sl ~ ~ /s ,49n 1fl/P?3 INVESTING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT Cycle II of the MediteLrr,nan Ei\irmmntiLal Technical Assistance l'ro Y-naii (MT A1-AT 11) A t4~~~~~~~~~t w~~~~~~~~~ Commrission of the Europein C tILn 1 i(un -i, European Inivestnment Banik Uniited Nationis Developnienl I'o-in)mni- World Banik I I INVESTING IN THE MEDITERRANEAN ENVIRONMENT Cycle II of the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP II) Commission of the European Communities European Investment Bank United Nations Development Programme World Bank First Printing April 1993 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this study are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, to its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent, or to the Commission of the European Communities (CEC), the European Investment Bank (EIB) and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The map that accompanies the text has been prepared solely for the convenience of the reader; the designations and presentation of material in them do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the World Bank, its affiliates, or its Board or member countries concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of the authorities thereof, or concerning the delimitation of its boundaries or its national affiliation. The cover map is a false color interpretation mosaic of AVHRR imagery of the Mediterranean Basin, courtesy of the Earth Satellite Corporation. The EARTHSAT mosaic was digitally scanned, taken into ADOBE Photoshop and using a Macintosh, its colors altered for presentation purposes by the World Bank's Art and Design Section. The text is printed on recycled paper. Table of contents Executive summary i 1. Pollution problems and prophesies 1 Self-help and cooperation are answers 2 Urbanization and coastal zone management 2 Solid and hazardous waste management 3 Freshwater sources and resources 4 Marine pollution 4 Biodiversity in danger 5 Strategy for action 6 Environmental policy is a priority 6 Institutional capacity building and coordination 6 2. METAP I - Starting the cleanup 9 METAP priorities 9 Preparing investments 11 Biodiversity protection 13 Cross-sectoral issues 14 Supporting policy changes 15 Building institutional capacity 16 Achievements of METAP I 17 Funding linkages 17 A balanced approach 18 Disseminationi 18 3. METAP I 19 Whv METAP Il? l9 The approach of METAP II 20 The proccss 21 Influencing invecstnecnts 21 Expanding urban coverage 24 Geographic expansion 24 Feasibility studies 24 Capacity building 24 Expanding networks and their autonomy 25 Developing public-private partnerships 25 Policy improvements 25 The impact of METAP II 26 Cost of METAP II 26 Annexes 27 Annex I List of METAP I Activities 29 Annex II List of EPM/METAP Working Papers 31 Annex III List of METAP II Indicative Activities 32 Map Mediterranean Basin Executive Summary The spiraling degradation of the Mediterranean Pollution in the Mediterranean, as elsewhere, Basin can only be halted, and eventually reversed results from the misuse of natural resources. This with long-term commitment and cooperation - misuse is often a result of inadequate institu- of local, national and regional governments, tions, policies, regulations, public awareness, international agencies, and non-governmental and investment. The Environmental Program for organizations. The Mediterranean Environmen- the Mediterranean, precursor of METAP, pin- tal Technical Assistance Program (METAP) has pointed four priority areas for METAP's first become a catalyst for such cooperation, bringing three-year cycle, which reflect these concerns. together the 18 countries with a common The priority areas were coastal zone manage- Mediterranean coastline - and with common ment, especially urban areas, management of environmental concerns. METAP was funded by solid and hazardous waste, diminishing and the Commission of the European Communities unsafe water resources, and marine pollution. (CEC), the European Investment Bank (EIB), the METAP's experience in the past three years has United Nations Development Programme validated and confirmed the choice of these four (UNDP) and the World Bank. priority areas. METAP assists these Mediterranean countries, The cost of environmental protection and pol- individually and collectively, to design and lution prevention, and the political will needed to implement environmental projects, strengthen or implement reforms in the face of other confound- build environmental institutions, by developing ing economic and social problems must be con- appropriate policy options, and mobilizing sidered. Environmental damage due to market resources. METAP is also a vehicle to raise public and policy failures is frequently exacerbated by awareness about the environment, a prerequisite poverty and by economic instability. Conversely, for effective political action and environmental the poor bear disproportionately the burden of protection. environmental degradation. Population growth and migration are other factors contributing to The problems environmental degradation. Northern rim coun- tries that have grappled with environmental and Environmental degradation and pollution are pollution problems and made some progress serious problems in the Mediterranean Basin. toward cleaning up urban and coastal pollution Most sources of pollution are land based; con- are well-positioned to transfer their experiences taminating the sea, coastal zones, groundwater, with environmental protection to the developing and areas of natural beauty and biodiversity. countries. i The answers A serious threat to the environment comes from local and central governments' inability to METAP aims to provide integrated technical plan for and manage those areas that cause most assistance at all levels - regional, sub-regional degradation - urban and industrialized areas. and national. It draws on the experience and Consequently, METAP provided assistance to technical resources of Mediterranean and non- environmental agencies (local, national, and Mediterranean countries, as well as the interna- regional) throughout the region. tional community (scientists, engineers, econo- Much of METAP's support for institutional mists, and financiers) in environmental pollution building has been in regional training. It has and cleanup. More broadly, it tries to balance provided national as well as regional seminars national environmental programs and economic and workshops encompassing areas such as: development by integrating environmental con- environmental planning and management, cerns into social and economic policy. North- municipal environmental management, environ- South dialogue and exchange of technological mental impact assessment for coastal zones, and experience and planning and management environmental financing, education and inspec- capacity are important features of METAP activi- tion. Training programs often draw on completed ties. Only by tackling the problem on all of these policy studies and project preparation for state- broad fronts simultaneously and in a collabora- of-the-art techniques and materials. In the past tive manner, can a lasting solution be found to the year or so, there has been a shift in METAP's continuing environmental degradation in the assistance towards programs which emphasize Mediterranean region. training trainers. Enhancing cooperation among institutions is METAP I - The experience also a principal objective of METAP's institu- tional component. To mobilize participation and METAP has undertaken much in its first three- maximize institutional impact at the regional year cycle - regionally, nationally and locally. level, the METAP networking system focusses During the period of 1990-92, it has helped 11 on environmental issues common to the Mediterranean countries to successfully launch Mediterranean region. These networks bring 61 activities. The balance of these activities has together people from all countries of the region more or less reflected the pressure points identi- who have common environmental responsibili- fied by the 1990 EPM report.' Three types of ties, experience, problems, needs and/or objec- activities are supported by METAP. One of tives in, for example, municipal waste disposal or METAP's major aims is to assist and increase coastal zone management. environmental investment in the region. The Because of relatively high population densities pre-investment (or project preparation) activi- and rapid urban growth, the biggest problem ties of METAP fall into two broad categories: facing many countries in the Mediterranean preparing self-standing environmental projects region is untreated domestic wastewater and (which may lead to further investments) and solid waste, although industrial pollution, too, is projects that are components of bigger invest- increasing. Drawing on experience in other ments. METAP has also been instrumental in developing, as well as developed, countries, mobilizing funding projects for which financing METAP I has conducted comprehensive (national would be otherwise difficult, such as those for and regional) policy studies on solid waste man- biodiversity protection. Project preparation agement, coastal zone management, and biodi- activities accounted for roughly half of versity conservation, as well as environmental METAP's resources (approximately $7 million) financing. These could become policy implemen- during the first cycle. Of these, 38 percent tation guidelines for implementation for all coun- addressed coastal zone degradation and another tries in the Mediterranean. 38 percent related to solid and hazardous waste Activities which emphasized capacity build- management. ing and policy studies benefitted from 37 per- cent and 8 percent, respectively, of METAP I's 1. The Environmental Program for the Mediterranean: Preserviniga total resources. Most of METAP's national level Shared Heritage and Managing and Common Resource, EIB and activities (85 percent) benefitted countries on the the World Bank, 1990. southern and eastern rim of the Mediterranean. ii These activities reflected not only the potential Implementing a dynamic and responsive envi- demand for METAP's support but a desire by ronmental strategy will require focusing on key Mediterranean countries to take action on envi- issues where the need for intervention is critical ronmental issues. Much has been done to pre- because of the impact on health and economic pare environmental projects and draw up sound activity. However, in light of the fragility of pub- policies, and build the necessary institutional lic finances, great selectivity will be needed to capacity to implement them, but it is only a identify least-cost, sustainable solutions, and to start. progressively shift the burden of remediation and METAP has also brought together four major pollution prevention onto the polluter. However, donors (the Commission of European Communi- without fundamental reforms in the policy envi- ties, the European Investment Bank, the United ronment and a sound institutional capacity, the Nations Development Program, and the World effectiveness of investments will be limited. And Bank) with different areas of emphasis, to pro- those investments must be a combination of cost mote environmental action in the region. Partly effective and efficient preventive and curative because of these links, METAP is also indirectly a projects. Only when taken together, strengthened part of a wider and expanding environmental institutions and proper investments, will these protection network, such as the Renewed efforts be effective in protecting and preserving Mediterranean Policy (a framework for coopera- the environment in order to achieve sustainable tion between the EC and non-EC members in the development in the Mediterranean. Mediterranean) and the Global Environment It is essential for the design of METAP as a Facility (GEF).2 rolling program to be sustained. METAP I con- firmed that a long-term effort reflecting a METAP II balance between project preparation and institu- tional support, including policy work, was The Mediterranean Basin, with 5,000 years of needed to develop and strengthen local capacity man's impact to cope with, cannot be cleaned up to prepare a sound pipeline of environmental with $15 million and a few years of technical investments. assistance. METAP can contribute however to a The programming process for METAP II draws greater effort in tackling important environmen- substantially on priority areas documented in tal policy and regulatory issues. Meeting the existing National Environmental Action Plans environmental challenge in the Mediterranean and Strategies. Assistance will be provided to requires not just time. There must be clearly artic- carry out these exercises in those countries which ulated national strategies, including setting prior- do not have such a document. Project preparation ities and deciding on the appropriate action. activities will place increased emphasis on the Other requirements include political commit- urban nexus3 and water issues reflecting trends ment and legal mandates, strong bridges which indicate the need for urgent action in these between national and regional efforts, and con- areas. tinuing institutional capacity building. Only then METAP II will continue to prepare pre-invest- can the present alarming trends be slowed down ment studies of specific environmental compo- and reversed in a cost effective and sustainable nents of priority projects. In cases where the manner. Since METAP's inception, many coun- fundamental investment options have not yet tries in the Basin have come a long way in devel- been clarified, METAP activities will be further oping such strategies. Trade-offs between upstream of investment activities, and seek to technical options are better understood, and influence them. In all cases, METAP will be aim- appropriate technologies are increasingly avail- ing for the least cost, and most appropriate, able. METAP II is expressly building on these technologies. METAP 11 will also examine the efforts. possibility of limited support for feasibility studies. 