wastes which are stored on site or which are generated as part of operations (Regulations 1991, Article 2). Waste Management: With regard to waste management, a legal basis exists in Nigeria for the establishment and implementation of a "cradle-to-grave" tracking system. Specifically, the Solid and Hazardous Wastes Management Regulations 1991 provide for the establishment of a documentation scheme to cover the generation, transport, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes. Environmental Impact Assessment Act No. 86 of 10 December 1992 This Act provides the guideline for activities or development projects for which EIA/EMP is mandatory in Nigeria. Such developments include oil and gas fields, conversion of mangrove swamps covering area of 50 hectares or more for industrial use, land/coastal reclamation projects involving an area of 50 hectares or more. Pursuant to this, the EIA Act No 86 of 1992 sets out the procedure for prior consideration of environmental and social issues in certain categories of public and private development projects. Federal Ministry of Environment Sectoral Guidelines for EIA The FEPA Act, cap 131, LFN, 1990 allocates powers of environment legislation making and enforcement to the Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), now Federal Ministry of Environment. (FMENV) In-line with its functions, FEPA has published the EIA/EMP Sectoral Guidelines (revised in September 1995). The guidelines cover major development projects and are intended to inform and assist proponents in conducting EIA/EMP studies. 1.9.3 Nigerian EMP Procedure The FMEnv developed a National EMP Procedure (FEPA 1985) in response to the promulgation of the EIA Act No. 86 of 1992. The procedure indicates the steps to be followed from project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the project is implemented with maximum consideration for the environment. 23 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road The procedure for EMP involves the project proposal stage where the project proponent notifies FMEnv of the proposed project in writing. The project proposal is expected to contain all relevant information on the project, including a land-use map. This stage is followed by the screening phase, during which the Ministry will carry out, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and assign the project into a category based on the following criteria; Magnitude, extent or scope, duration and frequency, risks, significance and Mitigation measures available for associated and potential environmental impacts. The location of the project if in Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) is also an important criterion in project categorization. The areas categorized as Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESAs) include coral reefs, mangrove swamps, small islands, tropical rainforests, areas with erosion-prone soils, natural conservation areas, etc. There are three categories (I, II, III) in FMEnv's EIA/EMP Procedural Guideline. Category 1 projects are subjected to full-scale EIA/EMP. It consists of, among others, construction of Roads and Infrastructure projects like, Railways, Ports and Harbours, airports, Electrification Projects etc. Projects listed in Category II may not require a full-scale EIA/EMP except when such a project is located in an Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) and in this case the project will be automatically assigned to Category I. The requirement for Category II projects is a partial EIA/EMP. Also, mitigative measures or changes in project design (depending on the nature and magnitude of the environmental impacts) as well as further actions may be required from the proponent. Category II projects include reforestation/ afforestration projects, land and soil management, small-scale irrigation and drainage, mini hydro-power development, small-scale development of petroleum or related activities, etc. Category III projects are those expected to have essentially beneficial impacts on the environment. For projects in this category, the Ministry will issue an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS). Projects in this category include family planning programme, institutional development, environmental awareness projects, etc. Another stage of FMEnv's EMP procedure which comes up after the project proposal stage in the scoping stage, the main feature of which is that the proponent will be required to submit a Terms of Reference (TOR) for the proposed EMP study. In some cases, the Ministry may demand a Preliminary Assessment Report, and any additional information from the 24 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road proponent to assist in vetting the scope and the TOR of the proposed EMP study. This stage is followed by actual implementation of the EMP study, preparation of Draft Final and Final EMP Reports, review process and approval/certification. Apart from the general EIA/EMP Guidelines, the Ministry has also prepared sectoral guidelines for EMP in different industrial sectors, including the Infrastructure Sector. 1.9.4 Other National Legislations Apart from the FMEnv guidelines highlighted above, there are other legislations that have been put in place to serve as a check on the operators of oil and gas industries. Some of these are summarized below: (i) Penal Code The Nigerian Penal code makes it an offence punishable with up to 6 months imprisonment for "Any person who: Violates the atmosphere in any place so as to make it noxious to the health of persons in general dwelling or carrying on business in the neighbourhoods or passing along a public way or, does any act which is, and which he knows or has reason to believe to be, likely to spread the infection of any disease dangerous to life, whether human or animal". The Explosives Act This Act was promulgated in 1964 and empowers the Minister of Mines & Power (now Solid Minerals) to make regulations on the importation, manufacture, storage and use and the ownership and possession of explosives. Endangered Species Act (1985) The endangered species Act No. 11 of 1985 prohibits the hunting, capture and trade of endangered species. Quarries Act Cap 385 Laws of Federation of Nigeria, 1990 The act provides for and regulates quarrying activities in Nigeria. It prohibits unauthorized quarrying activities for industrial use and diversion of water course or impounding of water for that purpose. The Act gives the Minister for Mines and Power the power to make regulations for prevention of pollution of natural water supply. Land Use Act 1978 25 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road States that "... it is also in the public interest that the rights of all Nigerians to use and enjoy land in Nigeria and the natural fruits thereof in sufficient quality to enable them to provide for the sustenance of themselves and their families should be assured, protected and preserved". National Inland Waterways Authority Act (1997) Act 13 of 1997 establishing the National Inland Waterways Authority (NIWA) repeals the Navigable Waterways (Declaration) Act of 1988. The NIWA is managed by a governing board, whose functions, among others, include the following: · Serve as the body providing regulations for all inland navigation; · Ensure the development of infrastructural facilities for a national inland waterways network connecting the creeks and the rivers to meet the challenges of modern inland waterways transportation; · It is charged with undertaking capital and maintenance dredging, and hydrological and hydrographic surveys; · Design of ferry routes and operate ferry services within the inland waterways systems; and · Involved in the survey, removal and receipt of derelicts, wrecks and other obstructions from inland waterways, and undertake the installation and maintenance of lights, buoys, and all navigational aids along water channels 1.9.5 State Legislations The Nigerian Constitution allows States to make legislations, laws and edicts on the Environment as environmental is listed under the concurrent schedule of the 1999 Constitution. The EIA Act No. 86 of 1992 also recommends the setting up of State Ministries of Environment (SMENV) and Environmental Protection Agencies (SEPA), to participate in regulating the consequences of project development on the environment in their area of jurisdiction. SMENVs thus have the responsibility for environmental protection at the state level within their states. In accordance with the provisions of Section 24 of Act FEPA 58 of 1988 Chapter 131 of the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN), the State Environmental Protection Agencies and the 26 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road State Ministry of Environment were formed in Nasarawa State which are important stakeholders in the proposed project because the site of the project is within the State. The functions of the SMENV/SEPAs include: Routine liaison and ensuring effective harmonisation with the FMENV in order to achieve the objectives of the National Policy on the Environment; Co-operate with FMENV and other relevant National Directorates/Agencies in the promotion of environmental education; Be responsible for monitoring compliance with waste management standards; Monitor the implementation of the EMP and the Environmental Audit Report (EAR) guidelines and procedures on all developments policies and projects within the State. Figure 1-1: The flow chart of the EMP process in Nigeria 27 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 32 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 1.10 WORLD BANK SAFEGUARD POLICIES The World Bank has operational safeguard policies, which apply to various development projects which the bank is either implementing or funding. The objective of these policies is to prevent or at least minimize social environmental risks while increasing socio-economic benefits of approved projects. The effectiveness and positive impact on development of projects and programmes supported by the Bank has substantially increased as a result of these policies. The Bank's safeguards policies include: OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment OP 4.04 Natural Habitats OP 4.09 Pest Management OP 11.03 Cultural Property OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement OD 4.20 Indigenous Peoples OP 4.36 Forests OP 4.37 Safety of Dams OP 7.50 Projects in International Waterways OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas It is the responsibility of federal government of to ensure that safeguards are not violated. In preparing this EMP, a consideration of the type of the planned investments vis-a-vis the requirements of the Bank Safeguard policies has led to the determination that only the World Bank safeguards policyon Environmental Assessment (OP4.01) apply. , However, a complete description of the Bank safeguards and their triggers for applicability can be found on the World Bank's official web site www.worldbank.org. The already identified World Bank's operational policies that are triggered by the FRDP are summarized below: Table 1-1: Applicable World Bank Operational Policies Operational Brief Description Policy Environmental World Bank financed projects must be environmentally sound and 33 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road assessment (EA) sustainable. The type and detail of the EA is dependent on the nature, scale and potential environmental risks. The safeguard instrument used here is the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). From the above it is clear that the EIA Act and the World Bank safeguard policies are similar. For examples, OP.4.01 and Nigerian EIA Act are also similar. World Bank EA Screening Category A is similar to Nigerian EIA Act category I, World Bank EA Category B is equivalent to Nigeria EIA Act Category II, World Bank EA Category C is equivalent Nigeria EIA Act Category III. However in the event of discrepancy between WB safeguard policy and the Existing Environmental laws in Nigeria that of the World Bank will take precedence. 1.11 INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS, TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS Global and Regional Treaties and Conventions are, in principle, binding in first instance on National Governments that accede to them. They are obliged to implement such arrangements through national legislation. At the international level, Nigeria is party to a number of Conventions that are relevant to the proposed development project. UNEP (1991) provides an overview of applicable, international Treaties and conventions. The more relevant ones are reviewed briefly below: Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, including the Montreal Protocol and the London Amendment The objectives of this Convention adopted in 1985 are to protect human health and the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human activities which modify or are likely to modify the Ozone Layer and to adopt agreed measures to control human activities found to have adverse effects on the Ozone Layer. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals or Bonn Convention The Bonn Convention's adopted in 1979 aims at the conservation and management of migratory species (including waterfowl and other wetland species) and promotion of measures for their conservation, including habitat conservation. Convention on Biological Diversity 34 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road The objectives of this Convention, which was opened for signature at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit and adopted in 1994, are the conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources, including by appropriate access to genetic resources by appropriate transfer of relevant technologies. Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage or World Heritage Convention This Convention adopted in 1972 defines cultural and natural heritage. The latter is defined as areas with outstanding universal value from the aesthetic and conservation points of view. In addition, Nigeria is a signatory to the following relevant international conventions: - The African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, The African Convention, 1968; - The Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, The World Heritage Convention, 1972; - The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, CITES, 1973; - Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, Bonn, 1979. - The Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Waste and Disposal, 1989; - The Framework Convention on Climate Change, Kyoto Protocol, 1995; - The Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992; 35 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road CHAPTER TWO 2.0 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION 2.1 NEED FOR THE PROJECT The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) has proposed to rehabilitate the 25KM Lafiya to Doma Road in Nasarawa State. The highway is an important link road to other parts of the state and the country in general especially in areas of transportation of agricultural commodities which are abound in the area. The road network is one of the roads identified to be in deplorable state in the country and this is what necessitated the need for its rehabilitation 2.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES The main objective of rehabilitating the road network is to ease the transportation problems being faced by motorist along this route and as a result will make much easy, the transportation of agricultural produce from the state to other parts of the country. 2.3 BENEFITS OF THE PROJECT Some of the benefits of the project to both local and international economy include: Reduce the transport operating cost by improving the riding quality of the road. Minimize annual road maintenance costs because of diverted traffic. provide route options to achieve better distribution of agricultural produce. Create jobs for Nigerians 2.4 Project Alternatives Approach to the selection of best project implementation and design alternatives will take into consideration the one that suits the purpose best. Potential alternatives considered include; i. Taking no action or no project option ii. Using alternative travel modes iii. Improving the existing facilities iv. Taking alternative alignments construction of a multi-lane, controlled access facility on new location. v. Design variations of alignment and grade. 36 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road In conceiving the development options and scenarios, the following main factors were also considered: availability of raw materials, process facilities, Cost effectiveness and more effective utilization of resources. 2.4.1 USING OTHER TRAVEL MODES Other modes of efficient passenger travel and goods movement over long distances include air, rail, transit, and marine. With regards to goods movement the only realistic alternative to trucking is rail. Rail, transit and air travel are all feasible alternatives for transporting passengers. However, currently there is no functional passenger rail service between Lafiya, and Doma. Therefore other modes of travel are not seen as effective alternatives. This is a very cost alternative, and shall add no value to the micro economics of the areas even if it is considered. This option is therefore rejected. 2.4.2 ALTERNATIVE ALIGNMENTS Alternative alignment options would be prohibitively expensive and more disruptive, and could lead to loss of revenues from diverted traffic. It would also entail very high costs for property acquisition and compensation claims, lost employment, a decreased tax base, and reduced access. This alternative is not acceptable as it would be prohibitively expensive. It will also create greater environmental and social impact on the adjoining communities. 2.4.3 DESIGN VARIATIONS OF ALIGNMENT AND GRADE Since the road is expected to serve the same purpose which is to rehabilitate it to near its original quality and functionality, this alternative is defective as it will create an uneven road alignment. For this reason, this option is rejected. 2.4.4 NO-PROJECT This a no-project or no-development scenario in which road development/improvement project is not executed. With the "no-project" option, existing levels of service and safety deficiencies in the project area will worsen as automobile and truck traffic volumes continue to increase and would make industrial and socio-economic development impossible or expensive. This will negatively impact the nation's economy that is highly dependent on good road network. This scenario is therefore rejected as it would prevent meeting the nation's growing transport needs. 37 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road In general all the interactions with the communities were positive. They wanted the project to commence in earnest. The results of the public meetings and the completed questionnaires supported the Project and considered it a necessity to promote economic development and reduce poverty in the region. In addition, the consequences of the alternative without the project are inter alia, lack of fluidity of traffic and blockage of sub regional integration, worsening of poverty in the areas concerned and lack of contribution to the development of trade within the nation. 2.4.5 PREFFERED ALTERNATIVE: REHABILITATING THE EXISTING ROADS Rehabilitate the Lafiya-Doma road to facilitate more efficient haulage of people, goods and services. It will accommodate the existing and projected traffic demand, improve the transportation infrastructure of the region and promote economic development in and around the project corridors. This alternative is acceptable. 