E-380 VOL.2 Consolidated Environment Assessment for the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Component (Final) August 2000 Shandong Provincial Scientific Research and Design Institute of Environmental Protection with assistance from Mott MacDonald/ERM A A U, 24 4I IRE E . E XoDu Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table of Contents Executive Summary I Introduction 1-1 1.1 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) Background 1-1 1.2 Description of the Study Area 1-7 1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 1-16 1.4 Scope and Standards of Environmental Assessment 1-18 1.5 The Need for the Project 1-21 1.6 Assessment Objectives, Criteria, Parameters 1-21 1.7 World Bank EA Preparation Requirements 1-22 1.8 EA Participants 1-23 1.9 EA Organisation 1-23 2 Description of the Proposed Project 2-1 2.1 Overview of Huai River Basin 2-1 -2.2 HRWPCP Project Components 2-1 2.3 Project Formulation and Development 2-3 2-.4. Details of Shandong HRWPCP Component Projects 2-5 2.5 Cost Estimates for Proposed Projects 2-9 2.6 Implementation Schedule 2-13 3 Description of the Environment (Provincial Overview) 3-1 3.1 Physical Environment 3-1 3.2 Biological Environment 3-10 3.3 Socio-cultural Environment 3-11 3.4 Areas of Special Designation 3-12 4 Environmental Management and Problems 4-1 4.1 Water and Environmental Institutional Arrangements 4-1 4.2 Attainment of Goals, Standards, Regulations 4-5 4.3 River Systems and Ocean 4-17 5 Determination of the Potential Impacts of the Proposed Project 5-1 5.1 Typical Impacts of Water Pollution Control Projects 5-1 5.2 Positive Impacts of the Specific HRWPCP Components 5-4 5.3 Potential Short Term Construction Impacts 5-8 5.4 Potential Operational Phase Impacts 5-14 5.5 Potential Project Risks 5-26 5.6 Cumulative HRWPCP Impacts 5-29 6 Analysis of Alternatives to the Proposed Project 6-1 6.1 Introduction 6-1 6.2 Alternatives Reviewed in Project Development 6-1 6.3 No Project Alternatives 6-12 7 Mitigation and Monitoring Management Plans 7-1 7.1 Mitigation and Monitoring of the Implementation of Mitigation 7-1 7.2 Institutional Responsibilities 7-9 7.3 Equipment and Training Requirements 7-11I 'August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 7.4 Impacts and Costs of Plan 7-11 7.5 Long-term Monitoring of the Performance of HRWPCP 7-12 7.6 Effectiveness ofthe Works 7-13 8 Public Process and EA Public Participation 8-1 8.1 Meetings with Public Officials in Developing Project and EA 8-1 8.2 Survey of Public Officials and Citizens in Project Area 8-2 8.3 EA Disclosure 8-3 8.4 Summary of Public Input 8-4 9 Summary and Conclusions 9-1 9.1 General Conclusions 9-1 9.2 Existing Environmental Conditions, Huai River Basin - Shandong 9-1 9.3 Positive Impacts 9-3 9.4 Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigations 9-5 9.5 Total Water Pollutants Removed 9-10 9.6 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan 9-13 9.7 SIEP Suggestions 9-13 9.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 9-14 List of Tables Table 1.1: Polluted Water Type Categorization in Huai Basin 1-3 Table 1.2: Pollution Trend in Huai River Basin 1-3 Table 1.3: Changes in Pollution Loads in Henan and Anhui 1-4 Table 1.4: Environmental Background Problems, China (1994) 1-6 Table 1.5: Shandong Project Cities, Receiving Waters of Wastewater Effluent 1-11 Table 1.6: Discharge Direction of Each Subproject and Monitoring Situation of Corresponding Section 1-12 Table 1.7: Number of Current Septic Tanks in Shandong Province HRWPCP Cities 1-14 Table 1.8: Population and Wastewater Projections 1-16 Table 1.9: Summary of the STEP EA Classification 1-19 Table 1.10: EA Scope 1-20 Table 1.11: EA Standards Summary 1-21 Table 1.12: EA Staff of Shandong Scientific Research and Design Institute of Environmental Protection 1-23 Table 2.1: Proposed Sewerage in Shandong Province 2-2 Table 2.2: Summary Details of WwTWs 2-2 Table 2.5: Comparison of Cost Estimates for Shandong Province - by Expenditure Category 2-11 Table 2.8: HRWPCP Implementation Programme 2-13 Table 3. 1: Geographical Location of Sub-Project Located Area 3-1 Table 3.2: Meteorological Summary, WPCP Project Cities 3-4 Table 3.3: Hydrologic Parameters of HRWPCP Project Area 3-6 Table 4.1: National Water and Environmental Laws Important to HRWPCP 4-1 Table 4.2: Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water GHZB-1 1999, issued 20 July 1999, effective 01 Jan 2000 4-3 Table 4.3: Standards of Specific Indices in Lakes and Reservoirs 4-4 ii August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.4: Standards of Specific Indices in Class I, II, III Surface Waters 4-4 Table 4.5: Groundwater Monitoring Sites 4-7 Table 4.6: Groundwater Monitoring Parameters 4-7 Table 4.7: Groundwater Monitoring Results 4-7 Table 4.8: Groundwater Actuality Assessment Standard 4-8 Table 4.9: Quality Analysis of Water in and Out of WwTWs 4-11 Table 4.10: Industry Categories and Pollution Loads in Huai River Basin 4-12 Table 4.11: Industries in Each Administrative District in Huai River Basin 4-13 Table 4.12: Paper Industry and Pollution Loads in Huai River Basin 4-13 Table 4.13: Major Brewing and Food Industries in Huai River Basin 4-14 Table 4.14: Drainage Wastewater Quantity and Water Quality of Main Industrial Enterprises 4-15 Table 4.15: Water Quality Standard of Sewers in City of Wastewater Discharge 4-16 Table 4.16: Situation of Water Source Location in Each Sub-Project City 4-17 Table 4.17: Conditions of Monitoring Section of Surface Water 4-18 Table 4.18: Monitoring Items, Time and Frequency of Current Situation of Surface Water 4-19 Table 4.19: Monitoring result of current situation of surface water 4-19 Table 4.20: Discharge Direction of Each Subproject and Monitoring Situation of Corresponding Section - -= 4-20 Table 4.21: Monitoring Result of Routine Monitoring Section Concerning Projects - 4-21 -Table 4.22: Conditions of Control Sections Related to Projects 4-22 Table 4.23: Hydrology Parameter of WwTW Rivers 4-23 Table 4.24: COD forecast results of Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu River 4-23 Table 4.25: Water Quality Situation of Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu Rivers after Finishing the HRWPCP Projects 4-24 Table 4.26: Forecast Result of Water Quality Improvement to the Control Section of Related River4-24 Table 4.27: Environmental Function Area Division of Rizhao Coastal Area 4-25 Table 5.1: Improved Water Resources by Component City 5-5 Table 5.2: Increased Tourism by Component 5-6 Table 5.3: Situation of Provincial Total Volume Control Section In Related River (nearest section to sewage outlet) 5-7 Table 5.4: Permitted COD Volume Entering To Related River In 2000 5-7 Table 5.5: Total Discharged Volume of CODcr in HRWPCP 5-7 Table 5.6: Summary of Project Affected Land Statistics 5-9 Table 5.7: Estimated Spoils Generation and Management Measures 5-]1 Table 5.8: HRWPCP WwTW Scheduling 5-14 Table 5.9: Environmental Noise Monitoring Sites 5-16 Table. 5.10: The Measured Results of The Noise In Sewage Factories 5-17 Table 5.1 1: The Results of the Noise Forecast at WwTWs 5-18 Table 5.12: The Calculating Result of Hygiene Defending Distance 5-19 Table 5.13: The Fertilizer Efficiency of Active Sludge from WwTW 5-22 Table 5.14: The Heavy Metal Content and Component in Sludge in Wastewater Plants 5-23 Table 5.15: The Health Standard of Sludge 5-23 Table 6.1: Technique and Economy Comparison of Boiling Waste Water Liquid Treatment Method 6-10 Table 6.2: Technical and Economical Comparison of Sewage Biochemical Treatment Method 6-11 Table 7.1: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping 7-2 iii August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.2: Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) 7-2 Table 7.3: Sludge Management System 7-3 Table 7.4: Construction Debris Disposal 7-3 Table 7.5: Industrial Wastewater Treatment 7-3 Table 7.6: Ocean Outfall, Effluent Re-Use Pipelines 7-4 Table 7.7: Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources 7-4 Table 7.8: Raw Sewage, Domestic and Industrial Sources to Sewer Systems 7-5 Table 7.9: Raw Sewage Overflows, Various Locations 7-5 Table 7.10: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping 7-6 Table 7.1 1: Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) 7-6 Table 7.13: Receiving Water Issues, Including Ocean 7-7 Table 7.14: Wastewater Reuse and Downstream Users 7-8 Table 7.15: Industrial Wastewater Treatment 7-8 Table 7.16: SPMO Environmental Monitoring Costs 7-12 Table 8.1: Survey Population 8-2 Table 8.2: Investigation Results 8-3 Table 8.3: Shandong EA - Introduction of Public Participation Survey 8-5 Table 8.4: Shandong EA - Summary Information Disclosure - 8-7 Table 9.1: Total Discharged Volume of CODcr in HRWPCP - 9-4 -Table 9.2: COD forecast results of Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu River - 9-1 1 Table 9.3: Water Quality Situation of Zhushui, Kangwang ,Dongyu River after finishing the HRWPCP Proj ects 9-11 Table 9.4: Forecast Result of Water Quality Improvement to the Control Section of Related River 9-12 Figures Figure 1. I Location Plan Showing Project Provinces Figure 1.2 Location of Project Sub-components Figure 1.3 Project Sub-components in Shandong Figure 1.4 Plan of Rizhao Municipal Figure 2.1 Plane Drawing of Wastewater Drainage Pipe Layout in Feicheng Figure 2.2 Feicheng Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.3 Heze Sewerage System Figure 2.4 Heze Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.5 Plan for Rizhao Wastewater Engineering - Wastewater Main Sewers (Phase I) Figure 2.6 Rizhao City Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.7 Ju County Wastewater Treatment Works - General Layout of Sewers Figure 2.8 Rizhao - Ju County Wastewater Project - Schematic Figure 2.9 Location of Chengwu Paper Mill iv August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Figure 2.1 0 Chengwu Paper Mill - Proposed Pollution Control Process Figure 2.11 Simplified Process Schematic of WwTW Proposed for Chengwu Paper Mill Figure 4.1 Huai River Basin - Environmental Protection Organisations Figure 4.2 Monitor Locations of Surface Water Conditions in Ju County Figure 4.3 Plane Drawing of Monitoring Locations of Environmental Condition in Heze Figure 4.4 Monitoring Locations of Feicheng Groundwater and Surface Water Figure 4.5 Monitoring Locations of Ambient Air, Surface Water and Groundwater in Chengwu Plates Plate 1: Heze wastewater treatment plant site Plate 2: Typical sewer location in Heze urban area Plate 3: Typical urban water course in Heze affected by pollution Plate 4: Proposed location of Heze Nr. 3 pumping station and sewer route Plate 5: Site of Feicheng WwTW showing current agricultural use Plate 6: Location of interceptors in pavement (Feicheng sub-project) Plate 7: Location of interceptor along river bank (Feicheng sub-project) Plate 8: Location of interceptor along natural river bank (Feicheng sub-project) Plate 9: Site of the Rizhao WwTW. Agricultural land and agricultural sheds will be affected Plate 10: Rizhao sub-project typical location of pumping station and interceptors - affecting agricultural Plate 1 1: Rizhao sub-project site of Pumping Station Nr. 3 - Park land Plate 12: Rizhao sub-project location of interceptors along river bank Plate 13: Ju County sub-project, typical road verge used for the installation of the sewer network Plate 14: Ju County sub-project, sewer traverses through field Plate 15: Chengwu Paper Mill - tank of old existing WwTW with straw stoccks in background Appendix Appendix I SIEP Inland Surface Water Quality Assessment (SIEP Chapters 5.1, 6.1) Appendix 2 SIEP Ocean Water Quality Assessment (SIEP Chapters 5.2, 6.2) v August 2000 Huai River Water Pol]ution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Currency Equivalents (Exchange Rate Effective October 1999) Currency Name: Renminbi Currency Unit: RMB RMB 8.3 = US$ 1.00 US$0.12 =RMB 1.0 Abbreviations and Acronyms AC Advisory Consultant PAD Project Appraisal Document (WB) AIC Average Incremental Cost PAP Project Affected Person AP Action Plan for IDP PIP Project Implementation Plan ATP Ability to Pay PIU Project lmplementation Unit (Municipal) BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand PMO Project Management Office (Provincial) COD Chemical Oxygen Demand PPP Project Procurement Plan CRAES China Research Academy for Environmental PRC People' s Republic of China Sciences PS Pumping Station DHV Consult. BV/D&J Eng Consult. Co PV Present Value DO Dissolved Oxygen DO Dissolved Oxygen RAP Resettlement Action Plan DWF Dry Weather Flow (sewage) RMC Resident Mission in China EA Environmental Assessment SDPC State Development and Planning Commission EIRR Economic Intemal Rate of Return SEPA State Environmental Planning Agency EMP Environmental Management Plan SPG Shandong Provincial Government EPB Environmental Protection Bureau SS Suspended Solids ERM Environmental Resource Management ToR Terms of Reference FIRR Financial Internal Rate of Return TVE Town and Village Enterprises FSR Feasibility Study Report WB World Bank (International Bank for HRBC Huai River Basin Commission Reconstruction and Development) HRWPCP Huai River Water Pollution Control Project WPCP Water Pollution Control Plan for Huai Rivef Basin IDP Institutional Development Plan WRB Water Resources Bureau IST Institutional Strengthening and Training WSC Water Supply Company IWHR China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower WTP Willingness to Pay Research LG Leading Group WTW Water Treatment Works l/c/d Litres per capita per day WWE Water and Wastewater Enterprise LIBOR Lonidon Inter-bank Borrowing Rate WwTE Wastewater Treatment Enterprise ML. Municipal Local Government WwTW Wastewater Treatment Works MLCG Municipal Local Government MoF State Ministry of Finance 3H Study Hai, Huai and Huang River Action Program Study for Water Resources, Water Pollution Control, MWR/Wi NCMEDI North China Mun Eng Design Institute 1999 OD Oxygen Demand NB: Si units of measurement have been used throughout this report vi August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Environmental Assessment of the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP), Shandong Province This report provides a summary of the Environmental Assessment Report - Main Report and Appendices, for the Shandong Province portion of the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP). A separate Environmental Assessment Report covers the Anhui Province portion of the HRWPCP. The full reports cover the assessment of the environment impacts of the project components to be developed under the HRWPCP, Shandong Province. The Provincial EA for Shandong Province was conducted by the Shandong Scientific Research and Design Institute of Environmental Protection (SIEP), under the Shandong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) in Jinan, with the assistance of the AC (Mott MacDonald and ERM International). Huai River Basin The Huai River Basin lies across four provinces in the centre of China, covering an area of 270,000 km2 between the Yangtze and Yellow Rivers. The Basin is divided into two major. systems: The Huai River System (190,000 kM2) originating in the west and about 1,000 km long with 120 tributaries 'lows east-south through Hongze Lake and discharges into the Yangtze River. The Yi-Shu-Si River System (80,000 kmi2) originates in the north, flows southwest and discharges into the Yellow Sea. The Grand Canal in the east connects the Huai and Yi-Shu-Si systems as well as the Yangtze and Yellow rivers. Shandong Province surface reaches are hyrologically connected to the Huai River basin through the Grand Canal, but they do not flow directly to the Huai River mainstream. The economic and environmental impacts of water pollution on the Huai River Basin area are widespread and acute. In 1994, severe water pollution caused temporary production stoppage at many factories and drinking water problems for many inhabitants in the Huai River Basin. The cause of the 1994 Huai River Pollution Incident was discharge of significant polluted wastewater from many straw pulp factories, paper mills, and tanneries in Henan Province and Anhui Province located the upstream portion of the Ying He River. These industries discharged a great quantity of polluted wastewater during the dry season when the River course operates with closed gates. (Since 60-70 % of the annual river flow occurs during May-August time period, the gates maintain surface water levels but also store the incoming pollution.) This stored polluted wastewater discharged during the flood season when the gates opened, resulting in significant downstream pollution. The pollution caused the power station to malfunction causing major impacts to the Hua Dong power network. Fishery resources were destroyed and agricultural and industrial damages were widespread. Water supplies were all affected resulting in significant impacts to the people of the downstream cities. Direct economic damages were estimated at over one billion yuan. Consequently the State Council has authorised various actions to combat water pollution and prevent future pollution disasters in the Huai River Basin. The central government approved the "Ninth Five- Year Plan (1996-2000) of Water Pollution Control (WPCP) in June of 1996. The WPCP for the Huai River Basin defined the targets for the Basin as follows: * By 1997, all the wastewater discharges from industrial pollution sources should meet standards for effluent and the total COD should be reduced from 1.5 million tons in 1993 to 0.89 million tons (0.2638 million tons from Shandong Province.); ES-] August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * By 2000, the total COD should be reduced to 0.368 million tons (0.0647 million tons from Shandong Province.); * By 2000, the Huai River mainstream, main tributaries, and rivers that are sources for urban water supplies, should reach the Class III of the National Surface Water Standard. As part of these efforts of the State Council and the four Huai basin provinces (i.e. Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces) to meet water pollution control targets, the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) is currently being prepared for Anhui and Shandong Provinces. At the request of PRC, the World Bank has listed the proposed project in the lending programme for WB fiscal year 2000/2001. Water pollution control in Henan and Jiangsu is being dealt with under a separate programme. Shandong Province Shandong Province covers most area of Yi-Shu-Si System of Huai River Basin. The mainstream of the Huai River does not flow through the Province, but many other basin tributary reaches flow through the Province. Many are hydrologically connected to the Huai River but actually flow directly to-the Yellow Sea. Pollution is mainly organic, with sections in urban reaches being more polluted than rural reaches. By December 1996 to control pollution in the Basin and in accordance with stipulation of "Ninth Five- Year Plan," the province had closed approximately 460 small enterprises causing serious pollution. Other small and medium polluting enterprises have continued to be closed in the basin, and other polluting enterprises have their production curtailed in the dry season to reduce wastewater discharges. Within the overall HRWPCP project area, Shandong Province is approximately 156,700 kM2, of which 47,100 km2 is located within the Huai River Basin. The 1998 population of the Shandong Province was 86.10 million, with 23 million in urban areas. The portion of Shandong Province within the Huai River Basin was about 30 million total, and 1.2 million in urban areas. HRWPCP Project Goals and Objectives In order to fully solve the pollution problems in Shandong province major works will need to be developed for most of the cities in the province. It is not possible to finance all necessary works in one step. It is therefore foreseen that further phases of the HIRWPCP will continue over many years. In accordance with the national World Bank (WB) policies and priorities, the Shandong Provincial Government (SPG) has requested WB and bi-lateral donor support for the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project. The HRWPCP is also a key element of China's Agenda 21 programme. The sector- related goal for the project is: Improve quality of water for the entire basin by providing environnenital infrastructure operated in a sustainable manner The HRWPCP objectives are to: I. Upgrade water quality in the Huai River (Class III target) and its tributaries (Class IV target) within the two provinces. ES-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 2. Establish performing and efficient wastewater agencies. 3. Consolidate water quality monitoring system and procedures. To accomplish this goal and objectives, the outputs for each project component are: 1. Increase in municipal wastewater collection. 2. Increase in quantity of wastewater treatment. 3. Implementation of cost-recovery for wastewater operations. Regional Water Resources The Huai River mainstream originates from Mt.Tongbo in Tongbo County, Henan Province. It flows through Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu from west to east and the mainstream covers 1000 km. The elevation difference is 13m with a ratio of 0.03%. Shandong Province is located in the middle and downstream of Huai River. Within the boundary, the basin area is 47,100 km2, or 30.06 % of the total area. Shandong Huai River Basin covers the cities of Zaozhuang, Jining, Linyi, Taian, and Zibo and the prefecture of Heze. The surface water is mainly polluted by COD, BOD, organisms and unionised ammonia. After the implementation of the 1996 WPCP, the water quality is improving. However, the planned water ,uality objective of "Huai River Basin Water Pollution Protection and Control Plan" and "Ninth-five years' Plan (1996-2000) has not been attained. No rivers in Shandong Province are tributaries of the Huai River mainstream directly. The Huai River mainstream and the Yi-Shu-Si catchments are hydrologically linked by the Grand Canal, but most of the surface flow from Shandong Province waterways flows directly to the ocean rather than to the Huai River and Yangtze River. Figure 1.3 gives the project areas and major rivers in the Shandong section of the Huai River Basin. Water Resources of Project Cities Feicheng There are seven large rivers crossing the city: Wenhe, Kangwang, Caohe, Zhouhe, Huihe, Xiaohuihe, and Jinxianghe Rivers. The total length is 196.3 km. Heze There are three rivers passing Heze city; Zhaowang, Wangfu, and Zhushui. Wastewater discharges have caused serious pollution to the water bodies, and all lakes and rivers in the city are worse than Class V surface water quality standards at present. The pollutants are discharged into Dongzhaowang and Zhushui Rivers that lead to Nan Si hu Lake before they reach the Huai river catchment. Rizhao/Ju County Rizhao City is located in the east of Shandong Province besides the Yellow Sea. The municipality lies within the Huai River Basin administrative and planning boundary. A large proportion of the municipality, comprising Ju County, drains to the Shu River, a tributary of the Huai River. However, the area around Rizhao drains to a smaller system of rivers that discharge locally to the Yellow Sea. Cheng Wu Paper Mill The paper mill discharges to the Dongyu River, a tributary of Nansi Lake via Dushan Lake. ES-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Current WPCP Compliance Status In 1999, the Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences (CRAES) selected 45 major stations to investigate the current water quality of the Huai River Basin. Data from national environmental water quality reports between 1986 to 1993, 1994 for the Huai mainstream, 1995 to 1996 for trans-boundary assessments and some incomplete data from 1997 and 1998 were used by CRAES to determine the existing water quality of the river basin. CRAES (1999) reported that of the 45 sections, only 4 reached their designated beneficial use classification. It is undoubtedly true that the total COD loading in 1997 in Shandong Province also exceeds the WPCP goals, but data is not readily available. Although the municipal and industrial loading was under the plan goal for 1997, the WPCP did not account for the "other" sources of COD in the basin. In addition, the municipal and industrial progress since 1997 lagged behind plan goals so that the year 2000 goals of 64,700 tons for Shandong province have not been met. SIEP estimates that the current year 2000 COD loading in Shandong Province is approximately 213,000 t/year, including TVEs and nonpoint source pollution. The HRWPCP projects will remove approximately 37,145 t/year of COD, leaving the overall Shandong loading well in excess of the target of 67,400 t/year. Need for the Project According to the draft "3H Basins Action Program Study for Water Resources, Water Pollution Control" prepared in November 1999 for the Ministry of Water Resources and the World Bank (known as the '3H Study since it covers the Hai, Huai, and Huang rivers), the Plan goals have not been met in the Huai River basin. This report indicates that significant additional resources are required to meet the Class IIIIV standards of the Basin Plan, and that rural sources such as uncontrolled township and village enterprises (TVEs) and non-point source pollution (mainly polluted agricultural and urban runoff) will remain a problem even after implementation of industrial controls and domestic wastewater treatment. Implementation of industrial and domestic wastewater treatment lags behind the proposed implementation schedule due to funding problems. The main pollutants are unionised ammonia, BOD, COD and bacteria levels, and the problems are especially acute in the dry seasons when background flows are reduced to at or near zero levels. As such, the water quality problems in the Huai River Basin remain severe, the implementation of municipal WwTW has been slow, and the HRWPCP is targeted to support a major need. It is the national goal to have wastewater collectiDn and secondary treatment facilities constructed in all cities within the Huai River Basin. Many of the cities in the basin have already been building wastewater collection and treatment facilities with international and bilateral assistance. The HRWPCP is designed to complement the overall basin objectives by supplementing these ongoing efforts in the major cities of the Shandong Province that have not been addressed by other projects. EA Preparation Requirements The Environmental Assessment (EA) for this project was based on the following directives and guidance documents: * World Bank Operational Directives: ES-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) Natural habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04) - n/a Forestry (OP 4.36, GP 4.36) - n/a Pest Management (OP 4.09) - n/a Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) - none present in the project areas Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30) Safety of Dams (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) - n/a Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) - n/a Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60)- n/a World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebooks, Volumes 1-3, Technical Papers 139, 140, and 154. World Bank Environmental Assessment Updates 1-21, to December 1997. * World Bank HRWPCP Project Aide Memoirs (dated 23 Nov 98, 06-14 May 99, 26 June 99, 17 Nov 99, 9 May 00 and 8 July 2000) * SEPA Standard HJ/T 2.1-2.3, 1993, Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact A-' Assessment, 1993-09-18 published, 1994-04-01 in effect. * Class B project determination by World Bank The Prioritisation of Schemes Provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities in the cities of the Huai river basin is a priority action item in the WPCP, and a critical component shown in the 3H Rivers Action Plan ('3H' is 3 basins - Hai, Huai and Huang). The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) of Water Pollution Control in the Huai River Basin anticipated that much of the construction of wastewater collection and WwTWs would be completed by the year 2000, but the programme is running well behind schedule. The HRWPCP has been designed to complement the activities already underway to move quickly toward the national Basin goal. As outlined in the 3H Rivers Action Plan, comprehensive municipal and industrial wastewater treatment as well as agricultural and urban non-point source controls are necessary to allow the Basin to meet these goals, and the HRWPCP fosters these efforts. Overview of HRWPCP Phase I Project Components Shandong Province is currently proposing four municipal wastewater schemes and one industrial pollution control sub-component for inclusion in the HRWPCP. All the municipal wastewater schemes involve improvement and extension of existing sewerage networks and three include new WwTWs. Most of the sub-components also include operation and maintenance equipment including laboratory equipment and vehicles. The Rizhao City component also includes construction of sea outfalls. One of the cities, Ju County, has a WwTW under construction using only local funding. Hence, this WwTW is outside of this project. ES-S August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province All the sewerage schemes will involve both the interception of existing combined sewage or industrial wastewater outfalls and provision of first wastewater collection in more recently developed areas of the cities. Wastewater will be conveyed to WwTWs and will make a major contribution to control of water pollution in the Huai River Basin, and in the case of Rizhao, control pollution in off-shore waters and on bathing beaches. Table ES-1 and ES-2 shows the project details that are proposed for the HRWPCP in Shandong Province: Table ES-1: Proposed Sewerage in Shandong Province Length of Sewer Pipelines to be Constructed by Size and Length by Pipe Pumping Function (km) Material (km) Stations City Pumping Secondary DN300- >DN800 Total PVC Concrete Mains < DN300 DN800 other Feicheng 12.8 6.7 19.5 19.5 Heze 28.4 18.3 7.9 54.6 52.7 1.9 4 Rizhao 8.5 4.1 27.0 39.6 39.6 3 Ju County 8.7 6.3 15.0 15.0 .Chengwu Paper Mill Total 8.5 28.4 43.9 47.9 128.7 52.7 76 7 Notes: Feicheng also includes 7 km of DN3 15 PVC recycled effluent pressure main. Rizhao also includes 2.8km DN 1600 pressure pipe to header chamber, 2.5km twin DN1200 outfall and 0.5km DN1200 emergency outfall. Table ES-2: Summary Details of WwTWs Chengwu Details/Process Feicheng Heze Rizhao Paper Mill Capacity m3!d 40,000 Average 80,000 Average 100,000 Average 20,000 Average DWF DWF DWF DWF Raw Pumps, duty 3 x 760 m3/h 3 x 1444 m3/h 2 x 3600 m3/h 4 x 200 m3/h Preliminary Coarse screens, grit Coarse screens, grit Coarse screens, grit Fine screens and Treatment removal and fine removal and fine removal and fine Fme removal Treatment sressrescensfibre removal screens screens screens Yes Yes Primary Settlement No No 2 x 42 m dia 2 x 22 m dia Aeration Type Oxidation Ditch Oxidation. Ditch Primary Treatment wcith nutrient Tank Retention 16 hours 17 hours only addition Final Sedimentation. 