2. Ihe GEF is an international fund, imnplewintetd by the -- World Bank, UNDP and UNEP, which provides grant antd 3 Wheii a num.b1er (f intersectoral environmental, economic concessional loan, to developing countries Two of the GEF and social issues t(e populatoin growth. poverty. preserva- priorities are closely related to those of MElAP; protection ft tion ei cultural heritage, waste disposal and treatment) meet, biodiversitv and of international waters in an urban hetting iii These objectives form the basis of METAP II. the country's environmental strategies. Strength- METAP II will draw on the experience and policy ened institutions will be a key factor in the iden- study conclusions of METAP I and place an tification, development and implementation of increased emphasis on linking all three areas of environmental investment activities. Improved METAP activities (that is, policy work to project capacity, through direct operational support, preparation and institution building). More activ- training and networks, should help policymakers ity preparation and training will be implemented to examine key issues, set priorities and evaluate through the various regional networks which least cost options for some priority concerns. METAP has created or supported. The capacity-building component of METAP I The second three-year cycle of METAP will is and will continue to be progressively provided provide targeted activities in support of national from a regional, national, and local-municipal environmental strategies and action plans of the level, and will culminate in "train-the-trainers" Basin countries, within and contributing to a activities. METAP II will also examine the possi- regional framework for the Mediterranean envi- bility of selective involvement of the private sec- ronment. The principal strategic goal of METAP tor in carrying out the environmental agenda. In is to increase environmentally beneficial invest- addition to reinforcing public communication ment in the region; linkages of METAP activities and participation in environmental issues in the to investments are already evident. Selection of Basin countries, METAP will play a catalytic role METAP II activities were based on, among others, in increasing the visibility of the environmental the criterion of linkages to further environmental agenda. METAP's contribution to enhancing investment opportunities. The corollary is the regional collaboration among Basin countries need to enhance national and local capacity to and among key donors will also continue. implement and update, in a sustained manner, iv 1 Pollution problems and prophesies Pollution and environmental degradation are Pollution in the Mediterranean, as anywhere, is already serious problems in the Mediterranean really about the misuse of (finite) natural Basin (see Map). Much of the pollution is land resources resulting from inadequate institutions, based, contaminating the sea, coastal zones, policies, regulations, public awareness, and groundwater, and areas of natural beauty and investment. For example, many countries have biodiversity. The reasons for this situation are no legal or economic sanctions against polluters several. Often, the infrastructure (for example, (policy weaknesses); many do not have an effec- water systems or the disposal of solid waste) is tive regulatory set-up to manage environmental inadequate. So, too, are the necessary policies and activities and enforce anti-pollution laws or sanc- institutions to deal with all aspects of pollution. tions (poor regulations); or have not spent Degradation, can however, be halted and even enough on infrastructure, for example, sewers reversed with long-term commitment and coop- and sewage treatment (inadequate investment). eration - of governments, international agen- In addition, the public sector generally views cies, and national and regional bodies. The environmental expenditures as risky and non- Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assis- productive, while public-private partnerships to tance Program (METAP) has become a catalyst manage the environment are still rare. for such cooperation. Social, economic and political issues facing In the Mediterranean Basin, 70 percent of many Mediterranean countries are often per- urban wastewater is untreated and poured into ceived as separate from the environment and the sea near to the shore. On the southern rim, 90 therefore environmental issues are accorded percent of the effluent dumped into the sea is raw. lower priority on the political agenda. And yet, In every coastal city, an average of 10 liters of pollution and natural resource issues are often waste is generated for every meter of coastline. inexorably related to the very same issues of The Blue Plan estimates that the quality of fresh- social ills, health problems and economic stagna- water is questionable in 20 of the 29 river drainage tion or growth that governments seek to remedy. basins of the region. Some 550 tons of pesticides A major challenge facing the region is to change are washed into the sea each year, and in some this perception and persuade the population of areas off the Italian coast, fish stocks are down to the region and especially decision makers that 20 percent of natural levels due to pollution. Oil environmental issues have long term conse- pollution from shipping is equivalent to an Exxon quences directly impacting on immediate Valdez breaking up and discharging its cargo into concerns. the sea every three weeks. Despite these dramatic Virtually all aspects of pollution and degra- problems, there is room for optimism. dation will need to be addressed sometime, 1 somewhere in the Mediterranean - a task recog- Urbanization and coastal zone management nized as beyond the resources of any single agency or government, especially at a time of Urbanization of the coastal zone is the biggest constraints on financial resources. However, in single cause of pollution in the Mediterranean. addressing environmental issues, much can be With a recorded history of over 5,000 years, the achieved incrementally to reduce the long-term Mediterranean Basin contains some of the financial burden. There have been many success- world's oldest urban areas. The great cities of the ful low-cost approaches to resolve environmental past, such as Izmir (Turkey), Alexandria (Egypt), issues in the Mediterranean and elsewhere. Naples (Italy), and Marseilles (France), were Turkey charges fees to park visitors. then, as now, centers for trade and commerce, Israel runs a marine pollution prevention industry, tourism, and regional government. The fund, paid for by charges and fees on oil tank- nature of these activities and their volumes, how- ers using Israeli ports. Perhaps the most suc- ever, have changed dramatically and, with them, cessful and cost-effective schemes have been in their impact on the environment. Today's popula- the area of water pollution (for example, in tion is increasingly concentrated in the ecologi- France and the Netherlands) on the polluter- cally vulnerable coastal zone; so, too, is the pays principle. And Cairo upgraded the opera- density of economic activities. The competing tions of the Zabbaleen - private-sector (origi- landuse interests (population expansion and nally, donkey-and-cart) refuse collectors who urban housing, industry, tourism, and agricul- recycle and supply cheap raw materials to ture) put intense pressures on the limited coastal small industries that cannot afford other resources. Poor planning can greatly affect peo- sources. ple's health and the resource base needed for sus- tained economic development. Moreover, inland Self-help and cooperation are answers industrialization and urbanization degrades coastal areas through polluted rivers and water- Mediterranean countries have vastly differing sheds. Witness the Po River in Italy and the Nile natural resources and historical traditions. The in Egypt. north is considered industrial and wealthy, and In the southern and eastern Mediterranean, the south is mainly rural and poor. The north is population growth in 1970-80 was two to three rich in capital and relatively short in labor; the times faster than in the north and today it is converse is true in the south. Yet despite all the growing at five times the rate of Europe in the diversity, the Mediterranean Basin is really a sin- century and a half up to 1950. This implies that by gle common resource, and the fight against deg- 2025, the southern and eastern rim populations radation is a unifying force. And, just as there is a will be equal to today's region-wide population. new political relationship developing between Today, 120 million people live in the region as a East and West, so there is an emerging North- whole. Blue Plan estimates show that the coastal South partnership to tackle the planet's environ- population could more than double to 200-220 mental well-being. million by 2025, and will then be swollen each The southern and eastern-rim countries, which year by 350 million seaside tourists. are environmentally less degraded than those in The worst marine pollution in the the northern Mediterranean, can learn much Mediterranean occurs close to the shore. It is from the experience of their north-shore neigh- land-based and mainly urban-related, affecting bors. Take solid waste management, for instance. the near-shore or coastal waters. Polluted water The average solid waste produced per day in the reaches the Mediterranean Sea directly through northern countries is generally higher than that not only the discharge of untreated domestic and of southern and eastern countries (see Figure 1.1). industrial wastewater, but also near-shore dump- As incomes rise in the developing countries of the ing of solid wastes and at-sea and in-port pollu- Mediterranean, so too will the quantity and com- tion from ships. Indirect pollution comes from position of solid waste generated per head. By rivers and watersheds, leachate from solid adopting the right policies now, those countries wastes, and deposits and acid rain from polluted will avoid some of the consequences now being air. These pollution contributions are very signif- felt by those in the north. icant in terms of their input. The worst affected 2 Figure 1.1: Average Production of Solid Waste per Capita in Select 1 00 - Mediterranean countries (1985 - 91 data) 0860 Source: UNEP!PAe 1991 and Wfil, 1992~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ...' & *1 0.20~~ Suce UNP!A. 199 .an.WR, ..992 coastal waters are close to sewage outlets and Much pollutioni in the Mediterraneani has been industrial outfalls, and river mouths that carrV generated bv the northen-i-rim nations, but envi- pollutants and wastewater frorn coastal and ronmental degradation in the counitries of the inland cities, mines and agficulture. Studies bv the southern and eastern rimi of the Mediterranean is Mediterranean Pollution Monitoring and rapidlv worsening and, if preventative actioni is Research Programme (MEDPOL ) show that half not taken, they w ill soon catch up wvith the north. of coastal-water pollution comes from rivers, half The lessonis of the more industrialized northiern from coastal cities. Thus, the control of upstream rim nations in dealing w ith pollution, are a valu- (or inland) polluters is just as important as that of ab?le resource in themselves, to be shared w-ith the coastal polluters. southern and eastern rim nations who can still Pollution of coastal waters affects economies, avoid costlv pollution mistakes and misuse of ecology and health. It can destroy beaches and resources through proper planning and appropri- devastate marine life, destroV tourism and fish- ate policies. ing. Less than 16 years ago, the Bav of zmir on the Turkish coast boasted swimming, boating, rScl Gr ee d hazaTrdoke sance n ana cnelt fishing and otlher recreational facilities;- today, because of anisible pollution and s9ell, 2any Municipal and industrial solid wastes are, typi- avoid it. According to one estimate, almost 60 callv, dunmpedi on sites outside city linmits. Unreg- percent of all pollution in the Mediterranean sea ulated, open dutnps affect not onlv the land thev colnes from France, Italc, and Spain, with waste occupy b gt ralso degaade the surrounding area for flowing into the Adriatic (giostlt frou S Italv)es tesu Ther breend e erntriin and diseaMsedand pollute accountirng for 35 percenti Hard surprising, groundlvywteors ften, land aipd water de-acationi then, that a few P ears ago d surveP , ot 15( beaches io sct severen theywilhe surrounding area has onot in tcoosetcountries (along with C reece) founm i tvler t halfted agriCLstUheLl mse Mori over, with urban a quarter had pcathisgens, that is, upstream rim tin in d g w,Lp are now very close to auties viruses orbactersi) well as ibmoane i aVLsfo- tUh - of al ersin athm Izmeir ir Turoke, or Spwit in lic healthl f c(oatia) d osd, t n coastal regiosas, dumips often ecolgy ad helth.It cn detroybeaces ad reourcs thoughpropr plnnin andapprpri destroy delicate ecosystems and add to coastal waste, and saltwater intrusion into over-drawn water pollution. Even degradable waste and groundwater reserves. incineration of garbage presents problems. In several countries, renewable freshwater will Decomposition of degradable trash means gas barely cover basic human needs into the next cen- emissions, which contribute to air pollution; so, tury. The problem could grow to where lack of too, can incineration. water will slow economic development. Inte- Numerous industries in the Mediterranean grated water resource management is likely to be contribute to urban (and marine) degradation. the biggest single task facing Mediterranean The major pollutants result from industries countries, particularly in those on the southern including chemicals (including agrochemicals and eastern rim. In those countries and especially and fertilizers), textiles, food processing, tan- in Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, Syria and ning, oil refining and petrochemicals, metals and Tunisia, population growth and economic devel- machinery and power plants. These industries opment have overwhelmed traditional water discharge liquid, solid and gaseous wastes that management practices. According to a recent are far more damaging to the environment than report issued by the Middle East and North those generated by households. Wastes are often Africa Region Department of the World Bank1, discharged untreated directly into the environ- average per capita renewable supplies of the ment or into sewage systems that are ill- water in the region will fall from 3,435 cubic equipped to treat them. Hazardous waste dis- meters in 1960 to 660 cubic meters in 2025, well posal and technologies, in both developed and below other major regions of the world. Despite developing countries, are inadequate, where major gains in recent years, on the southern rim, they exist at all. a third of the population (mainly rural, as in Most hazardous waste originates from indus- Morocco and Tunisia) has inadequate potable try, large scale and small. Regulations on disposal water (see Figure 1.2). Elsewhere, Cyprus and are either few or unenforced. So contaminated Malta face immediate water shortages; along from industrial toxic wastes is groundwater in with Libya, they are extracting more than is being Naples, Italy, for instance, that it unusable in naturally replenished. In the north, water homes. Too often, toxic waste is casually mixed resources are more adequate but, in parts of Italy with municipal trash, unsafely stored or dumped and Spain, looming shortages are likely to put a illegally. In Algeria, for example, it is estimated brake on development. But this problem is a that the growing mountain of hazardous waste, vicious circle: as pressure on freshwater sources much of it unsafely stockpiled, includes large mounts, it is more likely that groundwater and quantities of toxic chemicals. Little or no thought surface water gets more polluted. is given to separating hazardous and safe waste, nor to leachate - that is, the contamination of Marine pollution groundwater through seepage from dumps. But big business is not entirely to blame. Small, infor- . o mal industries, such as tanneries, textiles and Approximately 30% of the world's trademi crude metalwondtrkin, aso ad tthe , poltion. Oesnd and refined petrol products is moved via the meawokng lo d t hepluto.'fe Mediterranean. While the number of ships has located in the urban heartland, thev frequently do not dispose of waste properlv. declined, the average size has increased dramati- cally, increasing the risk of major spillage in case of accidents. Substantial quantities of highly dan- Freshwater sources and resources gerous persistent chemicals (e.g. benzene and petroleum byproducts) are also being shipped One of the most serious problems for urban areas p b is the pollution of aquifers (groundwater) which across the Mediterranean, and about 500,000 tons is~~~~ th polto.faufr gonwtr hc of garbage are estimated to be ship onigiated. can contaminate cities' water supplies. Freshwa- g g s g ter is a precious commodity (for industry, agricul- With the opening up of Central and Eastern ture and homes) yet i isbeingconEurope, the Confederation of Independent States ture and homes) yet It is being contaminated and an hn-aue aa rd a eepce depleted at an alarming pace. In addition to the and Rhine-Danube, canal trade can be expected depleted at aalrito increase. The Mediterranean is considered one direct affect of polluted water discharged onto land, indirectly, there is leakage from municipal 1. M\ENA Region Water Resources Management Strategy sewers, leachate from improper dumping of Paper, Draft Paper, The World Bank, 1993. 