The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) Concept Environmental and Social Review Summary Concept Stage (ESRS Concept Stage) Public Disclosure Date Prepared/Updated: 09/28/2021 | Report No: ESRSC02313 Sep 28, 2021 Page 1 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) BASIC INFORMATION A. Basic Project Data Country Region Project ID Parent Project ID (if any) Tuvalu EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC P177100 Project Name Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II Practice Area (Lead) Financing Instrument Estimated Appraisal Date Estimated Board Date Transport Investment Project 1/10/2022 4/29/2022 Financing Borrower(s) Implementing Agency(ies) Government of Tuvalu Ministries / Ministry of Public Works, Infrastructure, Environment, Labour, Meteorology and Disaster Public Disclosure Proposed Development Objective To improve the climate resilience of selected maritime infrastructure in Tuvalu. Financing (in USD Million) Amount Total Project Cost 46.50 B. Is the project being prepared in a Situation of Urgent Need of Assistance or Capacity Constraints, as per Bank IPF Policy, para. 12? No C. Summary Description of Proposed Project [including overview of Country, Sectoral & Institutional Contexts and Relationship to CPF] The proposed development objective (PDO) of Maritime Investments in Climate Resilient Operations II (MICRO 2) is to improve the climate resilience of maritime infrastructure in Tuvalu. The MICRO 2 Project consists of (a) technical assistance (TA) activities; (b) construction of three 10m workboat harbors and their waterside and terrestrial ancillary infrastructure and works in three islands: Nanumanga, Nanumea; and Nukufetau. At this stage, the waterside infrastructure will include 10m Workboat Harbors, reef channels and turning basin; breakwaters to protect the channels and basins from wave action; and jetties, small wharves, concrete ramps for fishing vessels and aids to navigation. The terrestrial Infrastructure will include construction and/or rehabilitation of road access; concrete Sep 28, 2021 Page 2 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) ramps, public buildings, terminals for passengers, warehousing/storage, and utilities such as electricity, solar panels, and water systems. The PDO is to be achieved through the following four components. • Component 1 is Sectoral and Spatial Planning Tools, which includes the development of spatial planning and risk-based tools (GIS mapping) on the islands of Nanumanga, Vaitupu, Nanumea and Nui, and a health outreach campaign on Nanumanga. • Component 2 is Climate Resilient Maritime Infrastructure Solutions, which will construct resilient maritime, access and utility infrastructure on the islands of Nanumanga, Nanumea and Nukufetau. This includes widening of existing or construction of new, reef channels and turning basins to accommodate a 10-m workboat, as well as the construction of breakwaters to protect the channels and basins from wave action. It will also include the financing of jetties, small wharves, concrete ramps for fishing vessels and aids to navigation. Coastal protection measures to ensure sustainability and resilience of infrastructure may also be financed. This may also include rehabilitation and/or upgrade of access and utility infrastructure linked to these harbors, including access road to harbors, electricity (solar panels), water, terminals for passengers, and warehousing/storage areas, would also be considered. • Component 3 is Strengthening the Enabling Environment and includes two sub-components (a) implementation capacity building, which is expected to cover supervision of works, resilience-related training and workshops, technical assistance in response to emerging priority issues, and support to the Maritime Training Institute, including revision of syllabus and provision of learning materials. Sub-component (b) includes project management support such as the provision of technical, advisory and administrative support to the Ministry of Public Works, Infrastructure, Environment, Labor, Meteorology and Disaster (MPWIELMD), other line ministries, and the Project Implementation Unit (PIU) and includes preparation of safeguards documents as well as the provision of office Public Disclosure space, equipment, supplies, and financial auditing services. • Component 4 is a Contingency Emergency Response Component (CERC) which may finance a response to a natural or man-made disaster or crisis that has caused, or is likely to imminently cause, a major adverse economic and/or social impact. For example, Tuvalu is highly vulnerable to tropical cyclones and has a weak health system so is particularly vulnerable to health disasters. D. Environmental and Social Overview D.1. Detailed project location(s) and salient physical characteristics relevant to the E&S assessment [geographic, environmental, social] Tuvalu is a volcanic archipelago and consists of three reef islands: Nanumanga, Niutao, Niulakita and six true atolls: Funafuti, Nanumea, Nui, Nukufetau, Nukulaelae and Vaitupu. Nine islands are low lying, approximately 2m above sea level,and are geologically young, with most having poorly developed sandy or gravel coastline soils. While each island varies in the configuration of maritime access, all have challenging tidal reef flats and channels to negotiate, which can result in hazardous passenger and cargo transfers depending on the tides and sea conditions. Many islands have an ageing population, thus hazardous maritime access affects less mobile community members with age-related health restrictions. The environmental and social risk assessment for this project is being structured to ensure a proportionate level of assessment can be performed within the Borrower's capacity within this timeframe, and to enable Tuvalu to access Sep 28, 2021 Page 3 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) these funds. The Project includes three infrastructure subprojects located respectively in (i) Nanumanga, which is a reef islands and (ii) Nanumea and Nukufetau, which are atolls. The three islands have populations of approximately 400 people. Nanumanga and Nanumea are located 400 and 460km from Funafuti and Nukufetau 102km. Currently, roughly half of the country's population of some 10,500 lives on the main atoll, Funafuti and remaining is distributed across the other islands. Employment is heavily reliant on the public sector with the latest unemployment statistics from 2016, showing Tuvalu has an unemployment rate of 8.49%. Tuvalu's economy is highly dependent on remittances and the country is considered one of the most economically and environmentally vulnerable in the world. It is classified as a Least Developed Country (LDC) by the United Nations and Fragile and Conflict-Affected State (FCAS) by the World Bank. The resulting vulnerability of the country to natural disasters is high. Key investments include the construction of three harbors and ancillary infrastructure (construction and/or rehabilitation of office space, road access, reef channels, breakwaters, jetties, small wharves, concrete ramps, public buildings, terminals for passengers, warehousing/storage, and utilities) across Nanumanga, Nukufetau and Nanumea. A detailed scope of works has been identified through feasibility studies (FS) for the Nanumanga harbor subproject under MICRO (P161540). The harbor and ancillary infrastructure will be small in scale, located on the southwest of the Public Disclosure island and include a harbor suitable to facilitate a 10m workboat, with an approximately 20m by 90m reef channel (13,000m3 of dredged material), 60m jetty, 3m wide boat ramp. No design or feasibility work has been completed for Nukufetau and Nanumea; however, investments are intended to be of a similar scale and design as for the Nanumanga works. According to the UNDP-supported Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project report (2020), Nanumaga and Nanumea are considered to be sensitive due to the important physical role they play in both the interface between the terrestrial and marine environment and in protecting coastlines from erosion, which is a major threat to biodiversity and ecosystem services. Altough no nearby sources of pollution (sewage, etc.) are known in the proposed sites. Nukufetau has limited information available. Further assessment of significant sources of pollution (e.g., sewage discharge, dredging etc.) will be completed as part of the environmental and social assessment, with respect to the existing biota and the context of the project's area of influence and footprint. Other investments will include a contingency emergency response component (CERC) and the development of spatial planning and risk-based tools (GIS mapping) for infrastructure investments to improve connectivity and climate resilience in Nanumanga, Vaitupu, Nanumea and Nui, a health outreach campaign to Nukufetau and Nanumea. D. 2. Borrower’s Institutional Capacity Sep 28, 2021 Page 4 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) The Executing Agency (EA) for the Project will be Ministry of Finance (MOF) and two proposed implementing agencies are: (i) MPWIELMD for Component 1, 2, and 3; and (ii) MOF for Component 4.  A Project Implementation Unit (PIU) will be established within MPWIELMD, who will be responsible for all of the activities under Component 1, 2 and 3, in the areas of technical, environmental and social (E&S) risk management, procurement, financial management (FM), monitoring and evaluation, and stakeholder engagement. MICRO 2 will make use of the Central Project Management Office (CPMO), which was established as part of the World Bank's Tuvalu Learning Project (TuLEP), to provide oversight and support on project implementation to all agencies working on development projects in Tuvalu in these areas. The CPMO is housed within MoF and is staffed with a Director and supported by international specialists who are tasked to provide guidance, training and hands-on support to the PIU. The capacity of the unit will largely depend on the timeliness and success in the recruitment efforts, and the experience of the E&S personnel appointed whose appointment has not yet been finalised. The CPMO is a new unit and will require awareness raising and capacity building with respect to the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF). The CPMO, supported by the PIU, will also be required to complete a capacity needs assessment during project preparation including to establish the CPMO's and PIU's capacity to manage and train staff for environmental and social risk management compliance. The areas of capacity strengthening for relevant ESSs will be identified and actions will be agreed in the Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP). While the capacity for implementing significant infrastructure projects in Tuvalu is limited, MICRO 2 builds on the lessons learned during the implementation of Tuvalu Aviation Investment Project (TvAIP), MICRO and TuLEP. The PIU Public Disclosure will be responsible for the day-to-day implementation of MICRO II and will be assisted by CPMO on technical matters. These implementation arrangements aim to improve efficiency through the shared use of resources. Other benefits include broader capacity development, knowledge sharing and sustainability through an official. Via MICRO and the ADB's Tuvalu Outer Island Marine Infrastructure Project (TOIMIP), MPWIELMD has had direct experience in E&S risk management and the preparation of E&S instruments from multi-lateral finance institutions, however they have had no experience with the ESF. MPWIELMD has delegated the delivery and management of MICRO & MICRO 2 to the PIU. During MICRO they appointed an experienced international consultant to support E&S risk planning and management. This consultant will continue to support E&S compliance and to work with the PIU in appointing all required E&S specialists to support MICRO II, including for the preparation of E&S instruments. There have been no reported complaints for the previous infrastructure projects, the E&S performance rating of MICRO remained satisfactory. Ongoing support, capacity assessment and capacity development from the World Bank E&S specialists to the PIU will continue to be required to ensure E&S compliance. Other parties who have monitoring or implementation responsibilities during project implementation (Supervision Engineer, Contractor) will be required as part of the contract to be resourced with a suitably experienced and qualified E&S advisor or specialist to provide training for the contractor and supervising engineer. II. SCREENING OF POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL (ES) RISKS AND IMPACTS A. Environmental and Social Risk Classification (ESRC) Substantial Sep 28, 2021 Page 5 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) Environmental Risk Rating Substantial The Environmental Risk is rated as "Substantial". The Project is large to medium scale and some risks have a medium probability of resulting in longer term impacts requiring significant time and investment to mitigate or remediate (e.g., changes to coastal hydrology and sediment transport, sedimentation and damage to coral through completion of in-water works). Other risks and impacts will be temporary and predictable and easily managed through the implementation of project instruments. An ESIA was completed in 2018 for the original location of Nanumanga harbor and its waterside and terrestrial ancillary Infrastructure under MICRO. The ESIA highlighted the following significant, possible longer term impacts: i) changes to sediment transport leading to erosion and accretion of sand; ii) increases in current speeds and changes in direction to create scour and localized erosion at the beach end of the breakwater; and iii) increased sedimentation. The ESIA concluded potential impacts associated with loss of benthic habitats and, more specifically, coral reef habitat will be negligible. The Borrower proposes that the risk profile will be similar for the Nanumea and Nukufetau harbors and their ancillary infrastructure. This expectation will be verified through the completion of the FS and E&S assessment process, including rigorous consideration of a) stakeholders consultations; b) site alternative analysis, c) water quality; d) coastal hydrology; e) bottom contamination; f) marine and coastal ecology; g) air quality; h) noise and vibration; i) waste management; and j) visual quality, as described in the World Bank Group's Guidelines for Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals (2017).  