2 x 40 m dia. 4 x 40m dia. N/a 2 x 36 m dia. Tanks Gravity Thickeners 2 x 12 m dia. 2 x 14m dia. 2 x 14 m dia. 2 x 16 m dia. Dewatering: Belt Presses 2 x 1.5 m 2 x 3 m 2 x 2 Centrifuges -- -- -- Landfill and Lime dosing then Sludge Disposal Niushan Forest Landfill use as fertiliser on Landfill Farm forest farm ES-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Technical Assistance The WB considers it critical that institutions responsible for implementing and managing HRWPCP sub-projects are equipped with the management and technical knowledge, skills and equipment necessary to carry out their mandates. A technical assistance (TA) needs assessment is scheduled and this will form the basis for an institutional programme which will provide training and equipment to the provincial and city PIUs, Provincial and City EPBs, and the wastewater operating companies or departments. Of particular relevance to the EA, the project includes an overall environmental strengthening component in the area of environmental monitoring. This strengthening is aimed at improving the city and provincial ability to monitor and report on environmental conditions under stress, as well as providing the means to better assess the environmental performance of the project investment package. Water and Environmental Objectives The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982) provides the framework for environmental protection law in China. Article 26 of the Constitution stipulates that the "the-State protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, prevents and remedies pollution and ,other public hazards." National legislation is comprehensive and appears to cover most areas of environmental concern. However, the level of enforcement in Shandong (as in the rest of China) is clearly often less than satisfactory. The Chinese economy continues to grow rapidly and there is often a trade-off between the strict enforcement of environmental legislation and promoting economic growth and employment. All surface waters in China have been classified according to these ambient stream standards. The following is a general translation of the surface water classes: Class Description I used for water sources and state nature reserves II used for class I protection areas for drinking water sources, protection zones for valuable fish, spawning grounds of fish and shrimps III used for class II protection areas for drinking water sources, general protection zones for fish and bathing areas IV used for general industrial water areas and water recreation areas where no direct contact with humans occurs V used for agricultural water areas and scenic water areas. Project Benefits Public health projects like the HRWPCP carry many general benefits to the citizens of the project cities. The project reports outline specific and quantified benefits in the areas of: * Raising the Output of Agricultural, Fish and Livestock Production * increased Domestic Output Due to Improved Water Resources * Public Health Improvements ES-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Increased Revenue from Tourism * Increased Real Estate Values * Improved Surface Water Quality Other additional potential benefits might include: Reduced risk of groundwater contamination in the service areas. The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services, should help to encourage waste minimisation at source, and internalise the costs of pollution control. * Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of the adjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes and the development of riverside walks and parks for public use. Social Impacts Resettlement and compensation plans have been prepared and are covered in a separate "Resettlement Action Plan" (RAP). The final RAP has been prepared for the World Bank at the same time as this EA and the summary is shown in Table ES-3. Table ES-3: Project Affected Land Statistics Permanent Land Acquisition (Mu) Temporar Land (Mu) Tilled Veget Wood[ Others Sub- State- Affected Tilled Veget Others Sub- State- Affected and total owned people . total owned peopie _ Land | lland Land Iland Rizhao 107.3 54.9 52.4 214.6 214.6 435 68.1 6 125.5 199.6 199.6 255 Ju County - - - - - - 21 5 - 26 26 78 Feicheng 70.95 0.75 1.80 73.5 - 94 19.2 - 1.5 20.7 1.5 52 Heze 91.75 - 28.22 119.97 9.62 129 4.95 0.72 230.44 236.11 227.74 12 Total 270.00 54.90 0.75 82.42 408.07 224.22 658 113.25 11.72 3S7.44 482.41 454.84 397 Environmental Impacts Potential construction phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. These construction impacts have been sorted according to their geographic location within the overall project scheme. Details of mitigation measures, the monitoring required to ensure that mitigation measures are effectively implemented, and responsibilities are provided in detailed charts. HRWPCP PMOs will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring work of all the identified agencies, in addition to their own direct monitoring activities. The potential operational phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Many of the concerns have been addressed in the course of the design of the wastewater collection and wastewater treatment facilities. Details of mitigation measures, a programme for monitoring mitigation measures and responsibilities are provided in detailed charts. The economic analysis for HRWPCP component projects indicates that they are needed and affordable for the population of the cities. This project is meeting a "backlog" need for environmental infrastructure and should not induce adverse extensive growth or secondary impacts. The present environmental problems arc serious and the provision of this environmental infrastructure is necessary ES-S August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province for current needs and to mitigate current problems. Future problems without the project would become even more critical. Mitigation and Monitoring Budget The capital budgets prepared for all HRWPCP component projects include allowances for necessary laboratory construction and equipment. Using this equipment to perform the necessary and required testing by the utility is also included in the operations budget for the project. Environmental strengthening is considered a critical component of the HRWPCP project and a detailed Technical Assistance (TA) programme is being developed to address the needs. This includes training in management and operations for the PMOs and the utility companies, in a wide variety of disciplines. There is a component for an Environmental Monitoring Centre in the project to provide both equipment and training for city EPBs and the provincial EPBs. These facilities and the training planned will greatly facilitate the monitoring of the environmental impact mitigation measures proposed. Furthermore, accomplishing the specified monitoring and reporting outlined in this mitigation plan will be greatly enhanced by the TA program. This TA program will also allow for improved overall performance assessment of the HRWPCP programme 4elative to meeting the project objectives. Future Phases of the HRWPCP will benefit from such assessments. Despite the above facilities and training the conduct of the mitigation monitoring programme will require additional funding. Cost estimates to cover long-term environmental monitoring have been estimated. "Long-term" is defined as annual monitoring required to verify the environmental performance and other operational mitigation measures previously outlined. These mitigation monitoring costs are being added into the utility operational cost estimates. Costs for mitigation measures that relate to the management of construction will be included in the tender documents and responsibility passed on to the construction contractors. Table ES-4 summarises the monitoring cost estimates. Table ES-4: SPMO Environmental Monitoring Costs Investment for Monitoring No. Sub-project environmental Concrete content management fee No. Sub-project ~~~~~protection per year (1OOOOyuan) (1OOOOyuan) Environmental monitoring 1 Rizhao wastewater treatment plant pip instrument, virescence, vehicle for 30 Rizh and pwpe network e ncarrying mud, decreasing the pump _ station's noise, etc. 2 Ju County wastewater pipe network 99 Environmental monitoring (includc wastewater plant) instrument, virescence, etc. t0 Environmental monitoring 3 Heze wastewater treatment plant 176 instrument, virescence, vehicle for 15 and pipe network carrying mud, decreasing the pump station's noise, etc. Environmental monitoring 4 Chengwu paper mill 352 instrument, virescence, noise 20 treatment, landfill construction, vehicle for carrying mud, etc. 5 Feicheng wastewater treatment plant 77 Environmental monitoring 12 and pipe network instrument, virescence, etc. 6 Total investment for environmental 891 87 protection I Note: The investment of landfill for filling white mud, sludge in Chengwu sub-project is greater, approximate 2,000,000yuan. This investment will invest by stages and in groups in 20 years. ES-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Options Reviewed in Project Development The evaluation of options for individual project components covered issues such as: * Sewerage System Interception Ratio Pipe Materials Pipeline Construction * Number of Pump Stations and Force Mains Number of WwTWs WwTW Site Selection * Wastewater Flows and Capacity of the WwTWs * The Quality of Wastewater to be Treated The Use of Septic Tanks Treated Effluent Standards The Degree of Treatment * Wastewater Treatment Options * Variants of the Oxidation Ditch * Sludge Disposal *- . Chengwu Paper Mill Treatment * "Without Project" Alternatives In addition, detailed technical evaluations were conducted on the Chengwu Paper Mill relative to technical suitability and cost effectiveness of proposed industrial wastewater controls. Public Participation in the EA During the 12-month project development time leading up to pre-appraisal and this EA, there have been many meetings with the city PMOs, utility companies, city EPBs and other affected city organisations to discuss the proposed projects and environmental assessments. These meetings have occurred monthly at a minimum and have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and full support of the project and the EA process. It is estimated that in total 30-40 meetings have been held with the public and over 50 meetings have been held with local government officials during the development of the projects. SIEP public participation activity developed by the assessment unit and construction unit adopted random sampling questionnaire investment and holding colloquia, using these two kinds of methods. This public participation investigates public's advice and suggestion by using research papers. Public scope includes villages near the plant, factories and enterprises. The public includes workers, peasants and students etc. of different ages, professions, cultural levels. In addition, according to the arrangement of the World Bank's experts, each project construction unit will release project information by the media of newspaper, TV, etc. The public can consult relative files of environmental assessment in appointed place arranged by sub-project construction unlit, and ES-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province the public can express standpoint and view adequately. The media information release was held from July 15, 2000 to July 31, 2000. The many meetings with public officials in the province coupled with the HDI surveys of public support show that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public. No objections have been received by the city PMO's and there is no indication that there is anyone that is not is support of these projects or would try to stop their completion. Overall HRWPCP Project Assessment The HRWPCP projects have been properly formulated and they will form an important contribution to the achievement of the goals of the WPCP. The construction of WwTWs in the Huai River Basin has lagged behind the planned schedule of the WPCP, making it more important than ever to accelerate WwTW construction. Significant progress has been made in regard to the control of industrial pollution since the WPCP was formulated. However, domestic wastewater collection and treatment remains well behind the WPCP schedule. With respect to the environmental protection, the general urban plan and the drainage project plan, the design of collecting wastewater of proposed HRWPCP projects in the Shandong project cities has proved to be reasonable, as well as and the location selection of wastewater pump stations and WwTWs. The locations of the WwTWs meet the requirements of the local urban plans and the environmental protection. For the Chengwu Paper Mill, project alternatives have been comprehensively assessed, and the proposed project is technically superior and cost-effective. The project will greatly reduce water pollution loading downstream of Chengwu. Total Water Pollutants Removed The HRWPCP project cities will all benefit from improved surface water quality after implementation of the HRWPCP and construction of sewerage, WwTWs and industrial wastewater facilities. For the HRWPCP, the cities of Feicheng and Heze will benefit directly from the WwTW construction funded by the HRWPCP, and the surface waters adjacent to Rizhao upstream of the ocean will also be improved. The improved water quality treatment system at the Chengwu Paper Mill will have positive impacts. After the HRWPCP is implemented, situation of discharged and reduced volume of COD,r is shown in Table ES-5. Table ES-5: Total Discharged Volume of CODcr in HRWPCP Sewage Discharged Decreased Total control treatment volume after Title of project volume treaten volume standard volume treatment (*104 mJ/d) (t/a) (t/a) (t/a) Rizhao WwTW 10.0 10220 5110 10220 Ju county WwTW associated to 4.0 1752 5548 1752 sewage pipe network Heze WwTW 8.0 3504 11096 1000 Feicheng WwTW 4.0 1168 5402 1700 0.1296 (black Chengwu paper mill liquid) 2380 9989.2 3375 1.6378 (middle course water) ES- I August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province According to the maximum permitted discharged volume of each total volume control section in Table ES-5, discharged volume of COD before the HRWPCP is implemented and the distance between sewage discharged site and the section, without the HRWPCP, discharged volume of total volume control section in the related rivers will all exceed the standard. And, COD volume that enters into the river in 2000 will not satisfy the permitted volume either. After the HRWPCP is implemented, volume of COD that enters to related river will satisfy the requirement of WPCP goals in year 2000. After the project is implemented, decreased COD volume when operating in full load condition accounts for 46.9% of all reduced COD volume needed to satisfy total volume control target in year 2000 in Huaihe valley (not including Rizhao and Feicheng project). The construction of the project will have great effect on the realising of total volume control target in Huaihe valley administrated by Shandong. Table ES-6 provides the SIEP estimates of COD reductions associated with HRWPCP projects. Table ES-6: COD forecast results of Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu River COD COD C bfnit density atr CODig Cutn River Section Water period beore finisi afer Ctting Cti _______.__fn project proj ect density Down stream 2000m Zhushui to the taim water Low water 94.0 36.0 58.0 61.7 drainin outlet period Low water 137.2 63.7 73.5 53.6 Kangwang Upstream 100m to Flood period 63.6 26.0 37.6 59.1 junction with Hui river Nom- ae _ period 117.4 51.9 65.5 55.8 Low water 660.9 130.6 530.3 80.2 period Dongyu Zhangzhuang Flood period 85.8 46.3 39.5 46.0 Normal water 103.4 44.3 59.1 57.1 _______ _____ _ ______ _______ ______ p erio d I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __I_ _ _ _ _ _ _ From Table ES-7, it can be seen that the COD quantity to the river for near the proposed WwTWs can be greatly reduced by the HRWPCP projects. The low water period of Zhushui River can reach standard of class V and the flood period of Kangwang River can reach class IV. But each water period of the other rivers can't reach the requirement of class V, although it can satisfy the water quality requirement of farmland irrigation. (water farming: COD<200 gil, dry farming: COD<300 g/l, vegetable COD IV) % 45.0 72.6 88.1 Total Wastewater Volume Mm3/a 2550 3740 3600 Industrial Wastewater Mm3/a 2116 2955 2592 Domestic Wastewater Mm3/a 434 785 1008 Source: IWHR (1999). Mm3/a= million cubic metres per annum Some recent data was provided by Pacific Consultants with Danish Hydraulic Institute (PC/DHI) (1999) for the provinces of Henan and Anhui for the years 1996 and 1997. The industrial componelnt of this information was provided by the provincial Environmental Protection Bureaus (EPBs) and the municipal component was calculated by PC/DHI from water consumption and per capita COD 1-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province figures. (Note that information was not provided for Shandong Province, but the conclusions are believed valid in Shandong.) The municipal waste load shows an annual increase as may be expected however the industrial COD loads show dramatic decreases in both provinces, a result claimed as the effect of industrial discharge enforcement. The data is shown in Table 1.3. The "other" categories contributing pollution loads are agriculture and livestock of which the livestock is the larger by a factor of about 10 times. Table 1.3: Changes in Pollution Loads in Henan and Anhui Henan Anhui Categories COD (t/a) % Total COD (tla) % Total 1996 - Municipal 147094 11.3 62927 11.3 Industrial 709058 54.7 258760 46.5 Other 441289 34.0 234376 42.2 Total 1297441 100.0 556063 100.0 1997 Municipal 156110 20.9 63739 17.0 Industrial 170457 22.8 73840 19.8 Other 421292 56.3 236371 63.2 Total 747860 100.0 373949 - 100.0 Source: Pacific Consultants and Danish Hydraulic Institute (1999). It is undoubtedly true that the total COD loading in 1997 in Shandong Province also exceeds the WPCP goals, but data is not readily available. Although the municipal and industrial loading was under the plan goal for 1997, the WPCP did not account for the "other" sources of COD in the basin. In addition, the municipal and industrial progress since 1997 lagged behind plan goals so that the year 2000 goals of 64,700 tons for Shandong province have not been met. As part of these efforts of the State Council and the four Huai Basin provinces (i.e. Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong Provinces) to meet water pollution control targets, the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) is currently being prepared for Anhui and Shandong Provinces. At the request of PRC, the World Bank has listed the proposed project in the lending programme for WB fiscal year 2000/2001. Water pollution control in Henan and Jiangsu is being dealt with under a separate programme. 1.1.2 Shandong Province Overview Shandong Province covers most of the Yi-Shu-Si System area of the Huai River Basin. The mainstream of the Huai River does not flow through the Province. Pollution is mainly organic, with sections in urban reaches being more polluted than rural reaches. By December 1996, to control pollution in the Basin and in accordance with stipulation of the "Ninth Five-Year Plan," the province had closed approximately 460 small enterprises causing serious pollution. Other small and medium polluting enterprises have continued to be closed in the Basin, and other polluting enterprises have had their production curtailed in the dry season to reduce wastewater discharges. 1-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province The general location of Shandong Province is shown in Figure 1.1. (Note that all figures in this report are located at the end of the respective chapters.) 1.1.3 Provincial Government Shandong Province and its municipalities address environmental problems within the same institutional and regulatory framework found elsewhere in China. The provincial and municipal Environmental Protection Bureaux (EPBs) and the Urban Construction Commissions (UCCs) and their agencies share regulatory powers. The central government's general strategy for urban development has been to develop mechanisms for planning and management at the local level that will reduce waste and enable cities to function effectively using local resources. To arrive at the "best practices," local governments are encouraged to try new approaches. The results are then readily disseminated through the press, professional associations, technical intermediaries, and national ministries. Cities of moderate population size are often good testing grounds for bold experimentation and the largest cities serve best as national demonstration models. The HRWPCP has been formulated by the national government, local officials and the World Bank in a manner consistent with this approach by targeting a combination of large and moderate population sized cities for selected interventions. 1.1.4 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) and the World Bank The background and overall World Bank policies related to the urban environment in China are reported in the China Urban Environment Service report of December 1994. Table 1.4 gives a brief summary of the key issues and challenges, as presented in this report: 1-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 1.4: Environmental Background Problems, China (1994) Key Issue Items of Concern Water Demand High per capita water demand and new strategies must accord with reformed market organisation of the economy and rely more on price to guide enterprise and consumer choices. Current demand policy sets quotas for industrial water use and recycling but Chinese industries are consuming far above international best practice levels. There is a reported very low unaccounted-for-water (Ufw) of 8.4%, which is questionable compared to reported pipe breakage rates and pipe joint quality. Current water prices are far below the level required to encourage water conservation. Wastewater Present low treatment coverage and design and management problerns. All treatment cities should expand the sewerage coverage for a minimum 90% of the built- up areas within five years. Medium and large cities should provide a minimum of primary WwTW in a phased 1 0-year programme. Industrial Only 4.5% of industrial wastewater is treated but EPBs report that 50% of the Wastewater industrial wastewater meets effluent standards, which is seemingly inconsistent or indicative of inadequate discharge standards and enforcement. Solid Waste Landfills are poorly controlled and the provision of adequately engineered and managed landfills would provide the largest single improvement in solid waste handling in China. Environmental The chief management obstacle is the significant gaps in regulatory control Management and problems in implementation of existing regulations. A combination of infrequent monitoring and low fines for violations encourages non- compliance. Incentives for cost savings are much stronger than incentives for strong environmental performance. Tariffs Tariffs should be designed to allow full cost recovery. China has adopted the "polluter pays" principle but price setting is still politicised. Financial arrangements to cover operations cost shall be established. Affordability There does not appear to be a general affordability issue but the urban poor (probably 0.5% of the population) need to be protected from cost of living increases. In response to deteriorating water pollution conditions in the Huai River Basin, the national government in April 1996 produced the "Water Pollution Control Program and Nilth Five-Year Plan for the Huai River Basin", Working Group for Water Pollution Control Plan (WPCP). The Program contained definitive water pollutioni reduction targets for municipal and industrial waste discharges in the basin. However, the Program does not include consideration of rural sources such as TVEs and non-point pollutant loading to the rivers, which appears to be over 50% of the overall 1997 COD loading in the 1-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province basin (3H Action Plan, 1999). Implementation of the plan, nevertheless, is considered a big step forward toward acceptable levels of river water quality in the basin. The Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) is also a key element of China's Agenda 21 programme. The sector-related goal for the project is: Improve quality of water for the entire basin by providing environmental infrastructure operated in a sustainable manner The HRWPCP objectives are to: 1. Upgrade water quality in the Huai River (Class III target) and its tributaries (Class IV target) within the two provinces. 