4 Figure 1.2 - Percentage of Population with Access to Safe Drinking Water in 1988 120 El Percentage Urban 0 Percentage Ru ral 100 80 a60 2 a-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 40 20 0 Source: WRI, 1992 of the "dirtiest" seas with surface tar concentra- generating products (through fisheries, agricul- tions ten times that of other regional seas (though ture, and forest resources) and their richness in there are large variations within subseas)2. biodiversity, such places are nature's way of con- Routine discharges such as bilge cleaning, de- trolling floods and offering protection from ballasting, and other waste discharges contribute storms. They also act as a chemical and physical 60-70% of marine oil pollution. filter to reduce pollution and stabilize salinity in coastal areas, a crucial factor in the productivity Biodiversityr in danger of the basin. For hundreds of years, Mediterranean wetlands have been progressively drained for All these pressures (population growth, urban- land reclamation and malaria prevention. This ization, industrialization, tourism, and, espe- conversion has reduced habitat for wildlife, con- cially, the demand for development land) are tributed to a decline in fisheries and impaired the tearing at the remaining areas of pristine beauty wetlands buffering effect of catching pollutants in the Mediterranean. Its basin has a variety of and other land-based run off. Today, no large wet- marine, wetland and hinterland/mountain eco- land mass remains in the Mediterranean EC systems, each unique in richness and diversity. countries. Mediterranean countries now have Undisturbed natural areas, however, are fast some of the most degraded forests in the world. becoming a rarity and biodiversity is increas- Forests that once covered most of the region, now ingly threatened. occupy only 5% of the land surface. One of the most threatened areas are wetlands, Coastal marine areas, particularly those rich in which include lakes, ponds, marshes, streams, marine and coastal vegetation, are most directly sandy beaches and dunes, deltas and seasonally endangered by pollution and degradation. flooded grasslands and forests. In addition to Marine vegetation, which grows mainly in shal- low waters (less than 50 meters) includes about 2. See p. 2 of EPM Working Paper #4, Maritime Sector Assess- 1,000 macroscopic species, of which 40 or so are menit, The World Bank, 1990. endangered. Among marine mammals and birds, 5 the most endangered (due to habitat destruction) - promotion of public education and awareness are the mon.k seal, the audouin gull, the leather- are vitallv important to support this blend of ini- back turtle, and the loggerhead and green turtles. tiatives in the long term. The wetlands of the Mediterranean are the sea- sonal breeding home or stopover for 2 billion Fnv7i7ron )nC1t p7lici Yis a prioriti/ migratory birds. Of all globally threatenied spe- cies, 20 live in the Mediterranean and seven breed Most developing countries see economic growth in the wetlands. as a means of alleviating poverty and improving human welfare. However, due to unsustainable Strategy for action use, scarce resources are being depleted rapidly and, unless depletion is brought more into line In dealing with environmental pollution, pre- with regeneration, the long-term economic pros- vention is far more effective (and costs less) than pects for many of these countries is bleak. Pollu- cure. Many Mediterranean countries are now tion hinders much needed growth, in the moving towards a balanced environmental Mediterranean as elsewhere and particularly in agenda integrated into development planning. those countries on the southern rim. Tourism has However, immediate priorities are to reduce been affected in several areas where polluted public health risks and efforts tend to emphasize waters resulted in the closing of beaches. Urban- curative, not preventive measures. All countries ization is eating into agricultural land and, even need to shift their balance of priorities towards allowing for future efficiency gains from the use resource conservation and long term sustainable of pesticides, fertilizers and high-yield crops, eco- use. Developing countries in particular need to nomic returns from agriculture will probably protect against irreversible resource depletion decline before stabilizing. that could lead to economic stagnation. The Although the need for environmental protec- underpricing of water (current world average tionisbecomingmorewidelyrecognized,itisnot cost is at 35%. of the actual cost of supplying it) an integral part of policymaking in most coun- has meant that supplies have failed to keep tries, nor a government priority. In determining abreast of fast-growing populations. There can policy, local, provincial and national authorities be other, more immediate economic costs from must balance various concerns, of which environ- pollution and mismanagement of natural mental impact is but one. In fact, it should be a resources. For example, in Peru, a chiolera out- fundamental aspect of policy determination and break cost the country an amount in tourism implementation. rexvenues which far exceeded the country's investment in sanitation and water for the 1980s lnstiffitional capacity building and coordination decade. Major economic distortions that lead to ineffi- Environmental protection requires cooperation cient resource use should be remedied before and coordination between different levels of gov- investing in pollution control. Prevention, such as ernment, and between the public and private sec- improved pricing, regulation, management and tors. In Spain and Italy, for example, many land use has a lower financial cost to decisions are being decentralized to regional and governments. All countries need to emphasize local government. Italy is promoting private sec- more long-term prevention, which depends on tor cooperation and a regional approach to envi- economic policy reforms, stronger regulation, ronmental problems. For example, the Po River greater political resolve, and better management. Basin Commission, formed with the approval of A balance of investment is needed in both pre- regional governments to tackle the biggest pollu- ventive and curative technology. And whilst tar- tion issue in Italy, has helped bring together pub- geted investments and improved policies are lic and private interests to build financial, needed, they cannot be effective without the right technical and management know-how to address combination of institutional support to imple- problems. Other countries, such as Egypt, have a ment and coordinate them. Also, ensuring effec- centralized approach that has limitations. Local tive pollution control for the future is not just a initiatives, backed by legislation, are the best way matter of addressing existing policy, institutional of dealing with many environmental problems. and investment failures in individual countries Municipalities, for example, can take a hand in 6 solid waste management at all stages, from col- governments need to adopt realistic zoning regu- lection to disposal, depending on the characteris- lations and enforcement based on a mix of incen- tics of the city and the available resources. tives and sanctions. Capacity for effective Collection can be by public enterprises, private enforcement (which may not yet exist in any firms or both. Cities can encourage recycling and form) is needed in particular. Trained staff to reclaim and beautify old dumps. enforce environmental standards and regulations Coordination between cross-sectoral institu- are also needed. tions is also crucial to an effective environmental The construction and maintenance of adequate policy, especially in metropolitan areas. Often, urban infrastructure should be a priority of all city one municipal institution is unwittingly undoing and national governments in the Mediterranean. the work of another. For example, a local zoning There is a need to move towards less polluting board may give planning permission to a factory patterns of consumption and to increase environ- upwind or upstream of a housing development, mentally sound investments. Investing in much not fully understanding the environmental needed infrastructure can go a long way towards impact of this decision on the residents of the alleviating the negative environmental impacts of housing project. urbanization. Municipalities must, however, The needs are considerable in regulation, mon- choose the right technology. Often, they invest in itoring and enforcement. Central governments environmentally unsound infrastructure simply need to adopt and enforce environmental stan- because they are unaware of the low-cost, low- dards and regulations for industry, especially maintenance alternatives. Each country, each city, concerning the storage of hazardous waste. City each province in the Mediterranean has unique Table 1.1 Policies for changing behavior Variable Affected Type of Policy Price Quantity Technology Incenitive Direct Effluent Charges (Netherlands, Tradable emissions Technology taxes China) permits (emissions based on presumed Stumpage fees (Canada, United trading program, emissions (water States) United States) pollution control, Deposit-refund schemes Tradable fishing Germany, France) (beverage containers, N. Europe) permits (New Zealand) Indirect Fuel taxes (Sweden, Netherlands) Tradable input or Subsidies for R&D and Performance bonds (hazardous production permits fuel efficiency wastes, Thailand) (lead trading program, (catalytic converters, United States) United States, Japan, W. Europe) Regulation Direct -- Emissions standards Mandated technical (United States, China) standards (catalytic Logging quotas and converters, United bans (Thailand) States, Japan, W. Europe) Indirect Land zoning Efficiency Standards (Rondonia, Brazil) for inputs or processes Bans and quotas on (fuel efficiency products and inputs standards, United (high sulfur fuel, Sao States) Paulo, Brazil) Souirce: Eskeland and linmenuz, 1491 7 development needs and priorities. There is, there- provides cross cutting integrated assistance at all fore, no blanket prescription to protect the levels - regional, sub-regional and national - environment of the region. However, the and draws on the available experience and tech- Mediterranean is a shared resource, giving all nical resources of the international community countries in the region an incentive to protect it (scientists, engineers, economists, and finan- and to cooperate in that protection. ciers), as well as the experience of more industri- The Mediterranean Environmental Technical alized countries in environmental pollution and Assistance Program (METAP), see Box 1.1, aims cleanup. In addition to encouraging the develop- at providing economic and policy advice, project ment of sound strategies, METAP more broadly manage-ment skills, and assistance in identifying tries to balance national environmental programs and securing sources of financing for carrying out and economic development by integrating envi- environmental programs, which complement the ronmental concerns conducive to efficient use of efforts of other international agencies. METAP natural resources into social and economic policy. Box 1.1 The Environmental Program for the Mediterranean (EPM) and the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assistance Program (METAP) Degradation in the Mediterranean cannot be halted, EPM's 1990 report echoed the findings of the Blue much less reversed, without continued cooperation Plan. It also launched EPM's implementation phase, among countries in the region. METAP, which is a part- the Mediterranean Environmental Technical Assis- nership between donors and the 18 Mediterranean tance Program. METAP was set up to offer technical countries with a coastline, is part of a wider and older and financial help to countries in the region to assist process of collaboration and cooperation, which began them (individually and collectively) to deal with envi- with the Mediterranean Action Plan (MAP) in 1975. ronmental issues in the region. METAP was backed Through protocols and legal agreements, on such financially by the Commission of the Commission of issues as dumping at sea, the MAP pioneered the idea the European Communities (CEC), the European that the Basin's pollution and degradation was a Investment Bank (EIB), the United Nations Develop- regional problem that should be tackled regionally. ment Programme (UNDP) and the World Bank. The Blue Plan, a component of MAP, in its EPM and METAP are vital elements in the corporate exhaustive 1988 survey of the Mediterranean high- strategies of the World Bank and the EIB to support lighted the environmental deterioration of the regionai environmental action. They seek to balance Mediterranean and the implications for the future if long- and short-term (economic and environmental) nothing was done. The Blue Plan made recommenda- objectives with the differing development needs of tions on how individual Mediterranean countries individual countries. In some Mediterranean countries, could tackle pollution and degradation, while remaining conditions are ripe for the banks to begin or accelerate competitive in the region and globally. The World Bank large scale investment in environmental protection; in and the European Investment Bank, both heavily com- others, much needs to be done in policy and institu- mitted to the environment in the Mediterranean, tional development, as well as project preparation. launched their own initiative for the region - the Environmental Program for the Mediterranean (EPM) The Environmental Program for the Mediterranear: Preserving a in January 1988. This stressed (among other things) Shared Heritage and Managinga Common Resource, E[B and The that much pollution had to be tackled regionally. World Bank, 1990. 8 METAP I - Starting the cleanup METAP is one of several environmental initia- Basin. It does, however, bring together all tives assisting authorities (national, regional and countries with a Mediterranean coastline with local) to clean up the Mediterranean.1 Although common environmental problems. It helps the partners involved in METAP (the Commis- develop strategies for dealing with environmen- sion of European Communities, the European tal and pollution problems (country-specific and Investment Bank, the United Nations Develop- regional) and helps implement those strategies. ment Programme and the World Bank) have each Because of the scale of environmental degrada- individually brought significant (if selected) tion and the small incremental nature of the solu- improvements through financing in the region, a tions, only cooperation and sustained long-term more systematic approach was needed to halt the efforts will remedy the situation. Ultimately, the degradation of the Mediterranean Basin. desire of governments and the general popula- METAP is a grant program and a catalyst for tion of the region to take control of their environ- cooperation and action in the region. The ment is the only route to a lasting solution to program assists Mediterranean countries (indi- large-scale degradation. vidually and collectively) in designing and implementing projects, strengthening or building METAP priorities institutions, developing policy, and mobilizing METAP's four major areas of concern are: coastal resources. From 1990-92, some 61 (regional, zone degradation, including loss of biodiversity national and local) activities, involving 18 coun- and issues relating to urban environment; solid tries (Albania, Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, France, and hazardous watmg to resources; soid ' ' ' . ' ~~~~and hzroswaste; water resources; and marine Greece, Israel, Italy, Lebanon, Libya, Malta, pollution. Integrating the three interdependent Monaco, Morocco, Spain, S i,Tnsa uky aondco, t ormrcYugo, Slavin, la) Tunisia, Turkey, METAP activity types - project preparation, and the Former Yugoslavia )were launched (see strengthening of institutional capacity and policy Annex I for a full list of METAP I activities). forengtion - istatcritial programand pority METAPdoesnot ave he reourcs todeal formulation -is a critical programmatic priority. METAP does not have the resources to deal There is, too, a broader role for METAP: to help with every aspect of degradation in any single increasepublicawarenessofenvironmentalissues Mediterranean country, much less the whole 1. The work of UNEP/MAP and the Blue Plan are examples 2. These activities had begun during the first cycle of METAP, of ongoing initiatives that address issues of environmental before the dissolution of the Socialist Federal Republic of degradation in the Mediterranean. For additional information Yugoslavia government, therefore the use of "Yugoslavia" is see The Environmental Programfor the Mediterranean: Preserving maintained. For discussion of METAP II, the names of inter- a Shared Heritage and Managing a Common Resource, EIB and the nationally recognized, newly independent republics are used World Bank, 1990. accordingly 9 and how the general population can contribute mon interest. This can include improving the towards environmental improvement. design, implementation, and funding of environ- mental strategies and regulations, as well as the Investment (or project) preparation. With the efficiency of environmental investments. The exception of small pilot demonstration projects, emphasis is on regional and subregional studies. METAP is not about to fund large-scale environ- For example, a recent study on municipal waste mental investments. Its mandate is to identify management, covering nine municipalities and prepare a strong pipeline of environmental throughout the Mediterranean, pinpoints com- projects, many of which