Component 2 may result in the modification of biodiversity and natural habitats in the foreshore and marine environment, changes to coastal hydrology, destruction of coral from dredging and increased sedimentation from the completion of in-water or waterside infrastructure and works. Further assessment will be required prior to the commencement of works to fully understand baseline conditions, including Public Disclosure the biodiversity value of the receiving environment, the full nature and magnitude of risks associated with the in- water works and appropriate mitigation measures. Siting and design alternatives, to be examined in FS and preliminary ESIA, will be guided by mitigation hierarchy for adverse environmental impacts. Design phase risks include to OHS, changes to coastal hydrology due to poor design works. Construction phase risks include noise, dust, erosion, vegetation retreat, contamination through uncontrolled run-off, waste disposal or discharge, suspended sediments from dredging, disposal of dredged materials (between 13,000 m3 to 16,000 m3 estimated respectively by the Nanumanga ESIA and ADB's TOIMIP project), damage to live coral and macroalgae in the dredged zone at the channel entrance, and OHS. No construction materials will be sourced locally. Operational phase risks include contaminated runoff, OHS, waste disposal, noise, dust and spills. A range of preventive, mitigatory or remedial measures can be readily identified and implemented, according to the experience of Nanumanga ESIA (2018). According to the Nanumanga ESIA, cumulative impacts are not likely to be significant in the long term. The Borrower anticipates a similar situation for the Nanumea and Nukufetau harbors; however, a final assessment on this cannot be made until the final Detailed Design of the MICRO has been determined. For the TA activities, terms of reference (TOR) will be developed in accordance with the ESF, national legislation and good international industry practice (GIIP) to mitigate against unwanted downstream impacts. The development of spatial planning and risk-based tools for infrastructure investments will result in environmental benefits such as improved climate resilience for Tuvalu infrastructure.  Social Risk Rating Substantial The Project social risk is rated 'Substantial'. The social risks are identifiable and include: i) risks as a result of an influx workforce on small remote island communities, ii) land acquisition for temporary construction sites and permanent shoreside infrastructure (such as terminals), road improvements and stockpiles, iii) construction-phase health, safety Sep 28, 2021 Page 6 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) and SEA/SH risks as a result of activities, iv) operational phase risks may include increases to the availability of store- bought (highly processed) food with impacts on public health. Project activities will take place in isolated locations which are difficult to supervise, and Covid- 19 related travel limitations means that Bank supervision is likely to remain limited for some time. While borrower capacity is somewhat limited, this is expected to be strengthened with the appointment of an experienced E&S specialist within the CPMO. This assessment has been informed by the MICRO's existing ESIA for Nanumanga. As a result of the new harbors, there will be improvements to passenger safety including for those with mobility impairments, improved passenger amenity through improved shoreside facilities, and improved cargo handling both on shore and at sea. The new harbors will improve capacity to respond to natural disasters by having a sheltered harbor to accept incoming emergency relief supplies, and an increased number of operational days for services due to improved harbor designs. There will be opportunities for local employment and skills development during construction. Dredging may generate surplus aggregate which may be able used by island communities for local government or residential capital works projects. The projects will require temporary use of private land for facilities such as workers camps, stockpile and laydown sites. There may be the requirement for permanent land acquisition for shoreside infrastructure for passenger and cargo facilities and potentially for semi-permanent dredge spoil stockpiles. There may also be temporary access restrictions to foreshore areas and facilities during construction phase. There will be some risks to public safety and of damage to property from construction machinery and materials and traffic during construction. There will be some public safety operational risks of access via jetty and stair structures and during cargo loading and unloading. The Project will likely include some influx labor which introduces risks of increased competition services, increased road safety risks, increased need for housing, disruptions to community dynamics, social conflicts communicable diseases, crime increased rates of Gender-based Violence (GBV) and sexual exploitation and abuse/sexual harassment (SEA/SH) Public Disclosure both within and outside the home primarily affecting women. B. Environment and Social Standards (ESSs) that Apply to the Activities Being Considered B.1. General Assessment ESS1 Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Overview of the relevance of the Standard for the Project: The long-term impact of the Project is primarily positive. Climate-resilient harbors and ancillary infrastructure will ensure that the country's most important corridors will be more resilient to climate events and remain open more of the time. Further, principles of the WB Advisory Note on Environmental and Social Framework for Technical Assistance (2019) and ESS1 Footnote 5 will be applied to the Technical Assistance (TA) activities to ensure TOR and outputs of the TA will consider downstream E&S implications. Nonetheless, regulations and/or guidelines might induce direct or indirect environmental and social implications when implemented through future investments, especially when they are not fully covered to the full extent of all sectors/key players or all geographic distribution. Adverse environmental risks from the design phase include unintentional impacts such as poor worker safety or hydrocarbon storage from inadequate designs. Construction phase risks include some potential longer term impacts such as the modification of biodiversity and natural habitats in the foreshore and marine environment and changes to coastal hydrology, destruction of coral from dredging and increased sedimentation from the completion of in-water Sep 28, 2021 Page 7 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) or waterside infrastructure and works as well as more standard construction risks such as the generation of waste, noise and dust, spills, water contamination, disposal of dredged materials, and the use of construction materials. Operational phase risks include erosion, vegetation retreat, contamination of sediment and water through harbor activities and uncontrolled run-off, waste disposal or discharge, occupational health and safety hazards (including the potential for UXO in the lagoons), discharges and emissions, waste and hydrocarbon spills and leakage from boats, and cargo-related handling and storage, changes to sediment transport due to wave