2.5 VALUE OF THE PROJECT It has been estimated that over 593 million naira will be required for the implementation of the project. The proposed project cost includes land acquisition and demolishing of structures/ compensation, mobilization, construction and decommissioning other activities. The project intends to employ about 30 ­ 40 people directly and over 100 people indirectly during execution. Priority will be given to qualified persons from the host community, followed by nearby communities. The total value of the project that will be brought into the local economy can be regarded as the benefits described earlier. The implication of this is that if identified negative cost and impact can be carefully mitigated, then the project would contribute an overall net positive economic benefit to the nation. 2.5.1 ENVISAGED SUSTAINABILITY The sustainability of the project is based on the fact that the intended communities particularly those in and around the three identified L. G. As would continue to use the road as their major access and would ensure that willful destruction or damage of the road infrastructure is not allowed. Other sustainability factors for the road include; · Life Span It is expected that the road will remain viable and sustained for at least fifteen (20 - 25) years or more. 38 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road · Technical The road rehabilitation project will be executed by experienced engineers and monitored by qualified resident Engineer. · Environmental An adequate environmental management plan, EMP, to be put in place is envisaged to environmentally sustain the project throughout its life span. A good housekeeping practice will be maintained and the project will implement all the regulations related to EMP. · Social FERMA and RSDT will ensure that adequate compensation is paid to all affected person as well as ensuring cordial relationship with stakeholders and communities by the contractor. The people of the area shall be given consideration in employment. 39 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road CHAPTER THREE 3.0. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 3.1 GENERAL This chapter presents the proposed road rehabilitation project's engineering design, construction, operation and abandonment activities. These include the design standard and concepts, the construction, operating philosophy and schedule for the project. 3.2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION The project, which is a road rehabilitation activity involves an approximately 25km Lafia­Doma road section of the Lafia ­ Doma ­ Rafin Gabas ­ Nasarawa highway located within Nasarawa State. The activities involved in the project include site clearing, scarification, filling of pothole, provision of stone base, prime coat, asphalting, re-construction of shoulders, construction of concrete lined drains & earth drains and replacement of bridge deck. Figure 3.1: Section of Lafiya ­ Doma Road at Lafiya 40 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 3.2.1 Project Location The Lafiya ­ Doma Highway is located within Nasarawa State, North Central Nigeria. The affected section of the road covered a distance of about 25km starting from Diamond Bank junction in Lafia passing through Kilema, Tudun amra, Andere, Arawo,, Gangaren wange, Wange, Camp, Kawo, Doma North to Doma town. The area is characterized by rolling terrain underlain mainly with undisturbed, igneous and metamorphic rock of the basement complex area of North Central Nigeria. A side of Rafin Engineer, several other streams (seasonal streams) are crossed by the road at various sections. 3.3 Design Standards The horizontal and vertical alignments of the route as they exist will in a lot of cases meet with the design standards required of Federal highways by the Federal Ministry of Works & Housing without much impediment and re-alignment. In general, the road design has been carried out to the Federal Ministry of Works' "Highway Manual Part I ­ Design", from inception. The design speed required is as per national speed limit of 100Km/hr. Permanent features like bridges and culverts that have been compromised shall be rehabilitated in accordance with the Federal Highways standards to return the road to its normal condition. The rehabilitation project as planned, would be based on the following acceptable national design standards: 3.3.1 Design Rehabilitation Road Project (i) Design Speed - 100km/hr (ii) Type of Road - Single lane carriageway (iii) Carriageway Width - 7.30m (iv) Shoulder Width - 2.75m (v) Maximum Grade - 5% (vi) Pavement Laterite subbase, crushed stone base course, with thickness specified after determination of the soil bearing capacity. (vii) Surfacing AC binder and wearing courses (Road Note 29 or Road Note 31) shall be used for pavement/Surfacing Design) (viii) Design parameters course, with thickness specified after determination of the soil bearing capacity. 3.4 LAYOUT AND EXISTING CONDITIONS OF THE ROAD Site assessment of the proposed road to be rehabilitated covering the entire length of approximately 25km from Lafiya to Doma was undertaken prior to the commencement of all forms of study. The objectives of this study were: 41 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road To assess the present condition of the local network at each location so as to determine the present state of effects of the local environment To ascertain the details of the road geometry (width, slopes, curvature, etc) pavement construction method and pavement conditions, drainage location and condition of structures; To identify rock cuts, agricultural farms, steep side slopes and other control, bridge crossings, expensive buildings and structures are also noted; and To ascertain the present site of the road development in its locality, the communities served by the section of the highway, the common goods moved, the alternative mode of transportation, problems militating transport and travel within these locations. Road inventory sheets were prepared along the route of the project during the detailed assessment study. The following were the observations made: Pavement The Lafiya - Doma road pavement which was made up of an asphalted concrete surfacing was observed to have largely or to some extent totally failed. There is prevalent pavement distress and even total failure features like potholes, alligator cracks, ruts and edge failure were prevalent along the carriageway. The shoulders were observed to have major erosion problem occasioned by long period of runoff and poor drainage. 3.4.1 Existing Alignment The alignment generally traverses a flat to gently rolling terrain with sharp decent and ascends in various points along the route. Most part of the existing alignment between Lafiya and Doma has long strained sections. Thus some of the horizontal alignment has to be improved upon to satisfy geometric design requirements. 3.4.2 Carriageway and Shoulders As is the standard for major Highways in Nigeria, the existing Lafiya ­Doma carriageway is about 7.30m wide and the width of the existing shoulders varied from 1.20 to 1.5m (of the required width of 2.75m). The road even though originally paved with asphaltic material, its present condition ranged from fair to poor in most of its stretch due to inadequate maintenance and neglect thus, has fallen below acceptable national and international standards. 3.4.3 Furniture The traditional highway furniture such as road markings and safety warning signs and kilometre posts for proper direction of traffic are virtually non-existent along this road. Where they exist, they are in a very poor condition or having the inscriptions on them faded thereby becoming illegible and of no help to road users. Embankments and some bridges also lack guardrails. The reason for this deplorable condition of road furniture could be traced to the old age and poor maintenance of the roads. 3.4.4 Drainage The area where the road passes is characterized by torrential form of rainfall with some seasonal streams which criss-crossed the road at various points. Consequently, there are a number of bridges and culverts along the section of the road, which is apparently because of the high incidence of rainfall and the fact that the terrain is undulating thus forming many 42 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road water pathways. However, from the assessment, it was noticed that over a significant part of the road, side drains were not provided which is likely one of the reasons why the pavement has completely failed in places. 3.4.5 Construction Materials Quality construction materials - gravel and fill material are abundant around the road corridor. Aggregates can be sourced from neighbouring quarry sites while sand can be obtained from the several riverbanks that are easily accessible from the project site. 3.5 SCOPE OF WORKS / PROJECT OVERVIEW The Lafiya ­ Doma road has been in existence for several years and the resulting wear and tear due to human influence and whether effects have combined to contribute in bring the road to its present state of disrepair. In addition to these is the absent of maintenance effort to keep the highway in optimum user-friendly state. At this stage, the activity to be carried out is rehabilitation of the 25km long section of the road which broadly involves; (a) Site Clearance and Earthworks -Clearing of site of all forms of bush, grass and trees by the road site -Vegetation Clearing -Pothole cutting -Scarification of failed sections -Burrow pits excavation. (b) Culverts and Drains -Demolition and removal debris of failed pipe Culverts -Excavation and backfilling works -Laying of precast pipe and Concrete works (c) Pavement and Surfacing -Supply of fill materials, base and sub base compacting -Laying of prime Coat -Laying of Asphaltic concrete binder and Surface dressing 3.6 INPUT AND OUTPUT OF RAW MATERIALS AND PRODUCTS 3.6.1 Raw Material Supply Major inputs in the road project include the various construction equipment and machinery for scarification, grading/ earth (soil) movement, topographic levelling, creation of road pavement, Asphalt overlay (coal tarring) and bridge works, and construction materials including bitumen, gravel and fill material usually excavated on site. 43 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 3.6.2 Project Staffing and Support The project is expected to provide employment for reasonable number of people (both skilled and unskilled) directly and indirectly through sales of food to the workers by the local community. 3.6.3 Facilities and Services Sources of Energy Available to the Project Petroleum products which include motor gasoline, dual purpose kerosene, automotive gas oil, liquefied petroleum gas, low- and high-pour fuel oil and base oil represent major energy sources in Nigeria available to the project. 3.6.4 Base Camp A temporary base camp for construction activities shall be established for effective execution of the project. A well suited location which is central to both ends of the Lafia ­ Doma road selected for the purpose of the Base Camp. All necessary First Aid, sanitary and messing facilities shall be provided sufficient enough for number of workers expected on site. 3.7 PROJECT SCHEDULE The project management team is expected to determine the actual duration for the execution of the project from its commencement date. However, the remaining phases such as the environmental impact assessment, detailed field survey for the Highway rehabilitation project are required prior to the actual project commencement. The Highway is expected to be maintained and to remain in operation for a long time to come before another round of maintenance work. 3.7.1 Decommissioning Plan The Federal Ministry of Works & Housing being the statutory owner of the road is expected to develop a framework for decommissioning and abandonment before the end of the project's lifespan following the provisions of existing regulations at the time. This framework shall aim at guiding the development of an acceptable decommissioning and abandonment plan with emphasis on the restoration of the project area back to its original status in the event of the project's temporary or permanent closure 44 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT 4.1 INTRODUCTION The environmental baseline condition and sensitivity of various ecological component of the area were studied to provide relevant information on likely impact of the project development activities on the environment which will serve as a reference against which future change can be determined. The study covered both natural and social environment components of the area. 4.1.1 Study Approach Literature review and reconnaissance survey of the project area preceded field activity that included consultations: this is to enable the EMP team in the concept design of the field study execution. The fieldwork activities were carried out for the project to cover the entire project area. The activities were carried out in accordance with the FMEnv and other international standards and guideline. From the observations made during the site visit, the road is a Category B Highway. 4.1.2 Literature/Data Review Detailed data and information on the project which include the following were obtained from the proponent and provided in the report. These are: - Project description and schedule Project site plan For the purpose of gathering preliminary information, data were obtained from the following: - Nigerian Meteorological Agency NIMET) Oshodi, Lagos State for climate and meteorological conditions in Lafiya area from 1999-2004 Office of the Surveyor General of the Federation. The relevant institutional, legal and regulatory guidelines and standards were obtained from the publications of the Federal Ministry of Environment, (FMEnv) and Nasarawa State Ministry of Environment. 4.2 DATA ACQUISITION METHOD A professional team comprising experts in the various disciplines that covers the EIA scope of work was assembled to execute the EMP study. The team leader coordinated all field activities (baseline acquisition) and ensured quality in the work. 45 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Sampling of the environmental components was used to gather information on the environmental setting of the project area. Slight site clearing activities have started before the first sampling season. For the purpose of getting representative sampling of the actual project site, samplings were spread on undisturbed paths bordering the project site. The sampling procedures adopted were designed to achieve scientific accuracy. The following methods were considered: - Phasing of samples to identify the areas of interest. Collection of soil samples: surface soil (depth of 0-15cm) and sub soil depth of (15- 50cm) to obtain data on the quality of soil. Quantity of samples collected. Sample points identification/geo -referencing Samples storage and preservation Stratified random sampling The baseline characteristics of the project area were determined as follows: - Climate /Meteorology The meteorological data of the project area for wet and dry season was obtained from Nigerian Meteorological Agency Oshodi. The data obtained covered the following parameters: - Temperature and Evaporation, Relative Humidity, Thunderstorm, Rainfall, Wind Speed and Direction. To complement the data, maximum /minimum thermometer was used to monitor temperature at different locations of the project area. Geology/Hydrogeology The stratigraphy/ lithology of the subsurface soil were carried out by systematic geologic mapping of the area by JBN. Soil samples were collected and permeability test carried out to determine the soil profile and drainage pattern. The regional and local geology were ascertained from literature review, in particular Allen (1965), Bain (1924), Agboola (1979), Vine (1956) and maps obtained from Geological Survey of Nigeria Agency, Abuja, on the geology and landforms in Nigeria. Boreholes (located within the project area) were used to determine the underground water quality. Surface Water The area is drained by seasonal streams which were not flowing as at the time of the field work. Terrestrial Fauna (i)Invertebrate Fauna Quadrant sampling was used, at a sampling location a 5m by 5m (25m 2) quadrant was measured out (Maxwell, 1971; Slingby and Cook, 1989; Southwood, 1992) and the fauna within the quadrant were identified on sighting, enumerated and recorded directly into a previously prepared table. Fauna that could not be immediately identified to species level was captured or 46 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road killed and put into a labeled and coded specimen container prepared for the location. Insect and spiders were captured with a sweep net or by hand picking. The trails, faeces and burrows of animals and cast of earthworm were also used to indicate the presence and probable numbers of specific animals and species. Small captured fauna were preserved in very dilute formalin (5%) in the specimen containers. (ii)Fauna Benthos Sediments were collected at the rivers using an Ekman grab. The sediments were put in small black polythene bag. Another grab haul of sediment were sieved and sorted out on site. The sieved materials were put in labeled containers having 5% formalin for preservation prior to post-sampling analysis at the laboratory. Fish Samples were collected at the fisherman berthing point. Oral interview was conducted and inventory of the fish species endemic to the area was taken. The samples were immediately put in sample bottles having 5% formalin for preservation and identification with appropriate labeling. Vegetation Separate samples quadrants (2m by 2m for herbs and shrubs and 1m x1m for grasses) were measured in the sampling locations, which were randomly selected taking into account plant species diversity or rarity density and dominance. Homogenous habitats were identified and sampled. Belt transects were laid as outlined by Sutherland (1977). In each quadrant, plant species were identified, woody species were enumerated and the vegetation structure observed. Unidentified plant species and species whose identification were doubted were collected, given samples location coded number and pressed for identification and /or confirmation of identification in a herbarium. Species identification and nomenclature followed the Flora of West Tropical Africa (Hutchinson and Dalziel, 1952- 1974), an outline of Nigerian vegetation (Keay, 1959) established for each vegetation type in the project area using the data from the samples plots. Air Quality The ambient air quality of the project area for wet and dry season was determined by sampling in-situ at nine different locations, the following parameters NO2, SO2, H2S, CO, HCN, and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM). The SPM was measured using a digital Dust Indicator Model P-SL2, while NO2, SO2, H2S, CO and HCN were measured using NO2- meter, SO2- meter, CO-meter and NH3 meter respectively. Samplings were done at 2-hour interval at each sample point for eight (8) hours. The equipment used for air sampling is given in table 4.1. 