will be financed not only mon weaknesses (and recommends remedies) in by the World Bank or EIB but also other agencies, legislation, environmental standards, and invest- such as the CEC and the Global Environment ment planning. Facility (GEF), see Box 2.1. Establishing the direct link to a probable Building institutional capacity. One of the larger investment project is a priority of METAP's pro- hurdles to effective pollution control in the gramming. Project preparation for the Cairo sew- Mediterranean, on both the northern, eastern and age tunnels, for example, prepared the options southern is the weakness of institutional capacity. reviewed for an ECU 45 million loan to Egypt Although some countries do not have a wholly- from EIB. A METAP study recommended inno- independent environment ministry, much less an vative construction techniques for the heavily environment division within other ministries, populated urban Cairo. It also outlined priority that is not really the problem. What is lacking is sewage tunnels to be built (given the limited the capacity to identify problems and priorities financial resources). Moreover, the findings of the and coordinate workable solutions. study demonstrated the potential of deep sewer- age construction in other crowded cities without Interlinkcages. Many of METAP's activities cut disturbing economic or personal life. across its three areas of assistance (policy, project preparation and institution building). For exam- Policy studies. METAP's policy studies focus on ple, municipal solid waste management does not finding crosscutting issues and solutions of com- just involve the disposal of ever-increasing Box 2.1 Tunisia, a suitable case for treatment From Gabes to Sfax in southern Tunisia, there has been (November 1989), METAPs aim is to strengthen the wide scale destruction of marine ecosystems. These country's capacity to protect its marine environment coastal waters have been polluted mainly by industries and combat day-to-day (as well as emergency) oil pol- discharging phosphogypsum - 40 million tons from lution at sea. More specifically, it is to identify the factories in Gabes and an estimated similar amount resources needed (materials, equipment, personnel, around Sfax. The shores close to the two cities are also etc) and make proposals for the training of Tunisian contaminated by sewage effluent. Indeed, for years personnel. The project will also take into account bathing and beach activities have been prohibited in Tunisia's obligations under international maritime the vicinity of industrial and sewage outfalls. On top of agreements, as well as existing and planned efforts in that, oil pollution at ports and elsewhere on the coast is other Mediterranean countries. a problem. There is much coastal and sea-going traffic, Step one is to take an inventorv of the available and Tunisia also harbors four oil ports and a huge oil pollution-control equipment in ports and on offshore terminal - and, save for the harbor of Bizerte and the oil platforms. The next stage is training in oil-pollution Skhirra terminal, there is no equipment to tackle even abatement and prevention; identifying the options for minor spills. a monitoring and enforcement system; and developing Given that near-shore marine pollution is a prioritv a national action plan, which takes into account the area for METAP, Tunisia's coasts and the delicate most vulnerable and high-risk areas. An investment marine ecosystems were suitable cases for treatment. project for marine protection will also be identified, There are strong economic reasons, too, for protecting which may then be undertaken in the second cycle of and cleaning up the marine environment. Much of METAP. This activity feeds into and complements the Tunisia's coastline constitutes beaches, attracting many $10 million GEF funded 'Mediterranean Ports Waste tourists, a major source of foreign-exchange earnings. Disposal" project, which encompasses Algeria, As a follow up to a World Bank report, An Environ- Morocco and Tunisia. mental Study and National Action Plan for Tunisia 10 mountains of solid waste, but also issues such as a large part of METAP I's activities (see Table 2.1). waste avoidance, reduction and re-use. That In Algeria, a study of hazardous waste manage- raises questions of policy, institutional demands ment options is providing input in choices to be and economic aspects of solid waste manage- made in a potential $50 million toxic waste man- ment. Thus, a regional study carried out by agement loan from the World Bank. They also METAP identifies and assesses policy frame- include studies such as the environmental impact works, institutional needs and economic instru- of tourism and industry on Morocco's Martil ments to improve solid waste management in coast which is tied to an EIB lending program for Mediterranean countries (see Box 2.2). Networks municipal wastewater treatment plants. A established in the context of the institutional METAP study of options to strengthen Tunisia's development component play a cross cutting role capacity for protecting marine environment and in that they provide the ideal vehicle for identifi- combat oil pollution at sea will provide input into cation and development of activities and for the $10 million GEF project "Mediterranean Ports dissemination of resulting findings and recom- Waste Disposal" (see Box 2.1). mendations. They also serve to maintain the METAP has prepared specific environmental spirit of regional collaboration upon which components of projects, where needs have been METAP is based. identified. In Tunisia, a METAP study examined options for wastewater reuse (see Box 2.3). Others Preparing investments activities provide guidance to components of big- ger investments. The Po River Basin activity in One of METAP's major aims is to help and Italy (see Box 2.4) is another example of METAP increase environmental investment in the region. support for specific components of bigger invest- Preparation for investment projects have formed ments. Some of these studies have resulted in Box 2.2 Waste management in nine Mediterranean cities Collection of solid domestic waste in the municipa] solid waste. This includes setting the right Mediterranean is no problem in most cities, thus solv- environmental priorities and suggests that neighbor- ing the basic health and hygiene problems of such ing municipalities could cooperate and share the cost waste. However, a METAP report on municipal solid of disposal, an uncommon practice in the region. More waste management in nine cities in four countries could be done, too, to bring in the private sector, (Tunisia, Turkey, Spain and Algeria) found that dis- although the report found no firm evidence that pub- posal continues to be a big problem. licly-managed sites were any better or worse than pri- The study found that all tvpes of waste, including vately run ones. hazardous waste, were frequently disposed of together As with many environmental problems in the and often in uncontrolled and open sites in seven of the Mediterranean, however, the overriding need is to nine cases. In all countries, both EC and southern-rim build institutional capacity and focus on strategic plan- nations, many sites are ill-designed with little control ning. Such an approach should be based on systematic of leachate that can contaminate groundwater. data collection, a study of alternative solutions, contin- Whereas some larger cities have effective recycling and uous monitoring, and an eye on future developments composting facilities; the smaller ones do not. Refuse is (population growth, for example). Because formal often burned at uncontrolled sites or in incinerators waste recovery for recycling is expensive (perhaps pro- which lack filters and, so, pollute local air. hibitively in the developing countries), the informal The broad conclusion of the report was that munici- sector (mainly self-employed waste collectors) should pal waste management lacks strategic planning rather be encouraged. That was done in Cairo, where the than a willingness to face the problem. Indeed, well- operations of the Zabbaleen, private-sector waste col- intentioned city planners have often over-invested in lectors, was upgraded to meet the needs of the munic- waste management systems, resulting in operating ipal government. costs which cannot be sustained - that is, the facilities The METAP report, which highlights the common must run below full capacity or be taken out of service problems and common solutions in municipal solid frequently. Also, authorities often have great difficultv waste management, will be circulated to city authori- in identifying areas for cost effectiveness improve- ties, and possibly followed by a regional seminar. ments, since waste accounting is not separated in METAP would then orfer its assistance to those munic- municipal budgets. ipalities interested in implementing the report's The report specifically recommends a strategic recommendations approach for the planning and efficient management ot 11 Table 2.1 Project Preparation for Loan Components and Pre-Investments Country Activity description Investment ALBANIA Water Supply and Sewerage Management WB loan (proposed) ALGERIA Blida and Tlemcen Coastal Zone Management Hazardous Waste Management WB loan (proposed) Pollution Beaches and Ports EIB loan (proposed) CROATIA Cres-Losinj Conservation WB loan (postponed) Split/Kastela Bay Environment Study WB loan (postponed) EGYPT Cairo Sewage Tunnels EIB loan (proposed) Industrial Effluent Control EIB loan (proposed) GREECE Coastal Zone Management Plan for Rhodos EIB loan (proposed) ISRAEL Hazardous Waste Management EIB loan (proposed) ITALY Po Wastewater Monitoring Ongoing EIB lending MALTA Solid Waste Management EIB loan (proposed) MOROCCO Martil Coastal Zone Management Ongoing EIB lending TUNISIA Hazardous Waste Study EIB and WB loans (proposed) Pilot Wastewater Reuse WB loan (proposed) Marine Pollution GEF grant Solid Waste Management WB loan (proposed) TURKEY Southwest Coast WB loan (postponed) Istanbul Environment WB loan (proposed) Box 2.3 Tunisia's thirst for fresh water Not unlike a number of other countries of the Using wastewater for irrigation is not new. Mediterranean Basin, Tunisia is facing a serious water Edinburgh, Scotland had such plants back in 1650, and problem. In 1988, its potable water consumption was the world's largest re-use system (in Melbourne, 280 million cubic meters. In the year 2000, it is expected Australia) has been running since 1897. Tunisia itself to reach 500 million and, by 2010, demand (including has used wastewater to irrigate a few crops since the that from agriculture) will equal the quantity available. 1950s. However, the digested (and organically rich) At the same time, wastewater pollution of the environ- sludge from the wastewater treatment plants is not ment is rising; the quality of the Mejerda watershed, being re-used. METAP's project preparation activity which provides potable water for a third of the popu- has developed a self-contained operation for the treat- lation, is under threat from domestic and industrial ment, transport and re-use of wastewater for a wider discharges and agricultural run-off. In tackling two range of crops, as well as the use of the digested sludge problems with one approach, the Tunisian government for fertilizer along with a compost produced from solid has adopted a policy of re-using wastewater for irriga- domestic waste. The pilot project was developed on tion, which will ease some of the demand on freshwa- 100 hectares and the feasibility study included the test- ter stocks. ing of wastewater and sludge and devising ways of In phase I of EPM (the Environmental Program for purifying it for broader agricultural use. Because the Mediterranean), the WSorld Bank completed an Tunisia's water authority has no experience of agricul- 'Environmental Study and National Action Plan" for tural management, the METAP feasibility study also Tunisia. This reviewed all of the country's environ- analyzed the various types of management (conces- mental problems, laid out priorities and proposed cur- sion, leasing, and self-management). It is intended that ative and preventative measures, as well as drawing this pilot project then be replicated on a larger (and / or up a national environmental strategy. This strategy wider) scale, which will go a long way toward solving includes policy reforms, institutional capacity building (in this particular area) the triple problems of pollution, and investments. Part of the latter proposals included scarcity and health hazards. the re-use of wastewater and the management of domestic solid waste. 12 Box 2.4 Italy's Po River Basin Roughly one third of the population and much of plants for the Basin but that will take 20 years to com- Italy's industry and agriculture drain their waste into plete (and ECU 6 billion). The EIB has been part financ- the Po or its tributaries. This not only pollutes the local ing this huge project since 1985 and, so far, has made environment but may have devastating consequences loans totalling ECU 700 million. These have been used for the Adriatic, its fishing grounds, shellfish beds and to build main sewers and collectors, as well as waste- tourism. Industry in the urbanized Po Basin produces water treatment plants. roughly half of Italy's hazardous waste but has the In collaboration with Italy's ministry for the envi- capacity to handle only 5 percent of it. Some of the rest ronment, as well as local and regional authorities, finds its way into the Po River and the Adriatic. Coastal METAP experts meanwhile have monitored some of waters are contaminated with heavy metals. And, from the effluent-treatment plants in use along the Po. They agriculture as well as industry, 50,000 tons of phospho- interviewed operators, took water samples and rous and 60,000 tons of nitrogen each year flows into checked pollution indicators. METAP found that, gen- the northern Adriatic. This type of pollution can lead to erally, the mechanical performance of the plants was algal blooms, dramatically affecting tourist frequenta- sound but quality control was weak. tion of the coast and resulting in significant economic The result of METAP's study is an operating manual losses. for plant managers to reduce pollution and a continu- The Italian authorities are now stepping up and ing program for effluent sampling and analysis, treat- coordinating their pollution abatement efforts in the ment performance and environmental efficiency is water basin. Their longer-term aim is to re-equip the envisaged. Exchange of information among operators entire area with adequate pollution abatement infra- is also encouraged. structure. They plan a series of wastewater treatment further action and have led to large-scale projects, Biodiversity protection such as the report on Ramat Hovav hazardous and toxic waste treatment in Israel. Given the choice between "brown" (urban and Preparing stand-alone environmental projects industrial pollution) and "green" (natural (which may eventually lead to further invest- resources) agenda issues, perhaps understand- ments) is also an objective of METAP's strategy to ably, the latter, including biodiversity and natural mobilize environmental investment in the region resource management, receive lower priority. (see Table 2.2). In Cyprus, METAP assisted the Low on the investment list of developing coun- government in developing an integrated hazard- tries, especially highly indebted ones, is earmark- ous waste management system and guidelines ing public money to protect natural areas. The for on-site separation and storage. METAP has situation has improved a little in the past decade. also been instrumental in projects for which The number of protected areas has increased financing would otherwise be difficult, such as from 59 to 117. However, some countries (Cyprus, biodiversity protection. Greece, Italy, Libya, Malta, and Tunisia) have, few Table 2.2 Examples of stand-alone project preparation activities Country Metap priority area Description CYPRUS Hazardous Waste Management Assisting development of integrated systems Coastal Zone Management Preparing a management plan for conservation of Akamas Peninsula CROATIA Rijeka Solid Waste Study of environmentally optimal and cost effective solid waste management options for Rijeka/ Istria. MOROCCO Coastal Zone Management Preparing a conservation management plan for Al Hoceima National Park TURKEY Patara Cultural Heritage Preparing a multi-use management plan for the cultural and natural resources at Patara Marine Pollution Control Strengthening regulatory and institutional framework for pollution control in the Bosphorus, Marmara Sea, and the Dardannelles. 