shadows leading to erosion and accretion of sand, increases in current speeds and changes in direction to create scour and localized erosion at the beach end of the breakwater, and standing waves in the channel entrance at the seaward end of the breakwater. Construction works may impact ecosystem service, such as the provision of food (increased sedimentation may kill finfish, shellfish, and crustaceans that are a key source of protein in Tuvalu) or erosion control (through changed coastal processes). The environmental and social assessment process will assess potential risks and impacts on ecosystem services that may be exacerbated by climate change. Potential negative social impacts related to influx labour, land acquisition associated with auxiliary infrastructure including shoreside infrastructure (terminals, wharves), possible dredge spoil stockpile sites and roads, construction phase health and safety, and health impacts associated with importation of processed food stuffs, and increased availability of store-bought food during the operational phase. To manage the above E&S risks, the Borrower will assess and manage E&S risks and impacts associated with the Public Disclosure Project activities in a manner that is proportionate to the significance of the potential risks and impacts, but also practical within the timeframe available, and feasible within likely COVID-19 travel limitations that will make detailed site investigations necessary for a full assessment either very difficult or not possible. To reflect these challenging circumstances the proposed approach to E&S risk assessment and management will focus on preparing two preliminary ESIAs: (i) a single Preliminary ESIA—including cumulative impact assessment and ESMP—for the Nanumanga works to address the redesign and relocation in the southwest and (ii) a Combined Preliminary ESIA for Nanumea and Nukufetau for the 'construction of harbor and ancillary infrastructure and works' and office space under Component 3. Siting and design alternatives, to be examined in FS and preliminary ESIA, will be guided by mitigation hierarchy for adverse environmental impacts. The Nanumanga ESIA (2018) concluded that potential effects on benthic habitats and, more specifically, coral reef habitats are negligible. Apart from the dredged material, all construction materials will be imported for the construction of the harbors and supporting infrastructure in the three islands. The technical design will also aim at minimizing the import of aggregates by using pre-cast concrete panels for the harbor construction at Nanumanga. This approach has already been adopted and trialled in Nukulaelae as part of the ADB's TOIMIP project. Sep 28, 2021 Page 8 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) The Borrower will identify and make a preliminary assessment of key risks and identify high-level mitigation measures to ensure no indirect or long-term negative impacts and specify the detailed supporting studies required for a comprehensive ESIA to be prepared during project implementation prior to release of construction bid documents. Each Preliminary ESIA will apply the national regulations, ESF and/or the World Bank Group's Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) Guidelines for Ports, Harbors, and Terminals (2017), and good practice guidance suitable for a preliminary assessment from Guidance Note for Borrowers ESS 2 Labor and Working Conditions (2018), whichever is most stringent. Each Preliminary ESIA is considered within the capacity of the Borrower to prepare during project preparation in the context of the abbreviated timeline the Project is working within and will identify crucial site investigation activities and monitoring for comprehensive risk assessment and design. The Borrower will develop Operational Management Plans during project implementation to address impacts related to occupational health and safety, waste management and emergency/spill response. If not managed properly, these impacts may be cumulative to climate change and disaster-related impacts. The Borrower will prepare: i) a stakeholder engagement procedure (SEP) to ensure all stakeholders interests and concerns are incorporated into the design, construction plans and assessments; and ii) an Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP) to set out the time-bound material measures and actions required for the Project to meet objectives and principles of the relevant ESSs. During preparation, the Preliminary ESIA will consider all known labour risks and identify high-level mitigation actions and further information required from further assessments and detailed design. A labor management procedure (LMP) will be prepared by appraisal and the ESCP will require an Public Disclosure updated version once labor requirements are known (likely to be during project implementation) to manage risks and impacts to and of workers. TA activities will likely lead to positive outcomes however pose some potential for negative downstream impacts when implemented through future investments. The timing of TA TOR development is yet to be confirmed, E&S Specialists will (i) screen TA activities to ensure that they reflect key E&S aspects and risks and mitigation measures, including requirements of the ESF and relevant local legal and good international industry practice (GIIP) in consultancy terms of reference (TOR) and bidding documents; and (ii) review consultancy TORs and outputs to provide a 'No Objection' prior to finalization to ensure compliance with ESF and relevant local legal and GIIP requirements. Lastly, a CERC-specific Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and CERC Operations Manual (including eligible CERC activities) will be prepared, disclosed, consulted, and adopted by the Borrower by the project effectiveness or before activating the CERC component. Areas where “Use of Borrower Framework” is being considered: No. Sep 28, 2021 Page 9 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) ESS10 Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure This standard is considered relevant. The Borrower will prepare a SEP, including a Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM), prior to Appraisal. This will be developed in a manner that is accessible and culturally appropriate, considering any specific needs of groups that may be differentially or disproportionately affected by the Project. The SEP will outline a structured approach for community outreach and two-way engagement with stakeholders, in appropriate languages, and adopting measures to include vulnerable and disadvantaged groups (poor, disabled, elderly, isolated communities), and will be based upon meaningful consultation and disclosure of appropriate information. Particular attention will be granted to identifying and providing tailored and culturally sensitive stakeholder engagement opportunities to vulnerable groups, disadvantaged and remote communities. This will include meaningful consultation with remote island communities (notwithstanding any Covid 19 related travel restrictions which may emerge), community-based organisations and religious groups. The SEP will reflect the consultation activities undertaken during preparation that will inform the project location(s), scope and design. This will include high level