2. Establish performing and efficient wastewater agencies. 3. Consolidate water quality monitoring system and procedures. To accomplish this goal and objectives, the outputs for each project component are: 1. Increase in municipal wastewater collection. _ -; 2. Increase in quantity of wastewater treatment. 3. Implementation of cost-recovery for wastewater operations. 1.1.5 EA Production The Provincial EA for Shandong Province was conducted by the Shandong Scientific Research and Design Institute of Environmental Protection (SIEP), under the Shandong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) in Jinan. The Chinese final version was submitted to SEPA for approval in July 2000 and it is hoped that SEPA approval will be received by the end of August 2000. This English version is based on a SIEP translation of their Chinese version. 1.2 Description of the Study Area 1.2.1 Project Area and Population Within the overall Basin pollution control area, the Anhui-Shandong "project area", considered for the HRWPCP projects and EA, is shown in Figure 1.2. It comprises an area of about 187 thousand km2 and is heavily populated with almost 110 million people and contains many medium-size urban areas. The main agricultural activities of the area are growing cotton and grains. The area also contains some 150 major industrial plants manufacturing pulp and paper, beverages, food processing, tanneries, chemicals, fertilizer, etc, and about 3,000 small paper mills, tanneries and breweries. Within this area, Shandong Province is approximately 156,700 km2, of which 47,100 km2 is located within the Huai River Basin. The 1998 population of the Shandong Province was 86. 1 0 millioll, with some 23 million in urban areas. The portion of Shandong Province within the Huai River Basin was about 30 million total, with 1.2 million in urban areas. This EA covers all HRWPCP component projects contained in Shandong province and a separate provincial level EA covers HRWPCP component projects located in Anhui province. 1-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 1.2.2 Economy of Shandong Province Shandong is one of the larger agricultural provinces in China. The rural population constitutes 75 percent of the province's total population with 6.87 million hectares of cultivated land. In 1996, the outputs of grain, cotton, oil crops, vegetables, fruits, and aquatic products were 43.33 million tons, 372,000 tons, 3.09 million tons, 55.2 million tons, 8.44 million tons, and 5.87 tons respectively. Such agriculture outputs were ranked at a leading position in whole of China. At present, Shandong has basically formed a complete industrial framework including energy, chemical, metallurgical, building materials, machinery-building, electronics, textile and food processing industries. The average income of urban and rural population were 4,494 and 2,086 Yuan respectively in 1996. The transportation networks in Shandong include roadways such as State Highways, Provincial Highways and secondary roads, railways to Beijing and Shanghai as well the railway networks within the Province, and the waterways including rivers and lakes in the Huai River Basin. About 45 to 55% of land in the project area is used for residential and industrial purposes. Other land uses include warehouses, education, public facilities, transportation, and cultivated land. Land use throughout the Province depends on the degree of urbanisation in each city. Based on site visits and discussions it can be inferred that the Shandong project cities are similar to .miany of the other Provincial cities in China. Although the area is still very rural, many of the people are involved in agricultural activities but supplement their incomes through being involved in either small businesses (private such as restaurants, bike shops, etc.) or transportation of goods or involvement in industries. In 1997 the PRC Government developed an urban poverty standard and the threshold was set at RMB 1700/year for the whole country, which correlates to 33% of the per capita average urban yearly income of RMB5 160.3. Comparison between the urban and rural poverty standards shows that the urban poverty standard is three times as high as the rural standard for China as a whole (Year 2000 Chinese poverty standard is 640 RMB/year, the Shandong Rural Poverty Standard is 1000 RMB/year for year 2000). The project cities covered in the HRWPCP within Shandong Province are shown in Figure 1.3. The following sections provide brief backgrounds into these project cities. Feicheng Feicheng County is under the administration of Tai'an with the total area of 1,263 km2 and with the total population inn the county of 990,000. The urban area of Feicheng is comprised of three parts. ie. Xincheng, Laocheng and Wangguadian with the population of 146,000 in 1999. The Project Area comprises Xincheng, which contained about 100,000 people in 1999. Feicheng has a long history and good agriculture outputs such as peach. It was also named as "Home of Peach". In addition, Feicheng is one of the power supply bases in Shandong province. The government finance revenue was 193 million yuan in 1997. The average annual income is 2,282 yuan per capita for rural population in 1997. 1-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Heze Heze was known as "Chaozhou" in ancient period with a long history of human activities. The natural conditions are favourable to agriculture and tourism. It is also famous as "Home of Peony", "Home of Calligraphy and Arts", " Home of Opera", "Home of Martial Arts". Heze prefecture is situated in the south-western plain of Shandong province and neighbours with Jiangsu, Henan and Anhui provinces. The south, north and west parts of the city are adjacent to Henan province and the southeast part of the city is adjacent to Anhui and Jiangsu province. The eastern part of the city is adjacent to Jining city in Shandong province. The Heze prefecture has jurisdiction over 8 counties and 1 city. Heze City is the only city in Heze prefecture. The Project Area comprises of Heze City. The total area of the city is 1,485km2 including an urban area of 17 km2 with an urban population of 288,000 in 1999. There exists over 80 industry categories, among which local main industry sectors include chemical, mechanical, electronics, food processing, power generation etc. The rural economy is gradually developed and also one part of grain and cotton production bases of China and Shandong province. Heze City will become a regional centre in south-western Shandong in future in accordance with the city development master plan. It will play a significant part in regional transportation, energy ,eneration and transmission. The city will be decorated with the features of flowers and lakes. Rizhao The Rizhao Municipality was set up in 1985 and was promoted to prefecture level. The municipality is divided into Donggang District, Ju County and Wulian County. The total area of the municipality is 5368 km2 and amounting to 3.38% of the area of whole Shandong province. The Project Area comprises of Rizhao City, which lies within Donggang District (see Figure 1.4). The population of Rizhao City was 272,000 in 1999. The GDP reached to 17.5 billion yuan in 1998 and was increased by 13.0% in comparison with GDP in 1997 based on the comparable prices, in which, the GDP of the primary industry is 4.95 billion yuan with the annual growth rate of 6.9%; the secondary industry is 6.4 billion with the annual growth rate of 17.0%; and the tertiary industry is 6.15 billion with the annual growth rate of 13.5%. The suitable natural conditions help Rizhao to promote the development of the farming, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery. All the yields of grain, groundnuts, fruits, tobacco plant, silkworm, tea as well as aquatic products, poke, steak, mutton are in an important position of whole province, further, Rizhao is an important part of production base of grain, oil, pig and apple in Shandong Province. At present, the main industries of Rizhao City include brewing, paper-making, machining, building materials, food processing, textile, chemical, electronics, etc. The convenient and inexpensive transportation systems with deep-water port are advantages for development of seaboard industries. The abundant farm and sideline products provide a possibility to develop local light industry. 1-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Ju County Ju County is one part of Rizhao Municipality and is located adjacent to the Shu River within the Huai River Basin. The current population of the county is 950,000 with 5.5 billion yuan of GDP. The population planned in the urban area, also know as Chengyang (see Figure 1.4), is 100,000 in year 2000 and 200,000 in year 2020 respectively according to the Ju County's development master plan. The textile and other light industries, food processing industry have great potential and would play an important role in the Ju county industry development in the future in accordance with the existing industry structure. Further, the chemical, mechanical processing, building materials would be gradually developed and a reasonable structure of industry production system on the basis of agricultural products would be formed. There are three main land transportation paths in the town of Ju county i.e. Yan-Shan line, Shi-Cong line, and Ju-Ar line. It is very convenient to go to other cities through these three land roads. Chengwu Chengwu is a counity under the administration of Heze prefecture government and also has a long history of culture and agriculture productive activities. Chengwu Paper Mill is a State Owned Enterprise (SOE) located in Chengwu near the urban area of thengwu town. The financial revenue of Chengwu County is 337 million yuan in 1996. The average annual income is 1,772yuan per capita for rural population. The Mill uses straw as the raw material to produce some 32,000 tons of pulp per year and 50,000 tons paper per year (additional pulp is obtained from other pulp mills in the area). The paper product is reported to be of high quality and is used for writing and toilet paper. The Mill employs some 1500 people. The Mill currently uses up to 20,000 m3/d of water from private groundwater sources for pulp and paper production. Black liquor created through the pulping process, together with recycled water from the pulp bleaching and paper manufacturing process is currently treated using chemically assisted flocculation and pH correction before being discharged to Dong Yu river. 1.2.3 Regional Water Resources An understanding of the regional water resource management in the Shandong Province is necessary in order to better appreciate the water quality issues of the study area. The significant urbanisation and industrialisation in the HRWPCP cities is putting extreme pressure on surface waters. The following section introduces the local water resource issues of these cities. It is important to realise that, in addition to the main rivers flowing through the cities, there are many small drainage channels and tributaries in these urban areas that receive much of the domestic and industrial wastewater discharges, so the environmental needs extend well beyond the larger, classified surface waters. The Huai River lies in 31°-36°north latitude, 112°-121° east longitude. The basin has Mt. Tongbo and Mt. Funiu in the west, Huang (Yellow) Sea in the east, Mt. Dabi and Mt. Wan and the Changjiang River in the south, and the south bank of Huang (Yellow) River in the north. The area is 270,000 km2 (excluding Yi and Shu River). 1-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Shandong Province is located in the middle and downstream of Huai River. Within the boundary, the basin area is 47,100 kM2, or 30.06 % of the total area. Shandong Huai River Basin covers the cities of Zaozhuang, Jining, Linyi, Taian, and Zibo and the prefecture of Heze. The total number of counties (districts) in the Shandong part of the Basin is 42. The river systems of the Huai River Basin in Shandong are shiown in Figure 1.3. The EPB water quality control sections are shown on this figure, with Class III being the water quality goal for the Huai River mainstream (not in Shandong), and Class IV for smaller rivers. The current dry-season water quality of these segments fails to reach this the classification goal the majority of the season, and many times during the average seasonal flow. As described earlier, the closing of the many river gates during the dry season can have serious pollution concentrating effects, causing potentially serious downstream consequences when the wet season arrives (May-August). Table 1.5 shows the immediate receiving watercourses for each project location and the flow route of wastewater to its final destination. Table 1.5: Shandong Project Cities, Receiving Waters of Wastewater Effluent Nr Location Name of Receiving Flow route and Final Remarks of Project watercourse for effluent Destination I Rizhao Huang (Yellow) Sea Huang (Yellow) Sea . 2 Ju county Yuni River Yuni River -*Liuqing Pollution control in Shu River-*Shu River -+Xinyi River, including tributaries, is River (Jiangsu Province) required by the State - it is a -*Yellow Sea designated monitoring river in Huai Basin 3 Heze Zhushui River Zhushui River-*Zhuzhaoxin Pollution control in Zhu Zhao River-+Nansi Lake (Nanyang Xin River, including Lake) ->Zhong Canal e- tributaries, is required by the Luoma Lake -*Xinyi River State - it is a designated (Jiangsu Province) -+Yellow monitoring river in Huai Sea Basin 4 Feicheng Kangwang River Kangwang River--Hui River--Daqing River-*Dongping Lake -*Nansi Lake-* (as above - to Yellow Sea) 5 Chengwu Dongyu River Dongyu River-*Nansi Lake Pollution control in Dong Yu County (Dushan Lake) -* (as above - River is required by the State to Yellow Sea) - it is a designated monitoring river in Huai Basin Table 1.6 provides the connections from the Shandong province HRWPCP project cities to the Huai River Basin control sections. 1-11 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 1.6: Discharge Direction of Each Subproject and Monitoring Situation of Corresponding Section No Project Discharge river Discharge Routine Section in Total direction monitoring Quantity Control section in provincial control I Waste water pipe Yuni river Yuni river - Dingjiacun (Shu Xiazhuang network in Ju Liuqing river - river)* (Shu river) County Shu river 2 Waste water Zhushui river Zhushui river - Xincheng (Zhu- Yulou treatment plant in Zhuzhaoxin river zhaoxin river) (Zhuzhaoxin Heze city - Nansi lake river) (Nanyang lake) 3 Waste water Kangwang river Kangwang river - Wantaidaqiao treatment plant in Hui river - Daqing (Daqing river) Feicheng city river - Dongping lake 4 Subproject in Dongyu river Dongyu river - Zhangzhuang Xuzhaizha Chengwu county Nansi lake (Dongyu river) (Dongyu river) - ____ (Dushan lake) Designates routine monitoring section in county level. t.2.4 Water Resources of Project Cities Feicheng There are seven large rivers crossing Feicheng County: Wenhe, Kangwang, Caohe, Zhouhe, Huihe, Xiaohuihe, and Jinxianghe Rivers. The total length is 196.3 km. Wenhe River originates in Laiwu, at the foot of the Xintai Mountains. It flows from west to east through Wenyang, An-zhuang, and Sunxiang villages, with a total length of 36.33 km, and connecting with Dongping County. The Kangwang River is formed from confluence of Feihe and Kanghe rivers, originating in Wudaoling Mountains at the north of the city. It flows northerly around east part of the city, flowing through Yiyang, Xincheng, Wangguadian, Hutuan, Taoyuan and Shiheng towns. Heze There are three rivers passing Heze City; Zhaowang, Wangfu, and Zhushui. Wastewater discharges have caused serious pollution to the water bodies, and all lakes and rivers in the city are worse than Class V surface water quality standards at present. The pollutants are discharged into Dongzhaowang and Zhushui Rivers that lead to Nansi Hu Lake. Heze City is located in south-wester-n Shandong Province, southeast of the North China Plain and below the south bank of the Yellow River. The Longitude is 1140 48' - I 16° 24' east and latitude 340 48' - 350 52' north. The Heze City is a plain that has historically been impacted by Yellow River flood flows and dike burst. 1-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Rizhao Rizhao City is located in the east of Shandong Province besides the Yellow Sea. The municipality lies within the Huai River Basin administrative and planning boundary. A large proportion of the municipality, comprising Ju County, drains to the Shu River in the Huai River Basin. However, the area around Rizhao City drains to a smaller system of rivers that discharge locally to the Yellow Sea. Whilst this project will not make a direct impact on the water quality in the Huai Basin the city argues that it will have an indirect effect by releasing limited municipal finances for other, smaller WwTW that serve towns which do drain directly to the Huai Basin. Ju County The project area comprises the urban city area, which is bounded to the east by the Shu River and to the west by the Liuqing River. The Yuni stream and Shu river receive most of the city's foul and surface drainage. The Yuni river flows into the Liuqing River immediately downstream of the urban area of Ju County. The Liuqing river in tum flows into the Shu River, which is a tributary of the Huai River Basin. Cheng Wu Paper Mill the Chengwu Paper Mill lies on the Dong Yu River - an artificial channel used for drainage and conveying irrigation water from the Yellow River and discharging to the Nansi Hu Lake. The Dong Yu River is 178 km long. Average flows for the past few years are reported to be 8.4 m3/s with an annual average flow of around 60 to 100 million m3/year. However, in the dry season there is almost no flow in the river. The river is reported to relatively free of pollution upstream of the Chengwu paper mill but has a naturally high silt content. The paper mill uses groundwater from self-supply boreholes during the paper manufacturing process and discharges partially treated effluent to the Dong Yu River. 1.2.5 Domestic Water Supplies and Utilisation Feicheng The main source of water supply for the urban area comes from groundwater, but some surface water is used. The city has one existing WTW and one planned WTW with current capacity of 60,000 t/d, and estimated capacity by 2010 of 120,000 t/d. Small surface water reservoirs are planned in Feicheng basin at Shiwu and Qun Jianghu, to supplement groundwater supplies. Heze Groundwater is the primary source of water supply, and the WSC operates three works with capacity totalling 50,000 m3/day. Self-supply from groundwater sources is reported to be 80,000 m3/day. It is proposed to construct a new 100,000 to 150,000 m3/d WTW, using surface water resources from the yellow River, in the near future. 1-13 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Rizhao The WSC obtains water from the upper reach of the Futuanhe River and Rizhao reservoir. With completion of the Kuishan WTW in October 1999 the total WSC capacity is now 210,000 m3/day. Self-supply accounts for only a small proportion of water use in Rizhao. Ju County The first existing WTW has a capacity of only 500 m3/d and is not used because the wells have become polluted. The second existing WTW has a capacity of 20000 m3/d, but only delivers 13,000 m 3/d, using raw water supply from the Shu he river. The third WTW was built in 1998 with a capacity of 40,000 m3/d. Cheng Wu Paper Mill Chengwu Paper Mill currently uses its own 14 deep borehole wells with total capacity of up to 40,000 m3/d to supply the 32,000 m3/d needed for daily use. 1.2.6 Sewerage Systems All project cities in Shandong province operate mainly combined sewer systems, with separate systems being constructed in the newer areas. In the system, sewerage and rainwater flows through drains, covered by concrete slabs and partially by sewers along the road to the nearest surface drainage, and onward to the adjacent rivers. Many houses in the cities have septic tanks but many are too small and regular maintenance is not usually performed. The goal of all Shandong province cities is the complete separation of all sanitary sewers but funding limitations will mean that combined sewers with septic tanks will be utilised for many years. Some of the cities are purchasing vacuum trucks to maintain the tanks in the long period of time it takes to separate the entire sewer system. The current sewerage design is based on intercepting up to twice the average dry weather flow in the system, and overflowing the remainder to surface water during storm events. Table 1.7 is a listing of current estimated septic tanks and population served taken from the project feasibility reports, when available. Table 1.7: Number of Current Septic Tanks in Shandong Province HRWPCP Cities Project City Number of Population Served Tanks Feicheng 981 89,140 Heze 100 (not knlown) Rizhao 1000 (not known) Ju County (not known) (not known) Cheng Wu Paper Mill 2 1500 1-14 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 1.2.7 Solid Waste and Sludge Disposal Systems in Place There was little information regarding existing solid waste management systems in place in the HRWPCP project cities, in the Chinese EAs or the FSRs. Of particular interest are landfill conditions and capacities for the four sub-components with World Bank assisted WwTWs related to the potential need for use as a sludge disposal alternatives. Based on experience elsewhere in China, it is expected that the landfills are unlikely to operate using sanitary design practice and the addition of sludge could exacerbate already problematic operations. The landfills usually operate more as an open waste dumps, filling available valleys. Of particular interest, the sludge could cause a small increase in leachate production, and the operation of successful leachate treatment facilities has again been problematic in most Chinese landfills. However, the disposal of sludge to landfill still needs to be considered a viable alternative to land application, especially if the WwTW sludge has problems with heavy metal concentrations and/or high concentrations of pathogenic bacteria. In Shandong, the primary sludge from Rizhao WwTW will be stabilised with lime and then used as fertiliser by Da Sha Wa Forestry Farm. The secondary sludge produced from the-Feicheng WwTW will be used as fertiliser by Niu Shan Forestry Farm. The secondary sludge from Heze WwTW will be pisposed in Liu Xia Landfill. The Heze feasibility study refers to the possible incineration of sludge produced by the WwTW at a new incinerator currently under construction. However, this solution is under review and the landfill option is now preferred. Sludge from Chengwu Paper Mill will be taken to three nearby clay pits previously excavated for brick manufacture and now converted to landfills. 1.2.8 Population and Wastewater Projections The forecasts of population, water supply demand and wastewater discharges presented in the FSRs have been reviewed. Additional data has been generated by the AC, where necessary, In general, the FSRs have presented two forecasts. One is based on the city Master Plan. The second represents a revision of the Master Plan taking into account real data for population and water supply over the last four to five years and current expected growth trends for the future. For each municipal sub-component tables and graphs have been presented to compare the FSR wastewater projections (Master Plan and 'revised' forecasts) and the AC's sensitivity projection. The sensitivity projections are not specific to each sub-component but instead employ growth rates found to be typical elsewhere in China as a check on those assumed in the FSR for the project city. For the Shandong FSRs there is generally good agreement between the AC projection and the FSR 'revised Master Plan' projection. It is concluded in all cases that the FSR projections should be adopted for sizing the proposed wastewater facilities. In most cases, the 'revised' FSR projections are suitable as the basis for the financial analysis as well. Table 1.8 shows the 'revised FSR' population and wastewater projections for the Shandong HRWPCP cities, 1-15 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 1.8: Population and Wastewater Projections Project City Population Projection Wastewater Projection (m3/d) 2000 2010 2020 2000 2010 2020 Feicheng 108,000 211,000 289,000 33,600 62,300 81,050 Heze 297,000 410,000 562,000 87,700 130,500 194,600 Rizhao 280,500 365,000 479,300 76,200 130,200 192,300 Ju County 100,000 150,000 225,000 43,800 63,100 83,700 Total 787,500 1,138,010 1,557,320 243,300 388,110 553,670 Note: 2000 population for Feicheng is project area only. By 2010 project area assumed to be whole city 1.3 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Laws and Regulations of Environmental Protection that were important to the performanice of this EA included: * Constitution of P. R. China (December 4, 1982); s .Environmental Protection Law of P. R. China (December 12, 1989); v Law of P. R. China on the Prevention and Control of Air Pollution (August 29, 1995). Law of P. R. China on the Prevention and Control of Water Pollution (May 15, 1996); - Water Law of P. R. China (January 21, 1988); X Water and Soil Conservation Law of P. R. China (June 29, 1991). : Wild Animal Protection Law of P. R. China (November 8, 1988); * Law of P. R. China on the Prevention and Control of Solid Wastes Contamination (October 30, 1995); Law of the P.R. China on the Prevention and Control of Noise Pollution (Oct. 1996) * Law of the P.R. of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics (Nov 19, 1982). * Regulations on Administration for Environmental Protection of Construction Projects (GHZ 1986) No. 003 issued by National EP Commission, National Planning Commission (NPC) and National Economic Commission); Environmental Protection Management Regulations for Construction Projects (National Council Commands [1998] No. 253) Temporary Regulation of Water Pollution Prevention and Control in the Huai River Basin (National Council, Aug., 1995) 1-16 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * Environmental Protection Management based on the List of Project Categories (SEPA, Trial Document, April 1999, No. 99) * Notification on Strengthening EIA Management Concerning International Banking Organization Loan Project (SEPA, NPC, Revenue Ministry and PBC, [1993] 324) * National Council Approval on the Plan of the Huai River Basin Water Pollution Control, and '95' Plan of National Council, Doc. [1996] No. 52. * Notification on the Implementation of 'Environmental Protection Management Regulation for Construction Projects' (SEPA, Huanfa [1996] No. 61. * Shandong Regulation on Environmental Protection, December 1996 * Shandong Plan and Implementation Program on Total Load Control of Water Pollutants in Huai Basin, June 1996. Shandong Regulation on Water Pollution Control and Prevention in Nan Si Lake Watershed. * Shandong Management Protocol on Water Pollution Control and Prevention in Yi Su River Watershed. Guidelines and Recommendations important to the conduct of this EA included: * A Number of Suggestions about the Environmental Management Problems of the Construction Projects (HJ (88) No.117 issued by SEPA). Some Suggestions of Further Doing Management Work on the Construction Projects Well (HJ(93)No.015 issued by SEPA); Notice of Strengthening the EA Management Work of the Construction Projects financed by Loans of International Financial Organisations (HJ(1993) No. 324 issued by SEPA, NPC, Ministry of Finance, and Bank of China); Decisions of the State Council on a Number of Problems of Environmental Protection (GF (1996) No.31). Technical Guidance for the conduct of this EA included: * Technical Regulation of Ecological Impact Assessment of the Construction Projects Concerning Natural Resources Exploitation (Draft-December, 1995); * Technical Guidelines of EA (HJ/T2.1-2.4-93); * Operational Directory for World Bank Financed Projects -- Environmental Assessment (OD4.01 issued by W.B. in July 1992). * Data Collection of EA (W. B. Document No.139, October 1993); 1-17 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province The following documents were also used as data sources relative to the performance of this EA: * Technical Outline for EA (HJ/T2.1-2.3-93); 1.4 Scope and Standards of Environmental Assessment In view of the nature of the proposed projects, the EA scope was divided into two time periods, construction phase and operational phase. In both of these phases, the scope included the necessary treatment and disposal systems as well as the related collection systems and other project facilities. The standards for the EA of the projects were identified by the Provincial and City Environmental Protection Bureaux and they included: * Ambient air: Class B of Ambient Air Quality Standard, GB3095-1996; * Surface Water Environment: Categories III and IV of State Environmental Protection Standard, GHZB I - 1999 (effective 01-01-2000) - Acoustic Environment: Class B of Urban Regional Noise Standard, GB3096-93 The appropriate discharge standards for use in this EA included: * Air pollutants: Emission Standard of Air Pollutants for Coal-burning Oil-burning Gas-Burning Boiler GWPB3-1999; Class B of Emission Standard for Offensive Odour Pollutant GB14554-93 * Water pollutants: Class of Integrated Discharge Standard for Wastewater, GB8978- 96; Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Paper Industry, GWPB2-1999. * Noise: Class B of Boundary Noise Standard for Industrial Enterprises, GB 12348-90. Boundary Noise Standard for Construction Sites, GB12523-90. * Solid wastes: Pollutant Control Standard for Agricultural Sludge GB4284-88. Environment assessment classifications during the project operation period were defined on the basis of the drainage output, pollutants, receiver volume and water quality from the wastewater treatment works in line with the related classification requirements found in the Chinese "Technical Guidelines of Environment Impact Assessment". Table 1.9 provides a summary of the EA classification, in accordance with SEPA standard classifications, used by Shandong Scientific Research and Design Institute of Environ-mental Protection (SIEP). 