ENTERPRISE SURVEYS
WHAT BUSINESSES EXPERIENCE
Indonesia 2015
ENTERPRISE SURVEYS
Country Profile
1
Contents
Introduction......................................................................................................................................................... 3
Firms Characteristics ........................................................................................................................................... 4
Workforce............................................................................................................................................................ 5
Firm performance................................................................................................................................................ 5
Physical Infrastructure ........................................................................................................................................ 6
International Trade ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Access to Finance ............................................................................................................................................... 7
Crime and Informality ......................................................................................................................................... 8
Regulations, Permits, and Taxes ......................................................................................................................... 8
Corruption ........................................................................................................................................................... 9
Business Environment Obstacles ........................................................................................................................ 9
Appendix ........................................................................................................................................................... 11
The Country Profiles produced by the Enterprise Analysis Unit of the World Bank Group provide an overview of key business environment indicators in each economy, comparing them to
their respective geographic region and group of countries with similar income levels. The same topics are covered for all countries with slight variations of indicators. All indicators are based
on the responses of firms. To learn more about the Enterprise Analysis Unit and to obtain Country Profiles for other countries, please visit www.enterprisesurveys.org
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2
Economy Overview Sector coverage is defined consistently across all
economies and includes the entire manufacturing sector
Indonesia 2015 and most services sectors: retail, wholesale, automotive
Region: East Asia & Pacific repair, hotels and restaurants, transportation, storage,
Population: 257,563,815 communications, construction, and IT. Public utilities,
GNI per capita (US $): 3,440 government services, health care, and financial services
sectors are not included in the sample (Figure 1). The ES
Income Group: Lower middle income
interview takes place with top managers and business
owners.
Introduction
The ES are repeated approximately every four years for a
The Enterprise Surveys (ES) focus on many aspects of the particular economy (or region). By tracking changes in the
business environment. These factors can be business environment, policymakers and researchers can
accommodating or constraining for firms and play an look at the effects of policy and regulatory reforms on
important role in whether an economy’s private sector firm performance. Repeated surveys aid in studying the
will thrive or not. An accommodating business evolution of the business environment and how it affects
environment is one that encourages firms to operate the dynamics of the private sector.
efficiently. Such conditions strengthen incentives for
firms to innovate and to increase productivity — key This document summarizes the results of the Enterprise
factors for sustainable development. A more productive Survey for Indonesia. Business owners and top managers
private sector, in turn, expands employment and in 1,320 firms were interviewed April 2014 to November
contributes taxes necessary for public investment in 2015. Figure 2 provides a description of the sample
health, education, and other services. Questions breakdown across the three survey design categories:
contained in the ES aim at covering most of the topics business sector, firm size, and location.
mentioned above. The topics include infrastructure,
trade, finance, regulations, taxes and business licensing,
corruption, crime and informality, access to finance, Figure 1: Sectors of the economy covered by the
innovation, labor, and perceptions about obstacles to Enterprise Surveys
doing business. Excluded Included
SECTORS SECTORS
The ES are conducted by the World Bank Group and its Agriculture Manufacturing (all subsectors)
partners across all geographic regions and cover small, Fishing Construction
medium, and large firms. The size of the firm is Mining Motor vehicles sales and
determined by the number of employees: 5 to 19 (small), Public utilities repair
Financial intermediation Wholesale
20 to 99 (medium), and 100 or more (large). Firms with Public administration Retail
less than five employees are ineligible for the survey. Education, health and social Hotels and restaurants
Firms that are 100% state-owned are also ineligible. work Storage, transportation, and
Partners for the ES have included the European Bank for communications
Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), the European IT
Investment Bank (EID), and the UK's Department for ADDITIONAL CRITERIA ADDITIONAL CRITERIA
International Development (DFID). < 5 employees 5+ employees
Informal firms Formal (registered) firms
100% state-owned firms Minimum of 1% private
The surveys are administered to a representative sample1 ownership
of firms in the non-agricultural, formal, private economy.