community consultation, e.g. with the Falekaupule, Kaupule (the Falekaupule, the traditional community governance organisation and the Kaupule is the administrative/government arm of this organisation), and key community organisations and engagement with key government and civil society stakeholders in Funafuti. However, within the context of the uncertain COVID-19 situation in Tuvalu, it is unlikely that international specialists will be able to supervise consultations in-country, and there may also be limitations on the Borrowers capacity to undertake broad-based, face-to-face consultation. Public Disclosure The SEP will outline a) who the key stakeholders are; b) how they are to be engaged including methods, tools, techniques, and channels such as key message dissemination through community-based organisations, radio and social media to address the gathering limitations of COVID-19 pandemic; c) how often the engagement will occur throughout the Project; d) how feedback will be solicited, recorded and monitored over the Project; e) who will be charged/responsible with this engagement; f) timeline for this engagement, g) resources for engagement, and so on. The SEP will be disclosed prior to appraisal and updated as relevant throughout implementation. The SEP will include measures to minimise the risks of covid 19 transmission in line with national and World Bank standards. The main stakeholders to be included in the SEP are: MPWIELMD, communities on the Nanumanga, Nukufetau, and Nanumea, the Falekaupule and Kaupule on these islands, land owners of affected sites, community-based organisations, women's organisations, organisations representing people with a disability, Tuvalu Family Health Association, social workers, and key civil-society organisations such as the Tuvalu National Council of Women. Additional stakeholders may include the Department of Environment, Tuvalu Fisheries Department, Gender Affairs Department and multi-lateral organisations running related projects including UNDP for the Tuvalu Coastal Adaptation Project (TCAP), and the ADB –funded TOIMIP. Related to the implementation capacity building component this may also include: Fiji Women's Crisis Centre (FWCC), UN Women, UNICEF and DFAT/Pacific Women, Tuvalu Ship Registry, Tuvalu Maritime Women's Committee and Tuvalu Maritime Training Institute to discuss other potential prevention and support service trainings to strengthen the Maritime Sector's capacity to prevent and respond to SEA/SH. Sep 28, 2021 Page 10 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) B.2. Specific Risks and Impacts A brief description of the potential environmental and social risks and impacts relevant to the Project. ESS2 Labor and Working Conditions ESS2 is considered relevant. Workers involved in the Project will include direct and contracted workers. Direct workers will include employees and consultants of the Project Management Unit (PMU), while contracted workers will be engaged through key consulting firms or construction contractors. The use of community workers is not anticipated; the inclusion of supply chain workers within the scope of the Project will be assessed and confirmed during preparation. The Preliminary ESIA will consider the risks associated with project workers, as well as the occupational, health and safety (OHS) risks associated with project activities. Labor planning is in the very early stage and is unlikely to be confirmed until detailed design. The preparation of a labor management procedure (LMP) will occur prior to appraisal. There will be a requirement for an updated LMP included in the ESCP once labor requirements are known to be prepared during implementation but prior to contract bidding document release. The LMP will include appropriate terms and conditions of employment, nondiscrimination and equal opportunity (which includes a safe work environment free from violence and sexual harassment), workers' organizations, restrictions on child and forced labor, and OHS in design, construction, and operational phases. The LMP will cover all construction phase worker health and safety risks associated with operating heavy machinery, construction in turbulent wave environments, Public Disclosure transport to and from sites, and handling hazardous materials. In addition, the LMP will establish Codes of Conduct (including SEAH), and dedicated worker's grievance response mechanism (WGRM), drawing on national laws and regulations and international best practices. Individuals under the age of 18 will be prohibited from working on the Project by national laws and regulations. The OHS risks will be associated with both the construction and operational phase of the Project. Construction risks will be managed through the development and implementation of the ESIAs and contractor ESMPs. Operational risks (e.g., loading and unloading cargo and passengers) will be addressed through the development and implementation of operational management plans. Health and safety risks relevant to the design phase will be integrated into the preliminary ESIA, and will also be captured in preliminary options and feasibility studies which will be reviewed by E&S risk management advisors. The ESIA will include detailed measures for management for workers camps on the affected outer islands and codes of conduct for influx workers. The LMP will detail a local supplier and local skills development and employment plan. operational management plans for addressing health and safety risks, including potential COVID-19 pandemic risks, will be considered for construction workers in accordance with ESF/Safeguards Interim Note: Covid-19 Considerations in Construction/Civil Works Projects (2020). Tuvalu remains COVID-19 free and as of August 2021, close to 5,000 vaccination doses have been administered. However, the national health system capacity to deal with an outbreak remains weak, and Fiji, Tuvalu's primary Sep 28, 2021 Page 11 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) international connection, remains in the midst of a major outbreak. In line with the World Bank's ESF/Safeguards Interim Note: Covid-19 Considerations in Construction/Civil Works Projects (2020), the Borrower will confirm that all construction contracts and works (i) have adequate precautions to prevent or minimize an outbreak of COVID-19, and (ii) have identified what to do in the event of an outbreak. ESS3 Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management ESS 3 is considered relevant. The infrastructure investments included in Component 2 may result in design, construction and operation impacts. Inadequate designs could result in the inefficient consumption of resources such as construction materials or energy, completion of activities such as dredging in significant risk areas, increased risk of hydrocarbon spills during construction and operations and poorly managed run-off, greywater and sewage. Design risks will be considered in the preparation of the Preliminary ESIAs and TORs of infrastructure designs to be compliant with the ESF, national legislation and GIIP requirements. Construction phase risks might result from both terrestrial and marine works. Examples of impacts from terrestrial infrastructure activities include the generation of dust, noise, waste, hydrocarbon spills and contaminated