Document of The World Bank FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Report No: PAD4431 INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION PROJECT PAPER ON PROPOSED ADDITIONAL CREDITS IN THE AMOUNT OF EURO 10.0 MILLION (US$12.0 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN IN THE AMOUNT OF EURO 5.0 MILLION (US$6.0 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF TOGO AND PROPOSED ADDITIONAL GRANTS IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 8.4 MILLION (US$12.0 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF BENIN IN THE AMOUNT OF SDR 4.2 MILLION (US$6.0 MILLION EQUIVALENT) TO THE REPUBLIC OF TOGO FOR THE WEST AFRICA COASTAL AREAS RESILIENCE INVESTMENT PROJECT MAY 27, 2021 Environment, Natural Resources and The Blue Economy Global Practice Western and Central Africa Region This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (Exchange Rate Effective April 30, 2021) Benin, Togo = XOF (Francs CFA) US$1 = SDR 0.6964 US$1 = EUR 0.8278 FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 Regional Vice President: Ousmane Diagana Country Director: Deborah L. Wetzel Regional Director: Simeon Ehui Practice Manager: Maria Sarraf Salimata D. Follea, Koffi Hounkpe, Nicolas Benjamin Task Team Leaders: Claude Desramaut ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ABC Abidjan Convention AF Additional Financing CEREMA Center for Studies and Expertise on Environmental Risk Management COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease CPF Country Partnership Framework CSE Center for Ecological Monitoring E&S Environmental and Social ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMP-C Environmental and Social Management Plan - Contractor GEF Global Environment Facility GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism GRS Grievance Redress Services IDA International Development Association IGAs Income Generating Activities IRR Internal Rate of Return ISR Implementation Status and Results Report IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature MSIP Multi-Sector Investment Plan NPV Net Present Value PAD Project Appraisal Document PDO Project Development Objective PID-ISDS Project Information Document - Integrated Safeguard Data Sheet PIU Project Implementation Unit RAP Resettlement Action Plan RAMPAO West African Network of Marine Protected Areas RISU Regional Implementation Support Unit RPF Resettlement Policy Framework US$ US Dollar WACA-ResIP West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group Western Africa West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG TABLE OF CONTENTS I. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR ADDITIONAL FINANCING ........................................ 7 II. DESCRIPTION OF ADDITIONAL FINANCING .................................................................... 14 III. KEY RISKS ..................................................................................................................... 14 IV. APPRAISAL SUMMARY .................................................................................................. 15 V. WORLD BANK GRIEVANCE REDRESS .............................................................................. 19 VI. SUMMARY TABLE OF CHANGES .................................................................................... 21 VII. DETAILED CHANGE(S).................................................................................................... 21 VIII. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING ................................................................... 25 ANNEX 1: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ANALYSIS ................................................................. 56 ANNEX 2: OPTIONS AND DURABILITY OF COASTAL EROSION INTERVENTIONS ...................... 60 ANNEX 3: MAPS AND PHOTOS OF INTERVENTION SITES ....................................................... 61 ANNEX 4: WBG REGIONAL INTEGRATION PROGRAM ADJUSTMENT FOR COVID-19 ............... 66 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) BASIC INFORMATION – PARENT (West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project - P162337) Country Product Line Team Leader(s) Western Africa IBRD/IDA Nicolas Benjamin Claude Desramaut Project ID Financing Instrument Resp CC Req CC Practice Area (Lead) P162337 Investment Project SAWE1 (9268) AFWRI (7960) Environment, Natural Financing Resources & the Blue Economy Implementing Agency: Sao Tome and Principe - Ministry of Infrastructures and Natural Resources, Mauritania - Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Benin - Ministry of Living Environment and Sustainable Development, Togo - Ministry of Environment and Forestry Resources, Cote d'Ivoire - Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, Senegal - Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Development, West Africa Economic and Monetary Union, International Union for Conservation of Nature ADD_FIN_TBL1 Is this a regionally tagged Country (ies) project? Yes Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Senegal, Sao Tome and Principe, Togo, Stateless Bank/IFC Collaboration No Expected Original Environmental Approval Date Closing Date Guarantee Current EA Category Assessment Category Expiration Date 09-Apr-2018 31-Dec-2023 Full Assessment (A) Full Assessment (A) Financing & Implementation Modalities Parent [ ] Multiphase Programmatic Approach [MPA] [ ] Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC) [ ] Series of Projects (SOP) [ ] Fragile State(s) [ ] Performance-Based Conditions (PBCs) [ ] Small State(s) [ ] Financial Intermediaries (FI) [ ] Fragile within a Non-fragile Country [ ] Project-Based Guarantee [ ] Conflict Page 1 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) [ ] Deferred Drawdown [ ] Responding to Natural or Man-made disaster [ ] Alternate Procurement Arrangements (APA) [ ] Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support (HEIS) Development Objective(s) To strengthen the resilience of targeted communities and areas in coastal Western Africa. Ratings (from Parent ISR) RATING_DRAFT_Y ES Implementation 07-Aug-2018 06-Mar-2019 16-Oct-2019 03-May-2020 23-Dec-2020 Progress towards achievement of S S S MS MS PDO Overall Implementation S S MS MS MS Progress (IP) Overall Safeguards Rating S S S S S Overall Risk H H H H S Financial Management S S S MS MS Project Management S S MS MS MS Procurement S S MS MS MS Monitoring and Evaluation S S MS MS MS BASIC INFORMATION – ADDITIONAL FINANCING (West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN- TG - P176313) ADDFIN_TABLE Urgent Need or Capacity Project ID Project Name Additional Financing Type Constraints Page 2 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) P176313 West Africa Coastal Areas Cost Overrun/Financing Gap Yes Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG Financing instrument Product line Approval Date Investment Project IBRD/IDA 18-Jun-2021 Financing Projected Date of Full Bank/IFC Collaboration Disbursement 30-Apr-2024 No Is this a regionally tagged project? Country (ies) Yes Western Africa, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, Mauritania, Senegal, Sao Tome and Principe, Togo, Stateless Financing & Implementation Modalities Child [ ] Series of Projects (SOP) [ ] Fragile State(s) [ ] Performance-Based Conditions (PBCs) [ ] Small State(s) [ ] Financial Intermediaries (FI) [ ] Fragile within a Non-fragile Country [ ] Project-Based Guarantee [ ] Conflict [ ] Deferred Drawdown [ ] Responding to Natural or Man-made disaster [ ] Alternate Procurement Arrangements (APA) [ ] Hands-on Expanded Implementation Support (HEIS) [ ] Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC) Disbursement Summary (from Parent ISR) Net Source of Funds Total Disbursed Remaining Balance Disbursed Commitments IBRD % IDA 190.00 33.25 151.04 18 % Grants 26.25 3.54 22.71 13 % PROJECT FINANCING DATA – ADDITIONAL FINANCING (West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG - P176313) Page 3 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) PROJECT FINANCING DATA (US$, Millions) SUMMARY -NewFi n1 SUMMARY (Total Financing) Proposed Additional Total Proposed Current Financing Financing Financing Total Project Cost 221.70 36.00 257.70 Total Financing 201.45 36.00 237.45 of which IBRD/IDA 190.00 36.00 226.00 Financing Gap 20.25 0.00 20.25 DETAILS - Additional Financing NewFinEnh1 World Bank Group Financing International Development Association (IDA) 36.00 IDA Credit 18.00 IDA Grant 18.00 IDA Resources (in US$, Millions) Credit Amount Grant Amount Guarantee Amount Total Amount Benin 12.00 12.00 0.00 24.00 National PBA 4.00 4.00 0.00 8.00 Regional 8.00 8.00 0.00 16.00 Togo 6.00 6.00 0.00 12.00 National PBA 2.00 2.00 0.00 4.00 Regional 4.00 4.00 0.00 8.00 Total 18.00 18.00 0.00 36.00 COMPLIANCE Policy Does the project depart from the CPF in content or in other significant respects? Page 4 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) [ ] Yes [ ✔ ] No Does the project require any other Policy waiver(s)? [ ] Yes [ ✔ ] No INSTITUTIONAL DATA Practice Area (Lead) Environment, Natural Resources & the Blue Economy Contributing Practice Areas Climate Change Urban, Resilience and Land Climate Change and Disaster Screening This operation has been screened for short and long-term climate change and disaster risks PROJECT TEAM Bank Staff Name Role Specialization Unit Team Leader (ADM Salimata D. Follea TTL - Benin SAWE1 Responsible) Koffi Hounkpe Team Leader TTL Togo SAWU1 Nicolas Benjamin Claude Team Leader Risk Management SAWE1 Desramaut Procurement Specialist (ADM Maurice Adoni Procurement Cote d'Ivoire EAWRU Responsible) Harouna Djibrilla Djimba Procurement Specialist Benin EAWRU Kouami Hounsinou Messan Procurement Specialist Procurement Togo EAWRU Mathias Gogohounga Procurement Specialist Procurement WAEMU EAWRU Financial Management Josue Akre FM Cote dlvoire EAWG1 Specialist (ADM Responsible) Social Specialist (ADM Paivi Koskinen-Lewis Social Safeguards SAWS4 Responsible) Alexandra Annabelle Social Specialist Social SAWS4 Niesslein Alphonse Emadak Environmental Specialist Environment SAWE1 Page 5 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Asha Nequia Johnson Team Member Operations SAWDR Christine Makori Counsel project Lawyer LEGAM Colombe Blandine Yabo Procurement Team Procurement AWMBJ Allabi Esinam Hlomador-Lawson Procurement Team Administration AWMTG Economic and Financial Fadi M. Doumani Team Member SSAEN Analysis FM - Loan Operations and Faly Diallo Team Member WFACS Trust Funds Haoua Diallo Procurement Team Administration AWCF2 Jayne Angela Kwengwere Team Member Operations SAWE4 Komlan Kpotor Team Member Togo SAWE1 Leissan Augustine Akpo Team Member Administrative Support Benin AWMBJ Manon Pascale Cassara Team Member NRM SAWE1 Medou Lo Environmental Specialist Environment SAWE1 Nathalie Atakpa Team Member Team assistance AWMBJ Peter Kristensen Team Member WACA Program Manager SAWE1 Sajid Anwar Team Member Co-Finance SAWE1 Sarah Jung Team Member Environment SAWE1 Yasmina Oodally Team Member Operations SAWE1 Extended Team Name Title Organization Location Page 6 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) I. BACKGROUND AND RATIONALE FOR ADDITIONAL FINANCING A. Introduction 1. This Project Paper seeks the approval of the Executive Directors for a proposed Additional Financing (AF) in the amount of US$18 million equivalent IDA credits and US$18 million equivalent IDA grants for the West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project (WACA-ResIP, P162337) to cover the cost overrun for the transboundary coastal protection work in Benin and Togo. On December 30, 2020 and March 26, 2021, the World Bank received official request letters from the Government of Benin and Togo respectively to cover the cost overrun. See Table 1 on the cost of work, current available funds, financing gap, and proposed IDA credits and grants for Benin and Togo. Table 1. Financing Gap and Proposed IDA Credits and Grants for Benin and Togo Cost of Work IDA Funds Financing Proposed Proposed Proposed (million US$) Available Gap Total Credit Total Grant TOTAL (million US$) (million US$) Amount Amount Amount (million US$) (million US$) (million US$) Benin 60.00 36.00 24.00 12.00 12.00 24.00 National IDA 4.00 4.00 8.00 Regional IDA 8.00 8.00 16.00 Togo 50.00 38.00 12.00 6.00 6.00 12.00 National IDA 2.00 2.00 4.00 Regional IDA 4.00 4.00 8.00 Total 110.00 74.00 36.00 18.00 18.00 36.00 2. Under the proposed AF, there will be no change to the Project Development Objective (PDO), which will remain as follows: “To strengthen the resilience of targeted communities and areas in coastal Western Africa.” Neither will the proposed AF require changes to the institutional, fiduciary or safeguards arrangements that are currently in place for the WACA-ResIP Parent Project. No additional safeguards policies will be triggered and there will be no change to the project’s safeguards category. The overall risk rating is kept as Substantial as per the December 23, 2020 Implementation Status and Results Report (ISR). The cost for Component 3 (see Table 4 below) has been revised to reflect the coverage of the cost overrun. B. Summary of the Parent Project (WACA-ResIP, P162337) 3. The parent WACA-ResIP is financed through US$120 million IDA credits, US$70 million IDA grants (including a US$12 million IDA grant for regional institutions), US$20.25 million Global Environment Facility (GEF) grants, and US$11.45 million in counterpart funding, for a total of US$221.70 million. The total financing covers six countries (Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal and Togo) and benefits four regional institutions (West African Economic and Monetary Union- WAEMU, International Union for Conservation of Nature – IUCN, Abidjan Convention – Page 7 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) ABC and the Center for Ecological Monitoring – CSE). The WACA-ResIP was approved by the Board on April 9, 2018 and by November 30, 2018, all 12 legal documents were effective. Since then, the WACA-ResIP has benefitted from a supplemental financing of US$6 million from the GEF for Sao Tome and Principe on December 1, 2020, bringing the total amount to US$227.70 million. 