E-202 VOL. 14 CHAD lHAD EXPORT PROJ ECT VOLUME 2 Atratives Analysis SUPPORTING DocuMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND UPDATE Environmental Suporin Environmental Management Plan - Documents Management Plan - Chad Portion Cameroon Portion VOLUME 1 VOLUME 1 VOLUME 1 * Base Document * Project Description * Base Document * Management Plan for Cultural Properties * Decomrnissioning * Induced Access Management Plan * Handbook for Site-Specific * List of Studies/Reports * Management Plan for Cultural Properties Environmental Mitigation Actions * List of Consultants/Experts * Handbook for Site-Specific Environmental * Environmental Monitoring Plan VOLUME 2 Mitigation Actions VOLUME2 * Alternatives Analysis * Environmental Monitoring Plan * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health VOLUME 3 VOLUME 2 Technical Requirements and * Consultation and Public Review Program - Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health Specifications Technical Requirements and Specifications VOLUME 4 VOLUME 3 * Oil Spill Response: Preliminary VOLUME 3 * Compensation & Resettlement Plan Approach * Compensation Plan VOLUME 4 VOLUME 5 VOLUME 4 * Regional Development Plan: * Chad Biological Studies * Environmental Foundation Plan Near Term Measures * Cameroon Biological Studies * Offsite Environmental Enhancement Program * Revenue Management Plan *Indigenous Peoples Plan * Institutional Capacity Building VOLUME 6 *Chad P ublic Health VOLUME 5 VOLUME 5 * Cameroon Public Health * Waste Management Plan * Waste Management Plan VaLPbHl VOLUME 6 VOLUME 6 * Environmental Line List * Environmental Line List * Environmental Alignment Sheets * Environmental Alignment Sheets REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 4/29/99 This document is available in English and French. SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS VOLUME 2 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS MAY 1999 06-99 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................... 1-1 2.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .................................................... 2-1 2.1 THE NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVE ........................................ 2-1 2.2 OIL DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES ..................................... 2-1 2.3 TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ALTERNATIVES . .................... 2-2 2.4 OILFIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA ALTERNATIVES . .......................... 2-4 2.4.1 Facility Siting Alternatives ............................................... 2-4 2.4.2 Well Clustering Alternatives ............................................... 2-5 2.4.3 Produced Water Discharge Altematives ............................................... 2-6 2.5 OIL TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES .................................. 2-7 3.0 DETERMINING FEASIBLE MARINE TERMINAL LOCATIONS ... 3-1 3.1 MARINE TERMINAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS .............................. 3-1 3.2 EXISTING LITERATURE REVIEW ........................................ 3-2 4.0 IDENTIFYING PIPELINE CORRIDOR CANDIDATES . ...................................... 4-1 4.1 DEFINING POTENTIAL PIPELINE CORRIDOR CANDIDATES . .................. 4-1 4.2 CORRIDOR DESCRIPTIONS ............................................ 4-2 4.2.1 Common Alignment of all of the Corridors ............................................. 4-2 4.2.2 Corridor A ............................................... 4-2 4.2.3 Corridor B ............................................... 4-3 4.2.4 Corridor C ............................................... 4-3 4.3 PIPELINE CORRIDOR DATA ASSIMILATION AND REVIEW . ................... 4-4 4.4 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE OF CORRIDORS A, B, AND C . .................... 4-5 4.4.1 Common Corridor Profile ............................................... 4-5 4.4.2 Corridor A ............................................... 4-6 4.4.3 Corridor B Profile ............................................... 4-7 4.4.4 Corridor C Profile ............................................... 4-7 4.4.5 Corridor Profile Summaries ............................................... 4-8 4.5 CONSULTATIONS CONDUCTED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE FIELD RECONNAISSANCE MISSION ........................................... 4-9 4.6 TERRAIN UNIT MAPPING OF CORRIDORS A, B, AND C . .................... 4-10 4.7 SELECTION OF THE PRIME CORRIDOR CANDIDATE . ...................... 4-11 4.7.1 Analysis and Comparison of Sensitivity Criteria .................................. 4-12 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc i May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 4.7.2 Summary of Sensitivity and Opportunity Criteria Analysis ................... 4-15 4.8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS ........................................................ 4-16 4.9 EXPORT PIPELINE ROUTE REFINEMENT ................................ 4-17 4.9.1 Further Analysis of Existing Maps and Data ........................................ 4-17 4.9.2 Field Reconnaissance of the Selected Corridor ................................... 4-18 5.0 SELECTION OF MARINE TERMINAL LOCATION IN THE VICINITY OF KRIBI . .5-1 5.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE IN THE KRIBI VICINITY ...................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Field Reconnaissance .................. ..................................... 5-1 5.2 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE FIELD RECONNAISSANCE ........... 5-2 5.3 EVALUATION OF A MARINE TERMINAL: OFFSHORE VS. ONSHORE ........ 5-3 5.4 DOUBLE HULL FSO VERSUS SINGLE HULL FSO ......................................... 5-4 5.5 CONCLUSION ....................................................... 5-6 6.0 BACKGROUND REGARDING ADDITIONAL ROUTING ANALYSIS ................ 6-1 7.0 THE MBERE RIFT VALLEY AREA ................................................... 7-1 7.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ROUTES ........................................................ 7-1 7.1.1 The Original Route ........................................................ 7-1 7.1.2 Alternative Y ........................................................ 7-1 7.1.3 Alternative Z ........................................................ 7-2 7.2 COMPARISON OF THE ALTERNATIVES ........................................................ 7-2 7.3 STUDY OF THE ALTERNATIVE ROUTES ....................................................... 7-2 7.3.1 Mapping ........................................................ 7-2 7.3.2 Field Investigations ........................................................ 7-2 7.3.3 Mbere Rift Valley Biology Survey ........................................................ 7-3 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS OF THE ALTERNATIVE ROUTES .......... 7-7 7.5 ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF THE ALTERNATIVE ROUTES MBERE ..... 7-8 7.5.1 Construction ........................................................ 7-8 7.5.2 Pumping Horsepower ................................... ...... 7-9 7.5.3 Cost ...... 7-9 7.6 CONCLUSIONS ...... 7-9 8.0 THE DENG DENG REGION .8-1 8.1 THE DENG DENG REGION ROUTE ALTERNATIVES ..8-1 8.1.1 Original Route .8-1 May 1999 ii Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 8.1.2 Alternative A ................................................... 8-2 8.1.3 Alternative B ................................................... 8-2 8.1.4 Alternative C ................................................... 8-3 8.1.5 Alternative D ................................................... 8-3 8.1.6 Alternative E ................................................... 8-3 8.1.7 Alternative F ................................................... 8-4 8.1.8 Alternative G ................................................... 8-4 8.1.9 Alternative H ................................................... 8-4 8.1.10 Elimination of Three Altematives ................................................... 8-4 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSTRUCTION ATTRIBUTES OF ROUTES D, E, F,G,ANDH ..8-5 8.2.1 General Characteristics of the Deng Deng Region .8-6 8.2.2 Alternative D .8-7 8.2.3 Alternative E .8-8 8.2.4 Alternative F .8-10 8.2.5 Alternative G .8-11 8.2.6 Alternative H .8-12 8.3 DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVE ROUTES D-H 8-13 8.3.1 Issues Regarding Induced Access in the Deng Deng .8-13 8.3.2 Forestry Activity .8-16 8.3.3 Hunting and Gathering of Bush Resources .8-17 8.3.4 Proposed Lom-Pangar Dam Project .8-18 8.3.5 Proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve .8-18 8.4 ROUTING CONCLUSIONS THROUGH THE DENG DENG REGION.. 8-20 8.4.1 Summary Discussion of Alternative D .8-20 8.4.2 Summary Discussion of Alternative E .8-21 8.4.3 Summary Discussion of Alternative F .8-21 8.4.4 Summary Discussion of Alternative G .8-22 8.4.5 Summary Discussion of Alternative H .8-22 8.4.6 Conclusion .8-22 8.4.7 Other Considerations .8-24 9.0 PIPELINE ROUTING THROUGH THE ATLANTIC LITTORAL FOREST AREA .... 9-1 9.1 BACKGROUND AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE MOIST TROPICAL EVERGREEN FOREST ................ 9-1 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc iii May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 9.1.1 Biodiversity of the Moist Tropical Evergreen Forest ............................... 9-2 9.1.2 Management of the Moist Tropical Evergreen Forest ............. ............... 9-3 9.1.3 Human Disturbance of the Moist Tropical Evergreen Forest ................. 9-3 9.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSTRUCTION ATTRIBUTES OF ONSHORE PIPELINE ALTERNATIVES IN THE ATLANTIC LITTORAL FOREST .. 9-6 9.2.1 Pipeline Route Alternatives Identified but Not Further Evaluated . 9-6 9.2.2 Pipeline Route Alternatives Identified and Further Evaluated .9-7 9.3 DISCUSSION ..9-14 9.3.1 Issues Regarding Induced Access in the Atlantic Littoral Forest . 9-14 9.3.2 Forestry Activity .9-15 9.3.3 Pygmies .9-16 9.3.4 Protected Areas .9-18 9.4 ROUTING CONCLUSIONS THROUGH THE ATLANTIC LITTORAL FOREST .9-19 9.4.1 Summary Discussion of Alternative M .9-19 9.4.2 Summary Discussion of Alternative N .9-19 9.4.3 Summary Discussion of Alternative 0 .9-20 9.4.4 Conclusion .9-21 9.5 OFFSITE ENVIRONMENTAL ENHANCEMENT PROGRAM (OEEP).. 9-23 10.0 CONSULTATION, CENTERLINE SURVEYS AND DOCUMENTATION OF THE PIPELINE ALIGNMENT .......................................................... 10-1 10.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION OF THE PIPELINE ROUTING RESULTS ............. 10-1 10.2 CENTERLINE SURVEYS .............................................. 10-1 10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ALIGNMENT SHEETS .................................................... 10-2 11.0 REFERENCES ............................................................... 11-1 TABLES Table 4-1 Pipeline Corridor Candidate Comparison Data Summary Based on an Analysis of GIS Data Table 5-1 Marine Terminal Site Selection Site Ranking Detailed Matrix Table 5-2 Marine Terminal Site Selection Site Ranking Summary Matrix Table 7-1 Comparison of Physical, Construction, Vegetation and Terrain Characteristics of Route Alternatives in the Mbere Area Table 8-1 Physical, Vegetation, Land Use, and Terrain Characteristics of 8 Alternative Routes in the Region, Using a Common Start Point Near Meiganga and a Common End Point Near Nanga Eboko May 1999 iv Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Table 8-2 Analysis of Environmental Attributes of Alternative Routes D, E, F, G, and H through the Deng Deng Region, Using a Common Start Point Near Dang and a Common End Point Near Belabo Table 8-3 Route Comparisons Table 9-1 Analysis of Environmental Attributes of Alternative Routes in the Atlantic Littoral Forest Area, Using a Common Start Point near Yaounde and a Common End Point at Kribi Table 9-2 Cameroon Population Densities by Department along Atlantic Liftoral Forest Route Alternatives Table 9-3 Route Comparisons Table 10-1 Summary of Route Modifications as a Result of the Centerline Survey FIGURES Figure 2-1 Transportation Infrastructure Alternatives Figure 3-1 Export Pipeline "Feasibility Zone" Figure 3-2 Identification Of Suitable Locations On The Cameroonian Coastline For A Marine Export Terminal Figure 4-1 Alternative Pipeline Corridors Figure 4-2 Parks, Preserves, and Other Protected Areas Figure 4-3 Locations of Evergreen Forests Figure 4-4 Locations of Semideciduous Forests Figure 4-5 Areas of Traditional Agriculture Figure 4-6 Locations of Swampy Areas Figure 5-1 Marine Terminal Site Selection in the Kribi Vicinity Figure 6-1 Oil Pipeline and Marine Terminal Location as Evaluated in the October 1997 EAs Figure 7-1 Mb6re Pipeline Route and Alternative Routes Figure 8-1 Alternative Routes in the Deng Deng Area Figure 8-2 Alternative Pipeline Routes in the Deng Deng Area Figure 8-3 Location of Surveyed Route F in the Deng Deng Area Figure 8-4 Proposed Mbam-Djerem Protected Area in Relation to Pipeline Figure 9-1 Base Map from Letouzey, et al, 1985. Figure 9-2 Alternative Routes in the Atlantic Littoral Evergreen Forest Area Figure 9-3 Bakola Pygmies in the Ocean Pygmies Figure 9-4 Locations of Bakola Pygmy Settlements Within 2 km of Alternative Routes Figure 9-5 Areas of Disturbed Vegetation Figure 9-6 Heavily Disturbed Vegetation Figure 9-7 Existing Campo Reserve Area in Relation to Pipeline Figure 10-1 Location of Export Pipeline Route Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc v May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 1.0 INTRODUCTION The proposed Chad Export Project will produce, treat and export crude oil to world markets from the Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo reservoirs located in the Doba Basin of southern Chad. A buried oil pipeline would extend from the oilfield development area in southern Chad across Cameroon to a floating storage and offloading (FSO) vessel located approximately 11 km offshore south of the coastal town of Kribi. Alternatives were identified and considered as part of the Chad Export Project that included: * The No Project alternative * Oil development alternatives * Oilfield development area alternatives * Transportation infrastructure altematives * Oil transportation alternatives * Marine terminal location alternatives * Pipeline corridor alternatives - Pipeline alignments within the preferred pipeline corridor. The following general criteria were used to the extent feasible to identify and evaluate alternatives for the Chad Export Project: * Design overall project size and general field and facility configurations to maximize production efficiency within defined environmental, socioeconomic and economic constraints * Maximize use of existing disturbed areas (such as existing road corridors) * Minimize disturbance to areas with indigenous people during facility infrastructure and pipeline construction and operation * Minimize effects to known sensitive habitats, cultural resources and related culturally sensitive areas * Avoid existing villages and related structures * Minimize possible effects from known geologic hazards and constraints such as fault crossings, significant erosion features and landslide prone areas * Consider appropriate shoreline crossings, location, and weather conditions for siting offshore loading facilities. This volume presents a detailed discussion, analysis and justification of alternatives for the Chad Export Project to identify those that: 1) comply with World Bank Group operational policies Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 1-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORTPROJECT and directives; and, 2) best balance the environmental, socioeconomic and cultural needs of the Republics of Chad and Cameroon with the engineering and economic needs of Esso Exploration and Production Chad, Inc. (EEPCI), the Cameroon Oil Transportation Company (COTCO), and the Tchad Oil Transportation Company (TOTCO). May 1999 1-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 2.0 PROJECT ALTERNATIVES 2.1 THE NO PROJECT ALTERNATIVE The Chad Export Project will not be constructed if the No Project Alternative is implemented and as a result, the beneficial and adverse impacts associated with construction and operation of the project will not occur. The existing socioeconomic and environmental conditions within the project area will continue under the No Project Alternative. Public health conditions within the project area would continue to reflect high rates of infectious diseases and mortality. Natural habitat areas (particularly forest resources in and around the Deng Deng region and in the Atlantic Littoral Forest area adjacent to the Yaound6-Lolodorf-Kribi corridor) will continue to suffer from degradation and natural habitat value loss as a result of human disturbance and exploitation. In addition, efforts to control illegal hunting and poaching of wildlife resources have not prevented these practices from continuing. The No Project Alternative fails to meet environmental, socioeconomic and development objectives for the Republics of Chad and Cameroon, and without the project other means to improve socioeconomic and environmental conditions would be needed. The beneficial impacts of increased employment opportunities, job training (for professional job categories), education in work practices (e.g., worker safety), infrastructure improvements and increased revenues to both the Republics of Chad and Cameroon will not be realized if the No Project Alternative is implemented. In addition, there would be no beneficial health and socioeconomic impacts associated with the implementation of an Indigenous People Plan or beneficial environmental impacts associated with the implementation of an Offsite Environmental Enhancement Program (see Volume 4. Parts II and IV, respectively of the Cameroon Environmental Management Plan) in the Republic of Cameron with the No Project Alternative. The No Project Alternative could result in the development of Chad oil reserves by other investors who are less committed to the level of environmental and socioeconomic protection measures committed to, and that will be implemented as part of the Chad Export Project. 2.2 OIL DEVELOPMENT ALTERNATIVES Based on the exploratory program conducted to date in Chad, various scenarios for the development of oil were evaluated. These scenarios included: * A small-scale development of the lighter oil in the Doba and Doseo basins * A moderate-scale development program to produce heavy and light crude oil from the Doba Basin * A large-scale development program to produce the heavy and light crude oil of the Doba, Doseo, and Lake Chad basins. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 2-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT It was determined, based on interpretation of initial geophysical data and limited exploratory drilling, that an initial moderate-scale development program to produce heavy and light crude oil from the Doba Basin was the most economically feasible alternative. No additional economically viable development other than the Doba Basin, has currently been identified. Therefore, this alternative is the current basis for the three-field Doba Basin development program considered for the Chad Export Project. The oil transportation system capacity has been optimized to accommodate anticipated peak production from the Doba Basin. Any new oil development would have to wait until additional capacity is available, or would require additional investment. Any new development that would be required in the future will respect the same level of environmental analysis and consultation that has been conducted for the proposed Chad Export Project. 2.3 TRANSPORTATION INFRASTRUCTURE ALTERNATIVES The extensive and complex transportation needs of the project (for both construction and operations) have been the subject of detailed evaluation, including an assessment of the following transportation infrastructure elements: * Air transportation * Railways * Roads and bridges * Navigable waterways * Ocean ports. This assessment indicated that the project's transportation needs should be met by ocean shipping to the Port of Douala in Cameroon, combined road/rail transportation within Cameroon and Chad, and limited air freighting. A variety of road routes and rail alternatives were identified and evaluated, which led to road infrastructure alternatives shown on Figure 2-1. These include: * The existing main freight road from Cameroon to southern Chad. This route begins in Douala and continues east through Yaounde to Bertoua before turning north and passing through Garoua-Boulai, N'gaoundere, and Garoua to the Cameroon- Chad border at Figuil. The route enters Chad and continues east passing through Pala and Kelo before turning southeast to Moundou and B6bidja. A total of about 440 km of roads would require upgrading and maintenance in Chad (340 km between the Chad-Cameroon border and Moundou, and 100 km between Moundou and Kome), together with 395 km of roads in Cameroon. May 1999 2-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 * The proposed "Cotton Road" development. This alternative consists of the existing railroad between Douala and Ngaound6re and existing roads from Ngaounder6 to Touboro, to a road to the Cameroon-Chad border east of Touboro (most of which is maintained by the cotton company SODECOTON). This section of this route from Ngaound6r6 to Chad is part of a proposed development known as the "Cotton Road," which includes a proposed major new bridge over the Logone River in Chad. This part of the alternative was investigated as a potential joint project with the European Development Fund (EDF). It would involve upgrading approximately 240 km of road from the border to Kome (140 km to Moundou, and a further 100 km from Moundou to Kom6) together with about 350 km of road in Cameroon. * Upgrading of existing roads in Cameroon and Chad close to the pipeline alignment. This alternative utilizes the railroad between Douala and Ngaoundal and the road from the railway at Ngaoundal, via Belel and Mbai Mboum to a new crossing of the Mbere River at the Chad-Cameroon border. It continues by using existing roads and tracks to Kome. A total of 170 km of road in Chad would require upgrading and maintenance, together with 440 km in Cameroon. The use of the existing main freight road would involve the upgrade and maintenance of the greatest amount of road, and upgrading of the Mayo Kebbi Bridge at Lere. It would be constrained by an existing narrow bridge over the Logone at Moundou, and would not be cost effective. In addition, the substantial distance of the existing main road from the pipeline alignment would require a significant amount of road upgrading and maintenance to support pipeline construction, resulting in additional environmental impacts. This route was used to support exploration activities as the activity amount did not warrant substantial investments in infrastructure. The use of the "Cotton Road" would require less road upgrading and maintenance in Chad than the existing main freight road, but considerably more than the preferred alternative. This road was found to be infeasible as a cooperative venture because of differences between the project and the EDF on financing and design issues. The "Cotton Road" alternative would involve additional stream and river crossings, and have additional environmental impacts because of the need to upgrade and maintain significant lengths of other roads to support pipeline construction. The upgrading existing routes close to the pipeline alignment results in the shortest length of roads requiring upgrading and maintenance in Chad. (While a greater length of roads is involved in Cameroon than is the case for the other alternatives, this is offset by the fact that 135 km involves an existing paved road, and the proposed construction of a storage yard at Ngaoundal requires 110 km less railway haulage than Ngaoundere). This alternative provides Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 2-3 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT the shortest route to Kome, and provides the best access to the pipeline route for both construction and operations. The preferred alternative of utilizing the railroad between Douala and Ngaoundal and upgrading and maintaining existing roads and tracks close to the pipeline alignment is the most cost effective. This preferred alternative would also involve the fewest river crossings, bridges or drainage structures. As it involves the least total road distance in Chad, and will minimize the need to upgrade and maintain additional roads for pipeline construction it is also identified as the environmentally preferred alternative. The existing railroad system is not designed to transport some of the oversized/heavy oilfield production equipment and components. Therefore, as part of the infrastructure transportation assessment in Cameroon and Chad two alternatives were evaluated to determine the preferred method for transporting heavy equipment to the oilfield construction site. These included: * Use/improve the existing road system such that it would be capable of transporting convoys of heavy/oversized loads. The route considered used the sealed road between Douala and Yaounde and then laterite roads from Yaound6 to Nanga Eboko to Garoua Boulai via Bertoua until it intersected the northern road alternative selected between the railhead in Ngaoundal or N'gaoundere and Kome (Figure 2-1). - Use aircraft capable of carrying heavy/oversized loads to transport equipment between Douala and Kome. This would involve constructing an airstrip in Kome capable of receiving this aircraft. The preferred alternatives is to air transport the heavy loads between Douala and Kome. This alternative was selected as the environmentally preferred and most cost effective, since it would not involve upgrading additional roads and village bypasses. Also this was deemed to be safer, would reduce the potential for traffic congestion, and avoid schedule delays resulting from rainy weather. 2.4 OILFIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA ALTERNATIVES 2.4.1 Facility Siting Alternatives The specific locations for each of the major field components (i.e., gathering stations, Operations Center, field flowlines, utility corridors, airfield, etc.) were selected and configured in a cost-effective manner that optimizes technical efficiencies while considering potential impacts to the local human, biological, and physical environments. Specifically, the individual major field facilities described above have been sited to avoid, to the extent feasible, the following: * Existing living space and areas of dense population * Water resources, including existing wetlands and drainages in the field areas May 1999 2-4 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 * Known transhumant movement corridors * Areas of vegetation with high conservation value * Active agricultural areas * Low lying areas that may be subject to seasonal flooding. In addition, acceptable balances have been sought between protecting areas of higher conservation value, areas of fallow agricultural land that provide a variety of resources for the local population, and actively worked agricultural land. As a result of these considerations, the overall field development facilities design and configuration was developed as presented in Appendix A to the EAESU. Well site locations are closely tied to the location of the oil reservoir. Well siting/design options are discussed in Section 2.4.2, below. 2.4.2 Well Clustering Alternatives Alternative well configurations and layouts have been assessed, including the use of vertical and deviated wells. Deviated wells and/or a combination of deviated wells, vertical wells, and extended reach wells could be drilled to produce formation fluids from each of the three fields. This would enable each well pad to accommodate "clusters" of wells (i.e., three or more wells from the same well pad), reducing the overall number of well pads to be constructed, along with a proportional reduction in well pad access roads, gathering system pipelines, and utility corridors in each of the three fields. Clusters of 3, 9, 15, and 21 wells were evaluated. Although well clustering would reduce land requirements as a result of consolidation of facilities, it presents significant technological difficulties that would increase technical uncertainties and capital costs to the extent that this option is economically unattractive. The relatively shallow reservoir depths of approximately 1,158 to 1,950 m coupled with the unconsolidated nature of the upper sand formations, present significant technological difficulties during the drilling and completion of deviated-drilled wells in this region. The unconsolidated nature of the sand formations above the producing horizons which have a tendency to collapse during deviated well drilling using currently available water-based drilling muds, jeopardizes hole integrity. Specialized muds (oil base or equivalent) and additional casing strings would be required to maintain hole integrity. Additionally, the mechanical process of deviating the well from the vertical position is not guaranteed at this time due to the hole washing out. Specialized muds and their associated cuttings are also more difficult to treat and properly dispose of than water- based muds and cuttings. For these reasons vertical wells with some horizontal wells is the preferred alternative for the three field development. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 2-5 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 2.4.3 Produced Water Discharge Alternatives Two options for produced water disposal were evaluated: 1) surface discharge; and, 2) subsurface injection. These two options are discussed below. 