13 protected stretches of coastline and a number of developing countries of the region, such as countries is said to have none. Egypt, Morocco, Syria, and Turkey (see Box 2.6). All environmental projects, by definition, con- tribute in varying degrees to biodiversity protec- Cross-sectoral issues tion. So, too, with METAP's activities. But METAP has also undertaken stand-alone biodi- METAP seeks to influence infrastructure and versity projects, which can also encompass areas industrial investments in Mediterranean coun- of cultural and historical importance. Preparation tries bv pushing for greater emphasis on the envi- of management plans for protected areas is one of ronment across sectors and at different levels of the cornerstones of METAP's biodiversity and government (the inter-sectoral dimension). For coastal zone management activities. Proposed or example, the agencies that control water and existing sites include those on the Akamas penin- wastewater management are often separate from sula in Cyprus; Menderes and Patara in Turkey; those concerned with industrial development. Cres-Losinj, Croatia; and Al Hoceima in Morocco Environmental responsibility is often spread (see Box 2.5). across regional, national and local government. Much progress could be made in biodiversity Vulnerable coastlines and polluted cities, for conservation with, among other things, broader example, are locally managed but, in fact, often public and private efforts. Governments could, need to be directed by central or local govern- for example, encourage voluntary reserves by ment policies to set their activities into a cohesive private owners generally (and specifically nature national framework. Without such intersectoral protection areas) through legal recognition of links, local efforts can be, at best, inefficient; at those reserves and tax exemptions or subsidies to worst, they can be futile. landowners who manage their property in line A METAP study of coastal zone management in with approved management plans. These private Turkey examined existing intersectoral issues. It owners might also help in raising wider public proposed that a working party of central, regional awareness of Mediterranean pollution and and local authorities should get together with key degradation. private-sector interest groups to draw up an insti- METAP has a dual role in addressing this area tutional structure for effective local administration of concern. It is helping to implement specific bio- of a comprehensive coastal code. To help efficient diversity-protection projects (as in Al Hoceima) planning of environmental investments, METAP and to mobilize finance for biodiversity has embarked on talks with other Mediterranean protection through, for example, the Global Envi- governments (notably of Algeria, Croatia, Cyprus, ronment Facility (GEF), and especially for the and Tunisia) to identify inter-sectoral issues. Box 2.5 Shelter for buzzards Prevention is better than cure. That is the principle (from fishing and land-based pollution). Moreover, behind the proposed national park (and buffer zone) at increasing tourism is likely to affect this undisturbed Al Hoceima on Morocco's Mediterranean coast. Cover- area. ing 43,400 hectares, the core of the park is a wild and The principal aim of METAP's coastal zone manage- rocky coastline, virtually unsullied by man throughout ment plan for Al Hoceima is to conserve the area by history. Limestone cliffs, rising 600 meters, provide introducing environmentally sound management of shelter for one of the most important buzzard colonies the ecosystems, including rare and endangered ani- in the Mediterranean, as well as a host of other marine mals and plants and their habitats. This is to be birds and birds of prey. Off the coast, there have been achieved by an integrated approach to rational use of sightings of the globally endangered monk seal, which existing resources. The plan is also intended to serve as some people believe extinct in the Mediterranean. a blueprint for other pristine areas in the Mediterranean Because of limited access, soil erosion, and scarcity of to help guide regional strategies and recommenda- water, the area has not (so far) been threatened by man. tions. The plan outlines training to be provided for The pressures, however, are increasing. Population in locals (and non-locals) and strategies to raise public thesurroundingvillagesand urbanareasisrisingand, awareness. Specific recommendations detail environ- consequently, pressures on the land (for housing and mentally sound practices for agriculture, traditional traditional agriculture), as well as on the coastal waters fishing, pastoral farming, and eco-tourism. 14 Box 2.6 Turkey, Turtles, and Trash The Aegean and southwest coasts of Turkey take in the needed to minimize or avoid future degradation. In nesting grounds of the endangered loggerhead and conclusion, the METAP study identified major legal, green turtles, the site of the ancient city of Patara, and policy and institutional reforms that should be some of the Mediterranean's delicate ecosystems. They addressed before a successful infrastructure invest- are home, also, to a rapidly increasing urban popula- ment can be prepared and implemented on the south- tion, swelled by a growing number of tourists. Physical west coast. Drawing on experience elsewhere, infrastructure (mainly water and sanitation), as well as including the US, METAP recommends strengthening institutional capabilities are strained. the institutions (and the law) for strict coast zone man- On this stretch of Turkey's coast, past regulation and agement; better planning and enforcement; and economic incentives have tended to favor investment increasing public awareness about the dangers to in tourism (hotels, villas, cafes, restaurants), while sup- health and environment. porting infrastructure and services (water supply, sew- Since completion of the study, the Turkish govern- erage, transport, solid waste disposal) has lagged. ment has already eliminated some subsidies for the These imbalances pose a serious threat not only to tur- tourist sector, a key suggestion of the report. Moreover, ties but also to the physical and economic well-being of it is reviewing local government financing and is draft- local people. They jeopardize health and tourism reve- ing a new law on coastal protection zones, drawing up nues, critical for Turkey's balance of payments and a legislation to help mobilize local resources (another source of future economic growth for the country. Land major recommendation) for investment in infrastruc- management on Turkey's southwest coast is frag- ture and services, and tightening regulation of coastal mented. Because the area is split into several zones, development. When fully implemented, METAP's each controlled by different central-government and report will allow the Southwest Coast Project, which local agencies, there has been haphazard and unre- takes in 40 municipalities along 1,600 kilometers of strained development and confusion about responsi- coast, to proceed. That project will improve wastewa- bility for conservation of the shore areas. ter collection, treatment and disposal, water supplies In late 1992, METAP completed a report on coastal and solid waste management, thereby reducing pollu- zone degradation well in advance of a proposed World tion and health hazards. Bank infrastructure investment, the Southwest Coast But the influence of METAP's report does not end Project. The study examined the legal (including tax), there. It has helped secure funding for additional institutional and policy aspects of protection and man- METAP activities: the Istanbul Environment Activity agement of the coastal zone. It described reasons for and the Patara Cultural Heritage and its findings are degradation of the area and outlined the lack of infra- already beginning to be successfully applied to the structure. The report then defined, justified and recom- Black Sea coasts of Bulgaria and Romania. mended government and local-authority action Supporting policy changes resources (especially water and energy), motor taxes, and maybe even a tax on tourists. If there is the political will (up to, and including, Because of high population densities and rapid the highest levels of government) to protect the urban growth, today's biggest environmental environment, developing countries of the problem in the developing countries of the Mediterranean can move quickly towards into Mediterranean is untreated domestic wastewater improved systems of environmental manage- and solid waste. Industrial pollution, too, is on ment by first identifying pollution control objec- the increase. Drawing on experience in other tives and then designing, implementing, and developing, as well as developed, countries, enforcing policies. METAP I has conducted comprehensive (national In order to fulfill these objectives, so far, these and regional) policy studies on municipal solid countries have relied more on regulations and waste management, coastal zone management, sanctions, and less on economic instruments. Yet, and biodiversity conservation, as well as environ- adopting appropriate policies can not only mental financing (see Box 2.7). These should induce more environmentally conscious behavior become policy guidelines for developed, as well but generate much of the funding needed for pro- as developing, countries of the Mediterranean. tection of the environment - for example, Such policy studies, covering common problems charges and penalties (on the polluter-pays- in many Mediterranean countries, avoid duplica- principle), more realistic pricing of natural tion and waste (money and manpower) by 15 Box 2.7 Environmental financing One broad message of METAP's policy studies has of localized environmental problems. With regard to been that, where practical, the polluter should pay for environmental financing instruments, raising environ- pollution control (including administration). To adopt mental taxes to a more realistic level, to reflect the true this principle, it is recognized that more effective pol- costs of pollution, would not only serve to raise reve- luter pays legislation is needed as well as the institu- nue, but in the longer term would have a behavior tional capacity to monitor and enforce it. altering effect and reduce the actual generation of pol- At METAP's Regional Environmental Financing lution. Workshop participants agreed that cost recov- Workshop held in Turkey in December 1991, there was ery should be the aim of all pollution control financing, a general consensus that: environmental financing but particularly aimed at the services of sewage and instruments should be gradually phased in and that solid waste collection and treatment. there was a marked need to establish earmarked Funds METAP's national environmental financing studies for environmental expenditures. The workshop's con- are already influencing policy agendas. Witness the clusions recommended that such Funds should rely as recent creation of Tunisia's anti-pollution fund. In much as possible on existing institutions and mecha- addition to that in Tunisia, METAP national environ- nisms (in particular for the collection and distribution mental financing studies were also carried out in of monies). Funds should also be decentralized to the Croatia and Turkey. local or regional level to permit localized management different countries investigating the same and to strengthen both regional and national problems. capacities in priority areas of METAP. It also pro- vides the venue for initiating and strengthening Building institutional capacity North South dialogue regarding environmental issues of concern (see Box 2.8). Networks were Environmental institutions of the Mediterranean used to assess human resource development Basin are relatively new and require heavy needs and as fora for the delivery of training investment to cope with pressing sustainable packages. development challenges. The development of a Human resource development activities of Igreen and a brown agenda" require institution METAP followed the path of: (a) creating aware- building at local and national levels throughout ness of the environmental issues among senior the Basin. Equally important for the protection of managers, (b) providing technical training to pro- common resources, and particularly the fessionals, (c) creating local capacity among train- Mediterranean, is a close cooperation between ers in different countries to scale up and continue Basin countries, on the one hand, and local and human resource development in key areas national governments, on the other. selected, (d) strengthening environmental agen- METAP's institutional development efforts cies and local governments by first training their focused on three principle areas: developing staff and assisting them in undertaking organiza- human resources, providing support to environ- tional changes to support an environmental mental organizations and enhancing regional agenda, and finally, (e) creating capacity within cooperation through networks. These activities the private sector to stimulate public/private were closely interrelated in that some of the cooperation for sustainable development in the human resource development efforts were Basin. directed in support of environmental agencies For instance, in its attempt to strengthen envi- and were catalytic in national and local organiza- ronmental impact assessment (EIA) capacity in tions' decisions to strengthen their own capacity. the Basin, METAP has undertaken two major Enhancing cooperation amongst institutions is regional workshops for high level managers and a principal objective of METAP's institutional planners of environmental agencies and other development component. To mobilize participa- sector ministries in order to create awareness of tion and maximize institutional impact at the need for EIA. Subsequently, regional seminars regional level, the METAP networking system were organized where detailed EIA training was focusses on regionally common environmental provided to professional staff of the same organi- issues. Networking provides the opportunity to zations to allow them undertake and/or manage establish and upgrade collaborative relationships ElAs. Higher educational and training insti- 16 Box 2.8 Mediterranean Networks MED POL (the Mediterranean Pollution Monitoring ministries or agencies to foster cooperation among and Research Program-me) was formed by the United high-level civil servants and their staff. That includes Nations Environmental Programme and is supported training, workshops, exchange of personnel, sharing by METAP. MED POL gathers and analyzes marine- research and technical infDrmation, and joint ventures. pollution data from research institutes scattered MEDWAN (or the Mediterranean Water Agencies around the Mediterranean. Network) addresses the growing concern over the use MEDCITIES links Mediterranean coastal cities with and management of water resources, linldng both similar pollution problems in METAPs four areas of national and local wastewater agencies. concern (water resources, marine pollution, solid and MEDGEOBASE is a fledgling network, initially hazardous waste, and coastal zone degradation). launched in Tunisia. It aims to develop a land-use MEDPAN (the Mediterranean Protected Areas Net- information system, which will provide countries with work) is a place where managers of national parks and a database for coastal zone planning and management. other protected areas can share experience and collab- Regional land use will be monitored, using remote orate on, among other things, management techniques. sensing technologies (such as satellite scans). The data- MEDNEA (or the Mediterranean National Environ- base will provide an important element for sound mental Agencies) is a forum of national environmental coastal zone management planning. tutions were also provided training so that they program in France, Greece, Italy and Spain. The can sustain and scale up EIA efforts. Finally, system will provide reliable and comparable data METAP has provided hands-on training to staff for assessing coastal land use patterns and con- of environmental agencies in two countries tribute to regional assessments of land use in (Algeria and Morocco) as a first step towards the Mediterranean coastal areas. establishment