4. The West African coastal areas are home to almost one-third of the countries’ population. Across Sub-Saharan Africa, the urban population, largely located in the coastal areas, is growing at an annual rate of 4 percent, almost twice the worldwide average of 2.1 percent. In West Africa, rapid urbanization and net migration to the coast increase the demands on the land, its resources, and the services its ecosystem provides to people. Poverty is rampant: 15 out of the 17 coastal countries have national poverty lines above 30 percent. The coastal population is increasingly vulnerable to the effects of climate change, especially the poor, whose already precarious livelihoods depend on the quality and quantity of natural resources. Every year, an average of 500,000 people in the region are threatened by floods and aggravated coastal erosion, and economic losses. Economic literature suggests that extreme flooding events affect not only poverty but also human capital formation. Flood events cause agricultural losses and damages to infrastructure, which affect household wealth, exacerbating poverty. 5. The PDO is to strengthen the resilience of targeted communities and areas in coastal Western Africa. The project aims to enhance the absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacities of the beneficiary countries and to reduce the shared risks to which they are exposed, either natural or man-made, and that are similar for all or most countries or transboundary in nature. 6. The WACA-ResIP has four components under implementation in the six above-mentioned countries and within regional institutions as follows: 1) Strengthening Regional Integration; 2) Strengthening the Policy and Institutional Framework; 3) Strengthening National and Physical and Social Investments; and 4) National Coordination. This AF will only apply to Component 3 in Benin and Togo. 7. The project contributes to two areas of the Next Generation Africa Climate Business Plan. The first is “Environmental Stability” of seascapes and watersheds for increase ecosystems resilience, carbon sequestration, and contributes to socio-economic resilience. The second is “Climate Shocks” because of the people-centered and customized delivery mechanisms for climate actions. 8. The project supports the sub-regional climate change agenda in two areas of work. The first is on data with national data on the state of the coast are integrated into the regional state of coast reporting and tracking underway under the West Africa Coastal Observatory, facilitated by the CSE with financing from IDA, provided via the regional integration component of the parent project (P162337). The second is that the specific investment on coastal zone management responds to the Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) of the countries. 9. Community resilience is given extra emphasis in WACA because of the population density in the coastal zone in West Africa. The PDO specifically relates to resilience and the measure is the number of households with less exposure to coastal erosion, flooding and pollution. In addition to the specific investments, like the one proposed with this AF, the project also includes scall-scale community projects that help not only with creating jobs but now indirectly with the COVID-19 pandemic recovery at community level. 10. Additionality of the regional approach applied in WACA. There are several dimensions of the regional integration approach, which is justified primarily by i) environmental flows whereby actions in one country affects the downstream Page 8 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) country directly and this is particularly the case with Benin-Togo; ii) economies of scale in providing solutions, innovation and capacity building to countries; and iii) access to partnerships and finance. These three areas are in part supported by the parent project (P162337) under Component 1 managed by WAEMU, and under the WACA Platform managed as a Programmatic Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA) (P166218). 11. The WACA Program includes a scale-up mechanism, including country-led national multi-sector investment plans (MSIP) and a World Bank-convened finance marketplace, that aims to ensure that the country has technical support and investment finance for the public works or public private partnerships needed for long term coastal zone management, including for beach erosion mitigation. Over the past years, a number of regional activities including Marketplace, and Call for Innovation, and regional dialogue resulting in an agreed WACA Communique has mobilized additional technical assistance projects by partners in parallel, with leveraging amounting to US$650 million. C. WACA-ResIP Parent Project Performance 12. Implementation progress. The parent project was approved on April 9, 2018, with countries and regional entities becoming effective at different times during the following six months. Because of the urgency of addressing the coastal erosion challenge, the parent project had been prepared on an accelerated timeline, leaving multiple technical and feasibility studies to be undertaken after Board approval. As per the latest ISR dated December 23, 2020, over the past 12 months of project implementation, both the progress towards the achievement of the PDO and the overall implementation progress of WACA ResIP has been rated as “Moderately Satisfactory”. Concrete results have been achieved on the ground, including in Benin where 3,652 households are now less exposed to coastal erosion and flooding, exceeding expectation at this stage as end-of project target was set to 4,100. Also, social sub-projects and small- to medium- scale interventions have been implemented in Benin, Mauritania, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal and Togo. In Togo, more than 100 farmers’ groups have benefitted. Major infrastructures construction is to be launched in 2021, following completion of required technical studies. 13. Progress made towards achieving the PDO. The progress made towards the PDO is “Moderately Satisfactory”, with 3,652 out of 71,076 households less exposed to erosion and coastal flooding. Beneficiary satisfaction surveys are to be undertaken before the mid-term review planned for January 15, 2022 (or a date thereafter), so results are not yet available. On the regional integration score, the project is Satisfactory with a value of six out of 16, measured by the incremental progress on collaboration among regional institutions, regional strategic action planning, coastal erosion monitoring, and the coastal observatory. The challenges encountered to achieve the PDO lies primarily in the clients’ ability to diligently execute the required steps for procurement of major works. Therefore, the World Bank team now has more frequent virtual implementation support meetings where steps in the procurement of the 22 major works are monitored using a contract tracking tool. 14. Project implementation arrangements are operational. National Project Implementation Units (PIUs) have harmonized annual work plans, including cross-border harmonized actions in Benin-Togo and Mauritania-Senegal. An operational reporting and support mechanisms with the regional institutions is in effect including a regional steering committee attended by the six engaged countries. Progress reports are compiled every six months, with indicators reported by each of the countries, and then consolidated for the ISR. The organizational effectiveness of PIUs is Satisfactory and national PIUs are supported with capacity building by the Regional Implementation Support Unit (RISU) and the World Bank team when needed. Some of the PIUs have experience high turnover of staff, but solutions are found to ensure sustained project implementation capacity. Page 9 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) 15. Regional integration is on track. The arrangement with WAEMU leading a Regional Management Unit and IUCN operating the RISU works well for regional integration efforts (the score of the PDO indicator is at value six out of 16), although transactional burdens and timeliness are being addressed. The arrangement is ensuring effective regional coordination and integration across country activities. Monthly reports are submitted by national PIUs to RISU for consolidation. The national PIUs are receiving, through the RISU, additional technical advice on coastal protection infrastructure and integrated coastal management plans from the CSE, Center for Studies and Expertise on Environmental Risk Management (CEREMA). With this arrangement proven effective, it is being replicated with West African Network of Marine Protected Areas (RAMPAO) for support on marine protected areas and for capitalizing on opportunities to learning on mangroves. 16. Operational diligence and expected start of works. In most of the six countries, the project had experienced delays with the final coastal engineering designs for the major site-specific physical works, initiation of social sub- projects, and the setting up or strengthening of the national agencies responsible for coastal management. Now, however, main technical studies have been completed (Benin-Togo, Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritania, São Tome and Principe), and the expectation is that major physical interventions will commence in 2021, assuming the COVID-19 situation allows to implement civil works. In 2020, however, emergency coastal protection was completed in Benin reducing exposure of 52 villages from coastal flooding. 17. Progress on procurement of grey infrastructure. Works have been completed in four sites (two in Benin and two in São Tomé and Principe), works are on-going in three sites (one in Togo and two in São Tomé and Principe), and are being procured in one site (the main one – Togo and Benin). For the remaining: feasibility studies are available for five sites (two in Mauritania, three in São Tomé and Príncipe), but procurement still needs to be launched, and feasibilities studies are ongoing for nine sites (one in Côte d’Ivoire, two in Senegal, two in Benin, one in Togo an three in São Tome and Principe). 18. Effect of the COVID-19 pandemic on project implementation. With the support of the World Bank and the RISU, contingency plans have been prepared by the PIUs, to assess the impact of global and national COVID-19 restrictions on project activities and identify mitigation measures. Most of the ongoing technical studies continued, as most is initially desktop work and can be done remotely, but consultations with targeted communities, especially for social sub-projects have been limited and will remain as such until the situation is back to normal. Technical assistance activities requiring international travel have been postponed and are expected to be re-initiated in the course of 2021. In the meantime, the World Bank team and regional partners continue to provide implementation support through regular virtual meetings and missions. 19. Environmental and Social (E&S) aspects: The parent project’s E&S performance is compliant with the safeguard policies. The project prepared framework documents during preparation and two additional Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs): (i) the ESIA for the Management of the River Mouth in Benin (disclosed on April 12, 2012) and (ii) the ESIA for the Reforestation Activities in the Langue de Barbari National Park in Senegal (disclosed on March 16, 2021). These have been subject to public consultation and disclosed in-country and on the World Bank website, and their implementation is so far Satisfactory. Several additional E&S instruments are being prepared for other site-specific investments. The frameworks remain valid and they cover the activities under this AF, since the AF is not financing any new activities but only covers cost overruns. Details for Benin and Togo in terms of ongoing E&S instruments are included below in the appraisal section for this AF. Grievance Redress Mechanisms (GRM) were established in all countries and these are functional and receiving mostly informational queries. Page 10 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Country-specific progress for Benin and Togo concerned in this AF Project Paper. 20. The technical studies for the Benin-Togo transboundary coastal protection works have been completed. The joint technical committee Benin-Togo is working well. The technical feasibility study for the coastal protection of the Benin-Togo transboundary segment proposed three options: short-term, medium-term, and long-term solutions. The two countries opted for the medium-term, providing 15-years of protection, upon which maintenance in form of beach nourishment would be needed. Specific Progress for Benin 21. In terms of physical investments, the project has supported: (a) emergency protection works to stabilize the south bank of the Mono River (over 700 meters long and 100 meters wide) as well as the mechanical opening of the river mouth enabling a steady flow of riverine water to the ocean during the heavy rains of 2019. These emergency works prevented the flooding of 52 villages with 3,652 households located along the river; and, (b) the technical feasibility study for the protection works of the Benin-Togo cross-border coastal segment over 41 kilometers (see Technical Appraisal Summary section further below for more details). 