1-18 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 1.9: Summary of the SIEP EA Classification Environment Issues and Relevant Components Classification used in EA Air CeguClass Ill Environment Chengwu Chengwu Class II Quantity of Wastewater lOO,OOOm3/d Rizhao WwTW Discharge Assessment Class 2 Quantity of Wastewater Discharge 80,000m3/d Complexity of Wastewater Simple Surface Water Heze WwTW Receiving Water and Water Environment Quality Requirement Zhu Shui River, Class IV Assessment Class 2 Quantity of Wastewater 40,000m3/d Discharge Complexity of Wastewater Simple Feicheng WwTW Receiving Water and Water Quality Requirement Kang Wang River, Class IV Assessment Class 2 _ Noise Environment Assessment Class 3 Note: The classification of Surface water impact assessment is based on the class set in corresponding sub-project EA. The scopes of pollution sources, existing environment situation and forecasted assessment scope of environment impact were defined in accordance with EA reports of subprojects and pollutant characteristics and actual impact scopes. Table 1.10 provides the EA Scope. 1-19 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 1.10: EA Scope Contents of EA Assessment Scope Baseline Survey Baseline Monitoring Impact Prediction Sewers - all cities Social Environment Project Affected City / Project Affected City and Ju County Surface Water l / / Environment Air Environment / / Noise Environment 200m Rizhao WwTW Social Environment Rizhao / Sea Environment 7.5X3.5 km From Kue Shan Zhui, I Okm to north, 15km to south, 1 Okm to east(sea) Air Environment / / 500m out of WwTW Walls Noise Environment 200m out of the WwTW Walis Social Environment Heze / Surface Water / 1Okm of Downstream of Heze WwTW Environment Outfal Air Environment / /SOm out of WwTW Walls Noise Environment 200m out of the WwTW Walls Social Environment Feicheng / Surface Water 30km of Downstream of Feicheng Environment Outfall Groundwater I km out of WwTW Air Environment / _ 500m out of WwTW Walls Noise Environment . 200m out of the WwTW Walls Social Environment / Surface Water 10km of Downstream of Environment Outfall Chengwu Groundwater Surrounding area of the plant Air Environment / / From boiler station, 3.5 km to all directions Noise Environment / II km out of the _____________________________________________ boundary of plant Huai River Basin Water Quality in Shandong Improvement The mainstream of Huai River and Category I water quality control sections Province Total Discharge of the river near projects Amount Control Note: Assessment Scope of the Category I tributaries of the Huai River in Shandong includes Dong Yu River, Zhu Zhao Xin River, Shu River, and Da Qing River Assessment standards were defined on the base of environment functional area of the project locations and the environment quality standard and pollution discharge standard and pollution disclharge mass target confirmed by local EPB in written forms. Table 1.11 summarises the EA standards. 1-20 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 1.11: EA Standards Summary Type Name of Standard Code of Standard Class Scope Air Quality Standard GB3095-1996 II All Sub-components Sea Water Quality Standard GB3097-1997 III Rizhao Groundwater Quality Standard GB/T14848-93 III Feicheng (QualityIV Chengwu, Heze Qualdaty IV Related rivers Standard Surface Water Quality Standard GWZBI -1999 Su River from Ju County to Xia Zhuang, ____________________________ ~V Zhu Shui River Noise Standard in Urban Area GB3096-93 II All Sub-components Wastewater Comprehensive GB8978D11996 II Feicheng, Heze Drainage Standard Wastewater Discharge Standards GWPB2-1999 Chengwu for Paper Industry Drainage Noise Standard at the Border of GBI2348-90 II All Sub-components Standard Factories GB1389_1AiSbcmoet Odour pollutant Drainage Standar GB14554-93 II Rizhao, Ju County, Feicheng, Heze _ . Noise Limit in Construction Areas GB]2523D90 All Sub-components Pollutant Control Standard for GB4284-84 Rizhao, Feicheng, Heze . Sludge Applied on Farmland , Air Emission Standards for Boilers GWPB3-1999 II Heze, Chengwu 10,220t/a RizhaoWwTW (near future) Total Allowable Amount of CODcr 1,752t/a Ju County WwTW(near future) Amount from WwTW 3,504t/a Heze WwTW(near future) Index , I,168t/a Feicheng WwTW (near future) 1.5 The Need for the Project The overall need for HRWPCP is described in Section 2.1. The HRWPCP project benefits are fully described in Section 5.1. 1.6 Assessment Objectives, Criteria, Parameters The EA work for the proposed project was undertaken in four steps: (1) Preparatory Work: On the basis of the sub-project EAs approved by the Provincial EPB, this work included additional field survey, relevant data collection, investigation and evidence gathering for the compilation of the EA outline. (2) Compilation of the EA Outline: Based on the preparatory work and in terms of the characteristics of the project, specialists compiled the EA Outline, and then submitted it to SEPA for examination. 1-21 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province (3) Field Sampling and Monitoring: After the EA Outline was approved by SEPA, the EA team went to the project sites to conduct sampling, monitoring, public investigation and expert consultation, (4) Compilation of the EA Report: The EA Report was compiled upon the basis of previous work. The main guidelines for the compilation of the EA Reports were: * Notice of Strengthening the EA Management Work of the Construction Projects Financed by Loans of International Financial Organizations, issued by SEPA, NPC, Ministry of Finance, and Bank of China; * Technical Guidelines of EA, HJ/T2.1-2.3-93 issued by SEPA; * The EA Outline and its Written Reply. * The relevant data provided by the cities, city EPBs and design institutes in the pre- feasibility design reports. 1.7 World Bank EA Preparation Requirements The Environmental Assessment (EA) for this project was based on the following directives and guidance documents (note: n/a means not applicable): - World Bank Operational Directives: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) Natural habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04) - n/a Forestry (OP 4.36, GP 4.36)- n/a Pest Management (OP 4.09) - n/a Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) - none in the project area according to RAP Involuntary Resettlement (OD 4.30) Safety of Dams (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) - n/a Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) - n/a Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60) - n/a * World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebooks, Volumes 1-3, Technical Papers 139, 140, and 154. * World Bank Environmental Assessment Updates 1-21, to December 1997. * World Bank HRWPCP Project Aide Memoirs (dated 23 Nov 98, 06-14 May 99, 26 June 99, 17 Nov 99, 9 May 00 and 8 July 2000) SEPA Standard HJ/T 2.1-2.3, 1993, Technical Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment, 1993-09-18 published, 1994-04-01 in effect. * Class B project determination by World Bank 1-22 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 1.8 EA Participants The Provincial EA for Shandong Province was conducted by the Shandong Scientific Research and Design Institute of Environmental Protection (SIEP), under the Shandong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) in Jinan. Overall supervision of the conduct of this work is under the control of the following: Legal Person: Wang An Yue Technology in Charge: Dong De Xiu, Professor, Senior Engineer The SIEP staff who participated in this EA are shown in Table 1.12. Table 1.12: EA Staff of Shandong Scientific Research and Design Institute of Environmental Protection Name Item Specialty Title Dong Dexiu Senior Engineer Environment Chief Engineer Assessment Zhang Gaosheng Senior Engineer Environment Director of EA Center Assessment Li Jun Engineer Environment Chief of Section Assessment Kong Xianzheng Senior Engineer Environment Deputy Chief of Assessment Section Wang Jiancun Engineer Environment Assessment Zhen Wendong Engineer Environment Assessment Wang Bo Engineer Environment I_____________________ Assessment Liu Renhai Engineer Environment I_________________ _ I .Assessment 1.9 EA Organisation The HRWPCP Consolidated EA contains information regarding the entire program to be carried out with funding assistance from the WB, including summary information on the EAs prepared for the individual component projects. Appendices included in this EA are as follows: Appendix 1 SIEP Inland Surface Water Quality Assessment (SIEP Chinese Provincial EA, Chapters 5.1, 6.1) Appendix 2 SIEP Ocean Water Quality Assessment (SIEP Chinese Provincial EA, Chapters 5.2, 6.2) 1-23 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Figure 1.1 Location Plan Showing Project Provinces 1X~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Figure 1.2 Location of Project Sub-components ~~~BOHAI SEA | , °~~0JINAN SHANDO)NG 0Feicheng /-- -;;- '- X1j---"'_t / 2 " -4 V t ;!yWRzhao . _ .... 2;K-_--.-.---A-.t--- \ - - - - - - - F i- , ..................................................... .... ..... . ......... ...... 0 X ii~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A t g, Cal ei k -i o Z ~ oouoyang>--, si > r ; /a\ j >9 . ; - 0~~~~~o fL uiiiar i~9 - _ 3 * sa r $ .- NANJINn,N* I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~....y. :.. \.. ... ... . ..... < sI> a SllANG _J~ ~~- I IA . > ° CITY WITH SEWERAGE PROJECT ° IROVINCIAL CAPITAL - - PROVINCIAL BOUNDARY 0 CITY WITH SEWERAGE AND W%vTW PROJECT COASTLINE HUAI RIVER BASIN (PLANNING BOUNDARY) o INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT PRINCIPAL RIVER - - HUAI RIVER BASIN (NATURAL DRAINAGE BOUNDA] CD 0 i9vX Wi ~SHANDONG < <2 s4^g; i/ /r5set ° Feicheng CD_ C i: vw> w -- - v@ >/ It ~ ,> Sk g Pdvc / .t v/ \ )$ Wanfu River * D ong Yu Riv er A=<- '< J . . £t i / a~~~<- I-ENAN J:IANGSUI CITY WIT %iLofi . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 2.,' , o .a. e, , , , , , , , ,, , , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .:xa ° CITY WITH SEWERAGE PROJECT 0 PROVINCIALCAPITAL ° CITY WITH SEWERAGE AND WwTW PROJECT PROVINCIAL BOUNDARY HUAI RIVER BASIN (PLANNING BOUNDARY) o INDUSTRIAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROJECT PRINCIPAL RIVER - - UAI RIVER BASIN (NATURAL DRAINAGE BOUNDARY) Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Figure 1.4 N Plan of Rizhao Municipality I .-~~~~~~~~~/ I A \~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~' | J Qing Fengling I Qiangfen | i t>Reservoir- Rs Yi River I - / i, OWulian County I 0 seat - Hongning , f l Ju County , Wulian County - ) - ' Ju County seat- / - To Huai River Chengyang - _ Rizhao Reservoir V~~~~~~~~ / Shu ) X Rizhao City River Distritongand port)gn -N -_' '\ District / I~~~~~~~~~~ Yellow Sea To Huai River _ _ _ _ _ ,f ~~~KEY' I t t Note: g * Project City Rizhao I-'~~~~~~~~~~Rza Municipality Other City comprises Rizhao City, Ju - Main Rivers County and Wulian County Municipal/county/city Boundary N-____~~~~~~. Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 2 DESCRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT 2.1 Overview of Huai River Basin The Yi-Shu-Si River System forms the eastern part of the Huai River Basin. It originates from Shandong Province and flows south-west and south towards Jiangsu Province and discharges into the Yellow Sea via Luoma Lake and a system of interlinked canals and rivers. The mainstream of the Huai River does not flow through Shandong Province, however, the two parts of the Huai River Basin are linked by the Grand Canal. The yearly rainfall in the Huai River Basin is about 900 mm, out of which 70-80% occurs in summer. There is, therefore, considerable variation in river flow. The Huai River has an annual average flow of 855 m3/s, with flood flows reaching over 11,000 m3/s, while in drought conditions flows drop to nearly zero even in the lower reaches of the river. In addition to four main flood gates on the Huai River, the river system contains an estimated 4,300 sluices and over 5,000 reservoirs, of which 16 have been classed as major reservoirs. The estimated annual volume of water resources in the Basin is about 85.4 billion m3, consisting of 62.1 billion m3 of surface water and 23.3 billion m3 of ground water. River pollution is mainly organic (BOD, COD, unionised ammonia), with sections in urban reaches being more polluted than rural reaches, and pollution in tributaries is more serious than in the -mainstream reaches. The dry season base-flows in the province are at or near zero, which means there is little dilution capability for the variety of point and non-point sources of pollution. The mainstream and tributary reaches are very flat with little dilution capability for much of the year. Environmental resources are minimal and re-aeration and recovery is minimal in most of the basin. The Shandong EPBs have established 18 sampling points to monitor the river quality of the Huai River Basin. Samples are taken during wet and dry seasons. In 1998, two of these 18 sampling points met Class III Standards, and the remaining sampling points met Class IV Standards. The ocean water quality assessment indicates that the Yellow Sea has generally good water quality near the proposed Rizhao ocean outfall from the proposed WwTW. 2.2 HRWPCP Project Components 2.2.1 Component Summary The goal, objectives and outputs of the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project (HRWPCP) were discussed in detail in Chapter 1. It is the national goal to have wastewater collection and secondary treatment facilities constructed in all cities within the Huai River Basin, according to the 1996 WPCP. Many of the cities in the basin have already been building wastewater collection and treatment facilities with international and bilateral assistance. The HRWPCP is designed to complement the overall basin objectives by supplementing these ongoing efforts in the major urban centres of Shandong Province that have not been addressed by other projects. Shandong Province is currently proposing four municipal wastewater schemes and one industrial pollution control sub-component for inclusion in the WB project, All the municipal wastewater schemes involve improvement and extension of existing sewerage networks and three include new WwTWs. Most of the sub-components also include operation and maintenance equipment including 2-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province laboratory equipment and vehicles. The Rizhao City component also includes construction of sea outfalls. The industrial pollution control project comprises treatment facilities for wastewater arising from Chengwu Paper Mill. One of the cities, Ju County, has a WwTW under construction using only local funding. Hence, this WwTW is outside of this project. All the sewerage schemes will involve both the interception of existing combined sewage or industrial wastewater outfalls and provision of first wastewater collection in more recently developed areas of the cities. Wastewater will be conveyed to WwTWs and will make a major contribution to control of water pollution in the Huai River Basin, and in the case of Rizhao, control pollution in off-shore waters and nearby bathing beaches. Table 2.1 and 2.2 shows the project details that are proposed for the HRWPCP in Shandong Province: Table 2.1: Proposed Sewerage in Shandong Province Length of Sewer Pipelines to be Constructed by Size and Length by Pipe Pumping Function (km) Material (km) (Nr) City Pumping Secondary DN300 - >DN800 Total PVC Concrete Mains < DN300 DN800 other Feicheng 12.8 6.7 19.5 19.5 Heze 28.4 18.3 7.9 54.6 52.7 1.9 4 Rizhao 8.5 4.1 27.0 39.6 39.6 3 Ju County 8.7 6.3 15.0 15.0 Chengwu Paper Mill Total 8.5 28.4 43.9 47.9 128.7 52.7 76 7 Notes: Feicheng also includes 7 km of DN315 PVC recycled effluent pressure main. Rizhao also includes 2.8km DN 1600 pressure pipe to header chamber, 2.5km twin DN1200 outfall and 0.5km DN1200 emergency outfall. Table 2.2: Summary Details of WwTWs Details/Process Feicheng Heze Rizhao Chengwu Paper Mill Capacity m'/d 40,000 Average 80,000 Average 100,000 Average 20,000 Average Capaclt /d DWF DWF DWF DWF Raw Pumps, duty 3 x 760 m3/h 3 x 1444 m3/h 2 x 3600 m3/h 4 x 200 m3/h Preliminary Coarse screens, grit Coarse screens, grit Coarse screens, grit Fine screens and Prliinryremoval and fine removal and fine removal and fine fine removal Treatment screens screens screens Yes Yes Primary Settlement No No 2 x 42 m dia 2 x 22 m dia Activated sludge Aeration Type Oxidation Ditch Oxidation. Ditch Primary Treatment with nutrient Tank Retention 16 hours 17 hours only addition Final Sedimentation. 2 x 40 m dia. 4 x 40m dia. N/a 2 x 36 m dia. Tanks Gravity Thickeners 2 x 12 m dia. 2 x 14m dia. 2 x 14 m dia. 2 x 16 m dia. Dewatering: Belt Presses 2x 1.5 m 2x3 m 2x 2 Centrifuges -- -- -- Landfill and Lime dosing then Sludge Disposal Niushan Forest Landfill use as fertiliser on Landfill Farm forest farm 2-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 2.2.2 Related Projects The Ju County WwTW is being constructed with local funds. SIEP has reviewed the project EA for this WwTW and incorporated the requirements of this EA into the consolidated provincial EA. 2.3 Project Formulation and Development 2.3.1 Project Inventories and Ranking As described in Chapter 1, the 3H Action Plan, which addresses the overall water quality problems and priority actions for the Hai, Huai and Huang river basins, is still under review. Provision of wastewater collection and treatment facilities in the cities of the Huai river basin is a priority action item in the Basin Control Plan, and a critical component shown in the 3H Action Plan. The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1996-2000) of Water Pollution Control in the Huai River Basin anticipated that much of the construction of wastewater collection and WwTWs would be completed by the year 2000, but the programme is running well behind schedule. Table 2.3 provides a listing of the cities and overall municipal WwTW needs in the Huai River Basin, as shown in the 3H Action Plan, and the project cities supported by the current HRWPCP in Anhui and Shandong provinces are highlighted. This table illustrates the enormous backlog of municipal wastewater treatment needs in the Basin that requires additional funding. Table 2.3: Overall Municipal WwTW Needs in Basin WwTW Capital No. of WwTW Capital No. of WwTW Capital No. of City/Country Cost (RMB WwTWs City/County Cost (RMB WwTWs City/Country Cost (RMB WwTWs million) million) million) Baofeng 45 l Linguan 58 1 Wugang 90 Bengbu* 150 Linyi 154 1 Xiangcheng 191 2 Bozhou* 60 1 45 i Xiaoxian 16 _ Cangshan 60 1 Lu'an** 50 1 _ Xinmi 18 _ Chang 65 l Luohe 114 1 Xinyang 70 Chuzhou 80 I Mengcheng 42 1 Xinyang 44.5 2 Dengfen 63 I Mengyin 49 l Xinyi 7 _ Feixian 54 l Mingguang 60 l Xinzheng 25.5 1 FengEai 32 l Minquan 20 1 Xiping 50 Fengxian 10 1 Peizhou 6 1 Xuchang 127 ___ Feicheng** 50 Pingdingshan 228 - i Xuecheng 50 Fuyang* 80 l Qufu II 1 Xuzhou 100 2 Gansu 53 I Rizhao*** 36 1 Yancheng 150 Guoyang** 50 1 Shanqiu 144 l Yangzhou 160 T Guanyuanxian 52 1 Shanqui 74 2 Yanzhou 132 ] Guozhenxian 28 1 Sihong 8 I Yinan 50 1 Haiari 100 I Sishui 50 i Yishui 95 1 Huaibei* 60 1 Suiping 50 l Yantai 32 2 Huaivin 45 1 Su5ian 53 _ Yuzhou 60 1 Huainan* 48 1 Suzhou* 50 1 Zaozhuang 105 I Heze** 80 1 Taihe 34 1 Zhengzhou 640 I i Jieshou 70 i Tengzhou 186 I Zhumadian 170 I Iining 426 I Tainchang 60 i Zhuokou 100 I Kaifeng 165 i Tongshan 3 I Zoucheng 97 I Lianyunggang 136 2 Woyang 60 i __ Note: * HRWPCP Project City, Anhui/Shandong Provinces, in 3H Action Plan ** HRWPCP Project City, Anhui/Shandong Provinces, not in 3H Action Plan Rizhao Municipality contains Rizhao City and Ju County Project Areas 2-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 2.3.2 World Bank Water Resources Principles Table 2.4 provides an outline of generic principles and issues followed by the World Bank in the development and assessment of water resources needs and projects. Table 2.4: World Bank Water Resources Management Principles and Issues Principles Issues Potential Tools Modern technologyl Development shall be based on Water conservation Quantity objectives a sustainable use of resources. Recycling and reuse Quality objectives Quality objectives Water as a social and economic Tariffs good with value consistent with Value of water Incentives its most valuable potential use. Subsidies Water management at the Decentralisation l lowest appropriate levels. Private sector involvement ng Autonomy to institutions _ . Supply driven development Investment capital/planning Goverments shall play an Demand driven development Public awareness enabling role. Resource protection Environmental standards Monitoring and enforcement River basin authorities Water management shall be . . Catchment committees based on a holistic approach Management data and information systems 2.3.3 Final Component Selection and EA Categorisation The HRWPCP was originally formulated as an industrial waste control project, but was re-formulated due to financial problems associated with the industrial pollution control projects. On November 23, 1998 the World Bank provided formal notification to the Huai River projects that they would not proceed with appraisal of the industrial control project, and that the HRWPCP would now be addressing mainly municipal wastewater needs. The revised HRWPCP project initially covered three provinces, Jiangsu, Anhui and Shandong provinces. However, in September of 1999, Jiangsu Province decided to drop out of the HRWPCP and use other funding sources for the province's wastewater facilities. On June 26, 1999, the World Bank HRWPCP Coordinating Unit in Beijing informed the provinces that a Category "B" EA would be required, along with a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Environmental Maniagement Plan (EMP). Due to the fairly significant resettlement issues, the WB requested during subsequent missions that the EA should be prepared with full detail similar to a Category A project, although based on the environmental issues involved normally a "B" categorisation would have sufficed. The WB also emphasised the following points related to the EA: Rigorous public disclosure should be carried out; 2-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * Significant issues for the EAs included level of WwTW treatment, and the disposal of WwTW sludge and septage; * EA submitted to the World Bank needs to clearly show that all proposed WwTW, including bilateral and other WwTW for project cities which are outside of the WB project, meet Chinese regulations; * Project component EAs, required by Chinese regulations, would not be required by the World Bank. Due to internal reviews and the World Bank review missions of March-April 2000 and July 2000, the list of approved project components has been reduced to those shown in this EA. Further reductions could occur after this EA is completed, but this should not affect the conclusions of the report. 2.3.4 Ongoing Activities The 3H Action Plan, as previously described in detail, has recently been completed and the fecommendations are currently under review. In addition, DHI is preparing a_basin-wide water quality model, which should greatly assist-with some of the past confusion on overall basin-wide loads and potential water quality improvements associated with project implementation. The proposed improved water quality monitoring program can provide a better basis for evaluation and review, and assist with the formulation of better strategic plans for the basin and stream sections. The WwTW project in Ju County is being implemented to use the sewerage system being implemented by the HRWPCP. 2.3.5 Future Phases of HRWPCP Due to the large backlog of water pollution control needs shown in the 3H Action Plan, it is likely that the HRWPCP will be only the beginning of a long-term investment programme for environmental infrastructure in the Basin. Future phases of the HRWPCP will benefit from the work contained in the 3H Action Plan, the DHI water quality modelling work, the improved water quality monitoring program, and the project preparation work for this project. Some of the priorities that may be considered are the backlog of municipal and industrial projects, the TVEs and other rural sources including non-point source pollution, as well as water rights management and other methods to improve the low-flow problems in the basin. 