47 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Table 4.1 Air Quality Measurement Equipment Parameter Equipment Model NO2 NO2-Meter Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor (NO2) SO2 SO2-Meter Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor (SO2) CO CO-Meter Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor (CO) NH3 NH3-Meter Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor (NH3) HCN HCN-Meter Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor (HCN) Noise Noise Meter Rion Sound level meter NA model SPM Dust Monitor PDR-1000 personal dust meter H2S H2S-Meter Toxi RAE Single Gas Monitor (H2S) (i)Sound Level The baseline sound level of the area was measured using Rion Sound pressure level (decibel) meter, NA model. The measurement was carried out at nine (9) different locations at Two (2) hours intervals for eight hours for each sample point. Land Use Pattern Land use map, physical observation and interviews were used to determine the land use pattern of the area. A land use pattern map of the area within and outside the project area showing public facilities of the area was sourced from FCT Department of Lands and Survey. Waste Management Data The waste inventory data, sources and disposal routes of waste generated from different sources in the area was carried out. Photographic and Video Services A high-powered pentax, f=38mm-70mm zoom lens ESPIO 73855 model camera was used to take photographs of interesting aspects of the study area. Public Health Interview with health clinic officials were used to determine the health status and disease inventory of the area. Socio-Economics Socio-economic studies were conducted on the major stakeholders identified in the project area. The socio-economic studies in the survey area were based largely on extensive literature 48 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road materials and some field work. Secondary data were collected from available sources while primary information was collected using structured questionnaires and informal interviews. The socio-economic data gathering for the host community cover the following: a. Socio-cultural Cultural and/or religious issues, customs b. Population Population distribution c. Socio-Economic Means of livelihood, economic base Infrastructure Transportation Industrial activities Quality Control / Assurance Procedures For the environmental components studied in this Environmental Impact Assessment study, Quality Control and Quality Assurance (QC/QA) measures were in accordance with standard procedures of ASTM (Anon, 1994), FEPA (1991) and APHA (1975). The quality assurance procedure covers all aspects of the studies and includes sample collections, handling, laboratory analysis, coding and communication of results. A sample chain custody form was used for the registration and tracking of samples from the field to the laboratory (see appendix 4i). 4.3 FIELD DATA DESCRIPTION The laboratory results of the samples collected during field activities were used to describe the environmental components (variables) of the area. 4.3.1 Climatic Condition The climate of the project area is typical of the humid tropics with considerable influence resulting from existing seasonal winds, latitude, and apparent movement of the sun across the tropics and relative stability of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or Inter Tropical Front (ITF) over the area. The two dominating air mass are the drier Tropical Continental (TC) from the Sahara in the north and the humid Tropical Maritime (TM) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the south. An Inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) zone separates them. This zone oscillates seasonally depending on the apparent movement of the sun. The third air mass is the Equatorial Easterlies, a rather cool one that comes from the east and blows in the upper atmosphere along the Inter Tropical Zone of Convergence. Occasionally, it 49 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road dives southwards undercutting either the tropical maritime or tropical continental air mass and gives rise to a line squall. The major climatic elements of the project area include rainfall, temperature, wind (speed and direction) and relative humidity. The project area is influenced by two seasonal periods; wet and dry season. The dry season last from November to March and is characterized by the North ­East trade wind, which brings in harmattan in November and December. The wet season begins in April and ends in November and is characterized by South ­West wind. 4.3.1.1 Rainfall Seasonal variations in rainfall are controlled by the seasonal displacement of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ITCZ (Hastenrath, 1985). The monthly rainfall values in 2003 ranged between 0.0mm to 482.7mm with the highest rain falling in the month of July. In 2002, July recorded the highest rainfall (450.5mm). In 2004 the highest percentage of rain fell in the months of June while December, January, February and March did not record any rain. Table 4.2 shows rainfall data for Lafia area which also covers the Doma area due to proximity of the two towns. Table 4.2 Average Monthly Rainfall Data of Lafia Area (1996-2004) in mm Year Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 1996 0.0 0.0 2.5 70.5 238.0 172.5 215.7 326.9 235.1 140.4 -- -- 1997 0.0 0.0 27.0 76.7 166.6 193.8 186.9 225.0 247.2 198.3 9.5 5.3 1998 0.0 0.0 19.6 45.9 105.6 194.2 81.0 185.0 281.7 42.5 0.0 0.0 1999 0.0 0.0 20.6 81.9 227.8 162.1 345.4 344.8 282.5 114.9 8.0 0.0 2000 0.0 0.0 0.0 58.3 138.6 144.7 276.6 214.8 255.2 110.1 0.0 -- 2001 0.0 0.0 0.5 96.0 94.5 152.6 358.5 323.4 245.9 101.6 0.0 0.0 2002 0.0 0.0 70.5 176.7 82.0 227.7 450.5 487.8 353.1 263.3 0.0 0.0 2003 0.0 23.7 19.3 82.0 167.7 340.9 482.7 257.6 249.5 82.2 63.3 -- 2004 0.0 0.0 0.0 64.3 222.0 310.7 255.5 302.6 164.9 202.1 5.9 0.0 Nigeria Met Agency (NIMET) 4.3.1.2 Wind Speed and Direction The wind patterns of the area follows the ITD, thus it is mainly south-west during the wet season and north-east during the dry season. In general, the southwest swell is prevalent. There are winds blowing from different directions during the year namely NE, E, SE, S, SW, W, NW and N. The percent wind frequency summary and speed for Lafia and Doma based on 3- hourly records from 1996 to 2004 is given in table 4.3. The wind of the area varies between light, gentle and moderate breeze. Table 4.5 showed a wind speed that varies between 39.12m/s and 93.8m/s for both dry and wet season. High wind speed occurred during the wet season and between the months of April and September. The wind direction of the area is majorly Westerly and occurring in wet season and Easterly in dry 50 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road season. The monthly average wind speed of the area for the period of 9-yrs is shown in table 4.4. Table 4.3 Monthly Wind Speed and Direction Data of Lafiya and Doma Area (1999-2004) in m/s Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year 1996 71.5 74.4 79.5 88.8 82.0 77.8 68.8 66.9 66.8 77.6 75.4 69.4 1997 67.8 78.3 84.3 85.6 78.2 75.9 74.6 73.3 78.9 81.0 71.9 66.6 1998 59.0 67.2 69.5 79.9 82.8 76.8 69.7 73.6 73.3 76.3 76.0 60.8 1999 56.1 62.0 78.4 89.5 79.4 83.7 77.6 75.0 70.3 71.9 72.4 -- 2000 -- 71.0 75.3 92.0 88.3 84.5 79.0 76.8 80.3 68.4 80.5 72.1 2001 65.8 71.2 72.1 90.1 93.8 83.5 88.8 91.6 83.6 81.3 79.4 -- 2002 69.3 71.9 73.7 87.3 86.9 82.0 79.4 72.4 76.4 70.4 68.1 50.1 2003 -- 27.0 28.1 48.6 45.8 39.1 41.6 -- -- -- -- -- 2004 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year 1996 E SW SW SW W W W SW SW E E NE 1997 NE N W SW W W W W W W W W 1998 E W W SW SW W W W W W SE E 1999 E SW S W W SW W W W W W E 2000 E NE NE SW SW W W SW W W E E 2001 E E SW S S W SW W W W E E 2002 E W SW W SW SW W W W W W E 2003 E E S S W W W W W W W E 2004 E E SE SW SW W SW W W W W E 51 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Nigeria Met Agency (NIMET) 4.3.1.3 Relative Humidity The relative humidity of the area ranges from 27% to 89%; wet season showed the range of 71% to 89% while the dry season showed range 27% to 71%. The relative humidity is high during the wet season. The monthly relative humidity data of the study area from 1996-2004 is shown in table 4.4 Table 4.4 Monthly relative humidity data of Lafiya Area (1996-2004) in% Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Year 1996 50 52 56 64 79 83 86 87 87 81 58 53 1997 48 27 49 70 79 84 86 86 84 84 76 57 1998 44 40 37 61 77 84 86 88 86 84 68 53 1999 49 50 60 61 76 82 87 87 86 83 69 48 2000 46 28 37 65 73 85 86 86 87 81 62 49 2001 41 30 48 63 74 82 88 89 87 78 59 49 2002 35 37 56 70 72 80 87 88 86 83 68 50 2003 48 45 45 68 71 83 85 87 86 83 71 52 2004 47 34 37 68 82 83 75 88 85 83 70 56 Nigeria Met Agency (NIMET) 4.3.1.4 Temperature The temperature and thermal characteristics in the project area depends on the apparent movement of the sun, and the wind regime. Two peaks (major and minor) characterized the annual temperature cycle. The major peak occurs between December and January. The temperature is usually higher during the dry season and lower during the wet season. The ambient temperature of the area rises gradually in the early morning hours and attains its peak value between 13hour and 15hours. The temperature of the area from 1996 to 2004 varies between 23.7o.C to 31.1oC. The area showed low temperature in June to September that rises in November to April. The average monthly temperature of the area between 1996 between 2004 is shown in table 4.5. 52 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Table 4.5 Monthly ambient temperature data of Lafiya Area (1999-2004) in oC Year Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec 26.7 29.4 30.5 29.7 27.2 25.7 24.9 24.4 24.6 25.5 25.7 25.8 1996 27.2 28.0 29.9 28.3 26.7 25.9 25.2 25.2 25.5 25.6 26.3 25.4 1997 26.0 29.6 31.0 31.1 28.2 26.2 25.1 24.4 24.9 25.5 26.4 25.9 1998 26.5 --- 29.9 29.2 27.2 27.0 25.9 24.6 24.4 25.0 26.5 25.4 1999 27.0 27.7 30.2 29.4 27.8 25.6 24.5 23.7 24.7 25.7 26.8 25.6 2000 24.5 28.1 30.4 29.2 28.0 25.7 24.5 24.2 24.4 26.4 27.1 26.7 2001 25.9 28.9 30.2 29.0 28.4 26.5 25.1 24.5 24.8 25.6 26.4 26.0 2002 27.0 29.2 30.7 29.2 28.7 25.5 19.4 24.7 24.8 25.8 26.2 25.4 2003 26.3 29.1 30.6 29.1 26.8 25.6 24.9 24.6 27.0 26.1 26.5 26.0 2004 Nigeria Met Agency (NIMET) 4.3.2 Air Quality The ambient air quality measurement of the area was carried out for both wet and dry season. Both seasons indicated generally low (within limit) concentration of SO 2, NO2, SPM, HCN and CO in air of the area. Suspended particulate matter of the project site for wet season ranged from 32.0µgm3 to 32.3µgm3 while that of dry season varies between 48.3.0µgm3 and 52.3µgm3. The project area indicated CO of range of 0.1ppm to 0.2ppm and 0.1ppm to 0.2ppm for wet and dry season respectively. Activities on site contributed the relative high dust in the project site area but outside the project site the dust showed slightly lower concentration (48.3.0µgm 3 and 50.2µgm3). The SO2 and NO2 of the area indicated 0.00ppm to 0.01ppm (for both wet and dry season) concentration while NH3 occurred in the range of 0.02ppm to 0.04ppm. The control site indicated a range of 0.03ppm to 0.04concentration of NH3. The River area indicated relatively low SO2, NO2 and NH3 concentration for both seasons (see table 4.7 and 4.8) this is attributed to relative low activity that can generate emission in the area. The control site indicated CO, SO2, NO2, NH3 and SPM concentration that is insignificantly different from the project site. The control indicated a particulate matter of 52µgm3 in dry season. The air quality result of the area for dry and wet season is given in table 4.6 and 4.98respectively. 53 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Table 4.6 Air Quality Result of the Project Route in Dry Season. Sampling location TIME Susp. parti. CO NO2 SO2 NH3 THC Sound (Hour) Matter (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) (ppm) % in Air Level (ug/m3) (dB (A) 10:39 52.3 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 48.0 12:40 52.2 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 48.0 14:26 52.2 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 51.0 Lafiya1 16:44 52.3 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 52.3 08:42 52.0 0.1 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 48.0 10:13 52.1 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 48.2 12:21 52.0 0.1 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 52.3 Kilema 14:53 52.1 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 50.2 11:0 52.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 48.0 13:06 52.1 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 48.0 15:23 52.0 0.1 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 48.0 Tudun amra 17:16 52.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 48.0 09:40 52.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 48.0 11:12 52.3 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 48.0 13:14 52.0 0.1 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 50.8 Andere 15:52 52.3 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 52.0 Arawo 08:28 49.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 48.0 10:05 49.0 0.1 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 49.3 12:53 49.4.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 52.1 15:01 49.3.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 52.3 09:15 48.3. 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 48.0 Wange 11:06 49.2 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 49.4 14:02 50.0 0.1 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 52.0 16:03 50.2 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 52.3 Camp 10:50 50.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 41.5 12:13 50.3 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 42.0 15:17 49.3 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 41.5 17:10 50.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 41.6 Doma 09:58 50.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 41.5 12:30 51.2 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 41.4 14:23 50.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 41.5 16:35 51.2 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 41.4 Off the Road corridor 10:38 49.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.00 41.0 54 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 12:06 49.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 41.0 (Control) 14:00 49.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 41.0 16:02 49.0 0.2 0.00 0.01 0.03 0.00 41.4 4.3.2.1 Noise Level The table below indicated the official noise exposure limit in Nigeria. Table 4.7 ­ Noise Exposure Limits for Nigeria Duration Per Day Permissible Exposure (Hour) Limit Db (A) 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 Source: Guidelines and standards for Env. Pollution control in Nigeria (1992) FEPA The noise level measurement in the area varies between 41.0dB (A) and 42.3dB (A) for wet season and 41.0 dB (A) and 52.3 dB (A) for dry season. The Nakwu River area and the control site indicated noise level of 41.5 dB (A) and 41.4dB (A) respectively. The relatively low noise level of the project area in wet is attributed to lesser activities in the site at that period. The noise of the area occurred in concentration that is within FMENV limit. 4.3.3 Geology In terms of geology, the project area is basically pre-Cambrian basement complex comprising older granites and metasediments (quartzofelspathic, hornblende-gneisses, schist, quartzite, marbles and silicate rocks) which have been transformed into analectic migmatites and granites. The granites of the basement complex are classified as older granites being products of early sedimentation. They are robust, associated with pigmatite and occur commonly in the project area. High temperature, rainfall, coupled with the seasonal migration of groundwater down the slope has created usual ferruginized sandstone on the top of the laterite. Also showing the impact of deep chemical weathering and hydration is the ubiquitous lateritized clay which cap most of the outcrops as residual deposits, giving the reddish brown colour which is characteristic of the study area. Mechanical weathering was due to vertical downward penetration of plant roots and also vertical stresses imposed upon the rock by plants and animals. Most rock, cuesta and hills studied around are of meta sedimentary rocks. The ancient meta sedimentary rocks are without doubt the oldest rocks in the basement complex. The basement rock consists of granite of the meta sediments and gneisses of the magnetites, under the microscope; they 55 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road commonly have a lepidoblastic texture and are composed of plagioclase, biotite quartz and garnet. 4.3.4 Vegetation The vegetation of the project area is guinea savannah. The floristic composition of the project site is heterogeneous and indicates the following types; Guinea savannah and Patches of secondary vegetation 4.3.4.1 Guinea savannah The vegetation type of the project area is guinea savannah and consists of small trees (scattered), shrubs, grasses and crop. The crop of the area consist mainly of trees spices: Magnifera indica, Elacis guiniensis (palm tree) Carica papaya (Pawpaw) and Cocus uncifera (Coconut). These tree crops are cultivated at subsistence level and constitute all the important part of the food choice of the area. 4.3.4.2 Patches of Secondary Vegetation The vegetation of the project site is due to secondary succession caused by site clearing, and construction. The floristic composition consists of grasses and isolated stands of shrubs. The species identified include the following Species composition of vegetation of the project location Scientific name 1. Lagenaria scicerania 2. Amaranthus hybridus 3. Tephrosia braeteslata 4. Imperata cylindrical 5. Phyllanthus amarus 6. Tinthonis diversifolia 7. Aspilia afucana 8. Acroceras zizanioides 9. Daniellia oliven 10. Cyperus rotundus Terrestrial Fauna Table 4.8 gives the variety of invertebrate and vertebrate fauna in the project area in both seasons. In the study area, the common fauna includes insect ground squirrel, rabbits, reptiles like monitor lizard, ordinary lizard and snakes, rate mice, cattle, goats, sheep, antelopes, cats and birds. The status of these identified fauna species is not known at the time of sampling. The fauna were determined by interviews with the local inhabitants. The identified species of insects that are endemic in the study area include:- Black fly, Cricket, Grasshopper, Praying mantis, butterflies ,moths, mosquitoes, insect larvae, dragon flies, cicada, 56 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road nymph larva of dragon fly ,beetles, fire flies, aphids black ants. Table 4.8 Wildlife composition of the project area Phylum Species I) Annelida Hyperiodrilus africanus II) Arthropoda Loxosceles sp. (Brown spider), Scorpionida- Pandinus imperator, , Armadillidium sp. (wood lice) -Arachinida - Pachybolus ligulatus, Prepodesmus sp., Oxydesmus sp., Diplopoda(millipedes): Habrodesmus sp. - Insecta Trichoptera: Agraylea sp, Leptocella sp, Limnephilus sp. Rhodanella minos & Songhaica nigeriana (Collembola springtails) Coleoptera: Canthon sp., Photinus sp., Photuris sp., Hydroporus sp., Dytiscus sp., Leptocella sp., Cybister sp, Belostoma sp., Mellodon downer (longicorn beetles), Anthia sp. (ground beetle), Adalia bipunctata (ladybird) Diptera: Chironomus sp. (midge), Culex and Anopheles sps. (Mosquitoes), Simulium sp. (black fly), Tipula sp., Psychoda sp., Chrysops sp., Musa domestica (house fly), Drosophila sp. Glossina sp. (tse tse fly), Tabanus sp. Orthoptera: Schistocerca & Locusta sp. (Locusts), Zonocerus variegatus, Sphedromantis lineola (Praying mantis), Gryllotalpa africana (Cricket), Conocephalus sp. (longhorn grasshopper). Homoptera: Tibicen sp. (cicada) aphid Isoptera (termites): Reticulitermes sp, Amitermis sp, Cubitermis sp, Macrotermis sp. Lepidoptera (Butterflies): Papilio sp, Limenitis sp, Danaus sp, Heliothis sp, Sphinx sp., Acrea sp., Precis sp., Neptis sp. Hymenoptera: Apanteles, Oecophylla sp. (white/tailor ant), Monomorium destructor (black ant), Apis sp. (honey bees), Polistes sp & Vespa sp (Wasps). III) Mollusca Gastropoda: Archatina sp. (giant African land snail), Limocolaria sp. (garden snail) iv) Chordata Anura (frogs and toads): Rana sp, Hyperolius sp,), Phrynobatrachus sp (forest frog), Bufo regularis -Amphibia -Reptilia Gekko sp, Lacertilia sp., Mabuya blandingii (Skink), Viperidae, 57 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Naja melanoleuca (black cobra) -Aves Egretta sp, Robin, Songbird, Vulture, Ciccaba woodfordi (Owl), Pigeon, Falcon, Hawk. -Mammalia Lepus sp. (Hare), Blarina sp. (Shrew), Myotis sp. , Rattus rattus (Rat), Thryonomys swinderianus (Grass cutter), Deer, Antelope, Syncerus (Bush cow), Epixerus ebii (Squirrel), Atherurus africanus & Hystix cristata (Porcupines), Felis libya (wild cat), Dendrohyrax dorsalis (tree hyrax), Civettictis civetta 4.3.5 Ground Water The groundwater of the area is unpredictable. The groundwater of basement complex is essentially unconfined and the water table is restricted to sub-basins, which may be locally hydrologically isolated. The area has poor groundwater availability and is mostly tapped by hand-dug wells for agricultural and domestic purposes. Groundwater was taken from a drilled borehole in the project site. Table 4.9 shows the physico-chemical characteristics of the borehole water in dry and wet seasons. The groundwater result of wet season showed pH of 6.5 and 6.8 in wet season. The total hardness in dry season is 80mg/l in both seasons. Cr, Pb and Mn were not detected.Ca recorded 74ppm in both seasons while Fe showed concentration of 0.75ppm in the dry season and 0.75ppm in wet season. Table 4.9 Physico-chemical and heavy metal characteristics of the borehole water in dry seasons. Sample Codes Borehole water (dry season) Parameters Colour 0.0 Odour odourless Ph 6.8 Cond. (uScm-1) 310.0 TS (mg/l) 152.0 DS (mg/l) 147.0 Alkalinity (mg/l) 110.0 Total H. (mg/l) 80 BOD5 (mg/l) 5.0 COD (mg/l) 10.0 Oil and grease ND Chloride (mg/l) 20.0 Calcium (ppm) 74.0 Magnesium(ppm) 6.0 Sodium (ppm) 12.7 58 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Potassium (ppm) 4.5 Iron (ppm) 0.84 Copper (ppm) 0.03 Manganese(ppm) ND Chromium (ppm) ND Lead (ppm) ND Zinc (ppm) 0.8 4.4 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT/ CONSULTATION The project area spanned parts of Lafiya (from Diamond Bank junction through Kilema, Tudun Amra, Arawo, Gangaren Wange, Wange, Camp, Kawo, Doma North) down to Doma town in Nasarawa State. The socio-economic study was carried out within the immediate environment in accordance with the Scope of study. During the conduct of the environmental impact assessment study of the proposed quarry, two key towns of Lafiya and Doma were identified as the main beneficiaries a side of teaming unidentified beneficiaries. 