22. In terms of social investments, the project has supported development and implementation of Income Generating Activities (IGAs) for the benefit of coastal communities, especially in aquaculture, animal husbandry and vegetable cultivation. These IGAs were upscaled to include communities that were impacted by the COVID-19 movement restrictions, thereby alleviating the impact of the pandemic on their livelihoods. To date in Benin, 850 IGAs are underway and closely monitored to ensure their sustainability after project closure. 23. In terms of the legal/institutional framework to sustain project impacts, the project is supporting the establishment of legal texts for the implementation of the coastal law which became effective in 2018. The project is also supporting the update of the Coastal Master Plan and associated strategic E&S assessment, expected to be delivered by December 2021. Specific Progress for Togo 24. In terms of physical investments, the project has supported: (1) emergency coastal protection works on a 1,580- meter segment between Gbodjomé and Agbodraf. Through this protection works, 940 households (4,000 people) will be quickly protected from coastal erosion. The technical feasibility study for the dredging and stabilization of the banks of the lagoon and Lake Togo is underway; and, as mentioned above (2) the technical feasibility study for the protection works of the Benin-Togo cross-border coastal segment over 41 kilometers (see Technical Appraisal Summary section further below for more details). 25. In terms of social investments, 11 community sub-projects are currently being implemented, seven IGAs are ready to start and more than 50 new community level sub-projects are identified. A COVID-19 emergency plan was prepared to systematically integrate restrictive measures (e.g. social distancing, wearing of masks, etc.) within all project activities to minimize the spread of the virus. 26. In terms of the institutional framework, in December 2020, a new ministry on blue economy, fisheries and coastal protection was created with a mandate for coastal zone management. The Government requested the transfer of the implementation agency responsibility of the WACA-ResIP Project to this new ministry. The Task Team will start Page 11 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) assessments on project management and fiduciary capacities of the new ministry before such transfer could be authorized by the World Bank. 27. Overall disbursement rate is at 17 percent as of May 26, 2021, on average across the six countries and regional entities. Low disbursement rate across the six countries is primarily because the construction phase for the envisaged physical infrastructures have not yet commenced. However, in each of the six countries the feasibility study is completed, contracting underway, and 2021 is expected to be the year when disbursements will pick up. Note that as of May 26, 2021, disbursement rates in Mauritania is 27.2 percent, and 38.2 percent in Sao Tome and Principe. In Benin it is 14.4 percent and in Togo 14.8 percent. The contract for the Benin-Togo transboundary investment is US$110 million and represents over 40 percent of the entire WACA project (US$263 million equivalent). The procurement for this works contract has already been launched and the contract will be ready to sign once the AF is approved. The approval of the AF is expected to substantially increase the disbursement rate. To further accelerate disbursement, the task team has increased frequency and depth of procurement and technical implementation support, and monitors the incremental steps required by the clients. Specifically on Benin and Togo, the fact that the transboundary technical committee and the ministerial committee is collaborating on this very Additional Finance is a signal of ownership and commitment to accelerate implementation, which will be reflected in disbursement when the contract is awarded. WACA ResIP includes 22 major contracts for which a detailed tracking tool is used by the Task Team and the Regional Implementation Support Unit (RISU) to track the incremental progress in procurement and serves to focus discussions on critical path in implementation with client teams. 28. The progress ratings (including fiduciary) as per the December 2020 ISR for Benin and Togo are summarized in Table 2 below: Table 2. Progress Ratings for Benin and Togo Benin Togo Progress towards achievement of PDO MS MS Overall Implementation Progress MS MS Component 1 Not Applicable. For Regional Integration activities only. Component 2 MS MS Component 3 MS MS Component 4 MS MS Financial Management MS MS Project Management MS MS Counterpart Funding S S Procurement MS MS Monitoring and Evaluation MS MS S = Satisfactory; MS = Moderately Satisfactory 29. The project has complied with all due legal covenants in Benin and Togo. See Table 3 below on the status of legal covenants for Benin and Togo only. Table 3. Status of Legal Covenants for Benin and Togo Benin (IDA-62140) Description Status Benin (Schedule 2, Section I.A.2.): The Recipient shall, through the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Met Development, not later than three (3) months after the Effective Date, establish, under terms of reference and with qualified and experienced members in adequate number, all satisfactory to the Association, and thereafter maintain throughout Project implementation, the National Steering Committee vested with responsibility for making decisions on Page 12 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) the overall direction of the Program and for oversight of the PIU during Project implementation. Benin (Schedule 2, Section I.A.3.): The Recipient shall, not later than three (3) months after Effective Date, recruit to the Met PIU to assist the National Project Coordinator: (i) an institutional development specialist; (ii) a communication specialist; (iii) a monitoring and evaluation specialist; (iv) an environmental and safeguards specialist; (v) a social development, safeguards, and gender specialist; (vi) a procurement specialist; (vii) a financial management specialist; (viii) an accountant; (ix) an internal auditor; (x) a civil engineer; and (xi) a deputy coordinator for GEF-financed Project activities, all in a manner satisfactory to the Association. Benin (Schedule 2, Section I.A.4.): The Recipient shall, through the Ministry of Environment and Sustainable Met Development, not later than three (3) months after the Effective Date, establish, under terms of reference satisfactory to the Association, and thereafter maintain throughout Project implementation, a Technical Committee comprising the representatives of the sectors and entities concerned with coastal management and involved in Project implementation to ensure smooth technical coordination among them. Benin (Schedule 2, Section I.H.): The Recipient shall, through the MESD, ensure that the PIU recruit, not later than Met months six (6) months after the Effective Date, an external auditor, under terms of reference and with qualifications and experience satisfactory to the Association, to oversee the accounting functions of the PIU. Benin (Schedule 2, Section II.B.(b), (c)): : The Recipient shall: (i) prepare, under terms of reference satisfactory to the Not yet due Association, and furnish to the Association, on or about November 15, 2021, a report integrating the results of the monitoring and evaluation activities and setting out the measures recommended to ensure the efficient carrying out of Parts 2, 3, and 4 of Project and the achievement of the objective thereof during the period following such date; and (ii) review with the Association, on or about January 15, 2022, or such later date as the Association shall request, the aforementioned report and, thereafter, take all measures required to ensure the efficient completion of Parts 2, 3, and 4 of the Project and the achievement of the objectives thereof, based on the conclusions and recommendations of the said report and the Association’s views on the matter. Benin (Schedule 2, Section II.C.): The Recipient shall take all action required on its behalf to establish, not later than six Met (6) months after the Effective Date, and thereafter maintain and operate, a functional grievance handling mechanism for Parts 2, 3, and 4 of the Project, with adequate staffing and processes for registering grievances and acceptable to the Association, thereby ensuring the ongoing improvement on service delivery under Parts 2, 3, and 4 of the Project. Togo (IDA-62130) Description Togo (Schedule 2, Section I.A.3.): The Recipient shall, not later than three (3) months after Effective Date, appoint, recruit Met or designate to the PIU to assist the National Project Coordinator: (i) an institutional development specialist; (ii) a communication specialist; (iii) a monitoring and evaluation specialist; (iv) an environmental and safeguards specialist; (v) a social development, safeguards, and gender specialist; (vi) a procurement specialist; (vii) a financial management specialist and an assistant; (viii) an internal auditor; (ix) an accountant; (x) a civil engineer; and (xi) a deputy coordinator for GEF-financed Project activities, all in a manner satisfactory to the Association. Togo (Schedule 2, Section I.A.4.): The Recipient shall, through the Ministry of Environment and Forest Resources, not Met later than three (3) months after the Effective Date, establish, under terms of reference satisfactory to the Association, and thereafter maintain throughout Project implementation, a Technical Committee comprising the representatives of the sectors and entities concerned with coastal management and involved in Project implementation to ensure smooth technical coordination among them. Togo (Schedule 2, Section I.H.): The Recipient shall, through the MEFR, ensure that the PIU recruit, not later than six (6) Met months after the Effective Date, an external auditor, under terms of reference and with qualifications and experience satisfactory to the Association, to oversee the accounting functions of the PIU. Togo (Schedule 2, Section II.B.(b), (c)): The Recipient shall: (i) prepare, under terms of reference satisfactory to the Not yet due Association, and furnish to the Association, on or about November 15, 2021, a report integrating the results of the monitoring and evaluation activities and setting out the measures recommended to ensure the efficient carrying out of Parts 2, 3, and 4 of the Project and the achievement of the objective thereof during the period following such date; and (ii) review with the Association, on or about January 15, 2022, or such later date as the Association shall request, the aforementioned report and, thereafter, take all measures required to ensure the efficient completion of Parts 2, 3, and 4 of the Project and the achievement of the objectives thereof, based on the conclusions and recommendations of the said report and the Association’s views on the matter. Togo (Schedule 2, Section II.C.): The Recipient shall take all action required on its behalf to establish, not later than six (6) Met months after the Effective Date, and thereafter maintain and operate, a functional grievance handling mechanism for Parts 2, 3, and 4 of the Project, with adequate staffing and processes for registering grievances and acceptable to the Association, thereby ensuring the ongoing improvement on service delivery under Parts 2, 3, and 4 of the Project. Page 13 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) II. DESCRIPTION OF ADDITIONAL FINANCING 30. The recently completed technical feasibility studies for erosion control of the Benin-Togo transboundary coastal area indicated a financing need of US$110 million for the medium-term investment option. This option was selected by the Benin-Togo transboundary committee as the best suited for sustainability considerations. However, the parent project could only finance US$74 million and thus a financing gap of US$36 million emerged. 31. Alternative options considered for the proposed finance. The initial budget allocated for the Benin-Togo transboundary work was based on preliminary studies prepared at the time of Board approval in 2018. The preliminary studies were carried out in each country and consisted solely of hard protection in form of large groynes in Togo and only massive sand nourishment in Benin. The more detailed study and modelling results completed recently showed that this approach, because of the transboundary interaction, if not reinforced by additional elements (nourishment and smaller groynes in Togo and small groynes in Benin), would have only limited protection period. The analysis also explored possibilities to either (i) sequence over time the interventions, with a first phase with only small groynes, to match the available envelope; or (ii) reduce the scale of interventions. But both of those options could cause profound disturbance of the physical and biological environment with socio-economic impact on fisheries, tourism, and land tenure disputes. The retained option, with a coherent and simultaneous intervention, secures a continued longshore sediment flux. 32. The only change that the proposed AF would bring to the parent project, would be an increase in amount under Component 3 (Sub-component 3.1: Physical Investments), see Table 4 below. Table 4. Project Cost (million US$) Components Original Cost (Parent Revised Cost (AF) Cost-overrun Project) 1. Strengthening Regional 12.00 12.00 (No change) Integration 2. Strengthening the Policy and 40.77 40.77 (No change) Institutional Framework 3. Strengthening National 156.40 192.40 (Revised) 36.00 Physical and Social Investments 4. National Coordination 18.53 18,530,000 (No change) TOTAL 227.70 263.70 33. There will be no change in the closing date, implementation arrangements, E&S safeguards policies, risks, and results framework as a result of this AF. III. KEY RISKS 34. Given that the AF will cover a cost overrun only, identified risks in the parent project will remain the same and risk ratings as per the December 2020 ISR will be maintained (see Systematic Operations Risk rating (SORT) in Section VI. Summary Table of Changes). The overall risk rating is therefore kept as Substantial. 