runoff. Based on MICRO experience, the construction materials such as sand, gravel and timber are mostly imported from Fiji, being the nearest readily available island. This is also due to scarcity of materials and the village/ island by-law that is in-placed that sand extraction from within islands in Tuvalu is not permitted. The construction material from Public Disclosure sources in Fiji or the desired supplier to Funafuti and to the outer islands also have downstream impacts such as dust, air, water and, noise pollution, fuel, chemical and hazardous material contamination. Terrestrial construction impacts can be readily managed through the implementation of the ESIA and Contractor ESMP. As discussed in Section A, marine works, such as dredging and the installation of the breakwater and jetty structures, can result in some significant, potentially long-term adverse impacts, including (i) changes to sediment transport due to wave shadows leading to erosion and accretion of sand; (ii) increases in current speeds and changes in direction to create scour and localized erosion at the beach end of the breakwater and standing waves in the channel entrance at the seaward end of the breakwater; (iii) increased levels of suspended solids; and (iv) the disposal of (potentially contaminated) dredged materials. The Nanumaga ESIA (2018) proposes that an approximate volume of 13,000m3 will be dredged to act as a sand trap to prevent the sand from being lost out of the channel, though this sand trap or another alternative will be confirmed based on the preliminary ESIA and detailed design for the newly proposed location in Nanumaga. The sensitivities of the proposed locations will be verified through the completion of the E&S assessment process, including rigorous consideration of siting and alternatives, resource and pollution risks and consultation with the key stakeholders of MICRO II. Operational phase risks include the consumption of water and energy and contamination from poorly managed run off, waste generation, pollution from ships such as from exhausts or ballast water and sewage, greywater generation or contaminated groundwater from poorly managed septic systems, salt wedge intrusion, discharges and emissions, and contamination of ground and surface water with hydrocarbons (fuels and oils) resulting from leaks, drips or spills from boats and hydrocarbon storage, and cargo-related handling and storage. Operational risks and appropriate Sep 28, 2021 Page 12 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) mitigation measures will be considered in the development of the ESIAs and the Project will include the installation of solar panels. The primary source of water supply in Tuvalu is rainfall and rainwater harvesting. In the early 1980s most families took advantage of an aid project for the provision of ferro-cement storage tanks attached to small areas of roofing sheets providing the catchment and shelter for an external kitchen area. The Nanumanga EISA noted that the increased consumption of freshwater during construction activities could place added demand on a limited water supply, potentially leading to shortages in time of drought and that this could be mitigated through the integration of rainwater harvesting into the design. ESS 3 promotes the efficient use of resources such as water, energy and raw materials by avoiding or minimizing pollution conditions from project activities. To meet the ESS3 objectives, the Borrower will adopt measures specified in the World Bank Group's Environmental, Health, and Safety (EHS) General Guidelines (2007) to optimize energy usage, to the extent technically and financially feasible. Each Preliminary ESIA will look for opportunities to conserve water and energy as much as is technically and financially feasible. Further, it is used as a decision-making tool to promote accessibility, safety and climate change considerations in the design and construction of civil works. As described in Section A, TA activities are expected to be positive and beneficial as they will bring a reduction in the use Public Disclosure of resources and dumping of wastes and increase climate resilience. Nonetheless, TA-related guidelines might induce direct or indirect environmental and social implications when implemented through future investments, especially when they are not fully covered to the full extent of all sectors/key players or all geographic distribution. These implications will be considered in the design and implementation of the TA activities (e.g, TOR and output) as guided in Footnote 5 of ESS1. Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) will be assessed and determined through consultation with the World Bank climate change team during the project preparation. ESS4 Community Health and Safety ESS4 is relevant. While the new harbors will improve the safety and efficiency of sea transport, the project construction and operations may pose direct impacts on the ecosystem services and affected communities. The Borrower will need to manage the potential E&S risks, both during the construction and operational phase. The new harbors will substantially improve the safety and efficiency of sea transport on the subject outer islands. Construction activities can pose a risk to community members through increased noise, dust and traffic and the incorrect disposal of waste, including hazardous materials. The risk of unexploded ordnance (UXO) is present in the lagoons of two islands, Nanumea and Nukufetau, thus surveying and handling measures in line with GIIP will be incorporated into their Preliminary ESIAs. Contractor management plans will be developed to mitigate risks to community health and safety during the construction phase and operational management plans will be developed to manage potential H&S risks during the operation of harbors and ancillary infrastructure. Sep 28, 2021 Page 13 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) The conservation of natural habitats is essential for the sustainable development of Tuvalu, as they provide food, livelihoods, protection from wave energy and cultural significance for the community members. The ESIAs will need to consider the handling, storage and transport of goods (possibly including hazardous materials), vehicle movement, embarkation/disembarkation from vessels and maritime safety) and user safety must be considered during design works. If the harbor handles any hazardous material, the Borrower will need to consider the risk of accidents and spills of hydrocarbons (fuels and oils) not only within the harbor complex itself but also along the access road). It raises exposure to health and safety concerns, including COVID 19 pandemic for both harbor workers, local communities, passengers, and other stakeholders. Operational health and safety risks, include killing or contaminating fish (main source of protein in the country), and impacting livelihoods and potentially consumer health. Potential COVID-19 pandemic risks will be considered for construction workers and local communities through the SEP (described in ESS10) and the two Preliminary ESIAs. Each of the Preliminary ESIAs will also assess the risks resulting from construction to community health and safety and include the appropriate mitigation measures such as traffic management, dust control