2.4 Details of Shandong HRWPCP Component Projects Outline details of the main components of the Shandong project components were shown in Tables 2.1 and 2.2 above. Some of the engineering details quoted in these tables may be expected to change a little in the course of the detailed design. Such changes are not expected to affect this EA but if radical changes occur these will be re-evaluated. The FSRs present detailed discussions on design parameters used in the sewerage design and include model output and typical drawing details for the proposed sewers. The AC has checked the sewerage 2-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pol]ution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province design carried out by the FSR Consultant and local design institutes and has discussed the findings with the local design institutes. The institutes responsible for the preliminary design in each city have been given the AC's findings and are reviewing their designs as part of the preliminary design process. The AC has also checked to determine whether the proposed pressure mains are optimally sized with respect to design flows. A number of modifications to proposed sewer pressure main diameters in Rizhao have been discussed and agreed with DRICSI (Rizhao is the only city with pressure mains). The Feicheng. Heze and Rizhao and Chengwu Paper Mill FSRs describe the likely influent wastewater quality and the discharge effluent standard for the WwTW to meet in order to achieve the project water quality objectives. A number of process options are evaluated in the FSRs. Based on cost and performance criteria the following processes have been selected: * Feicheng and Heze Municipal WwTWs- secondary treatment using the standard oxidation ditch process; * Rizhao Municipal WwTW - primary sedimentation and marine treatment of effluent by disposal through sea outfall; : Chengwu Paper Mill - activated sludge with nutrient removal is recammended for the treatment of 'white' wastewater. Black liquor treatment (for the effluent from the pulp preparation process) will comprise evaporation, incineration and soda ash recovery. The proposed sizes of the municipal WwTWs are also assessed using the wastewater projections presented in the FSR. The required effluent standard under Chinese regulations is generally a BOD:SS of 30:30, for secondary treatment of municipal wastewater. Rizhao is being designed for primary treatment coupled with an ocean outfall in this phase, although SIEP has recommended that secondary treatment be used for future phases. The HRWPCP projects will remove approximately 37,145 tons per year of COD from the Huai River Basin according to SIEP calculations (including the Ju County WwTW being constructed with local funding.) The 3H Master Plan has provided some preliminary estimates of the total COD loading in the Basin, and indicated that the 1996 WPCP seriously underestimated overall COD loading. SIEP has estimated the current COD loading in Shandong Province (including TVEs and nonpoint source pollution) at 214,000 tons per year, compared with the WPCP goal for Shandong Province of 67,400 tons per year. Regardless of the estimation being used, it can be seen that the HRWPCP projects provide significant water quality improvement but fall well short of the WPCP goals for the Province. The AC has reviewed the FSR Consultant's proposals, preparing supplementary analysis to verifying the FSR Consultant's findings where appropriate. This supplementary analysis included financial and economic cost effectiveness analysis to confirnm the choice of process and detailed process analysis to confirm the sizing of the treatment units proposed. 2.4.1 Feicheng The proposed scheme comprises new sewerage (including both interceptor sewers and wastewater only sewers), final effluent recycling pipeline and a wastewater treatment works. All works will be 2-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province located to serve the established urban areas of Feicheng between the Kang Wang River and the Long Shan River (Xincheng area). The proposed sewers will intercept flows from existing combined sewers in the older part of the city and also link secondary sewers being constructed in the newer urban areas. Wastewater will then be conveyed to the new treatment works to the west of the city just downstream of the confluence of the Longshan and Kangwang Rivers ('Kang Hui' River). No pumping stations will be required in the system. The treatment works consists of preliminary treatment (screens and grit removal) and secondary treatment based on the oxidation ditch process with treated effluent discharged to the Kang Hui River. Sludge produced by the process will be thickened, dewatered to produce a cake and transported to landfill or used as a fertiliser on forest farmland. Figure 2.1 shows the sewerage systems of Feicheng as shown in the Chinese EA and Figure 2.2 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic form for the World Bank HRWPCP project. 2.4.2 Heze The proposed scheme comprises new sewerage including both interceptor sewers and wastewater only sewers, pump stations and a wastewater treatment works. All works will be located to serve the established urban areas that presently drain to the Zhao Wang and Zhu Shui Rivers which pass through Heze. The proposed sewers will intercept flows from existing combined sewers in the older part of the city and also link secondary sewers being constructed in the newer urban areas. Wastewater will then be conveyed to the new treatment works to the east of the city. Four intermediate lift pumping stations will be required to lift flows into the sewer system. Figure 2.3 shows the sewerage systems of Heze from the Chinese EA and Figure 2.4 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic form for the World Bank HRWPCP project. 2.4.3 Rizhao The proposed scheme comprises new sewerage including both interceptor sewers and wastewater only sewers, pumping stations, a wastewater treatment works and disposal of treated effluent through sea outfalls. All works will be located to serve the established urban areas of Rizhao. The proposed sewers will intercept flows from existing combined sewers in the older part of the city and also link secondary sewers being constructed in the newer urban areas. Wastewater will then be conveyed to the to the new treatment works in the south of the city. Three intermediate pumping stations will be required to transfer flows in the sewer system. The treatment works consists of preliminary and primary treatment stages with treated effluent discharged to the Yellow Sea via an outlet pumping station, rising main and twin long sea outfalls, 2.5 km long. Sludge produced by the process will be thickened, de-watered to produce a cake, stabilised using lime and transported for use as a fertiliser on forest farms, 2-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Figure 2.5 shows the sewerage systems of Rizhao from the Chinese EA and Figure 2.6 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic form for the World Bank HRWPCP project. 2.4.4 Ju County The proposed scheme comprises 15 km of new interceptor sewers (DN500 to DN1200) to serve the established urban areas of Ju County lying between the Liuqing River and Shu River. The proposed sewers will intercept flows from existing combined drainage in the older part of the city. Wastewater will then be conveyed to the to the new treatment works in the south of the city. The new WwTW is being constructed with local funds and is not part of the HRWPCP. All flows will gravitate to the WwTW and no pumping stations will be required. Figure 2.7 shows the sewerage systems of Ju County from the Chinese EA and Figure 2.8 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic form for the World Bank HRVWPCP project. 2.4.5 Cheng Wu Paper Mill -Chengwu paper mill lies to the north of Chengwu county, to the east, near Liaoshang Road. The plant occupies 240,000m2, construction area is 75,000 m2. The geographical location of the plant site is shown in Fig 2.9. The Mill uses straw as the raw material to produce some 50,000 tons paper per year. The paper product is reported to be of high quality and is used for writing and toilet paper. The Mill employs some 1500 people and has extensive staff accommodation facilities adjacent to the mill. These accommodation facilities currently discharge partially treated sewage to the Dongyu River. The Mill currently uses up to 32,000 m3/d of water from its own boreholes for pulp and paper production. Black liquor created through the pulping process, together with recycled water from the pulp bleaching and paper manufacturing process is treated using chemically assisted flocculation and pH correction before being discharged back to the river. Under the project it is proposed to provide treatment for the black liquor and other wastewater streams produced by the process. The project does not include any modification to the existing manufacturing processes of the Mill. The treatment for the black liquor will comprise evaporation, incineration and soda ash recovery. Wastewater from this process will be combined with wastewater from the bleaching and paper processes and treated in a new activated sludge treatment plant using nutrient addition. Following completion of these works it is estimated that the quantity of groundwater abstracted will increase to 22,000 m3/d with the increase due to the needs of the new ash recovery process. Figure 2.10 shows the proposed pollution control process of Chengwu Paper Mill, and Figure 2.11 shows the proposed wastewater facilities in schematic form for the World Bank HRWPCP project. 2.4.6 Technical Assistance New municipal wastewater companies are being set up under the project to operate the sewerage and wastewater treatment facilities being provided under the project and any existing systems as appropriate. The World Bank is supporting the development of a needs-orientated IST program comprising a training schedule, equipment purchase and Technical Assistance support to the new wastewater companies to encourage sustainable operation, maintenance and growth. 2-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province comprising a training schedule, equipment purchase and Technical Assistance support to the new wastewater companies to encourage sustainable operation, maintenance and growth. 2.5 Cost Estimates for Proposed Projects 2.5.1 General Project cost estimates were prepared for all HRWPCP components in accordance with World Bank requirements. The cost estimates have been based on the FSRs prepared by the local design institutes with subsequent clarifications and minor amendments as necessary. This costing exercise serves to verify the cost estimates prepared by the local design institutes and provides the basis of the subsequent financial and economic analysis of the viability of the scheme and the size of the World Bank loan that will be needed. Cost estimates for the proposed scheme have been determined using the following data: * unit rates for common elements of civil works derived specifically for this project; _ . * empirical cost functions for treatment works, previously used on other World Bank projects in China and calibrated for use on this project; and ~- - Chinese assessments of the costs of land acquisition, resettlement and compensation checked by the design consultants. 2.5.2 Capital Costs The AC has carried out an independent check of the cost estimates presented in the FSR reports for each sub-component. In undertaking this check the AC has used an in-house China costing model and database of project costs derived from previous WB projects in China. Table 2.5 shows a summary of the total project cost estimates presented in the FSRs, by expenditure category, together with costs derived by the AC for comparison. Table 2.6 shows the total cost including contingencies split by project city. Table 2.7 shows the estimated annual cost profile for the project. The base cost estimates produced by the AC and FSR Consultant are similar. The AC considers the base cost estimates to be generally reasonable. However, there are significant differences in total project costs including contingencies for the Heze and Feicheng schemes. The main reasons for these differences are as follows: * FSR costs include an allowance for design and project preparation costs (approx 3.7% of physical costs) whereas the AC's cost estimate, in accordance with WB procedures, excludes these costs; * FSR costs for Heze and Feicheng assume a pllysicai contingency of only 8% in accordance with standard Chinese practice for feasibility stage estimates. The AC's estimate is based on 15%; 2-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * FSR costs for Feicheng do not include any price contingencies and the allowance for price contingencies in the Heze FSR is very small; * The land acquisition cost in the Heze FSR is overestimated and is not the same as the amount in the Shandong RAP. A further point to note in the cost estimates is that the World Bank loan amounts are based on limits in the SDPC approval documents, confirmed by the Shandong PMO, rather than 50% of Bank funded expenditure used in Anhui. The total capital costs derived for the Shandong components are considered to represent an upper limit suitable for use in further analysis. Once preliminary and detailed designs are completed it may be possible to refine the costs further and to reduce the allowance for physical contingencies to 10%. It is expected that, overall, this will result in a lower final cost estimate for most sub-components. The AC cost estimates have been used in financial and economic analyses. 2-10 August 2000 Iluai River Water Pollution Control Project Enviromnental Assessment Shandong Province Table 2.5: Comparison of Cost Estimates for ShandongFrovince - by Expenditure Category FSR Costs Costs Estimiiated by AC Comrnents Cost Compolnelit RMIB miillioni US$ iillionl For-eigin RMB imiillioni US$ rnillion _ For-eigin Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total % of (otal Local Foreign Total Local Foreign Total % of total A) Sewerage Civil works 103.4 12.46 33.9 25.2 59.1 4.09 3.03 7.1 43% Pipe Supply 25.6 3.08 25.7 19.1 44.8 3.10 2.30 5.4 43% B) Pumping stations Civil works 20.2 2.43 12.2 9.0 21.2 1.47 1.09 2.6 43% Equipment 19.4 2.34 4.5 13.6 18.2 0.55 1.64 2.2 75% C) Sea Outfalls (Rizhao only) Civil works 8.3 6.1 14.4 0.99 0.74 1.7 43% Equipment 3.6 10.8 14.4 0.43 1.30 1.7 75% D) Wastewater Trcatment Plants Civil works 83.4 10.05 54.2 40.2 94.4 6.53 4.85 11.4 43% Equipment 146.8 17.69 33.4 104.0 137.4 4.02 12.53 16.6 76% E) Operational equipment 6.4 0.77 1.7 5.1 6.7 0.20 0.61 0.8 75% F) Overheads, design and TA TA. studies, training 29.1 3.50 15.2 10.8 25.9 1.83 1.30 3.1 42% ACassuies63%ofphysicalcasts 5,2 0.63 FSRs vary. G) Power Connection Pumping stations 6.9 0.83 6.9 6.9 0.83 0.8 H) Land and resettlement 16.7 2.011 16.3 16.3 1.97 2.0 ACvaluebasedonRAP 1) Total Base Cost 463.0 55.79 215.9 243.8 459.7 26.0 29.4 55.4 53% J) Physical contingencies 51.6 6.22 32.4 36.6 69.0 3.90 4.41 8.3 53% AC assumes 15%. F5Rs wary 8% to 15% K) Price contineencies 20.7 2.50 23.1 15.4 38.5 . 2.79 1.85 4.6 40% ACestimateusesdifrereitassumpsioms __________________________ _________ ___I_Ifor forign/local spht. Some FSRs exelude. L) Total Project Costs 535.4 64.50 271.4 295.8 567.1 32.7 35.6 68.3 52% Notes on FSR Cost Esatiote Notes on AC Coot Estimate I Assumed exchange rate of I US$ = 8.3 RvMP I Assumed exchange rate of I US$ 8.3 RIv[B 2 Foreign costs include direct and indirect foreign cost components 2 Foreign costs include direct and indirect foreign cost components 3 Cost includes local taxes equivalent to approximately 17% of the total 3 Cost includes local taxes equivalent to approximately 11% of the tot 4 Cost are in QZ'00 terms 4 Cost are in Q2'00 terms 2-l August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 2.6: Comparison of Cost Estimates for Shandong - by Sub-component Project City FSR AC Percentage Costs including Costs including difference contingencies contin encies RMB million US$ million RMB million US$ million To FSR costs Feicheng 79.89 9.63 87.63 10.56 10% Heze 169.72 20.45 186.24 22.44 10% Rizhao City 183.39 22.09 184.18 22.19 0% Rizhao -Ju County 18.47 2.23 18.89 2.28 2% Chengwu Paper Mill 83.91 10.11 90.17 10.86 7% Total Project Cost 535.37 64.50 567.12 68.33 6% Total World Bank Loan (excluding IDC and FeF) 255.14 j 30.74 T Notes 1) Costs in Q2'00 terms 2) Assumed exchange rate of I USS = 8.3 RMB 3) AC Costs include all base costs and physical and price contingencies Table 2.7: Expenditure Disbursement by Sub-component (Including contingencies, US$ million) __________________ | 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Total Feicheng 0.3 3.2 4.6 2.3 0.1 10.6 Heze 1.1 3.3 8.3 8.4 1.3 22.4 Rizhao City 0.7 6.4 9.3 5.7 0.1 22.2 Rizhao - Ju County 0.0 0.7 1.2 0.3 0.0 2.3 Chengwu Paper Mill 0.01 5.1 5.3 0.4 0.0 10.9 Shandong Total 2.0 18.8 28.8 17.21 1.5| 68.3 2.5.3 Operating Costs Projected operating costs for HIRWPCP projects have been prepared and included in the financial and economic analysis. Civil and M&E maintenance costs were based on percentages of the base costs for constructing the works. Power, chemical and sludge transport costs were based on the predicted performance of the works as determined for the feasibility stage design. Staffing costs were based on those discussed between the WB and cities during the July 2000 Mission. 2.5.4 Finance and Economics Detailed economic and financial evaluations of the proposed projects were conducted. The following provides a summary of the conclusions of these evaluations: . The AC has undertaken a financial and economic analysis in real terms 2000 prices at the sub-component level, using a discounted cash flow approach (completely separate from all other wastewater developments in the municipality) to determine inter sub-component comparisons of costs, capacities, AICs etc. using cost and benefit streams specifically associated with the World Bank funded sub-component. The projects have been found to be economically and financially viable. 2-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * A second financial analysis at the utility or enterprise level, in nominal terms and including the value of any existing assets, their depreciation and operating costs (which will be transferred to the new wastewater enterprise or division) has also been undertaken. The purpose of this analysis is to model the performance of the enterprise so as to determine the tariff level required to meet its objectives and to meet all debt service requirements. The affordability of the required tariff from the domestic and other customer point of view has also been assessed and has been found to be satisfactory. 2.5.5 Institutional Issues The World Bank has asked the project cities to prepare individual Institutional Development Plans (IDP) and Action Plans (AP) showing the practical steps to be taken to establish self-financing and sustainable wastewater utility companies. In addition, the Provincial PMO and the municipal PIUs have been requested to prepare similar documents for the institutional arrangements during project implementation. These are being prepared with the assistance of the AC. The documents are based on the World Bank requirements for IDP/APs and Individual IDP/APs will be prepared as draft stand-alone documents, which will evolve as the project cycle progresses. Specific responsibility for regular updating of each document will be identified in the AP. The draft IDP will detail the arrangements and details presently known, and the draft AP will give fimeframes for the finalisation of outstanding information. In particular, the timeframes for the legal establishment of the companies, the human resource requirements, the training needs assessment and for the terms of reference for TA commissions will be identified. 2.6 Implementation Schedule An overall implementation program for the current phase of the HRWPCP is shown in Table 2.8, based on WB appraisal in late 2000. Individual component implementation programmes can be found in the sub-component PIPs and PPPs. Table 2.8: HRWPCP Implementation Programme Year 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Activity_____ Final design and bid document preparation - Pre-qualification (NCB contracts only) Bidding and Award process _ _ Construction and commissioning - Commence operation (all WwTW) Technical assistance (supervision, studies and training) 2-13 August 2000 N Laocheng-(OldITown) Proposed trunk sewer along left bank of Kang Wang River Kang Wang River Proposed Nr I WwTW Phase I Capacity (2003) 40,000 m3/d /- - Phase 2 Capacity (2010) 80,000 m3/d Comprises preliminary treatment (fine ,_Feicheng C-ty Wangguadian .::.. screens anid grit removal), biological / Coipt ss Xinetg, Lao,heng ad Wangguadian areas (total secondary treatment (eonventionalrieX nhng aOtg.nd Township : ::... oxidation ditch process with settlement / -99$ ban op. 12:94 0.Existhig combined sewer system, 0 of Fe.heng Cty - tanks), gravity sludge thickening and approx. 65km -l ngi comprises pipes and ditches, discharging sludge dewatering using belt presses. untreated effluent to river system) . . . ....- Also - Recycled treated effuent5_ P ........... .--: e / , - -:: - ~~~~~~PVoqJeef AreO eomprises N:in¢ heng: area, 199$ pop,t83,500 to Nan Si Lake system and Huai Propoged trunk igw Rig - River Basin bn-o:,rg-]1T'-ie ~~~~~- >~~~~~~~~~0o Efuelt ecyeleVip6lille - : _.:.- KEY - 7:m Dl; 31:;Pf?- :- I -- Urban Area:Ladarle e itretr i : ;- Project WwTW ,.--:.:t<:9 / \WwTW Built by et, - : : .- f/_ Others (now/future):.-:::.-.b Project PS Scheme Proposed for WB Fundinover . 1) 40,000 m3/d WwTW (Phase 1); S (nwPS Built by Others 2) Construction of 19.5 km of concrete sewers, (nowor future) comprising DN 300 to DN 1200 RC. Project main sewer 3) 7 km of new treated effluent recycling pipeline, ci' -£ PVC, DN 315 and associated pumping station (at : > River WwTW). --, - - - Effluent recycle pipe . S r Bridge R , Note: Only principal proposed sewers shown "u4>.4M.>:$^-! ~ ' ,t 7j'*'g1 *gs-y.,er C,dStet SI----0-c- -~~~~ - - IRcd~Vtr~ - - Ico.W.,y OF &4t IhW kb - ( ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ~~~ - ~~~~~~L Thote, of tio- ppe -o I - VR t is O oil. 30-- Figure 2.1 Plate Drawing of Wastewater Drainage Pipe Web in Feicheng City ---e' Ste wr -ge System - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~N , KEY Scheme Proposed for WB Fun din N Urban Area I) New 80,000 rn3/d WwTW (Phase 1); Projec WwT, 2) 72.2 km of new HDPE sewer comprising 26.1 km _ . 6 /P W of main sewers, DN 400 or greater and 46.1 km of secondary sewers, DN 300; W: WwTW Built by 3) 4 Nr sewage lift pumping stations (PS). Others (now/future) ~~ ~~k!J~~~4t~~.f.~~~ Zhao Wang River At rjctP ,C PS Built by Others Old City Boundary Dyke PS (now or future) o Project Interceptor/ \4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Main Sewer River/Channel Note: Only principal proposed sewers shown I . I .... . .. , .. - . ./ . : .... '' ' -', j - :::: ;:: :.-: ............. .:::., :, {' _ _ _ . ... . - : 1 - - - :s :::/.- -. ' - ~~~~~~~~~~~2- ', V--, .".:.: .. - ,-: |~~~~~~~~~~~~~q -i . . . ...... - : --- h SuRie d~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ I .. . .. ,, - : ., ' . - : : - // 'f' ........... :,,,,','- ,-, ,-':'''''''''~~~~~~~~~~~. . . ' . . . . . Proposed Nr 2 Pumping S.. tio .:. -.. . . ....... .. . S a .. P \ase 1 Maximum -apacity~ 4.I ~ .:s T -Pase I Capacity (2003) = 80,000 m:/d Design Head = 6.0 m.N :: : : : : - t.:.: . C p Pumps =2 duty, I standby ./P S r Pi mp.Statibn :- -tii;i :: . . ::e::mentT(fin Phase 1 Maximum Capacity = 1,255 Ils Proposed Nr 4 Pumping Station screes and grit removal), biologicai Design Head = 6.0 m Phase I Maximum Capacity = 339 I/s secondary treatment (conventional ,53 Pumps =6 duty, 2 standby Design Head = 6.0 m oxidation ditch process with settlement Cj) )I c. 3 Heze City Ilumiips 2 duty, I stanidby tanks), gravity sludge thickening and q > (1998 urban pop. was 280,000. Existing combined sluidge dewatering using belt presses. * - sewer system, approx. 50 km long, comprises ° pipes and ditches, discharging untreated effluent to river system) itye .2 5 PLAN FOR RIZI-IAO CITY WASTEWATER ENGINEERING WASTEWATER MAIN PIPE NETWORK (PHASE I) 7 1k WID w~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Legend Wastewater treatment plant awastewater gravityp k )J) / vwasicwater drainage 1,pe /V C\ 1v astewater elevatio- = 1 || a river Environmental Assessment Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province KEY Urban Ara .Figure 2.6 -..-Urban Area . Rizhao City Wastewater Project Project WwTW - Schematic .- N WwTW Built by WwTW Others (now/future) /fi Project PS PS Built by Others / PS (now or future) / Project Interceptor/ Main -. - - Riha City Sewer or Outfall (1998 urbar pop s . Esting c med , - - Project pumping main Coastline and separate sewer system, laulong, River/Channel comrisesypires tn thes,i arg-g' ,' Note: Only project ) o r s o de: :o t e sewers shown. -. - .. --- .-.- - .i . 1/ 1.-2 .....lkm . - . .:.Phase Maxim4um - ~DN 800 4.13: ). fmX2 / 10 -. - .................... .- . -(ref.%. 2 (ref Wa4) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~34km N1N800- up~dt tnb -f ;:W - : r4 J - '7) ' - .. . ...... ... ... . t-: -/xo ,1,,,, t - &/ - Proposed.Nr2P. . * -\ ' , ' ' / ~~~~~~~~PbaselMainistii'''' / ,- .~~~~~~PCpeity=4O00Q S DN 1500. : - 2 . - s igiHad-i : . - 4i, . - 'P :-P 1 duty,',' -,,an by..:D DNA000, 6, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.7 krn (~ 1)N 1000 to DN 150 DN200 7.44 OkiN.-I(00teDNIS00 ............. --- t6 & r r i -_.-'- ,) (refwb3).. : Propspp r%lYI Pumping -N 200G. --3 tetidii MtL iujai, ;-- id Nr I WwTV^ - -4- ikm - : -,Ph,,it-y,.u,m: 14 I phase.l CaaciW(2003) 100,00 '3id ':W200: - Designt.Head =32 in. Pae2Capacrsy (201tO) 200000 ntmId,.-: [Pum-2'd,' i~YEL- stan,dby1 's'cr&ns$ nd.grtreiov ,t prlyetlement t ww l N10 '- '' ' 0 ' ' '-' 1 t.ant)grav.ity sltdge thickerting nd sludge \ ' .~ 0. -,mshort sea Out all,.: iwatg 'a be'.'C ::ity - t :: , f e \ , { ~~~~Propos;ed Outtlet Puimping Station- at WwTVI4 sie-I N Phase i Maxi_ryn Capacity = 2640 U5 * - . . ty l .st Depigdlb-1ead. . ;-SmgieDNI 00 Harbour , . x-Pmpsd=2 , 1 stdby *'W 2:rm tor g . ............... -- ---(to header cha hber): 1 ~~~Header >r '- . ~~~~~~Chamber,,, .... ........i j ~~Scheme Proposed for WB Fuzlng d' 1 ) 39.6 km of new RC interceptor, main sewers and pumping mains, DN 800 to DN 2000;i 1- 2) 3 Nr sewage intennediate pumping stations; Twin DN 1200 . 3) 100,000 m3/d WwTW (Phase I) providing preliminary so outsall, 'and primary treatment; . 4) ] Nr outlet pumping station to pump flows to outfall header chamber; 5) 2.8 km of DN 1600 pressure main to head chamber - Yellow Sea 6) Header chamber and 2.5 km long sea outfall comprising |: twin DN 1200 laid in submarine trench; 7) Single DN 1200 short sea outfall pipe for emergency use. M , , 5" - Z:t_ '-& ' _ . =. Weixt Road Wfa t,*ter Main PiPe ine Wn5r We5t R d W t v eline 1 'th o- Rad J~,hqt Road Wftte~ater Vain Pipeiine GeLeral Lavout ot Sewage Pipeline R .e)f Juxmn wastellwater Treatment PlIn t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Zl 210 1,y'oj L 4es JU134t [, _ 7/ , _ _ _ ___ -a 5 1§1: 20000 -Cmrbined W.st"water Main lil I 9~.c= Legend: i~ Ring~oad Rate'a l ie anhol'~ D11JOpipe t,irnDe inner he-i ht. |~~~~~~~~~rmie Waglx -tr Mi P1 ot Sh River 3 / .g S fi tXal~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~23 1S outb n IR S f H; C I~~~~4A~tuv Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 0 KEY - Figure 2.8 Rizhao-Ju County Wastewater Project < WwT WI Project WwTW Urban Area - Schematic : V -- Sceai \ WwTW Built by Project Interceptor Others (now/future) Sewer ps Project PS - - - Project pumping main ] s ~~Project PSRie.1 River PS Built by Others _ _ Stream/Channel - PS (now or future) Note: Only proposed project sewers shown -V| - t - -¾-:dfc -- - 4 - Iitch - 1 -| : : -::Shu . e i Nr 1 WwTw -- : /Phase I capaeErir(2OO3) = 40,000-m3td:-- 1rt To Huai River Basin (' via Shu River S SiemeProvosed for WB Fundin2 15 kn of new interceptor sewers, DN 500 to DN 1200 and associated overflow structures. sides o_fthes=- ;.,,s 6-5 kni:f ~ ~ ~ ~ --$ ~-~ so IA YtA P-ai Riv-- "'^-ter Poll,,,;-- Contr-' D--icct En tental ment Shandong Province Raw Water from Boreholes >.jjj/d ,0 _ Alkali Recovery Plant 12;000 m3/d Process water losses 6,000 m3/d (design capacity 1200 tVd) __ approx 150 m5/d I Pulp Production I Pulp Washing from Stra 5 Nr drum type vacuum pulp Pulp ae auatr Kraft 120 cd - washing machinies used in 120 LVd ADP Pulp Bleaching Bleached pulp fPper Manufacture lrfprocess -straw cooked pulp series.85%oflblacklqo 4,920m/ -chfromnpStraw Pulp witl cauticpod oduce ext sraced, s5oldsac liquor 490n/dchlorine process 50,000 ton/year with caustic soda to producc t extracted, solids concecntration washwater brownstock. of black liquor 10% Black Liquor White Wastewater 240 m3/d 1,296 m3/d 18,000 m/d clean water for 10% solids Mid-Section Wastewater screen Evaporation wastitw Treatment Works Screening and cleaning, Evaporation a ater (design capacity 20,000 m3/d) Storage launders etc (Includes storage, tube anid _Condensate - wat waer> plate type evaporation and 940 m3/d condensation) PAM Black Liquor 957.6 kg/d Fibre Removal To 80 m chimney 48% solids 0,375 kg/m3 Dust rcmoval using ^ t < Sludge wastewater eclaimed Fibre elctrostatic precipitator _ Dewatering 7 t/d (2,550 t/yr) sIncineration Sludge Cake .