35. For political and governance risks, though the rating is "Substantial", the country rating for both Benin and Togo are at Moderate. Key political decisions for resilient coastal zone management were adopted in Benin in 2018. In Togo, Page 14 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) a new ministry in charge of coastal protection was recently created and though there were thoughts to shift project implementation responsibilities to this new ministry, the head of state recommended that for the time being, the project continue to remain under the same ministry in charge of environment who will work closely with the new ministry to ensure a smooth transition once the new ministry has reached the required capacity to implement the project effectively. 36. The sector strategies and policies risks ratings are "Substantial" as some key decisions are still pending (see "political risks") to allow the strengthening of the organization of the sector strategies and policies. Some elements and the underlying analysis and documents are available, but they need to be adopted to have the institutions in place and operational. Coastal zone management is multi-sectoral by nature and requires a strong coordination mechanism which is yet to be put in place and formalized in Benin and Togo. 37. The risk on institutional capacity for implementation and sustainability is deemed “Substantial” because of low capacity in the beneficiary institutions and high turn-over rate of staff, which might pose a risk to the sustainability of the investments. This is the situation despite ongoing strengthening of PIUs in project implementation, engaged and dedicated teams, daily support from the RISU, and the training and networking with external experts. Additional capacity building activities (including equipment and training) had been planned but were delayed because of COVID-19 restrictions. 38. The E&S risks are “High”. The project is classified as a Category A because it is operating in sensitive coastal areas where poorly executed interventions could exacerbate coastal erosion downstream or create a false sense of security that could incentivize people to settle in still risky areas. The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) have been validated and are under implementation in each of the six countries. Safeguards specialists in the PIUs have been trained and are supported by the World Bank team and the RISU. Site-specific ESIAs as well as Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) are in preparation in Benin and Togo. The Task Team will monitor the progress in the impacts assessment to reassess the risks in the future. 39. The main risk under “Others” is related to COVID-19 and is rated “Substantial”. The COVID-19 situation has forced all six governments to take protective measures, including international travel bans, which has disrupted implementation of certain consultancies. Contingencies measures have been prepared and implemented, such as providing IT equipment to PIUs to facilitate remote work. However, some activities will require physical presence and public consultations and may therefore be temporarily suspended. The groynes to be constructed under this AF will be made of boulder and cobble, which will be nationally sourced. The site specific ESIA currently underway will provide adequate indication of the COVID-19 risks and measures to minimize these risks to workers and the surrounding community. E&S prescriptions will also be included in the procurement documents to enable contractors and suppliers to follow up on E&S due diligence and to avoid/mitigate any anticipated COVID-19 risks. IV. APPRAISAL SUMMARY A. Economic and Financial Analysis 40. An ex-ante economic analysis was carried out for the AF. The AF of US$36 million is allocated to both Benin (US$24 million) and Togo (US$12 million) and the incremental benefits will be reaped by both countries, especially by the most vulnerable coastal population. The methodology was adopted from the report “The Cost of Coastal Zone Degradation in West Africa: Benin, Côte D’Ivoire, Senegal and Togo” prepared in 2019. Benefits are derived from avoided erosion due to extended project durability. The chosen option (with AF) will protect from 10 -15 years. The alternative (with no AF) Page 15 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) would cover only a maximum of three to four years, and erosion would have rapidly resumed during the project life span or shortly after project closure. 41. The ex-ante economic analysis was performed by using a 6 percent social discount rate over 20 years. The incremental economic analysis for the AF shows substantial benefits for beneficiaries in areas served by the Project, and substantial benefits for Benin and Togo. Overall, the Net Present Value (NPV) is projected to reach US$20 million (20 years, 6 percent discount rate), and US$11 million (20 years, 9 percent discount rate). The investments evaluated for the economic and financial analysis will generate a benefit-cost ratio between 1.65 and 1.39; and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 15 percent. Thus, the economic and financial analysis shows that if project implementation is effective and efficient, project-supported investments will bring substantial financial and economic benefits to local coastal communities in the project areas and the population of Benin and Togo in general. 42. A sensitivity analysis was performed under two pessimistic scenarios (a 10 percent and 20 percent increase in economic costs). Results of the quantitative simulations are robust in terms of sensitivity analyses. Assuming an increase in 10 percent project costs, the NPV varies between US$8 million and US$17 million, a benefit-cost ratio between 1.26 and 1.50, and an IRR of 13 percent. Results for an increase in 20 percent in project costs still show positive impacts; the NPV varies between US$5 million and US$14 million, a benefit-cost ratio between 1.16 and 1.38, and an IRR of 12 percent. Throughout the analysis, the benefit assumptions are based on the coastal management sectors by recognized studies. See Annex 1. The economic analysis thus shows that if project implementation is effective and efficient, project- supported investments under the AF will bring substantial economic benefits to the beneficiaries. B. Technical 43. The proposed AF will continue to adopt the ecosystem, community-based, approach used by the parent project toward the planning, development, and management of the coastal zones in a consultative manner that addresses the multiplicity of societal needs and environmental constraints. It aims to achieve its objective by reducing existing risk through financing green and grey infrastructure for coastal defense and coastal adaptation while also preventing future risk and promoting resilient development through strengthening spatial and land use planning. 44. The coast of the Gulf of Guinea, Benin and Togo in particular, are subject to intense erosion of the coastline which impacts urbanized areas in the immediate proximity of the coast. Climate change, through sea level rise, is likely to modify the wave regime, exacerbating these difficulties. 45. The Multisector Coastal Investment Plans for both countries, which were prepared in 2016 to inform the parent project design, recommended the following protection options to be confirmed during project implementation on the basis of detailed feasibility studies for coastal protection of the Togo-Benin transboundary area covering 18 km in Togo west of the border (from Gbodjomé to Hillacondji) and 23 km in Benin east of the border (from Hillacondji to Gbekon): (i) sand motor for Benin (cost estimate of US$30 million); and (ii) groynes for Togo (US$30 million). However, the detailed feasibility studies completed in 2020 concluded an exacerbation of the erosion in this transboundary area and recommended a combination of groynes, sand nourishment and a sand motor which resulted in a higher cost. 46. The 2020 studies recommended the following three options (see details in Annex 2): a. a short-term option costing US$60 million in line with the initial budget allocated to the transboundary coastal protection works under the parent project (i.e. US$30 million for each country). However, this Page 16 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) option would have protected the segment for a maximum of three to four years and erosion would have rapidly resumed during the project life span or shortly after project closure. b. a medium-term option costing US$110 million consisting of the construction of a series of groynes, dredging to maintain natural flow in lagoons, beach replenishment, revetments, dikes, and a “sand motor” (i.e., massive beach replenishment deposited in one location). The sustainability of this option is 15 years; and, c. a long-term option costing US$242.5 million, similar to the medium-term option above, but consisting of larger number of groynes. A beach replenishment would be needed after 15 years and the infrastructure established would control erosion for up to 30 years. 47. Within the framework of the WACA-ResIP parent project, the Togo-Benin joint committee opted for the medium- term solution of US$110 million based on the efficiency and efficacy analysis. Also, the proposed option will address the risks of potentially adverse impacts in the downdrift areas. The AF was found to be the best way forward given the urgency to undertake the works as erosion is advancing in this area at a pace of 15 meters a year. Processing a new operation would take longer time and therefore further increase erosion on the coastal zone, and resulting in a much higher protection costs. 48. As a result, both countries have redirected the balance of their respective national and regional IDAs to cover the works as per Table 1 above. 49. The works under this option will include the following (see Annex 3): In Benin • Filling of the abandoned lagoon arms east of the mouth on the Benin side; • Construction of groynes BE 1 to BE 8 and reloading of the associated lockers; • Installation of a 6.4 million m3 reloading just downstream of the last groyne installed in Agoué; and • Socio-economic development work (bike trails and parking lots) in Hillacondji and Agoué. In Togo • Construction of groynes TO 46 to TO 52 and associated locker reloading, in Agbodrafo; • Extension of the existing groynes TO 72 and TO 73 and reloading of the associated locker, in Aného; • Extension of the existing breakwater by 200 m and backfilling at Aného; • Extension of existing groynes EX 9 to EX 12 and reloading of the locker associated with Aného; • Sand dike at the top of the beach of the breakwater at the mouth of Aného; • Filling of the abandoned lagoon arms east of the mouth on the Togo side; and • Socio-economic development works (bike trails and parking lots) in Agbodrafo and Sanve Condji. 50. The bidding process for the selection of the firm to undertake the works as well as the firm responsible for works supervision is underway and expected to be completed soon. The E&S impact study of the selected cross-border coastal option is also underway and should be delivered soon for World Bank review and clearance prior to the commencement of the works planned for July 2021. It was agreed that Benin will finance 60 percent of the works while Togo will be responsible for 40 percent. Page 17 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) C. Financial and Procurement Management 51. Financial management and procurement will be implemented in accordance with the agreed procedures and arrangements provided in Annex 4 (Detailed Financial Management and Disbursement Arrangements) and 5 (Detailed Procurement Arrangements) respectively of the WACA-ResIP Parent Project Appraisal Document (PAD, P162337). Both procurement and financial management will follow the agreed World Bank procedures as per the WACA Parent Project. The AF will follow the WACA-ResIP Parent Project fiduciary assessments and recommendations and there will be no change in fiduciary arrangements. D. Environment and Social (including Safeguards) 52. Safeguards. The impacts of the project on the targeted coastal areas and populations are expected to be positive in terms of solutions to coastal erosion and livelihood problems but also in terms of conservation of biodiversity. Nevertheless, it is also anticipated that project activities, mainly the ones under Component 3 (physical and social investments), may result in negative E&S impacts. This AF will continue to follow the safeguards policies and remains as Category A like the parent project. This AF does not trigger any additional safeguard policies. Potential adverse E&S impacts associated with the project investments under the AF, are already included in the design and safeguards instruments developed under the parent project. The parent project safeguards documentation ESMFs and RPFs will therefore continue to apply. They spell out the different steps to consider E&S aspects throughout the sub-project cycle. 53. As part of the project implementation, certain local communities have requested some vegetable cultivation sub- projects as alternative livelihoods activities to build community resilience. Given that vegetable cultivation activities were not part of the original project design, the ESMFs have recently been revised to include measures to avoid/limit risks and negative impact related to pest management. The Project Information Document - Integrated Safeguard Data Sheet (PID- ISDS) has been disclosed on April 23, 2021. 