and restrictions to operating hours will be compliant with Tuvaluan legislation, the WB EHS guidelines for construction, and GIIP. Each Preliminary ESIA will describe mitigation measures at different phases: maritime safety, safe dismemberment from boats, hydrocarbon storage, fire safety for the design; preventing community members from entering worksites, traffic management plans, and dust noise for the construction, and health and safety management plan considering loading/unloading boats and traffic management for the operations. Public Disclosure The results will be used to inform the final feasibility study and engineering or detailed design. The design and operational planning for all harbours and ancillary infrastructure will integrate universal design considerations and features to the maximum extent possible to maximise accessibility of the infrastructure, associated shore side infrastructure and enivisaged maritime transport services. Through consultation with the literature and stakeholders, the Preliminary ESIAs for each subproject will describe mitigation measures at different phases: project design (e.g. maritime safety, safe disembarkation from boats, hydrocarbon storage, fire safety etc.); construction (preventing community members from entering worksites, traffic management plans, dust noise etc.); and operations (operational procedures/management plans considering loading/unloading boats and traffic management etc.). ESS5 Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement This standard is considered relevant as there will be land required for several project components. The extent of land access requirements will be assessed during the preparation of the two preliminary ESIAs though will only be confirmed once detailed design is available. Based on past experience and cultural practices, this is likely to be addressed through negotiated lease arrangements in consultation with the relevant land owners, Kapule (community Sep 28, 2021 Page 14 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) leaders) and wider community. The Project is likely to require temporary use of private land for activities such as workers accommodations, stockpile and laydown sites. There may be the requirement for permanent land acquisition for shoreside infrastructure for passenger and cargo facilities and associated infrastructure and potentially for semi-permanent dredge spoil stockpiles, though this will be confirmed during detailed design. There may also be temporary access restrictions to specific foreshore areas and facilities during the construction phase and potentially changed land use patterns. Preference will be given to sites on government or communal land which would not require a lease. If not possible, the government will not compulsorily acquire land, rather land and other assets will be leased through negotiated settlement based on meaningful consultations with landowners. To manage potential risks, the Borrower will prepare a RPF by Appraisal, and the preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) or Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (ARAP) will be included in the ESCP and required to be implemented before any land impacts are felt. Any key provisions relating to land access will also be included in construction bid documents. ESS6 Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources ESS6 is considered relevant. According to Tuvalu's 5th National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Trade, Tourism, Environment and Labour (2016), approximately 350 species of fish have been recorded. Nanumanga has a higher level of species richness (number of species). At Nukulaelae 42 species from 12 families were recorded and 37 species from 8 families at Niutao. Species richness is often higher in more complex (rugged) reef ecosystems, indicating that Nanumanga has a complex reef system allowing it to house more species of fish. Public Disclosure The proposed investments in the three islands could cause adverse impacts to native biodiversity areas and habitats (e.g., modified, natural, and critical habitats) and/or ecosystem services in the foreshore and marine environment through the completion of in-water or waterside infrastructure and works, including dredging. These works may cause changes to coastal systems such as erosion and accretion and increased sedimentation. The Project may be importing machinery and equipment into Tuvalu and transporting it to outer islands, which may pose threats and impacts from invasive species both on the native biodiversity and the economy. The construction and operations of the harbors and ancillary facilities in the reef islands and outer islands will also involve dust, noise, wastes that can affect marine biology or aquatic habitats, and environmental services. If there is run-off into the coastal areas, it could have biodiversity impacts, including killing fish, which is the main source of protein in the country. The conservation of natural habitats is essential for the sustainable development of Tuvalu, as they provide food, livelihoods, protection from wave energy and cultural significance for its people. Terrestrial works are generally expected to occur on previously disturbed land and will not include the clearing of any critical or senstive biodiversity areas. Sep 28, 2021 Page 15 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) The two preliminary ESIAs will determine the nature of the existing marine environment and habitats. A description of both the terrestrial and marine environments will include their ecological value (or if this is not currently known how it will be established during the E&S assessment process); biodiversity risks by the project typologies (in particular dredging and any other 'in water' works) will be considered and appropriate mitigation measures proposed. Siting and design alternatives will focus on avoiding risk to higher value marine areas. ESS7 Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Local Communities This standard is not considered relevant. There are no known groups that meet the criteria in ESS7 as the overwhelming majority of people in Tuvalu (99.1%) belong to the Tuvaluan ethnic group (including 7% with mixed Tuvaluan and i-Kiribati ethnicity), who will be the overwhelming beneficiaries for the Project. ESS8 Cultural Heritage The standard is considered relevant. The Project will require screening for potential ESS8 risks and "chance finds" procedures will be prepared to address any unknown Tangible Cultural Heritage such as movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features and landscapes that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic, or other cultural significance. The "chance finds" Public Disclosure procedures will be included in each Preliminary ESIA and will be then integrated into bidding and construction contracts. ESS9 Financial Intermediaries The standard does not apply as the Project does not propose to include financial intermediaries. B.3 Other Relevant Project Risks Uncertainty about Impacts from climate change and natural disasters including highly exposed-wind and wave action. Previous investments in jetties and ramps in Nukufetau and Nanumanga have suffered significantly from the consequences of Cyclone Pam in 2015 and Cyclone Tino in 