of EIA units. The equivalent of 2,500 person days of EIA training has been pro- Achievements of METAP I vided through the METAP program. METAP's human resource development efforts METAP has launched a variety of initiatives dur- focused on several key areas: environmental ing its first three-year cycle - regionally, nation- planning and management at national and local ally and locally. It is a catalytic both with regard levels, coastal environmental impact assessment to the initiatives of donors and the collaboration and environmental financing. Regional work- of Mediterranean countries in tackling environ- shops and seminars Were held among senior mental issues. It has brought together four major managers of national organizations and their donors (the Commission of European Communi- staff, and among mayors and their staff. In addi- ties, the European Investment Bank, the United tion, in Tunisia and Morocco, broad environmen- Nations Development Programme, and the tal education was provided to faculty of World Bank) with different programmatic engineering schools to facilitate incorporation of emphasis in the past, to promote environmental environmental issues in regular curricula. In all action in the region. Because of these links, these and in training efforts provided through METAP is also indirectly connected to a wider networks, METAP has ensured dissemination of and expanding environmental protection the results of its policy projects. network. In addition to assisting environmental agencies in establishing environmental impact assessment Funding linkages units, METAP training environmental inspectors in Algeria to strengthen pollution control capac- METAP was formed to help all countries of the ity. In Tunisia, organizational support is provided Mediterranean (but particularly developing through the MEDGEOBASE program by estab- ones) to identify and prepare environmental lishing information and monitoring system for investments. Moreover, by assisting them in land use of the coastal areas. The system is strengthening institutional capacity, including intended for the rest of the southern and eastern policy preparation, METAP also helped mobilize rim countries of the Mediterranean Basin to pro- concessional funding for the environment. More- vide users with a homogenous database comnpat- over, the development of financing instruments, ible with the EC-sponsored CORINE Land Cover which has now taken place in three countries, 17 should, in the long term increase the availability Dissemination of funding. For years, the World Bank, the European The results of four policy studies have been pub- Investment Bank (EIB) and others have sup- lished as working papers - "Financing Pollution ported environmental protection and pollution Control in the South and Eastern Mediterranean," control in the Mediterranean Basin. Since 1980, "Biodiversity Conservation Instruments," "Pat- roughly half of the EIB's environment-related terns of Environmental Management," and a loans have gone to the Mediterranean (around "Regional Solid Waste Management Review." In ECU 7 billion) and the World Bank's loans for addition, a working paper entitled "Operational environment protection have injected another $3 Framework for Coastal Zone Management" will billion, mainly to developing countries on the soon be published. A full list of EPM/METAP southern rim and on the eastern seaboard. Within Working Papers is available at Annex II. the Renewed Mediterranean Policy, EIB provides Some project preparation studies are being loans and the Commission of the European increasingly used in other METAP activities, Community grants, for environmental projects in including institutional development training non-member countries both within the existing seminars and networks. Turkey's coastal zone cooperation agreements and financial protocols management study, for example, is extensively as well as within a new "non-protocol" facility, requested as a starting point for other such man- METAP itself can help in identifying likely agement strategies. Working papers resulting projects and in project preparation. METAP is from completed policy studies are disseminated also forging links with LIFE, a new European through workshops and networks in addition to Community program. This draws together and mailings to appropriate audiences. expands some existing programs, including the Public dissemination of METAP activities has Mediterranean Environmental Action Programme also taken place through television coverage of (or MEDSPA), which already co-operates with network activities and media coverage of events METAP. Although LIFE is geared to (mainly) and meetings. METAP issues a newsletter twice a studies and pilot projects in Community states, it year in English and French updating participants can support non-member projects and will be an and interested parties on activities, available important METAP partner. Further details are studies and publications, and upcoming events. available in Chapter 3. In addition to providing thousands of days of training in the region, efforts to raise public A balanced approach awareness are making headway. Requests for involvement in and information on the pro- The balance of METAP I's activities has reflected gram's activities increased substantially during the pressure points identified by the first phase of the outer years of the first cycle. EPM. During METAP's first cycle of activities, project preparation accounted for roughly half of * * * * * * * * METAP's resources, of which 38 percent was on coastal zone pollution and another 37 percent on METAP has promulgated increased awareness solid and hazardous waste management. Institu- and action throughout the Mediterranean. It will tional development and policy studies encom- only be through an increased and continued col- passed another 39 percent and 9 percent laborative efforts that the results of this initiative respectively of METAP I's total resources. Most of and others will become visible and tangible METAP's national activities (85 percent) benefit- throughout the region. ted developing countries, that is, those on the southern and eastern rim. 18 METAP II Mediterranean countries are working together unsafe water resources, and marine pollution, toward a common solution to shared pollution especially from the land and including upstream problems. METAP I has contributed to both (that is, inland) pollution carried by rivers into national initiatives and regional cooperation, coastal areas. which continue during a second cycle of METAP. METAP's experience in the past three years has METAP II will define and implement targeted validated and vindicated the conclusions of activities in Basin countries, within and contribut- EPM's 1990 report. The degradation of the ing to a regional framework for the Mediterranean Mediterranean Basin, at a rate perhaps greater environment. Initially costed at $26 million, now than ever before, is a major challenge for the METAP II will include approximately $13 million region's people. Despite the diverse natural for project preparation activities and approxi- resources and traditions of its 20 or so riparian mately $8 million for regional project preparation, countries, the Mediterranean has historically training and networking. Additional METAP II been a spacial and temporal unifying theme. So, funds will support other elements required for an today, is its environment. Although the state of effective environmental program - among them the environment has changed little since the defining critical policy guidelines, establishing inception of METAP, an encouraging start has strong bridges between national and regional been made. efforts, and continuing strengthening of institu- Experience of the first cycle of METAP has con- tional capacity. firmed and sharpened the key environmental issues of the Basin on which rapid action is Why METAP II? needed. Coastal zones of the region are being degraded by rapid urbanization and industrial EPM research drew up a list of immediate priori- development. This is especially true of the south- ties for METAP's first three-year cycle, which ern-rim countries. Inadequately planned and reflect at least one (but usually all) of these weak- uncontrolled land use on a narrow (and fragile) nesses - policy, institutions, investment. coastal belt, industrial development close to Although not minimizing other problems, such urban dwellings, unsafe disposal of urban (often as deforestation, soil erosion and air pollution, mixed with industrial) wastes in unmanaged the EPM report had highlighted those in most landfills, or in the sea, and the availability of urgent need of action: coastal zone management, water and its quality are the manifestations of the especially urban degradation, disposal of solid urban environmental problems. and hazardous wastes (from effluent and con- The Mediterranean Sea itself is still under sumer wastes to heavy metals), diminishing and threat from land-based human activity and 19 pollution, and not just by direct discharges of stantial similarities in the fundamental causes of untreated municipal and industrial wastewater degradation in the Mediterranean: and sewage. The sea is also polluted directly from * Inadequate policy framework, especially shipping (the dumping of wastes) and degraded no (or inappropriate) macroeconomic policies in by over-exploitation of marine resources. Other pricing and incentives to reduce and avoid issues, such as acute atmospheric pollution from pollution; vehicles, power stations, domestic heating, and * Weakness and fragmentation of institu- industry, are important but limited in scale and tional capacity to define and update priority location, particularly in the region's developing areas and develop and implement a sound envi- countries. The impact of this pollution is on three ronmental investment portfolio; broad fronts. Most important, though less well * Constraints on public finances, which documented, is the effect on human health. means a highly selective approach to environ- Contaminated drinking water (or ingested from mental spending; and bathing) causes a myriad of human diseases, * Nascent public awareness in countries with- which increase absenteeism from the workplace out a strong tradition of public participation. and reduce productivity. Health problems, too, Thus, there is both a common and similar are caused by the unmanaged disposal of urban dimension to these problems, the causes and their and industrial solid wastes in proximity to hous- impact. A common dimension exists in the need, ing. Most of these problems are borne dispropor- for instance, to take regional action against tionately by the poor, who have fewer options to marine pollution or the mismanagement of natu- exercise. ral resources; and, similarly, to accommodate in There are other, more direct, losses of valuable an environmentally sound manner the rapid economic activity Pollution of urban and coastal urbanization and industrialization in all southern areas, loss of biodiversity and the degradation of and eastern Mediterranean countries. A regional cultural patrimony, will individually and com- approach is desirable because it allows for a bined, lead to lower revenues from tourism. Sim- transfer of experiences, both good and bad, of ilarly, rapid disappearance of rich sea grasses and arresting, reducing and reversing the degrada- thus once-rich fisheries, leads to job losses, idle tion. It also builds on the historic traditions of equipment and other capital resources, and the cooperation, and enhances the sense of a com- cost of importing fish. Finally, the destabilization mon purpose. of the ecology, with its dwindling acreages of rich agricultural lands, wetlands, and forests, results The Approach of METAP II not just in the loss of areas with aesthetic and sci- entific value, but also of great potential commer- Meeting the environmental challenge in the cial value. Mediterranean requires clearly articulated In the Mediterranean and elsewhere, battles national strategies, including setting priorities are being waged against the overriding tendency and deciding on the appropriate action. Only for degradation to increase as incomes rise. In then can the present alarming trends be arrested aggregate, the countries of the Mediterranean are and reversed in a cost effective and sustainable still on the upward slope of that curve, while by manner. Many countries in the Basin have come a contrast, the richest nations are on the downward long way in developing such strategies. Trade- side. The hope for the Mediterranean is to offs between technical options are better under- dampen the upward curve, and, in the medium stood, and appropriate technologies are increas- to long term, affect a downward trend. Factors ingly available. METAP II is expressly building contributing to this upward curve include rapid on these efforts. Activities have been selected population growth, urbanization, and rising per using Environmental Action Plans and Strategies capita consumption of raw material and energy and like documents where they exist. resources.1 Implementing a dynamic and responsive envi- METAP I's analysis of country-specific envi- ronmental strategy will require focusing on key ronmental problems showed that there are sub- issues where the need for intervention is critical because of the impact on health and economic 1. See p. 11 and p. 40 of the World Development Report 1992, The activity. However, in light of the fragility of pub- World Bank, 1992. lic finances, great selectivity will be needed in 20 identifying least-cost, sustainable solutions, and * Review of the resulting list by beneficiary to progressively shift the burden of cleaning up countries for further additions/deletions; in- and pollution prevention onto the polluter. And country consultative process was encouraged for these investments must be a combination of effi- discussion of the amended list; cient preventive and curative projects. However, * Consultative meeting (held in Tunisia in without fundamental reforms in the policy envi- September) to discuss country specific program- ronment and a sound institutional capacity, the ming and draft an indicative program of activi- effectiveness of investments will be limited. Only ties. when taken together (strengthened institutions, The following criteria were applied in the improved policies and the right investments) is selection of METAP II activities: there likely to be an acceleration in the effective- consistency with national environmental ness of current efforts - and, so, give the best action plans or equivalent document; chance of reversing environmental degradation * links to country dialogue of economic sector and pollution. METAP I developed concrete initi- work or lending program; atives in terms of national institutional strength- * consistency with METAP thematic and ening and training activities as well as regional activity scale; training and education efforts and network activ- * replicability and commonality of regional ities. However, if the program is to have long- issues; and term impact on environmental degradation in the * degree of innovativeness of the activity. Mediterranean, its plan must be supported and Additional project identification missions also continued. took place, permitting simultaneous discussion METAP I also confirmed that a balance was of ongoing METAP activities and prospects for needed between project preparation and institu- new ones. An indicative three-year program with tional support, including policy work, to develop a proposed budget was agreed with METAP and strengthen capacity to prepare a sound pipe- partners. line of environmental investments. That will continue in METAP II (with, depending on avail- Influencing investments ability of funding, additional, even if limited sup- port for feasibility studies). More emphasis will One of METAP's principle aims is to facilitate and be placed on linking all three areas of METAP increase the absorption of environmental invest- activities (that is, policy work to project prepara- ments. METAP will continue to prepare pre- tion and institution building). Moreover, METAP II investment studies of specific environmental will draw on the considerable experience and components of priority projects, where such studies of METAP I. For instance, Algeria, which needs have already been identified. In other has set up the legislative framework for an envi- cases, where the fundamental investment options ronmental fund could benefit from