2.4.3.1 Surface Discharge Discharge of produced water to surface drainages would involve produced water being treated and discharged to existing surface drainages. The major surface drainage features of the Doba Basin include the Pende River and its tributaries, and the Loule and Nya rivers, which drain from the west. The Pende traverses the Doba Basin from south to north. It is anticipated that the proposed drilling and production program would, during peak water production, produce approximately 900,000 barrels of water per day. Over its estimated 25-30 year life, the proposed project would produce approximately 7.5 billion total barrels of produced water. Based on this volume of water, a variety of environmental, technical, and economic considerations were evaluated relative to the treatment and ultimate disposal of this water. These considerations included the following: - Produced water would be approximately ±1600F and would have to go through a cooling process prior to discharge. - Produced water would have to undergo a rigorous and costly treatment program to meet stringent drinking water quality standards if discharged to surface drainages. If discharges to surface water did not meet these standards, the volume of produced water could substantially alter the composition of the receiving body of water to the extent that it could be harmful for human or plant/animal consumption, particularly as there is some usage of surface waters for potable supplies without prior use of purification facilities/systems. * Surface discharge would require a significantly more complex and involved long-term water quality monitoring and equipment maintenance program than would reinjection of produced water. * The discharge of large volumes of produced water to existing surface drainages would change nutrient, suspended solid, and other concentrations in the existing drainages, altering the ecological balance of the drainage system. The produced water would also require aeration to ensure that oxygen concentrations were at levels close to ambient surface water concentration. * The water production would cease with the cessation of oil production. Any dependency or changes that occur over the life of the project from the discharge of produced water to surface drainages would no longer be supported. May 1999 2-6 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Surface discharge would increase drainage flows and cause alterations to river stage (differing during the wet and dry seasons), which could have adverse effects on drainage channel erosion, vegetation and habitat, access, and crossings. Based on the above considerations it was concluded that the surface discharge alternative would have the potential to cause significant adverse impacts to the human, biological, and physical environment. In addition, this alternative presents a variety of complex and challenging technical issues that are costly and could jeopardize the economic feasibility of the project. 2.4.3.2 Subsurface Injection Subsurface injection involves injecting produced water back into the formation from which it was produced through dedicated injection wells. However, reinjecting produced water could reduce the quality of subsurface water bodies if the reinjection system is not designed properly. A variety of reinjection design measures are available and will be implemented as part of this project to minimize or eliminate concerns related to corrosion, protection of shallow groundwater aquifers, and the use of selected chemical additives at sufficiently low levels of concentration to protect deep groundwater aquifers. Therefore, subsurface injection is the selected alternative and produced water will be reinjected and returned to the producing formation. 2.5 OIL TRANSPORTATION ALTERNATIVES Various oil export transportation alternatives have been considered. A 1985 feasibility study conducted by the Consortium to evaluate alternative transportation methods for exporting produced crude oil from Chad found that it would be possible to truck between 5 and 15 thousand barrels per day of oil (KBOD) from the Doba area in Chad to Ngaoundere in Cameroon and then use the Cameroon railroad system to transport oil to the port of Douala for export by tanker. This alternative was not deemed feasible for the volumes of crude oil that the project is expected to generate (more than 15 KBOD). An update to this study performed in 1994 confirmed that trucking crude oil directly to Douala (i.e., no rail transport) was neither economically attractive, nor feasible above 15 KBOD. Another transportation option considered was oil transport by river routes. This option was found to be impractical for several reasons, the most important being an inability to handle large volumes of oil, as well as navigability limitations, especially during the dry season (rivers were determined to be navigable for 45 days per year, on average). An additional transportation option was evaluated: the transportation of oil by pipeline to Ngaound6re in Cameroon and then by rail to Douala. This option was limited to only 45 KBOD due to rail constraints and was, therefore, considered not to be feasible. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 2-7 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT For the above reasons, it was determined that the only feasible oil transportation alternative capable of exporting the volumes of oil necessary to maintain the project's economic viability will be to construct a pipeline transportation system from the Doba Basin to world markets. May 1999 2-8 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc u6Lre,> Chad 11Garoua > Pala Kelo Oil Field Bebidja Develoment Area Moundou"*' - Nigeria \_ Ngaoundere U onmpta Ngaoundal,."Meigan Garoua-Boulai Cameroon ( Central African Republic DouaaB of ~~-- <_SR -'~~~~~~~~~~~*'' Bertoua X Rep Equa al N'-ound Con ppindi 100 0 100 Kilometers Congo Atlantic Ocean LEGEND Intemational Boundary - Existing Main Freight Route Heavy Haul Transportation Infrastructure Alternatives Upgrade to Existing Roads: Route Chad Export Project Pipeline (original) Chad & Cameroon * FSO "-DMS&KCCD (close to pipeline alignment) DAMES & MOORE Figure 2-1 Rail ...Cotton Road Alternative Ucity THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 3.0 DETERMINING FEASIBLE MARINE TERMINAL LOCATIONS Once a pipeline transportation system from the Doba Basin to world markets was determined to be the feasible oil transportation alternative, an initial zone of feasibility for pipeline corridor routing was determined. This zone of feasibility was defined by drawing a series of concentric circles on a map with the origin in the oilfield development area, as shown on Figure 3-1, without any environmental, socioeconomic and engineering/economic considerations. The Republic of Chad is a land-locked country and, the oil must be shipped through one or more neighboring countries to the sea for export. As Figure 3-1 shows, the shortest possible corridor to the sea takes the export pipeline through Cameroon, where a marine terminal would be located to accommodate tanker export loading. This determined the range of end points for the pipeline corridor alternatives. The existing Nigerian export pipeline system was considered as a potential alternative route. This alternative was discarded because of the pipeline length, additional impact to a third country, and the lack of surplus pipeline capacity required for the oil produced from the southern Chadian fields. 3.1 MARINE TERMINAL DESIGN REQUIREMENTS Two options for storage of crude oil at the marine terminal were evaluated: onshore and offshore. The onshore storage option required an area approximately 90-100 ha to accommodate tanks; receiving, loading, and utility facilities; offices; camps; and future expansion. The onshore option also included a pipeline shore crossing and subsea pipeline connected to a single point mooring system to accommodate export tanker loading. The offshore storage option required a pipeline shore crossing and subsea pipeline connected to a FSO tanker moored offshore to accommodate export tanker loading, and land-based facilities of approximately 10 ha to accommodate a small pressure reducing station. Major considerations for the onshore portion of both options are presented below: * Nature of the terrain (a slightly sloped or elevated area is preferred) * Availability of road access * Adequate buffer zone for security and safety * Suitable soil conditions for tank and equipment foundations, avoidance of wildlife and forest refuges or other environmentally sensitive areas * Avoidance of natural hazards * Appropriate shoreline crossing for pipeline * Minimization of distance to offshore loading facility. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 3-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Very large and/or ultralarge crude carriers (VLCCs and ULCCs, respectively) will be used to export crude oil from the marine terminal to world markets. Adequate depths for maneuvering, berthing, and mooring VLCCs and ULCCs, which are approximately 350 meters in length, with a 20 to 22 meter draft when loaded, and range between 150,000 and 320,000 deadweight tons, will require minimum water depths of 30 meters for safe operations. Therefore, offshore loading facilities must be located in water depths of 30 meters or greater over the entire maneuvering area. 3.2 EXISTING LITERATURE REVIEW A review of existing literature including published maps and marine charts of the Cameroon coastline was conducted. The results of this review concluded that: * North of the city of Douala, beginning just north of Limbe, the mountainous terrain inland from the sea makes export pipeline routing to a marine terminal impractical. * Sites in the immediate vicinity to the Port of Douala were not considered for the following reasons: - The Port of Douala, is the primary port in Cameroon, is highly congested, and shore facilities are limited and crowded - The undeveloped land around the Port of Douala is predominantly wetlands, making port expansion to accommodate a marine terminal facility difficult - The ship channel leading to the Port of Douala is shallow and can not accommodate large oil tankers without a substantial dredging program - A recurrent dredging maintenance program will be required in the Douala estuary to maintain adequate channel depth over the life of the project - An FSO located in 30 m or greater water depths would need to be located approximately 40 km offshore to meet the export tanker offloading requirements. * The coastline south of the Wouri estuary to the mouth of the Nyong River is to be avoided as the Douala-Edea Reserve borders the coastline * The coastline south of Grand Batanga, which features partly undeveloped forest, is to be avoided because it is part of the Campo Reserve. The existing environmental data regarding the onshore and offshore environments in the vicinities of Kribi and Limbe suggested that these two locations were equally suitable for use as a marine export terminal for the Chad Export Project. In addition, preliminary analysis indicated that capital and operating costs of a marine export terminal at either location were approximately equal. Therefore, the areas in the immediate vicinity of Kribi and Limbe were left as candidates for the project's required marine export terminal. These areas are shown on May 1999 3-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Figure 3-2. The ultimate choice between these two terminal locations must stem from the selection of the most suitable pipeline corridor candidate. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 3-3 May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK / Nigerg\ Atlantic Ocean ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ enra Ar Reubi / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / p Nige , 100 Kilomtersoo LEEN EXOR PIELN /esb /yZn Chad Exot"ESBLT OE _~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ DAME _& MOR Figure -/ \ \ < - jKA~~~~~~~~~EBOKO\X AtlanticQce LCong| W t _X ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Areea osf | ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Key Map LEGEND ..EXPORT PIPELINE .40 Feasibility Zone Chad Export Project 'FEASIBILITY ZONE' * Oil Field Development Area - 6,DAMfES & MOORE Figure 3-1 Nigera EkundukunI ok' uma Meg _.,-'du NKONGSAMB Tongo ang~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~el i t MBA~~BNG ..t | Pipeline RoUfing; _ .................. .^, i00<00 tV 0 t000: t-i00 < .....................iid AtlCoastImpractica n LEGEND~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :; : t 0 0 R I A : port Terminal A/RailroJad Reseveeserve OOR 2 DAME5 & MOORE ~~Figure 3-2 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 4.0 IDENTIFYING PIPELINE CORRIDOR CANDIDATES Once Kribi and Limbe were identified as feasible locations for the project's marine terminal, the pipeline corridor selection process was initiated. The goal of this selection process was to further narrow down the "feasibility zone" into 30 km wide potential pipeline corridors for detailed analysis using Kribi and Limbe for the marine terminal location as end points for the corridors; identify the preferred corridor; and optimize the geographic placement of the pipeline within the preferred corridor. 4.1 DEFINING POTENTIAL PIPELINE CORRIDOR CANDIDATES A comprehensive review of topographic, geographic, commercial, and environmental maps and data was performed to define potential pipeline corridors of 30-km width for further consideration within the feasibility zone. This narrowing down into corridors was accomplished through a comprehensive study of: • 1/200,000 scale topographical maps of southern Chad and Cameroon (Institute G6ographique National [Paris], 1961, 1964; Centre G6ographique National, 1972-1985) - 1/1,000,000 scale geographic maps (Institut Geographique National [Paris]) - Various commercial 1/500,000 scale maps showing roadways, trails, and the path of the Cameroon railroad - Maps showing the locations of parks, preserves, and other protected areas in Chad and Cameroon * Other references including Letouzey's 1985 treatise on the phytogeography of Cameroon (Carte Phytogeographique du Cameroun). In addition to the above, the World Bank Sectoral Guidelines for Oil and Gas Pipelines (Environmental Assessment Guidelines, Volume l1l) were used as a primary source for the development of preliminary environmental criteria for use in the environmental evaluation of alternative corridors. The following preliminary environmental criteria are considered to be of most significance for avoidance at the broad scale corridor evaluation level (GIE/Dames & Moore, 1993): * Areas of high priority for protection * Parks, reserves, and intact areas of primary forest * Terrain with high agricultural land use or potential for future development * Steep sloping terrain and erosive soils * Zones with dense, relatively undisturbed vegetation. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT In addition, the following criteria relating to preferential areas for pipeline routing were considered particularly relevant for corridor evaluation: * Existing road and railway easements or already cleared areas * Obvious degraded or cleared zones of dense tropical forest not requiring extensive clearing during pipeline construction * Relatively flat areas where a cleared right-of-way does not leave an obvious visual impact that attracts settlers, poachers, and travelers to use the right-of-way. 4.2 CORRIDOR DESCRIPTIONS Three pipeline corridors, designated as corridors A, B, and C on Figure 4-1 were identified as a result of the initial mapping exercise. These corridors are described below. 4.2.1 Common Alignment of all of the Corridors These three candidate corridors share a common alignment from the oilfield development area in southern Chad to just north of Meiganga in Cameroon. The majority of this common corridor follows the routes of roads and trails on existing maps. Only one general corridor was selected through the process in this region to: * Pass between the Laramanay and Timberi Reserves in southern Chad * Minimize the length of the export pipeline * Avoid difficult construction areas north of the proposed corridor * Avoid passing through the Central African Republic to the south * Avoid habitat to the north for vulnerable species. The proposed pipeline corridor in this area is relatively flat. Various roads could provide suitable access to pipeline construction activities. From the Chad/Cameroon border to Meiganga, the common corridor alignment of the three followed the Mb6r6 River Valley. This valley is generally flat to gently rolling with many drainage patterns and small streams with occasional steep slopes. 4.2.2 Corridor A Between Meiganga and northeast of Bafoussam, the terrain becomes generally rolling to steep with many cross drainage channels and streams. Going west from the Yaound&-Bafoussam highway, the corridor enters mountainous and very rough terrain. These conditions continue through Yabassi. Four large rivers, Mbam, Noun, Nkam, and Mungo, and many small streams would be crossed throughout this portion of the corridor. Virtually no road access to a potential May 1999 4-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 export pipeline route exists except from each end. Between Yabassi and Limb6, the pathway traverses the rolling terrain of the Douala Plain. Potentially two river crossings 50-100 meters wide exist in this area. Access to the export pipeline route via the existing road network would be sporadic in this region. At the western end of Corridor A, the alignment is in the general vicinity of Mount Cameroon, considered to be a still-active volcano. Special export pipeline designs would be required due to the proximity of the pipeline to Mount Cameroon. 4.2.3 Corridor B Between Meiganga and north of Betare Oya, where Corridors B and C diverge, the terrain is gently rolling to rolling, and intersects many cross drainage channels. Access to the route through this area can be achieved by upgrading the existing roads and trails that parallel the proposed alignment. Similar conditions exist as Corridor B heads southwest to Deng Deng. From Deng Deng to Belabo, the proposed alignment is routed through rolling terrain featuring the Deng Deng forest. From Belabo, the proposed corridor parallels the Sanaga River where the terrain is flat, and there would be adequate room for locating the export pipeline above the flood plain. Construction access in this region would be available by an existing railroad and road that parallels the proposed route. Access to the easement would be achieved by upgrading or utilizing, to the extent possible, existing roads and railroads, minimizing construction of new roads. Similar conditions exist from Batchenga, where the corridor stops paralleling the Sanaga River, to Obala. Between Obala and Yaounde and then onto Akono (i.e., the point where Corridors B and C rejoin), the proposed route would traverse increasingly rolling and steep sloped terrain. West to Kribi, the land varies from rolling to rugged steep slopes. Major river crossings of the Nyong and Lokoundje rivers would be required along with many stream crossings. Access in this area would be available by existing roads that parallel the proposed corridor. 4.2.4 Corridor C Heading south from the junction of Corridors B and C southwest to Bertoua, the terrain is gently rolling to rolling. Many drainage channels, some possessing streams, would be crossed, and one or more major crossings of the Lom River may be required. Near Bertoua, the alignment would skirt the Deng Deng forest on the southern edge. Access to the route would require upgrading the existing roads and trails paralleling the proposed alignment. From Bertoua to Abong Mbang, the terrain is relatively flat and access is by existing roads. Extensive swamplands exist between Abong Mbang west to Akonolinga. Although corridor access exists from many parallel roads and crossroads, these roads may be impassable during the rainy season and would require major upgrading. Access to the easement would be achieved by upgrading or utilizing, to the extent possible, existing roads and railroads, minimizing construction of new roads. Continuing west from Akonolinga to the point where Corridor C joins Corridor B near Akono, the route parallels the Nyong River, crossing it, and many side Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-3 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT channels. Access through this area is difficult because of the lack of existing roads paralleling the route. For Corridor C details between Akono and Kribi, refer to the Corridor B discussion. 4.3 PIPELINE CORRIDOR DATA ASSIMILATION AND REVIEW In 1993, a literature/data search was performed to provide the project with detailed background knowledge based on Chad and Cameroon in general and more specifically on the area traversed by Corridors A, B, and C. These data were utilized: * To more thoroughly describe and characterize the three export pipeline corridor candidates * To form an initial database for the project's environmental assessment effort. Various electronic databases were searched to identify data sources, and visits were made to the following institutions and organizations to obtain pertinent references: * France - World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) - ORSTOM (National Overseas Scientific and Technical Research Institution) - Centre for Agronomic Research for Development (Cl RAD-Foret) - UNESCO - IEMVT (Institute for Livestock and Veterinary Science in Tropical Countries) - IGN (National Geographic Institute) - BRGM (National Geology Research Centre) - IOF (National Centre for Oceanographic Research) - Institut National de la Carte de la Vegetation (University of Toulouse) * Europe - Oxford Institute for African Studies - FAO (Food and Agricultural Organization) [Rome] - Institute of Development Studies [Sussex] - IUCN (International Union for the Conservation of Nature/Norld Conservation Union) [Cambridge] - IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development) [Rome] * United States - World Bank (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) - U.S. AID (United States Agency for International Development) [Washington] - Scripps Institution of Oceanography [San Diego] - Institute of Development Anthropology [New York] - University of California - Santa Barbara - University of California - Davis - University of Southern California May 1999 4-4 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 A report was prepared summarizing and categorizing the findings from this data assimilation and review effort (Dames & Moore, 1993). 4.4 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE OF CORRIDORS A, B, AND C In June 1993, an aerial survey and ground reconnaissance of Corridors A, B, and C was conducted. The purpose of this reconnaissance mission was to: * Groundtruth existing biological and socioeconomic data pertinent to Corridors A, B, and C * Consult with organizations/individuals to identify "fatal flaws" associated with the candidate corridors * Determine the terrain conditions under which the pipeline would be constructed * Identify physical obstacles to pipeline installation along the corridors (e.g., mountainous areas, substantial rocky outcrops, swamps) * Identify the logistical and infrastructure requirements for pipeline construction. The results of the field reconnaissance of Corridors A, B, and C are represented by their biologic, physical, and socioeconomic profiles discussed below. 4.4.1 Common Corridor Profile Biological Profile The common corridor is characterized by an extensive area of disturbed savanna spanning the distance of the corridor from the Doba Basin area in Chad to the Chad-Cameroon border at the Mbere River. This disturbed savanna is typified by a mosaic of grassland broken by scattered trees and shrubs, scattered fields, wooded fallows and pockets of relatively undisturbed wooded cover. Between the Mbere River and where the corridors diverge, the area of undisturbed savanna increases, and is comprised mostly of savanna grassland with associated riverine forests and relatively dense wooded savanna. This area includes heavily grazed grasslands broken by scattered tress, shrubs, and occasional old fallows. This area includes the Mbere Valley, an unique area of mostly wooded savanna that is relatively undisturbed and isolated. Physical Profile The eastem section is generally flat and poorly drained with increasing relief to the west where the terrain is more heavily dissected close to the watershed between the Lake Chad and Atlantic drainage basins. In particular, the section of the corridor adjacent to the Mbere River parallels and, in places, traverses hilly areas with significant outcrops of rock. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-5 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Socioeconomic Population densities are judged to be greater than average in the common route sections in the Kome area and the Tibati-Meiganga-Ngaoundere crossroads. 4.4.2 Corridor A Biological Profile Corridor A is characterized by an extensive zone of dense evergreen forest in the southwest. This section of forest contains high conservation value floral and faunal habitat. Consequently, this zone would require extensive environmental impact assessment, management, and mitigation actions during pipeline construction. The savanna in the northeast portion of the corridor is lightly populated and relatively undisturbed in comparison with the overgrazed savanna from Kome to near Meiganga. There are extensive gallery forests within the savanna. This section of the corridor could be regarded as having high conservation value, and development inducing access into this relatively undisturbed area could increase poaching and hunting. Physical Profile Physiographically, the eastern section of Corridor A lies in the catchment of Lake Chad while the western section drains to the Gulf of Guinea. The western section traverses the rolling terrain of the Adamawa Plateau before descending to the Coastal Area through a fairly well defined escarpment in the vicinity of Tonga. Close to the coast, the corridor runs through heavily dissected terrain with significant relief. The Coastal Plain is significantly flatter, with the exception of the section closest to the coast where the corridor lies on the southern flank of Mount Cameroon, an active volcano. The geology and soils of the corridor are dominated by plutonic rock types (e.g., granites, syenites, diorites, gabbros) and their deep, tropically weathered residual soil profiles. Recent volcanic rocks and volcanically-derived soils are present at the western end of Corridor A. Socioeconomic Profile The area around Tibati has a relatively high density of villages and agricultural land use. The coastal plains and slopes of Mount Cameroon between present a complex land use pattern of agricultural plantations, small towns, and villages. This section of Corridor A could be expected to have a high potential for socioeconomic issues related to land ownership, tenure, and compensation. The existing port and refinery at Limbe offer the project some infrastructure synergies, although the close proximity to Mount Cameroon represents a significant geological hazard and risk factor. May 1999 4-6 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 4.4.3 Corridor B Profile Biological Profile Corridor B is characterized by broad riverbanks in the Sanaga River valley. These riverbanks are a mosaic of well-drained open grassland, scrubland, and open savanna with periodically inundated swamps. The key biological concern would be the protection of the hydrologic and aquatic resources of the Sanaga River, primary source of hydroelectricity and fishing resources in Cameroon. Other areas of environmental concern include the natural habitat value of the semideciduous forest in the Deng Deng region and the Atlantic Littoral Forest area in the Lolodorf to Kribi area and an extensive zone of bamboo thickets. Physical Profile Corridor B traverses the dissected eastern edge of the South Cameroon Plateau. Hilly terrain and rocky outcrops on hilltops and sides characterize this region. Once past this region, the corridor is within the gently sloping, well-drained floor of the Sanaga River valley. Corridor B crosses the westem edge of the South Cameroon Plateau, characterized by rolling terrain that features occasional substantial hills and ridges. The section of the corridor near Kribi on the Gulf of Guinea lies on the relatively flat Coastal Plain. The geology and soils of Corridor B are similar to those of Corridors A and C - i.e., a deep weathering profile developed in generally plutonic igneous rocks. Socioeconomic Profile Important socioeconomic issues for Corridor B would be: * The close proximity of Belabo and Nanga Eboko * The extensive area of high population in the Yaounde area * The Camsuco sugar cane plantation at Mbandjok on the Sanaga River. These areas are likely to require socioeconomic consultation and negotiations to resolve land use, tenure, ownership, and compensation issues with farmers, and plantation owners. 4.4.4 Corridor C Profile Biological Profile An extensive area of swamp forests, Raphia swamps, and wetlands characterize Corridor C. Areas of disturbed semideciduous forest could potentially offer an alternate pipeline route, but passing through these forested areas would require many stream and swamp crossings. In either case, there are concerns about the threat to aquatic resources and swamp habitat from Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-7 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORTPROJECT construction impacts and oil spills. In addition, there would be a higher risk of waterborne and insect vector diseases for construction workers in the swampy areas. There would also be a greater potential for the creation of mosquito habitat from construction-induced drainage pattern alterations. Extensive soil stabilization, revegetation, and drainage management would be necessary for pipeline construction in this corridor. Similar to Corridor B, other areas of environmental concern include the natural habitat value of the semideciduous forest in the Deng Deng region and the Atlantic Littoral Forest area in the Lolodorf to Kribi area and an extensive zone of bamboo thickets. Physical Profile Corridor C is along a southern extension of the Adamawa Plateau. It passes into a more heavily dissected transition region between this plateau and the South Cameroon Plateau. The corridor follows a watershed that drains to the Lom and Sanaga Rivers to the west and the Kadei River to the east. The next section of the corridor is characterized by low, rolling terrain and frequently swampy intersections with the Nyong River and its many tributaries. Corridor C then traverses the dissected western edge of the South Cameroon Plateau. The deep (solid) geology of Corridor C is similar to that of Corridor B, but the shallower soils of Corridor C include extensive areas of soft organic materials in and around the Nyong wetlands. Socioeconomic Profile Corridor C has a small zone of potential land use conflict around the town of Betare Oya concerning existing mineral claims, the potential for future mineral discoveries, and existing agricultural land uses within the corridor. Corridor C also appears to have more active low- density land uses such as forestry and agricultural clearing of gallery forests than Corridors A and B. 4.4.5 Corridor Profile Summaries In summary, the results of the field reconnaissance of Corridors A, B, and C highlighted the following differences. Corridor A has rough wooded terrain on the western end and inadequate access through the central portion. Also, Corridor A is in the vicinity of Mount Cameroon, where special design features would be required to address potential concerns regarding seismic activities. Corridor B traverses forested areas both in the vicinity of Deng Deng and in its western section near the Atlantic coast. This corridor has good access, with nearby railroad or road access in most areas. Corridor C passes through disturbed semideciduous forest and savanna areas, through forested areas in its western section near the Atlantic coast, and swampy areas between Abong Mbang and Akonolinga. May 1999 4-8 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 4.5 CONSULTATIONS CONDUCTED IN ASSOCIATION WITH THE FIELD RECONNAISSANCE MISSION Consultations were conducted with selected NGOs, Cameroon government agencies, and international agencies during the June 1993 field reconnaissance mission to test Corridors A, B, C from a "fatal flaw" viewpoint. These consultations were done as part of the project's issue scoping process as preparation for the EA Terms of Reference. The NGOs, governmental, and other agencies consulted during the mission are listed below: * World Wildlife Fund (WWF) * Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) * PVO/NGO/NRMS * U.S. AID * French Embassy (Yaounde) * Canadian Embassy (Yaounde) - Cameroon Ministry of Transport - Meteorology * Cameroon Ministry of the Environment and Forests (MINEF) * Cameroon National Civil Engineering Laboratory (LABOGENIE) 3 Institute of Agronomy (IRA) * University of Yaounde During these consultations, the following comments concerning the locations and characteristics of Corridors A, B, and C were expressed: * The straight portion of the (common) pipeline corridor from Chad into Cameroon is appropriate in its proposed location. Elephant migration pathways and "near extinct" population of black rhinoceros exist in an area of northern Cameroon far from the proposed (common) pipeline corridor. * All areas near the Cameroon coast would generate people issues due to the presence of high populations. * Corridor A has the most primary forest impact. * Corridor A crosses densely populated areas (in the vicinity of Mount Cameroon). This could be a problem due to the shortage of agricultural land. Expropriation and subsequent indemnification may pose problems as land ownership is often not defined. * Corridors B and C would encounter large areas of rock. * Corridor C approaches the region where forest conservation issues are being raised. This route would also probably impact wetlands. * Precious mineral ore bodies exist along Corridor C and these would have to be preserved. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-9 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD fXPORT PROJECT While none of these items were deemed to constitute a "fatal flaw," they did illustrate that each corridor possessed a number of environmental and socioeconomic challenges. 4.6 TERRAIN UNIT MAPPING OF CORRIDORS A, B, AND C As part of the corridor evaluation effort, a detailed analysis of the landforms (physiography) and land use patterns within Corridors A, B, and C was conducted. The objectives of this terrain unit mapping process were to: * Define land units along the corridors that could be grouped together on the basis of their physical, biological, or land use characteristics * Allow for potential environmental and socioeconomic project impacts to be predicted based on the defined land units. A computerized Geographic Information System (GIS) was developed to superimpose various "layers" of data on a base map. This approach facilitated the examination, comparison, and presentation of the various types of input data. The base map for the Terrain Unit Mapping GIS analysis was provided by 1/200,000 scale topographic coverage (Institute Geographique National, 1961, 1964; Centre Geographique National, 1972-1985) which is based on 1951-1955 aerial photography and subsequent revisions. Natural vegetation and land use data were obtained from Letouzey (1985) for Cameroon (Carte Phytogeographique du Cameroun) and Gillet (1964) and Pias (1970) for Chad. Observations and conclusions from the field reconnaissance mission were incorporated into the database. Landsat TM imagery (12 images) of the project area was obtained to provide an additional dimension of terrain and land use data for Corridors A, B, and C. Available dry season images with the least cloud cover taken between. December 12, 1986, and March 30, 1988, were selected. Each of the selected images covers an area of about 180 km by 180 km. Each candidate corridor was considered to consist of a centerline (representing a hypothetical pipeline as identified in initial engineering studies), a 0.5 km wide buffer zone on each side of the centerline to account for resources potentially affected by minor siting variations, and a 30 km corridor to account for resources potentially affected by major siting variations. The centerline, the 1 km-wide buffer zone, and the 30 km-wide corridor were entered as separate layers in the GIS database, allowing for greater flexibility in the analysis of the various corridor comparison criteria. Basic data pertaining to each corridor are summarized in Table 4-1. May 1999 4-10 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 4.7 SELECTION OF THE PRIME CORRIDOR CANDIDATE The GIS terrain unit mapping process enabled the design engineers to precisely analyze each of the three candidate corridors based on the selection criteria and the opportunity criteria previously discussed. Data layers correlating to each of the criteria were developed and entered into the GIS computer for analysis against the base map. The sensitivity criteria data layers include information on: * Areas of high priority for exclusion/protection by governments and/or the World Bank (i.e., national parks, game reserves) * Areas of evergreen forest * Areas of semideciduous forest * Areas with intensive agricultural land use (i.e., plantation agriculture) * Areas with poor soils (i.e., indurated lateritic soils, saline soils, waterlogged soils) * Steeply sloping areas with potentially erosive soils * Traditional land use areas (including villages, gardens, fruit trees, and forests with high traditional use) * Urban/residential areas * Swampy areas (especially areas where an oil spill would affect major wetlands) * River/stream crossings. The opportunity criteria data layers included information on: * Proximity to existing road and railroad corridors * Disturbed areas with cleared vegetation but no permanent land use/structures * Relatively flat areas with low relief and erosion potential. Environmental, socioeconomic, or engineering/economic criteria may conflict with each other, necessitating the establishment of an appropriate balance between the needs of the environment, the population, and the project. Corridors A, B, and C were analyzed and compared against the sensitivity criteria. Comparative GIS-derived data for each of the "sensitivity" and "opportunity" criteria are summarized in a tabular format in Table 4-1. The results of this analysis. are presented below. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-11 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 4.7.1 Analysis and Comparison of Sensitivity Criteria Sensitivity Criterion #1: National Parks. Reserves One of the key criterion for selection of Corridors A, B and C was avoidance of national parks and reserves (Figure 4-2). The corridors were designed to avoid these areas. None of the corridor centerlines pass through or are within 0.5 km of a national park, reserve, or some other high priority area for exclusion or protection. Within the 30 km-wide corridor the following protected/priority areas are encountered: * Corridor A: Mount Etinde Area * Corridor B: Proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve and Campo Reserve * Corridor C: Campo Reserve. Corridor B contains the greatest area of protected terrain within its 30 km-wide corridor (40,639 ha) followed by Corridor A (30,582 ha) and Corridor C (6,405 ha). However, the centerline within Corridor B does not intersect any protected areas. Careful routing of the pipeline through the corridor would allow for avoidance of impacts to national parks, reserves, and other high priority areas. Sensitivity Criterion #2: Everreen Forest Evergreen forests occur in the southwest portion of each corridor (Figure 4-3). Corridor A incorporates the highest amount of evergreen forest. This is important from an environmental sense, as evergreen forests have high biodiversity potential. Corridors B and C contain approximately one third as much evergreen forest as does Corridor A, if the length of centerline crossed or the area within the 1 km-wide centerline buffer zone are examined. However, Corridors B and C contain 65-70 percent as much evergreen forest compared to Corridor A if the 30 km-wide corridor are considered. Sensitivity Criterion #3: Semideciduous Forest Semideciduous forests exist in the central portion of each corridor (Figure 4-4). Corridor B contains the most semideciduous forest. Corridors A and C respectively contain approximately 70 and 50 percent as much semideciduous forest as Corridor B if the length of centerline crossed or the areas within the 1 km-wide centerline buffer zone are considered. However, if the total area within the 30 km-wide corridors are examined, Corridors A and C respectively possess approximately 50 and 65 percent as much semideciduous forest as does Corridor B. Most of the semideciduous forest in the central portion of Corridor B lies north/northeast of the Sanaga River on the northern side of the corridor, and therefore, the amount of impact to the forest can be reduced during the detailed routing process. May 1999 4-12 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Sensitivity Criterion #4: Plantation Agriculture With regard to plantations and other intensive agricultural land use areas, Corridor A would be expected to have the greatest impact. This is consistent with the fact that many oil palm and rubber plantations are located in the region adjacent to Mount Cameroon in the southwestern part of the corridor. Corridor C would have the least impact on plantation agriculture (approximately 30 percent as much compared to Corridor A). Impacts for Corridor B are higher (approximately 45 percent compared to Corridor A) when both the centerline crossed and the area within the 1 km-wide centerline buffer zone are compared. Corridor C impacts are approximately 80% compared to Corridor A when the centerline crossed and the area within the 1 km wide buffer zone are considered. Sugar cane plantations near Nanga Eboko are the primary intensive agricultural concern related to Corridor B. Sensitivity Criterion #5: Areas with Poor Soils Corridor C has the greatest amount of poor soils (i.e., indurated lateritic soils, saline soils, waterlogged soils). This is in agreement with the fact that Corridor C also possesses the most swamp land (Sensitivity Criterion #9). The amount of poor soils for construction found in Corridors A and B is 65-70 percent of that which is in Corridor C. Sensitivity Criterion #6: Steep Erosive Terrain Steep erosive terrain is scattered along the length of all the corridors and Corridors A, B, and C all have about the same amount of steeply sloping areas with potentially erosive soils. Sensitivity Criterion #7: Traditional Agriculture Traditional agricultural land occurs in many places along all three corridors, with concentrations in the southern half of Corridors B and C (Figure 4-5). Corridor C intersects the greatest amount of traditional land use defined by the presence of villages, gardens, fruit trees, and forests with high traditional use. Corridor B contains approximately 85-90 percent of the traditional land use compared to Corridor C, while Conridor A would potentially impact the smallest amount (approximately 45-50 percent compared to Corridor C). Sensitivity Criterion #8: Built-Up Areas All three candidate corridors pass through built-up areas (i.e., urban/residential areas compared to villages). Corridor B would encounter the greatest amount of built-up area (primarily in the vicinity of Yaounde). Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-13 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Sensitivity Criterion #9: Swampy Areas Corridor C contains the greatest amount of swamp area of the three corridor candidates (Figure 4-6). Such areas are important to consider because: * Potentially significant biophysical impacts may occur in the unlikely event of an oil spill * Potentially significant health-related concerns exist in swamp areas for construction and maintenance workers (i.e., prevalence of vector-borne diseases, particularly malaria) * Working in swamp areas involves significant and costly design, construction, and post- construction land reclamation challenges. Sensitivity Criterion #10: Number of River/Stream Crossings Corridors B and C would require approximately the same number of river/stream crossings, while Corridor A would require approximately 10 percent less. 4.7.1.1 Analysis and Comparison of Opportunity Criteria Opportunity Criterion #1: Proximity to Transportation Corridors The proximity of transportation corridors (i.e., roads, railroads) to the pipeline corridor: * Facilitates the movement of workers, equipment, and supplies * Reduces environmental disturbances since fewer new access routes need to be constructed and the environment has already been disturbed by human activity * Aids in compliance with World Bank directives to follow existing infrastructure corridors to reduce induced access impacts. Corridor B possesses the greatest length of existing roads and railroad within its 1 km-wide centerline buffer zone. While the length of roads in the immediate vicinity of the Corridor C centerline is similar to that for Corridor B, rail is not near Corridor C. Opportunity Criterion #2: Disturbed Areas Without Permanent Land Use Corridor A contains the greatest quantity of disturbed areas with cleared vegetation but no permanent land use. These lands include active crop-growing fields, fallow fields, and pasture areas. While routing a pipeline through these areas would have construction advantages and decrease environmental disturbances, compensation and socioeconomic issues may be more problematic. Corridors B and C respectively contain approximately 40-55 percent and approximately 60-80 percent of the amount of disturbed lands compared to Corridor A depending on whether the centerline, the 1 km-wide buffer zone, or the 30 km-wide corridor are considered. May 1999 4-14 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Opportunity Criterion #3: Relatively Flat Areas Most relatively flat areas are located near the Cameroon coast. Such areas are important to consider as they generally allow for more straightforward construction. Corridor A possesses the largest amount of relatively flat area. However, Corridor B possesses a comparable quantity of relatively flat area if the 30 km-wide corridor of A and B are considered. 4.7.2 Summary of Sensitivity and Opportunity Criteria Analysis The positive and negative attributes of each corridor candidate based upon the results of the sensitivity and opportunity criteria analysis described above are summarized below. Corridor A Indicators of higher environmental and socioeconomic sensitivity (relative to the other corridors) include: * Greatest concentration of intact evergreen forest * Greatest intersection with agricultural plantations * Proximity to areas of geohazards, most notably Mount Cameroon * Shortest length in the proximity of existing transportation corridors. Indicators of lower environmental and socioeconomic sensitivity (relative to the other corridors) include: * Least area of traditional agricultural land * Largest amount of disturbed area without permanent land use * Largest amount of relatively flat area * Approximately 70 percent as much semideciduous forest compared to Corridor B * Shortest centerline length. Corridor B Indicators of higher environmental and socioeconomic sensitivity (relative to the other corridors) include: * Greatest concentration of semideciduous forest (disturbed and undisturbed) * More built-up areas (mainly on the outskirts of Yaound6). Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-15 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Indicators of lower environmental and socioeconomic sensitivity (relative to the other corridors) include: * Greatest length of centerline in proximity to existing transportation corridors * Approximately one third as much evergreen forest compared to Corridor A. Corridor C Indicators of higher environmental and socioeconomic sensitivity (relative to the other corridors) include: * Greatest concentration of swamp area (mainly located near the Upper Nyong River) * Greatest concentration of poor soil (primarily associated with the swampy areas) * Intersects the greatest amount of traditional agricultural land * Least amount of relatively flat area * Longest centerline length. Indicators of lower environmental and socioeconomic sensitivity (relative to the other corridors) include: * Approximately one third as much evergreen forest compared to Corridor A * Approximately half as much semideciduous forest compared to Corridor B * Least intersection of plantation agriculture. 4.8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Each of the candidate corridors possess advantages and disadvantages in view of physical, environmental, and socioeconomic considerations. However, Corridors A and C both intersect a greater number of key sensitive features. These included: * Evergreen forests (Corridor A) * Oil palm plantations and built-up areas near Limbe (Corridor A) * Mountainous/rocky terrain and Mount Cameroon (Corridor A) * Wetlands and swamps associated with the Upper Nyong River (Corridor C). Corridor B encounters the largest area of urban land use (excluding traditional small villages), but this affects a relatively short length of export pipeline (3.8 km). This situation is considered to be readily avoidable by final routing-related activities and/or mitigated by appropriate design and construction techniques. Corridor B features the greatest amount of semideciduous forest, May 1999 4-16 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 but a great deal of this can be avoided by keeping the export pipeline south of the Sanaga River and through route refinement and optimization activities. The greater proximity of Corridor B to existing transportation corridors reduces the potential for environmental disturbance due to vegetation clearing and the potential creation of access into forested areas. Considering all of the data generated during the analysis of the candidate corridors, a matrix was prepared to facilitate comparison of the environmental suitability of each corridor (Table 4- 1). As is evident in Table 4-1, Corridor B has the highest comparative environmental suitability. This evaluation, taken with the fact all three corridors were assessed to have relative capital and operating costs that were similar, indicates Corridor B is the preferred pipeline corridor. This corridor connects the oilfields in southern Chad to a marine terminal location along the Cameroon coast in the vicinity of Kribi. 4.9 EXPORT PIPELINE ROUTE REFINEMENT Once Corridor B was identified as the preferred pipeline corridor, activities related to the final phase of the pipeline route selection process were initiated. The objective of this phase was to optimize the geographic placement of the pipeline within Corridor B. The analysis was based on Corridor B's 30 km corridor which was incrementally narrowed through a process as described below. 4.9.1 Further Analysis of Existing Maps and Data The 1:200,000 topographical maps, the Landsat TM satellite imagery, and the other data used in the corridor evaluation study were re-examined to enhance the quality of data pertaining to Corridor B in the project's GIS. Once these data were input, the project's GIS was used to define viable route alternatives within Corridor B in terms of terrain analysis, land use, and the presence of disturbed areas. This detailed GIS database analysis of Corridor B resulted in the first reduction in the corridor width. Overall, the GIS provided: * Definition of an improved centerline (or centerlines) in locations that offered the following advantages over the notional centerline: - An environmentally preferable route - A less costly route - A shorter route * Comparative data on the lengths of centerline(s) intersection with various environmental attributes * Information that supported planning and conducting field surveys * Mapping data of the corridor areas so if additional alternatives were identified in the field, they could be adequately assessed. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-17 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 4.9.2 Field Reconnaissance of the Selected Corridor A field reconnaissance in the pipeline corridor was conducted in May of 1994 and January to March of 1996. The principal objective of the 1994 field reconnaissance was the selection of a preferred route, to the level of detail sufficient to facilitate the acquisition of aerial photography and the production of pipeline engineering alignment sheets. The work performed prior to and during the field reconnaissance included: * Evaluation of the pipeline centerlines identified by analyzing GIS-based and other data * More accurate definition (narrowed width) of the pipeline corridor so an effective aerial survey of the route could be performed. The route selection criteria were refined to narrow the corridor for the field reconnaissance and included the following: * Definition of a single line on the 1:200,000 mapping to be validated in-country as the route centerline 3 Where a single line could not be defined, two or more lines marked on the 1:200,000 mapping as route centerline alternatives for evaluation in-country - Documentation of the rationale for the route centerline(s) for evaluation in-country * Mapping of environmental and socioeconomic data at 1:200,000 scale in terms of terrain, land use, and disturbed area analysis for in-country route centerline evaluation. Field studies consisted of traversing available roads and tracks in the vicinity of the notional centerline(s) marked on the 1:200,000 mapping; helicopter fly-overs of inaccessible areas; and the validation of the centerline, or documentation of new GPS positions for a revised centerline. The highlights of the route selection process from an environmental perspective included: * The selection of a suitable location for the Mbere river crossing. The environmental input included confirming the absence of environmental or socioeconomic fatal flaws to the route selected * The realignment of the pipeline route and relocation of a potential pump station site to a position west of the village of Ouantounou. These changes take advantage of the Ouantounou to Dompta road, which can provide access to the relocated pump station site, eliminating the need for the construction of a new road into the Mbere river valley * With no obvious environmental differentiators between the various route alternatives identified for the Belel to the Meiganga area, the shortest line option was considered to be environmentally preferred May 1999 4-18 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 * As a result of the on-ground observations around Mekon I, northeast of Nanga Eboko, and a helicopter flight from Nanga Eboko to Mbargue, a cross-country route (rather than one following the Sanaga River and the railroad) was selected. The 1996 field work consisted of visits to the proposed locations of the Project facilities and intersections of the pipeline with tracks and roads. The field reconnaissance was aided by the use of 1:30,000 aerial photographic mapping obtained specifically for the routing project in 1995. The proposed facilities of locations for the project that were visited during this field work included: * Intermediate pump stations * A pressure reducing station * Block valve sites * Major pipe and material storage yards and intermediate pipe yards * Transmission tower sites * Access roads * River/stream, road and railroad crossings. Three sites for the bridge over the Mbere River were studied, all close to each other, approximately 9 km from the village of Mbai Mboum. The preferable site was selected due to the following conditions at that location: * The narrow width of the river * The river bed is bedrock with a substantial rock outcrop (above present water levels) at the center of the river channel which could be utilized as a load bearing surface * The slow speed of the river current * Minimal soil cover with bedrock outcrops on the river banks * Alluvial sand and gravel deposits upstream of the bridge location if required during bridge construction. The export pipeline route refinement process resulted in the identification of the pipeline route alignment within Corridor B that was presented and analyzed in the 1997 Environmental Assessments for this project. The remaining task was to determine the location of a marine terminal facility in the vicinity of Kribi that would serve as the terminus for the pipeline. During field reconnaissance studies within Corridor B, the project became aware of the Bakola Pygmy population in the Atlantic Littoral Forest along the Lolodorf to Kribi corridor. Subsequent to the publication of the 1997 Environmental Assessment - Cameroon Portion, substantial Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 4-19 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT consultation with the Bakola Pygmy population has occurred (see Volume 3 of the Supporting Documentation) and numerous small pipeline route adjustments were made during the centerline surveys to avoid direct impacts to the Bakola Pygmies (see Chapter 10 of this document). In addition, an Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) has been prepared to address potential indirect impacts to the Bakola Pygmies as a result of construction and operation of the Cameroon Transportation System's pipeline through this area (see Volume 4, Part lil of the Cameroon Environmental Management Plan). The IPP has also been prepared to comply with the requirements of the World Bank Group's operational policies and directives regarding indigenous peoples, particularly OD 4.20. May 1999 4-20 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Table 4-1 Pipeline Corridor Candidate Comparison Data Summary Based on an Analysis of GIS Data Length of Centerline Area Within 0.5 km of Total Corridor Area Crossed (kilometers) Centerline (hectares) (hectares) A B C A B C A B C Sensitivity Criteria Reserves 0 0 0 0 0 0 30,582 40,639 6,405 Evergreen Forest (High Biodiv.) ill 35 34 11,056 3,784 3,689 405,702 281,488 268,382 Deciduous Forest 110 155 75 11,165 15,642 7,499 334,978 652,877 424,942 Agricultural Plantations 31 14 9 3,178 1,415 968 60,375 48,280 20,211 Poor Soils 76 84 119 7,521 8,276 11,640 179,678 187,928 276,769 Steep Erosive Terrain 359 343 351 36,303 36,470 37,403 1,270,387 1,247,559 1,177,565 Traditional Agriculture 271 527 575 27,353 55,072 60,375 780,299 1,274,242 1,489,297 Built-up Areas 1 4 2 129 376 192 3,856 14,675 4,872 Swampy Areas 2 9 44 268 904 4,267 24,331 31,622 120,463 Stream Crossings (#) 194 211 212 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Opportunity Criteria Existing Roads (km) N/A N/A N/A 62 106 102 N/A N/A N/A Railroad Corridors (km) N/A N/A N/A 10 62 2 N/A N/A N/A Disturbed Areas without Permanent Land 284 132 211 29,991 16,423 24,259 898,037 384,227 560,266 Relatively Flat Areas 32 18 11 3,306 1,791 1,160 64,231 62,955 25,083 N/A - Not Applicable Alt Analysis Eng Tables 05-05 b.doc May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Nigeria Ca |CORRIDOR'A' Cameroon CORRIDOR'B' Central African Republic EquW ial Gu ine : - - CORRIDOR'C' ,_ // . ''. ' ' ' -. N > ¢ Congo lob 0 100 kilometers+ Atlantic Ocean LEGEND Alternative Pipeline Corridors * City 7 Corridor Chad Export Project ~ ~ International Boundary f DAMES & MOORE Sr a &M Jr aQ~OU (CZiPANVFigure 4-1 Boub '4h r _ma Ba I Lon~v~ e eri , Kimbi river i. / Proposed Protected Area / CORRIDOR'A' r WWF Project Area arth >< X// CORRI ,/ORINational Park Reserve Mon 9 9 . 0 90 180 Kilometers c Dole t=,-\'T- C-J s /// 2 _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ORRIDOR'C' % Parks, Preserves, and Other Figure 4-2 Protected Areas Chad Export Project DAMES & MOORE DA.MES i MOORE GROUP CMAPA* CORRIDOR'A' / 012 iz \ L / ~~~~CORRIDOR'B' ,. \ ,,-1 _ X-- - _ _ // . so o ao~~~~~~~~~~~~~80 8 Kilometersj c CORRI DOR 'C' %. r /~~~~~~~~~~~ Figure 4-3 Locations of Evergreen Forests Chad Export Project (ldDAMES & MOORE _ --X.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A-,ADAMES &MO)ORE GRCAIP COlPANY IN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 CORRIDOR'A' 'X,_g /, / X t of ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~80 0 B0 Kilometers | I-- CORRIDOR'C' | Locations of Semideciduous Forests Chad Export Project ; Figure 4-4l . A'DAMES & MOORE '' 'i '.A DIAMFES MOCMRE GROUiP COMPANY , CORRIDOR'A' = 1 / X / ~~~~~~~CORRIDOR;B, ,,/,,,,,X \ 80 0 80 Kilometers I '.CORRIDOR'C' Areas of Traditional Agricultural Chad Export Project Figure 4-5 DAMES & MOORE -_ A DAMES, MOR GROUPCC)A | / \ \\\ // ~~~~~CORRIDOR 'Bz \) N..'~~~~ .'.' 0 : Kilometers CORRLR A'CORRIDORCl Locations of Swampy Areas Chad Export Project , Figure 4-6 p &DAMES & MOORE , A DEs i MOf M RE GROUP COMPANy ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 5.0 SELECTION OF MARINE TERMINAL LOCATION IN THE VICINITY OF KRIBI Once corridor B was identified as the preferred pipeline corridor between the oilfield development area in southern Chad and the Cameroon coast, a reconnaissance of the Kribi vicinity was undertaken to find the preferred location for the marine terminal site, as well as to determine if it should be located onshore or offshore. The results of this reconnaissance effort are presented below. 5.1 FIELD RECONNAISSANCE IN THE KRIBI VICINITY 5.1.1 Field Reconnaissance An aerial and ground reconnaissance of the coastal region in the Kribi vicinity, south to Grand Batanga and north to Londji was conducted. Portions of this region are flat with dense forest cover, while other areas are cultivated or otherwise developed. The area population is concentrated along the coast from Kribi to Elabe. Small villages and settlements are located along the regional roads. From Kribi south toward Grand Batanga, the terrain is rolling and the principal road is unpaved, narrow, and rough. The terrain north of Kribi is generally flat. The road from Kribi to Edea is a two-lane paved highway in good condition. The area south of Grand Batanga was excluded from further consideration due to pipeline access limitations into the coastline onshore due to the presence of the Campo Reserve. The area north of Elab6 to Londji was excluded from further consideration due to: 1) large amounts of rock outcrops onshore and along the coastline that would require blasting to achieve adequate pipeline burial in this area; 2) lack of a suitable onshore land area for an onshore facility; and, 3) the distance to the 30 m bathymetric contour for locating the FSO is farther offshore than the altemative areas. The coastline immediately north of Londji, essentially between Londji and the southern border of the Douala-Edea Reserve, was also excluded from further consideration for the following reasons: 1) access to the coastline from the paved road is very limited; 2) the area is heavily forested with mangroves along the coastline and primarily undisturbed; and 3) the area is primarily lowlands, in the proximity of the Nyong and Lokoundj6 river mouths, and 4) the distance from the coastline to the 30 m water depth required for FSO placement is 20 km. On the basis of observations made during the aerial inspection and review of existing maps and charts, the following general areas (Figure 5-1) were selected for terminal site consideration: * The area southeast of Grand Batanga, approximately 13 km south of Kribi (Area A) * The area north of Lobe, approximately 9 km south of Kribi (Area B) * The area east of Elabe, approximately 5 kilometers north of Kribi (Area C). Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 5-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 5.2 RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS OF THE FIELD RECONNAISSANCE Of the eight sites within the 3 general areas described above, five to the south and three to the north of Kribi were selected as potential candidates to accommodate an onshore oil storage terminal and/or the onshore facilities necessary to support an offshore FSO facility. These sites are shown in relation to one another and with respect to Kribi on Figure 5-1. Each of these locations were further evaluated with regard to land use, location, physical features, offshore characterization and costs. Tables 5-1 and 5-2 summarize the relative rankings for the eight sites evaluated. The four sites with the best overall flexibility for use as a marine terminal site were determined to be Sites B-2, B-3, C-2 and C-3. For the purposes of this comparative analysis, all ranking components in Tables 5-1 and 5-2 were considered equal in weight. On the basis of the comparative analyses presented in this report, the four leading sites are the following: * Site C-2 -- north of Kribi and south of Elabe - Sites B-21B-3 -- south of Kribi and north of Lobe Falls * Site C-3 -- north of Kribi and south of EBabe. The sites identified above were further evaluated with regard to the compatibility of a marine terminal at these locations with the local (Kribi) plans for future development area north and south of Kribi. This evaluation was based on a series of meetings and discussions with representatives of the Republic of Cameroon and local Kribi officials. The results of the evaluation are highlighted below: Issues North of Kribi (between Kribi and Londli) * The marine terminal will have to be located 25 km north of Kribi to avoid the current and planned urban development area between Kribi and Londji. * An area 25 km north of Kribi (between Londji and the southern border of the Douala - Edea Reserve) will not have road access to the coast and will be located in coastal wetlands and mangroves in close proximity to the Nyong and Lokoundje river mouths and the Douala- Edea Faunal Reserve. * The area north of Kribi is an area of high population density with many houses, hotels and other businesses. * The area north of Kribi is the focal point of the commercial recreation/tourism industry in the Kribi area. May 1999 5-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 * The area north of Kribi is designated for continued tourism/recreational use/growth and a marine terminal in this area is not consistent with the Kribi Development Plan. * The distance to the 30 m water depth is 25 km farther offshore than south of Kribi. Issues South of Kribi (between Kribi and Grand Batanga) * The area south of Kribi has a lower population density and fewer houses, hotels and other businesses. This would reduce the potential socioeconomic impacts from the project in this area, when compared to the area north of Kribi. * Commercial recreation/tourism is virtually nonexistent south of Lobe Falls, but the area south of Lob6 Falls supports local (Kribi) beach use, primarily on weekends. * A marine terminal located south of Kribi (between Kribi and Lobe Falls) is consistent with the Kribi Development Plan. * The area south of Kribi currently has offshore oil production (installed production plafform with FSO operated by Perenco Cameroon), a similar operation as proposed by this project. * The area south of Kribi has been considered for use as a deepwater port. * Onshore areas (inland between Kribi and the Campo Reserve to the south) have areas of known high value mineral ore bodies that may be developed/exported in the future. * A proposal is being considered to build a dam at Newah Nuele to provide electricity to the Kribi area. * The distance to the 30 m water depth is closer to shore than North of Kribi. * Area further south of Lobe Falls is adjacent to Campo Reserve . Considering the above issues, the area south of Kribi in the immediate area of sites B2, and B3 on Figure 5-1 was chosen for the marine terminal location. This area could easily accommodate either an onshore or offshore terminal facility to provide best compatibility with the future business/industrial plans for the Kribi area, and provide minimal impacts to the coastal and offshore environments. Considerations were next given to determining whether the marine terminal facility should be constructed onshore or offshore in this vicinity. 5.3 EVALUATION OF A MARINE TERMINAL: OFFSHORE VS. ONSHORE Once the area south of Kribi was identified as the location for the marine terminal, an evaluation was performed to determine its location relative to an onshore vs. offshore facility. The evaluation that concluded with the decisions to have an offshore storage facility identified several advantages in building an offshore storage facility over an onshore storage terminal, including the following: Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 5-3 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT * The offshore storage concept (i.e., a FSO) leaves a smaller "footprint", as its requirements for shore-side site plot area and supporting infrastructure (approximately 10 ha.) are less than for onshore storage (approximately 90 - 100 ha). * The offshore storage concept would minimize the potential for contamination to groundwater resources, since oil storage would not occur onshore. * Security considerations favor a FSO, which would typically be less accessible than an onshore storage tank farm. * The size of the offshore pipeline network is smaller for offshore storage. An onshore storage facility would require two large diameter (36 to 42 inch) subsea pipelines running out to the tanker loading facilities. The FSO requires a single loading pipeline from shore (30 inch) and the tanker loading system is part of the FSO vessel design. * The FSO facility provides a significant cost savings in terms of both initial investment and operating costs in comparison to the design, construction, and operation of onshore storage (tank farm). * The offshore storage concept has advantages from a decommissioning standpoint, as the FSO is a self-contained unit that can be removed and disposed of more readily than onshore storage facilities. 5.4 DOUBLE HULL FSO VERSUS SINGLE HULL FSO Both a double hull FSO and a single hull FSO were evaluated for use during early project planning and design stages. A double hull FSO consists of an inner and outer hull that provides two structural barriers between the cargo tanks and the ocean, whereas a single hull FSO has one. The following paragraphs present a summary of the international regulations regarding single versus double hulled FSOs, a brief discussion of the site conditions at the FSO location, and the safeguards that will be implemented to help ensure safe and efficient FSO operations. International regulations now in force (International Maritime Organization Regulations 13F of Annex 1 of MARPOL 73/78, as amended) will cause the industry to phase out the use of single hull tankers and convert to double hull tankers by the year 2015. However, these international regulations, as amended, specifically exclude FSOs that are moored on a fixed location, as will be the case for this project. The reasons for the exclusion are that moored FSOs are at significantly less risk from high energy collisions and groundings than conventional trading tankers. Compared to trading tankers, an FSO is stationary and has an inherent advantage of being able to command and control other vessel movements within its immediate vicinity, resulting in low traffic density and slower speeds. May 1999 5-4 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 In addition to the above, favorable site conditions and other project safeguards will also help to minimize the potential for other vessels to collide with the FSO. These are described below. * Favorable site conditions - The Cameroon coastal marine environment is not harsh, and will not adversely affect routine FSO operations. The FSO will be located away from shipping lanes and other petroleum-related activity in the immediate vicinity, and is a safe distance from coastal areas. Marine surveys of the project area did not identify unusual navigational hazards. * Dedicated guard vessel - Provision of a dedicated multi-purpose marine support vessel (MSV) is a key element in the safe operations of the FSO. Among its duties, the MSV will provide rapid response to oil spills, a warning system, and intervention capabilities. This vessel will be outfitted to properly maneuver and handle a floating disabled tanker. The MSV shall serve as the main stand-by vessel that remains in the project area at all times. * Site surveillance - The FSO and MSV will be equipped with long range radar (radius >10 kilometers) to detect and monitor ships, fishing boats, and other small craft in the area. * Designated exclusion zone - The FSO will be located 11 kilometers offshore and surrounded by a designated exclusion zone that will be patrolled by the MSV. The exclusion zone boundaries will be established for safety reasons and to avoid interference with petroleum- related activity that may be performed by others in the vicinity. Official navigation charts will be updated to show the location of the new installations. Since there are no shipping lanes within the vicinity of the FSO the likelihood of collision by a ship underway is very remote. The Port of Kribi and its established anchorage is at a safe distance about 12 kilometers northeast of the FSO site. * Navigation aids - Aids to navigation include navigation lights, foghorn, and marine-frequency radios for communicating among the FSO, export tanker(s), MSV, other marine vessel(s), and shore facilities. * "Weathervaning" mooring configuration - Use of a single point mooring configuration that allows the FSO to weathervane, in combination with a tandem off-take tanker mooring arrangement will reduce risks during the maneuvering of the off-taking export tanker. The same methodologies have been applied successfully at several other existing FSO installations off West Africa. * Marine operating procedures - Detailed operating procedures will be developed to ensure conformity between system designs and operating practices. This includes development of an overall Oil Spill Response Plan for the project. * Oil Storage Management - Oil storage management procedures will be developed to minimize oil stored in the wing tanks. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 5-5 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT * Selective ballast tank locations - The FSO tank arrangement will be configured so the FSO's ballast tanks are located adjacent to the service vessel landing area. * Fenders - The service vessel landing area will be outfitted with a fender system designed to absorb minor vessel impact without damaging the FSO side shell. In addition, all marine support craft will be equipped with adequate fender systems to avoid damaging the tankers. * Classification - The FSO will be subjected to the classification requirements of a reputable Classification Society. Classification provides an independent means to provide confirmation of fitness for service, due diligence, and proper maintenance. Based upon the international regulatory framework currently in force, the physical characteristics of the Cameroon coastal area, and the protective safeguards that will be implemented as discussed above, the decision is to use a single hulled FSO for the Chad Export Project. The storage of crude oil in converted oil tankers has a long and safe history. The first of these were installed around 1970 and by the mid 1990's, about 100 have been installed. In 1993, more than 68 FSO/FPSO units where installed in offshore waters of 33 different countries around the world. This number is expected to increase as they play an important role in development of marginal fields in many offshore waters. The vast majority of these FSO/FPSO vessels are single hull (versus double hull) units, especially those located in areas where the marine environment is historically benign (such as is found offshore Cameroon). 5.5 CONCLUSION The results of this evaluation concluded that the preferred location for the marine terminal would be located offshore in approximately 30 m of water south of Kribi. Therefore, the onshore pipeline alignment would be routed southwest around Kribi to shore crossing approximately 5 km south of Kribi. The pipeline would then continue approximately 11 km offshore to a single hull FSO located in approximately 30 m of water. May 1999 5-6 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPOR77NG DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT TABLE 5-1 MARINE TERMINAL SITE SELECTION SITE RANKING DETAILED MATRIX(1) Item Site Site Site Site Site Site Site Item A-1 A-2 B-1 B2, B-3 C-1 C-2 C-3 Land Use (1 = Yes, 2 = Possible, 3 = No) Flood plain 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Refuge/preserve 1 1 3 3 3 3 3 Agricultural use 3 2 3 2 2 1 1 Aquifer recharge area 2 2 3 3 3 2 2 Tourism and recreation (shore 1 1 1 1 1 11 crossing) Subtotal (15 maximum) 10 9 13 12 12 10 10 Location (I = Yes, 2 = Possible, 3 = No) 0.5 kilometer from beach 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Adequate buffer from known historic and environmentally 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 sensitive areas Adequate buffer from 2 3 2 3 2 2 2 population centers Accessibility by improved road 1 1 2 3 3 3 3 Availability of Utilities 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 Subtotal (15 maximum) 9 10 10 13 13 13 13 Site Physical Features (3 = Good, 2 = Adequate, I - Poor) Topography 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Ground cover 3 3 3 3 2 3 3 Soils and drainage 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Depth to water table 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Suitable overall size 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1 Subtotal (15 maximum) 14 1 14 1 12 14 11 14 12 Offshore Characteristics (3 = Good, 2 = Adequate, I = Poor) Distance to 30-meter depth 3 3 2 2 2 2 2 Potential for second SPM 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 anchorage/moorng area I I_II _ I__ Nearby sensitive areas (e.g., 2 2 1 2 2 2 2 reefs, outcrops, mangroves) _ __l_l_l_ Presence of subsistence and 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 commercial fishing - I I I I l_ I Current and wave conditions 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Subtotal (15 maximum) 12 12 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Relative Capital Costs (3 = Base, 2 = Higher, I = Highest) Onshore pipeline length T 1 T 1 2 2 3 3 3 Offshore pipeline length 3 3 2 2 1 | 1 1 Access roads 1 1 - 1 2 2 2 3 3 Siteclearingand leveling 3 2 - 3 3 2 - 3 3 Infrastructure needs (utilities) I 1 T 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 T 3 3 Subtotal (15 maximum) | 9 | 8 |1 1 11 10 | 13 13 (1) All ranking components are assumed equal (i.e., no weighting has been applied). Alt Analysis Eng Tables 05-05 b.doc May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT TABLE 5-2 MARINE TERMINAL SITE SELECTION SITE RANKING SUMMARY MATRIX ( Grand Batanga Lobe Elabe Item Site Site Site Site Site Site Site A-1 A-2 B-1 B2, B-3 C-1 C-2 C-3 Land use 10 9 13 12 12 10 10 Location 9 10 10 13 13 13 13 Physical features 14 14 12 14 11 14 12 Offshore characteristics 12 12 10 11 1 1 11 1 1 Relative capital costs 9 8 11 11 10 13 13 Total (75 maximum) 54 53 56 61 57 61 59 (1)See Table 5-1 for detailed breakdown. Alt Analysis Eng Tables 05-05 b.doc May 1999 590 000 E 600 0 E .... . ... ----15Km - _-- -. "- -- - - fl / N / /-lf AREA C ffl JMB09> ^xxl¢Y2xzir to10Km/ A I i ,, , j ..Xxxxxx.x:x..dN:.xx,o : lxxx,,xxixx:,:M NM / \ ' WO Km / 9 @ aj,x, xxExLx .xx, 2 1. 8~L ATHYETRY CONTOURS ARE IESTIMATED 5K 3 8S{ 8 "rw3 9'k i8 FROM NAVIGATION MAPS OF TH4E AREA. | / 0 tZ/z/z///XEixSxisyrokula8ierixxxxixxxXixxxxwXx XEX Xxei.4....,«. cc6cc;;7rxgxcc a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ NA~~~~~NGAOJANOO00 ' \ AA. I :.,li,s3f*i.ixcisp.xx.x.xxxc'....... _wnvEn t ' g= / (~~~~~~~~~~~~~AREA A) 51- 03,X X IE . I . ~ . I - _ - w.iS ez \; fli:fi:Siis!si:i?iXSxvixNsi7*frix?iisigi;?i:?ixi7xxbesisisiNix7xag5i _ TANKER LOAD .,i .NG. icx .5.xxXxxxxxxXxx:,xxxxxixxx,tjjjgggisg-i _ PROPOSED PIPELI Loo <..,,x...:c.:.x...... 5S9000 E 600 000 E Figure 5-1. Marine Terminal Site Selection in the Kribi Vicinity THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 6.0 BACKGROUND REGARDING ADDITIONAL ROUTING ANALYSIS The results of the alternatives analysis presented in the proceeding chapters of this appendix were incorporated into Environmental Assessments (EAs) for the project and released to the public for review, and to the World Bank Group (WBG) for informal comment beginning in October 1997. The 1997 EAs included a pipeline alignment within corridor B that led from the oilfield development area in Southern Chad to an offshore marine terminal location south of Kribi as discussed previously in this Volume (Figure 6-1). Comments/questions were raised by the public and the WBG regarding portions of the pipeline routing through the Mb6re Rift Valley, the Deng Deng region and the Atlantic Littoral Forest areas during the review process. The concerns primarily focused around potential induced access and natural habitat issues in the Mbere Valley and the Deng Deng areas, and natural habitat issues and potential impacts to indigenous peoples in the Atlantic Littoral Forest area. The 1997 EA stated that pipeline optimization studies would be conducted as part of a forthcoming centerline survey that would include environmental and socioeconomic evaluations along the entire pipeline alignment. The 1997 Cameroon EA also identified that additional studies in the Mb6r6 Valley area were warranted in order to evaluate the most cost-effective and environmentally acceptable route through this area (see Section 7.3.2.3 of the 1997 EA). Further analyses of the pipeline route were undertaken in the Mbere Rift Valley, Deng Deng Forest, and Atlantic Littoral Forest areas to address the public's and WBG's comments/questions. The additional field surveys were conducted to gain a more comprehensive understanding of the natural habitats in these areas, as well as a more thorough understanding of the nature and distribution of the indigenous peoples (the Bakola Pygmies) in the Atlantic Littoral Forest area. This process involved the acquisition of updated satellite imagery, further environmental mapping (which has been input to the project environmental GIS), and a substantial program of additional field surveys including many person-months of field work by teams of pipeline specialists and environmental scientists (including social scientists and biologists). The results of additional field investigations in these three areas and the results in terms of pipeline routing through these areas are discussed in the following three chapters of this Volume. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 6-1 May 1999 A *~~~ Moundou * Doba Kaba/ La * TimberiChad rama Gore Nigeria f _bok~~~~~~~~~~~aiooum nr1,f Ngaoundere bee U~~~~~ {_/t <, S ~~~~~~~~~~~~~Mboulf Ngaoundal elganga * Dir Cameroon Garoua-Boulai Betarya Bafoussam Kumba Batoua 0g Deng t Central African Republic >5 umaBfaMinta Bertoua :U: tE=t * * Bato al 00; E 0 Douala 94a Doume Douala ~~~~~~~~~~Abong Mbang : 0 ;; >_ Edea o b Akonolinga m Obout IGuine Long .... ; ,100 0 100 200 Kilometers Cong Atlantic Ocean LEGEND Oil Pipeline and Marine Terminal WBG Routing Areas of Concern Location as Evaluated in the - International Boundary * FSO Atlantic Littoral Forest Area Chad Export Project October 1997 EAs Pipeline (12/96) * City Deng Deng ForestArea ' Poe M Mb6rd Rift Valley Area . DAMES & MOORE F 6-1 A DWES ~ OORE GRO COMPAgyFigure61 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 7.0 THE MBERE RIFT VALLEY AREA The Environmental Assessment, Cameroon Portion (see Section 7.3.2.3 of the EA), noted that: "In order to evaluate the most cost-effective and environmentally acceptable route, the project is undertaking further studies of pipeline alignments in the valley (the current route) and on the valley's northern flank." As prescribed in the EA, further studies of pipeline alignments in the Mbere Rift Valley have been completed. The following section provides details and data from the supplemental studies along with an analysis comparing the original route with alternative routes which were developed as part of the public review and the WBG's informal comments to the 1997 EAs. 7.1 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE ROUTES For comparison purposes, three routes were examined from a single start point, to a single end point. The start point was established as the northeastern (or upstream) point at which any of the route alternatives deviated from the Original Route, and the end point as the southwestern (or downstream) point at which any of the route alternatives deviated from the Original Route. Each of the routes are described from the northeast to southwest. Three routes were evaluated and are shown on Figure 7-1: the Original Route, Alternative Y, and Alternative Z. Table 7-1 provides the key environmental and engineering attributes of the routes. 7.1.1 The Original Route From the start point located just west of the village of Ouantounou, the Original Route would follow a southwest direction over rugged terrain into the Mbere Rift Valley. From this point, the route would trend in a westerly direction through the central portion of the valley and then resume a southwesterly direction to a point 20 km southeast of the town of B6lel. The route would then traverse the floor of the valley (crossing the Mbere River) to the foot of the valley's southern escarpment, approximately 15 km northeast of the village of Mbarang. Other than the segment of high relief close to the start point, the route follows the entire floor of the rift valley, and intersects undulating terrain resulting from the incised nature of the tributary streams of the Mbere River. Land use close to the start and finish points of the valley is traditional agriculture, while the central section is a mixture of relatively undisturbed and disturbed savanna, much of which has no identified land use. 7.1.2 Alternative Y Alternative Y follows the Original Route for about 12 km from the start point before deviating to the west, and proceeding north of, and almost parallel to, the Original Route to the vicinity of the village of Sokorta Manga, 42 km east of Belel. From this point the route runs almost due west to 10 km northeast of Beiel, then trends southwest down the northern escarpment of the Mbere Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 7-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Rift Valley, across the valley floor, and up to the end point at the foot of the southern escarpment. Land use along Altemative Y consists of traditional agriculture at the western end, between Ouantounou and Nana, in the area around Sokorta Manga, and for most of the section between the Belel area and the end point. The intervening section has no known land use. The vegetation is predominantly wooded savanna, and the terrain varies from rolling and undulating (east of Nana, and in the valley north of the end point) to hilly and rugged (along much of the central section of the route). 7.1.3 Alternative Z Alternative Z deviates from the Original Route at the start point and avoids difficult terrain associated with the descent into the core area of the Mbere valley by routing to the west. The route coincides with Alternative Y between the villages of Nana and Sokorta Manga and then deviates from Alternative Y to parallel the Original Route. Alternative Z descends the northern escarpment of the valley and rejoins the Original Route in the valley floor at the location where the Original Route exits the core area of the valley. Alternative Z then is coincident with the Original Route to the end point. The eastern and western ends are characterized by traditional agriculture. The central sections of the route, with the exception of the area around road crossings, are subject to livestock grazing or have no identified land use. 7.2 COMPARISON OF THE ALTERNATIVES The comparison of physical, construction, vegetation, and terrain characteristics of the Mbere area route alternatives are shown in Table 7-1. 7.3 STUDY OF THE ALTERNATIVE ROUTES 7.3.1 Mapping With definition of the three Mbere alternative routes, the coverage of the 1:200,000 scale mapping was extended to include all three layers (Terrain Analysis, Vegetation, and Land Use). All mapping is represented in the project GIS. The digitization of the mapping data and its use in a GIS system allows the quantification of mapping data. In particular, when comparing routes it is possible to compare the degree of intersection of various route alternatives with the various mapping units. The comparison data for the route altematives are presented in Table 7-1. 7.3.2 Field Investigations An intensive program of field investigations was performed in the Mbere Rift Valley area. A field party of engineering and environmental professionals examined each alternative utilizing a May 1999 7-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 variety of methods, including aerial overflights by both helicopter and fixed wing aircraft. Some critical areas were examined more than once. The methodology adopted for the field investigations was for the integrated engineering and environmental team to examine each of the alternatives to allow characterization in engineering and environmental terms. This process is the same as that performed throughout the corridor and route selection process to date. Some of the team members have been involved in the corridor and route selection process since its inception in 1993. The remaining team members were representatives of the contractors responsible for the construction of the pipeline, who brought a construction perspective to the evaluation. 7.3.3 Mbere Rift Valley Biology Survey Dames & Moore mounted a scientific expedition into the core area of the Mbere Rift Valley to conduct field surveys for biological resources along the Original Route and Alternatives Y and Z. In a 1995 report, Berger identified the Mbere Rift Valley as an important area for wildlife based on results of interviews conducted with villagers on the south side of the valley. In addition, Thomas (1995) also identified this area as important habitat. It was decided that additional information on wildlife species, particularly sensitive species, would be necessary to develop environmental management requirements along the pipeline route. The objective of the surveys were: (1) to compare the biological sensitivities along the Original and Alternative Routes; and (2) to assist in developing environmental management requirements for the selected route. Surveys were conducted in April and May 1998 and focused on areas of representative habitats. Sensitive biological resources and issues were identified; these provided the basis for comparing the routes and for developing environmental management requirements. 