2020. C. Legal Operational Policies that Apply OP 7.50 Projects on International Waterways No OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed Areas No III. WORLD BANK ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DUE DILIGENCE Sep 28, 2021 Page 16 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) A. Is a common approach being considered? No Financing Partners No. B. Proposed Measures, Actions and Timing (Borrower’s commitments) Actions to be completed prior to Bank Board Approval: Two preliminary ESIAs for this project which are: (i) The ESIA (2018) for the Nanumanga works will be revised as a single Preliminary ESIA— including cumulative impact assessment and ESMP—for the Nanumanga works to address the new location in the southwest, consider any changes in the engineering scope or scale, and cover E&S issues for the office infrastructure under Component 3. The rationale for preparing the Preliminary ESIA for the Nanumanga works is to build on the existing ESIA findings. This first preliminary ESIA for the Nanumanga works will also address the ESF requirements such as labor and working conditions, climate change and promoting climate resilience, the sustainable management of living natural resources. Please note that the existing Nanumanga ESIA has covered the 'construction of small-scale harbor and ancillary infrastructure and works'; however it will be updated to include office space. (ii) A Combined Preliminary ESIA— including cumulative impact assessment and ESMP—for will be prepared for Nanumea and Nukufetau: for the planned 'construction of harbor and ancillary infrastructure and works' and office infrastructure under component 3. The rationale for preparing a Combined Preliminary ESIA is due to the following Public Disclosure benefits: to avoid repetition of sections of the document that are common to both islands, reduce 'document fatigue' for the borrower, streamline future changes/edits to the document, to facilitate more direct engagement with requirements for responsible parties/contractors, to avoid unnecessary duplication, facilitate implementation and monitoring for the PMU. The client also agreed to highlight how divergences of the two islands would be captured in the combined ESIA for example: 1) Divergent areas of baseline will likely be (to varying extents). Each of these can have separate subheadings under their section of the baseline: - Land use - Sediment transport/wave regime - Marine ecology (Noting that the client does not expect these significantly different to each other, but is good practice to discuss each separately) - Island profile (social aspects will be discussed separately per island) 2) For the analysis of alternatives, the client will also address all islands individually. For Nanumea and Nukufetau it is expected to be an analysis of different sites which could be selected. Designs are not expected to be significantly different to those on Nanumanga. Sep 28, 2021 Page 17 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) 3) Consultations to date will have a subsection per island. 4) Where there are notable divergent preliminary impacts identified for each island, they will be given their own narrative sections and their own line in the impact table. Also, note that as this is preliminary, we might not yet be picking up all impacts. It can be expected that there would be separate subsections when we discuss impacts on movement of sediment and land impacts. 5) If there are particular measures that apply to one island only, then this could be addressed as a separate line in the mitigation table, or the island could have its own mitigation table if it's a significant enough impact. TOR of technical assistance (TA) activities will be aligned with the WB Advisory Note on Environmental and Social Framework for Technical Assistance (2019) and ESS1 (footnote 5). Public Disclosure SEP to be developed, disclosed, and consulted. RPF to be developed, disclosed, and consulted. LMP to be developed, disclosed and consulted prior to the appraisal. ESCP to be developed, disclosed, and consulted. Possible issues to be addressed in the Borrower Environmental and Social Commitment Plan (ESCP): Comprehensive ESIA/ESMP(s) to be updated once detailed designs have been completed and prior to the release of any construction bid documents List potential risks related to the potential scope of the works and prepare Comprehensive ESIAs using existing resources in the PIU Prepare, disclose, consult, and adopt a CERC-specific Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) and CERC Operations Manual (including eligible CERC activities) by the project effectiveness or before activating the CERC component. The PMU will use the existing CERC ESMP under the Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations (P161540) (a Tuvalu transport project which currently includes the CERC component activated in the COVID-19 Emergency Response) as a reference document. E&S mitigation action plans for the CERC-ESMF and CERC Operations Sep 28, 2021 Page 18 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) Manual will be prepared during the project implementation before activating the CERC component. The CERC may finance response to a natural or man-made disaster or crisis that has caused or is likely to imminently cause a major adverse economic and/or social impact. Ensure the development of Construction ESMPs by primary contracting companies. Incorporate environmental and social management plans or other instruments, ESS2 requirements, and any other required ESHS measures into the ESHS specifications of the procurement documents and contracts with contractors and supervising firms. Ensure that the contractors and supervising firms comply with the ESHS specifications of their respective contracts. Ensure that outputs of technical assistance (TA) activities will be aligned with the WB Advisory Note on Environmental and Social Framework for Technical Assistance (2019) and ESS1 (footnote 5). Prepare Environmental and Social Capacity Building and Training Plan. C. Timing Public Disclosure Tentative target date for preparing the Appraisal Stage ESRS 18-Jan-2022 IV. CONTACT POINTS World Bank Contact: Nana S R H Soetantri Title: Senior Transport Specialist Telephone No: 5740+6403 / 61-02-92356403 Email: nsoetantri@worldbank.org Contact: Hongye Fan Title: Transport Specialist Telephone No: +1-202-473-6833 Email: hfan1@worldbank.org Contact: Satoshi Ogita Title: Senior Transport Specialist Telephone No: 5740+6463 / 61-2-92356463 Email: sogita@worldbank.org Borrower/Client/Recipient Borrower: Government of Tuvalu Implementing Agency(ies) Sep 28, 2021 Page 19 of 20 The World Bank Maritime Investment in Climate Resilient Operations II (P177100) Ministries / Ministry of Public Works, Infrastructure, Environment, Labour, Meteorology and Implementing Agency: Disaster V. FOR MORE INFORMATION CONTACT The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433 Telephone: (202) 473-1000 Web: http://www.worldbank.org/projects VI. APPROVAL Task Team Leader(s): Hongye Fan, Satoshi Ogita, Nana S R H Soetantri Practice Manager (ENR/Social) Susan S. Shen Recommended on 23-Sep-2021 at 20:32:9 GMT-04:00 Safeguards Advisor ESSA Nina Chee (SAESSA) Cleared on 28-Sep-2021 at 09:54:18 GMT-04:00 Public Disclosure Sep 28, 2021 Page 20 of 20