4.4.1 Introduction Consultation is the process of seeking information from parties or persons affected or likely to be affected by the project, or those having environmental responsibilities, concerns interests about the environmental implications of project activities. Consultation is necessary in order to more efficiently deliver improved project sustainability and to protect the interests of affected communities, especially the poor and vulnerable. Experience has shown a strong link between project sustainability and effective public consultation. 4.4.2 Consultation Objectives The objective of the Consultation Process is to acquire and disseminate information, identify and address legislative, community and environmental concerns and to proffer appropriate mitigation options for all identified negative impacts. The intention was to: Avoid conflict by addressing issues promptly; Ensure that any fears or apprehensions about the nature, scale and impacts of the proposed project have been fully addressed; and Avoid any misunderstanding about the project Consultation is necessary in order to enlist the participation of groups in the assessment of any project. For this project, consultation was carried out at two main levels - public and institutional consultation. Public consultation was conducted at major towns/villages all along the project road as many are to be affected by the project. This was in form of interviews with 59 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road individuals belonging to different social and/or economic categories and concerned local administrative bodies were made. Questionnaires were also administered to individuals, local or international NGOs as were available during fieldwork for their opinions on the construction works in relation to their adverse effects on the environment (see copy in appendix). This was to indicate local initiatives to participate in the road development project and assess the key roles to be played by the different stakeholders in terms of delivering services, goods, works, or other elements in the project, mechanisms used for consultation and participation in the project, main outcome and recommendations of the consultation process, and how these recommendations can be incorporated into the project. Consultation was approached in the following ways: (i) A Community Liaison Officer (CLO) was appointed and charged with the responsibility of: - Identifying and establishing contacts with the respective stakeholders; - Providing a link between the communities and FERMA; - Acting pro-actively to identify and inform FERMA Management of various community issues and concern; - Documenting all contacts and actions and advising on appropriate community assistance projects. (ii) Issuance of notice of intent to carry out an EMP for the proposed development project in cooperation with the local regulatory Agencies (Federal Ministry of Environment, State Ministries of Environment and State Ministries of Works and Housing, Local Government Officials etc.) for a meeting with FERMA and the Project Consultants, where the project was explained to the people and their co- operation solicited; (iii) Adopting a transparent method of surface right compensation payment to all affected parties; (iv) Sustaining consultation with stakeholders via "Peoples' forum" both before and after the payment of compensation, with explanations of key issues as they arise and affect the people; (v) Maintaining effective communication between FERMA and the communities through the Community Liaison Officer (CLO); 60 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road (vi) Ensuring the full commitment of FERMA to implement all mutually agreed community Assistance Projects. The environmental management team has established sound working relationships with FMENV and the three State Ministries of Environment officials. 4.4.3 Identifying Stakeholders Stakeholders for the purpose of this project are defined as all those people and institutions that have an interest in the successful planning and execution of the project. These include those positively and negatively affected by the project. To identify the key stakeholders, Table 4-10 was developed. Table 4.10: The Stakeholder Identification Matrix Those who may be affected by the project or Project Affected Persons (PAPs): These may include How to identify them People living in close proximity of Identify the local government area(s) that falls the proposed activity route. within 1 km radius of the proposed sites. Review available data to determine the stakeholder profile of the whole stakeholder or relevant group. Use identified groups and individuals to tap into stakeholder networks to identify others. Special interest groups. Identify key individuals or groups through organised groups, local clubs, community halls and religious places. Organisations such as environmental groups would be aware of similar local groups or individuals. Individual property owners that will Advertise in local newspapers, requesting be directly or indirectly affected. people that they may be affected to register interest in attending meetings or receiving further information. Business (owners and employees). Council lists or property registers. 61 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 4.4.4 Consultation Strategies The strategy adopted for consultation during field work was the application of structured questionnaire and oral interview (see copy of questionnaire in appendix). This mode of consultation process shall continue at project commencement and shall ensure that all those identified as stakeholders are continually consulted. Subject to approval by RSDT and FERMA, the contractor for the project should share information about the project with the public, to enable meaningfully contribution and enhance the successful implementation. Public consultation should take place through public forum, seminars, meetings, radio programs, request for written proposals/comments, questionnaire administration, public reading and explanation of project ideas and requirements. The consultation plan would be monitored by relevant regulators who will set their own verifiable indicators to assess the degree of participation of the key stakeholder during all the phases of the project implementation. 4.4.4.1 Level of Engagement The level of stakeholder involvement would be based on the project phase, location and expected outcome. Small projects would require less complicated stakeholder involvement programs as the issues are likely to be less complex and their imp smaller. This section is a guide to determining the level of stakeholder involvement required. Specifically, the extent of stakeholders' involvement would be based on the following The project is likely to have significant impacts, that is, high impacts in one area/location, or relatively small impacts spread out over a large area. The project involves significant issues, that is, the wider stakeholder may be affected. Through these engagement strategies; RSDT and FERMA would be able to: clarify the project's objectives in terms of stakeholders' needs and concerns. identify feasible alternatives (in particular alternative locations) and examine their relative merits in terms of environmental, social and economic factors. identify and prioritize environmental issues, and establish the scope of future studies. identify processes for continued stakeholders' involvement. Federal Road Maintenance Agency (FERMA) recognizes that early stakeholders' participation in the execution of the proposed road rehabilitation project would lead to better mutual understanding and can serve as basis for proper use of the reclaimed area by the affected community members. Therefore, for this reason, consultation has been put in the center for 62 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road decision making for this project and consequently, the following stakeholders have been identified; - Regulators (FMENV and KSMENV), - Host Communities, - Contractors, distributors, marketers etc The primary objectives of consultation in this EMP process are: - to notify regulatory authorities in order to work with and meet statutory requirements, - to explain to both government and host communities the proposed operations in a meaningful environmental terms, and exchange information to facilitate good working relations; and - to identify issues and local concerns at an early stage to avoid unnecessary public opposition. 4.4.5 Gender of the respondents The area of project influence is dominated by Hausa/ Fulani speaking languages of Nigeria and adherents to Islamic faith. Thus interaction with females who are usually in Furdha was limited and considered unacceptable. However, the elderly few who were encountered during the field work on their way to the local markets were interacted with albeit `informally' by way of asking few questions. Generally, the male respondents were the most interacted with bearing the religious sensitivities and cultures of the host communities. 4.4.6 Concerns of the affected communities. Majority of the stakeholders welcomed the project as it would improve transportation of their goods from farms and homes to other areas with less hitches. They also believe that the rehabilitation of the road would go a long way in reducing vehicular accidents as well as further open-up the areas affected. Also, there is hope of increasing income level through job creation albeit temporarily associated with the project. On the other hand, there is the concern that there may be land take from the affected communities for burrow pit construction which could lead to loss of farmland as well as possible ejection of road side businesses which could lead to loss of livelihood where implemented. However, some of the people interviewed expressed willingness to give out their 63 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road land provided that the road would be rehabilitated for a very low financial compensation as their contribution. In addition, there are fears of loss of houses that may be considered to have encroached on the existing road corridor, thus rendering some people homeless. Other concern expressed by some of the project likely affected persons include the issue of introduction of alien cultures by some non-indigene workers as well as the possibility of increasing level of HIV/AIDs infection In response to their concerns, it was explained to community that the rehabilitation work is going to be restricted to the existing carriageway, hence their structures will not be affected. 4.4.7 Demography It was revealed that 60% of the population are Muslims, 36% are Christians while the remaining 4% are traditional worshipers respectively. About 50% of the population is Men, 33.3% are women and 16.7% of the population is children. The survey also indicated that youths between the ages of 15-40 constitute the highest population followed by those between the ages of 0- 14 while those between the ages of 41 and above are the list in number. 4.4.8 Culture and Religion The people predominant people of the area are Hausa/ Kanuri, Fulanis, Alago and other ethnic groups who largely practice Islam with significant number of Christians and fewer traditional religion practioners. 4.4.9. Economy The survey reveals that the major means of livelihood of the inhabitants of the area is farming. The major crops cultivated include maize, guinea corn, yam, cassava, rice, g/nut, melon, tomatoes, sweat potatoes, sugar cane and pepper respectively. 4.4.10 Education There are several nursery, primary and secondary schools especially within Lafiya and Doma township. Majority of the people attended school up to secondary level. 4.4.11 Infrastructure There are a lot of health facility within the two major towns which serve the health care needs of the inhabitants and the surrounding villages. The main health problem in the area is malaria. The major accessibility in the area is by untarred earth roads and footpaths which feed into the main highway from Lafiya to Doma. The area is accessible to major mobile telecommunication services. Each household in the communities uses firewood as source of fuel for cooking. The major environmental problem of the area is soil erosion, water supply, deforestation and wildlife disappearance. The fears of the people are based on the following environmental component as tabulated below: 64 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Table 4.10 : People's Perception on the Environmental Components of the project Environmental Impacts (adverse, decrease, positively beneficial and none) Components Population of the The project will increase the population of the area. communities Employment The communities are calling for consideration for employment especially opportunities for unskilled labor. The project will decrease their unemployment level if that is being considered. Traditional The project will attract more people to the area and this will increase the rulers/village power of the traditional rulers. headship Infrastructures The communities are of the view that the project will enhance infrastructural development of the area but, will as well expose the areas to other vices such as increased crime. Ethnic composition The two major towns are living in peace and harmony with each other and see themselves as brothers. 4.4.12 Land Use The predominant land uses in the project route are agricultural, commercial, education, infrastructural and residential. 65 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road CHAPTER FIVE ASSOCIATED & POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS 5.0 BACKGROUND Several approaches and techniques have been developed for evaluating associated and potential impacts of projects on the environment. These approaches and techniques that are approved by the regulators in Nigeria have their advantages and disadvantages. The associated and potential impacts of the project on the environment were evaluated using the Leopold Matrix (Leopold et al, 1971) approach and technique. Leopold et al. (1971) were the first to suggest the use of a matrix method for impact assessment. This method reflects the fact that impacts from projects result from interaction of project development activities and the environment. This method is applicable in almost any type of construction project because of its comprehensive checklist designed for assessment. One hundred possible project actions are listed on one axis and eighty-eight human and natural environmental elements on the other axis. The Leopold matrix is also used to present the results of an appraisal. In evaluating the project impacts, the following steps were employed in preparation of this EIA: Identification of effects Prediction of effects Evaluation and Interpretation of impacts Communication Inspection procedures The following considerations were the goals of the assessment methodology used: Comprehensiveness - ability to handle all possible range of elements and combinations thereof; Selectivity - capability to identify early in the procedure those aspects that are important; Mutual exclusiveness - should be able to examine every component of an impact from different perspectives Confidence limits - is the method able to ascertain and isolate uncertainties; Objectivity- should allow no bias either from the assessor or project initiator; Interactions - should be able to examine both sides of a coin and provide feedback 66 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 5.1 Basis for Screening In assessing the impacts of the proposed road project the following information were used: (a) Knowledge of the project activities, equipment types, construction activities, commissioning activities, operational maintenance, procedures, and abandonment procedures, (b) The results of baseline studies (biophysical, health and socio-economic) (c) Findings of previous EMP and Audits of similar projects and other literature findings on the primary project activities, (d) Comparison with FMEnv/WHO/EEC/World Bank guidelines and standards, (e) Series of expert group discussions and seminars, (f) Past experience on other EMP projects. The criteria applied to the screening of various activities were: (i) Magnitude - Probable level of severity. (ii) Prevalence - likely extent of the impact. (iii) Duration and frequency ­ likely duration - long-term, short-term or intermittent. (iv) Risks ­ Probability of serious impacts. (v) Importance - value attached to the undisturbed project environment. The various components of the project environment likely to be impacted by the proposed road rehabilitation project activities and the associated impact indicators were identified and are listed in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1: Impact Indicators for Various Environmental Components Environmental Impact Indicators Components Emissions Particulates, NOx, SOx, CO2, CO, Oil and grease Day-time disturbance, hearing loss, communication Noise & Vibration Air Quality impairment, annoyance Humidity, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and Climate direction Land Erosion, fertility, subsidence, farming, hunting, Soil/Landuse Resources recreation. 67 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Environmental Impact Indicators Components Diversity, distribution & abundance of Aquatic & Ecology Terrestrial Flora & Fauna. Drainage, discharge, hydrologic balance, Hydrology Hydrology sedimentation, erosion. Solids (DS, SS), turbidity, toxicity, eutrophication, Water Quality Water Quality contamination, microbiology, E. coli Hydrogeology Ground water level, quality & availability Fisheries Productivity, diversity & abundance. Biological Abundance, diversity of species, numbers of unique, Wildlife & Forestry rare or endangered species. Socio-economic, Population, income, settlement pattern, health, safety Socio gender issues & and security. Economics poverty alleviation Archaeology Cultural relics, shrines & taboos. 