METAP I have not yet been clarified, METAP activities will environmental financing studies for Croatia, be further upstream and seek to influence invest- Tunisia and Turkey. ment choices. METAP partners are actively involved in funding environmental investment in The process the Mediterranean (see Boxes 3.1-3.4). Approximately half of METAP II activities are A consultative process was defined to program geared towards project preparation. In all cases, the second cycle of METAP. The process was METAP will be aiming for the least cost, and most developed to ensure a better balanced and more appropriate, technologies. METAP II project transparently defined indicative program which preparation activities will place emphasis on the reflected the needs of the region, the experiences urban nexus consistent with the key issues of the of METAP I and a balanced approach. In consul- region. Thus, the prevention, minimization and tation with METAP beneficiary countries and control of municipal and industrial waste, the partners, the following steps were carried out: efficient use and reuse of water and wastewater, * Review of activity proposals put forth by and broad land-use planning activities predomi- participant countries and activity proposals that nate in METAP II. In recognition of the economic emerged from rnissions with METAP participa- value of the resources, targeted marine and beach tion by the two executing Banks; pollution control activities are included in the 21 Box 3.1 European Community Funds for the Mediterranean Environment Various sources of funds from the European Commu- One major innovation of the Renewed Mediterranean nity can be mobilized in favor of environmental Policy, moreover, consists in the establishment of 'non- projects in the Mediterranean region. They can consist Protocol" horizontal financial cooperation for 1992-96; of grant programs funded by the EC and loans from the it foresees a total of up to ECU 1.8 billion worth of addi- EIB. Coordination between the various donors and tional EIB loans, as well as ECU 230 mnillion of contri- programs is assured and co-financing schemes butions from the EC budget. between grants and loans are established. Whereas Within the EC countries, several sources of funds are most programs sketched below are not limited to the available for financing environmental investments. In environmental sector, they all attribute an important addition to the continued and substantial use of EIB role to it. Depending upon the individual programs, loans (which over the last 10 years have provided resources are available for project preparation or for approximately ECU 7 billion for environmental projects financing investments, for non-EC countries or for in the Mediterranean region), very significant grant Member States. funds are available from the EC within the context of LIFE is a new environmental program of the the Community Support Frameworks implemented, European Community working in close cooperation inter alia, in all less favored Mediterranean regions of with METAP. It has regrouped and expanded several the Member States and encompassing most economic existing EC programs, among which the Mediterranean sectors, including environment. In addition, ENVIREG Environmental Action Programme (MEDSPA); it bene- is a specific program aiming at supporting environ- fits from EC budgetary allocations worth ECU 400 mil- mental investment in the EC's less developed regions lion (1991-95, ECU 70 million in 1992 alone). LIFE is (which includes a substantial part of the geared towards studies and pilot projects and open for Mediterranean coast and its islands) with ECU 500 mil- applications from all types of promoters. Most of its lion over 1990-93. Additional grants will become avail- resources are earmarked for activities within EC Mem- able in the contest of the Cohesion Fund now being set ber States, but it also supports activities in non EC up; it will benefit, in the Mediterranean area, Spain and countries, in particular in the Mediterranean region. Its Greece and support particularly projects related to priorities are fully consistent with those of METAP. transportation and to the environment. Greece and The Renewed Mediterranean Policy has provided a parts of Spain are moreover among the eligible regions new framework for cooperation between the EC and for an additional financial mechanism tobe established the Mediterranean non-member countries and it con- in the context of the Agreement on a European Eco- tains an important environmental chapter. A first part nomic Area signed between the Community and the consists of the new "fourth generation" of cooperation EFTA countries. The details of this new facility are still agreements and financial protocols, which were agreed being negotiated. It is to be administered by the upon with the individual Mediterranean countries and European Investment Bank and mav comprise up to contain a significantly increased allocation both of ECU 1.5 billion of subsidized loans and ECU 500 mil- Community grants (ECU 775 million, an increase of lion of grants; it covers the period of 1993-97 and one 26%) and EIB loans (up to ECU 1.3 billion, an increase priority area to be supported is the environment of 30%) over the next few years. One of the main sec- (including urban development). tors to benefit from these funds is the environment. Box 3.2 World Bank and Investment in the Mediterranean Environment Enhancing the environment is a primary consideration countries of the Mediterranean Basin. World Bank lend- of the World Bank. The World Bank environmental ing to the region is increasing for country level institu- activities, which involve policy dialogue, lending, tion building and for management of critical natural technical assistance, research and aid coordination, resources such as forests, watersheds, freshwater wild- have four objectives: life and soils. The following 199(0-95 estimates do not * to assist member countries in setting priorities, take into account environmental components of many building institutions, and implementing programs large investments in other sectors. Between 1990 and for sound environmental stewardship; 1992,approximately US$ 0.7billion in loans, whichwere * to ensure that potential adverse environmental primarilv for environmental improvement were pro- impacts from Bank-financed projects are addressed; cessed by the World Bank. A rapid analysis of projects * to assist member countries in building on the com- programmed over the next 3 years, which again, as a plementarities between poverty reduction and primary objective contribute significantly to the I environmental protection; improvement of the environment, is estimated at * to address global environmental challenges through upwards of US$ 2.0billion. This increase in the pace and participation in the Global Environmental Facility size of investment in the environment can be attributed (GEF) to growing awareness in the region and the World Bank's Between 1980 and 1990 the World Bank made loans effort to help countries address environmental forabout US$2.3billion, aimed at environmelltal protec- problems. tion (stand alone and components of projects) in the 22 Box 3.3 The European Investment Bank and the Protection of the Mediterranean Environment The protection of the environment is among the key of loans in order to finance investments aimed at envi- priorities of the EIB's lending policy; it thus acts in line ronmental protection. This corresponds to a total with the objectives of the European Community, which investment of 15-20 billion ECU. The annual lending puts an increasing emphasis on safeguarding the envi- volume has steadily increased since the early 1980s, ronment and achieving sustainable growth. The with a strong growth in 1992, when the figure more European Investment Bank's interest in environmental than doubled in comparison to 1990 or 1991. protection is pursued through three complementary Among the Mediterranean EC Member States, envi- components: ronmental lending has been substantial in Italy (4.1 bil- * For each investment scheme, the Bank takes into lion ECU), Spain (1.4 billion) and Greece (600 million account the overall environmental impact and ECU). Recent examples include a number of wastewa- ensures, during its appraisal procedure, that the ter treatment stations in Andalucia, Cataluina and sev- applicable norms are adhered to. Special relevance eral Italian regions, improvements to the water supply is given to EC standards and criteria. for Athens, the desulfurisation and denitrification of a * The EIB provides funds for projects aimed exclu- power plant near Venice and the improvement of solid sive]v or primarily at environmental protection, waste disposal schemes for a number of Italian towns. including abatement equipment in industrial The non-EC countries of the Mediterranean Basin plants, or projects aimed at improving urban envi- have also benefited, on a smaller scale, from EIB loans ronment. In 1992, total financing for "environmen- for environmental investments. It is significant to note tal" investments increased to some 4.5 billion ECU, a strong increase in 1992 to some 120 million ECU for more than one fourth of the Bank's total lending. water supply and wastewater treatment facilities in * In appropriate cases, the Bank supports prefeasi- Cairo. as well as in Algeria, Jordan and Tunisia. This bility studies and technical assistance schemes in growth can be attributed to the objectives of the order to help in identifying priority investment Renewed Mediterranean Policv (see box on this sub- needs and designing cost-efficient solutions. ject). A number of other projects are currently under METAP is the main cooperative scheme of this appraisal for environmental investment in the non-EC type in which the Bank participates. countries of the Mediterranean Basin. Within the Mediterranean Basin, the Bank has, over the last 10 years, granted a total of 7 billion ECU worth Box 3.4 UNDP Initiatives in the Mediterranean Environment and natural resource management were recently created Centre for Environment and Develop- selected by UNDP's Governing Council as one of the ment in the Arab Region and Europe (CEDARE). lFAD six areas of concentration of UNDP's fifth cycle pro- also pledged contributions ($3 to 5 million) in the area gram (1992-96). of water resources management. CEDARE is expected Environmental protection and concerns for the sus- to act as an autonomous focal institution on environ- tainability of the Arab regions's (including the Arab mental and sustainable development issues in the Mediterranean countries) development have assumed Arab region and Europc and ultimately become a "cat- increased importance in recent years. As a result of alyst" which will promote capacity building, inter- increased awareness of the direct correlation between country cooperation and exchange of information and environment and sustainable development, environ- experience. ment has become a common theme in the country pro- Other regional initiatives included the establish- grams of all Arab Mediterranean countries. A number ment of collaborative networks in the areas of water of technical assistance initiatives have alreadv been management including supplementary irrigation and launched at both country and regional levels. UNDP's water management at the farm level, range manage- support ranges from preparation of sound strategies ment, and sand dune stabilization. During the fifth for environmental protection (Morocco), and imple- regional program, focus will be on the consolidation of mentation of national environmental plans (Egypt) to these networks, and the establishment of closer link- the design of programs for environmental education in ages between country and regional initiatives. primary and secondary schools (Tunisia). Over 20%/o of The above programs will be supplemented by coun- UNDP regional program resources for Arab states try and regional activities which are currently under have been allocated to environment-related activities. preparation for funding under Capacity 21 and GEF A major new initiative is the joint support by UNDP (Global Environment Facility). ($5.5 million) and the Arab Fund ($5.6 million) to the 23 portfolio. In addition, biodiversity conservation Gcographic expanision7 plans will also be prepared for high priority, eco- logically sensitive areas. As the METAP program begins to mature and benefits begin to emerge for those countries Expanding urban covcrage involved in national activities, those countries which had, under METAP I, limited themselves Big towns and cities are the norm in the to regional activities now want METAP's direct Mediterranean. In Egypt, Cairo and Alexandria assistance. Albania, for instance, wants assistance are home to 77 percent of the country's industry to draw up a sewerage plan for secondary cities. and 95 percent of its major polluters. Similar con- Lebanon has requested support in natural centrations are found in Algeria (Algiers and resource protection and management, while Oran), and in Tunisia (Gabes and Sfax). Even Syria has sought assistance in water resource though much industry in the region is state management. Activities already launched in owned or parastatal, regulations or incentives not Croatia will be resumed or extended and new to pollute are few, or ineffective. activities developed for both Croatia and Studies of trends in the southern and eastern Slovenia. rim countries suggest that population growth against a backdrop of water scarcity and insuffi- Feasibility studies cient infrastructure will cause increased levels of pollution congestion and environmental haz- As the METAP program evolves, and if supple- ards. Uncontrolled urban development is also mentarv funding can be secured, feasibility stud- causing significant coastal degradation and loss ies may be supported on a case-by-case basis. of cultural heritage. In response to the disturbing Project preparation lays out broad or specific trends and the experience of the two Banks in the strategies for dealing with a particular problem; a region, METAP's emphasis will shift from feasibility study assesses in more detail the com- coastal urbanization and pollution towards ponents and costs involved in a project or compo- urban environmental issues generally. In nent of a bigger investment. Such support would Albania, for instance, a programmed METAP be limited and (if at all) late in the 1993-95 cycle activity will help assess air pollution from trans- (that is, only after funds for other priority activi- boundary sources and develop a monitoring and ties had been allocated) and would be linked to response system. METAP II country activities in earlier METAP project preparation, such as, for the area of integrated water resource manage- instance, a wastewater treatment plant. ment comprise 26% of programming versus 18% during the first cycle. Approximately 35% of pro- Capacity building gram resources for METAP 11 country activities are programmed for coastal zone management Influencing the environmental agenda requires issues, of which 34% include urban components, broad action to build capacity at national and 26% cultural heritage components, 15% for local levels. Only with sound institutions can industrial issues, and 7% for air and tourism there be sustainable investments and responsive respectivelv. policy reforms. Increasing investment potential, Smaller cities and towns in the Mediterranean therefore, is inexorably linked to building up Basin do not, perhaps, yet receive the attention institutionalcapacityofMediterraneancountries. they deserve. They suffer the full impact of the Building national capacitv requires sustained distortions in national policy (for example, lack of support over many years. As part of METAP 11, incentives or sanctions against polluters) and are country-specific and activity-specific training often overlooked in national environmental plan- will continue. Direct operational support (for ning and spending on both physical infrastruc- example, the creation of EIA units, the introduc- ture and environmental management. In short, tion of environmental financing instruments) and they have neither the legal nor financial muscle to specific training programs will provide the neces- do much about local pollution. METAP II will sary building blocks for stronger institutions at respond to this need by launching a series of local the regional, national, and local levels. That will environmental audits and municipal level train- enhance the ability to develop, coordinate and ing programs and actions. manage environmental investments. 