7.3.3.1 Methods Dames & Moore biologists conducted field survey efforts for vegetation types, birds, and mammals. In addition, interviews were conducted in one village in the core area of the valley and in selected villages along the western, central, and eastern portions of the northern escarpment. Field surveys were conducted in representative habitats and in areas of high- quality, relatively less disturbed habitat where opportunities would be maximized for detecting occurrences of sensitive wildlife species. Those species include primarily animals listed by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) as endangered, threatened, vulnerable, or "lower risk" (sensitive, but not critical status). The representative habitats were dominated by savanna (disturbed and undisturbed), and to a lesser extent, cultivated agriculture. Relatively undisturbed, high-quality habitats included gallery forests, river systems, and aquatic habitats. The gallery forests and aquatic habitats Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 7-3 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT were located primarily in proximity to the river systems. Surveys conducted included the following: * Timed point counts during the day for birds * Night-time surveys for nocturnal birds (such as owls) and mammals (species observed included bats and Demidoffs galago, which is the smallest primate in Africa and is quite common) * Vegetation transects to characterize the perennial shrubs and trees along the route * Small mammal trapping * Transect surveys for sign (tracks, scat, trails, etc.) of large mammals * Interviews with hunters and other village residents. The scientific team was assisted during the large mammal transect surveys by a local hunter familiar with the wildlife of the region. The potential occurrence and relative abundance of birds and mammals were assessed based on results of the wildlife surveys. The vegetation transects provided an update of the vegetation types, identified from previously completed and ground- truthing photo-interpretation. These assessments assisted in identifying sensitive biological resources, including the distribution of sensitive species and the occurrence of high-quality habitats along both the Original Route and Alternatives Y and Z. 7.3.3.2 Biological Survey Results Results from the vegetation transects along the alternatives did not indicate the occurrence of sensitive, threatened, or endangered plant species. The vegetation transects were not intended to survey for rare plants. Surveys conducted in a previous year focused on rare plants of the Mbere area. Results of those surveys indicated that rare plants occurred in the region, but not in the vicinity of the Original Route near the Mb6re River. Similar to surveys conducted elsewhere, characterization of the vegetation types supported some of the conclusions from the wildlife surveys about sensitive habitats. No sensitive or rare birds were observed during surveys, but areas important to overall avian species diversity were noted. For example, the Mbere River is important to birds because of the aquatic and gallery forest habitats. Similar surveys conducted in savanna habitats in the valley indicated comparatively fewer species of birds. Overall, results from the bird surveys in the Mbere Valley did not include any unusual, unexpected, or remarkable species for the area. The comparative discussion below focuses on the faunal group (large mammals) where survey results showed marked differences. Original Route Results of the surveys indicate that the diversity and abundance of wildlife species were relatively high on the valley floor in comparison to the escarpment. Not only were more wildlife May 1999 7-4 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 species noted, but there were more high-profile species occurring in the valley. The difference in diversity was especially evident in survey results for larger antelope and ungulate species. No lUCN-listed endangered species were observed. Observed IUCN-listed lower-risk (decrease in numbers has been noted, but not at a critical status at present) species included African buffalo (Syncerus caffer), Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsyprimnus defassa), Kob (K. kob), Common hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), and Roan antelope (Hippotragns equinus). Further evidence of the greater diversity in the valley included observations of individuals or sign of elephants (Loxodonta africana) and hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Elephants are listed by IUCN as endangered. Fresh elephant sign was observed in the valley. Borassa palms were observed throughout the valley, both on and off the vegetation transects. Elephants are known to often feed on the fruits of this plant. The continued migration of elephants through the Mb6re Valley may be due in part to the distribution of the palms. Direct observations of hippopotamus were made during the surveys in the valley. Other species that occurred included smaller antelope species (such as IUCN "lower risk" species of duikers and oribi, and more common bushbuck), as well as some species of monkey, such as the common black and white colobus. Lions (IUCN-listed as vulnerable) were formerly known to occur in the valley, but now are extirpated from the area. It was reported by villagers that some other large carnivores, such as hyenas (lower risk) and wild dogs (lUCN-listed as endangered) are still present in the valley and on the escarpment, but are quite rare. Alternatives Y and Z Results from surveys and interviews indicated fewer animals and fewer species along Alternatives Y and Z than along the Original Route. One exception is the west end of the Alternative Z where it drops into the Mbere Valley. There the diversity and relative abundance of wildlife are similar to the Original Route. There were several sensitive species recorded along or near the Original Route that do not occur, or occur in much lower densities, along Alternative Z. Much of the difference may be due to greater use of agriculture (both cultivated agriculture and cattle grazing) along the escarpment. The agricultural uses have reduced the value of such areas as habitat for wildlife. None of the IUCN lower risk ungulate species noted in the valley were observed along Alternatives Y and Z. Elephant sign was observed, with less frequency than near the Original Route. Borassa palms were not as widely distributed along Alternative Z and were absent from Alternative Y. Both hyenas and wild dogs have been reported to occur on Alternatives Y and Z, but are quite rare. Hippopotamus did not occur along Alternatives Y or Z. Species that occurred in densities similar to the Original Route included smaller antelope species (duiker, oribi, bushbuck) and common monkey species such as black and white colobus. Results of interviews indicated a marked increase in wildlife abundance in the portions of the valley adjacent to those areas of the escarpment that have been converted to agriculture. For Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 7-5 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT example, villagers living along the eastern portion of the escarpment rely on cotton and cattle grazing for income and food. Hunting has become less important in this area. As a consequence, the villagers report less wildlife in the vicinity of the agriculture, but increasing densities of wildlife in the adjacent portions of the valley. In contrast, the central portion of the escarpment has less agricultural land use and more people who depend on hunting. There, the densities of wildlife species in natural habitats along both the Alternatives Y and Z and the Original Route have decreased. 7.3.3.3 Biological Conclusions and Recommendations The differences in wildlife diversity appear to be due to existing hunting pressure, agriculture, and patterns of human habitation. More people live along and near the escarpment partly due to the establishment of agriculture. This results in more people having ready access to hunt wildlife along the escarpment (and therefore, along Alternatives Y and Z) than in the valley (and along the Original Route). However, reliance by humans on agriculture may also have positive benefits on wildlife in some areas. The seasonal agricultural use of the Mbere Rift Valley affects wildlife distribution along and near the Original Route. Transhumants graze cattle in the valley near the river during the dry season. Effects of grazing, such as the trampling of vegetation, were observed during the surveys. It was reported by the hunter/guide working on the team that larger grazing wildlife species, such as antelope, tend to avoid the cattle by moving from the central portion of the valley out to the base of the escarpments to the north and south. Because most of these animals are better adapted to the valley than to the escarpment, there are relatively high densities of wildlife at the base of the escarpment, but still within the valley. These larger mammals resume using areas closer to the Mbere River in the wet season when cattle are removed. Pipeline construction and operation along Alternative Z would result in fewer impacts than would construction and operation along the Original Route. Fewer species and individual animals would be disturbed. Altemative Y would result in fewer biological impacts, but potentially more socioeconomic impacts. Therefore, pipeline construction along Alternative Z is preferable because it avoids or minimizes impacts to several species of animals with IUCN status compared to the Original Route and is shorter than Alternative Y. The difference in potential impact between the routes is especially evident in the eastern portions of the Mbere Rift Valley and adjacent escarpment. There is a substantial amount of human activity in the eastern portion of the escarpment, including cotton farming and cattle grazing. This has resulted in habitats on the escarpment that are negatively affected by conversion to agricultural uses. Moreover, the switch from hunting to agriculture apparently has allowed some wildlife species to increase their population numbers in the valley. May 1999 7-6 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Pipeline construction should be maximized in and near areas of existing human activities. This would impact less area of natural habitat and would cause less induced access issues. This recommendation applies to any route. It would be beneficial to maintain a relatively straight pipeline right-of-way. Generally, small areas of high-quality habitat were not identified. With planning, some high-quality habitat could be avoided (such as gallery forests), but the straight-line approach would provide the benefit of disturbing less habitat overall. This recommendation would apply to any route. 7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATIONS OF THE ALTERNATIVE ROUTES The key environmental issue that the evaluation of the Mber6 route alternatives seek to address is the impact of the pipeline on the core area of the Mber6 Rift Valley, which has less human activity associated with it than surrounding areas. While the core area is by no means completely isolated from human activity its lower levels of human usage has resulted in more wildlife in this area than elsewhere in the region. The relative impact of the route alternatives has been quantified by use of environmental mapping and the project GIS. The mapping layer that most readily differentiates those areas that are potentially of significance to wildlife is the disturbed vegetation mapping. The relative abundance of wildlife is strongly correlated to human usage or presence, and such usage or presence results in disturbance to vegetation that has been mapped as disturbed savanna. The length of intersection of the alternative routes with the disturbed and relatively disturbed mapping units indicate the comparative level of impact of each route. While the examination of route alternatives is focused on potential impacts to the relatively undisturbed savanna in the core area of the valley, the effects of Alternatives Y and Z on issues that are currently not considered significant for the Original Route also need to be evaluated. While routing closer to the existing road on the northern escarpment of the valley would reduce the level of impact on relatively undisturbed savanna, it would result in greater impacts to the human environment, such as disturbance to land utilized by the local population for agricultural production, and impacts to the local population resulting from increased project usage of the existing road on the northern flank of the valley. As an example, Table 7-1 shows the number of named villages on the published 1:200,000 topographic maps that lie within 2 km of the three alternatives. Another indicator of comparative impacts to the human environment is the total land requirement of the various route alternatives. The land requirements for the pipeline land easement are indicated in Table 7-1. These are the minimum requirements, and the longer pipeline alternative could require more land for facilities, such as additional storage yards, communication sites, and related access roads. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 7-7 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Another factor to be considered when evaluating the environmental impacts of the route alternatives is the number of river and stream crossings that would be intersected. While mitigation measures would be adopted with the goal of reducing river crossing impacts to less than significant levels, each crossing would result in some direct impact to the environment. The fewer the number of crossings, the less overall impact. In addition, rivers and other water courses would be among the more sensitive receptors in the unlikely event of an oil spill, and minimizing the number of crossings would reduce the risk that surface water bodies would be impacted by an oil spill. Table 7-1 shows the number of water courses crossed by the various route alternatives. An additional factor influencing the comparative environmental impacts of different routes is the pumping horsepower required for the pipeline system. Longer route altematives could require an additional pump station, which would result in additional impacts to the human environment as a result of increased project land requirements. Higher horsepower requirements are correlated to higher rates of atmospheric emissions, and higher rates of fuel consumption. An increase in the quantity of fuel consumed by the project leads to a reduction in the economic value of the project. 7.5 ENGINEERING EVALUATION OF THE ALTERNATIVE ROUTES MBERE The principal engineering factors considered in the evaluation of the route alternatives were construction, pumping horsepower requirements, and capital cost. 7.5.1 Construction Construction was assessed by two internationally recognized pipeline construction companies. Construction issues were principally related to the amount of rock that would be encountered, along with other physical factors that increase construction difficulty, such as hilly terrain and river and stream crossings. Comparative data for the route alternatives are shown in Table 7-1. With regard to the occurrence of rock, longer route alternatives are likely to intersect more rock than shorter routes, and more rock is likely to be encountered in hilly terrain. The April 1998 field study provided the following information on the two alternative routes: * Alternative Y would involve an additional length of 11 km (total length of reroute is 107 km), significant additional rock, and three more road crossings than the Original Route. * Alternative Z would not represent any significant construction change from the Original Route. Alternative Z is slightly longer than the Original Route (reroute length 60 km), and there are three additional minor road crossings. May 1999 7-8 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 7.5.2 Pumping Horsepower The total horsepower required to transport the oil through the export pipeline is principally related to the length of the export pipeline and its elevation profile. In general, longer export pipelines require more horsepower, as do routes that involve more elevation changes. Comparative data on pumping horsepower requirements are presented in Table 7-1. 7.5.3 Cost Estimated capital costs have been developed on a comparative basis for each of the route alternatives. The most significant factor influencing cost was found to be the overall length of the alternative. The cost comparisons are shown in Table 7-1. 7.6 CONCLUSIONS An evaluation was undertaken of the most cost-effective and environmentally acceptable route in the vicinity of the core area of the Mbere Rift Valley. Three routes were evaluated: the Original Route and Alternatives Y and Z. Key environmental and engineering attributes of these routes are summarized in Table 7-1. The Original Route is the lowest cost alternative and passes through the core area of the valley. Alternative Z addresses the key issue of avoiding the core area of the valley by placing the pipeline on the escarpment to the north of the rift valley, completely outside the core area. This route also entails an incremental increase in cost. Alternative Y is considerably longer than the other two alternatives, would be more difficult to construct and more costly, and would result in the greatest impacts to the human environment. Weighing environmental, socioeconomic, construction, and cost impacts, it has been determined that Alternative Z is the preferred alternative. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 7-9 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT TABLE 7-1 Comparison of Physical, Construction, Vegetation and Terrain Characteristics of Route Alternatives in the Mbere Area Alternative Route Considerations Original Route Route Y Route Z Route Y delta1 Route Z delta' Physical Characteristics Length (km) 107.2 117 9.8 107.5 0.3 Land required (ha) for 30m easement 358 391 33 359 1 Length (km) of route through hilly terrain2 10.4 64.8 54.4 51.7 41.3 Total pump station horsepower 27000 28000 1000 27000 00 Number of villages within 2 km of route 5 14 9 8 3 Number of water courses intersected by route 32 24 -8 26 -6 CONSTRUCTION COST Estimated Cost of route, million USD($) 68 75 7 69 1 VEGETATION AND TERRAIN CHARACTERISTICS Length (km) of route which intersects undisturbed 23.1 7.1 -16 8.9 -14.21 savanna Length (km) of route which intersects savanna and 107.2 117.1 9.9 107.5 0.3 barren land2 Number of stream and river valleys2 32 24 -8 26 -6 Route in core area of Mber6 Valley Yes No __No - ' Delta represents the numerical difference between the original route and the alternative routes. 2 Values were determined by GIS analysis of data acquired for the Chad Export Project. Alt Analysis Eng Tables 05-05 b.doc May 1999 51. , ?%eA -4- T" X Vnl? 41 VA, ;.4V V7 R? g A01 IQ e15 , If X., 1". t,7 0 I- I xri Q, o 1 U:1, Y 1 Of IPMNI, lo, 4z Nl t,i jl k, 744 zi 'r 3, 40 Ak--' n ni, qV, t f`k -7 IN < W' -44, w, 4 a.S C2 f,7 -1- FF I T z- yj PT 7 iA IC tl 1, -k- '41 Q' _k7f, LA )j, 1 LI V:: AM, A.V A All g, )PIA AX fw, 4,W 2 N 41Q1 I. I, f e W.V LEGEND OrWinarl Route AlternatUve Rtouto Y AfterneOve Routo Z Roads BO1 Jt- kz 'x. 141 7RII 'TV _41 5F, 1V Ng SC M.6 1. MI, Xe 17 1 SN "TA., y 0, 74, mv, f VA SIP CD f V 71 Sl 4j I~~~~~~~~~~~' 0 5 10 i5 20 Kilometers Mbere Pipeline Alignment and Alternative Routes & DAMES & MOORE Figure 7-1, A DAMES &MOREGROiP COMPANY 203 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 8.0 THE DENG DENG REGION This chapter discusses the selection of a pipeline route alternative through the Deng Deng region. The objectives of this chapter are to identify and select a pipeline route alternative that: 1) complies with the World Bank Group operational policies and directives (specifically, OD 4.01 Environmental Assessment, OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitat, and OP 4.36 Forestry); and 2) balances the environmental, socioeconomic, and cultural needs of the Republic of Cameroon with the engineering and economic needs of COTCO. Specifically this chapter presents an analysis and justification of alternatives resulting in: 1) a pipeline route alternative being selected through the Deng Deng region; and 2) measures that are proposed to mitigate for the loss of habitat and biodiversity with a focus on the semideciduous forest in the Deng Deng region, while establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area. The following sections provide information on the nine pipeline route alternatives considered. 8.1 THE DENG DENG REGION ROUTE ALTERNATIVES The Original Route and the eight alternative routes through the Deng Deng region (shown on Figure 8-1) were identified and evaluated based upon criteria that they: 1) follow existing infrastructure, existing roads and railroads (Alternatives A and B); 2) follow a combination of existing infrastructure and less substantial infrastructure, such as logging roads and related disturbed areas (the Original Route and Alternatives D and E); or 3) a combination of existing infrastructure, less substantial infrastructure, and savanna areas (Alternatives C, F, G, and H). For ease of comparison, all of the pipeline route alternatives through the Deng Deng region were evaluated between a single common start point and a single common end point. The common start point was established as the most northeastern (or upstream) point at which any of the alternatives deviate from the Original Route northeast of Meiganga. The common end point was established as the most southwestern (or downstream) point at which any of the alternatives converge with the Original Route near Nanga Eboko (Figure 8-1). 8.1.1 Original Route From the common start point northeast of Meiganga, the Original Route extends over land primarily used for traditional agriculture until it reaches the intersection with the asphalt road between Meidougou and Ngaoundal. The Original Route continues to the southwest, over rolling terrain of savanna and gallery forest, where cattle production and grazing are the predominant human use of the land. South from the village of Mabele, traditional agriculture is evident as this alignment continues southwest and then to the south as it crosses the southern flank of the Adamaoua Plateau. After traversing this area of steeper slopes and rock, the Original Route swings to the southwest, near the village of Mararaba. Southwest of Mararaba agricultural activity decreases, although cattle and occasional small settlements have been observed between Mararaba and the Lom River. The terrain is rolling, with incised drainage Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORTPROJECT courses that usually host gallery forests. The proportions of forest and savanna vary markedly in this section of the corridor, with savanna dominating to the northeast, and forest dominating to the southwest. Immediately north of the Lom River the vegetation is almost entirely semideciduous forest. South of the Lom River the vegetation remains much the same, although conditions differ in that logging has taken place throughout the area over the last 30 years from the Lom River to south and west of Belabo. Many of the logging roads are evident on the ground. The Original Route passes south of the town of Belabo, and trends southwest towards Nanga Eboko. This section passes through gently rolling terrain. The forest vegetation has been cleared for agricultural use around Belabo, and logging activity is evident. Further to the west, this route traverses a mosaic of savanna and forest, with varying degrees of disturbance. Levels of disturbance associated with agricultural and forestry activities increase toward the common end point, southeast of the town of Nanga Eboko. 8.1.2 Alternative A Alternative A deviates from the Original Route at the common start point, and runs southwest to the Meidougou-Ngaoundal road near the village of Kalaldi. Land use is traditional agriculture and livestock rearing. From Kalaldi west towards Ngaoundal, this alternative is comprised of disturbed land associated with the Meidougou-Ngaoundal road. Near Ngaoundal the route tums southwest, then south alongside the railway line between Ngaoundal and B6labo. The entire alternative between the start point and Belabo traverses rolling terrain, with incised river and stream courses, and vegetation ranging from wooded savanna with gallery forest, through a mosaic of forest/savanna, to semideciduous forest. Savanna dominates along the railroad south of Ngaoundal for approximately 70 km, where it intersects 15 km of forest, then about 8 km of savanna. The following 35 km (to the Lom River) pass through forest, as does the section from the Lom River to Belabo. From Belabo west to Nanga Eboko this alternative passes through savanna and forest along the banks of the Sanaga River. Land use along Alternative A varies from traditional agriculture and livestock production in the savanna between Ngaoundal and the Lom River, to historical and current forestry concessions between the Lom River and Belabo, and intermittent forestry concessions and agriculture in the B6labo to Nanga Eboko section. Areas of relatively undisturbed forest vegetation are present adjacent to the railroad both north and south of the Lom River. 8.1.3 Alternative B Alternative B follows the Original Route to a point immediately north of Meidougou, and then follows the Meidougou-Garoua Boulai-Bertoua-Nanga Eboko road corridor. This road tends to follow ridge lines through rugged terrain. From the start point, this alternative extends over lands primarily used for traditional agriculture, and rolling terrain is present as far south as Bembarang. From Bembarang south to the Garoua Boulai area the terrain is hilly, and the savanna is disturbed in the vicinity of the road. South of Garoua Boulai, west of Ndokayo, the May 1999 8-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 terrain is less rugged and more dissected, with the road (and Alternative B) following the higher ground between drainages. South of the Ndokayo area, the terrain is rugged as far as Yangamo. From Yangamo to Bertoua, the terrain is more gentle in character, although drainage channels are still well defined. Savanna with gallery forest is the dominant vegetation type as far south as Letta. Between Lefta and Bertoua Alternative B enters a landscape mosaic of savanna and semideciduous forest, which continues west of Bertoua but has large tracts of homogeneous forest and savanna vegetation. The terrain is undulating, with some rugged areas, such as around Nkoambang, east of Nanga Eboko. 8.1.4 Alternative C From north of Meidougou, this alternative trends south-southwest, crosses an area of rugged terrain, passes to the west of the town of Betare Oya, then follows the Betare Oya-Bertoua road. This portion of Alternative C traverses a section of savanna with gallery forest, passing rapidly into disturbed semideciduous forest which continues to Belabo. The terrain is rolling, with well- developed drainages incised into a plateau surface. West of B6labo, this alternative coincides with the Original Route to the common end point near Nanga Eboko. 8.1.5 Alternative D Alternative D is an environmentally "optimized" version of the Original Route, with which it coincides from the common starting point to Mararaba. From that point, it turns slightly to the southeast and passes mostly through savanna habitat across the savanna/forest mosaic south to the Lom River. Just north of the Lom, it intersects areas of relatively undisturbed semideciduous forest, and south of the Lom it enters the semideciduous forest block. In the latter area, it avoids three timber concessions and intersects one that does not have current logging activity. From Deng Deng, the route courses through forest where logging has occurred in recent years, and tracts of traditional agriculture occur in the vicinity of scattered villages. It crosses the Sess6 River north of B6labo, and coincides with the Original Route from Belabo to the common endpoint. 8.1.6 Alternative E From the common start point, this alternative is coincidental with Alternative D southwest to the village of Deng Deng, where it turns west along an existing road to the village of Goyoum. The section between Deng Deng and Goyoum is a relatively flat plateau with one minor stream crossing. The semideciduous forest in this area is the site of an existing timber concession with current logging activity. South of Goyoum, the route follows the east bank of the Sanaga River along the existing road and railroad to the town of Belabo, where it follows the Original Route to the common end point: Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-3 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 8.1.7 Alternative F Alternative F follows the Original Route from the common start point southwest to approximately 10 km south of the village of Dang. Alternative F then extends south-southwest through rugged savanna used primarily for livestock production and traditional agriculture. The route crosses the Pangar River and utilizes areas of savanna in the forest/savanna mosaic north of the Lom River. In this area, this alternative passes through 54 km of the southeast portion of the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve (Section 8.3.5). The route intersects Alternative A just north of the confluence of the Lom River and the Sanaga River, where it turns south and follows the railroad south to Goyoum and Belabo. The terrain in the area of Goyoum and Belabo is a relatively flat plateau dominated by disturbed semideciduous forest. From the town of Belabo, it joins the Original Route to Nanga Eboko. 8.1.8 Alternative G Alternative G follows Alternative D from the common start point southwest to a point approximately 10 km south of Mararaba, where it turns to the west and crosses a plateau deeply incised by river and stream channels flowing into the Pangar River. In this area, this alternative also utilizes areas of savanna and forest/savanna mosaic. This alternative passes through 34 km of the southeast portion of the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve (Section 8.3.5), then joins Alternative F at a point northeast of the small village of Mouyal. Alternative G is coincidental with Alternative F from this point to Nanga Eboko. 8.1.9 Alternative H Alternative H follows the Original Route as far south as the village of Dang. Alternative H then extends south-southwest toward Miltom through areas of rugged savanna intermittently used for livestock. Near Miltom, the route turns south and parallels the railroad. It crosses the Pangar River and passes through 39 km of the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve. The pipeline continues south along the railroad, crossing the Lom River toward Goyoum and Belabo. The terrain in the area of Goyoum and B6labo is a relatively flat plateau dominated by disturbed semideciduous forest. From the town of Belabo, Altemative H joins the Original Route to Nanga Eboko. 8.1.10 Elimination of Three Alternatives Each of the routing alternatives discussed have been evaluated and compared with respect to: 1) environmental acceptability (i.e., vegetation types, wildlife habitats, land use, and terrain characteristics, stream and river crossings); and, 2) economic viability (i.e., costs and design requirements); and 3) socioeconomic (indigenous peoples, villages with subsistence/cash crop farming and known archaeological and historical sites) criteria. May 1999 8-4 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 As a result of this comparative evaluation, all eight alternatives and the Original Route were deemed to be environmentally acceptable, and satisfied socioeconomic criteria (Section 4.1). However, Altematives A, B, and C each had additional challenges from a socioeconomic perspective. These three Alternatives, due to the additional length, would require more land for the easement than other alternatives and Alternative B had almost twice as many villages within 2 km of the route and passes through more land (182 km) used for traditional agriculture than the Original Route. The environmental challenges presented by two of these three routes included additional stream and river crossings for Altematives A and B, and additional undisturbed forest for Alternative A. These three alternatives range between being $49 million and $104 million more costly than the Original Route and Alternatives D through H. This compares to cost differences of $18 million between the remaining six alternatives. The increased costs associated with Alternatives A, B, and C are the result of longer length, require more land easement acquisition, cross more waterways, and traverse more hilly terrain than the other route alternatives. Therefore, Alternatives A, B, and C were deemed not economically viable routes due to the higher costs for construction (Table 8-1). For the reasons stated above, Alternatives A, B, and C have been excluded from further consideration as viable route alternatives through the Deng Deng region. The Original Route was also not considered for further evaluation in favor of Alternative D, an environmentally optimized route. Alternative D parallels the original route (Figure 8-1) and is similar to it with regard to economic viability and socioeconomic criteria, but has improved environmental acceptability. In summary, based upon the comparative evaluation of the alternatives presented for the Deng Deng region, Alternatives D, E, F, G, and H were identified as being environmentally and socioeconomically acceptable and economically viable. These five alternatives have been investigated in more detail to determine the preferred pipeline altemative through the Deng Deng region. The preferred pipeline alternative would be one that best complies with World Bank Group operational policies and directives regarding biological diversity, natural habitats and forest habitats; and provides the best balance between the environmental and socioeconomic needs of the Republic of Cameroon and the engineering and economic needs of COTCO. 