5.2 Scoping Scoping identifies the various aspects (activities) of the proposed road project that could have significant impact on the environment. It identifies issues of critical concerns. Scoping of the proposed project also seeks to provide solutions to issues such as: What are the potential impact from the execution and operation of the road project? What will be the magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts? Of what relevance are the impacts on the environment within local, contexts? What mitigation or amelioration measures can be put in place to reduce or avoid the negative impacts or to enhance and maximize positive impact? Consequently, scoping was used to identify the biophysical, health, and socio-economic components of the environment that will significantly be affected by the proposed project activities. The project activities that will have impact on the environment are: Site Preparation/clearing Blasting/Excavation/piling Civil works & Asphalt Laying 68 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Operation and maintenance activities Decommissioning and abandonment 5.3 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION The main effects of the residues and emissions from site preparation/bush clearing, road construction, operations and abandonment, were identified and analyzed in sufficiently clear and comprehensive manner. These residuals and emissions include but were not limited to: - Emissions to air. - Noise and vibrations. - Discharges to land and soil. - Effects on ecosystems. - Influx of job seekers 5.4 IMPACTS QUANTIFICATION & DETERMINATION OF SIGNIFICANCE The identified associated and potential impacts of the proposed Road Project were quantified using the Risk Assessment Matrix (RAM) and the ISO 14001 criteria for identifying significant environmental aspects/impacts. The following are ISO 14001 based Criteria and Ratings for identifying significant environmental impacts of the proposed project. LEGAL/Regulatory Requirements (L) Is there legal/regulatory requirements, or a permit requirement? 0 = There is no legal/regulatory requirement 3 = There is legal/regulatory requirement 5 = There is a permit required RISK (R ) - What is Risk/Hazard rating based on Risk Assessment Matrix 1 = Low risk 3 = Medium/Intermediate risk 5 = High risk Environmental Impact Frequency (F) - What is frequency rating of impact base on RAM? 1 = Low frequency 3 = Medium/Intermediate risk 5 = High Importance Importance of Affected Environmental Component and Impact (I) - What is rating of importance based on consensus of opinions? 69 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 1 = Low importance 3 = Medium/Intermediate 5 = High frequency Public Perception (P) ­ What is the rating of public perception and interest in proposed project and impacts based on consulting with stakeholders? 1 = Low perception and interest 3 = Medium/Intermediate perception and interest 5 = High perception and interest The significant potential impacts of the proposed project were identified as those impacts in the checklist of indicator parameters in Table 5.7 that satisfy the following criteria: L+R+F+I+P)> 15: This is the sum of weight of the legal requirements, Risk factor, Frequency of occurrence, Importance and public perception greater than or equal to the benchmark (15). (F+I) IS > 6: Sum of weight of frequency of occurrence and importance of affected environmental components exceeds benchmark (6). P = 5: The weight of the public perception/interest in the potential impact exceeds the benchmark (5). Table 5.2: Impacts Significance Assessment Total Potential/Associated Impacts Criteria Score Potential/Association Project Scope Project Activity L R P I Impacts Roadside Biodiversity loss, changes 2 1 2 3 Significant 8 clearance in river hydrology, Vegetation Biodiversity loss, changes Not 1 1 3 1 6 Clearance in river hydrology, significant Site Clearing & Scarification & Earthworks cutting of Air quality, dusts etc 1 3 3 3 Significant 10 potholes Excavation of Biodiversity loss, damage to aesthetics and air 3 5 5 5 Significant 18 burrow pits quality, Culverts and Demolition & Air quality, dusts etc 3 1 3 3 Significant 10 Drains removal of 70 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Assessment Total Potential/Associated Impacts Criteria Score failed pipe culverts Excavation & Air quality, dusts, noise backfilling 3 1 5 3 Significant 12 etc works Laying of pre- Air quality, dusts, noise 3 5 5 5 Significant 18 cast pipes etc Concrete works Air quality, dusts etc 2 3 3 1 Significant 9 Compacting of Air quality, dusts, noise base & sub 2 1 2 3 Significant 8 etc base Surface Air quality, dusts, noise 3 1 3 3 Significant 10 Dressing etc Pavement & Air quality, dusts, noise prime Coating 3 1 5 3 Significant 12 Surfacing etc Not Asphalting Air quality, surface water 1 1 2 1 5 Significant Transport of Not so Rock 1 1 2 2 6 Significant Aggregates 71 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Table 5.3: Risk Assessment Matrix for Environmental Consequences INCREASING PROBABILITY CONSEQUENCE A B C D Incident has Incident has Happens several Environmen Never heard of occurred in Severity People Assets Reputation occurred in times per year in t incident road project project construction No 0 No injury damag No effect No impact e Slight Slight Slight Slight 1 damag effect Low Injury impact e Minor Minor Limited 2 damag Minor effect Risk Injury impact e Localiz Major Localized Considerabl 3 ed Medium Injury effect e impact damag 77 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road INCREASING PROBABILITY CONSEQUENCE A B C D e Major Single National 4 damag Major effect Risk High Fatality impact e Extens Multiple ive Massive Internationa 5 Risk Fatalities damag effect l impact e Risk Matrix (Adapted: SIEP HSE-MS Manual Part 5, 1999) Table 5.4 Example of further definition of consequence ­ severity rating for risk matrix Severity Potential Definition Impact 0 Zero effect No environmental damage. No change in the environment. No financial consequences. 1 Slight effect Local environmental damage within the fence and within systems. Negligible financial consequences. 78 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Severity Potential Definition Impact 2 Minor effect Contamination, damage sufficiently large to affect the environment single exceedance of statutory or prescribed criteria, single complaint. No permanent effect on the environment. 3 Localized Limited loss of discharges of known toxicity. Repeated exceeding of statutory or effect prescribed limit affecting neighbourhood. 4 Major effect Severe environmental damage. The company is required to take extensive measures to restore the contaminated environment to its original state. Exceeding of statutory or prescribed limits 5 Massive Persistent severe environmental damage or severe nuisance extending over a large effect area in terms of commercial or recreational use or nature conservancy, a major economic loss for the company. Constant high exceedance of statutory or prescribed limits. 79 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road CHAPTER SIX 6.0 MITIGATION MEASURES 6.1 INTRODUCTION The preceding chapter identified and assessed a number of potential and associated environmental, socio-economic and health impacts of the project. At the end of the assessment, each negative environmental impact was defined as being of high, moderate or low significance. To further assure environmental sustainability of the project, mitigation measures are presented in this chapter for impacts identified as having high and moderate significance. No additional mitigation measures are considered necessary for some impacts of low significance. This is either because these impacts are by their nature of little or no significance, and or because they have been adequately mitigated through design, construction plans and plant operations philosophy. 6.2 APPROACH TO IMPACT MITIGATION Mitigation measures are options that can be used to either completely eliminate or minimize identified negative impacts of a development project. The traditional approach to design and operations is to ensure compliance with the applicable safety codes and standards during design. However, compliance with regulations, codes and standards may not be sufficient to achieve an appropriate level of Health Safety and Environmental (HSE) performance in design. Design codes are generic and applicable to facilities in a number of geographical areas that face a wide range of technical challenges unique to the project. The HSE objective with respect to the design and operation of the project is to implement all cost effective measures to reduce the risk and effects from major hazards including accidents. The approach has been to use this as a goal rather than a prescriptive objective that cannot be achieved without following a documented process of identification, assessment, reduction and continuous monitoring. Thus the steps taken in the HSE process for the Project included the following: Design based on Codes, Standards and Regulations. 77 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Improved design based on Quantitative Risk Assessment and Environmental Impact Assessment Improved design from human factors evaluation The hierarchical order of importance of these HSE design elements is illustrated in Figure 6-1 Figure 6-1 Risk Based Design Strategy Improved actors Evaluation Risk Reduction Improved Design Based on QRA and EIA Design Based on Codes /Standards & Regulations In line with the HSE performance objectives of the Project Development a number of mitigation measures have been built into the project design and operating philosophy. These in-built mitigation measures are expected to significantly improve the environmental sustainability of the project and are therefore presented in subsequent sections together with additional mitigation measures that shall be put in place for moderate and high significance negative impacts identified in the preceding chapter. Some mitigation measures are also aimed at enhancing the positive impacts of the project. 6.3 RECOMMENDED MITIGATION MEASURES AND RESIDUAL IMPACTS The primary aim of the EMP process is to identify and evaluate the significant environmental impacts of a project with a view to developing methods of mitigating these effects. The 78 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road ultimate goal of the Project development EMP is therefore to achieve as much as possible, a design and operations that have no significant residual environmental impacts. The associated and potential negative impacts of the project have been identified and discussed in Chapter 5 of this report. The essence of this section of the report is to address all the identified negative impacts through the provision of mitigation measures that will help to minimize to the barest minimum or completely eliminate the impacts at the various stages of the project implementation. In this EMP study, negative impacts categorized as being of low significance are considered to have acceptable residual impacts while negative impacts of high and moderate significance are re-examined after mitigation. Comments are then provided as to the nature of residual impacts. Table 6.1 gives a summary of mitigation measures for all the negative impacts. 6.4.0 Environmental Impacts Mitigations 6.4.1 Air Quality: Emissions and Particulates The primary air emissions during project construction shall arise from Asphalt Plants, construction vehicles and emissions from cutback bitumen during the pavement asphalt laying process. Some of these emissions have carcinogenic properties. Emissions from earth-moving and construction equipment and other vehicles plying the road are likely to increase the concentrations of Carbon Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Oxide (NOx), Lead (Pb), Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Hydrocarbons (HC) along the project route. These pollutants can induce severe health problems. For instance, CO can interfere with the absorption of oxyhaemoglobin and an acute exposure to NOx is considered a major cause of respiratory diseases, while HC concentrations can cause severe eye irritation, coughing and sneezing. The changes in air quality are considered significant since they could have direct implications on health. 6.4.1.1 Mitigation Operational emission impact will be mitigated by the upgrading of the existing roads and consequent speeds control to reduce acceleration/deceleration on the roads and reduce CO, HC and NOx emissions. 79 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road During site clearing, preparation and construction, all equipment and vehicles shall have their engines properly maintained and tuned to eliminate noxious emissions. Workers shall be made to wear appropriate nose masks and PPEs 6.4.2 Dust Airborne dust shall be generated from vehicular movements, Road Plants (road dust) and construction equipment. Dusts may be also generated from point or diffuse sources, which include sources such as exhaust stack, Adequate mitigation measures shall be put in place to ensure almost zero fugitive SPM emissions and limit exhaust SPM emission to <200 ppm. 6.4.2.1 Mitigation The construction site shall be watered regularly to minimize fugitive dust emissions. Construction equipment and the Stone crusher and batch mixing plants will be located at least 300 m from residential and other sensitive receptors, Stone aggregates granites etc shall be covered where possible. 6.4.3 Noise The main noise sources during construction are construction machinery, which are known to generate noise at levels from 76 dB(A) to 98 dB(A) measured 5 m from running machines. The noise will have an impact mostly on construction workers and residents living near the construction sites. The noise sources during site preparation and construction activities are the internal combustion powering diesel engines for civil works. Activities at the road construction and road sites involving blasting, drilling, use of explosives and movement of heavy equipment and envisaged increase in volume of traffic will cause safety problems to the general public. Noise impacts will cause nuisances, hearing loss and general disturbance to workers and the general public. 6.4.3.1 Mitigation During construction and facility operation, workers will be provided with ear muffs and other personnel protectors equipment (PPE); Limit construction to Daytime The Equipment will be well maintained so that their noise will be within acceptable level 6.5.0 Land Resources: 80 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 6.5.1 Site Clearing Site clearing will destroy the plant community and wildlife habitat, leading to the death of plants and relatively immobile animals as well as the migration of the animals that are capable of escaping. This will lead to the reduction of biodiversity in the area and possible soil erosion and landslides caused by rain water due to soil exposure. 6.5.1.1 Mitigation Minimal land take will be affected during the preconstruction stage. Devegatation shall also be restricted to road shoulders. Tree stumps shall be left in place along cleared highway corridors to hold the soil. 6.5.2 Vegetation Clearing Clearing of surface vegetation especially at the project location and road construction will expose the soils and lead to localized flooding of adjacent farmlands and impairment of associated soils. 6.5.2.1 Mitigation Development activities, especially land preparation, will be carried out in the dry season (November-March) in order to minimize interference by heavy rainfall, otherwise adequate drainage channels will be constructed to convey storm water runoff from field to retention ponds. 6.6 Waste Management Issues Experience in Nigeria has shown that sections of newly constructed roads are usually turned into waste dumps due to the absence of sanitary waste dumps especially close to urban areas. Also, abandoned burrow pits by construction firms are usually converted to waste dumps by local authorities thereby also encouraging waste truckers to dump by the road side close to his converted dumps. This project may be affected by this menace. Roadside litters from indiscriminate disposal of waste from vehicles shall also affect the aesthetic and environmental cleanliness of the roads. 6.6.1 Mitigation Very aggressive public relations campaign shall be carried out to enlighten people on the need for proper disposal of waste at Govt approved dump sites. 81 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Burrow pist shall be located further away from roads to discourage the dumping of waste in them. The pits could also be reclaimed or converted to fish ponds. 6.7 Hydrology 6.7.1 Crossing of rivers, streams, canals and ravines; Construction activities leading to accidental or deliberate dumping and piling of soil material during the project shall cause deviation and changes in river hydrology and also obstruction of the river. Modifications to the natural drainage patterns and groundwater elevation are also possible impacts consequent on changes in river hydrology due to road construction. In addition, mud deposits extracted from the river for construction activities will also have negative impacts on the benthic environment. Hydrological changes in river courses can also affect farmland and grazing lands leading to land foreclosure by owners. 6.7.1.1 Mitigation A soil material handling policy shall be adopted by construction firms such that soils are not indiscriminately dumped. Storm water channels and sluice gates shall be constructed where the need for modification of river channel arises. 6.7.2 Erosion and Landslides Due to Rains Heavy rains may result in landslides and erosion at burrow pits. Where these pits are located close to the road construction or close to natural drainages, the hydrology of the rivers shall be affected. Flash flooding could also wash away road sections into river courses. 6.7.2.1 Mitigation Burrow pits shall be located away from road construction areas. The pits shall have their slopes stabilized to prevent erosion; Adequate channelization and discharged of the surface runoff into river courses. 6.7.3 Waste Dumps Waste dumps and road side litter could also block the natural drainage flow and cause changes in flow hydrology and direction. 82 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 6.7.3.1 Mitigation Road side litter shall be discourage and the construction crew shall immediately evacuate waste to recognized dumpsite if found during construction. 6.8 Water Quality 6.8.1 river/stream and lake sedimentation; During the bush clearing and construction stage, silt from disturbed soil and in-river construction activities may result in increased suspended solids (SS) in rivers immediately downstream from the road. Such impacts will be temporary and limited to small areas downstream, but can affect a large portion of an adjacent fish pond. Furthermore, runoff of sediment resulting from increased soil erosion and from dust and sand at construction sites may lead to increased turbidity in surface watercourses. 6.8.1.1 Mitigation During construction, surface water flows shall be controlled and if necessary 83emobiliz to temporary discharge points to minimize the potential threat of erosion and siltation in the receiving water channels. 6.8.2 Use of Chemicals and pesticides; Construction camps will generate domestic effluent of 60 L per person per day on average, and total wastewater in the largest camp may be up to 60,000 L per day. If discharged directly into natural water bodies, the domestic effluent from construction camps would raise COD concentrations by about 1.2 mg/L in large rivers and up to 34.7 mg/L in smaller streams 6.8.2.1 Mitigation All contractors will be required to build septic tanks at their construction camps for waste disposal. They will also be required to have sound environmental management programs for the storage of hazardous materials, solid waste collection and disposal, and environmental contingency plans. 