-+-- Fuel Oil 144 t/d 124 kgtd (423 tVy) Green Liquor (48,960 tlyr) Sludge Flocculation PAC 289.7 m3/d 20% tds w/ Thickening 200 kg/d Lime F_ - ___ | 24.2 l/d (8,231 V/y) Soda Ash Recovery Water, 206 rm3/d ____Secondary Activated Sludge Primary Sed mentation Aeration Tank with Sedimentation Soda ash (NaOH) Nutrient Addition Recycled to pulp Srecovered a \_ production area 24.9 t/d Treated White Clay Sludge Effluent Ammonium Sodium 53.9 t/d (18,320 t/y) 19,920 m3/d less Sulphate Phosphate 60% tds w/w process losses 1600 kg/d 360 kg/d Low strength wasper firo 2544 ml/d Figure 2.10 Chengwu Paper Mill - Proposed Pollution Control Process Environmental Assessnr Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Provi-.e Figure 2.11 Simplified Process Schematic of WwTW Proposed for Chengwu Paper M I 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~V O 3 4~~~~~~~~~~O .2 ~~ ~~~~ 0< U~~~~~~~~~~ 'I U)_ _ ~ ~~~ 4) U_ __K ; D ) n X, E -t a, 00 S S>ra AL i C,0 IX.'VC ° r Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province A~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Plate 1: Hezeca asewaer treatmenti plant site re \~~~~ "^ , Plate 1: Typica wstewaer locationt inan Heeirbnere Jutly 20001 2 of ii AA\Shandong-Photos.doc/ Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province f~~~~ F _~~~~~~-s~~~~- 6i .k - Plate 3: Typical urban water course in Heze affected by pollution. w ~Az Plate 4: Proposed location of Heze Nr 3 pumping station and sewer route. July 2000/3 of ii AAShandong-Photos.doc/ Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province Plate 5: Site of Feicheng WWTP showing current agricultural use. Plate 6: Location of interceptors in pavement (Feicheng sub-project) July 2000/4 of ii A:\Shandong-Photos.doc/ Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province A ^-JY&7- 4.amkz AS M. 7-A Plate 7: Location of interceptor along river bank (Feicheng sub-project). gS '''''tR,''--~~~~~~~ '-' ,~~~~~q Plate 8: Location of interceptor along natural river bank (Feicheng sub-project). July 2000/ 5 of ii AAShandong-Photos.doc/ Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province 7. Plate 9: Site of the Rizhao WWTP. Agricultural land and agricultural sheds will be affected. Plate 10: Rizhao sub-project typical location of pumping station and interceptors - affecting agricultural July 200016 of ii A:\Shandong-Plhotos.doc/ Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province Plate 11: Rizhao sub-project site of Pumping Station Nr.3 - Park land _ . . . ~ ~ . , . ~ .- . . . . .-= . -.............. -x.~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ f Plate 12: Rizhao sub-project location of interceptors along river bank July 2000/ 7 of ii A \Shandong-Photos.doc/ Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province t'' ~~~~~~~~~~~u 77 ~' Plate 13: Ju County sub-project, typical road verge used for the installation of the sewer network. F.' i.-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I Plate 14: Ju County sub-project, sewer traverses through field. July 2000/ 8 of ii A\Shandong-Pihotos.doc/ Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Shandong Province p~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Plate 15: Chengwu Paper Mill - tank of old existing WwTP with straw stocks in background. July 2000, 9 of ii A.\ShandongPlhotos.doc/ Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 3 DESCRIPTION OF THE ENVIRONMENT (PROVINCIAL OVERVIEW) 3.1 Physical Environment 3.1.1 Geographical Location Shandong is a province located along the sea in China. Its geographical location is: east longitude 114036' to 122043', north latitude 34025' to 38°23'. The length from east to west of the province is over 700 km, and from north to south, over 400 km. Total land area is 156,700 km2, accounts for about 1.6% of total area of China. Shandong peninsula protrudes out between the Bohai sea and the Yellow Sea, while inland it borders from north to south on four provinces: Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu. The basic situation of the geographical location of each sub-project is shown in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Geographical Location of Sub-Project Located Area Geographical location Project location Location Area (km2) north latitude east longitude - Rizhao South-east of - Rizhao Shandong 30004'-35°04' 1 9000- 119O39' 5368.0 Municipality province Ju county (in South-east of Rizhao Shandong 35019'-36003' 118°35'-119006' 1961.1 Municipality) province South-west of 1485 (not Heze city Shandong 30015' 115026' include each province county's areas) Chengwu South-west of County (in Heze) Shandong 34059' 115054' county (in Heze) poic province Middle-west of Feicheng city Shandong 35053'-36019' 116028'-l16059' 1263 province 3.1.2 Geology/Soils There was little detailed information on geological conditions in the project cities but the following information was obtained from FSRs. * Heze City is on a plain that has historically been impacted by Yellow River flood flows and dike burst. Heze City lies in the downstream area of the Yellow River, it is in the Yellow River alluvial plain. * Rizhao is located in level I rise of No.2 Jionan uplifted zone in neocathaysian. It is the east extent of Yimeng mountain system. There are hills up and down, plain 3-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province scattered, rivers crisscrossed, the whole landforms is high in west and low in east, facing the sea with the hills for a background. In west the surrounding mountains are like the billows of the sea, there are plains in front of and behind the hills. In east, there are few hills and many plains near the sea. Rizhao city's coastline belongs to relative plain sandy bedrock, the general expanding direction is controlled by the Qingdao ocean deep structure in the direction of NNE-SSW, and intersects toward the south to Lanshantou with the Pingshang-Andongwei structure running nearly E-W, so sharply turning to the south-west, entering Haizhou Bay and southward becoming plain silty clay coast. Rizhao City is located in the intersecting zone where earthquake protection scale 6 and protection scale 7 are met. The WwTW is to be constructed in the protected zone of scale 6. * For Ju County, this area is alluvial plane and the terrain is flat. It is between Shu River in the east and Liuqing River in the west. The Fulai Mountain is nearby in the west. The height above sea level is between lOOm and 200m. The earth structure of Chengwu county area is dustpan sink of Chengwu single break of Luxi bulge in Huabei break area It is deposit of the forth system from the surface to 346m under the surface. Under this, separately, it is the third system of the Cenozoic Era and the Mesozoic Ear layer. Natural landform in this region is inundated plain filled by huge deposit. The micro-landforms of the project located area is slightly sloping land. In Feicheng, the landforns in this county are of many types, the terrain falls from northeast to southwest. There are 43 rivers course of large and small mountain torrents and 96 large hills in the county. Mountain range declines from northeast to southwest inside the boundary, it is the north part of the west foot of Mountain Tai range. 3.1.3 Topography The following sections relate the proposed projects and the surrounding landscapes: Feicheng Feicheng is located in the west of the central part of Shandong province, at the western foot of Taishan Mountain, on the nortlh bank of the Wen river, with geographic coordinates at northern latitude of 350 53' - 360 19'. It links with Taian at the east, adjacent to Jinan city in the north, watching Ningyang across the Wen river to the south, and having common boundaries with Dongping and Pingyin in the west, with Wenshang county to its southwest. The floodproof standard for Feicheng is Degree 3, 20 years. The Kangwang and Longshan rivers are planned to handle the 50-year standard flood, while the branches are planned for the 20-year standard flood. 3-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Heze Heze City is located in south-western Shandong Province, southeast of the North China Plain and below the south bank of the Yellow River. The Longitude is 114° 48' - 116° 24' east and latitude 340 48' - 350 52' north. The Heze City is a plain that has historically been impacted by Yellow River flood flows and dike burst. The west is a little higher than the east, the height above sea level is about 55.5m, and the northeast is 44m (Huanghai Sea altitude system). Rizhao Rizhao is located between 300 04' 44" and 330 36' 1 1" north latitude, and 119° 00' 40" and 1190 39' 33" east longitude. It faces the Yellow Sea in the east, and Linyi city in the west, Qingdao city in the north, and Lianyungang city across the river to the south. The WwTW is planned to be at the Yellow Sea Industrial Zone and the site was selected because the site is lower than the city, the site is far from the urbanised areas, the topography of the site is even and easy to build on, there are few buildings or residents so resettlement cost is reduced, and it is about 1 km from the Rizhao power plant so the power supply conditions are good. The elevation of the treated effluent pond before discharge is set at 5.30m, compared to the average sea level elevation of 2.74m and historic height of 5.46m. If secondary treatment is added later, the effluent elevation would be 3.70 m at the outlet from the works. The outlet pipelines discharging wastewater to the sea from the WwTW are located in the sea area to the north of Kuishanzui Mountain. The topography of the sea bottom is quite plain with a mean slope of 1/250 within the -7m isobath. The sea bottom between -7 to -12m isobaths is sharply steeper with a mean slope of 1/50. However, the sea bottom between -12m isobath is relatively smooth with a slope of 1/1000. At present, the alluvial silt of underwater bank slope in the area is basically in the balance state after a long topographic development period. The silty soil is mainly distributed at the bottom of the coast area at the water depth up to 5m. The sea bottom is sandy at the water depth more than lOm. The coastal tide in Rizhao belongs to regular semidiurnal tide. According to records between 1968 and 1992, characteristics of the tide are listed below, based on theoretical low tide level: * Highest high water level = 5.65m * Lowest low water level = -0.47m * Mean high water level = 4.23m * Mean tidal range = 3.02m * Extreme tidal range = 5.23 m * Mean sea level = 2.73m Ju County The area is alluvial plain and the terrain is smooth. It inclines from north-east to south-west and the gradient is 1/1000 maximum. The area is 100-200 m above sea level, crossed by the Shuhe River to the east and the Fulai Mountain is to the west of the area. 3-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Cheng Wu Paper Mill The paper mill is located adjacent to the Dong Yu River with the Liaocheng-shangqui highway on the east side of the site. The terrain of the paper mill site is generally flat. 3.1.4 Climate and meteorology The Huai River basin is in the transition between the south and north climate of China. The north of Shandong Huai River belongs to warm temperate zone with semi-humid seasonal wind; the south belongs to north subtropical zone with humid seasonal wind. The climate characters are typical seasonal winds, distinct seasons, warm climate, proper rainfalls, changeable spring, clear autumn, steady spring rains and strong monsoon rainstorms. In the Huai river basin, rainfall is not evenly distributed in time and place. The yearly average rainfall is 600-1400 mm and average evaporating volume is 1211 mm, which in general is high in the south, along the sea and in the mountains, and low in the north, inland and in the plain. The average rainfall is 947.6 mm, 60 % in July to September the flood season. Moreover, the yearly rainfall varies 2-6 times from maximum to minimum. Table 3.2 provides a summary of climatic conditions in the 'WPCP project cities. Table 3.2: Meteorological Summary, WPCP Project Cities Average Extreme Extreme Rain Major Frequency Second Average Relative Weather temperature maximum minimum volume direction of major direction wind humidity character per year temperature temperature per of wind wind of wind speed per % (degrees C) (degrees C) (degrees C) year in a year direction year Location (mm) % (m/s) Rizhao 12.6 37.5 -18.9 812.4 N 10.95 NNE 3.3 72 city Ju county 12.1 39.4 -25.6 901.3 ES 11 2.9 71 Heze 13.7 42.0 -20.4 655.6 S.N 2.9 CShengwu 13.9 700.1 N 9 S.ES 2.5 Feicheng 13.1 667.5 SSE 21 2.3 A similar rainfall pattern is experienced for all project cities with the wet season occurring in July, August and September and the dry season from October to June. The dry season river flows are highly correlated to the rainfall patterns, with flows approaching or at zero during the dry season. The following is some additional detail from Rizhao, at Shijiu Ocean Station: * Annual average temperature, 12.8 ° C * Annual average liglhest temperature, 16.1 °C * Annlual average lowest temperature, 9.8 e C Extreme highest temperature, 37.5 ° C (July 8, 1964) * Extreme lowest temperature, -13.7 C (Jan 15, 1967) * Annual average precipitation, 812.4 mm 3-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * Annual Max. precipitation, 1426.2mm * Annual Min. precipitation, 512.4 mm Max. precipitation per day, 168.1mm June-August is 57.6% of annual precipitation Dec-Feb is 5% of annual precipitation Annual average moderate fog days is 125.7, fog days 37.7 days * Annual average relative humidity is 72% 3.1.5 Air Quality The ambient air quality is generally better in HRWPCP cities than Chinese large urban areas with some variation due to topography and pollutant source mix, but air quality can still be characterised as intermittently poor. Relative to the Class II standard of GB3095-1996, TSP, NOx and S02 are the main pollutants of concem and standards are exceeded for varying parts of the year. There is some concern that these conditions will cause problems related to odour from the proposed HRWPCP WwTWs, especially since some existing WwTWs in China have experienced severe odour problems, usually due to inadequate O&M. This odour potential is more fully discussed in the impacts and mitigation section. It is expected that proper design and operation of the WwTWs will greatly reduce odour problems. There are few residences or sensitive receptors in the project areas and appropriate mitigation measures are proposed. 3.1.6 Noise All major urban areas in the province have locations that exceed ambient noise standards. Monitoring of ambient noise levels has been conducted at the proposed project sites, especially pump stations and WwTWs, and used in detailed noise modelling by the design institute. Details of this modelling and recommended mitigation measures can be found in Chapters 5 and 7. 3.1.7 Surface and Groundwater Hydrology The Huai River is one of the five major river systems in China. It originates from Mt.Tongbo in Tongbo County, Henan Province. It flows through Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu from west to east. In history, Huai River flowed into the sea. In 1194, the 4th dyke of the Huang River burst, and the flood overflowed southern to the Huai River. In 1855, the Huang River changed its way passing Lijin of Tianjin into the sea, As a result, sand blocked the Huai River's entrance to the sea. This diverted the Huai River towards Sanhe, Gaobao Lake, the Canal and Sanjiangying into Changjiang River. The mainstream of Huai River covers 1,000 km, and the drop difference is 200m with a slope of 0.2 %o. The upper reaches are above Honghekou and are 364 km long, with 177m slope of 0.5 %o. The middle reaches are from Honghekou to Sanhe Gate of Hongzhe Lake and are 490 km long, with the elevation difference of 16m. Under the control of Sanhe Gate, the average slope is only 0.027 %o. Beneath Hongze Lake to Changjiang is the lower reach, 156 km long with a slope of 0.036 %o. The Huai River mainstream is not located in Shandong Province, but major tributary reaches are located within the province. The terrain in Shandong portion of the Huai River Basin is even and poor il water storage characteristics. In the flood period, the river rises suddenly, overflows easily, while it 3-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province drops to at or near zero flows in the dry period. Table 3.3 provides the hydrologic parameters of the surface waters in Shandong Province HRWPCP cities. Table 3.3: Hydrologic Parameters of HRWPCP Project Area Segrnent River Water Period Flow Rate Velocity (mis) Depth (m) Width (m) Dry 0.72 0.12 0.15 40 Yu Ni River Normal 0.80 0.13 0.15 40 Wet 0.90 0.15 0.15 40 Jo County Dry 6.35 0.45 0.20 70 Shu River Normal 11.40 1.02 0.15 74 Wet 32.91 0.71 0.60 77 Zhu Shui River Dry 1.16 0.15 0.5 16 Heze WwTW Zhu ZhaoXinRiver Dry 2.46 0.001 1.44 171 Heze W Zhu Zhao Xin River Normal 3.66 0.014 1.52 172 Wet 6.11 0.029 1.23 170 Dry 0.54 0.15 0.30 12 Kang Wang River Nonnal 0.64 0.16 0.33 12 Wet 1.09 0.22 0.38 13 Feicheng Dry 3.40 0.07 0.70 69 Da Qing River Normal 3.75 0.06 0.80 78 Wet 46.92 0.66 0.84 85 Dry 0.58 0.25 0.15 15 Normal 5.4 0.41 0.50 26 Chengwu Dong Yu River Wet 8.44 0.81 0.35 30 Normal _ Wet 'The 1996 WPCP defines target water quality in the river basin in terms of reductions in chemical oxygen demand (COD), which was selected as the pollutant parameter of control. For planning purposes, this is considered to be a reasonable assumption for reduction of gross pollution since the WPCP first targeted industrial pollution with a requirement to have each major industry conform to the "Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard" (GB8978) by year 1997. The WPCP listed the principles upon which it will rely as follows: * based on the assimilative capacity of the river, acceptable pollution discharges are calculated and distributed throughout the basin such that water classifications are commensurate with the beneficial uses of the river reaches; * industrial pollution was targeted and the policy, paraphrased as "closing, ceasing, forbidding, changing and transferring", was to be strictly enforced; * beneficial uses of the rivers are to be protected against spills and pollution accidents. Management of riverine infrastructure is to be strengthened and the security of key beneficial uses such as water supply is to be emphasised; * pollution control is to be enhanced by means such as cleaner industrial production and by the construction of municipal sewage treatment plants; * regulatory system is to be reviewed along with enhancement of technical, legal and scientific management and practice. The WPCP identified a number of causes for the heavy and increasing pollution in the Huai Basin at the time of the survey. These were: 3-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * rapid development of township and village enterprises which use outdated equipment discarded by urban industry and operate it without any pollution control. The report states that the number of such enterprises is rising at a rate greater than the urban industrial growth rate; * with increased urbanisation, industrial development is increasing rapidly, often based on products from the traditional agricultural base. Such industries often have a low technology content and little or no pollution control. They are also often only marginally profitable however they consume large quantities of water and are large polluters of the environment; * rapid urbanisation also brings a large increase in domestic sewage pollution; * investment in pollution control is inadequate and has historically been less in the Huai Basin Provinces than the national average. Investment in pollution control has not kept pace with the GNP output for the basin; * seasonal water shortages result in low river flows in the dry seasons and inadequate dilution of wastewaters entering the system. The Huai Basin has a large requirement for irrigation water and has more than 4200 manual control structures which, in the dry season store available flow which is largely wastewater. This has led in the past to frequent downstream pollution following release of such accumulated water; . inadequate environmental protection agency strength and facilities combined with an inability to enforce standards and compliance requirements. The 3H Action Plan indicated that significant improvement was made in many of the polluting industries from 1992 to 1997, but that only 7 of 63 planned municipal WwTWs were constructed during this period. In addition, the assimilative capacity of the receiving streams during the dry season is essentially zero, with minimal or no inflow, flat and channelised stream reaches, and minimal environmental resources. The assimilative, or "carrying", capacity of any river is a complex function of natural and regulated water flows, background water quality, water quality alterations through reservoirs and other regulating structures, added waste loads from human activities (rural and urban) and natural re- aeration ability. The ability of a river to naturally recover its dissolved oxygen concentration is a function of its width, depth, gradient, mixing capacity, temperature, light penetration and the length of reach available for re-aeration. The benthal deposits (quantity and type) also affects the ability of a river to recover since oxygen-conisuming substances re-solubilise from them and re-enter the stream flow. Each river reach has quite specific factors that allow the decay rate of BOD or COD to be estimated. The assimilative capacity of a river or river reach is therefore very site specific and its calculation requires good data. The definition of the beneficial use(s) of the river reaches is necessary, with the assignment to each of a "standard" value for one or more quality parameters. The assimilative capacity can then be calculated in terms of the mass load of pollutants that can be carried by the river without loss of the defined beneficial use. Sufficient and reliable data to perforn calculations of the assimilative capacity of the stream reaches at the HRWPCP project sites was not available at this time. However, based on the 1996 WPCP and the 1999 3H Action Plan, one can assume virtually zero assimilative capacity in the dry season for all project sites. 3-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Rizhao: Rivers crisscross the whole of Rizhao Municipality, major rivers are Futong River, Shu River, Wei River, Liangcheng River these four big water system. Rivers that run into the sea are Futong River, Liangcheng River, Jufeng River, Xiuzhen River and Longwang River. There are four reservoirs in Rizhao Jufeng and Maling reservoir are located in Donggang district, Qianghang reservoir is located in Wulian county, Qingfengling, Shiyang reservoir are in Juxian county. Coastal area belongs to regular half-day current, flowing direction of current rotates according to counter clockwise. The fastest flowing speed when tide rising is 0.86m/s, the fastest flowing speed, when tide is falling is 0.66m/s. Major rivers flowing into the sea area in Rizhao are Xiuzhen River. Futong River, Zhuzi River, Xicheng River etc. They are all seasonal rivers, the rate of flow is large in summer and small in winter. Ju. County Shu River runs across the county in north-south direction, it is the major water system in this district. Ft comes from southern foot of Yishan hill, runs across Yishi County them into the county. The watershed area in this county amounts to 1718.4 cm2. Heze In the west of Heze city area, large and small river embankments criss-cross, the city-protecting river which is square inside and circle outside is another suburb of the city. Zhaowang River and Wanfu River cross as "J" in Heze, and there is Zhushui River runs across direction of east west, these three rivers from the structure from which organise the city's view. The Yellow River is on the north border of Heze. On the south of the Yellow River there is Huaihe River water system, major is Dongyu River, Zhuzhaoxin River these two mainstream. Zhushi River and Anxing River which are the drainage river courses in south and north planed area in Heze, are branch streams of Zhuzhaoxin River. The rain runoff and tail water from the Yellow River flow into Huaihe River through Nansi Lake. Volume of river course runoff in the area is small and they are seasonal rivers. Zhaowang River is a branch of Anxing River, Zhushui River is the only existing drainage passage in Heze, and the river course is winding. Wanfu River watershed area is 798km2, and of Anxing river, 23 8km2. Chengwu The wastewater produced by existing and proposed project drains south to Dongyu River (old name is 2 Hongwei River). The area of Dongyu River valley is 539 km , the length in the county is 36 km, it flows east along Jinxiang County to Yutai County 80 km later, it flow into Dushan lake of Nansi Lake system in Shanigwanig lou of Yutai County. 3-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Shallow underground water of the project area comes from rainfall and returning flood water of the Yellow River. The depth of underground water is slightly different in the two sides of Dongyu River, water level in the north side in high and average depth of many years is 3.06m; while in the south side, the water level is lower, and the depth is 4.45m. Bordered by Dongyu River, average depths in the county differ by 0.4m or so. There are five water rich areas, the one that is nearest to the county is located on the north of the county region, and the area is 17km2. Underground water flows first from south and north to the county area, then flows from west to east, its direction is same as that of surface water. Water used in this project is deep well water. The plant has own wells. Analysed by hydrology and geology exploration department, it complies with the requirement of living water and industrial used water. Feicheng There are many rivers in Feicheng. The rivers include in this assessment area is Longshan, Kangwang, Kanghui, Laocheng River, etc. At present, part of sewage of new city drains to Longshan -Riyer, others northward to Kangwang River. Longshan River runs across the new city, Longshan and Kangwang River join in the south of Dongfu village in west of the city. Sewage frQm old city drains to Laocheng River and Kangwang River, these two rivers join in the north of Dongfu village in west of the city. Sewage from Wanggua town drains to local ditches which flow south to Kangwang River. Kangwang River flows west for over 30 km, then join with Kanghui River to become the Hui River in Houhengyu which lies in the boundary of Pingyin and Feicheng. Hui River flows south to Daqing River then west to Dongping Lake. Sewage treated by WwTW will drain to Kangwang River. It is an inland seasonal river which has the effect of preventing and draining the flood in rain season, it mainly receives wastewater from manufacturing industries and mining industry in the valley and domestic wastewater. In recent years because of the industrial development, the underground water is over exploited so that the Kangwang River loses flow from underground water. In low water season, it is basically a sewage draining river course for industrial and domestic wastewater. Average flow over many year of Kangwang River is lower than 3m3/s. Chapter 4.3 provides detailed information on provincial river systems as well as EPB surface water quality monitoring data on the surface streams in the HRWPCP cities. 