3
Figure 2: Characteristics of firms surveyed
Sector
Food [172] Garments [167]
133 172
118 Textiles [109] Chemicals & Chemical Products [93]
167
Rubber & Plastics Products [127] Non-Metallic Mineral Products [155]
246 109
Other Manufacturing [246] Retail [118]
93
155 127 Other Services [133]
Size
386
482
Small (5-19) [482] Medium (20-99) [452] Large (100+) [386]
452
Location
95
96 218
Jawa Timur [218] Jawa Barat [201] Jawa Tengah [191]
97
98 201 Dki Jakarta [175] Banten [149] Sumatera Utara [98]
149
191 Bali [97] Lampung [96] Sulawesi Selatan [95]
175
Firms Characteristics Figure 3: Age distribution of firms (percent of firms)
50
In addition to collecting information on the business 41
environment and firm performance, the ES also collect 40
information on characteristics of private firms. Figure 3
% of Firms
shows the distribution of firms in the private sector 30
23
according to their age, measured by the number of years
they have been in operation. The effect of the business 20 16
12
environment on firm performance may depend on firms’
10
experience and longevity. Also, older firms and young 4 2
1
firms may differ in their ability to successfully navigate the
0
business environment. 0-10 11-20 21-30 31-40 41-50 51-60 60+
Firm Age (Years)
4
Figure 4 exhibits the percentage of female participation in The incidence of training is measured by the percent of
employment, in top management and in firm ownership, firms that offer formal training and the intensity of
compared to the equivalent percentages for the region training is measured by the share of workers receiving
and for economies with similar income levels. Female training in the manufacturing sector.
inclusion in economic activity is necessary for promoting
shared prosperity, one of the twin development goals of Figure 6: Within firms offering training, proportion of
the World Bank Group. workers trained*
100 85
Figure 4: Female participation in employment, top 80
60
management and ownership 60 48
% of Firms
60 54 40
50 20
39 38 0
40
Percentage
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle
30 25 24 income
22 21 22
20 15 * only for manufacturing firms
10
Firm performance
0
% of employees % of firms w/ a % of firms w/
that are female female top female
If an economy’s business environment is supportive and
manager participation in competitive, resources are often channeled to the most
ownership productive uses and firms invest to further increase their
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income productivity. Using the responses to questions on annual
sales and the total number of permanent full-time
employees, both in the last fiscal year and three fiscal
Workforce years earlier, growth measures can be computed for each
firm. Figure 7 displays the resulting annual growth rate in
The ES collect workforce information such as the number employment and in real sales. By looking at business
of permanent full-time employees, the number of environment measures in conjunction with available
temporary employees, employees by gender, whether performance measures, policymakers can determine
formal training is offered, and the top manager’s which aspects of the business environment may be
experience working in the firm’s sector. In addition, for impeding or enabling the growth of the private sector.
manufacturing firms, the ES also collects the breakdown
Figure 7: Annual employment and sales growth
of the workforce between production and non-
production workers and between skilled and unskilled 10
8 6.7 7.3
production workers. Figures 5 and 6 highlight firms’
investment in the skills and capabilities of their 6
3.3
workforce. 4
2 0.5
% Annual
Figure 5: Percent of firms offering formal training 0
60 57 -2 Annual employment growth Real annual sales growth (%)
50 (%)
-4 -2.8
40
25 -6
30
% of Firms
20 -8
8 -8.2
10 -10
0 Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle
income
5
Physical Infrastructure Figure 9: Days to obtain an electrical connection
30 25
A well-developed physical infrastructure, including roads, 25
20
electricity, water and telecommunications, is central to
Days
15
competitiveness and growth of an economy. Quality 9
10 6
infrastructure efficiently connects firms to markets for 5
inputs, products, and technologies. It reduces the cost of 0
production and enhances the competitiveness of firms in Indonesia2015 East Asia & Lower middle
domestic and international markets. Pacific income
For many industries in the manufacturing sector water is
The ES capture the dual challenge of providing a strong also an important input in the manufacturing process.
infrastructure for electricity, water supply and Figure 10 presents the average number of water
telecommunications in addition to information on the insufficiencies in a typical month experienced by firms in
development of institutions that effectively provide and the manufacturing sector. Interruptions in water
maintain these public services. provision can have serious harmful effects on firms’
operations.