6.8.3 Fuel and oil spills; Contamination of surface and groundwater will arise from chemical effluents, solid waste and domestic sewage discharge and discarded lubricants, fuel and oils. Discharge of effluents has potentials for water pollution with attendant effect on water quality and aquatic life. 83 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 6.8.3.1 Mitigation Chemicals and Fuel storage areas shall be properly bunded Alternative source of potable water shall be provided during construction 6.8.4 Fuel Spills from Road Usage Water pollution from spills or accumulated contaminants on road surfaces. Small quantities of sediment and dripping oil and grease from the road surface may be washed out and discharged to nearby surface water bodies as runoff during the rainy season Groundwater pollution may result from wastewater produced by construction crews and by the accidental spillage of fuel, lubricants and any other hazardous chemicals used in the process. 6.8.4.1 Mitigation Adequate drainage shall be constructed for the roads to channel rain water and runoff. 6.9.0 Biological: 6.9.1 Land clearance and loss of habitat; The proposed project is expected to have direct impact on wildlife and forestry in the following ways: (a) Site preparation and construction will result in the reduction of wildlife habitats for arboreal and in faunal species. (b) Bush clearing will lead to the loss of important vegetation and economic tree species. 6.9.1.1 Mitigation Selective and controlled clearing of vegetation restricted to what is needed for the project will be carried out To mitigate the impact of loss of vegetation, trees and bushes will be planted on both sides of the expressway, and land will be seeded to grass the embankment in the road landscape plan. 6.9.2 Biodiversity loss Impacts on biodiversity can be caused by facilitation of access to and spontaneous settlements in natural areas as the road shall increase access to hitherto inaccessible areas; There will also be biodiversity loss caused by facilitation of access as a result of the rehabilitation of the road. Increased mechanized farming activities shall be taken place along the road as it is now easier to haul farm produce to urban centres. Facilitation of greater access by the rehabilitated road shall also lead to rises in the incidences of hunting expedition 84 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road by local hunters and fuel wood cutting. 6.9.2.1 Mitigation Community assistance programmes will be provided along with project development to boost the health status and socio-economic conditions of the stakeholders; Trees and plants of economic interest that are not within developed areas will be conserved; Ornamental trees and shrubs will be planted as additional environmental conservation measures. 6.10.0 Socio-Economic: 6.10.1 Spread of STIs including HIV AIDS The proposed rehabilitation of Lafiya-Doma road has re-potential for the dissemination of STIs including HIV AIDs. This is because most of the workers will be spending long period outside of their homes and usual sex partners. This may result in risky sexual behaviour including unprotected sex with new partners and or commercial sex workers. 6.10.1.1 Mitigation Suitable mix of a range of HIV intervention measures will be adopted. This will include awareness creation on behaviour communication change (BCC) including the promotion of abstinence, fidelity to spouse or usual sex partner and use of condom. IEC materials will be used to convey this message to the workers and the host community. 6.10.2 Rural ­ Urban Migration In-migration occasioned by the increased mobility shall lead to changes in demography as this road shall encourage the rural urban migratory pattern prevalent in Nigeria. 6.10.2.1 Mitigation Youths from the host communities will be given priority in unskilled labour employment; 6.10.3 Archeological and Heritage Sites There are no heritage properties, National Historic Sites, or known archaeological/fossil sites within the corridor for the proposed alignment. 85 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 6.10.3.1 Mitigation Adequate care shall be taken to enlighten construction workers on the possible unearthing of archeological relics Awareness training of workers shall be conducted on local heritage sites, graves and shrines to avoid desecration and possible conflicts with the local communities. 6.10.4 Traffic Congestion and Road Accident The rehabilitation of Lafiya-Doma Road may lead to Traffic congestion and road accident, if not properly managed 6.10.4.1. Mitigation Traffic congestion and road accident will be properly managed through the use of road signs, diversion and Flag men including the use of e tapes to cordon off the construction sites. Table 6.1: Impact and Mitigation Responsibilities Responsibiliti Responsibilitie Environmenta Mitigation es for Impacts s for Cost (N) l Component Required Implementati Monitoring on Speed Noxious Control, RSDT, FERMA/ Emissions proper FMENV, State Contractors and Engine EPA/Min of N0.75m Particulates maintenance Environment Use of PPEs Air Quality Dust suppressants, RSDT, FERMA/ water FMENV, State Part of Dust Contractors spraying, EPA/Min of project covering of Environment Cost stockpiles etc 86 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Responsibiliti Responsibilitie Environmenta Mitigation es for Impacts s for Cost (N) l Component Required Implementati Monitoring on Use of PPEs, restriction of work to day RSDT, FERMA/ time and the FMENV, State Noise Contractors make sure EPA/Min of N0.75m the machines Environment are in good conditions. Construction River Bank of storm RSDT, FERMA, Project failures, loss water FMENV, State Contractors determine of Riparian drainages and EPA/Min of d vegetation slope Environment stabilization Minimal land Reduction in take, biodiversity vegetation from soil clearing Land RSDT, FERMA, erosion and restricted Resources Contractors. FMENV, State Project landslides only to road EPA/Min of Cost from site shoulders, Environment clearing Highway activity corridors to be left intact 87 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Responsibiliti Responsibilitie Environmenta Mitigation es for Impacts s for Cost (N) l Component Required Implementati Monitoring on Construction Flooding of activities to Adjacent be carried out RSDT, FERMA, Farmlands mainly in the Contractor. FMENV, State See project from dry season EPA/Min of Costs vegetation Construction Environment clearing of drainage channels Burrow pits Government Waste to be located health dumps in far from road officials, burrow pits, corridors, Contractor. See project FMENV, State loss of public Costs Min of Env, aesthetics awareness RSDT, campaigns Slope Government Erosion and stabilization health landslides of burrow officials, See project Contractor due to heavy pits to FMENV, State Costs Rains prevent Min of Env, erosion RSDT, Blockages of Evacuation of Government Hydrology Natural wastes to health drainage approved officials, See project Contractor from dumpsite, FMENV, State Costs dumping of public Min of Env, roadside awareness RSDT, 88 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Responsibiliti Responsibilitie Environmenta Mitigation es for Impacts s for Cost (N) l Component Required Implementati Monitoring on litter campaigns Control of RSDT, FERMA, Turbidity and surface water FMENV, State See project sedimentatio flows, use of Contractors EPA/Min of Costs n turbidity Environment nets, Reduction in Biological water quality Sewage from RSDT, FERMA, treatment, untreated Contractors FMENV, State N1.5m proper effluents, EPA/Min of handling of chemical Environment Water Quality chemicals, spills etc Contaminati on of Construction RSDT, FERMA, groundwater of adequate See project Contractors FMENV, State from fuels road Costs EPA/Min of spills during drainages Environment road usage Selective Loss of fauna clearing of RSDT, FERMA, and flora due Biological vegetation, Contractors, FMENV, State N0.75m to land re-vegetation EPA/Min of clearance where Environment 89 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Responsibiliti Responsibilitie Environmenta Mitigation es for Impacts s for Cost (N) l Component Required Implementati Monitoring on necessary Biodiversity Public loss from awareness RSDT, FERMA, opening of campaigns to FMENV, State access for reduce tree Contractors, N1.5m EPA/Min of increased felling, Environment farming and hunting etc hunting by locals Loss of Compensatio To be income from n for loss of RSDT. determine agricultural RSDT farmlands d lands Social disruptions Payment of To be from Loss of compensatio RSDT. determine Socio- private n, RSDT. d Economic properties Resettlement e.g kiosks etc Loss of public Replacement utilities, eg of removed telephone infrastructure See project Contractors lines, power , public RSDT Costs cables, water awareness lines etc campaigns 90 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Responsibiliti Responsibilitie Environmenta Mitigation es for Impacts s for Cost (N) l Component Required Implementati Monitoring on etc Creation of Squatter Control of RSDT, FERMA, To be settlements shanty town Contractors Town Planning determine and shanty development Authorities d towns Public awareness on alcohol abuse, HIV Aids and unprotected other related Contractors N2.25m sex, etc, RSDT, FERMA health issues provision of adequate health facilities Loss of communal Youths to be income due given priority Contractors N1.5m to rural for unskilled RSDT, FERMA, urban jobs migration 91 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Responsibiliti Responsibilitie Environmenta Mitigation es for Impacts s for Cost (N) l Component Required Implementati Monitoring on Desecration Awareness of training for archeological workers on Contractors, RSDT, FERMA, Nil sites and heritage sites, FMENV heritage taboos and areas customs Delays in Provision of Traffic travel time, road signs RSDT, FERMA, Congestion irritation, diversion, flag Contractor N1.0m FMENV and Accident injuries and men and death security tapes 6.11 Stakeholder Consultation Process All the Environmental Social and Health Monitoring issues to be monitored shall be in conjunction with the State Ministries of Environment, the respective LGA. Measures for which consultations will be undertaken as well as the goals and expected outcomes of these consultations shall be identified prior to the commencement of monitoring exercises. Mitigation measures for social economic impacts generally require that some consultation is carried out before they are implemented. Parties to be consulted shall include the primary stakeholders on the Lafiya-Doma road while the secondary stakeholders are; The Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Development, Federal Ministry of Environment, as well as the Kano State Ministry of Environment (SMENVs), State Ministries of Works and Housing, and the affected Local Government, major Highway users such as the National Union of Road Transport Workers (NURTW) and The Road Transport Employers Association of Nigeria (RTEAN) shall also be consulted during the EMP implementation stages. 92 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road For the monitoring aspects, consultation will be carried out at two main levels ­ public and institutional consultation. Public consultation will be conducted at major towns/villages all along the project road as many are to be affected by the project. Interviews with individuals belonging to different social and/or economic categories and concerned local administrative bodies will be made. 93 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road CHAPTER SEVEN 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 7.1 INTRODUCTION An Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is a company's organizational plan or programme used in the management of operations to ensure environmental sustainability. The EMP provides the procedures and processes that should be incorporated into the organization's activities to measure and check, in a continuous mode, the compliance with, and effectiveness of the mitigation measures recommended to minimizing or eliminating the identified negative impacts of the planned project throughout its life cycle. In addition to this, the EMP is also regularly used to ensure compliance with statutory requirements and corporate safety and environmental policies attached to the organization's operations. The application of the EMP usually starts from the pre-construction phase, when all the mechanisms required for effective implementation of recommended mitigation measures are put in place. Other components of the EMP usually find application during the project operational phase, as monitoring tools for the compliance of specific environmental attributes with required operational regulatory standards. In view of the foregoing, the EMP presented in this section of the report has taken into consideration, all the specific project activities covering the site preparation/construction stage and the project operation/maintenance stage; predicted impacts of the proposed project as contained in Chapter 5; and the prescribed mitigation measures to control or completely eliminate the negative impacts of the proposed project as contained in Chapter 6. The Contractor to the project shall incorporate this EMP into all the stages of its activities to manage, monitor and control all the potential and associated impacts of the project on the bio- physical and socio-economic characteristics, as well as, the health and safety of the workers and the public in the area. The implementation of the EMP by the Contractor in the course of the execution of the project shall also be in accordance with the Nigerian and other applicable international HSE standards and regulations. 94 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road In order to make the implementation of the proposed EMP worthwhile, a two-pronged environmental management framework has been developed for adoption. The framework consists of, a. an Environmental Management System (EMS), and b. an Environmental Monitoring Programme (EMP). 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (EMS) According to ISO 14001, an Environmental Management System (EMS) is that part of the overall management system which includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the Environmental Policy. What this definition connotes is that, for an EMS to be put in place in an organization, the organization must already have an Environmental Policy1 which is: · Commitment by leadership at all levels to foster a culture of operational excellence by assuring alignment of vision, expectations, resources and accountabilities. · Define and widely communicate the operational excellence mission, vision, values, strategies, and objectives. · Comprehensively identify high-level issues, risks, opportunities, and gaps in system and operating practices that can impact its current or future ability to achieve world-class performance. Assess and prioritize those identified high- level issues, risks, opportunities, and gaps using a systematic, cross-functional approach. Identify a wide range of possible risk-reduction alternatives (prevention and mitigation) for all identified high-level risks. · Establish clear metrics to measure statistically significant performance improvement toward goals and targets for operational excellence. Implement the action plans and monitor Operational Excellence (OE) performance. · Establish a job selection process to fill defined Health, Safety and Environment (HSE)-sensitive jobs to ensure individuals have the knowledge, skills, performance history, abilities, and demonstrated behaviours to conduct their activities in an incident-free manner, in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, company policies, and operational excellence requirements. 95 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road · Establish processes to ensure that documents and records that are critical to operational excellence are current, controlled, and accessible. The retention of documentation and records should be established and recorded, and procedures should be maintained regarding their availability, confidentiality, and destruction. · Implement a process to ensure that contractors ("agents") authorized to act on behalf of the company understand and comply with relevant company policies and procedures. · Establish and maintain appropriate processes for management to regularly monitor operational excellence performance, Conduct regular operational excellence performance evaluations to ensure that the system is implemented and maintained and remains effective. The project Contractor shall be committed to incorporate all the elucidated components of an OEMS into its operational procedures for the implementation of the proposed project. 7.3 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN This Environmental Monitoring Plan will ensure that the integrity of the Road Project has been developed covering the project activities from site preparation, through construction, commissioning, operation of the highways, decommissioning and abandonment. The plan relates to the handling of hazardous materials and wastes, emission and discharge monitoring, site inspection and auditing, adverse weather preparedness, and decommissioning. The plan takes account of national and international standards for (environmental) planning, such as the International Standards Organization, the Health, Safety and Environment Management System, FERMA/RSDT Environmental Management Plans and environmental standards. The monitoring programme has also been outlined. The programme will help to verify the effectiveness of the prescribed mitigation measures is designed to guarantee and achieve the implementation of the EMP findings thus; Effective integration of EMP into project design, from construction through abandonment; Environmental Monitoring of development phases including operations and close down; 96 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Specific training of staff and contractors to enhance environmental awareness; and Sustained consultation with all stakeholders at all times on the field development. 7.4 MONITORING PLAN The environmental monitoring program for the implementation of the Road Sector Development Project (RSDP) will serve as an integral part of the operational activities and is expected to generate the requisite information for environmental management and environmental information dissemination. It is anticipated that monitoring will be conducted during all phases of the project: design, construction and operation. This plan will play a pivotal role in ensuring that the trends for specific parameters are tracked and it will provide information on compliance with legislative norms, set guidelines or desirable operational limits; and form the basis for corrective actions and modification of activities if necessary. The intensity of sampling will depend on the time and location of the development activities and results derived from monitoring data. 7.4.1 Monitoring Objectives The aim of the monitoring is to establish appropriate monitoring criteria to verify the predicted impact of the project, and to ensure that any unforeseen impacts are detected and the mitigation adjusted where needed at an early stage. The monitoring will keep relevant records to ensure compliance with sound environmental procedures recommended. The monitoring plan will ensure that mitigating measures and impacts of the project during construction and operation phases are implemented. Adequate funds will be provided for this purpose through the project. Other specific objectives of the monitoring plan are to: check the effectiveness of suggested mitigative measures; demonstrate that the project activities (construction and operation) are carried out in accordance with the prescribed mitigation measures and existing compliance regulatory procedures; and provide early warning signals whenever an impact indicator approaches a critical level. Impact indicators are defined in terms of carrying capacity, threshold levels, and regulation and enforcement standards. Implementation of the EMP will allow for control and manage the 97 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road timing, location and level of impacts and potentially provide the cause and effect data for the empirical verification or validation of various predictive models of action/impact relationships. 