3.1.8 Non-Point Pollution, Agricultural and Urban Runoff With respect to agricultural non-point source pollution, two factors are of key importance to the pollution of watercourses; the use of fertiliser for arable farming and the disposal of animal waste. One pig generates approximately 5 times the waste of a human so this is a significant source of organic pollutants. In following phases of the HRWPCP the following investigations should be carried out and a strategy for dealing with these pollution sources developed. * Estimates of pollution loads generated within the river basins from fertiliser run-off, animal wastes and the rural population should be estimated. 3-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * By examination of nutrient balances within the river systems, estimates should be prepared of the percentage of BOD, N and P washed into the rivers from the rural pollution loads. These estimates should be compared with data from elsewhere. * The estimated loads washed into the rivers should be compared with the loads generated from urban residential and industrial activities in order to determine the significance of the non-point discharges. * Arable farming practice should be examined to determine means by which fertiliser use can be reduced and the wash-off of nutrients can be controlled. The economic impacts of such interventions should be evaluated and compared with the costs of pollution reduction by urban wastewater treatment. * The disposal and reuse practice as applied to animal waste should be studied with a view to establishing improved practices to minimise wash-off. Again costs should be compared with alternative urban control alternatives. * Recommendations should be prepared for discussion at provincial and state levels for changes to agricultural practices in order to reduce water pollution in a cost-effective way. Urban runoff from non-point source pollution is also a significant source of pollutants in the urban areas of the HRWPCP cities. It will be difficult to develop significant interest in this area, until the sewerage and point source pollution problems have been addressed and solved over the next few years. Many of the recommended studies in the previous sections for agricultdral areas can be ,aerformed with slight variation for urban runoff. Chemical fertiliser is less of a concern but transport issues such as oil and fuel contamination become more of a concern. Until vehicle fuels are improved, lead pollution can also be a major concern. 3.2 Biological Environment The individual HRWPCP project component EAs included general information about the flora and fauna of the Shandong Province and HRWPCP cities. The project areas are a combination of urban and intensive agricultural areas with no undeveloped land affected. As such, native species of flora and fauna are few. The polluted levels of the watercourses limit aquatic life to a great degree. 3.2.1 Flora The rural HRWPCP WwTW sites and project areas contain only crops used for agriculture. There are no undeveloped areas affected. In the urban areas where sewerage is to be constructed, there is no native vegetation of any significance. 3.2.2 Fauna There are only domestic poultry and other farn animals located in the study areas and no wild animals are located in the vicinity of any HRWPCP projects. 3.2.3 Special Issues There were no special issues noted in the project areas such as sensitive plant or aquatic species, wetlands or wildlife habitat, cultural or historic sites except as noted in Section 3,4, or sensitive receptor groups. 3-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 3.3 Socio-cultural Environment 3.3.1 Project Area Overview Shandong province is one of coastal provinces in central China and is located in the east of the Huai River Basin, which is currently considered a relatively developed province in eastern China. Socio- economic development varies within the province. Generally, the eastern part of province is richer than the western part of province. Social infrastructure related to the project includes the water supply system and, the wastewater discharge and treatment system. The water supply company in each sub-component is in charge of the distribution of water to the various types of consumers in the area such as domestic users (households), commercial users (restaurants, hotels etc.), small industries. Domestic users consume approximately 30-50% of the total water supplied by the water supply company. Larger industries generally have their own water supply system and in some cases they also supply domestic water to employees living in the company premises. The present sewerage system consists of a combined system to collect sewerage and rainwater. The existing system is unsatisfactory in some of the old urban areas. 3.3.2 Social and Public Health Issues Water-borne diseases are reported in the feasibility study reports to account for about 20% of all diseases in the project areas. Most of the diseases are spread by hand contact, or through the soil, food or flies. For these diseases, the proper disposal of faeces and personal hygiene practices are most important. This reinforces the need for the sewerage and treatment facilities. Water quality data indicates that the Huai River and tributaries frequently have levels of pollutants in excess of standards set for their intended purpose. Of greater concern to human health is the faecal contamination of the rivers, and the presence of chemicals from industrial wastewater. Eutrophication can lead to toxic algal blooms posing an additional threat. These water quality problems pose not only a potential health risk to the local communities but present significant environmental threat for the local rivers and marine environment. The public health and environimental impacts provide justification for providing sewerage and treatment facilities in Shandong province HRWPCP project cities to protect water sources. The level of treatment proposed by the project at the WwTWs and associated protection of the drinking water sources will improve the current situation and provide a more acceptable margin of safety for drinking water. A "do nothing" situation would see an increase in environmental problems and degradation of the water sources, with consequential negative hiealth impacts, as well as the further over-exploitation of groundwater sources in an attempt to avoid usinlg polluted surface water sources. The public health condition in the region is very much related to the water quality of the Huai River. It is expected that water quality improvement will lead to a reduction in the need for and expenditures on medical care. The existing water quality problem poses not only a potential health risk to the local 3-11 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province communities but presents a significant environmental threat for the local rivers and marine environment. Despite the difficulty of measuring the precise health impact of improved water supply and quality, some benefits can be observed. More abundant water of better quality (resulting from parallel water treatment improvement programs), improved sanitation and greater awareness of the water/sanitation/disease chain can lead to a reduction in sickness. Better health in turn diminishes the social and economic cost of low productivity and human suffering. The data indicates there are potential health benefits that can be derived from improvements in drainage and sanitation throughout the project areas in HRWPCP project cities in Shandong province, and in reducing the risk to the safety of the public water supply. Health improvements gained by the project will reduce family health costs, which in turn will contribute to poverty reduction for the low income groups and elderly. 3.4 Areas of Special Designation Shandong Scientific Research Institute of Environmental Protection (SIEP) attempted to verify that all pr.oject components in all HRWPCP project cities had no effect on areas of special. designation. They noted that the local EPBs have approved all individual project components, and they noted that the local EPBs have the detailed information on sensitive areas under theirjurisdiction. In addition, SIEP visited the sites of all proposed HRWPCP facilities and verified that the projects will have no effect on areas of special designation. 3.4.1 Endangered Flora and Fauna In 1986, the Environmental Protection Committee of the State Council published a "Chinese Rare and In Severe Danger Protection Plant List". It was subsequently revised in 1987 by NEPA. In addition, a "State Key Protection Wildlife List" was published and approved by the State Council in 1988. SIEP consulted local EPBs and scientific research institutes, and found that there are no listed species in the project area that could be affected by the HRWPCP project construction. Also, none were found during site visits. 3.4.2 Historic and Cultural Sites A state law called the "Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Cultural Relics" was adopted by the 25th Meeting of the Standing Committee of the Fifth National People's Congress and promulgated by Order No. II of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on November 19, 1982. SIEP consulted with the scientific research institutes and found that no protected sites were affected by HRWPCP components. Also, none were found during site visits. 3.4.3 Parklands or Other Special Sites There were only a few sensitive areas or receptors noted in any of the HRWPCP project areas such as parklands, schools, hospitals or others that needed special protection from the proposed HRWPCP 3-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province construction or operational impacts. These have been identified and mainly additional noise mitigation measures proposed. According to SIEP, there are no natural reserves in the project areas that will be adversely affected by the HRWPCP. 3.4.4 Watershed Protection Zones The national and provincial authorities have made significant strides toward protecting watersheds, especially those related to municipal water supplies. Industries are directed away from these watershed protection zones and existing polluting industries are given incentives to close and/or relocate. However, there is enormous competition for the water resources of the province. There are no identified Watershed Protection Zones in the project cities. SIEP have noted the nearest downstream water supplies in all project cities and have proposed appropriate mitigation measures to protect these supplies. The HRWPCP component projects will have positive impacts on these intakes under normal operating circumstances. 3.4.5 Ocean and Beach Resources SIEP prepared a detailed ocean water quality assessment at Rizhao in conjunction with the proposed 6cean outfall at the Rizhao WwTW. This assessment is provided in detail in Appendix 2 and summarised in Section 4.3.5. The various environmental functions of the ocean in this area are presented in Table 4.27. 3-13 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 4 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND PROBLEMS 4.1 Water and Environmental Institutional Arrangements The Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982) provides the framework for environmental protection law in China. Article 26 of the Constitution stipulates that the "the State protects and improves the living environment and the ecological environment, prevents and remedies pollution and other public hazards." National legislation is comprehensive and appears to cover most areas of environmental concern. However, the level of enforcement in Shandong, as in the rest of China, is sometimes less than satisfactory. The Chinese economy continues to grow rapidly and there is often a trade-off between the strict enforcement of environmental legislation and promoting economic growth and employment. 4.1.1 The National Level Table 4.1 shows the national water and environmental laws that are relevant to the HRWPCP projects. - -. Table 4.1: National Water and Environmental Laws Important to HRWPCP SECTOR LAW 1Vater and Wastewater Water Law of the PRC Water Pollution Prevention Law of the PRC Implementing Regulations for Water Pollution Prevention Law of the PRC Water Pollution Control Technical Strategy issued by the People's State Council, PRC Temporary Managing Method for Water Pollution (license for discharging water pollution) Environmental Protection Supervision Management Method for Sewage Treatment Facilities Pollution Control Management Regulation for Water Sources, Protection Zones for Drinking Water Temporary Method for Collecting Discharge Fees Financial Management and Accounting of Collection of Discharge Fees SECTOR LAW Environmental Environmental Protection Law of PRC Protection Environmental Protection Law and regulation of the atmosphere Regulation for Noise controls National Environmental Monitoring Management Regulation Environmental Protection Law and Regulation for Enterprises Owned by Street Commission SECTOR LAW Natural Resources Protection Law and Regulation for the Natural Environment Land Management Law of the PRC Forest Law of the PRC All surface waters in China have been classified according to the ambient stream standards below. The following is a general translation of the surface water classes: 4-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Class Description I used for water sources and state nature reserves II used for class I protection areas for drinking water sources, protection zones for valuable fish, spawning grounds of fish and shrimps III used for class II protection areas for drinking water sources, general protection zones for fish and bathing areas IV used for general industrial water areas and water recreation areas where no direct contact with humans occurs V used for agricultural water areas and scenic water areas. Note that multi-purposed water areas are classified according to their highest function. To achieve a particular water quality class the following ten indices should all meet the target standards for the class (i.e. 100% compliance) in wet, normal and dry seasons: * dissolved oxygen COD * volatile phenol * ammonia nitrate * cyanide * total mercury total arsenic total lead I chromium (Cr6+) * total cadmium. To achieve a particular water quality class 80% of the remaining indices slhould meet the target standard in wet, normal and dry seasons. In Shandong Province, the provincial goal is Class IV for rivers in the project areas. However, due to extremely low flow periods in the dry season, Class V is the goal for the Shu River reach from Ju County to Xiazhuang, Xhushui River. The ocean protection level at Rizhao is Marine Quality Standard III (GB3097-82), outside of a 3 square kilometre mixing zone. A new Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water, GHZB-1 1999, was issued on July 20, 1999, and became effective on January 1, 2000. This new standard replaced GB3838-88. The revised parameters of most significance to the HRWPCP wastewater schemes are shown below: Parameter (mg/]) Class III Class IV Non-ionic ammonia 0.02 0.2 D.O. (Min.) 5.0 3.0 CODc, 20 30 BOD5 4.0 6.0 Tables 4.2 - 4.4 provides the full set of numerical standards associated with these classifications: 4-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.2: Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water GHZB-1 1999, issued 20 July 1999, effective 01 Jan 2000 Unit: mg/] No. Indices Class I Class II Class III Class IV I Class V Water bodies should not contain the following man-made substances: a. offensive deposits b. unpleasant floating matter such as fragments, scum, oil and other such Basic Requirements materials c. offensive colours, smells or turbidity d. substances that are harmful, toxic or cause unhealthy physiological reactions in humans, animals or plants e. substances that cause the proliferation of offensive aquatic organisms Man-made water temperature variations should be limited below: I Water temperature (°C) Maximum weekly average increase < I Maximum weekly average decrease S 2 2 pH 6.5 - 8.5 6 - 9 3 Sulfate (SO,2.) < <250 250 250 250 250 4 Chloride (CL-) < <250 250 250 250 250 5 Dissolved iron < <0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 1.0 6 Total manganese < <0. 1 0.1 0.1 0.5 1.0 7 Total copper < <0.01 1.0 (0.01- 1.0 (0.01- 1.0 1.0 _______ - _______________________________ _ . .fishery) fishery) 8 Total zinc < 0.05 1.0 (0.1- 1.0 (0.1- 2.0 2.0 fishery) fishery) @9 Nitrate (N) < <10 10 20 20 25 10 Nitrite (N) < 0.06 0.1 0.15 1.0 1.0 1 I Non-ionic ammonia < 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.2 0.2 12 Kjeldahl nitrogen < 0.5 0.5 (0.05 - 1.0(0.05 - 2 3 fishery) fishery) 13 Total phosphorus (P) < 0.02 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 14 Permanganate index < 2 4 8 10 15 15 Dissolved oxygen < 90% 6 5 3 2 (saturation) 16 CODcr < <15 15 20 30 40 17 BOD5 < <3 3 4 6 10 18 Fluoride (F-) < <1.0 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.5 19 Selenium (Se4') < <0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.02 20 Total arsenic < 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 0.1 21 Total mercury < 0.00005 0.00005 0.0001 0.001 0.001 22 Total cadmium < 0.001 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.01 23 Chromium (Cr6+) < 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 24 Total lead < 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.1 25 Total cyanide < 0.005 0.05 (0.005 0.2 (0.005 - 0.2 0.2 - fishery) fishery) 26 Volatile phenol < 0.002 0.002 0.005 0.01 0.1 27 Oil (extracted from petroleum ether) S 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.5 1.0 28 Anionic surfactant < <0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 29 e-coli (number/L) < 200 1000 2000 5000 10000 30 Ammonium nitrate < 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.0 1.5 31 Sulphide < 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.5 1.0 4-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.3: Standards of Specific Indices in Lakes and Reservoirs Unit: mg/L No. Indices Class I Class li Class III Class IV Class V 1 Total Phosphorus (P) < 0.002 0.01 0.025 0.06 0.12 2 Total Nitrate < 0.04 0.15 0.3 0.7 1.2 3 Chlorophyll a < 0.001 0.004 0.01 0.03 0.065 4 Transparency S 15 4 2.5 1.5 0.5 Table 4.4: Standards of Specific Indices in Class I, II, III Surface Waters No. Indices Standard Values Append Indices Standard Values I Benzo (a) pyrene 2.8*10-6 21 Hexachlorobenzene 0.05 2 Methyl mercury 1.0* 10-6 22 Polychlorization 8.0*1 0-6 _3 Chloroform 0.06 23 2,4-dichlorophenol 0.093 4 Carbon tetrachloride 0.003 24 2,4,6-trichlorophenol 0.0012 5- Chlorylene 0.005 25 Pentaphenol 0.00028 6 Carbon dichloride 0.005 26 Mirbane oil 0.017 7 Bromoform 0.04 27 2,4-dinitrotoluene 0.0003 8 Dichloromethane 0.005 28 Phthalate 0.003 9 1,2-dichloroethane 0.005 29 Acrylonitrile 0.000058 10 1,1,2 -trichloroethane 0.003 30 Benzidine 0.0002 11 Vinylidene chloride 0.007 31 DDT 0.001 12 Chloroethylene 0.002 32 BHC 0.005 13 Hexachlorobutadiene 0.0006 33 Lindane 0.000019 14 Benzene 0.005 34 Ecatox 0.003 15 Toluene 0.1 35 Methyl ecatox 0.0005 16 Ethylbenzene 0.01 36 Carbofos 0.005 17 Aminodimethylbenzene 0.5 37 Dimethoate 0.0001 18 Chlorobenzene 0.03 38 DDVP 0.0001 19 1,2-benzene dichloride 0.085 39 Dipterex 0.0001 20 1,4-benzene dichloride 0.005 40 Atrazine 0.003 Other standards that are particularly relevant to HRWPCP EAs include: * CJ 3020-93 Water Quality Standard for Drinking Water Sources * CJ 3025-93 Water and Sludge Disposal Standards for Domestic WwTW * CJ 1 8-86 Discharge Water Quality into Urban Sewerage * GB 8978-96 Comprehensive Discharge Standard for Wastewater (All) * GB 5084-92 Agriculture Irrigation Water Quality * GB 11607-89 Fishery Waters Quality Standard * GB 3097-82 Marine Water Quality Standard 4-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * GB 4284-84 Agricultural Use of Sludge GB 3096-93 Standard for Environmental Noise of Urban Area * GB 3095-96 Ambient Air Quality Standard 4.1.2 The Provincial Level Environmental management at the provincial level is performed in accordance with an integrated system of environmental control from the national to local levels. Figure 4.1 shows the general relationships of the provincial level EPB in relation to the other levels. The provincial level EPB can exercise certain powers through the Legal Systems Bureau to assist in the drafting of legislation and regulations that are produced at the provincial and municipal levels. According to SIEP, there are no other significant provincial laws that are concerned with water and wastewater management. 4.1.3 The City and County Level The City and County level EPBs are mainly involved in monitoring and enforcing standards and regulations set by the national level (SEPA) or the Provincial EPB. There is, ho-wever, some local level planning for environmental management such as city-wide master planning which generally inc6ludes river enhancement work for aesthetics, recreation and tourism. This work includes riverside parks and walkways. 4.2 Attainment of Goals, Standards, Regulations China has made the issue of environmental protection one of its fundamental policies for the country's sustainable development. It is the national goal that the present pollution situation shall be alleviated so that all the major cities shall be improved in terms of environmental quality by the year 2000. One of the main policy statements is the so called "three at the same time" which means that planning, implementing and progressing shall be achieved simultaneously with economic development, urban/rural development and environmental improvements. Other main policy statements include: * prevention combined with mitigation is preferred; * pollution shall be mitigated by the one who has generated the pollution (polluter pays). Concerning water quality, focus is on the following issues: * control of industrial discharge of heavy metals, organic and chemical pollutants; * introduction of clean technology, updating of production procedures to conserve water and to increase production efficiency; * construction of centralised domestic wastewater treatment works to improve the environmental quality in urban areas and to reduce the pollution of rivers. * improvement of surface water quality by means of river pollution mitigation, water resource conservation, and enhanced management of the water sector China has set national policies for environmental protection, and had set the following year-2000 targets for its provinces: 4-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province I. the domestic unit water supplies should increase from 160 lcd to 21 0 lcd by 2000; 2. centralised systems for treatment of domestic wastewater shall be constructed in all large and middle size cities; 3. with regard to industrial wastewater, the national target for wastewater treated shall be 60% compared to 48% as at present; 4. the total amount of heavy metals in industrial wastewater shall not exceed and preferably be less than 1995 levels; 5. the seriously increasing pollution situation in the Huai River shall be alleviated significantly; 6. the quality of surface water in all major cities shall be improved and shall meet relevant national standards. Whilst the above objectives are sound there is doubt whether targets can be achieved by the year 2000 (in the Huai River basin as well as much of China). Certainly the HRWPCP will provide a significant step towards these objectives. 4.2.1 Surface Water Quality The Huai River mainstream is located far south of Shandong Province, but the tributary reaches are hydrologically connected to the basin. The Dongping Lake, Nansi Lake and Shu River, which receive 'wastewater from HRWPCP areas, are not directly connected to the main stream of the Huai River. The Huai Basin in Shandong province involves 7 Municipalities and districts, that is, Zaozhuang, Jining, Linyi, Taian, Zibo, Rizhao Municipalities and Heze District. These include 42 counties and smaller districts, giving a Basin area in Shandong of 47,100 kM2, the population in the Basin is over 30,000,000. In this area, there are 26 major rivers. Industry types are various but mainly is light industry, chemical industry, coal and manufacture of building materials industry The Shandong streams of the Huai River Basin are classified according to the Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Waters, National Standard GHZB-1 1999, as follows: * Huai Mainstream Target Class III (none in Shandong Province) * Other rivers are targeted at Class IV (except Shu River at Ju County) * Shu River at Ju County, Class V The Rizhao ocean area is Marine Quality Standard III, outside of 3 km' mixing zone. Many of these stream sections may not realistically reach objectives due to the very low dry season flows. Additional flow augmentation, transfer of agricultural water, and/or downgrading of objectives during seasonal low-flow periods will all have to be considered in detail. 4.2.2 Groundwater Quality Little information was available on general groundwater quality in the province, but SIEP performed a groundwater assessment at the HRWPCP sites. Table 4.5 provides the monitor ing sites, Table 4.6 provides the monitoring parameters, and Table 4.7 provides the results of the monitoring. 4-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.5: Groundwater Monitoring Sites Project No. Title of monitoring site Meaning of setting frequency Heze I Damahan Know underground water extant April 2000, sampled project azhg bottom around the plant site once. I Plant site, shallow well Know underground water quality in 1 Plantsite, shallowwel the plant site 2 Be.junzha ,shallow well Know underground water quality Feicheng 2 Beijunzhai shallow well around the plant site A day in February, project 3 Gudian, shallow well Know underground water quality in 2000, sampled once. two sides of river accepting sewage 4 A water plant in new city, Know quality of underground water in deep well water source I Liwa (shallow layer water) Know underground water situation ia) upstream the plant site Chengwu 2 Paper mill site, deep well Know extant underground water Two days in August, project quality 1999, once a day. 3 Wangshanglou, shallow Know underground water quality in layer water two sides of river accepting sewage Note: The underground water near Rizhao WwTW is of no use, so there was no monitoring there. Table 4.6: Groundwater Monitoring Parameters Project Monitor Parameters Heze project pH, total hardness, permanganate index, fluorine, NH3-N, volatile phenol, total coliforms - seven items Feicheng pH, fluorine, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, nitrite, NH3-N, volatile phenol, cyanide, Cr6+, total project hardness, permanganate index, total coliforms - thirteen items. Chengwu PH, chloride, sulphate, As, volatile phenol, permanganate index, nitrate, nitrite, total bacteria project numbers - nine items. Table 4.7: Groundwater Monitoring Results Units: mg/l (except pH) Site Heze sub- Feicheng sub-project Chengwu sub-project Project project 1# 1# 2# 3# 4# 1# 2# 34 PH 7.34 7.40 7.19 7.26 7.43 7.73 8.37 7.52 Total hardness 556 965.5 650.4 870.3 305.1 Permanganate 3.59 2.04 2.69 0.47 index CODM, 0.96 1.80 0.74 0.86 Chloride 258.4 70.9 88.4 76.7 154.5 43.9 136.6 Sulphate 203 65.9 238 34.9 172.8 137.8 92.1 2.10 0.28 0.25 0.12 0.20 4.7 34.4 4.7 22.1 ND ND ND 0.964 ND 0.621 ND ND ND ND 0.14 2.38 0.05 0.21 ND 0.013 ND 0.002 ND ND ND ND ND Fluorine ND ND ND ND Nitrate (base on N) Nitrite (base on N) . ND ND ND ND NH3-N ND ND ND Volatile phenol 39 25 62 Total coliforms (/L) <3 38 <3 7 3 Note: ND - not detected 4-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province For Heze sub-project and Chengwu sub-project underground water evaluation standard, Class 11 standard of "Underground Water Quality Standard" (GB/T14848-93) adopted. For Feicheng, Class III standard adopted. Refer to Table 4.8. Table 4.8: Groundwater Actuality Assessment Standard Assessment standard value no. Project unit Feicheng sub- Chengwu sub- Heze sub-project project project I_p- 5.5-6.5 6.5-8.5 5.5-6.5, 8.5-9 8.5-9 2 Total hardness mg/l 550 450 3 Permanganate index mg/l 3.0 10 4 CODM, mg/I 10 5 Chloride mg/l 250 350 6 Sulphate mgil 250 350 7 Fluorine mg/l 2.0 I_o 8 Nitrate (base on N) mg/I 20 30 9 Nitrite (base on N) mg/l 0.02 0.1 10 NH3-N mg/J 0.5 0.2 11 Volatile phenol mgl 0.01 0.01 12 As mg/l 0.05 13 Total bacteria numbers /ml 0100 . 