54. In compliance with the provisions of the ESMFs, Component 3 activities have been systematically screened. Most of the IGAs do not require additional E&S studies. Only a few required simplified ESIAs and these have been prepared and will be approved by the World Bank before the works start. The World Bank E&S team is working closely with the PIU to fast track the finalization of the documents. 55. Regarding coastal protection works against erosion, site-specific ESIAs, including Environmental and social management plans (ESMPs), are being prepared in Benin, Côte d’Ivoire, Mauritania, Senegal, and Togo. They will be approved by the World Bank and disclosed before the works start. E&S prescriptions for the contractors will be included in the tender documents to enable them to prepare their own ESMP-Contractor (ESMPs-C) and to follow up on E&S due diligence. As recommended in the ESMFs, the responsibility to oversee the implementation of the ESMPs-C will be included in the terms of reference of the supervisory engineers. 56. Site-specific RAPs are currently under preparation for the protection of the coastal areas of the cross-border segment located between Agbodrafo in Togo and Grand-Popo in Benin; and the rehabilitation of the banks and mechanical cleaning of the Gbaga channel. 57. In Togo, ESIAs and RAPs are being prepared for the following activities: support for the conservation of biodiversity in the complex of Togodo; street improvement works in the municipality of Lacs; and the dredging and stabilization of the banks of the lagoon and Lake Togo, construction / cleaning of gutters, storm basins and water Page 18 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) retention. A Resettlement Process Framework is being prepared for the sustainable management of forest ecosystems in the coastal zone of Togo. 58. The ESIAs have been disclosed and the RPF and RAPs will soon be reviewed and cleared by the World Bank and disclosed publicly in-country and on the World Bank’s external website. No civil works will commence until the RAPs have been implemented. 59. There continues to be adequate safeguards capacity in both countries and the dedicated safeguards focal points have received training on E&S safeguards as well as the new Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) from the World Bank. 60. Citizen engagement. The AF will seek to support the engagement of people living in and deriving their livelihood from the hot spots that are targeted for physical investments under the project. Engagement of target beneficiaries aligns to and supports the project’s approach to demand-side social accountability. Feedback mechanisms, through community engagement and the GRM, have been developed in the context of the parent project to ensure transparency, accountability, and learning as well as a continuous dialogue with target beneficiaries and other stakeholders, and these will continue to be used during the AF implementation. 61. GRMs are in place at the local levels, and information regarding how to raise a grievance has been disseminated to the communities. The GRMs have so far received requests for information about project activities and timeline. Any option chosen to address spatial planning, fishery rights allocation, or planned retreat of communities will require management of the associated social risk. Social tension due to ineffective communication, perceived or real bias or injustice, or other grievances could prevent interventions from achieving the objectives of inclusive, resilient socioeconomic development. To manage such social risks, the decisions taken on the type of options to support will be based on a process of open dialogue with all stakeholders, including national and local governments, service providers, donors, neighboring communities/countries, and the private sector. 62. Gender. Women are targeted beneficiaries of the project and will benefit from activities centered around reduction of their vulnerability and improvement of their livelihoods. Representation and participation of women have been crucial during the parent project, to assess risks the coastal communities are facing, but also to make sure that the selected options are suitable for women’s needs and that they will be involved in the implementation of those strategies. In addition to protecting their houses from the floods, the drainage systems also facilitated access for women to fresh water for their daily chores, reducing the burden of their everyday activities and allowing some time for IGAs. V. WORLD BANK GRIEVANCE REDRESS 63. Communities and individuals who believe that they are adversely affected by a World Bank (WB) supported project may submit complaints to existing project-level GRMs or the WB’s Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in order to address project-related concerns. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their complaint to the WB’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred, or could occur, as a result of WB non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the World Bank's attention, and Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank’s corporate Grievance Redress Service (GRS), please visit http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects- Page 19 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) operations/products-and-services/grievance-redress-service. For information on how to submit complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please visit www.inspectionpanel.org. Page 20 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) VI. SUMMARY TABLE OF CHANGES Changed Not Changed Components and Cost ✔ Disbursements Arrangements ✔ Safeguard Policies Triggered ✔ Implementing Agency ✔ Project's Development Objectives ✔ Results Framework ✔ Loan Closing Date(s) ✔ Cancellations Proposed ✔ Reallocation between Disbursement Categories ✔ EA category ✔ Legal Covenants ✔ Institutional Arrangements ✔ Financial Management ✔ Procurement ✔ Implementation Schedule ✔ VII. DETAILED CHANGE(S) COMPONENTS Current Component Name Current Cost Action Proposed Component Proposed Cost (US$, (US$, millions) Name millions) Component 1: 12.00 No Change Component 1: 12.00 Strengthening Regional Strengthening Regional Integration Integration Component 2: 40.77 No Change Component 2: 40.77 Strengthening the Policy Strengthening the Policy and Institutional Framework and Institutional Framework Page 21 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Component 3: 156.40 Revised Component 3: 192.40 Strengthening National Strengthening National Physical and Social Physical and Social Investments Investments Component 4: National 18.53 No Change Component 4: National 18.53 Coordination Coordination TOTAL 227.70 263.70 DISBURSEMENT ARRANGEMENTS Change in Disbursement Arrangements Yes Expected Disbursements (in US$) DISBURSTBL Fiscal Year Annual Cumulative 2018 0.00 0.00 2019 14,868,131.42 14,868,131.42 2020 9,023,132.96 23,891,264.38 2021 18,000,000.00 41,891,264.38 2022 100,000,000.00 141,891,264.38 2023 100,000,000.00 241,891,264.38 2024 21,808,735.62 263,700,000.00 SYSTEMATIC OPERATIONS RISK-RATING TOOL (SORT) Risk Category Latest ISR Rating Current Rating Political and Governance ⚫ Substantial ⚫ Substantial Macroeconomic ⚫ Moderate ⚫ Moderate Sector Strategies and Policies ⚫ Substantial ⚫ Substantial Technical Design of Project or Program ⚫ Moderate ⚫ Moderate Institutional Capacity for Implementation and ⚫ Substantial ⚫ Substantial Sustainability Fiduciary ⚫ Moderate ⚫ Moderate Page 22 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Environment and Social ⚫ High ⚫ High Stakeholders ⚫ Moderate ⚫ Moderate Other ⚫ Substantial ⚫ Substantial Overall ⚫ Substantial ⚫ Substantial Safguard_Table COMPLIANCE Change in Safeguard Policies Triggered Yes Safeguard Policies Triggered Current Proposed Environmental Assessment OP/BP Yes Yes 4.01 Performance Standards for Private No No Sector Activities OP/BP 4.03 Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.04 Yes Yes Forests OP/BP 4.36 No No Pest Management OP 4.09 No No Physical Cultural Resources OP/BP Yes Yes 4.11 Indigenous Peoples OP/BP 4.10 No No Involuntary Resettlement OP/BP 4.12 Yes Yes Safety of Dams OP/BP 4.37 No No Projects on International Waterways No No OP/BP 7.50 Projects in Disputed Areas OP/BP 7.60 No No Page 23 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) LEGAL COVENANTS2 LEGAL COVENANTS – West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Sections and Description OPS_LEGAL_CONVENANT_CHILD_NODATA No information available Conditions Page 24 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) VIII. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING Results Framework COUNTRY: Western Africa West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG Project Development Objective(s) To strengthen the resilience of targeted communities and areas in coastal Western Africa. Project Development Objective Indicators by Objectives/ Outcomes RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ PD O Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 To strengthen the resilience of targeted communities and areas in coastal Western Africa Households in targeted coastal areas with less exposure to erosion due to the project 0.00 8,763.00 17,188.00 (disaggregated by country) (Number) Benin (Number) 0.00 4,100.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Number) 0.00 1,711.00 Mauritania (Number) 0.00 4,879.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Number) 0.00 100.00 400.00 Senegal (Number) 0.00 1,500.00 Feb 12, 2021 Page 25 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ PD O Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 Togo (Number) 0.00 4,598.00 Households in targeted coastal areas with less exposure to flooding due to the project 0.00 30,207.00 53,888.00 (disaggregated by country) (Number) Benin (Number) 0.00 1,600.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Number) 0.00 5,925.00 Mauritania (Number) 0.00 41,581.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Number) 0.00 150.00 816.00 Senegal (Number) 0.00 900.00 Togo (Number) 0.00 3,066.00 Households in targeted coastal areas with less exposure to pollution due to the project 0.00 8,635.00 12,277.00 (disaggregated by country) (Number) Benin (Number) 0.00 6,900.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Number) 0.00 0.00 Mauritania (Number) 0.00 0.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Number) 0.00 306.00 Senegal (Number) 0.00 0.00 Page 26 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ PD O Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 Togo (Number) 0.00 5,071.00 Share of target beneficiaries with rating ‘Satisfied’ or above on project interventions (disaggregated 0.00 42.00 72.00 by country, sex) (Percentage) Benin (Percentage) 0.00 65.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Percentage) 0.00 70.00 Mauritania (Percentage) 0.00 75.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Percentage) 0.00 75.00 Senegal (Percentage) 0.00 75.00 Togo (Percentage) 0.00 70.00 Regional integration score (Number) 0.00 12.00 16.00 PDO Table SPACE Intermediate Results Indicators by Components RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ IO Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 Component 2: Strengthening the Policy and Institutional Framework Countries that timely submit datasets to the 0.00 6.00 6.00 Regional Coastal Observatory (Number) Page 27 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ IO Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 Countries with national Multi-Sector Investment Plans updated to integrate regional environmental 0.00 0.00 6.00 considerations (Number) Score on policy instruments and legal framework (disaggregated by country) (Number) 0.00 17.00 0.00 Benin (Number) 0.00 5.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Number) 0.00 5.00 Mauritania (Number) 0.00 5.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Number) 0.00 4.00 Senegal (Number) 0.00 2.00 Togo (Number) 0.00 5.00 Inter-Ministerial Coastal Zone established and No Yes Yes operational (disaggregated by country) (Yes/No) Benin (Yes/No) No Yes Côte d’Ivoire (Yes/No) No Yes Mauritania (Yes/No) No Yes São Tomé and Príncipe (Yes/No) No Yes Senegal (Yes/No) No Yes Page 28 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ IO Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 Togo (Yes/No) No Yes National Early Warning System operational No Yes Yes (Yes/No) Benin (Yes/No) No No Côte d’Ivoire (Yes/No) No Yes Mauritania (Yes/No) No Yes São Tomé and Príncipe (Yes/No) No Yes Senegal (Yes/No) No Yes Togo (Yes/No) No Yes Component 3: Strengthening National Physical and Social Investments Targeted coastal area with flooding control measures (disaggregated by country) 0.00 11,602.00 26,353.00 (Hectare(Ha)) Benin (Hectare(Ha)) 0.00 400.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Hectare(Ha)) 0.00 12,000.00 Mauritania (Hectare(Ha)) 0.00 12,590.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Hectare(Ha)) 0.00 30.00 250.00 Page 29 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ IO Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 Senegal (Hectare(Ha)) 0.00 60.00 Togo (Hectare(Ha)) 0.00 1,035.00 Shoreline with targeted coastal erosion control 0.00 67.50 114.30 measures (disaggregated by country) (Kilometers) Benin (Kilometers) 0.00 23.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Kilometers) 0.00 13.00 Mauritania (Kilometers) 0.00 51.50 São Tomé and Príncipe (Kilometers) 0.00 7.00 Senegal (Kilometers) 0.00 1.80 Togo (Kilometers) 0.00 18.00 Sites/zones with pollution control measures (disaggregated by country) (Number) 0.00 5.00 16.00 Benin (Number) 0.00 1.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Number) 0.00 0.00 Mauritania (Number) 0.00 0.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Number) 0.00 10.00 Senegal (Number) 0.00 0.00 Page 30 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ IO Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 Togo (Number) 0.00 5.00 Critical assets protected (Number) 0.00 1.00 2.00 Natural ecosystems conserved and/or restored 0.00 28.00 42.00 (disaggregated by country) (Number) Benin (Number) 0.00 8.