7.4.2 Monitoring Requirements A monitoring program requires a number of components to ensure effective results. These include: Relevant baseline data Verifiably objective indicators for each project and project component for which monitoring will be conducted; An independent body responsible for monitoring; Those responsible for monitoring must have the capacity for such; Monitoring on a regular basis; An effective monitoring reporting mechanism including feedback and commitment to action on monitoring results and recommendations. 98 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Table 7.1: Monitoring Variables, Linkages, Indicators and Frequency Monitorin Variable to be Indicators to be Baseline Data to be Linkages g Monitored Considered Considered Frequency Natural Habitat Rare and endangered Area and quality of Habitat Species abundance Yearly species needs habitat Populations of Current species list and Quarterly Flora important flora numbers Populations of Current species list and Quarterly Fauna important fauna numbers Fisheries Community economic Quarterly Population size and Current population and Populations needs; water quality offtake offtake and quantity Ecosystem health; Quarterly Species composition water quality and Species mix Current species mix water quantity Water Resources Groundwater quality Health, crop Quality of water Current chemical Monthly 99 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Monitorin Variable to be Indicators to be Baseline Data to be Linkages g Monitored Considered Considered Frequency production, (chemical composition) composition desertification Groundwater quantity Health, irrigation Depth and yield Current depth and yield Current chemical Quality of water composition / fauna Health, natural (chemical analysis / and flora inventory (e.g. Surface water quality habitats, flora and Monthly indicator species of macroinvertebrates, fauna, irrigation water quality) microinvertebrates, microflora) Health, crop Yields and flows Current yields and flows Surface water quantity Monthly production (seasonal) (in different seasons) Land Resources Crop productivity, cultivation Soil erosion techniques, watering Sediment loading Sediment loads Monthly points, livestock management 100 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Monitorin Variable to be Indicators to be Baseline Data to be Linkages g Monitored Considered Considered Frequency Soil quality ­ chemicals Pesticide use Chemical analysis soil Chemical analysis of soil Soil analysis, crop Soil quality ­ Soil analysis, crop production on Irrigation, drainage Monthly waterlogging production controlled plots where possible Air Quality Nox, SOX, SPM., COX Ambient Particulates, Particulates, Emissions Human Health Monthly etc Emissions levels Social and Health Issues General increased Incidence of HIV/AIDS Existing levels of HIV/AIDS activity through the Yearly through clinic records HIV/AIDS project Health statistics at local Status of health re: Water borne diseases Drainage, irrigation Monthly clinics water borne diseases Economic need from Harvest results, Fishery population by Irrigation, drainage, other natural resources population size, area species, forest stand Quarterly conflicts (forestry, fishery) under forest cover, volumes and areas 101 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Monitorin Variable to be Indicators to be Baseline Data to be Linkages g Monitored Considered Considered Frequency forest stand condition Cultural Issues Cultural and social Cultural sites systems and Sites remaining Inventory of sites Yearly community needs General community Current social structure Community social Social systems and individual and important aspects Yearly structure member satisfaction of structure Current conflict levels Land and resource Number and nature of Conflicts and number and nature Yearly use conflicts of conflicts from RSDP Specifically, the issue of Social & health problems (new communicable diseases, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), HIV/AIDS) from influx of job seekers & post-construction and demobilization of large contingent of workers would be given adequate attention in view of its socio- economic implication when project implementation commences. This would be through Awareness campaign to enlighten the communities/field workers on the implications of drug and alcohol abuse, unprotected sex, prostitution and the need to sustain healthy lifestyle and behavior including the use of BCC/IEC materials. 102 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 7.5 RESOURCES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION The resources required for implementing the EMP are basically personnel and finance. The key stakeholders the Road Sector Development Team (RSDT), the Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA), Federal Ministry of Works, Housing and Urban Development (FMW-HUD), the Road contractor, Federal and State Ministries of Environment, and to the communities. 7.6 INSTITUTIONAL ARRENGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTING THE EMP The overall objective of the project is to ensure that the project implementation is integrated harmoniously into the communities. The monitoring staff and personnel shall achieve the following objectives: propose management rules and specific measures that are compatible with sustainable development while implementing the project promote awareness to construction workers and the general public regarding environmental protection, execute concrete means of applying the EMP. In the execution of the project, the RSTD will be responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures through their contractor who would be accountable to the RSTD. This contractor shall have an Environmental Engineer on site who will be responsible for all environmental issues. Whereas the World Bank will monitor the execution/ implementation of the project by RSTD. FERMA on the other hand will regulate the contractor work, while the EIA Division the Federal Ministry of Environment in collaboration with affected state Ministry of Environment will carry out regulatory monitoring to ensure that all agreed mitigations are actually implemented in line with regulatory requirements. RSDT shall be represented by Social and Environmental Officer who will be responsible for the implementation of the EMP in close collaboration with FERMA, FMENV and the Local environmental regulating bodies. Alternatively, an independent consultant may be hired by the RSDT to implement the EMP. The consultant shall have professionals qualified in the following disciplines: Environmental Assessment & Monitoring Soil & Water Conservation Highways and Civil Engineering Public Health 103 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Sociology and Socio-Economics The social and environmental specialist of the RSDT shall be responsible for the implementation of the environmental monitoring and the EMP. His/her responsibilities shall include: Coordinate, liaise with and monitor the contractors Compile and prepare periodic environmental reports for submission to the World Bank Review Environmental Monitoring reports from consultants in collaboration with Regulators Data Management 7.7 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING Environmental Monitoring oversight responsibilities are vested in the Federal Ministry of Environment. The FMENV has environmental officers for monitoring issues; however, the capacity of the officers to cope is definitely not enough. The World Bank shall also carry out monitoring as one of its safeguard measures. The project shall also assist in the institutional framework and capacity enhancement of the State Ministry of Environment. State Ministries of Environment operate virtually similar structure as the Federal Ministry of Environment. The EIA Dept of the Ministry also has monitoring powers although the Federal Ministry of Environment carries out joint monitoring with the State Ministries as well as the Local Government Areas where projects are sited. Serious gaps exist in the ability of the State Ministries to monitor environmental issues arising from this project. To this effect the Project should train at least five officers from the RSDT, FERMA, State Ministry of Environment and Host L.G.As. A dedicated Monitoring desk for this road project should also be created in the Monitoring units of the State Ministry. Monitoring kits, personnel protective equipment should also be provided for the project. Table 7.2 shows the capacity strengthening measures. Table 7.2: Institutional Capacity Strengthening Program Target Audience Description Application Duration RSDT staff General environmental Personnel require Three days awareness seminar that will appreciation of WB's, seminar include ecological and social Federal/State environmental science principles, legal policies, as well as, an responsibilities, consequences appreciation for the need to 104 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Target Audience Description Application Duration of non-sustainable support environmentally development, costs of poor sustainable development. environmental decisions, and introduction to the EMP process. RSDT's An in-depth comprehensive The target audience will be 10 days Environmental course on environmental responsible for EA review at workshop specialist, management including legal the State level and for FMENV and requirements, EMP preparing TORs for EMP State MOE methodology, consultants as well as environmental Impact determination (methods) monitoring consultants' and social and mitigation analysis, public work and final approval of specialists involvement methods, EMP EMPs. Target audience will preparation, monitoring also be responsible for techniques, preparation of conducting environmental EMPs, TORs, and other. Course audits on selected sub- will include field visits and projects and for periodic classroom exercises. monitoring of sub-project implementation to ensure compliance. General environmental Local Government level staff Three day LGA Staff awareness seminar that will requires an appreciation for include ecological and social the WB's and Nigerian science principles, legal environmental responsibilities, consequences requirements, as well as, an of non-sustainable appreciation for the need to development, costs of poor support sustainable environmental decisions, and development. introduction to the EMP process. 7.8 COST ESTIMATES 105 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road The cost estimates are based on the assumption that resource person/s (is) are likely to come from other parts of the country and therefore require travel allowances; participants of this training should could come from the collection or selection of members RSDT, FERMA, State Ministry of Environment and the affected L.G.As who should attend the exercise during the day only but will receive a per diem within the range of the estimated/ budgeted amount of about N431,250.00 per training session. It is proposed that the training programme will be implemented two times a year, over first four years of the project cycle. Thus, the total training cost is estimated at N3.75m for the entire period. 7.9 EMP BUDGET AND RESPONSIBILITIES Based on available data, a sum of N750M will be allocated to the project. Of the total budget, it is recommended that at least 0.01% of the total budget will be allocated for environmental and social concerns. Table 7.3: Budget and Responsibilities Item Budget (estimate) Responsibility Mitigation N9m Con tractor Management N3.75m RSDT Capacity Strengthening N3.75m RSDT/World Bank Monitoring N5.25m RSDT/FMENV/State Min Env Total N21.75m 106 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road CHAPTER EIGHT 8.0 REMEDIATION PLANS AFTER CLOSURE OF THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE 8.1 INTRODUCTION All projects and/or activities, no matter how durable they are, usually have life spans. The lifespan of any project is primarily hinged on a number of considerations, including: the design basis and construction materials; availability of raw materials and feedstock; acceptability of the end-product; maintenance and technological development. For this project, the lifespan of the current design is not less than 5 years. This, in effect, means that the Lafiya-Doma road will be expected to be fully operational for at least 5yrs, and may be extended, if the route is considered still viable, useful and in good condition for the motorist and the general populace. Though, the planned project is not expected to be decommissioned since it is a permanent infrastructure development. However, given the known and acknowledged fact that projects necessarily impact the environment, either positively and/or negatively during the construction phase, it is important to put in place plans to recover and/or restore the project site to its original state after the project construction phase is completed. This requires a good understanding of all the environmental components of the project on the ecosystem during the construction phase. It is therefore environmentally wise to take into cognizance, this component during the planning stage. This section of the report provides an overview of the various decommissioning activities that will accompany this project after the construction phase and therefore need to be planned for even at this conceptual stage. 8.2 DECOMMISSIONING ACTIVITIES 8.2.1. Rehabilitation of Construction Activities Construction Camps:- Permanent camp; Concrete and compacted earth platforms Excavation for septic tank Access roads running into and through the camps Concrete platforms will need to be broken up and rubble taken to an approved waste dump site or used to rehabilitate borrow pits. The exposed surface must be tested for contamination 107 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road by FMEnv accredited laboratory. If any contaminants are found, the contaminated soil shall be removed along with the concrete to a site acceptable to the ECO. Re-vegetation must take place. Access roads running into and through the camps and any other well-used thorough (whether pedestrian or vehicular), which have been denuded of vegetation and subsequently been compacted, are to be checked for any substantial spillage of contamination including oils and fuels will be re-vegetated. Temporary camps; Rehabilitation will be necessary in the following areas: Compacted earth and un compacted earth platforms Access roads running into and through the camps Compacted and un compacted earth platforms will be rehabilitated according to the methods described above. Access roads will also be rehabilitated. Borrow Pits and Quarries Note that this will only be applicable where material has not been obtained from external sources. Borrow pits shall be filled with as much excess cut material as possible but shall be kept free from other waste. They shall be covered in soil stockpiled either from the original excavation the borrow pit or from other sources, such as excess spoil material from the extensive areas of cut. If adequate amounts of fill material are available, excavation slopes should not be left steeper than 1:3, ripped and top soiled. Borrow pits/quarries must be closed and rehabilitated as soon as possible to reduce erosion and potential aesthetic impact of these areas. Stockpiles Once stockpiles have been removed the ground surface is to be inspected for compaction. Should it be required, the surface is then to be ripped and the revegetation process followed. Spoil Dumps Permanent spoil dumps could have to be established if required. The exact positions of these spoil dumps to be negotiated with the landowners, local administrators, and officials, and compensation paid as per the accepted procedure. No spoil dumps will be allowed in drainage areas where they will block drainage channels. Spoil material to be minimized through use in 108 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road filling of erosion gullies, fill for road construction, storm water beams, stone pitching, and any other construction-related use. Spoil material shall be the last option. Permanent spoil dumps to be shaped 1 v: 3h, top soiled and vegetated. Care must be taken to ensure that the material is adequately compacted to allow safe access. Re-vegetation Process The basic re-vegetation steps, which need to be adapted to the project-specific environmental conditions, are detailed below. 1. Prepare the area to be re-vegetated for top soiling ­ this may require soil ripping and/or scarifying, and digging of steps or terraces. The scarification should take place to a depth of 150mm. If ridges are made, they should be about 100mm high and about 400mm wide. 2. Replace stored topsoil on the slope to be re-vegetated to a depth of between 75mm and 150mm (depending on the soil and slope conditions). The topsoil should be spread when it is dry by means of hand raking or mechanical balding and trimmed to a uniform thickness of not less than 100mm. 3. Apply seeds or grass sods according to the supplier's specifications. The seed must be fresh, good quality seed as specified in the sod mix, certified by the supplier and free from contamination by seeds of other species. Seed harvested from the site may be substituted only with the approval of the ECO. 4. If the indigenous grass seeds are used, they should be placed close together and leveled put on each other. Gaps between the sods should be filled in with topsoil. If sods are obtained from land being affected by the road construction process, there may be enough sods for close packing. In this situation, the sods should be placed in about 1m wide and spaced up to 2m apart. 109 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 5. Mulch should be applied to protect the seeded area from erosion. The mulch must be excessively fresh and green or in an advanced stage of decomposition as it could smother growth. It must be applied to a depth and manner that will prevent erosion by wind and water, but not completely block out the rays of sunlight to the soil or prevent penetration by young plants. 6. Protect the revegetated area from excessive trampling and any other factor that might cause erosion or compaction. No construction equipment, trucks or heavy equipment should be allowed onto revegetated areas. 7. Ensure that suitable temporary and permanent drainage protection is installed parallel with the revegetation process. 8. Water the seeded/planted area on a regular basis (according to need, but on average of twice per week). 9. Institute an appropriate maintenance and monitoring program for a minimum year. This program should include, monitoring of the success of seed germination growth of the plants, removal of invasive; weeds, replanting of areas revegetation has not been successful once the cause of the inhibiting factor have been identified and remedied, and repair of any funnels or erosion channel by the contractor must not allow erosion to develop on a large scale before implementing repairs. Seed Mixes Alternative seed mixes are provided for use under the various topographical condition of Nigeria. Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizaniodes) for stabilization of steep slopes and erosion areas, are readily available, should a suitable indigenous mix not be available. The seeds applied by utilizing a combination of hand seeding with local labour (for minor work) and hydro seeding (for major grassing works). Vetiver grass (Vetiveria zizanioides) is not indigenous but is sterile and will not be invasive. 