Efficiency in the operation of the private sector requires a
reliable supply of electricity. Figure 8 shows the extent to Figure 10: Reliability of water supply*
which firms face failures in the provision of electricity and 1.0 0.8
No. of Insufficiencies
their effect on sales as measured by the losses they
generate. Inadequate electricity provision supply can 0.5
increase costs, disrupt production, and reduce
profitability. 0.0 0.0
0.0
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle
Figure 8: Reliability of electricity supply and related income
losses
* only for manufacturing firms
2.5 9.0 10
2.1
2.0 8 International Trade
1.5 6
No. of Power Outages
Participation in international trade allows firms to
% Sales
1.0 4 expand, raise standards for efficiency, import materials at
0.4 lower cost, and acquire updated and better technologies.
0.5 0.2 2
0.5 0.3 However, trading also requires that firms deal with
0.0 0 customs and trade regulations, and often firms are also
% losses due to No. of power outages
required to obtain export and import licenses.
power outages
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income The ES quantify the trade activity of firms and collects
information on the operational constraints faced when
Figure 9 displays the efficiency of infrastructure services exporting and importing. Figure 11 provides a measure of
by quantifying the number of days it takes to obtain an the intensity of foreign trade in the private sector,
electricity connection. Service delays impose additional captured by percentage of firms’ exporting (either
costs on firms and may act as barriers to entry and directly or indirectly) and also the percentage of
investment manufacturing firms using inputs or supplies of foreign
origin.
6
Figure 11: Percentage of exporting and importing firms purchases of fixed assets (investments). Investment
40 36 purchases can be financed by internal sources, banks,
inputs’ supplier credit, or other sources, including non-
30 bank financial institutions or personal networks.
% of Firms
19 17 Excessive reliance on internal funds may indicate
20
11 12 potentially inefficient financial intermediation.
9
10
Figure 14 displays two indicators of the use of financial
0 services by private firms: the percentage of firms with a
% exporting directly or % using inputs of foreign
checking or savings account and the percentage of firms
indirectly origin(manufacturing firms
only) with a bank loan. The former indicator measures the use
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income of deposit mobilization services which helps firms to
manage their liquidity and payments. The second
indicator measures the use of financial services on the
Efficient customs procedures enable businesses to
credit side. Availability of credit permits funding projects
directly export and import goods. Figure 12 displays the
that otherwise would be constrained by each firm’s
average number of days to clear customs for exports and
limited pool of funds.
imports. Delays in clearing customs for exports and
imports create additional costs to the firm, can interrupt Figure 13: Sources of financing for purchases of fixed
production, interfere with sales, and may result in assets
damaged supplies or merchandise.
Figure 12: Average days to clear exports and imports Indonesia2015 13 1 4 66 16
through customs
15 14
East Asia & Pacific 64 2 86 2
9 9
% of Firms
10 8
8
6
5 Lower middle income 15 6 3 71 6
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Exports at customs Imports at customs
% of investment
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income
Financed by banks Financed by equity
Financed by supplier credit Financed internally
Other
Access to Finance
Figure 14: Use of financial services
Well-developed financial markets provide payment 100 96
services, mobilize deposits, and facilitate funding for the 73
80
purchase of fixed assets – such as buildings, land,
% of Firms
56 56
machinery, and equipment – as well as working capital. 60
Efficient financial markets reduce the reliance on internal 40 32
25
funds or informal sources such as family and friends by 20
connecting firms that are creditworthy to a broad range
0
of lenders and investors.
Small (5-19) Medium (20-99) Large (100+)
The ES provide indicators on the sources of firms financing With checking/savings account With bank loan
and on the characteristics of their financial transactions.
Figure 13 compares the various sources used to finance
7
Crime and Informality Figure 16: Firms and informality
100 88
83
Firms can become the target of theft, robbery, vandalism, 80 65
or arson. Protecting themselves against crime imposes 61
% of Firms
55 52
costs as firms are forced to divert resources from 60
productive uses to cover security costs. Moreover, both 40
foreign and domestic investors perceive crime as an
20
indication of social instability, and crime drives up the cost
of doing business. 0
Compete with informal Registered when started
firms operations
Figure 15 displays the direct costs of security incurred by Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income
firms as well as their losses due to crime. These resources
represent the opportunity cost of crime since they could
have been invested in productive activities. Regulations, Permits, and Taxes
Figure 15: Firms’ cost of crime Good economic governance in areas such as regulations,
2 business licensing, and taxation is a fundamental pillar of
a favorable business environment. Registered firms pay
1.3
% of Firms
0.9
taxes and are supposed to comply with regulations.