8.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSTRUCTION ATTRIBUTES OF ROUTES D, E, F, G, AND H Information collected during field surveys conducted for the development of environmental management requirements for construction and operation of the project in the Deng Deng region was used to compare and evaluate these routes. All five routes present a range of environmental and socioeconomic acceptability and do not threaten the economic viability of the Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-5 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORTPROJECT project. The environmental and construction attributes of each of the five alternatives are described below and summarized and compared in Table 8-2. Figure 8-2, a composite satellite image of the Deng Deng region, shows Alternatives D, E, F, G, and H. 8.2.1 General Characteristics of the Deng Deng Region The Deng Deng region is generally bound by the road from Bertoua to Nanga Eboko in the south, the Sanaga River in the west, the Pangar River in the north, and between the villages of Letta and Mararaba in the east. The landscape of the Deng Deng region is a mosaic of wooded savanna and semideciduous forest. In the north, from the Pangar River eastward to Mararaba, sparsely wooded savanna predominates. South of this, and north of the Lom River, savanna integrates with forest and scrub forest vegetation predominates. In this area, it appears that the forest is advancing into savanna. Beyond the Lom River lies continuous semideciduous forest, the northern section of which (i.e., south of the Lom River but north and east of B61abo) has been termed the 'Deng Deng Forest'. It is mature and semideciduous, well represented by species of the following families: Steauliareae, Uluceae, Sipotaceae, and Meliaceae. The forest is dissected by riparian areas of evergreen forest with leguminous Caesalpinoid trees, swamps of Raphia palm, and emergent wetlands. It has been logged in recent years to extract commercial-quality red and white tropical hardwoods. The most heavily logged areas are in the vicinity of B6labo, Goyoum, Deng Deng, and Viali. The more northern and eastern sections of the forest are undisturbed by logging. Wildlife of the region includes species typical of both savanna and forest habitats (e.g., aardvark, Orycteropus afer and putty nosed monkey, Cercopithecus nictitans, respectively), and many that occur in the interface of the two types. Noteworthy is the variety of antelopes and primates, among the latter being the endangered (IUCN 1996) gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). The endangered African elephant (Loxodonta africana) also occurs seasonally in the forest/savanna transition zone north of the Lom River. Small duikers such as blue duiker (Cephalophus monticola), bay duiker (C. dorsalis), and red- flanked duiker (C. rufilatus), are common and abundant. Large antelopes, such as yellow- backed duiker (C. silvicultor), bongo (Tragelaphus euryceros), sitatunga (T. spekei), waterbuck (Kobus ellipsyprimnus defassa), Buffon's kob (K. kob), and African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) occur in the region. Based on data from large mammal transect surveys and village interviews, the distributions of these species are localized, and occur at low densities. This low density also appears to be the case for other large mammals, such as wild pig (Potamochoerus porcus), aardvark (Orycteropus afer), and pangolins (Manis gigantea and M. tricuspis). For the five alternatives described in the following sections, each begins from a common starting point at the village of Dang and ends at a common end point near Belabo, as shown on Figure 8-2. From Dang northeast to the common start point of all the routing alternatives, there is a common alignment. From Belabo southwest to Nanga Eboko, the common end point of all alternatives, the five alternatives also share a single alignment. For each of these, the routing May 1999 8-6 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 favored savanna, to target less sensitive habitat than forested habitat. The comparison of alternatives (Table 8-2) was developed from a quantitative investigation of the alternatives through GIS mapping, biological field surveys, and a review of current and historical logging practices in the region. The biological field surveys in the Deng Deng region were focused on four areas. They included: (1) Alternative D south and north of the Lom River, between Belabo and the village of Mararaba; (2) the central area of the region between Alternative D and the railroad south of the Lom River; (3) the railroad route from Miltom south to Goyoum; and (4) north of the Lom River in the vicinity of Alternatives F, G, and H. Seventy transects were surveyed, totaling over 250 km. Approximately 10,000 observations of wildlife (sign, village interviews, or direct observation) were documented. 8.2.2 Alternative D 8.2.2.1 Environmental Attributes Landscape, vegetation, and large mammal communities along Alternative D appear to be consistent with those in other areas of the north Deng Deng region, and no outstanding environmental attributes were identified that would raise special concern. Perhaps the most unique characteristic of the route is the low level of human activity in the portion between Mararaba and the Lom River. North of the Lom River, the semideciduous forest transitions from forest to a forest-savanna mosaic and savanna beyond Mararaba. Wildlife diversity and abundance were observed to increase in areas where forest was prevalent. This trend in increased number of species and populations of species also continued further along the route southwest from Mararaba towards the Lom River. South of the Lom River, the route is more heavily forested and supports greater biodiversity. However, there is widespread hunting pressure near villages, and those roads with associated villages. This has resulted in reductions in the number of species populations and the number of individuals in these areas. North of the Lom River, sign (feces and/or track) of the endangered (IUCN, 1996) African Elephant (Loxodanta africana), was observed during the biological surveys. In general, the diversity of large mammals (various antelope species) appeared to be consistent with available literature. Duikers were especially diverse and common, and were found to be largely confined to forested habitats. The diversity and abundance of large mammals in savanna habitats north of the Lom River appeared to be relatively low during the surveys. Observation in some areas of savanna was affected by tall and dense grass. As such, some animals expected to be present during the surveys were not detected. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-7 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Primates were diverse and common where the route intersects forested habitat north of the Lom. The species identified were relatively common. No sign of IUCN-listed endangered species chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) or gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) was observed. Local guides (hunters) on the survey team reported that these species do not occur between the Lom and Pangar rivers. African elephants appear to seasonally utilize the area. Few people were encountered north of the Lom River, between the river and a point halfway to Mararaba. Disturbance to habitat from transhumants who bring cattle into the area for about two months of the year was low. Villages or permanent human populations were sparse south of the halfway point. Consequently, evidence of wildlife was more abundant in this area than to the north. However, hunting pressure has reduced wildlife population levels to below what might be expected for a remote area, because this area does not support many villages and is not protected from hunters by "territorial rights." As a result, hunters come from the south and north. Hunting pressures increase toward the south from Mararaba. South of the Lom River, ungulates (various antelope species) associated with forest habitat were diverse and common. No elephant sign or individuals were observed south of the Lom River. Two IUCN-listed endangered species were observed: chimpanzee and gorilla. Numerous chimpanzee nests were found during wildlife transect studies northwest of the village of Deng Deng. Gorilla sign was present in the vicinity of the route. The Deng Deng region has considerable hunting pressure by local villagers who provide large quantities of bushmeat to buyers that reach the area by road and railroad. Most of the villages interviewed indicated they sell as much bushmeat as can be hunted. They hunt for purposes of selling to outside buyers, who come to the villages to conduct business. The villagers eat very little of the bushmeat. Most village chiefs protect their hunting areas from outside hunters. This scenario of a thriving bushmeat market is consistent throughout the region where village interviews were performed. 8.2.2.2 Construction Issues This alternative has the least number of concerns related to construction and the least number of river crossings. Additionally, access for construction and operation would be obtained by existing roads from the village of Dang to the north side of the Lom River and by the extensive network of logging roads south of the Lom River. Stream and river crossings can be seen on Figure 8-2. 8.2.3 Alternative E 8.2.3.1 Environmental Attributes Alternative E is coincident with Alternative D, heading south and across the Lom River, until reaching the village of Deng Deng, where it turns west along an existing road to the town of Goyoum. The area between the villages of Deng Deng and Goyoum is a relatively flat plateau May 1999 8-8 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 with one minor stream incision. The semideciduous forest in this area is the site of a timber concession where recent logging activity has occurred. At Goyoum, Alternative E turns south and generally parallels the east side of the existing railroad, crossing the Sesse River prior to reaching Belabo. Semideciduous forest dominates the area and a mixture of semideciduous forest, second growth forest, and agricultural areas occur along the Deng Deng to Goyoum road and south to B6labo. Disturbance to vegetation from agricultural and human activity increases from Goyoum to Belabo; as this route follows the road and railroad near farms and villages, passing through scrub, fallow, logged-over forest, and small swamps. This area has experienced substantial human use with little value as natural vegetation and habitat. Along the railroad from Goyoum to Belabo the level of human activity is higher than in the forest to the east, between Alternatives E and D. Alternative E and therefore its habitat and wildlife characteristics, are identical to Alternative D from Mararaba to Deng Deng. Between Deng Deng and Goyoum and to the south, the route is forested and has been disturbed by timber harvesting. This area, part of the larger Deng Deng forest, has the same level of intense hunting pressure, particularly along roads with villages, as Alternative D. Between the villages of Deng Deng, and Goyoum, the route bisects the semideciduous Deng Deng forest, which is a relatively intact mixture of mature and second growth stands, despite having been logged intermittently in recent years. Between Goyoum and Belabo, Route E passes through considerable scrub, fallow, logged-over forest, and small swamps. There are a few agricultural areas (i.e., fields) along the road from Deng Deng to Goyoum, and these increase along the road from Goyoum to Belabo, in direct relation to human settlements. The diversity of large mammals and their habitats is greater east of the railroad route where semideciduous forest predominates. Gorilla and chimpanzee occur east of the railroad both north and south of the Goyoum to Deng Deng road. There is considerable hunting pressure in the vicinity of roads and villages along Route E, which appears to be in response to the external demand for "bushmeat", rather than a local need for meat and animal byproducts. Along the railroad south of Goyoum, the diversity and abundance of large mammals close to the railroad appears to be low. However, beyond a few kilometers of the railroad eastward, the level of human activity and disturbance in the forest is low, and diversity of large mammals increases. As in Alternative D, no sign of African Elephant was observed. 8.2.3.2 Construction Issues Although longer, this alternative is similar to Route D in terms of construction, having the same number of river crossings and similar accessibility to the route. Alternative E parallels a road between Deng Deng and Goyoum, and a road and the railroad from Goyoum to B6labo. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-9 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 8.2.4 Alternative F 8.2.4.1 Environmental Attributes Approximately 10 km south of the village of Dang, Alternative F extends south and southwest through savanna used for livestock and traditional agriculture. The route crosses the Pangar River, through savanna and forest edge scrub where the semideciduous forest transitions from forest to savanna north of the Lom River. The rolling terrain north of the Pangar River is incised by river and stream courses, and consists of a mosaic of forest, forest edge scrub, and wooded savanna, with patches of grass savanna, wetlands, and gallery forests along the larger rivers. The route continues southwest, through this mosaic, crosses the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve for 54 km (Section 8.3.5), and the Lom River, and turning south follows the railroad along the east side of the Sanaga River to Goyoum and Belabo. North of Goyoum, the forest along Alternative F is less disturbed than the forest between Goyoum and Belabo. From the Lom River to Goyoum, the forest is mature, while south of Goyoum it is young and disturbed by human activity. Along the railroad from Goyoum to Belabo the level of human activity is higher than in the forest to the east. The diversity and abundance of large mammals along Alternative F between Dang and the railroad appears to be consistent. This is a function of habitat diversity in this transitional area from savanna to forest. Wildlife diversity and abundance were observed to increase in areas where forest mosaic was prevalent. Six species of duiker were observed along the route from Dang to the railroad, including the red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus), which is associated primarily with wooded savanna and gallery forests, and several species typical of forested habitats, such as the yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor). Several larger antelope species, including sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekei) and defassa waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) are common along this portion of the route, and of particular note was the wide distribution and localized abundance of African buffalo (Syncerus caffer). African elephant was recorded in the area at a frequency similar to that along Alternative D. Among primates, baboon a savanna species, and five species of monkeys associated primarily with forest habitats were commonly observed along this portion of the route. There were no observations of chimpanzee along Alternative F north of the Lom River, nor of gorilla, with the exception of one observation of an old track of an adult male where the alignment departs from the railroad. On four transects between the Lom River and Goyoum (Alternatives E, F, G, and H) the diversity of large mammals, primarily antelopes, was less than Alternative F north of the river. However, chimpanzee and gorilla are common in this area, as are several species of forest monkeys similar to Alternatives D and E. May 1999 8-10 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Evidence of hunting was observed throughout Altemative F, although hunters were not observed near the few villages in the area. Hunting pressure appears to be less north of the Lom River than south. The majority of hunting and gathering of bush resources occurs near existing infrastructure (roads and railroads). However, remote areas supported hunters' huts and banana and papaya trees, which were planted for use by future hunting parties. Some hunters were encountered who had come by foot to areas about 30 km from their villages. 8.2.4.2 Construction Issues The lack of accessibility to this alternative between Dang and the confluence of the Lom and Pangar rivers represents a logistical difficulty to the construction, long-term operations and maintenance of the pipeline. To address this issue, the project would need to stage temporary transportation for use when maintenance or repairs to the pipeline are required. 8.2.5 Alternative G 8.2.5.1 Environmental Attributes Alternative G is coincidental with Alternative D to a point approximately 5 km south of Mararaba. From there it turns southwest and passes through five drainages over a distance of approximately 30-35 km before joining Alternative F, 10 km north of the confluence of the Lom and Pangar rivers. Alternative G crosses the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve for 34 km. This eastern stretch of Alternative G passes through several riverine areas of gallery forests, wet grass, and swamps. Near Mbese, an old, uninhabited village, there are large areas of semideciduous forest interspersed with areas of heavily wooded savanna. The western stretch of Alternative G passes through a more forested landscape, with less scrub vegetation. The diversity and abundance of large mammals along this alternative is similar to Alternatives D and F. Towards the east, in the vicinity of Mararaba where there is hunting pressure, the diversity and abundance of large mammals may be somewhat low, as observed for that section of Alternative D. However, towards the west, where Alternatives G and F converge, the diversity and abundance of antelopes, particularly the larger species, including African buffalo, is relatively high. Diversity of primates, including baboon and several forest monkeys, is also high. Most importantly, along Alternative G the forest is particularly dense, and local hunters report that it supports a large concentration of forest elephants during the dry season. During the rainy season, the elephants tend to be more widely dispersed. Elephant sign from the last wet season (about nine months earlier) was observed on several transects on this route and in other areas north of the Lom River, but there were no direct observations of the species during the wildlife surveys conducted between May and September, which may be considered the early and middle portions of the rainy season. The southern portion coincides with Alternatives E, F, and H south of the Lom River and Goyoum. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-11 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 8.2.5.2 Construction Issues The lack of accessibility to this alternative between the Lom and Pangar rivers represents a logistical difficulty to the construction, long-term operations and maintenance of the pipeline. To address this issue, the project would need to stage temporary transportation for use when maintenance or repairs to the pipeline are required. 8.2.6 Alternative H 8.2.6.1 Environmental Attributes At the village of Dang, Alternative H extends southwest through savanna used intermittently for livestock. The rolling terrain is incised by river and stream courses, and consists of a mosaic of forest, forest edge scrub, and wooded savanna, with patches of savanna, wetlands, and gallery forests along the larger rivers. The route crosses the Pangar River, entering the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve (Section 8.3.5) about 5 km southeast of the village of Miltom. It crosses the Pangar-Djerem Reserve for approximately 39 km. Alternative H then follows the railroad southward toward the Sanaga River then to Goyoum and Belabo. Between Miltom and Goyoum the forest is less disturbed than the forest between Goyoum and Belabo. After crossing the Lom River, Alternative H continues towards Goyoum through a generally mature forest. South of Goyoum the forest is young and disturbed by human activity. Wildlife populations along Alternative H north of the Lom River reflect the transitional nature of the habitat. Evidence of forest species reduced as the amount of forest habitat decreased. Along the railroad, the abundance of large mammals is relatively low and obviously related to intensive hunting pressure for bushmeat. In particular, the larger species of antelope were noticeably rare. The diversity and abundance of forest monkeys was low. On several occasions the survey team observed hunters walking along the railroad track with dead monkeys on their shoulders, and gunshots were frequently heard during transect surveys. Neither African buffalo nor elephant appear to utilize the area near the railroad between the Lom River and Miltom. The long portion of Alternative H between Dang and Miltom was not surveyed for large mammals, with the exception of 2 transects at its western extremity, near the railroad. The diversity and abundance of large mammals on these transects were noticeably low. Primates were commonly observed in the forest and gallery forest and included four common species of monkey such as the white-nosed monkey, mona monkey, and black and white colobus. Evidence of gorilla was observed in the forest and gallery forest areas within several kilometers of the railroad between the Lom River and Miltom. There was also evidence of chimpanzee in the same area; however, it was less common. May 1999 8-12 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Evidence of hunting was observed throughout Alternative H, although hunters were not observed in close proximity to the villages. Hunters' huts with banana and papaya trees planted nearby were observed north of the Lom River. 8.2.6.2 Construction Issues The lack of paved roads allowing accessibility between Dang and Miltom, and alongside the railroad between Miltom and Goyoum, represents a logistical difficulty to the construction, long- term operations and maintenance of the pipeline. To address this issue, the project would need to stage temporary transportation for maintenance or repairs to the pipeline. 8.3 DISCUSSION OF ALTERNATIVE ROUTES D-H This section presents a comparative discussion of the five route alternatives (Alternatives D, E, F, G, and H shown on Figure 8-2) with regard to: the potential for induced access; logging activities; issues related to hunting and gathering of bush resources; the proposed Lom-Pangar Dam; and circumstances surrounding the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve. in the context of the Deng Deng region, specific focus was placed on Operational Directives and Policies; Environmental Assessment OD 4.01, Natural Habitats OP 4.04, and Forestry OP 4.36 as they relate to the significant conversion of natural habitat, the potential for induced access, increased logging activities, and the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve. The discussion also considers the results of the biological field survey conducted throughout this region. 8.3.1 Issues Regarding Induced Access in the Deng Deng As described in OD 4.01, Annex A, Item (h), secondary growth of settlements and infrastructure, often referred to as "induced development" or "boomtown" effects, can have major indirect environmental impacts. Three decades of experience on infrastructure development projects provide data suggesting settlement along newly opened access roads has occurred when one or a combination of the following conditions is present: * Access roads become associated with newly available, long-term salaried employment opportunities * Access roads become associated with development of new social services (especially health facilities and schools) * Access roads are built to an adequate standard to permit regular access by market trucks and passenger transport. Induced access in the Deng Deng region must be viewed in conjunction with the fact that agricultural land is extensive and readily available to support the local population. The population densities range between 5 and 10 persons per km2 and rise above 15 persons per Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-13 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORTPROJECT km2 in areas adjacent to more populated areas. Migration to the immediate vicinity of a village for the purpose of gaining access to agricultural land is uncommon in this region. Many old logging roads are readily accessible, and have been so for many years in the Deng Deng forest, south of the Lom River. Based on recent surveys, there is no evidence of significant population movement using these or other means of access to settle and clear lands. The railroad track, between Ngaoundal and B6labo, is utilized by pedestrians. The road that once ran parallel to the track has fallen into general disrepair over substantial portions of its length, and continuous vehicular access is no longer available north of Goyoum. In the absence of demographic pressures that lead people to seek new land, there is no significant land clearing along existing access ways in the Deng Deng forest. Five case studies undertaken by anthropologist Professor Philip Burnham (Burnham, 1998) since 1968 provide information relevant to the induced migration issue and are discussed below. 8.3.1.1 Construction of Transcamerounais Railway North of Yaounde The zones of heavy migration, along the railway, since 1968 have been concentrated in developed urban areas associated with railway stations/freight yards (Belabo and Ngaoundal) or agro-industrial or sawmill complexes (Mbandjock and SOFIBEL). Both Belabo and Ngaoundal have transformed from tiny populations in the late 1960s to fully-fledged urban areas. The opening of the new rail line in 1970 facilitated a great upsurge of bushmeat hunting, especially in the Djerem-Pangar zone, since access, as well as export by rail to the Yaounde market was established. This influx of bushmeat hunters has not been accompanied by a significant expansion of farming along the rail line. 8.3.1.2 Construction of Road Linking Bertoua to Belabo The paving of the road linking Bertoua to Belabo encouraged a substantial concentration of the Bobilis ethnic group along the road, with a very heavy and unsustainable agricultural exploitation of a strip of 500-1,000 m width on each side of the road as it approaches B6labo. Clearance of this land was aided by the SOFIBEL logging company, which logged this area quite heavily in the mid-1970s. As was apparent in interviews conducted along this road by Burnham in 1993-94, the Bobilis, who were the main autochthons (first known inhabitants of a place) in the area, prior to the arrival of the railroad, relocated themselves along the road to gain access to the improved infrastructure, marketing and transportation facilities. In other words, the arrival of the road had the effect of redistributing and concentrating the Bobilis population, without stimulating a significant level of in-migration by agriculturalists from other, non- autochthonous ethnic groups. May 1999 8-14 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 8.3.1.3 Opening SOFIBEL Logging Concession in Deng Deng Forest The road linking Bertoua to Deng Deng passes through the heart of the SOFIBEL logging concession. This road, which dead-ends at the Lom River north of Deng Deng (at the village of Haman) and at the Sanaga River at the village of Goyoum, has experienced virtually no in- migration of agriculturalists along its entire length despite the increased access created by the many secondary logging roads through the area. Increased access has not induced migration of agriculturalists to this sparsely populated area. 8.3.1.4 Paving of Road from Ngaoundal to Meidougou The paving of the Ngaoundal to Meidougou road in the early 1970s followed the completion of the railway. This road existed as a poor laterite track since the colonial period and was lined with villages of the autochthons Gbaya ethnic group. Burnham carried out several years of social research along this road, beginning in 1968 (before the arrival of the railroad at Ngaoundal) to the present. In this case, it is evident that the population along the road slowly expanded over the past 30 years, almost entirely through natural increase. There was a redistribution of population toward the larger villages and towns, as local people sought improved access to modern social services. Farming land remains plentiful, and there is little incentive for individuals to leave the vicinity of modern facilities to seek land. 8.3.1.5 Informal Bush Roads Opened by Local People Themselves Although not shown on available maps, Bumham is aware of several vehicle accessible bush tracks opened by local people to access areas to the south of the Ngaoundal-Meidougou road. These tracks include one running south from Meidougou to a hamlet named Kaka in the Mba River drainage, one linking the village of Bindiba with the village of Mararaba, and one leading southwards from the town of Dir into the Pangar area. In some cases, these roads were opened by Mbororo pastoralists to supply their cattle encampments. However, in none of these cases has the existence of these motorable tracks led to significant in-migration by agriculturalists. 8.3.1.6 Summary In the context of the discussion presented above and described in OD 4.01, Annex A Item (h), project activities through the Deng Deng region would not: provide opportunities for long-term employment (except at the Pump Station in Belabo), support the development of new social services, or provide access roads to allow regular access by market trucks or passenger transport. In addition, an Access Management Plan has been prepared to provide measures to eliminate or reduce uncontrolled access to the pipeline easement. Therefore, it is expected that none of the alternative routes through this region would substantially increase the potential for induced access to occur. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-15 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT However, south of the Lom, Alternatives F and G between Goyoum and Belabo and Alternative H (between Miltom and Belabo) follow the existing railroad and roadway, and can be expected to provide the least potential for induced access since primary public roads and the railroad already exist in this area. This is followed by Alternative E, which follows the existing roads from the village of Deng Deng to Goyoum and the road and railroad from Goyoum to Belabo and Alternative D which follows or is in proximity to many logging roads north of the Lom. Altematives D and E are in close proximity to less substantial roads between the villages, while Alternatives F, G, and H (not including the portion adjacent to the railroad) pass through areas predominantly void of roads. 