110 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road CHAPTER NINE 9.1 CONCLUSION The Environmental Impact Assessment study was carried out with strict adherence to the guidelines and regulation of the Federal Ministry of Environment. The study has identified the environmental issues/impacts associated with project activities on the immediate environment. And, in order to minimize these impacts appropriate mitigation has been proffered. Environmental Management is a planned, integrated programme aimed at ensuring that all of the unforeseen and unidentified impacts of a proposed project are contained and brought to an acceptable minimum. Strong emphasis should be placed on maintaining safe and healthy working conditions for personnel and minimizing the effect of project activities on the natural environment. These objectives are usually achieved through the implementation of the policy and guidance that integrate environmental management approaches into developmental and operational schemes. In order to measure and quantify the impacts of the development project on the receiving environment, the following monitoring objectives are established: Table 9. Monitor alterations in existing physical, chemical, biological and social characteristics of the environment. (ii) Determine whether any detected changes in environmental components are caused by the project or other natural occurrences. (ii) Determine the impacts of non compliance with EMP requirements by the contractor(s), in particular to monitor emissions and discharges and ensure compliance with local, national and international standards. (iii) Determine the effectiveness of the ameliorating measures (iv) Highlight areas of concern unforeseen in the EMP and provide a basis for recommending further amelioration measures. On the socio-economic impacts, potentially, the project will provide social and economic opportunities capable of enhancing the economic growth of the host communities in particular and the country in general. 111 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Thus, in view of the fact that all stakeholders shall be carried along during the project construction and operations and that there is no stern environmental, health, social or cultural issues that may warrant the cancellation of the proposed project, it is therefore strongly recommended that project can be embark upon as proposed while strictly adhering to the proffered mitigation measures. In identifying the key impact indicators, priority is given to environmentally sensitive areas, and, in this regard, it is noteworthy that the entire project area falls under this category. Based on the results of baseline studies and consideration of FMENV limits, the following impact indicators are identified with the corresponding environmental components. Table 9.1 Environmental Indicators Environmental Components Impact Indicators Atmospheric Particulates, Volume discharged, CH4, H2S, SOx, NOx, CO, heavy and trace metals, and HC. Soil Texture, pH, Total Organic Carbon, Nutrients, Heavy metals Water Quality: DO, COD, BOD, pH, Nutrients, Turbidity, TDS, TSS, Heavy metals, Hardness Aquatic ecology Diversity, Abundance, Benthic Fauna Socio-Economic Economic and Health status However, the identified potential environmental and social impacts that may result from the periodic maintenance of the Lafiya ­Doma road are minor, site specific and relatively easy to manage to acceptable levels. 112 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road REFERENCES ALLOWAY, B. J. 1990. Heavy metals in soils. Blakie & John Wiley & Sons Inc. Glasgow & London. pp 29-39 ALPHA (1981). Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water, American Public Health Assoc., N.Y. BLOCKER, P. C., 1973. `Major aspects air pollution monitoring in urban and industrial Area' Concawe. The Hague. BRAY, R.H., and KURTZ, L.T. (1945). Determination of Total Organic and available form of Phosphorus in soils. Soil Sci.:59:45-49. BS 5228: 1975. British Standards Specifications on Construction Noise BURKE, K., 1969. Neogene and Quartenary Tectonics of Nigeria. In Geology of Nigeria. (edited by Kogbe, C.A.). Elizabethan Publishing Co. Lagos. Nigeria. pp 363. CONCAWE, 1994. Environmental Quality Standards, Concawe Review Vol. 3 No.2, p.18-19 FEPA (1991) Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Guidelines and Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. 238 pp FEPA. 1991 Guideline and standards for Industrial effluents, Gaseous Emissions and Hazardous Management in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Lagos Geological Survey Division, (1974). Geological Map of Nigeria. Publication, Federal Ministry of Mines and Power, Nigeria. Golterman, H.L. Chymo, R.S., And Ohristead, M.A.N. (1978): Methods for Physical and Chemical Analysis of Freshwater. IBP Handbook No. 8. Blackwell Scientific Publications. Oxford. Kogbe, C. A. 1976. Geology of Nigeria. Elizabethan Publishers, Ibadan. Leopold, L.B. Clarke, F.E; Hanshaw; B.B. And Balsley, J.R (1971). A procedure for evaluating environmental impact. Geological Survey Circular 645, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 13 pp Hayward, D and Oguntoyibo, J 1987. Climatology of West Africa. Barens and Nobles, New Jersey, USA 271p. Ojo, (1972). The Climates of West Africa, Heinemann Books Limited, Ibadan. Reyment, R. A. 1965. Aspects of the Geology of Nigeria, 133 pp., Ibadan Univ. Press. 113 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road USEPA (1979): Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes. Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio 45268. EPA - 600/4-79-020 (March, 1979). Shell International Exploration & Pproduction HSE-MS Manual Part 5, 1999 World Bank (WB) Operational Policies 4.01. World Bank (WB) General Health and Safety Guidelines. World Bank (WB) -Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Waste Management Facilities WHO, 1976. Selected Methods of Measuring Air Pollutants, WHO offset Publication No. 24, E, Geneva. W.H.O (1984). World Health Organization Guidelines on Drinking Water Quality. Vol. I, II, III. Geneva. 114 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road ANNEX 1 Summary of World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). Outlines Bank policy and procedure for the environmental assessment of Bank lending operations. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appropriate extent and type of EA process. This environmental process will apply to all sub-projects to be funded by FRDP. Natural Habitats (OP 4.04). The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank does not support projects involving the significant conversion of natural habitats unless there are no feasible alternatives for the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs. If the environmental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. Such mitigation measures include, as appropriate, minimizing habitat loss (e.g. strategic habitat retention and post-development restoration) and establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The Bank accepts other forms of mitigation measures only when they are technically justified. Should the sub-project-specific ESMPs indicate that natural habitats might be affected negatively by the proposed sub- project activities with suitable mitigation measures, such sub-projects will not be funded under the FRDP Pest Management (OP 4.09). The policy supports safe, affective, and environmentally sound pest management. It promotes the use of biological and environmental control methods. An assessment is made of the capacity of the country's regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, and environmentally sound pest management. This policy will most likely not apply to FRDP Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). This policy covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the 115 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. The RPF report discusses the applicability of this policy in detail. Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20). This directive provides guidance to ensure that indigenous peoples benefit from development projects, and to avoid or mitigate adverse effects of Bank- financed development projects on indigenous peoples. Measures to address issues pertaining to indigenous peoples must be based on the informed participation of the indigenous people themselves. Sub-projects that would have negative impacts on indigenous people will not be funded under FRDP. Forests (OP 4.36). This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects: (a) projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests; (b) projects that affect the rights and welfare of people and their level of dependence upon or interaction with forests; and (c) projects that aim to bring about changes in the management, protection, or utilization of natural forests or plantations, whether they are publicly, privately, or communally owned. The Bank does not finance projects that, in its opinion, would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical forest areas or related critical habitats. If a project involves the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or related natural habitats that the Bank determines are not critical, and the Bank determines that there are no feasible alternatives to the project and its siting, and comprehensive analysis demonstrates that overall benefits from the project substantially outweigh the environmental costs, the Bank may finance the project provided that it incorporates appropriate mitigation measures. Sub-projects that are likely to have negative impacts on forests will not be funded under FRDP. Cultural Property (OP 11.03). The term "cultural property" includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank's general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will 116 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government's attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. FRDP will not fund sub-projects that will have negative impacts on cultural property. Projects on International Waterways (O 7.50). The Bank recognizes that the cooperation and good will of riparians is essential for the efficient utilization and protection of international waterways and attaches great importance to riparians making appropriate agreements or arrangement for the entire waterway or any part thereof. Projects that trigger this policy include hydroelectric, irrigation, flood control, navigation, drainage, water and sewerage, industrial, and similar projects that involve the use or potential pollution of international waterways. This policy will not apply to FRDP Disputed Areas (OP/BP/GP 7.60). Project in disputed areas may occur the Bank and its member countries as well as between the borrower and one or more neighbouring countries. Any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located requires formal procedures at the earliest possible stage. The Bank attempts to acquire assurance that it may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed can go forward without prejudice to the claims of the country having a dispute. This policy is not expected to be triggered by sub-projects. This policy is unlikely to be triggered by sub-projects to be funded by FRDP. 117 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road ANNEX 2 SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT QUESTIONNAIRE (A) PERSONAL INFORMATION 1. Name of Local Leader_____________________________________ 2. Type of Leader (e.g. Village Head, Women Leader, etc):__________ 3. Age (in years): Below 21______ 21-40_____ 41-60_____; more than 60 _____ 4. Name of Town/Village_____________________________________ 5. Proximity of household/town to proposed Landfill _______ and ____ 6. Local Government Area____________________________________ 7. Ethnic Origin____________________________________________ 8. Sex: Male____________ Female____________ 9. Ethnic background________________________ 10. Education qualification: no formal education____ functionally literate___ primary_____, secondary______ tertiary______ 11. Number of children: _______ Male:_______ Female_______ 12. Number of other dependents______ Male_____ Female_______ 13. Total No. of people in household Male_____ Female______ 14. Residential Status:______ Tenant____ migrant____ indigene_____ 15. (a) If tenant or migrant____ what is the name of your home village?______ (b) Distance of home village from here: less than 20km;____ b/w 20 ­ 50kml_____ more than 50km _______ (c) Why did you move to this community (e.g. for employment)__ (d) Condition of living since settling here: sane;____ better;____ worse;_____ I don't know_____ (e) For how long have you lived in this community_________ (f) Future plans:____ relocate in future;___ live permanently here;___ I do not know (give reasons for answer)___________ (g) Relationship with other dwellers: Friendly____ Not friendly __ I don't know___ 118 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road (B) ECONOMIC SCENARIO 17 What are the usual income-generation activities of the people in this community (see below). Also indicate the gender and generation mainly involved in each activity. No. Activity Gender* Generation M/F/B C/Y/A/B 1. Crop farming (list common crops) 2 Trading 3. Livestock rearing (list common ones) 4. Fishing 5. Hunting 6. Processing (garri, local gin, fufu, etc) 7. Handicraft (pottery, weaving, tailoring) 8. Collection of sea products (periwinkle, crayfish etc) 9. Collection of forest products (fruits, vegetables, firewood etc.) 10. Artisanship (carpentry, blacksmith, bricklayer etc) 11. Civil service/teaching 12. Company worker 13. Other specify * M = Male; F = Female; B = Both sexes ** C = Children, Y = Youth; E = Elderly A = Adult 119 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 18. What is your estimated monthly income (N): Less than N1,000____ N1,000 to 10,000__________ N10,000 to 50,000__________ N50,000 to N100,000_______ More than N100,000_________ 19. How much do you save monthly? _______ No savings;________ Less than N1,000 ___________ less than N5,000___________ less than N10,000______ more than N10,000__________ 20. Where do you save your excess money? No savings;______ in the house;______ Esusu group;____ in the bank;____ (others specify)________ (C) INFRASTRUCTURE/HEALTH 21. Which of the following do you have in this community and what is the condition of the facility, if present? S/No. Facility No/ Availability Condition Distance If not Yes/No poor/fair/good to the available, proposed how far is Pipeline the nearest facility (km) 1. Access Road 2. Public transportation 3. Local market 4. Primary school 5. Secondary school 6. Dispensary/health centre 7. Electricity 8. Potable water 9. supply Others (specify) 22. Which of the following types of houses is common in this community (Enumerator to note)? Mud and wattle thatch;____ mud and wattle zinc: ____ Earth block/Thatch: 120 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road ____ Earth Block/Zinc;____ Cement Block/Zinc; ____ Cement Block/Asbestos;____ Timber Wall/Thatch:____ Timber Wall/Zinc ____ 23. Which of these items are commonly owned by households in this Community? Electric fan [ ] Electric Kettle [ ] Gas/Electric Cooker [ ] Refrigerator [ ] Television [ ] Bicycle [ ] Air Conditioner [ ] Motorcycle [ ] Motor Car [ ] Radio [ ] Kerosene Stove [ ] Rechargeable Lamps [ ] 24. No of Rooms in the House..................................... 25. Type of House (To be indicated by Interviewer) Bungalow ( ) Blocks of Flats ( ) Duplex ( ) Huts ( ) 26. Type of roofing materials used in the house Thatch ( ) Iron Sheet ( ) Asbestos ( ) Long Span Aluminum ( ) Tile ( ) Others (specify) ( ) 27. Type of Building Materials Used in the house Thatch/Bamboo [ ] Mud [ ] Cement [ ] Burnt Brick [ ] Wood [ ] Others specify [ ] 28. Type of Toilet: None [ ] Pit [ ] Bucket [ ] Hand flush [ ] 29. From which of the following sources is your water supply? Rain____ River_____ Stored run-off_____ pipe borne _____ borehole ______ well, etc ______ 30. How is water from each of these sources treated before use? ______ 31. How is solid waste disposed off? Burning_____; Burying ____; dump ________ throwing in running/stagnant water _____ 121 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 32. How is human waste disposed off? Pit latrine_____; defecation into water channel _____ defecation into surrounding bushes____ pail systems____; pit toilet______; VIP- ventilate latrines____ Any other (specify)_______ 33. What are the common diseases and pests found in this community (especially the last 3 years)____________________________ 34. Specify any form of disease or pest that is found only in this community and not in neighbouring ones ____________________ 35. Why are the above diseases common in your locality? __________ 36. What has been done by the village or Govt. to reduce the presence of above mentioned diseases and pests? _________________________ 37. Where do people suffering from various diseases normally go for cure? Churches_____ Native doctors____ dispensary/Health centre/Hospital ____ 38. Which of the above places are frequently visited for disease cure? ___ 39. Are you aware of this project? Yes [ ] No [ ] 40. If yes, what are the sources of information ______________________ 41. If no, interviewer should tell the respondent about the project 42. How do you think this project will benefit this community during the construction phase? Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don't Know Increase in in-migration Increased income Job opportunities New/ Improved Facilities (road, schools, etc) Improvement in living standards Changed in style of dressing Improved social life 122 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road 43. How do you think the project will benefit this community during the operational phase? Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don't Know Increase in in-migration Increased income Job opportunities New/ Improved Facilities (road, schools, etc) Improvement in living standards Changed in style of dressing Improved social life 44. How do you think the project will adversely affect this community during the construction phase? Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don't Know Overpopulation Occupational change Sex imbalance Out-migration Inflation Reduction in agricultural products Destruction/encroachment on land 123 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Pressure on social infrastructure Loss of farmland Pollution of drinking water Loss of wildlife species Ground water contamination Deforestation Sexual laxity Alcoholism Increased Crime Discrimination against new migrants 45. How do you think the project will adversely affect this community during the operational phase? Item Very Minimal Minimal Great Don't Know Overpopulation Occupational change Sex imbalance Out-migration Inflation Reduction in agricultural products Destruction/encroachment on 124 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road land Pressure on social infrastructure Loss of farmland Pollution of drinking water Loss of wildlife species Ground water contamination Deforestation Sexual laxity Alcoholism Increased Crime Discrimination against new migrants 125 EMP of Lafiya ­ Doma Road Annex 3 LIST OF REPORT PREPARERS Team Leader - Ibrahim Jauro S/N SPECIALIZATION CONSULTANTS 1. Air Quality/Noise & Radiation Mr. J. Dalyop/ Mohd Umar 2. Soil/Agriculture/Land Use/SIA Dr. Alhassan Mohammed 3. Geology/Hydrogeology Dr. Ogirima Onimisi 4. Pavement Study Engr. Sani Abdullahi 5. Biodiversity/Wildlife Jubril Lawal 6. Vegetation/Forestry Mr. Hussain Bala 7 Health Risk Assessment/ Waste Dr. I Sule Inventory 8. Geo Referencing Mr. J. Dalyop 9. Computer Analyst Mrs. Bolalle Olowo 10. Report Reviewers Dr. A. Mohamed/ Ibrahim Jauro 126