1 0.8
0.3 0.3 Figure 17: Time tax and meetings with tax officials
0.2
5 4.0 1.2
0 1.0 1.0
4 1.0
Security costs Losses due to theft
No. of Meetings
4
3 0.8
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income
3
% of Time
0.6
2 1.6
When firms are formally registered, they are required to 2 0.4
0.9
abide by rules and regulations, which are commonly set 1 0.2
0.2
by governments. Paying taxes is usually the most tangible 1
consequence of becoming part of the formal private 0 0.0
Senior mgmt time w/ No. of tax meetings in a
sector. Some firms try to avoid these consequences by year
govt regulations
not registering their business and thereby remaining in
the informal sector. A large informal sector may represent Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income
a challenge to competing formal firms as informal firms
are able to engage in practices that can give an unfair Permits and licenses are usually required for business to
advantage over formal firms that must comply with the operate, build a new structure, and to import directly,
prevailing rules and regulations. among other activities. Ideally, these regulations and
permits safeguard the general public’s interest while
Figure 16 provides two measures of the incidence of remaining transparent and not imposing heavy burdens
informality in the private sector. The first indicator is the on the private sector.
percentage of firms that indicate that they face
competition from unregistered or informal firms. The The ES provide quantitative measures of regulations such
second indicator is the percentage of currently registered as business licensing and taxation. Figure 17 illustrates
firms that started operations being formally registered. the “time tax” imposed by regulations, which is the
percentage of time spent by senior management dealing
with regulatory compliance. Figure 17 also presents the
number of required meetings with tax officials in a year.
Figure 18 focuses on the efficiency of business licensing
and permit services. The indicators measure the time
8
required to obtain an import license, a construction public services. Businesses may be asked to pay bribes
permit, and an operating license. Delays in obtaining when they request a construction permit, while trying to
licenses can be costly to entrepreneurs as they add secure a government contract, or during meetings with
uncertainty and additional costs to much needed business tax officials. These three types of transactions are
transactions. common instances where opportunities for bribery occur.
Figure 18: Number of days to obtain permits Figure 19: Bribery Incidence (percent of firms
35 33 experiencing at least one bribe payment request)
30 40
31
25 22 22 30
21 24
% of Firms
18 19
20 16
20
Days
15
10
10 6 6
4 0
5
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle
0 income
Import license Construction Operating license
permit
Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income Figure 20: Percentage of firms requested or expected
to give gifts or informal payments
Complying with regulations is costly for businesses.
50 45 44
Excessive or inefficient regulations can discourage private
39
sector activity and foreign direct investment. 40 35 33
31
30
22
% of Firms
Corruption 20 14
18
Corruption by public officials can be a major 10
administrative and financial burden on firms. Corruption 0
creates an unfavorable business environment by For construction For govt contract In mtgs w/ tax
undermining operational efficiency and raising the costs permit officials
and risks associated with running a private firm. Indonesia2015 East Asia & Pacific Lower middle income
Inefficient regulations constrain firms’ operations as they
present opportunities for soliciting bribes, where firms Business Environment Obstacles
are required to make “unofficial” payments to public
officials to get things done. In many economies bribes are Most indicators in the ES are derived from survey
common and quite high and they add to the bureaucratic questions that ask businesses for their actual experiences
costs in obtaining required permits and licenses. They can dealing with the business environment. For example,
be a serious impediment for firms’ growth and “How many days did it take to get a permit?” or “How
development. many hours did the power outage last?”. A small number
of survey questions ask business owners or top managers
Figure 19 provides a composite index of corruption, the for their subjective opinion regarding the importance of
bribery incidence, that reflects the percentage of firms various business environment elements.