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Number) 0.00 11.00 Mauritania (Number) 0.00 3.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Number) 0.00 11.00 Senegal (Number) 0.00 1.00 Togo (Number) 0.00 8.00 Coastal households with access to improved livelihood activities (disaggregated by country and 0.00 30,210.00 56,500.00 by sex) (Number) Benin (Number) 0.00 300.00 Côte d’Ivoire (Number) 0.00 2,200.00 Mauritania (Number) 0.00 44,000.00 São Tomé and Príncipe (Number) 0.00 4,500.00 Page 31 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ IO Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target 1 Senegal (Number) 0.00 500.00 Togo (Number) 0.00 5,000.00 Local level planning committees in coastal resilience with female representation of 40% or 0.00 6.00 23.00 more (Number) IO Table SPACE Monitoring & Evaluation Plan: PDO Indicators Mapped Methodology for Data Responsibility for Data Indicator Name Definition/Description Frequency Datasource Collection Collection The indicator measures Field survey carried out resilience to erosion by during the impact design through studies of the works to infrastructure solutions, be carried out, the nature-based solutions impact studies of and/or planned relocation. protective It captures absorptive infrastructures carried Regional Households in targeted coastal areas with capacity of resilience due Annually Field survey out by the project. The Implementation Support less exposure to erosion due to the to the protection provided studies must determine : Unit M&E function project (disaggregated by country) against erosion, and (i) the extent of the transformative capacity areas protected against due to the planned coastal erosion thanks to relocation and creation of the infrastructures and new livelihood investments made and opportunities. (ii) the number of households located in Page 32 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Definition of a household these areas . varies slightly between the six participating countries. In general, a household consists of one or more people who reside in the same dwelling and also share meals or living accommodation. A household may consist of a single family or some other grouping of people. Less exposure to erosion means reduction in the danger of damage over the lifetime of the project to dwellings and other immovable assets from the action of surface processes (such as water flow and/or wind) that remove soil, rock, or dissolved material from one location to another. Targeted coast areas and specific activities to reduce danger of erosion are: Benin Targeted areas: Hillacondji – Grand Popo Activities: beach Page 33 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) nourishment. Cote Ivoire: Targeted areas: Lahou- Kpanda to Groguida strip Activities: fixation of the river mouth through sand filling, opening of a new mouth in another place and improved channeling of the water from the river. Mauritania: Targeted areas: El Mina, Ndiago, beni Chab Activities: mangrove rehabilitation, and dunes fixation (mechanical and biological). Sao Tome: Targeted areas: Santa Catarina, Micolo, Praia Melao, Io Grande, Malanza, Praia Burra and Praia Abade Activities: beach nourishment, vegetation (mangroves, palm trees, grass planting) and rocks revetments; support of planned relocation. Senegal: Targeted areas: slope stabilization for the Corniches de Dakar, rock revetment in île de Gorée. Togo: Agbodrafo-Aného- border (Togo/Bénin)- Page 34 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) groins and breakwaters (rehabilitation and building), beach nourishment Cumulative targets. Benin Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo The indicator measures Field survey carried out resilience by design to during the impact flooding through studies of the works to infrastructure solutions, be carried out, the nature-based solutions impact studies of and/or planned relocation. protective Regional Households in targeted coastal areas with It captures absorptive infrastructures carried Annually Field survey Implementation Support less exposure to flooding due to the capacity of resilience due out by the project. The Unit M&E function project (disaggregated by country) to the protection provided studies must determine : against flooding, and (i) the extent of the transformative capacity areas protected against due to the planned floods thanks to the relocation and creation of infrastructures and new livelihood investments made and opportunities. (ii) the number of Page 35 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) households located in Less exposure to flooding these areas. means decreased likelihood and intensity of flooding, due to project- related investments for houses and other immovable assets. Flooding is defined as a general and temporary condition of partial or complete inundation of normally dry land areas from overflow of inland or tidal waters from the unusual and rapid accumulation or runoff of surface waters from any source. Targeted coast areas and specific activities to reduce danger of flooding are: Benin: Targeted areas: Gbékon, Mono Lagoon. Activities: periodic opening of the river mouth, and others. Cote Ivoire: Targeted areas: Grand- Lahou. Activities: drainage system on the Plateau. Mauritania: Targeted areas: Sebkha, El Mina, Page 36 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Tevragh Zeina, N’Diago, Nouadhibou. Activities: Dikes rehabilitation and extension, improved drainage, early warning systems. Sao Tome: Targeted areas: Santa Catarina, Micolo, Pantufo, Praia Melao, Ribeira Afonso, Io Grande, Malanza, Praia Burra and Praia Abade. Activities: drainage and earthwork, protection form (vegetation, walls); support of planned relocation. Senegal: N/A. Togo: Targeted areas: Prefectures of Lacs and Vo. Activities: improved drainage, water retention structures, dikes stabilization, as well as dredging, improved drainage for transport infrastructure, installed a lock under the bridge of the Aného Lagoon to regulate the dynamics of the mouth of Lake Togo. Cumulative targets. Page 37 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Benin Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo The indicator measures resilience by design to Field survey carried out pollution through during the impact infrastructure solutions studies of the works to and/or nature-based be carried out, the solutions. It captures the impact studies of absorptive capacity of protective resilience due to the infrastructures carried protection against out by the project (quick pollution provided as well Regional Households in targeted coastal areas with studies). The studies as the adaptive capacity Annually Field survey Implementation Support less exposure to pollution due to the must determine : - The due to change in behavior Unit M&E function project (disaggregated by country) extent of the areas e.g. waste collection, protected against planting and biological pollution thanks to the pollution control. infrastructures and investments carried out; Pollution is defined as the - the number of introduction of chemical households located in substances into the natural these areas. environment that cause adverse change. Page 38 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Less exposure to pollution means reduction in the danger of damage over the lifetime of the project to human health, dwellings and other immovable assets from the introduction of chemical substances into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Targeted coast areas and specific activities to reduce danger of flooding are: Benin: Targeted areas: Gbaga channel. Activities: planting along canals, biological pollution control, awareness raising on environmentally friendly practice. Cote Ivoire: N/A Mauritania: N/A. Sao Tome: N/A Senegal: N/A Togo: Targeted areas: Prefectures of Golfe and Lacs Activities: treatment of polluted water, beach clean up, household waste collection, biological pollution control. Cumulative targets. Page 39 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Benin Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo The indicator on satisfaction with the totality of project Perception survey interventions captures conducted among demand-side social project beneficiaries. accountability and serves The value of the as citizen engagement indicator corresponds to (corporate requirement). the percentage of interv Focus in perception survey iewees who find the Share of target beneficiaries with rating will be on: environmental project's interventions Regional Perception ‘Satisfied’ or above on project benefits, livelihoods Biennial "satisfactory" or "very Implementation Support survey interventions (disaggregated by country, aspects and participation. satisfactory. The Unit M&E function sex) The total is calculated as a questionnaire will simple average. The propose four indicator is a proxy assessment options: measurement of resilience "Unsatisfactory"; in coastal areas and "Unsatisfactory"; captures absorptive "Satisfactory" and "Very capacity through target Satisfactory". beneficiaries’ perception of improved protection, preparedness and/or Page 40 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) recovery; adaptive capacity through the target beneficiaries’ perception of change in systems, planning and behaviors; and transformative capacity through target beneficiaries’ perception of creation of new systems for instance relocation and creation of new livelihoods. Annual targets. Benin Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo Score = A + B + C + D, as per A: Legal Agreement B: the following: PARSI and PIM or National Sectoral Plans, A: Collaborative Agreement monitoring reports Regional integration score between WAEMU, CSE, and submitted by countries ABC for Coastal Zone to IUCN C: Documents Management in place. on the modalities of Scoring: 1 = No legal operation of the Page 41 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) agreement/cooperation monitoring mechanisms, framework in place; 2 = monitoring reports Regional legal agreement submitted by the negotiated but not yet countries to IUCN D : signed; 3 = Institutions Legal Foundations of the signed legal agreement; 4 = Observatory, SSC Legal agreement ratified by Monitoring Report the three institutions and submitted to IUCN entered into force; B: Regional Strategic Action Plan (RSAP) commitments adopted into Multi-Sectoral Investment Plans: Scoring: 1 = RSAP not developed; 2 = RSAP developed including targets, commitments, and time frames addressing transboundary coastal erosion, flooding, and pollution concerns; 3 = RSAP endorsed by all participating countries at ministerial level; 4 = RSAP commitments adopted in MSIPs and/or RSAP commitments incorporated within national sectoral plans of all participating countries. C: Mechanisms in place to Page 42 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) monitor Coastal Erosion, Flooding, and Pollution (CEFP) reduction measures. Scoring: 1 = No mechanisms in place to monitor and report change; 2 = Basic national and/or regional monitoring mechanisms in place but not satisfying CEFP reduction measures; 3 = Monitoring mechanisms in place for a subset of CEFP reduction measures; 4 = Monitoring mechanisms in place for long-term monitoring of CEFP reduction measures at national and regional levels. D. The regional observatory, i.e. MOLOA, is established and operational. Scoring: 1 = legal foundation for MOLOA drafted; 2 = MOLOA legally established and supported with infrastructure; 3 = MOLOA receiving and processing data; 4 = MOLOA shares Page 43 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) data on public platform. The indicator on regional integration is an indirect measurement of absorptive, adaptive and transformative capacity by providing a legal, institutional, planning and monitoring base to strengthen resilience in coastal areas. ME PDO Table SPACE Monitoring & Evaluation Plan: Intermediate Results Indicators Mapped Methodology for Data Responsibility for Data Indicator Name Definition/Description Frequency Datasource Collection Collection Datasets will be determined through agreement protocols signed between the regional center and the national antennas. The National dataset and Regional Review of Countries that timely submit datasets to indicator links to the Annually analysis of regional Implementation Support entry data the Regional Coastal Observatory indicator on the regional observatory data Unit M&E function coastal observatory and is thus an indirect measurement of strengthened capacity in resilience through provision of data on long- Page 44 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) term trends and ecosystems health. Annual targets. The indicator measures the number of countries that update their national MSIPs to include regional considerations, i.e. coastal area investments in one country will take account of and mitigate potential Review of negative environmental in national Review of revised Regional Countries with national Multi-Sector neighboring countries. The Annually Multi-Sectoral National Multisectoral Implementation Support Investment Plans updated to integrate indicator is an indirect Investment Investment Plans. Unit M&E function regional environmental considerations measurement of Plans strengthened capacity (absorptive, adaptive and transformative) in resilience through improved planning for resilience in coastal areas. Cumulative targets. Review of different national legal and policy Regional Policy and Score on policy instruments and legal Annually instruments, including Implementation Support legal review framework (disaggregated by country) available institutional Unit M&E function reports Benin