8.3.2 Forestry Activity As discussed in the EA, the forests between the Lom River and Beiabo have been logged, and there is a network of logging roads throughout the forested area that were confirmed during biology surveys. During these field surveys (late 1998), a further cycle of logging was underway, utilizing the logging roads, purpose-built logging tracks, and other secondary roads in the area. Logging has occurred several times in the past thirty years in the western portion of the Deng Deng forest and several times in the past twenty years in the eastern portion. Historical logging activities have greatly reduced forest vegetation. Specifically, in the Deng Deng region there are ten forestry concessions. Of the ten known concessions, five are currently active (Faure, 1998). In a rough estimation by Faure (1998), basal area, defined as the combined cross-sectional area of all trees per unit area of land, seems to have been reduced by 30 to 50 percent by the different logging operations in the Deng Deng region. This basal area reduction indicates a significant amount of timber has been removed from the region. The roads and trails in the Deng Deng region have been created chiefly to provide access to timber by logging activities, and access to plantations of perennial and annual cash crops. The area between Mararaba and the Lom River represents the northern limit of the semideciduous forest that has not been logged. This is believed to be due to the poor merchantability of timber near the geographic limits of the forest, and the lack of roads in the area. This lack of roads also results from the presence of the Lom River that forms a natural barrier to the south and east. The river is crossed by the railway bridge at the confluence of the Lom and Sanaga Rivers, and a ferry on the route between Mararaba and Betare Oya. The forestry data, combined with data obtained from the field studies indicates that significant conversion (the elimination or severe diminution of the integrity of critical or other natural habitat caused by a major, long-term change in land or water use) of the Deng Deng forest has occurred and is currently ongoing through forestry activities. May 1999 8-16 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Alternative D passes through forested areas that have undergone or are undergoing logging activities. It has 16 km (12 percent) of the route through undisturbed forest and 53 km (41 percent) through disturbed forest (Table 8-2). Alternative E follows Alternative D through the logging activity area. It has 16 km (11 percent) of the route through undisturbed forest and 66 km (47 percent) through disturbed forest. Alternative F has 19 km (14 percent) through undisturbed forest and 52 km (38 percent) through disturbed areas, which is similar to Alternative G. Alternative G has 23 km (16 percent) of the route through undisturbed forest and 52 km (36 percent) through disturbed forest. Alternative H which follows the railroad route near Miltom has 38 km (26 percent) of the route through undisturbed forest and 54 km (37 percent) through disturbed forest. In summary, from the Lom River to Belabo Alternatives E (to Goyoum), F, G, and H are located in generally disturbed forest. North of the Lom River is primarily savanna and/or savanna-forest mosaic. All of the alternatives, once they depart from the railroad within the disturbed forest follow the savanna towards Dang. Alternative E has the least amount of route through undisturbed forest. Alternative H has the greatest length through undisturbed forest and one of the least through disturbed forest. Alternative D is similar to Alternative E, with a higher amount of disturbed forest. Alternatives F and G are very similar in the amount of disturbed and undisturbed forest. 8.3.3 Hunting and Gathering of Bush Resources Hunting and gathering of bush resources (i.e., wild animals and plants) is undertaken in Cameroon for two reasons: 1) subsistence (food and raw materials) and protection of personal property (crops and livestock), and 2) commercial gain (cash income). Hunting and gathering for both purposes is typically done by local residents, who travel by foot and hunt by simple, often primitive means, including (in order of observed frequency) cable snares, crude shotguns, bow and arrow, and machete. Their hunting range is dictated by two factors: the distance they must travel to find resources and transport them back to their villages or to market, and local hunting rights and control, or territoriality. Given the relatively low density of human populations in rural areas, subsistence hunting and gathering is unlikely to have a major impact on wildlife populations at the regional level, although it certainly can heavily impact local populations of animals and plants. Conversely, commercial hunting and gathering has the potential to significantly disrupt wildlife populations, because of the persistent demand for bush products by urban populations in the region, and beyond. The actual level of commercial hunting and, hence, the status of wildlife populations in a given area is related to the availability to transport the products to market. In the Deng Deng region, the railroad north of B6labo provides transport, as well as good access to the area for hunters and gatherers. Since the railroad was established, there has been an expansion of hunting and a subsequent decrease of wildlife resources in the area (Thomas, 1995; IUCN, 1987). Observations during field studies for the project support this conclusion. It is anticipated Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-17 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT that, although the project may increase access for subsistence hunting and gathering activity, this would result primarily in changes in the spatial pattem of existing activities, rather than an overall increase in activity. During travel to conduct village interviews in B6rtoua, Mararaba, and B6labo, the field studies team frequently observed animals (dead and alive) for sale along roads. Based on the results of the biology field surveys, it is clear that hunting and gathering of bush meat is common. Hunting pressure appears to be less north of the Lom River than south, (with exception of Alternative H, which parallels the railroad from Miltom to north of the Lom River) presumably because the former area is remote, unsettled, and lacks vehicular access. Within the region, the majority of hunting and gathering of bush resources occurs in close proximity to public roads and railroads, which provide both access for hunters and a means of transporting bush resources to markets. 8.3.4 Proposed Lom-Pangar Dam Project The Societe Nationale D' E lectricite Du Cameroun (SONEL) has proposed to construct a hydroelectric dam located on the Lom River, approximately 4 km downstream from the confluence of the Pangar and Lom rivers (Figure 8-1) to supply energy to the eastern region of Cameroon (Faure, 1997). The proposed project would create a reservoir with an estimated 7.5 billion m3 capacity covering an area of approximately 65,000 ha. The reservoir would consist of two unequal branches: the Lom branch would extend 120 km, up to the falls of Bangbel, about 20 km north of Betare Oya; the Pangar branch would form a crescent with a total length of 65 km north of the dam. SONEL has published its environmental assessment of this project and reported that completion of the dam would take over four years (Faure, 1997). Alternatives D, E, F, and G pass through areas that would be inundated by the reservoir if it were to be constructed (Table 8-2). Altemative H would not be affected by the Lom-Pangar Dam Project. Alternative G has the greatest amount of its length (22 km) passing through proposed areas of inundation. Alternatives D and E would have identical lengths impacted (30 km), and Alternative F would have 7 km of its length affected. 8.3.5 Proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve In 1969, the State Secretariet for Rural Development in East Cameroon in Arretes No. 20/SEDR du 03/3/1969 and of 08/SEDR of 04/02/1972 and the Presidency of the Republic of Cameroon in letter circular No. 05/CABIPR of 12/08/1974 took measures to protect the natural environment of this area by banning hunting. The total surface area is about 328,000 has. In 1977, work on the demarcation of the northern limit of the protected area for a distance of about 45 km was started (from Mbakaou to Bagodo). Since 1977, the work was not completed for various reasons, including claims for compensation by villages for lost land. It was originally May 1999 8-18 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 intended to create a national park in this area which lies within the transition zone between the forest zone of the south and the savanna zone of the north. This transition zone harbors a great variety of plants and animals common to both vegetation types. Today, this proposal is still desired by the administration. The MINEF Division Service in Tibati has relaunched an initiative to get this reserve officially gazetted as a wildlife reserve. The Ministry is still studying and planning for a relaunch of the gazettement of this protected area. The proposed Pangar-Djerem protected area lies within the Divisions of Djerem (arrondissement de Ngaoundal) and Lom and Djerem (Arrondissement de Betare Oya), and is bounded on the west and southwest by the Djerem River, the east and southeast by the Pangar river, the north by the Mayo-Salo River and the tarred road Mbakaou-Bag. Alternatives F, G, and H traverse the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve which has little or no protection and is the focus of intensive poaching activity. World Bank OP 4.04 states that the Bank does not support projects that in the Bank's opinion involve the significant conversion or degradation of natural habitats. Natural habitats are defined as existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by governments as protected areas (e.g., reserves that meet the criteria of the IUCN classifications), areas initially recognized as protected by traditional local communities, or sites that maintain conditions vital for the viability of these protected areas. In addition, OD 4.01 Annex A (b) Biological Diversity, states, "The Bank promotes conservation of endangered plant and animal species, critical habitats, and protected areas (see OMS 2.36, OP 4.00 and OP 4.04). Alternatives F (54 km), G (34 km), and H (39 km) all intersect the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve. Routing through the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve is possible following the F and G alternatives because: * The proposed Pangar-Djerem is not formally gazetted as a reserve. * The opening of the new rail line between Belabo and Ngaoundal in 1970 created access through the eastern portion of the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve and facilitated an upsurge of illegal bushmeat hunting. This rail line serves as a ready means to export bushmeat to markets in Yaounde (Culverwell, 1998). * The IUCN (IUCN, 1987) acknowledged intensive illegal wildlife poaching has occurred, and continues to occur, in the reserve apparently on a professional basis. * The Cameroon Administration is considering the creation of the 353,000 ha Mbam-Djerem National Park, to be located west of the Pangar River in the vicinity of Yoko (Gartlan, 1989), because the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve continues to attract poachers where the pipeline alternatives are located. None of the pipeline route altematives would intersect the proposed Mbam-Djerem National Park area. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-19 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT * SONEL is considering the construction of the Lom-Pangar Dam, which would flood large portions of the Lom and Pangar river watershed, including approximately 1,850 ha of the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve (Faure, 1997). * Wildlife surveys conducted in conjunction with the project provided data and observations that support and corroborate previous conclusions that illegal hunting activities are ongoing. * Wildlife surveys conducted in conjunction with this project have not found evidence to suggest that unique or protected wildlife species are present along routes F and G, other than the migration of elephants through the area during the rainy season and one observation of an old adult male gorilla track where Route F departs from the railroad north of the Lom River. Route H is follows the railroad and also passes through the proposed Pangar-Djerem reserve. However, this route passes through large expanses of undisturbed forest that is directly adjacent to the railroad in this area, and recent wildlife surveys along this route found evidence of gorilla and chimpanzee, both IUCN listed species. These issues makes Route H a much less acceptable pipeline route alternative through this area from a wildlife and natural habitat standpoint. The Government of Cameroon may, in the future, pursue gazzettement of the proposed Pangar- Djerem area. However, the area east of the railroad and north of the Lom River will not be considered for gazettement (Figure 8-4). This is due to the already degraded nature of this area as a result of illegal hunting and poaching activities, coupled with the habitat disturbance caused by the railroad and the disturbance that may be caused by the proposed Lom Pangar dam. Therefore, these activities do not satisfy the criterion that protected areas possess a high natural habitat and conservation value that an area must have to achieve protected area status. 8.4 ROUTING CONCLUSIONS THROUGH THE DENG DENG REGION As discussed in Section 8.2, each of the five routing alternatives (D, E, F, G, and H) through the Deng Deng present a range of environmental and socioeconomic acceptability and do not threaten the economic viability of the project. This section presents a comparative analysis of the five routing alternatives discussed in Section 8.2 along with other pipeline routing considerations presented in Section 8.3 in order to identify and select an environmentally preferred pipeline route through the Deng Deng region. 8.4.1 Summary Discussion of Alternative D Alternative D would require the smallest area of land easement through the Deng Deng region because it is shortest of the five altematives. This alternative minimizes the number of major rivers, smaller watercourses and wetland areas intersected in the region and avoids the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve (Table 8-2). This alternative passes through areas of the May 1999 8-20 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc AL TERNA TIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 Deng Deng forest that have been logged in recent years and supports populations of endangered gorilla and chimpanzee. Alternative D has 16 km (12 percent) of the route through undisturbed forest and 53 km (41 percent) through disturbed forest. Although 34 percent of the route passes near roads (the majority being non-substantial infrastructure) this alternative follows the least amount (9 percent) of existing roads and railroads. Therefore, in comparison to the other alternatives, Alternative D has a higher potential to increase induced access, hunting and gathering of bush resources, and logging activity in areas of undisturbed forest than alternatives E, F, G and H. The increased potential of these issues would also increase the potential for this alternative to increase loss of biodiversity along the pipeline route, when compared to other alternatives. 8.4.2 Summary Discussion of Alternative E This alternative has relatively large land easement requirements. Alternative E crosses the least number of major rivers, smaller waterways and wetland areas intersected in the region, and avoids the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve. North of Deng Deng, it follows non- substantial infrastructure for 11 percent of the route. Alternative E follows roads from Deng Deng to Goyoum, and an existing road and railroad between Goyoum and B6labo for 45 percent of its route. This alternative passes through areas of the Deng Deng forest that have been selectively logged in recent years, but are nonetheless intact and support populations of gorillas and chimpanzee. Therefore, in comparison to the other alternatives, Alternative E has a higher potential to increase induced access, hunting and gathering of bush resources, and logging activity in areas of undisturbed forest than Alternatives F, G , and H and less potential than Altemative D. The potential of these issues would also increase the potential for this alternative to increase loss of biodiversity along the pipeline route when compared to Alternatives F, G, and H. 8.4.3 Summary Discussion of Alternative F Alternative F is the second shortest route of the five alternatives and has the second lowest area requirement for land easement. It crosses more major rivers, smaller waterways and wetland areas than Alternatives D and E, but less than G and H. This route passes through the southeastern portion of the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve for 54 km (Section 8.3.5). This alternative follows more existing roads and railroads than Alternatives D and E, the same as Alternative G and less than Alternative H. Alternative F has 19 km (14 percent) of the route through undisturbed forest and 52 km (38 percent) through disturbed forest. Therefore, in comparison with the other alternatives, Alternative F has less potential to increase induced access, hunting and gathering of bush resources, and logging activity in areas of undisturbed forest than Alternatives D, E, G and H. The reduced potential for these issues would reduce the potential for this alternative to increase loss of biodiversity along the pipeline route when compared to Alternatives D, E, G, and H. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-21 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 8.4.4 Summary Discussion of Alternative G This alternative is the second longest of the five alternatives and passes through the second largest area of streams and wetlands when compared to the other four alternatives. This route would pass through the southeastern portion of the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve for 34 km (Section 8.3.5). Alternative G has 23 km (16 percent) of the route through undisturbed forest and 52 km (36 percent) through disturbed forest. This alternative would present difficulties with respect to construction and operation of the pipeline, due to the increased number of streams and wetlands along portions of the route north of the Lom River. This alternative follows the same amount of existing roads and railroads between the Lom River and Belabo, as Alternative F, less than Alternative H, and more than Alternatives D and E. Therefore, in comparison with the other alternatives, Alternative G has less potential to increase induced access, hunting and gathering of bush resources, and logging activity in areas of undisturbed forest than Alternatives D, E, and H and a greater potential than F. This alternative also increases the potential for loss of biodiversity along the pipeline route, when compared to Alternative F. 8.4.5 Summary Discussion of Alternative H Alternative H is the longest route of the five and it has the highest requirement for land easement area. It crosses more major rivers, smaller waterways and wetland areas than any other alternative. This alternative, like Alternative G would present difficulties with respect to construction and operation of the pipeline, due to the increased number of streams and wetlands along portions of the route north of the Lom River and east of Miltom. This route would pass through the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve adjacent to the railroad for 39 km (Section 8.3.5). This alternative follows the most existing roads and railroads (61 percent), between Miltom and Belabo and non-substantial infrastructure for 2 percent of the route. Alternative H has the highest amount of the route (38 km or 26 percent) passing through undisturbed forest with evidence of gorilla and chimpanzee (IUCN listed species) in the proposed Pangar-Djerem reserve. It also has the lowest amount (54 km or 37 percent) through disturbed forest. However, in comparison with the other alternatives, it was determined that Alternative H has less potential to increase induced access, hunting and gathering of bush resources, and logging activity in areas of undisturbed forest than Alternatives D, and E, but a greater potential than F and G. As a result, Alternative H has a greater potential to increase the loss of biodiversity north of the Lom than Alternative F. 8.4.6 Conclusion Based on the evaluation of routing alternatives as described in this chapter, Alternative F has been selected as the environmentally preferred pipeline route through the Deng Deng region. The final proposed alignment of Alternative F is shown on Figure 8-3. As shown on Figure 8-3, this alignment follows existing infrastructure through a heavily degraded corridor north from Belabo to Goyoum. This heavily degraded corridor includes an existing laterite road and the May 1999 8-22 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 railroad. The alignment continues north from Goyoum closely paralleling the railroad to a point approximately 3 km north of the Lom River. The alignment turns northeast at this point following a wooded savanna mosaic for approximately 30 km. The alignment then continues north- eastward through a mixture of wooded savanna and savanna grasslands toward the village of Dang. The following discussion along with information presented in Table 8-3, provides a comparison of Alternative F with the other four routes that supports this conclusion. Table 8-3 establishes the relative ranking of Alternatives D, E, F, G, and H through a quantitative and semi- quantitative approach. An explanation of the methodology for calculating the weighted numbers in Table 8-3 is included as an attachment to this chapter. Alternative F was selected over Alternative D because it followed a greater length of existing roads and railroads through the Deng Deng region south of the Lom River. By doing so, Alternative F minimizes the potential to increase induced access when compared to Alternative D. Minimizing the potential to increased induced access in this area also minimizes the potential to increase logging activity (particularly in areas of undisturbed forest) and the potential to increase hunting and gathering of bush resources in this area. By minimizing the potential for these activities to occur, Alternative F also minimizes the potential to increase the loss of biodiversity in the more heavily forested portion of this area south of the Lom River. Alternative F passes through the southeast portion of the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve north of the Lom River (Alternative D does not). However, as described in Section 8.3.5, the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve has never been maintained or protected. The justification for pipeline routing through the portions of the reserve is discussed in detail in Section 8.3.5. In brief, this justification is provided by the fact that this portion of the reserve has been, and continues to be impacted by hunting and poaching. In addition, the Cameroon Administration is considering the creation of the 353,000 ha Mbam-Djerem National Park, to be located west of the Pangar River in the vicinity of Yoko (Gartlan, 1989) because the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve continues to attract poachers in this area. Alternative F was selected over Alternative E for the same reasons discussed for Alternative D above, even though Alternative E follows more existing roads and railroad than Alternative D between Deng Deng and Belabo. Alternative E also passes through disturbed but nonetheless, intact areas of forest between Deng Deng and Goyoum that support populations of gorilla and chimpanzee, both IUCN-listed species. Alternative F has the same alignment and routing characteristics south of the Lom River as does Alternative G. Alternative F was selected over Alternative G because the eastern portion of this alternative passes through several riverine areas consisting of gallery forests, wet grasslands, and swamps north of the Lom along the Pangar River drainage. Recent biological surveys and reports from local hunters in the area indicate that this area supports large Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-23 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT populations of elephants (IUCN-listed species), especially during the dry season. Alternatives F and G both cross the southeast corner of the proposed Pangar-Djerem reserve. The justification for this is discussed above, and in more detail in Section 8.3.5. Alternative F was selected over Alternative H for several reasons. Although both of these alternatives share common attributes south of the Lom River, Alternative F avoids a large area of undisturbed forest that occurs directly adjacent to the railroad line between Miltom and the Lom River. Recent biological surveys conducted along the railroad between Miltom and the Lom River determined that the forested area supported populations of both gorilla and chimpanzee, (both IUCN-listed species) in the proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve. In contrast, Alternative F deviates from the railroad north of the Lom intersecting areas of less sensitive savanna habitat, thus avoiding the area of undisturbed forest. Although the railroad provides access between the Miltom and the Lom River, Alternative H was determined to minimize the potential to induce access to the region. However, the fact that large areas of undisturbed forest exist directly adjacent to the railroad allows a greater potential for increased logging to occur in this area when compared to Alternative F. Alternative F would also have less potential to increase hunting pressure north of the Lom when compared to Alternative H. Hunting and poaching is currently extensive along Alternative H especially in the forested areas. The additional cleared area along the railroad as a result of Alternative H would enhance the ability of hunters to attract and capture game in forested areas. As discussed above, Alternative H would increase the potential for logging activity and increase potential for hunting and poaching of bushmeat when compared to Alternative F. These activities would also increase the potential for loss of biodiversity along Alternative H compared to Alternative F. 8.4.7 Other Considerations A consideration that further supports the selection of Alternative F as the pipeline route involves the commitment of a formal Offsite Environmental Enhancement Program (OEEP) that has been prepared for this project (see Volume 4 Part 11 of the Cameroon EMP where the OEEP is presented and discussed in detail). The OEEP will provide mitigation for residual impacts to biodiversity and natural habitat values in the Deng Deng region as well as other areas in Cameroon disturbed by the construction and operation of the Cameroon Transportation System. The OEEP has been designed to provide specific protection to an area of high value, vulnerable natural habitat. The proposed Mbam-Djerem National Park is deemed to be an appropriate location for COTCO's OEEP for the Deng Deng region. The OEEP is consistent with World Bank Group ODs and OPs regarding conservation of biological diversity, natural habitats and forest habitats. The relationship of the proposed Mbam-Djerem National Park to the pipeline alignment through the Deng Deng region is shown on Figure 8-4. May 1999 8-24 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 COTCO will make a capital contribution in the amount of $ 1.5 million USD to an Environmental Foundation (Volume 4, Part I of this EMP) to provide defined long-term financial support for the establishment and management of the proposed Mbam-Djerem National Park. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 8-25 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT ATTACHMENT I METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING QUANTITATIVE WEIGHTED RANKINGS (last nine entries in Table 8-3) Table 8-3 establishes the relative rank of Alternatives D, E, F, G and H through a combination of quantitative and semi quantitative methods. The route selection criteria listed in Table 8-3 were based on quantitative data in the first 9 lines of Table 8-2. For these first nine entries a ranking of 1.0 was assigned to the route with the most desirable number and a ranking of 5.0 was assigned to the route with the least desirable number. A route's ranking is based on its relative rank among all alternatives. In some cases, the smallest number is considered to be most desirable (e.g. the length of route which intersects land used for traditional agriculture). In other cases, the largest number is considered to be most desirable (e.g. the length of route which intersects savanna and barren land). The rankings were calculated as follows: Where: X = Attribute of altemative route (e.g. length or area) L = Largest number in the series of attributes S = Smallest number in the series of attributes Calculation of a given Alternative's rank, where the smallest number in the series is the most desirable: Rank = I + 4((X-S)/(L-S)) Calculation of a given Alternative's rank, where the largest number in the series is the most desirable: Rank = 1 + 4((L-X)/(L-S)) Example: Minimize Total Pipeline Length (Original Data Table 8-2, Issue No. 1): Alternative Length D 128 km E 141km D 128 km E 141km F 138 km G 145km H 146 km For this example, the shortest length of pipeline (Alternative D, 128 km) is the most desirable. To calculate the rank of Route E: X 141 L= 146 S = 128 Therefore: Rank = 1 + 4(141-128)1(146-128)) Rank = 3.9 Values for the first 5 entries in Table 8-3 have been semi quantitatively derived based on the physical characteristics of the route and the results of biological field investigations conducted in the Deng Deng region as part of this project. May 1999 8-26 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Table 8-1 Physical, Vegetation, Land Use, and Terrain Characteristics of 8 Alternative Routes in the Region, Using a Common Start Point Near Meiganga and a Common End Point Near Nanga Eboko Original ~~~~~~Alternative Route Considerations R delta" B detI et delta' E Idelta' F Idelta' G Idelta H Idelta oute A outeA Rou deteaB IRueC ote ICRoIeEdeouteF"I oute I Roue Physical and Terrain Characteristics______________ Length (kin) 344 423 79 469 125 392 48 347 3 360 16 357 13 364 20 365 21 Landequied(a)orQm1147 1413 266 1564 417 1309 162 1156 9 1197 50 1185 38 1206 59 1206 59 Length (km) of route through hilly 8 30 2 56 4 70 2 8 0 8 0 10 2 8 01 3 terrain3 __022_56 4 _7_2____0 1 8 0 1 Length (kin) of route which 3 69 18 3 11 0 8 14 7 8 74 58 9 8 6 878 intersects stream and river valleys 69 18 3 11 50 8 14 7 8 74 58 9 856 878 Number of water courses 9 7 9 15 6 1 8 9 6 1 18 1 1 5 15 3 intersected by route 3 95 17_7____0 1 __95_96___ 3 1 1 25 3 Number of villages within 2km of 71 73 2 126 55 60 -11 71 0 72 1 44 -27 58 13 62 -9 route I _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _I__ _ _ Length of route (km) withinlI km of 76 181 105 172 96 107 31 92 16 143 67 124 48 127 51 116 40 public roads3 I __ _ I_ I___ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Construction/Operation Characteristi cs _______ ____ ___ ____ ___ _______ _______ Estimated Cost of route, million 203 1257 154 1307 104 1252 149 205 2 1215 12 1215 12 1219 16 1221 18 USD Cs) __ ] j 11 1 _ _ _ Total pump station horsepower 27100 J29000 11900 133000 5900 129000 1 90220 100 127800 700 127600 500 127900 800 J28000 900 Vegetation and Land Use Characteristics _____________________ Length (km) of route in undisturbed 34 63 29 8 -26 13 -21 20 -14 20 -14 23 -11 27 -7 42 8 forest3 Length (kmn) of route in disturbed 12 18 55 7 -5 77 51 23 3 16 8 15 -3 29 146 8 and undisturbed forest3 12_8___8___7-1 2 3 13 25 - 2 1 16 1 Length (kmn) of route which 3 21 24 25 30 15 23 6 20 9 26 9 24 1 27 2 21 4 intersects savanna and barren land3 25 20 2 39 17 28 68 26 - 26 -9 14 1 27 2 21 -4 Length (kin) of route which intersects land used for traditional 122 140 18 304 182 143 21 122 0 150 28 144 22 151 29 139 17 agriculture3 ____________ Lengt of outeithi prpsd0 56 56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 54 54 34 34 39 39 lPangar-Djerem Reserve3 I____ ___I_______ __ I_____I _ I___ I_______I_ 1 Delta represents the numerical difference between the Original Route and the Alternative Route. 