experiencing at least one bribe payment request across
six different transactions including paying taxes, obtaining Figure 21 shows the percentage of firms that consider a
permits or licenses, and obtaining utility connections. specific business environment obstacle as the most
important one. The respondent was asked to choose the
The ES capture individual transactions where bribes may biggest obstacle to their business from a list of 15
be solicited. Figure 20 displays the extent to which firms business environment obstacles. The figure presents the
are requested to pay a bribe in order to receive selected
9
top 10 ranking obstacles compared to the regional is related to the capacity to navigate business
averages. environment obstacles: larger firms may have more
options to face obstacles but at the same time they are
Figure 22 displays the top 10 obstacles for small, medium,
also more visible and more exposed to failures of the
and large firms. In many economies, the perceptions of
business environment.
managers of large firms are very different from the
perceptions of managers of medium and small firms. This
Figure 21: Top ten business environment constraints (percent of firms)
40 Indonesia2015
37
East Asia & Pacific
35
30
25
% of Firms
20
14
15 13
10 7 6 6
4
5 3 2 2
0
Practices of Tax rates Political Business Access to Customs and Crime, theft Transportation Corruption Inadequately
the informal instability licenses and finance trade and disorder educated
sector permits regulations workforce
Figure 22: Top three business environment constraints by size (percent of firms)
Small (5-19 employees) Medium (20-99 employees) Large (100+ employees)
45 40
38 34 30
40 35 26
35 30 25 22
30
% of Firms
% of Firms
25 20
% of Firms
25 14
20 15
20 15 13
12 15 12
15 10
10 10
5
5 5
0 0 0
Practices of Tax rates Political Practices of Business Political Political Business Practices of
the informal instability the informal licenses and instability instability licenses and the informal
sector sector permits permits sector
10
Appendix
The following tables contain the values of all indicator variables used in the country profile.
Lower
Small Medium Large East Asia
Indonesia2015 middle
firms firms firms & Pacific
income
Firm Characteristics
Age of the establishment (years) 19.0 18.3 20.6 26.7 13.3 16.6
Gender
Percent of firms with female participation in ownership 22.1 22.8 15.3 39.0 53.8 24.0
Percent of firms with a female top manager 22.1 23.5 17.4 12.9 21.4 15.4
Proportion of permanent full-time workers that are female (%) 38.8 40.3 32.8 32.4 37.5 25.2
Percentage of permanent full-time non-production workers that
20.5 12.1 29.3 33.8 39.2 20.4
are female.
Percentage of permanent full-time production workers that are
30.9 25.6 38.6 38.3 37.3 18.1
female.
Workforce
Percent of firms offering formal training 7.7 3.5 22.6 30.7 56.9 25.3
Proportion of workers offered formal training (%)* 48.5 73.3 50.6 48.3 84.9 60.3
Years of the top manager's experience working in the firm's
14.5 14.1 15.8 16.4 14.8 14.5
sector
Number of permanent full-time workers 21.4 7.9 36.6 277.5 50.1 40.3
Number of temporary workers 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 4.9 5.0
Number of permanent production workers* 43.4 7.0 31.0 268.4 71.0 52.3
Number of permanent non-production workers* 10.2 1.8 11.9 50.1 18.6 11.9
Number of permanent skilled production workers* 34.4 5.7 24.6 211.0 36.7 37.1
Number of permanent unskilled production workers* 7.2 1.3 6.5 40.7 37.5 14.2
Proportion of unskilled workers (out of all production workers)
17.2 14.7 19.5 24.1 43.8 28.2
(%)*
Performance
Real annual sales growth (%) -8.2 -9.2 -4.1 -5.6 7.3 -2.8
Annual employment growth (%) 0.5 0.1 1.7 4.3 6.7 3.3
Infrastructure
Number of electrical outages in a typical month 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 9.0