Page 45 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo The indicator is an indirect measurement of strengthened capacity (absorptive, adaptive and transformative) in resilience through improved coordination. The Committees will be considered established Decree (or equivalent through legal promulgation document) for the and operational if meetings creation of committees Regional Inter-Ministerial Coastal Zone established Institutional are regularly held, minutes Annually Minutes of meetings, Implementation Support and operational (disaggregated by assessment produced and decisions reports or decisions Unit M&E function country) monitored and evaluated. produced by commit The constitution of the tees committees can vary between the six participating countries and could also include NGOs, research institutions and other stakeholders. For Togo and Benin, a committee comprising both countries will be Page 46 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) established. Annual targets. Benin Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo National early warning systems include Hydromet. The indicator measures absorptive capacity of resilience through preparation for negative Evaluation according to impacts of hazards and to the criteria defined on save essential assets and the basis of the organic Regional Institutional National Early Warning System lives Annually texts establishing the Implementation Support assessment operational EWS, minutes of Unit M&E function Defined criteria: 1. Target meetings, national population identified 2. contingency plans. Early Warning System technically established including IT and parameters 3. Dissemination and communication channels Page 47 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) established 4. Response mechanism designed. Annual targets. Benin Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo Impact studies of the The indicator links to PDO works to be carried out, indicator #2 and measures impact studies of absorptive capacity of protection resilience due to the infrastructures carried protection provided against Technical out by the project (quick Regional Targeted coastal area with flooding flooding. The specific review upon Annually studies). The value of Implementation Support control measures (disaggregated by flooding control measures completion of the indicator is the sum Unit M&E function country) differ between the six works of the surfaces of the participating countries – spaces of the littoral see PDO indicator #2. having benefited from the measures of fight Cumulative targets. against the flooding. Benin Côte d’Ivoire Page 48 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo The indicator links to PDO indicator #1 and measures absorptive capacity of resilience due to the The number of protection provided against Technical kilometers will be Regional Shoreline with targeted coastal erosion erosion. The specific review upon Annually determined from the Implementation Support control measures (disaggregated by erosion control measures completion of review of the technical Unit M&E function country) differ between the six works reports of the work. participating countries – see PDO indicator #1. Cumulative targets. Benin Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo Sites/zones with pollution control The indicator links to PDO Annually Technical Technical review on Regional measures (disaggregated by country) indicator #3 and measures review upon completion of work, use Implementation Support Page 49 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) absorptive and adaptive completion of of project activity Unit M&E function capacity of resilience. The works reports specific pollution control measures may differ between the six participating countries – see PDO indicator #3. The indicator aligns with GEF IW 3 Program 6 indicator 6.1.1 "Indicator 6.1.1: Adoption and implementation of ICM plans and reforms to protect coastal zones in LMEs (% of country coastline under ICM, # of countries adopting and applying ICM) as reported in GEF IW tracking tool score card." In Benin target site is Seme Oil Field, where risk of oil spill from abandoned platforms will be reduced. Cumulative targets. Benin Côte d’Ivoire Page 50 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo The indicator measures critical assets protected because of the project. It concerns Senegal where (1) Technical review at the 1.8 km of urban road completion of the work, located on the Corniche in Critical assets protected exploitation of the Dakar and (2) critical project activity reports. cultural infrastructure will be protected on the Ile de Goree, an island close to Dakar and on UNESCO's World Heritage List. The indicator counts the number of ecosystems, for instance a wetland, a Enumeration of mangrove forest, that have ecosystems restored and been conserved and/or conserved by the project Regional restored because of the through the revision of Natural ecosystems conserved and/or Annually Field survey Implementation Support project. It measures the management plans, restored (disaggregated by country) Unit M&E function adaptive capacity of review of activity reports resilience as modification and mapped field and change in the surveys ecosystem. The indicator aligns with Page 51 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) GEF LD3 Program 4 (Indicator 3.2: Application of integrated natural resource management (INRM) practices in wider landscapes); LD2 Program 3 (Indicator 2.2: Land area under sustainable forest management and/or restoration practices); BD4 Program 9 (Indicator 9.1 Production landscapes and seascapes that integrate biodiversity conservation and sustainable use into their management preferably demonstrated by meeting national or international third-party certification that incorporates biodiversity considerations (e.g. FSC, MSC) or supported by other objective data); IW3 Program 6 (Indicator 6.1.1 "Indicator 6.1.1: Adoption and implementation of ICM plans and reforms to protect coastal zones in LMEs (% of country coastline under ICM, # of countries adopting and Page 52 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) applying ICM) as reported in GEF IW tracking tool score card) Ecosystems, and the specific measures in conservation and restauration, may differ between the six participating countries. The surface area covered are: Benin 250 ha, Cote d’Ivoire (to be determined), Mauretania 617,170 ha, Sao Tome 5 ha. For Togo:170,110 ha under biodiversity conservation, 500 ha mangrove reforestation, 8,000 ha shoreline reforestation and/or restoration. Cumulative targets. Benin Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Page 53 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Togo The indicator covers the social investments in communities under the project. It measures the transformative capacity of resilience as new livelihood options will be created. The improved livelihood activities cover those improvements in existing livelihood activities as well Specific study, field as alternative livelihood survey listing the activities, and could also number of households in Regional Coastal households with access to include livelihood activities Annually Field survey the targeted areas Implementation Support improved livelihood activities in new settlements (linked benefiting from micro- Unit M&E function (disaggregated by country and by sex) to planned relocation). projects and review of project activity reports. The indicator aligns with GEF indicator LD-2 Program 3 (Indicator 2.3: Value of resources flowing to SFM from diverse sources (e.g. PES, small credit schemes, voluntary carbon market). Cumulative targets. Benin Page 54 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Togo Use of minutes of committee meetings, Local level planning committees in coastal lists of committee resilience with female representation of members and any 40% or more reports produced by Local Committees ME IO Table SPACE Page 55 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Annex 1: Economic and Financial Analysis A. Overview 1. The economic and financial analysis (EFA) presents an incremental analysis of the economic (welfare) benefits generated by the AF from coastal protection infrastructure and the integrated coastal management of cross-border segment located between Togo and Benin. Benefits are derived from avoided erosion due to extended project durability. The chosen option (with AF) will protect from 10-15 years. The alternative (with no AF) would cover only a maximum of three-four years, and erosion would have rapidly resumed during the project life span or shortly after project closure. 2. The project is designed to strengthen the resilience of targeted communities and areas in coastal Western Africa. The AF will be distributed to Togo and Benin and will only apply to Component 3. The coastal structural measures can certainly be adapted to mitigate coastal erosion, in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in equitable manner without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. Thus, coastal management of the region through green and grey infrastructure and other innovative practices; policy, regulatory, and institutional enhancements will help countries to improve the management and monitoring of costal erosion and livelihood problems but also in conservation of biodiversity. 3. The project will operate in most of the prioritized zones of the Benin-Togo cross-border coastal segment over 41 kilometers, selected based on multiple urgencies and environmental importance criteria and an opportunity from existing efforts to be scaled up. To address environmental threats such as coastal erosion, the project will align with the shift to improve monitoring mechanisms at national and regional levels. 4. In the absence of the project, environmental risks in targeted coastal areas from exposure to erosion will be higher without strengthened resilience measures through infrastructure solutions, nature-based solutions, and/or planned relocation. Without funding, local government agencies lack funding for effective extension services, law enforcement, comprehensive coastal, and marine spatial planning, and regional and national coastal policies to address existing systemic threats. The result would be productivity loss, biodiversity loss, risk of coastal area loss and productive areas with reduced capacity to absorb carbon and increased pollution. 5. For this analysis, a business as usual baseline case that future development trends follow those of the past, and no changes in policies and practices will occur. In developing countries, coastal land-use patterns in the coastal zones are changing quickly, so this analysis used the current changes that seem to be more representative of present-day evolution. B. Methodology, Main Assumption, and Cost Factors. 6. The EFA relies on erosion estimates from “The Cost of Coastal Zone Degradation in West Africa: Benin, Côte D’Ivoire, Senegal and Togo.”1 The project is expected to provide two key economic benefit streams: (i) economic activity from the unit cost per land use; and (ii) land value from the cost of the land. Croitoru 1Croitoru, L., Miranda, J.J, Sarraf, M. (2019). The Cost of Coastal Zone Degradation in West Africa: Benin, Cote D’Ivoire, Senegal and Togo. The WBG. WACA Program. 56 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) et al. (2019) estimate that long-term erosion on average was 29 ha/year (Benin) and 7.8 ha/year (Togo). However, given that the project will work only on 41 km. of coastal segment (out of the total 177 km), it is assumed that erosion rates are distributed homogeneously. Thus, this analysis' erosions rates are 6.7 ha/year (Benin) and 1.8 ha/year (Togo). These benefits only apply between year 5 to 14, as these are the marginal years with protection due to AF. Economic Benefits Generated by the Project 7. Economic Activity Benefit Stream. It was obtained by combining the value of economic flows (i.e., GDP per hectare, based on the value-added of assets per hectare) with that of stocks (i.e., value of assets per hectare) for one year. In particular, the distribution of the economic flows and stocks were for urban and rural land. In rural areas, stock values are more important than flow values (82 percent vs. 18 percent); while in urban areas, flow values are slightly higher than stock (58 percent vs. 42 percent). 8. To calculate this benefit stream, first, a period of 20 years were selected for the forecast, and only introduced values between year 5 and 14. Second, the unit cost per land use of urban area was multiplied by its share of the coastal area and the same calculation for the rural area was added. Third, the last value obtained was multiplied by the avoided erosion indicator previously mentioned. Each country has different values shown in Table A1.1. Table A1.1: Unit Cost Per Land Use (US$/ha) and Share of Coastal Area Unit Cost Per Land Use (US$/ha) Share of the coastal area Country Urban Rural Urban Rural Benin 190,100 11,700 0.16 0.84 Togo 96,000 11,500 0.70 0.30 Source: Croitoru et al. (2019) 9. Land Value Benefit Stream. The value of bare land in coastal areas was estimated by conducting a rapid assessment of coastal land prices in Benin and Togo, as shown in Table A1.2. To calculate this benefit stream, first, we took a period of 20 years for the forecast, and only we introduce values between year 5 and 14. Second, we multiplicate the unit price per land of urban area by its share of the coastal area and we add the same calculation for the rural area. Third, we multiplicate the last value obtained by the avoided erosion indicator previously mentioned and the total number of hectares of Togo and Benin. Each country takes different values shown in the Table A1.2. Table A1.2: Unit Price Per Land (US$/M2) and Share of Coastal Area Unit Price of Land (US$/M2) Unit Cost Per Land Use (US$/ha) Country Urban Rural Urban Rural Benin 200 5 0.16 0.84 Togo 460 15 0.70 0.30 Source: Croitoru et al. (2019) 57 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Distribution of Costs and Benefits Over Time 10. The economic feasibility assesses a 20-year period and no further incremental changes of project- generated benefits beyond the 20-year project evaluation period. Project costs over the implementation period consider the project AF of US$ 36 million by IDA in order to cover the financing gap (through US$12 million national IDA and US$24 million regional integration IDA). Project costs are distributed as follows: year 1 (20 percent), year 2 (20 percent), year 3 (30 percent), year 4 (20 percent), and year 5 (10 percent). 