24 METAP II will build on the accomplishments and regional action will be increasinglv coordi- of METAP I, such as the creation of ElA units in nated through the various METAP networks. By Algeria and Morocco and the establishment of bringing together agencies or cities sharing simi- environmental units in two Egyptian governor- lar concerns and problems, these networks ates. For example, Morocco's local authorities encourage national action within a regional will benefit from environmental training and a framework. They are effective vehicles for dis- management information system for water seminating METAP products (for example, policy resources. Many more countries will be helped to studies). At this time, such networks, their activi- set up and run an environmental impact assess- ties and their secretariats, still need support from ment unit. METAP, however, autonomy of these networks is Through METAP's institutional strengthening a goals of METAP 11. Local leadership is to be component and guidance in environmental pol- established as well as the means for financial self- icy, activities will continue to improve technical support. and managerial capacities as well as the essential implementation structures. Institution building Dcveloping public-private partnelrstiips activities, through often associated with project preparation, constitute more than one half of Mediterranean Basin countries are progressively METAP II programmed activities. Regional net- working toward developing constructive part- works will continue to be employed as efficient nership between the public and private sectors. dissemination vehicles for, in particular, training In this regard, select METAP II activities will be activities and applied studies. directed to enhancing this collaboration, provid- ing for instance, training in environmentally sus- Expanidinig nietworks and thieir autonoomy tainable tourism. METAP II also plans to run a training course In METAP I, much institution-building work for private consulting firms, and will extend sup- (essentially training programs) was achieved port to higher-education and other training insti- through separate, unlinked projects. But METAP I tutes to help create a capacity in the private and also launched a broad network system, ideal for nongovernmental sectors. It will also offer taking up training both for tackling both national courses on environmental training for financial and regional environmental issues. Much of the intermediaries wvho channel resources to private institutional support (training) will now be chan- entrepreneurs. nelled through these networks, which are also conduits for regional and bilateral technical dia- Policy improvemenets logue. For example, MEDCITIES, which draws together coastal cities with similar pollution METAP policy studies present an overview of problems, has grown quickly and is now ideal for experiences in developed countries and provide a training municipal environmental planners and more detailed analysis of case studies from Basin managers. Six Mediterranean cities (Limassol, countries on priority issues of common concern. Oran, Sousse, Tangiers, Tirana, and Tripoli/El Dissemination is assured through regional work- Mina) have asked for METAP assistance to shops and through existing networks, with par- develop municipal environmental plans through ticipation of all Basin countries. As the essential MEDCITIES. regional policy studies have already been under- Network twinning agreements (that is, cooper- taken under METAP I, during the second three- ation between two cities or agencies with similar year cvcle fewer such studies are envisaged (less problems) will also be encouraged further in than 3% of total resources), and the focus will be METAP II. There are many such twinnings more on the implementation of kev recommenda- already, including those between the cities of tions at the national and local level. In this Marseilles (France) and Limassol (Cyprus), ancd respect, a study in Turkey will further the between Tfangiers (Morocco) and Rimini (Italy). cnvironmental financing studv completed under Cities knowledgeable in, say, wastewater reuse MNFTAP I to analyze the specific financial might offer on-the-job training to municIpallties measures required to strengthen the monitoring (in their own country and elsewhtre) w\ith lc>s and enlforcmneit capabilities of municipalities. know-how. Moreover, under Mt'IAP 11. nati'nal O(n a regional l(vel, a METAP policy study has 25 been proposed to tackle issues of human health One of the essential aspects of METAP is to effects resulting from pollution and environmen- monitor its own progress and effectiveness. As it tal degradation. moves into its second cycle, METAP will develop Central and local governments, particularly in a formal conduit for feedback to evaluate com- the southern and eastern Mediterranean, are all pleted projects, as well as an independent peri- spending more on pollution control, biodiversity odic ex post evaluation of its activities. At the conservation, coastal zone management, and same time, there is a need for broader monitoring environmental policy planning and manage- of trends in environmental degradation in the ment; and many are now placing greater empha- Mediterranean. Given its limited resources, sis on making the polluter pay. The policy studies METAP is probably ill-suited to such a costly completed under during the first cycle of METAP endeavor. Such Basin-wide monitoring would will provide guidance in tackling these issues as take at least five to ten years before any meaning- environmental policy in Mediterranean Basin ful statistics emerged. That task will be under- countries evolves. taken by the Blue Plan, which was set up by the United Nations Environment Programme, and The Impact of METAP II has launched an Observatoire Mediterranean (with support from the European Commission) to The principal strategic goal of METAP is to pave refine and expand its future projections on pollu- the way for investments and to reduce and tion in the Basin. METAP will benefit from this reverse the degradation of the Mediterranean work. environment. The second three-year cycle of METAP will provide targeted activities in sup- Cost of METAP II port of national environmental strategies and action plans of the Basin countries, within and The total cost of METAP II will be around $26 mil- contributing to a regional framework for the lion as a result of its commitment to expand both Mediterranean environment. Linkages of it geographic coverage (Albania, Syria and METAP activities to investments are already evi- Lebanon) and its wider involvement in urban dent. The corollary is the need to enhance areas. Selective feasibility studies might add national and local capacity to implement and another $6 million. At present, roughly $9 million update, in a sustained manner, the country's has been pledged by the Commission of the environmental strategies. Improved capacity, European Communities, the European Invest- through direct operational support, training and ment Bank, the United Nations Development networks provided by METAP efforts, should Programme and the World Bank for implementa- help policymakers to examine key issues, set pri- tion of METAP II's activities during the first year, orities and evaluate least cost options for some 1993. priority concerns. Strengthened institutional capacity will be the key factor of environmental investment activities. Reversing the degradation of the Mediterranean Thle capacity-building component, begun with will take time. Just as pollution of the region METAP 1, will continue to be provided at a resulted from decades and even centuries of regional, national, and local-municipal level, and neglect and shortsighted priorities, so efforts to culminate in activities which train the trainers. preserve the environment will be incremental. METAP II will seek greater, selective involvement METAP is a small but crucial part of that process. of the private sector in carrying out the environ- The environment of the Mediterranean will be mental agenda. The program will also aim at rein- saved onlv when the region's population learns forcing public communication and participation to live in harmonv with their environment - not in environmental issues in the Basin countries. just off it. METAP's contribution to enhancing regional col- laboration among Basin countries and among key donors will also continue. 26 Annexes 27 I Annex I METAP IActivities ALBANIA ISRAEL Water Supply and Sewerage Management Hazardous Waste Treatment ALGERIA ITALY Blida Wastewater Reuse/Tlemcen Local Po Wastewater Monitoring Government Hazardous Waste Management Options MALTA El-Kala Management Plan SldWseMngmn Pollution Control in Ports and on Beaches Solid Waste Management Institutional Support Package MOROCCO CROATIA Al Hoceima National Park Cres-Losinj Conservation Martil Coastal Zone Management Rijeka Solid Waste Management Creation of EIA Unit Split/Kastela Bay Environment Study TUNISIA Croatia Environment Fund Hazardous Waste Study CYPRUS MEDGEOBASE Hazardous Waste Management Pilot Wastewater Reuse/Compost Conservatio of AkamasPeninsulaPort Protection and Oil Pollution Control Conservaion of kamas PninsulaTunis Solid Waste Management Environmental Fiscal Instruments Tunisi Polluti Fund Environmental Policy Support EGYPT TURKEY Local Environmental Management Environmental Institutions Study Ackermann Cairo Sewage Tunnels (WB) Cadustrir wag Tfluenn Patara Cultural Heritage Istanbul Environment Project GREECE Southwest Coast Environment Project Maritime Pollution Control Rhodos Coastal Area Management (EIB) Turkey Pollution Prevention Fund 29 REGIONAL POLICY STUDIES Mediterranean Protected Areas Network Regional Environmental Management (MEDPAN) Policy Tools for Integrated Water Resource Mediterranean Coastal Cities (MEDCITIES) Management Phase I Institutional Arrangements for Integrated Water Municipal Environmental Plans Resource Management Local Environmental Audits Regional Coastal Management Operational Mediterranean Water Agencies Network Framework (MEDWAN) Phase I Biodiversity Conservation Instruments Environmental Financing Theory and Practice TRAINING Review Environmental Planning and Management Environmental Financing (Mediterranean Municipal Environmental Management Region) Coastal Environmental Impact Assessment Municipal Waste Management Review Environmental Education Environmental Financing Technical Workshop NETWORKS MED POL Mediterranean National Environment Agencies (MEDNEA) 30 Annex II EPM/METAP Working papers 1. Pollution Problems in the Mediterranean: Approaches and Priorities 2. Natural Resources Management 3. The Urban Environment in the Mediterranean 4. Maritime Sector Assessment 5. Industrial Pollution in the Mediterranean 6. Conservation and Management of Cultural Patrimony in the Mediterranean Region 7. Conservation of Biodiversity in the Mediterranean: Protection of Coastal Ecosystems 8. Financing Pollution Control in the Southern and Eastern Mediterranean Countries 9. Patterns of Environmental Management 10. Instruments pour la Conservation de la Biodiversite dans le Bassin Mediterraneen (in French only) 11. Municipal Solid Waste Management in the Mediterranean Region 31 Annex III METAP I- Indicative activities ALBANIA Water Development Modelling and Master Plan Coastal Zone Management Marine Pollution Control Groundwater Resources Control Management of Non Hazardous Industrial Air Pollution Control Wastes Wineries Waste Effluent Treatment ALGERIA Rehabilitation of Quarries Environmental Policy Support EGYPT EIA Unit Phase II Water and Sewage Treatment in the Nile Delta Algiers Solid Waste Management Integrated Conservation and development of the Environmental Assessment of Housing Projects Mediterranean Coastal Zone Water Management in the Oran Region Public/Private Sector Partnership for Historic Waste Water Treatment Study Conservation Pollution Control in Ports and Beaches Cairo Sludge Disposal Boumerdes-Reghaia Industrial Pollution Control Solid Waste Sector Medgeobase CROATIA GREECE Development of appropriate waste water treatment Support to EIA for selected projects disposal solutions for small Adriatic Towns ISRAEL Management Plan of Coastal urban centers Historic conservation of Split center Dan Region Sewerage Completion of GIS coverage of Split/Kastela Prevention of Pollution of Kishon River developed under METAP I Strategy for sustainable development of coastal ITALY zone Waste water reuse CYPRUS LEBANON Port Reception Facilities Preparation of Environmental Strategy Akamas Management Plan - Second Phase Assessment of clean up/rehabilitation MEDGEOBASE and Coastal Natural/ Ecological requirements of coastal strip Inventory 32 Development of long term investment program TURKEY for waste water facilities Preparation of Environmental Strategy Environmental Pollution Regulation Hazardous waste management in Marmara MALTA Menderes Wetlands Protection Monitoring of waste discharges from ships MEDGEOBASE Enhancing public participation in implementation of new environmental MOROCCO legislation and regulations Environmental Institutions Sectoral Environmental Management Units/ Pronofatal Code Central EIA unit (Second Phase) Preparation of Coastal Code Casablanca and Mohamedia Environmental POLICY STUDIES Audits Hazardous waste management Regional Environmental Health Study Solid waste management in small medium cities Least Cost Strategy for Investment in Wastewater (Kenitra) Treatment, Egypt Water Information System Marine Pollution Control, Morocco MEDGEOBASE Coastal Zone Management, Morocco Environmental/Tourism Study, Tunisia SPAIN Environmental Performance Review, Tunisia Water Resource Management Municipal Environmental Finance, Turkey SLOVENIA NETWORK SUPPORT MEDCITIES (Mediterranean Coastal Cities Hazardous and Solid waste Management Network) Capacity Building for EIA Decentralization of Environment Agency SYRIA Municipal Management and Planning Preparation of Environmental Strategy Water Quality Protection Establishment of Regional Environmental Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Establshmentof Relonal nvlronentalIndustrial Relocation Authorities and Laboratories netrk Suport Urban Solid and Hazardous Waste Management Network Support Program Protection of Oil Ports of Banias and Tartous MEDPAN (Mediterranean Protected Areas Network) Establishment of EIA Unit Network Secretariat Support TUNISIA Project Support and Training Establishment of "Information Grant" Treatment of industrial waste water of Ben-Arous MEDWAN (Mediterranean Water Agencies industrial zone Network Improvement and strengthening requirements for the monitoring of coastal and surface Follow up to METAP I waters Network Expansion and Meeting Support Protection of coastal lagoons and wetlands in the MEDNEA (Mediterranean National Environimenital Hammamet Gulf Ageticies Network) Control of municipal industrial pollution in coastal estuaries Network Meeting and Training Conservation of Kerkennah Islands Environmental Communication Conservation of Carthage Archeological Park Decentralization of Environmental Agencv Environmental Training (municipalities, Banks, consultants, journalists) 33 TRAINING Private Sector Institutions, Educational Institutions National Organizations and Training Environmental Training for Financial Environmental Planning and ManagementItedire Copndu Intermediaries Compenadum Env. I Env. Impact Assessment Training Env. Impact Assessment Training Municipal Organizations Env. Education for Schools of Agriculture Env. Education for Faculties of Economics/ Environmental Planning and Management Finance Compendium Compendium Compendium Municipal Env. Audits and Action Plans EIA Reader Env. Impact Assessment Training Reports / Dissemination 34 F Watershed boundary Mediterranean Basin ElMain currents Environmental Program for the Medlerranean The World Bank and European Investrent BEank -0t r ai 32 - ~ ~~~~~~~~~~ ' 4 )> 6%T0ik%C;55t & -L4- This~~7 ra ho enpeArd CyTh ool eon f sffecule:fr R 4! TleEic@ 4.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~GEMNY41 9 ona Pci! IFEDERATIO - th. cnanevenune of reders and is for th. internal use of The World Bank Group. The denominations used and the boundaries shown on thts ,\ 2 map do not imply, on the part of The World Book Group, any judgment . 24 on the legal statu s of ony territory or any endoorsem entl or auueptnue of 9i such boundaries. 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