Losses due to electrical outages (% of annual sales) 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2 2.1
Days to obtain an electrical connection (upon application) 6.0 7.4 4.8 3.4 9.3 25.3
Number of water insufficiencies in a typical month* 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.8
Trade
Days to clear direct exports through customs 8.3 5.2 8.3 8.5 7.5 6.3
Percent of firms exporting directly or indirectly (at least 1% of
10.7 9.8 10.7 33.3 18.8 12.2
sales)
Days to clear imports from customs* 13.7 7.0 8.9 15.4 9.5 9.1
Percent of firms using material inputs and/or supplies of foreign
8.8 1.6 10.7 42.3 17.0 35.8
origin*
Finance
Percent of firms with a checking or savings account 59.8 55.6 72.6 96.3 85.3 74.9
Percent of firms with a bank loan/line of credit 27.4 25.3 31.9 55.6 26.8 25.0
Proportion of investment financed internally (%) 66.0 68.9 54.4 67.5 85.9 71.0
Proportion of investment financed by banks (%) 12.8 11.6 17.7 11.4 6.2 14.6
Proportion of investment financed by supplier credit (%) 3.7 1.9 10.3 4.5 2.2 2.9
Proportion of investment financed by equity or stock sales (%) 1.3 0.3 2.2 14.4 3.6 5.7
Crime
Security costs (% of annual sales) 0.8 0.8 0.6 1.6 0.9 1.3
Losses due to theft and vandalism against the firm (% of annual
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.3
sales)
11
Lower
Small Medium Large East Asia
Indonesia2015 middle
firms firms firms & Pacific
income
Informality
Percent of firms competing against unregistered or informal
65.0 68.6 48.0 69.5 55.1 52.0
firms
Percent of firms formally registered when they started
60.8 56.2 77.8 84.8 88.0 83.0
operations in the country
Regulations and Taxes
Senior management time spent dealing with the requirements of
0.9 0.9 0.5 1.4 1.6 4.0
government regulation (%)
Number of visits or required meetings with tax officials 0.2 0.1 0.4 1.0 1.0 1.0
Days to obtain an import license 3.7 1.9 4.4 8.0 21.5 18.2
Days to obtain a construction-related permit 6.2 6.8 4.9 8.5 20.6 33.3
Days to obtain an operating license 6.0 6.2 4.0 7.6 19.4 22.3
Corruption
Bribery incidence (percent of firms experiencing at least one
30.6 25.5 39.0 47.0 15.9 24.2
bribe payment request)
Percent of firms expected to give gifts to get a construction
45.5 48.6 40.7 29.6 31.5 35.2
permit
Percent of firms expected to give gifts to secure government
33.0 31.9 35.4 39.4 44.1 38.6
contract
Percent of firms expected to give gifts in meetings with tax
21.6 9.5 35.0 39.7 13.5 17.9
officials
Biggest Obstacle
Access to finance 6.3 7.2 2.7 3.1 17.1 11.6
Access to land 1.2 0.6 3.9 1.2 5.2 3.8
Business licenses and permits 6.8 5.0 12.7 22.0 2.4 3.4
Corruption 2.5 1.7 5.7 4.8 2.5 11.0
Courts 1.3 1.6 0.2 0.3 1.5 1.1
Crime, theft and disorder 4.3 4.6 3.4 1.7 1.1 2.9
Customs and trade regulations 6.2 6.1 7.2 3.8 3.0 3.1
Electricity 0.8 0.8 0.7 1.4 4.5 9.5
Inadequately educated workforce 1.7 1.5 2.6 1.0 9.4 4.3
Labor regulations 1.0 0.9 0.4 7.1 2.7 3.2
Political instability 12.8 12.5 12.0 25.6 4.2 12.3
Practices of the informal sector 36.7 38.2 33.9 13.6 22.3 17.1
Tax administration 1.2 1.3 0.5 0.8 4.0 2.8
Tax rates 14.3 15.4 9.7 12.3 13.9 10.8
Transportation 2.9 2.6 4.3 1.4 6.3 3.1
* These indicators are computed only for the manufacturing sector
1. The sample for each economy is stratified by industry, firm size, and geographic region. The level of detail of the stratification by industry depends on
the size of the economy. Stratification by size follows the three levels presented in the text: small, medium, and large. Regional stratification includes the
main economic regions in each economy. Through this methodology estimates for the different stratification levels can be calculated on a separate basis
while, at the same time, inferences can be made for the non-agricultural private economy as a whole. For more details on the sampling strategy, review
the Sampling Note available at www.enterprisesurveys.org.
12