11. A sensitivity analysis with the main simulation parameters, notably the discount rate and project costs, was done to assess project robustness. For the discount rates, alternative rates of six and nine percent were used. Simulation on increasing economic project costs by 10 and 20 percent was tested in addition to varying discount rates. This sensitivity assessment set enables a comprehensive analysis of the project’s economic robustness concerning the changing or differentiated value parameters. C. Results 12. Table A1.3 shows baseline results as well as sensitivity analysis. The first panel shows the current project cost. The second panel increases project costs by 10 percent. The third panel increases further project costs by 20 percent. All the case scenarios are positive, suggesting that the project creates more benefits than costs. Using more conservative estimates regarding the integrated coastal management sectors do not substantially affect the forecast. Table A1.3: NPVs (US$) and Benefit-Cost Ratio under Different Scenarios Baseline Scenario AF Discount Rate NPV BC-Ratio 6% US$20,040,320 1.65 9% US$11,094,232 1.39 Robustness Check 1: Increased project costs (+10%) AF Discount Rate NPV BC-Ratio 6% US$16,974,169 1.50 9% US$8,249,673 1.26 Robustness Check 2Increased project costs (+20%) AF Discount Rate NPV BC-Ratio 6% US$13,908,017 1.38 9% US$5,405,113 1.16 58 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) D. Conclusions 13. The incremental economic analysis for the AF shows substantial benefits for beneficiaries in areas served by the Project, and substantial benefits for Benin and Togo. Overall, the NPV is projected to reach US$20 million (20 years, 6 percent discount rate), and US$11 million (20 years, 9 percent discount rate). The investments evaluated for the economic and financial analysis will generate a benefit-cost ratio between 1.65 and 1.39; and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 15 percent. Thus, the economic and financial analysis shows that if project implementation is effective and efficient, project-supported investments will bring substantial financial and economic benefits to local coastal communities in the project areas and the population of Benin and Togo in general. 14. The results of the quantitative simulations are robust in terms of sensitivity analyses, assuming an increase in 10 percent project costs, the NPV varies between US$8 million and US$17 million, a benefit-cost ratio between 1.26 and 1.50, and an IRR of 13 percent. Results for an increase in 20 percent in project costs still show positive impacts; the NPV varies between US$5 million and US$14 million, a benefit-cost ratio between 1.16 and 1.38, and an IRR of 12 percent. Throughout the analysis, the benefit assumptions are based on the coastal management sectors by recognized studies. 59 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Annex 2: Options and Durability of Coastal Erosion Interventions Total cost of Detailed protection works by country Options and Options Durability Billion Million Benin Togo FCFA US$ - Filling of the abandoned - Construction of TO 46 to TO 52 groynes and reloading of lagoon arms east, mouth on the associated lockers, in Agbodrafo the Benin side - Extension of the existing TO 72 and TO 73 groynes and - Construction of groynes BE 1 reloading of the associated lockers, in Aného to BE 8 and reloading of the - Extension of the existing breakwater by 200 m and Short-term associated lockers backfilling at Aného option - Reloading of the last - Lengthening of the existing groynes EX 9 to EX 12 and (Durability 30 60 downstream groynes, 40 m reloading of the locker associated with Aného two-three wide by 2 km long, then 20 m - Sand dike at the top of the beach of the breakwater at years) wide by 1 km long, then 10 m the mouth of Aného wide by 1 km, for a total linear - Filling of the abandoned lagoon arms east of the mouth distance of 4 km on the Togo side - Socio-economic development - Socio-economic development works (bike trails and work (bike trails and parking parking lots) in Agbodrafo and Sanve Condji lots) In Hillacondji and Agoué - Construction of groynes TO 46 to TO 52 and associated - Filling of the abandoned locker reloading, in Agbodrafo lagoon arms east of the mouth - Extension of the existing groynes TO 72 and TO 73 and on the Benin side reloading of the associated locker, in Aného - Construction of groynes BE 1 - Extension of the existing breakwater by 200 m and to BE 8 and reloading of the Medium- backfilling at Aného associated lockers term option - extension of existing groynes EX 9 to EX 12 and reloading 55 110 - Installation of a massive 6.4 (Durability: of the locker associated with Aného million m3 reloading just 15 years) - Sand dike at the top of the beach of the breakwater at downstream of the last groyne the mouth of Aného installed in Agoué in Benin - Filling of the abandoned lagoon arms east of the mouth - Socio-economic development on the Togo side work (bike trails and parking - Socio-economic development works (bike trails and lots.) In Hillacondji and Agoué parking lots) in Agbodrafo and Sanve Condji - Construction of 40 short groynes Long-term - Reloading of the lockers option between Hillacondji and Agoué (Durability: - Construction of 50 short groynes - Installation of a massive 6.4 15 years for - Reloading of lockers on the Togo coast segment 121,25 242,5 million m3 reloading just recharging: - Socio-economic development works (cycle path and downstream of the last groyne 30 years for parking) in Agbodrafo and Sanve Condji installed in Agoué in Benin infrastructur - Socio-economic enhancement e) works (bike trails and parking lots) in Hillacondji and Agoué. 1 US$ = FCFA 500 N.B: The short-term option is not possible, given the very limited impact on coastal erosion in Benin. Page 60 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Annex 3: Maps and Photos of Intervention Sites Figure A3.1. Schematic map showing the Benin-Togo Transboundary work target area (SDLAO, 2016) Page 61 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Figure A3.2. Satellite image of the cross-border coast segment: Gbodjomè (Togo) – Grand-Popo (Bénin) Legend: - Red line: Limit of target area - Yellow line: Geographical limit of the Benin-Togo terrestrial border. Page 62 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) - Figure A3.3. Aerial photo of erosion impact of existing protection in the Benin-Togo cross-border area Benin segment Receding coastline in the Benin segment Limits of the Benin- Togo segment Figure : Segment transfrontalier Bénin-Togo avec un impact d’érosion sur le segment de côte Sanvee -codj Page 63 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Figure A3.4. Photo showing intense mini-cliff erosion at the Hillacondji village in Benin Page 64 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Figure A3.5. Map showing positioning of proposed works in the Benin-Togo cross-border coast segment Page 65 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) Annex 4: WBG Regional Integration Program Adjustment for COVID-19 Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Africa and Continental Response 1. According to the Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (AC CDC), there have been over 3.5 million COVID-19 cases and 88,900 deaths caused by COVID-19 across Africa. While the first wave of infection was relatively milder compared to other continents, many African countries have been badly hit by the ongoing second wave. Great uncertainty continues surrounding the exact scale and trajectory of the pandemic in the region due to poor mortality data in several countries of the continent. Beyond the health toll, the pandemic has taken a large toll on economic activity in SSA, putting a decade of hard-won economic progress at risk. Economic output is estimated to have contracted by 3.7 percent in 2020 in the SSA region. The recovery is expected to be weak, by 3 percent in 2021, according to the World Bank Group (WBG) latest projections. Moreover, COVID-19 is likely to weigh on growth for a long period, as the rollout of vaccines is expected to lag that of advanced economies. 2. Regional economic communities contributed to the coordinated response to the ongoing health, economic and social shock. For example, the ECOWAS created a Committee of Experts that made recommendations on how to ease Transport, Logistics, Free Movement and Trade in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa developed an online portal for member states to exchange information on availability of essential products in the region. For the currency unions, the convergence criteria on the deficit level haves been suspended within the WAEMU and Central African Economic and Monetary Community. Both the Central Bank of West African States and the Bank of Central African States have taken actions to maintain access to liquidity within the banking and financial sectors. At the continental level, the African Union (AU) and its bodies responded swiftly to complement and coordinate the measures taken at the national level to cope with the health, economic and social shock created by the COVID-19 pandemic. The Africa Joint Continental Strategy for COVID-19 has been adopted, which notably established an AU COVID-19 Response Fund to assist member states in funding an effective response. Coordination and cooperation among African countries has also been facilitated by the AC CDC, which benefited from WBG support. 3. The Regional Disease Surveillance Systems Enhancement Program (REDISSE; P154807) is instrumental in addressing emergency support to member countries. More than US$200 million in IDA resources from REDISSE Projects have so far been used to support immediate COVID-19-related activities in 12 member countries. In countries like Chad, Liberia and Angola, the Contingency Emergency Response Components were also activated. The REDISSE support builds on the lessons from the Ebola emergency crisis to adequately addressing the immediate health-related response to the pandemic on the region. Support for Responding to the Crisis 4. The Regional Integration (RI) Strategy Update is in line with the pillars of the WBG COVID-19 Approach Paper, “Saving Lives, Scaling-up Impact and Getting Back on Track”. The regional envelope under IDA19 will be mobilized to enhance resilience and contribute to reigniting growth and job creation through market integration and economic transformation: (a) Saving Lives: Since the 2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak, the RI program has committed US$1.5 billion in disease surveillance operations covering over 20 SSA countries. Plans are in place to work Page 66 of 67 The World Bank West Africa Coastal Areas Resilience Investment Project AF BN-TG (P176313) with country clients to extend the REDISSE Program to cover many additional countries in the continent. (b) Protecting Livelihoods: Maintaining free flows of food and medication, as well as protecting livelihoods, particularly in landlocked regions and countries is critically important. Enhanced engagement in priority areas afflicted by FCV, including Sahel, Lake Chad and the Horn of Africa, where regional challenges call for regional solutions, will also contribute to protect the livelihoods under the Resilience pillar of the RI Strategy Update in line with IDA19 commitments. Multisectoral and integrated territorial approaches will notably support the rehabilitation of livelihoods, such as pastoral activities in the Sahel with the Regional Sahel Pastoralism Support Project (P147674), small-scale trade in borderlands in the Horn which is particularly beneficial to women, and small-scale irrigation work in the Lake Chad region with the Lake Chad Region and Development Project (P161706). (c) Ensuring private sector growth and job creation: The first and second pillars of the Rl Strategy Update are highly complementary since they focus on developing connectivity infrastructure and enhancing trade and market integration. Under IDA19, enhanced support will be provided to support economic transformation, notably through the development of regional markets and regional value chains, through regional power pools, digital access and facilitation of trade along renovated economic corridors, such as the Horn of Africa Gateway Development Project (P161305). It is currently exploring how regional synergies and economies of scale could be exploited further to support Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) financing and private sector financing more broadly, in close coordination with IFC. (d) Building back better: The RI portfolio will contribute to building back better notably by supporting the Human Capital Development under the third pillar of the RI Strategy Update. It will notably support women empowerment with the continuing and extension of the Sahel Women's Empowerment and Demographic Dividend Project (P150080) and support to the First Africa Higher Education Centers of Excellence for Development Impact Project (P164546) and the Second Africa Higher Education Centers of Excellence for Development Impact Project (P169064). Page 67 of 67