2A straighter route is more efficient in terms of area required. 3 Values were determined by GI S analysis of data acquired for the Chad Export Project Alt Analysis Eng Tables 05-05 b.doc May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECr Table 8-2 Analysis of Environmental Aftributes of Alternative Routes D, E, F, G, and H through the Deng Deng Region, Using a Common Start Point Near Dang and a Common End Point Near Belabo Alternative Route Considerations Issue Physical and Terrain Characteristics' 2D Rot Route ERoute F Route Route I Length (km) 128 141 138 145 146 2 Land required for 30m easement - (ha)3 378 419 407 428 430 3 Length of route (km) through hilly terrain 0 0 2 0 3 4 Length (km) of route which intersects stream and river valley terrain 24 21 25 32 34 5 Number of major and minor water courses intersected by route 17 18 30 32 47 6 Number of major river crossings 2 2 4 4 3 7 Number of villages within 2 km of route 54 55 27 41 45 :_______Proximity to Transportation-related Infrastructurel 4'5 8 Length of route (km) within 1 km of primary public roads 12 28 9 12 1 9 Length of route (km) within 1 km of primary public roads when parallel to railroad 0 35 35 35 35 10 Length of route (km) within 1 km of railroad 0 0 20 20 51 11 Length of route (km) within 1 km of secondary public roads and logging roads 43 16 3 3 3 12 Length of route (km) further than 1 km from any road or railroad 73 62 71 76 56 Total length of route 128 141 138 145 146 Vegetation and Land Use Characteristics1'2 13 Length (km) of route in undisturbed forest 16 16 19 23 38 14 Length (km) of route in disturbed and disturbed forest 69 82 71 75 92 15 Length (km) of route which intersects disturbed savanna, undisturbed savanna and barren land 59 59 67 70 54 16 Length (km) which intersects land used for traditional agriculture 19 47 41 48 36 17 Length of route within proposed Pangar-Djerem Reserve 0 0 54 34 39 'Values were determined by GIS analysis of data acquired for the Chad Export Project. 2 It is not appropriate to add this section of the table, as characteristics may overlap each other geographically, or they may be expressed in different units of measure. 3 A straighter route is more efficient in terms of area required. 4Primary and secondary roads were identified by photo-interpretation. 5 The total of all categories of this section equals the total length of the route from start point to end point because each category is mutually exclusive. Alt Analysis Eng Tables 05-05 b.doc May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DCMET VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Table 8-3 Route Comparisons Data Alternative Route Considerations Source Routing Selection Criteria 2 Route D Route E Route F Route G Route H * Potential to Increase Induced Access 5.0 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.0 Potential to Increase Logging Activities 5.0 4.5 1.0 2.2 3.6 Potential to Increase Hunting and Gathering of Bush Resources 5.0 2.3 1.0 1.9 2.1 * Potential to increase loss of biodiversity 5.0 3.0 1.4 2.0 2.2 Maximize Operability 1.0 1.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 1 Minimize Total Pipeline Length 1.0 3.9 3.2 4.8 5.0 14 Minimize Total Forest 1.0 3.3 1.3 2.0 5.0 13 Minimize Undisturbed Forest 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.3 5.0 4 Minimize Lowlands 1.9 1.0 2.2 4.4 5.0 16 Minimize Land Used for Traditional Agriculture 1.0 4.9 4.0 5.0 3.3 12 Minimize Distance from Infrastructure 4.4 2.2 4.0 5.0 1.0 7 Minimize Disturbance to Populated Areas 4.9 5.0 1.0 3.0 3.6 15 Maximize Disturbed Savanna, Undisturbed Savanna, and Barren 3.8 3.8 1.8 1.0 5.0 Land _ 8, 9,10 Maximize Proximity to Existing Roads and Railroads 5.0 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.0 1 Relative weighted ranking with 1.0 as best and 5.0 as worst. 2 Refers to Issue No. in Table 10-2. * Values are semi-quantitative and based the physical characteristics of the route and the results of biological field investigation conducted in the Deng Deng region as part of this project Alt Analysis Eng Tables 05-05 b.doc May 1999 <:. ::S:: :: ::::: : :: f: :f:00 ::: :.: : .::::: :4 :~~~~~~~~~.... .... 0 ' X : d~~~~~~~... ... .. :; .... ... .. : jD~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . ... .... ... .. ,r' :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... S: C~i :,":: ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . ''. '., '. .' :'. .'., ', -:',,'',',.,,':'. ''"'' . X n :::::-:-:::'::': :::::::::~~~~~~~~~.:::::::: :::: .:: : ,:::: /z.............D Cf~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~c ci) C3~~~~~~~~~- :0000: - ' " L l S > % I~~~~E co C) :;0; > 0 0 ; > ~ > / ,, E az e e *E i ' ' -6 ' -: 0 ' X . .';'. as _, Z V m U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L Alternative Pipeline Routes in the D%f- A01 ng Deng Area A02 A A p  - .J.    ..4& -.4 .,, .'. '.. - .2. .    -  'p ,,4,.. A --p... 'V' -p p.-,."  :4',p'p    .9 '-p4-9-p..." 1>. %   -1 #9 -  9 p A03 Z 3 14 V S At Kilbmeters B02 Si "Ol~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ N Nigeria Chad __________Ray Bouba Bamer Monu rignere '~~~~~~~~Tbuboro au B03~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Nautlr N 's X~~~~~~~~~~ &DAMES & MOORE Chad Export A DAMES & MOORE CROUP COMPANY co i 0 10~~~~~~~~i 20 Kilometers Note: UTM Grid Values Indicate 10,000 Meter Interval- LEGEND D Cg,,Wa Rote (1ZV96) Ro Dte D - ,- *+ D,,t-r Rm. E sl t ___ . .. - Riometers 00*4 RouteDG Fxisfing Roadu Project Production Date: March 26, 1999 C02 - / - f (\> N Nigeria j \Chad ls *ti ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ray ftubs "n mar Moundou L~~~~~~~~~inr Ng _aundrSe see ;Tbubc' pam Akaa Nkembe S anyo ' Tibati aoo Miag oaag Uinto oo..l C entral African Republic MmEr Yoko BInf,Bgbn Setare O?, - &M- iav -, Equatoria Chiada /1kd 1 F - .2 C03r ea- I hounde Akonolina AbangMbang Mndouba \ Mud t ~~~~~~~~~~~ItgibO |-n lna DjcumN=, r Unte Yokie Pieln RoutAfianReubs Mamin~ inth Denrg Denig eAre 0 _nD a| Fiue8- =~~~Niknmk __fl _ag~oc ____ou _a _ = _ ===_ C03 ~ ~ ~ ~ '~one Aocnn AbnMag Mdu Location of Surveyed Route F in the A01 Deng Deng Area  -p4- 4 ---s-'-"tr *t - - -'W -  - --  * - - - -   ¶- … ------'--- -- :z> -< - - -  --- -,- ----. A-- -- -  - -,---kt#-- - i--.--- - A --  --P--- -. - - - t- -'A  '---- p- -  ---------- - -9- -- - -- - -- ------\----,--  --  ----- - - -   "-"----- ------ 4- -'  A- --- - A-- --- - --- ----------- -  27 -  t- ---- - -- -*-A A AA- - - AAA - -  -A- - A -' - --- -----" A A-- --- -----A- - - A A'A j-A 2~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ KKON 101.040 , -ri; PI ~~ ~se VEGETATION KEY - :_ | Atlantic Littoral ForesthsI, SaccoglottHs tk LF - gabn sis and relatively rare occumenoes of Forest Ro ene Area Kribij; Areae eeAuk omea khlanean has been Areaofpronounced disturbed vegetation, but planted still mostly fonsted Brar Man ac Forests with Ceenalpinuacna a b ndant,o Sa ccogloHs gabonensis ned disturbed vegetation, containing '' anthe It oal specetypes 2nof rod, semidecidu.os, and evergreen fotest AJa .nfi a11- Fres wrti, L.apina atala and Sacoglofts gab.nensis cAreaofpronouncd degraded sernidaciduous tnrest - , r _, il Pnlrdominantly eegreen foest, mined wth Are. rd,st.rb.d vegetation, but remainsa - idecid.oud forest elements rm of semt deuous and evergreen Forest Scale Base Map from Letouzey, et al, 1985. 1 0 0 1 0 20 30 40 Kilometers Chad Export Project Institut de la Carte Internatinale de la VWgtation, Toulouse, France. & DAMES & MOORE Figure 9-1 * mnyebeltd 0 ak ;Ngoumou . Akono M,~9xi N/ 0X - X 0< ++++#+4 Rlse l0 0 -O KilomCeteirA LEGEND Alternative Routes ...... o6gina Route (OR) - PemaryRoads Bathymetry (depth in meters) in the ...... ltemaive Routes (M, N) Secondary Roads rLJ 1ro2 | Chad Export Project I Atlantic Littoral Evergreen Forest Area EM 10 tD 20Chad Export Project 0 Crtyrrown Ratlroad 20 to 200 l DAMES & MOORE Figure 9-2 River Rzsm . f .nRcsee 200eien Figure 9-3 BAKOLA PYGMIES IN THE OCEAN PROVINCE vers Edea ve Eseka R * S3 ~~~~~~Liko.1c % 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 Eiog-3atindi kumter ) 0 ~ Route princivoaIe * Village imporlarfl~* N Bga /*~~~~~~~t Nkoualo ;EiirD angou Z ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~~~ Mengadjp v * CaAM PO menl * dsident l b a (1983 biMA'A KR UINE QAOIL =Roueanncipale ,S Nklage imonan '+ Lio ed 'ird epeet o ma @~~~~~~~~~~ Caoeen reidnte baoa(9m Bonguen Nsah ong \ | p t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Ntogo Mintende *f Kbbe/A N anmezapSkonmezap 11 Boralingu -L kp &I Mbih (Putmkopbrousse) Lodorf Fifind& Bissdl i\pm Kwamb Ntb a engam bili AnlRouNe- Ae tomb ab Poje ibambi (aband) Rv , - * * DAMEs B BasiF Figre9- Bandevoun \.itouah I & 11 Loundabele Bipindi A 10 0 10 Kilometers Nkunu Nundo LEGEND L 1 ocations of Bakola Pygmy Settlements in the Alternative Routes CiPygmy STtlemntrinaRoe Alternativ iver NC a X OtAlni itrlFrs rawti mo o City I Town Alternat~~~~~~~~~~e M River Project ~~~~~~~DAMES & MOORE Figure 9-4 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK 600"E 610E 620E 630"E 640E 650 4 6 0 - N. _- 450N 4101 N L A01 I N '\N 'NN1 N 'NN N ' N NN NNNN NNNNNN N 4 N PNNN> 4N 0 N Kr: N N ' ItsKr NN N N N N N ' N N N N'' 'N 'N N N N N N N N N N NN NNN N NNN 'N NN NNNN NNN NNN N - - 'N'N'' N ' NNNNNNNNNN,,NNNN CTI ''N' [ 4N N NN NNN'INNN'N N N ''N N N>N N N N' '[''N''N ''''''N NNNNN N  N' N N' N N N'N NN N 'N N 'N'' N'' N N N N N N ''N' 'NNN ' N ''N' N N,' N' N' 'N 4 N N' N N NN N 'N N N N ' N,' 4 'N N' NN N N N 'N N N N N N N 'N N - N N N N N 4 N'N -a 7200E 730"E 740E 750'E 760'E V _ __ _ _ _ _ _ ILL I ....4__ _60N _= _~~I____ _______ 41Y4 3903N A0 3 370O"N_ _ 36oa'N _ 37oo om 33037740N <34rN ___ ' '> '. 42 '.' 320-'NfWT 310oN ' _ _ __ _ 290)>N _sr _ _ __ ______ ___V 600DE 6I0aE 620~E 630E 640&E 65d- 201 1- = 1 :1 tengh of route (Wjn h& v3y terrain 31 urrber of nwa m.d *aW Ndrr,-r ol rn4 rWn -mc Le,h,rd route (Inr) r d's _________________ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Lentoi of rm" tteu~) rFd -enrth d route (hW) n am 660 E 670 E 680"rE 690`'E 7OOrE 710'E B02 350-N 7!71____ _____ _____ ____ 335r'N AtemlMve PRxute Conslderatons OrIgIn Route Rotte hi Roite 20 !h hfyterrad 43100Ns inbrsctseaapdHm 44 36 41 r -Ar m.r&nrerce 56 64 67 . 3 3 ,Tbd Vanc dwa bst 170 2 231 wLed m d a.st30 22 22 300-N wrbtfDret 6 5 290-N IA___~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~8- 72O00 730E 746_E 75.. 3760''E NNigeria onlo Rey BoRoute M wbpu 2303 6000E 610E 620~E 630'E 640~E 65O Areas of Disturbed Vegetation Key To Map Units Relative Disturbance Of Natural Vegetation Areas of No Obvious Nstukance SD DISTURBD SSE4DE distrbed Mixed semidc PA SAVANNA -Includes Associated Gallery or Riverine Associaed Riverine Fot Forests. Comprises mostly older relatively dense forest with areas of secc wooded savana. of relatively undistte, PD SEMIDECIDUOUS FOREST -hIcludes areas of mixed areas, comprises a mosa senmdeciduous/evegreen forest and Associated Riverine forest agriculture/fallow Forest or Small Intra-Forest Pockets of Natural Savann relatively undisturbed ft Comprises relatively undisturbed old growth or mature secondary forest. EF DISTURBED ATANX PF ATLANTIC EVERGREEN FOREST -Includes Associated Some Associated Rivee' Riverine Forest. Comprises relatively undistubed old mostly logged-over fori growth or mature secondary forest agriculture, fallows, ant GF DISTURBED GALLE Areas of Noticeable Disturbance Vegetation is Prevalent. ES BARREN LANDS -In, SA DISTURBED SAVANNA -Includes Some Stands of Associated Populated Places or Wh Galley Forest. PC CENTER OF POPULA Chad basin: comprises a mosaic of grassland broken by vegetation and unvegetv scattered trees and shrubs, scatered fields, scrub, wooded fallows and pockets of relatively undisturbed wooded cover. Adamaou Plateau/Mbere Valley: Comprises heavily grazed grasslands broken by scattered trees and shrubs and occasional old falows. & DAMES & MOORE Chad A DAMES & MOORE GROUP COMPANY co i 606'E 670'E 680'E 690'E 700O'E 0 5 10 15 20 Kiometrs CIDOUS FOREST -Includes areas of Note: UTM Grid Values dicate 10,000 Meter Interv ildous/Evergreen Forest, and Some est Comprises mostly logged-over ndaiy forest and small pockets forest, but in some mixed forest lc of degenerae forest, scattered s and isolated small patches of LEGEND est PC IC EVERGREEN FOREST -Includes City ne Forest. Comprises a mosaic of ES st with patches of forest relaively undistubed forest Pipeline (8198) GF NY FORESTS -Where Mainly savanna GF iudes Areas of Scant Vegetation Around RoeRoute M ere Topsodl is thin or Eroded. PA TION -Comprises a mosaic of urban Route N td areas. SA Route 0 ClPF Roads Export Project Production Date: May 07, 1999 C02 290wN 72D0E 730nE 740 >E 750"E 760'E , Nigeria Chad T Fob RTy Boub Abw Nkiabe fli. i Nwxi a &m -. --~ . .i- M. ndmm Liyo r,bi sag7O69 PD . d e d> SD . entral Afiican Republic , O M" _ .. m t., .a + * lrmsi>;Ak..bp.AbftMbg Ngsdi m -, ' -,? - -, - )t% Equtoria Guia Gabo Congo Areas of Disturbed Vegetation Figure 9-5 C03 - 7' -4_ ¾& TI 7-1(~~~~~~~~~~ VEGETATION KEY - a taFettb- e n 1a imcelaeiy raIreoces of Forest Reserve Aree Kribi Are~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a -em Auhourm- kloineasa has boo Arel fpeono itre veg taeht pa d ed still ty forested - BCafa Ala tic Forets with C-eslpini..e. st a dantt Conai Sacoogiottis gahosonsis Are of prosooncd distarhed vegetation, contein a d oteor itonai aes rious types of -ed, so midesiduous , ond everg- fo t gg_ ,/ 7 j j- , S j ~; f,rRccOglOttdsorrd bForest with Lophirri alte gaondnsfis Area of p-ronced degraded semideciducos foret - P edom t a p vegree foret, m,oed with -la of Cistorbed! negtofio. hat rmains Jlemdid-ad forest elements ri nof somidecd..o.as andevergreen trest LEGEND Pipeline Chad Export Project Heavily Disturbed Vegetation s4tti ,S,> Heavily Disturbed Vegetation DAMES & MOORE Figure 9-6 Bese Mep from Letoony, t nl, 19a S Institat do la Coerl Internationals de la V&ghtatior, Toulouse, Franre Lok~~~~i>ndjLlopr Londjikwdi Bipindi I 0 00;0Kribi - - a ,.\- ..... ,,o Chad Nigeria goir Kumba Nanga E Rpbi yao Equatorial Guinea LEGEND Existing Campo Reserve Area - ntemnational Boundary' Reserve City Chad Export Project in Relation to Pipeline Pipeline River 2YDAMFS & MOORE Figure 9-7 lE:::0000:;0:Xt t0000:004:00::0:090:f::St:fff::; :V: 0000::0000:S / / ' '~~~~~~~C DMES& MOE G~OUPCC~WCN THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 10.0 CONSULTATION, CENTERLINE SURVEYS AND DOCUMENTATION OF THE PIPELINE ALIGNMENT The results from the public review of, and the WBG's informal comments to, the 1997 EAs were discussed and analyzed in the preceding Chapters 7, 8, and 9 and resulted in pipeline reroutes in the Mber6 Valley and in the Deng Deng region. This chapter presents a discussion of the public consultation that was conducted on the pipeline route alternatives and analysis results presented in Chapters 7, 8, and 9; the results of the centerline survey along the proposed pipeline alignment; and, the development of environmental alignment sheets prepared for the project. 10.1 PUBLIC CONSULTATION OF THE PIPELINE ROUTING RESULTS A public consultation process was undertaken to present the results of the pipeline routing analysis conducted for this project. A series of six NGO meetings were held in September 1998 in the provincial capitals of Yaounde, Bertoua, N'gaounder6, Garoua, Ebolowa, and Douala. Routing was discussed in detail at these meetings, particularly in those provinces where routing comments/questions had been raised by the public and the WBG (i.e., Bertoua in respect to the Deng Deng area, and N'gaoundere and Garoua in respect of the Mbere Rift Valley). As was the case in other consultation forums, public and local NGO interest was focussed primarily on socioeconomic and other issues relating to the human environment. No substantive comments were received on the various routing alternatives under consideration, other than an NGO comment at the Bertoua meeting that, of the various alternatives presented for the Deng Deng region (Chapter 8 of this volume), Altemative F was preferred. As discussed in Chapter 8, Alternative F has been selected as the preferred route through the Deng Deng region. The results of this consultation process are discussed in more detail in Volume 3 - Consultation and Public Review (Volume 3 of the Supporting Documents). Volume 3 also includes the results of additional consultation meetings that will be held to discuss the routing analysis and the associated Indigenous Peoples Plan and the Offsite Environmental Enhancement Program (Volume 4, Part II and IlIl of the Cameroon Environmental Management Plan. 10.2 CENTERLINE SURVEYS Once the pipeline alignment described in the 1997 EAs was determined, the centerline survey was conducted. The purpose of the Centerline Survey was to define the location of the pipeline to best satisfy the project's construction, operations, and environmental (i.e., biophysical, socioeconomic, and health) requirements. In keeping with this purpose, the following objectives were established for the survey: * Verify and assess the provisional coordinates for the pipeline with the aim of: - describing the land necessary to construct, operate, and maintain the pipeline Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 10-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT - reaching an agreement between all parties regarding the coordinates of the land easement; * Obtain additional technical data, at the site-specific level to permit construction contractors to limit environmental disturbance to the extent practical and to design and construct the pipeline more efficiently, effectively, and economically * More closely define and evaluate environmentally sensitive sites along the route; * Initiate the project's land acquisition process * Establish a network of geodetic stations along the pipeline route to support the easement acquisition process as well as future surveying activities. A cornerstone of the Centerline Survey was also to communicate project activities to governing bodies, media, and the public in the project development area, and perform consultation with identified affected parties. By effectively consulting with affected parties, situating the pipeline in a mutually agreed location was achieved. The results of this aspect of the consultation process is also described in Volume 3 - Consultation and Public Review (see Volume 3 of the Supporting Documents). Figure 10-1 presents the pipeline alignment proposed for this project. The alignment shown in Figure 10-1 incorporates the Mbere Valley, Deng Deng, and Atlantic Littoral routing results discussed in Chapters 7, 8, and 9 of this Volume, as well as the more subtle route changes presented in Table 10-1. The final pipeline alignment is incorporated into a series of environmental alignment sheets as a result of the Centerline Survey, which is discussed below. 10.3 ENVIRONMENTAL ALIGNMENT SHEETS One of the results of the Centerline Survey and field investigations conducted along the pipeline alignment was the preparation of environmental alignment sheets to assist in the environmental management of the pipeline and related facilities during construction and operation. The environmental management requirements and associated survey information is depicted directly on 1:10,000 scale air photos/satellite imagery, and includes corresponding descriptive information below the photo. Information developed and presented on the environmental alignment sheets will be utilized throughout the construction process to help ensure that activities are conducted with full awareness of site-specific conditions. The environmental alignment sheets and supporting documentation is included as Volume 6 of the Cameroon Environmental Management Plan prepared for this project. May 1999 10-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc TABLE 10-1 SUMMARY OF ROUTE MODIFICATIONS AS A RESULT OF THE CENTERLINE SURVEY 1 0 sum MimbolAngoua Nvle Pygmy Villages -98 - x 1011.550 32 626,640 338,192 2 0 Maboulo/Bitombo Pygmy Villages 120 __ X 999.000 32 639,120 338,250 3 El Twin hills near Batoui Pygmy Village 77988.100 32 648,525 339,588 4 0 Gra-veyard at mvile 20 - x 953.100 32 678,220 356,180 5 * Gorge at Mbikiliki 52 xx963.000 32 670,188 349,785 6 * Pygmy Village - Kwambo Ntsio 1 1 X 983.850 32 853,505 340,015 7 0 Avoid grave near Zenker Mansion -7 X 981.244 32 1658,020 338,503 8 0 lAvoid stream and marsh near BipindJi 1 986.150 32 1651,179 339,823 9 S Avoid mutliple stream crossings near Bandevouri 30 X X 1003.170 32 634,175 338,703 10, 11 0 Pygmy Villages - Fuh Glende and Nkaga 215 - X 1034.058 32 604,850 327,355 1 2 0 Pygmy village -Giangou 83 - X 1025.460 32 613,695 331,570 13 0 Mougou River Interference and Wetlands 9 X X 950.300 32 680,573 357,881 14 0 Avoid bend on Mougue River 9 X X 947.570 32 689,049 358,829 1 5 S Detour around Akongo Village 145 I I_ XI 894.146 32 730,326 979,195 161 0 1House near Nyong River 8 - X 882.130 32 1742,450 381,425 1 7 0 Sacred Tree near Nyengue 6 - X 888.550 32 737,373 377,811 1 8 0 Avoid graves near KP 979 8 - X 979.290 32 857,885 940,231 1 9 0 Avoid graves and IP on stream bank -14 X X X 968.000 32 866,795 946,768 20 0 Avoid houses and side slope near P1-140 1 2 X X X 91 2.950 32 715,468 368,485 21 0 Avoid stream and side slope near KP-952 1 X X _ 952.230 32 678,944 356,523 22 0 Long stretches of marsh near Railroad #1 140 _____ 23 0 Construction issues near PI-141 (Twiin Peaks) 35 X- X 918.000 32 711,000 368,165 24 0 19 Streams near P1-121, House, Grave -8 X X X 834.000 32 783,837 416,655 25 0 Stream/marsh near IP-120 -43 X X 832.600 32 764,354 420,423 26 * Ongot Village Bypass -49 X IXI X X 826.360 32 764,750 425,500 27 * House and Water Source at Hwy. Crossings 19 X 764,110 32 783,547 450,153 28 * Marsh near Camp 9/1 0 14 X X X 791.400 32 785,814 451,6121 29 * River near P1-1 08 -54 X X 796.0001 32 781,895 449,518 30 0 Houses Near P1-1 31 16 - x 779.740 32 793,335 460,390 31 * [Long stretches of marsh near Railroad #1 -281 X X X 861 .500 32 755,868 390,175 32 a River/lowland near P1-I 31 10 X X 868.300 32 754,735 388,210 33 0 Cutoff fromn P1-91 to PI 100 -909 _ X 713.502 33 176,339 488,703 34 rxl Lowlands east of Nyong River 97 X X 877.000 32 747,4651 364,230 __35 * Side Slopes at Rock'n Roll Gorge near KP-823 58 X X 823.050 32 765,2801 429,190 36 0 Four Times River, near KP-8 16 10 X X 816.000 32 789,625 434,785 __37 0 Cutoff from Pi-1IlOto P1-1 16 -507 X X X X 808.500 32 774,242 441,580 __38 0 Satellite Dish Gorge, west of Pi-1 16 8 X X 813.400 32 771,280 436,660 __39 0 Graves near Pi-1 42 8 X 922.860 32 705,713 368,125 __40 0 House near KP-927 4 - x 927.060 32 701,674 358,486 41 0 Graves at Lologodrf-Eseka Highway 8 X 934.5801 32 895,297 362,840 42 0 Graves near P1-1 04 1 1 X 770.470 32 798,6111 458,026 __43 0 Houses near P1-I 03 3 - X 750.825 32 810,670 44 IXI Buildings near CAMP 11/12 (no change) 0 ____ ___ __45 6 Nanga Eboko Reroute -683 673.270 33 212,910 516,000 46 0 1Savanna Reroute (Nanga Eboko to Belabo) 974 X ____ ____ 47 0 Deng Deng Reroute (B(?labo to Mararaba) 12858 X ________ __48 0 Mbere Valley Reroute 0 X____ __49 0 Stream/Terrain near P1 51 & 52 1 0 X X 373.800 33 408.160 703,300 50 0 Lowlands southwest of Meiganga 88 X X 358.000 33 415.840 718,080 __51 0 Stream Beds/Terrain near P1-47 1 6 X X _ 350.900 33 419.286 723,216 52 0 Stream Beds/Terrain near Pis 44-46 84 X X 3483.250 33 425,470 733,115 53 0 IStream Beds/Terrain west of Pls-42-44 -63 X X X 323.000 33 434,824 746,891 __54 0 iStream Beds/Terrain west of Pl-41 15 X X 320.000 33 436,510 749,2451 55 S Stream Beds/Trerrain west of Pls-40-41 33 X X 315.100 33 439,805 754,880 56 0 Cost reduction at P1-39 -39 X 298.582 33 1449,500 765,473 __57 0 Cost reduction and stream avoidacne at P1-38 -275 X X X 288.648 33 547,644 772,16 58 Belabo Pump Station #3 -216 X __ X 572.058 33 308.389 541,201 __59 0 Stream Bed/Terrain Near Pis 58-61 -1 08 463.600 33 372.968 854,510 __60 0 Move Mbere crossing near new bridge -511 X X 162.750 33 558.025 836,470 611 0 iMove Lim River Crossing (Chad) to heavy use area -427 __ XX 124.200 33 591,186 858,080 621 0 lAvoid village between PIs 60 & 61 1 1 X445.030 33 357,728 845,900 631 0 lAvoid small village near Mbiamboom (near PI 20) 5 - X178.5501 33 1548,392? 829,270 Alt Analysis english tables b 05-05.xls 1 5/5/1999 TABLE 10-1 SUMMARY OF ROUTE MODIFICATIONS AS A RESULT OF THE CENTERLINE SURVEY 64 0 Avoid interference with drainage near Pi 20 15 X X _ 200.900 33 631,480 815,000 65 0 Chad Hut, South of Pl-04 15 X - 29.018 33 865,075 918,460 66 * Village at KP 87 (South of Pl-05) 54 -_ X - 87.000 33 622,000 878,820 67 0 Avoid huts and Gravesites 97 - X 56.600 33 644,199 900,459 Village of Bemoulati - original route crossed between 68 some huts and a cemetery (km 70) . _ _ _ _ Between Gadjibian and Bessao - reroute to avoid 69 * edges of village and gravesites (km 96-111) _ _ _ _ Kayaral - reroute detours on the northwest side, around 70 . 2 mud brick huts that were in the original ROW (km 30) _ _ _ Lim River - reroute designed to be more 71 _ environmentally friendly (km 125 to 159) Mbere - Purpose was to put the pipeline crossing of the Mbere River close to the proposed vehicle bridge for 72 environmental reasons (km 170 to 178) _ _ _ . _ ACCEPTED (0) PENDING (0) REJECTED (E) IN PROGRESS (') Alt Analysis english tables b 05-05.xls 2 5/511999 * Moundou U Doba Kaba ri Chad Timber Nigeria : :Gore, :~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' / < )esao,+ aibokoum Ngaoundere M 0 0 j : ( * rmpta Djoho : Mboul * Ngaoundal eiganga U 3 * Dir Cameroon Garoua-Boulai : t } ~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~Betare qya : : ) ~~~~~~~~~Bafoussam , Bafoussam 0' - -- * 3Central African Repub Batoua Deng Deng Letta Bafia :Kumba Baa Minta Bertoua U r U 0 0 S * * Bato ala t :: ;Doume Douala U Abong Mbang Edea ~~~Yaound6 ; 0 0Edea z YaoundeAkonolinga Eseka u G ;0i,;X ea0 N0; d; X Longji .4. tAtlantic Ocean ribi ipndia100 0 100 200 Kilometers Congo LEGEND - - - International Boundary 0 FSO ChadLocation of Export Pipeline Route Pipeline (1/99) * City . DAMES & MOORE Figure 10- ADAmL &woaK GRQUP mwuN Fgue 0- THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 1 1.0 REFERENCES Berger, 1995. Evaluation of the Faunistic Potential of the Kribi, Deng Deng, and Mbere Rift Valley, November 1995. Burnham, 1998. Personal Communication. Centre Geogrphique National, 1972-1985. Topographical maps of Southern Chad and Cameroon, Scale 1:200,000. Culverwell, J., 1998. Long-Term Recurrent Costs of Protected Area Management in Cameroon. Dames & Moore, 1993. Final Report, Task 1 - Data Assimilation and Review, Environmental and Socioeconomic Services, Chad-Cameroon Pipeline System, October 1993. Faure, M. J-J., 1998. Mission Report: Forestry. Faure, M. J-J., Achoundong, G., Tchamba, N.M., & R.C. Fotso, 1997. Projet Lom Pangar: Etude D'lmpact sur la Flore et la Faune, Societe Nationale D'Electricite du Cameroun. Froment, 1998. Personal communication. Gartlan, S., 1989. La Conservation des Ecosystemes Forestiers du Cameroun, IUCN, Switzerland. Gillet, H., 1964. Agriculture, Vegetation, et Sol du Centre et du Sud Tchad - Feuilles de Miltou, Dagela, Koumra, Moosafoyo, O.R.S.T.O.M. - C.R.T., Fort Lamy, 108 pp. Institute Geographique National, 1961 and 1964. Topographical maps of Southern Chad and Cameroon, Scale 1:200,000. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), 1996. 1996 IUCN Red List of Threatened Animals, Switzerland. IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources), 1987. IUCN Directory of Afrotropical Protected Areas, Switzerland. Letouzey, R., 1985. Notice de la Carte Phytogeographique du Cameroun, scale 1:500,000. Loung, 1996. L'insuffisance des feculents sauvages comestibles et ses consequence chez les Pygmees Bakola du Cameroun. In: Forment A., I. De Garine, Ch. Binam BikoT et J.F. Loung (eds.), Bien manger et bien vivre. Anthropologie Alimentaire et Developpement en Afrique intertropicale, Paris, ORSTOM-L'Harmattan, pp. 173-194. Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc 11-1 May 1999 ALTERNATIVES ANALYSIS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 2 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Loung, 1998. Personal communication. Martin, D. and P. Segalen, 1966. Carte Pedologique du Cameroun Oriental, scale 1:1,000,000, ORSTOM. Pias, J., 1970. La Vegetation Du Tchad,, Ses Rapports Avec Les Sols Variations Paleobotaniques Au Quaternaire, ORSTOM, Paris. Republique du Cameroon, 1998. Deuxieme Recensement General de la Population et de l'Habitat due Cameroon, Yaound&. Regnoult, J. M., 1986. Synthese G6ologique du Cameroun, Ministere des Mines et de l'Energie, Republique du Cameroun, Yaounde, p. 119. Thomas, D., 1995. Botanical Inventory Report: Esso Cameroon Pipeline Project. World Bank, 1997. Operational Policy 4.36: Forestry, The World Bank Operational Manual, November 1997. World Bank, 1995. Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats, The World Bank Operational Manual, September 1995. World Bank, 1991a. Operational Directive 4.01: Environmental Assessment, The World Bank Operational Manual, October 1991. World Bank, 1991b. Operational Directive 4.20: Indigenous Peoples, The World Bank Operational Manual, September 1991. May 1999 11-2 Alt Analysis english text 05-05.doc