1000 14 Total coliforms numbers /L 0100 [3.0 4.2.3 Water Supplies, Treatment and Distribution WTWs in HRWPCP cities generally use groundwater for their water supply sources due to poor quality and unreliable quantity of surface waters. There are some other communities downstream of these cities using surface water sources that will benefit directly from the improved water quality in the surface waters. The improvement in quality of raw water abstracted for potable water will be one of the significant benefits of such interventions. There is a general over-exploitation of groundwater in the province from municipal, industrial and agricultural pumping. This situation will continue and grow in magnitude unless additional surface water supply sources are provided. Another factor that greatly affects some WTW performance is the high solids contents of the source waters at times of wet season flows, for WTWs using surface water as the source water. Solids are relatively simple to remove but the high raw water solids concentrations, coupled with the use of somewhat antiquated water treatment technologies cause turbidity problems in finished supplies at some sites. The natural and manl-made problems in the raw water used by WTWs in the study area result in many cases in treated water that fails to meet Chinese stanidards for part of the time. Furthermore, these standards are somewhat less stringent than those used in most developed countries. Water supplied at the tap is considered noni-potable in all HRWPCP cities and bottled and boiled water is used for domestic purposes. 4-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 4.2.4 Wastewater Collection and Septic Tanks Sewerage systems in the project area are usually combined in the older areas and separate in the newer development areas. The policy in China is to gradually separate existing combined systems and in several of the cities there are plans for rehabilitation of existing sewerage systems, changing to separate systems in the process. This process will generally occur as the older city centres are redeveloped in the future. Treatment of wastewater starts at the housing blocks where wastewater often passes through a septic tank before discharge to the public sewer system. This treatment reduces the suspended solids and also, to a varying degree, the level of BOD and nutrients. If these septic tanks are abandoned after construction of treatment works, the loading estimates to the WwTW would increase by about 10% for BOD and 30% for suspended solids if it is assumed that existing tanks are in widespread use and are working effectively. In practice one finds that the tanks are emptied infrequently, in many cases once in three years. In practice therefore one would expect the concentrations of BOD and SS to rise by only small amounts. Wastewater collection has been steadily improving in the area, considering that open stormwater -drains were widely used in most areas until a few years ago. Urban areas have required the use of septic tanks in homes and other buildings for many years with the overflow to the-combined sewer systems. The early sewerage was usually a combined system that conveyed stormwater plus sanitary wastewater. The new areas of the cities are being built with separated sewer systems to keep stormwater away from the sanitary wastewater. However, the use of septic tanks is still usually required since few central WwTWs have yet been constructed. There is no common timetable for the construction of separate sewers, WwTWs and the elimination of septic tanks. There is a provincial goal that all medium cities and larger should have WwTWs constructed by the year 2000, but this is a rather unattainable target, given the immensity of the task and limited funding. It would appear that many septic tanks will continue to be used in the HRWPCP study area for at least another decade. 4.2.5 Wastewater Discharges - Domestic Jinan and Zhibuo completed the first major WwTWs in Shandong province within the past few years, and many other projects are currently under design, construction or initial commissioning. There is, therefore, little experience with WwTW operation and performance. Experience in other parts of China indicate that operation and maintenance of WwTWs can be problematic due to operational inexperience and a local desire to save on operation costs, especially power and chemicals. The problems at similar WwTWs in China provide an added level of "need" for the HRWPCP wastewater facilities to adequately design and operate facilities, have enforcement mechanisms in place for the provincial EPB to ensure adequate operations, and also train a cadre of professionals in the proper operation and maintenance of central WwTWs for the province. 4-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 4.2.6 Wastewater Discharges - Industrial and NPS Pollution Wastewater reports and loadings contained in the feasibility reports and SIEP EA indicate that modern and clean technology industries are not the rule in Shandong Province. Many of the older factories, especially State Owned Enterprises (SOEs) are being closed down for both economic and environmental reasons, especially to meet the goals of pollution load reduction in the Basin plan. According to the investigation of industrial pollution source in the service area of the 4 WwTWs, it is known that wastewater treatment facilities have been built in each industrial enterprise within "Ninth- five Action of Reaching the Standard in Huai River Basin". It is uneconomical to treat the industrial wastewater separately for the enterprises with little industrial wastewater drainage quantity. After the new WwTW is constructed and begins to operate, industrial wastewater must be pre-treated to reach Wastewater Quality Standard for Discharge to City Sewers (GJ18-86), then it will be allowed to enter the WwTW to be treated with other wastewater sources. There is a WwTW in Huayuan paper mill of Ju county. Wastewater will be released directly and should not enter the Ju county WwTW after being treated to reach the standard. The discharge quantity of Huayuan paper mill is 17,800 m3/d with density of drained water of 395 mg/l (data from environmental assessment statement of mill extension project). Drainage of Heze paper mill has been included in the service area of the proposed Heze WwTW. Major accepting water body of Heze is Zhushui River. According to the monitoring data in this environmental assessment, the value of COD is 477 to 1319 mg/I, 117 to 412 mg/l of BOD5, 14.2 to 19.8 mg/L of total N, and 5.37 to 6.66 mg/L of TP. The results show that quantity of organic matters in the water is unstable, and concentration of COD is high. The reason is that average concentration of COD in waste outlet of Heze paper mill is 2300 mg/L and quantity of wastewater amounts to 10000-12000m3/d. In addition, concentration of COD in discharged water is unstable. Although a WwTW has been built in paper mill, the discharge water quality does not attain the standard yet and this has significant impact on city wastewater quality. The SIEP assessment analysed the Heze paper mill according to the following two conditions: 1. When the quality of wastewater from Heze paper mill exceeds the standard greatly (At present situation monitoring): Under this condition, large amount of organic wastewater with high concentration from Heze paper mill will enter the WwTW, causing the treatment load to increase and treatment efficiency to decrease. Final wastewater quality of WwTW discharge cannot reach the standard. In addition, pH value of wastewater from paper mill is usually higher thani the permitted scope in biochemical treatment of 6-10. The higher pH value will affect biology treatment. Therefore when wastewater from paper mill is seriously over the standard, it shouldn't be discharged to the WwTW. 2. When the wastewater from Heze paper mill meets the requirement of CJ18-86 standard .(major pollutants index CODcr less than 500mg/L): 4-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province When the wastewater from paper mill is treated to better condition in the industrial WwTW, the discharged tail water can still reach grade 2 standard of GB8978-1996 from the respect of the whole plant although the wastewater is difficult to treat in biochemical method and the pollutants-eliminating rate is low. When discharged water from paper mill has reached CJ18-86 standard, it means the treatment instrument of the paper mill itself is complete. If the management is strengthened, its discharged water can completely reach the Discharge Standard of Water Pollutant for Paper Industry. It is then not economical to discharge it to city WwTW again (the paper mill must pay related fees). Moreover, the quantity of wastewater from the mill changed greatly, which will potentially threaten the stability of reaching standard of the discharged water for the WwTW. Therefore, SIEP suggested that wastewater from Heze mill should be treated by the mill itself and then discharged separately after reaching standard. From Table 4.9, the expected influent quality analysis of proposed WwTWs in Rizhao, Ju County, Heze and Feicheng are presented. Table 4.9: Quality Analysis of Water In and Out of WwTWs Title of waste- Proportion of Index of pollutant water treatment Category Description total -(mg/l ~ plant wastewater CODcr BOD5 SS Domestic wastewater About 40% 280 140 300 Estimated value Industrial wastewater About 40% 600 300 250 uof wastewater Other wastewater About 20% 280 140 300 RWzhao quality weighted average(total) 100% 408 204 280 Feasibility Water quality of water in 420 210 300 study designed Water quality of water out 280 140 150 value Removing ratio (%) 33.3 33.3 50.0 Estimated value Domestic wastewater 37.9% 400 250 333 Ju county of wastewater Industrial wastewater 62.1% 550 160 200 wastewater quality weighted average(total) 100% 493 194 250 pipe network Water quality of water in 500 200 250 draining Feasibility Water quality of water out 120 30 30 to WwTW study designed Removing ratio (%) value -( 76.0 85.0 88 Estimated value Domestic wastewater 40% 340 170 230 of wastewater Industrial wastewater 60% 600 190 180 Heze quality weighted average(total) 100% 496 182 200 WwTW Feasibility Water quality of water in 500 180 200 study designed Water quality of water out 120 30 30 value Removing ratio (%) 76.0 83.3 85.0 Estimated value Domestic wastewater of wastewater Industrial wastewater Feicheng quality weighted average(total) WwTW Feasibility Water quality of water in 450 200 250 study designed Water quality of water out 80 30 30 L_____________ value Removing ratio (%) 82.2 85.0 88 Note: Rizhao WwTW comprises only preliminary and primary treatment with sea outfall - hence relatively low pollution reduction percentage. 4-11 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 4.2.7 Industrial Discharges to Sewerage Systems A limited review of the major industries in the project cities indicates that organic wastes are very predominant, and industrial processes using heavy metals or toxic substances are not the rule in the project cities. However, even small neighbourhood industries such as plating shops discharging to sewers can cause dangerous problems in the collection systems, the wastewater treatment process, and the resulting sludge quality. A rigorous approach to industrial monitoring and pre-treatment is a necessity for any comprehensive municipal wastewater scheme. From the 3H Action plan, Tables 4.10 and 4.11 below present data on the number and pollution load status of industries in the Huai River Basin, and their distribution in regard to each administrative district. Table 4.10: Industry Categories and Pollution Loads in Huai River Basin WW % of COD % of Ave WW Ave COD Volume Total Load Total Con fper Ind. Load per No. Industry Type (103m3/a) 'WWN (t/a) COD Industry (103m3/a) Ind. I Paper 537,353 37.9 1,120,656 56.9 463 3.41 2420 2 Brewing 103,137 7.3 377,235 19.2 171 I1.77 2206 3 Food 54,763 3.9 149,250 7.6 177 0.91 843 4 Chemical 196,062 13.8 77,715 3.9 147 3.92 529 5 Pharmaceutical 43,434 3.1 49,533 2.5 49 2.61 1011 6 Textile 71,033 5.0 45,174 2.3 194 1.08 233 7 Fertilizer 273,884 19.3 37,652 1.9 91 8.85 414 8 Lather/Tannery 14,149 1.0 20,643 1.0 63 0.66 328 9 Power 38,235 2.7 8,611 0.4 20 5.62 431 10 Steel/Metallurgy 5,738 0.4 4,040 0.2 15 1.13 269 11 Other light Ind. 6,842 0.5 3,943 0.2 18 1.12 219 12 Machine 19,776 1.4 2,263 0.1 54 1.08 42 13 Mining 15,033 1.1 2,029 0.1 30 1.47 68 14 Build. Materials 6,037 0.4 1,008 0.1 27 0.66 37 15 Coking 3,189 0.2 792 0.0 7 1.34 113 16 Others* 27,6891 2.0 | 67,924 3.5 36 2.26 1887 = | Total 1 1,416,3561 100.0 1,968,471 100.0 1,562 Source: Zeno, C., (1999). Annex II 4-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.11: Industries in Each Administrative District in Huai River Basin No. Prefecture Prefecture total Prefecture total Count of Province (1000m3/a)* COD (t/a) Industry I Kaifeng 59,633 51,300 42 Henan 2 Nanyang 1,685 0 7 Henan 3 Pingdingshan 42,233 56,110 64 Henan 4 Shangqiu 25,230 66,660 48 Henan 5 Xinyang 47,450 28,706 28 Henan 6 Xuchang 25,019 17,453 74 Henan 7 Zhoukou 31,095 100,620 43 Henan 8 Zhumadian 70,577 157,460 52 Henan 9 Luohe 52,578 79,204 34 Henan 10 Zhenzhou 40,674 30,665 174 Henan 11 Bengpu 50,672 37,762 62 Anhui 12 Chuzhou 22,648 7,983 23 Anhui 13 Liuan 72,161 41,051 63 Anhui 14 Huaibei 14,830 17,376 22 Anhui 15 Huainan 77,430 25,473 22 Anhui 16 Fuyang 50,755 37,697 58 Anhui 17 Suxian 65,094 88,414 58 Anhui 18 Lianyungang 98,920 33,164 68 Jiangsu 19 Huaiyin 67,284 46,265 72 Jiangsu 20 Suqian 23,913 15,792 22 Jiangsu 21 Xuzhou 77,386 194,542 80 Jiangsu 22 Yancheng 48,833 37,713 59 Jiangsu 23 Yangzhou 32,902 20,321 31 Jiangsu 24 Taizhou 24,101 23,929 49 Jiangsu 25 Haian 410 1,031 4 Jiangsu 26 Zibo 6,261 21,225 14 Shandong 27 Rizhao 4,099 11,182 11 Shandong 28 Linyi 97,273 289,812 108 Shandong 29 Zaozhuang 48,179 50,223 32 Shandong 30 Jining 94,163 244,654 94 Shandong 31 Taian 7,655 17,403 8 Shandong 32 Hezhe 35,214 117,281 36 Shandong _ Total 1,416,356 1,968,471 1,562 Source: Zeng, C., (1999). Annex II *Raw data presented on a daily or annual basis has been converted assuming 340 operational days per annum As indicated in Table 4.12, paper industries are evidently the most polluting. The paper industry produces the greatest volume of wastewater, the greatest absolute COD load, and COD load per industry, as well as being the most abundant type of industry in the basin. Table 4.12: Paper Industry and Pollution Loads in Huai River Basin Items ranked Top 1 in Basin Quantity Accounted for total COD load 1,120,656 t/a 56.9% Wastewater volume 537,353,000 m3/a 37.9% Average COD load per industry 2,420 t/a/industry Count of industries 463 24.8% 4-13 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province In the Huai Basin, the brewing industry (beer brewery and alcohol distillation) is ranked second polluter in the basin, with the food industry ranked third and the chemical industry ranked forth (in terms of COD load). See Table 4.13. Table 4.13: Major Brewing and Food Industries in Huai River Basin Industry Wastewater Ww account for COD load COD account for Count of categories (103m3/a) total Ind. (%) (t/a) total Ind. (%) industries Alcohol 68,351 4.83 310,460 15.77 126 (8.1%) Beer 23,920 1.69 24,778 1.26 32 MSG 15,869 1.12 112,785 5.73 5 (0.3%) Citric 7,047 0.50 15,783 0.80 8 Starch 6,228 0.44 12,252 0.62 35 Total 121,415 8.57 476,058 24.18 206 The brewing and food industries are representative of the industry types in the basin; low capital investment, highly labour intensive and highly polluting. The paper, brewing and food industry categories together form 76.1% of total industrial COD load, 45.2% of total industrial wastewater volume and 40.6% of total industry numbers in the Huai River Basin. Priority attention should be paid to the paper and brewing industries, as in each individual enterprise pollution control measures may gain a much higher environmental benefit than for other categories. There are significant industrial waste contributions to the proposed HRWPCP WwTWs and the staff of these WwTWs will require training in the testing of raw sewage quality and the detection of wastes that could cause problems in the operations of the WwTWs. It will be particularly important to eliminate any potential sources of hazardous or toxic wastes that are both difficult to handle in the WwTWs, but also could present a safety hazard to sewer and sewage treatment workers. As seen in the previous tables, organic wastes predominate and hazardous materials and heavy metals would be expected to be a minor problem, but rigorous pre-treatment and monitoring will be required. Table 4.14 shows the major industrial inputs in the Shandong HRWPCP project cities, and Table 4.15 provides standards for industrial discharges to sewerage systems. 4-14 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.14: Drainage Wastewater Quantity and Water Quality of Main Industrial Enterprises Drainage Water quality (mg/L) Project Title of enterprise wastewater city quantity COD SS (10000m3 /a) cODr S Jiejing groups Ltd. 305.8 1827 1209 Rizhao harbour bureau 202.2 87.6 180 Kangda chemical groups Ltd. 51.0 192 174 Tsingtao beer (Rizhao) Ltd. 48.0 179.8 113.8 Shandong province Sanwei silk Ltd. 56.0 13.1 14.3 Shijiu aquatic product cold storage plant 16.0 102 121.9 Rizhao Baojin leather Ltd. 34.0 520.4 38.8 Shandong province Dingxin glass Ltd. 32.8 36.6 33.5 city Rizhao Qingqi motorcycle corporation 15.38 29.3 Rizhao wine making (group) main plant 44.0 270 490.9 Second aquatic product cold storage plant 7.39 70 299 City cotton mill 5.31 119 248.6 Dongfang thermoelectricity Ltd. 3.91 82.1 314.6 Haixing knit clothes Ltd. 3.76 160.1 372.3 Total ( the density is weighted average) 825.55 763.89 558.72 Citric acid plant 117.0 280 Shandong Fulaichun wine plant 60.38 300 Lunan foreign trade Ltd. 8.24 260 Gucheng paperboard plant 8.04 1-79 Chengyang cement mill 6.08 40 Printing house 4.68 51.3 Dacron plant 3.20 30 Foreign trade cold storage plant 3.16 215.2 Vegetable oil plant 2.88 298 Carpet Ltd. 1.50 226.7 Silk carpet plant 1.30 246.1 Total ( the density is weighted average) 216.46 264.53 Ju county Lukang group Heze corporation 174 694 637 Beer plant 7 490 250 Dacron plant 84 150 110 Dity carton plant 83 250-300 400 Cotton plant 61 51.3 317 Printing and dyeing mill 47 286 310 Second wool spinning plant 46 300 300 Instrument and meter plant 36 98 286 District wine plant 32 193 278 Tobacco plant 22 143 33 Pharmaceutical factory 14 74 295 Carpet main plant 3 500-600 300 Total ( the density is weighted average) 609 337.43 373.87 Feicheng slaughtering and meat processing plant 22.97 351 192.0 Feicheng fertilizer plant 109.30 170.9 61.3 Feicheng phosphorus ammonium plant 115.25 32.3 587.6 Feichen Feicheng chinese medicine hospital 91.10 111.0 380 city Feicheng Renmin hospital 43.80 148.0 184 Tiancheng beverage corporation 0.39 10190.0 5706.5 Taishan tire plant 55.44 90.6 68 Wine plant 33.00 237 123 Total ( the density is weighted average) 471.25 135.56 276.98 *: Drop out of average for no SS data. 4-15 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.15: Water Quality Standard of Sewers in City of Wastewater Discharge Project numerical value CODcr BOD5 SS standard Water quality standard of sewers in 500 300 400 city with WwTW Only limited data was presented on agricultural and urban pollution but the 3H Action Plan has indicated that rural sources, including non-point source pollution is likely to cause a greater pollutant load to the Basin than the point sources (municipal sewage and industrial wastewater.) 4.2.8 Sludge Disposal for Septic Tanks and WwTW Nightsoil and septic tank sludge have historically been applied directly to agricultural land. The public health problems associated with these practices, in direct contact as well as potential crop contamination, have been well documented. Local officials are moving to eliminate these practices as soon as practicable. The construction of WwTW and the production of sludge from WwTWs is a relatively new issue in the province. In many cases, sludge from WwTWs in China has been applied directly to agricultural land, either with or without dewatering. Based on the assumptions of low heavy metal content in the influent wastewater and a well operated extended aeration WwTW, sludge from the HRWPCP municipal WwTWs had been approved for land application by the provincial EA. However, due to a lack of sludge disinfection facilities in the project and a lack of a market for composted sludge, SIEP has modified the EA to require landfilling of the WwTW sludge from Feicheng and Heze. SIEP have provided certificates from the local landfills that they are willing to accept the WwTW sludge, and they have certified that the landfills are engineered with leachate control facilities. They have also verified the acceptability of sludge hauling routes. At Rizhao, facilities for dewatering and lime stabilisation of the primary sludge have been included in the proposed WwTW design. Lime stabilised sludge will then be transported 20 km to a forest farm to be used as soil conditioner. All sludge types produced by the Chengwu Paper Mill will be transported to nearby landfills for disposal. Details of the landfills are provided in the FSRs and sub-component EA. The landfills are in stable geological conditions (clay) and are considered acceptable. 4.2.9 Solid Waste Collection and Disposal In general, the urban core areas appear to have fairly good MSW collection systems, but the present disposal practice is hardly adequate. Areas of lesser density, surrounding the urban core areas, suffer from random dumping and inadequate collection and disposal. Surface water systems in the province, like most areas of China, suffer from significant solid waste accumLtlation since rainwater runoff conveys much of this MSW into nearly streams and watercourses. 4.2.10 Health and Safety The health statistics for some urban areas in the HRWPCP area indicate that the incidence rate for infectious and parasitic diseases in Shandong is up to double the national average of about 180 per 4-16 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 1 00,000. This indicates that infectious diseases, many of which originate from water related diseases, are a key issue for the province both in the present and future. 4.3 River Systems and Ocean The Huai River Basin, covering the provinces of Henan, Anhui, Jiangsu and Shandong, has a drainage area of 270,000 km2 and a population of 154 million. The national policy is to clean up the Huai River to Class III by the year 2000, while the tributaries are to reach Class IV by 2000 (with some exceptions). Although this is an important goal, it is impossible to attain for most stream sections in the basin, especially during critical seasonal low-flow periods. 4.3.1 Surface Water Quality Data and Assessment, Project Sites Table 4.16 provides a summary of the surface water bodies located near the HRWPCP project cities. Table 4.16: Situation Of Water Source Location In Each Sub-Project City N Project Title of water source __~Direction related to Direct distance Remarks o. City Title of water source WwTW site to WwTW Ezhuang WNW 11.5km . Qu river W 11km I Rizhao Dingjialou W 8.5km Rizhao reservoir NW 17km Liangcheng river NNE 23km Ground water of west No.S water plant, west bank of NE 5km bank of Shu river, depth Shu river near Longwangya of well is 15m No.2 water plant(west bank of Ground water of west Shu river south-east to the NE 2.7km bank of Shu river, depth 2 Ju county) of well is 15m county No.3 water plant, riverbed of Ground water of Shu river east of Dongdajie ENE 2km riverbed of Shu river, Xincun depth of well is 12-14m Ground water of No.4 water plant, riverbed of NE 3km-4km riverbed of Shu river, Shunriver east of county depth of well is 12-14m East water plant NW 3km Groundwater West water plant NW 7km Groundwater 3 Heze North water plant NNW lOkm Groundwater Self-prepared water source of Mainly located in enterprise ease and west of Groundwater the plant site No. I water plant ESE 6km Groundwater No.2 water plant NW 3.2km Groundwater 4 Feicheng Qunjiang lake reservoir NW 6km Surface water, planned water source Shiwu reservoir SSE 9km Surface water, planned water source Mainly provide water by 9 Fro 5 Chengwu deep wells with depth of 498rm S;ZlSSWnE4W 4o3km SIEP collected current water quality data on the surface streams in the HRWPCP cities, and performed water quality assessments of this data under current conditions. Details of these assessment procedures are presented in detail in Appendix I of this EA. The details of the monitoring section used by SIEP for current situation of surface water are contained in Table 4.17. The location of each monitoring section is showni in Figures 4.2 to 4.5. 4-17 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.17: Conditions of Monitoring Section of Surface Water Project No. Location Names of river Meaning of the section Remarks I Huanghuagou Liuqing river _ _ o o_ _ g v>) 2# Lingyangqiao Shu river _ _o 'a - 34 Luzhuang Shu river Mixingsection CD 4# Dongwangtuan Shu river Attenuation section 'E B O 5# Xixinhe Zhiliu river o F.' c D 6# Dingjiacun Shu river 1 South drainage mouth Waste water ditch 2# Entrance to Zhushui river Zhushui river Zhushui bridge near Renmin Z r 3# rodZhushui river n ~~~~~~road 4# Drainage mouth at waste Zhushui river water processing plant 5# 2000m low reaches of Zhushui river drainage mouth 1* 500m low reaches of Kangwang river Mixing section drainage mouth 1 0m upper reaches of the To master current situation 24 bounded point between Kangwang river of water quality of Kangwang and Longshan Kangwang river river 3 I 0Cm upper reaches of the LoghnRvr To master current situation 34bounded point Longshan riverofwtrqaiyf 5n0m low reaches of the To master current situation 43 I0Cm low reaches of the Kangwang river of water quality after two bounded point ___ongshan ________ rivers meet 10Cm upper reaches of the To master current situation 5-n bounded point between . Kangwang and Wuming Wumng rver river river r To master current situation 6# 500m low reaches of the Kangwang river of water quality after two rivers meet To master current situation I 0Cm upper reaches of of water quality of 7# bounded point between Kangwang river Kangwang river at the Kangwang and Hui river boundary of Chengwu county To master water quality of 1I Tianlou Dongyu river upper reaches of Dongyu river Main waste water drainage To master quantity and 2# Mai waste water draiage quality of waste water of o mouth of paper mill paper mi To master quantity and 3# Branch river quality of waste water of C7 branch o. 4# Wangshuanglou Dongyu river To master water quality 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~To master quantity and 5# North branch of Dongyu North branch of quality of waste water of river Dongyu river branch 6* Zhangzhuang Dongyu river To master attenuation 6#___________________ Zh__ an_ gzh_ uan_g_Don_gyu____ver pattern __________atr The tmonitoring items, time and frequency of monitoring are shown in Table 4.18. 4-18 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.18: Monitoring Items, Time And Frequency Of Current Situation Of Surface Water Project Item Monitoring time and frequency Remarks Wastewater pipe PHCOD,,Four water samples was collected in March, At the same time, the Wastewater pipe PH CODcr 1999 (in two days with one in the morning and discharge and current one in the afternoon) velocity were measured. PH COD,, Two water samples was collected in April, At the same time, the Heze WwTW BOD5 2000 (in two days) ' discharge and current Heien WwTW PH CODoF Two0 watetr sadmples was collected in April, discharge and current BOD5 2000 (in two days) ~~~velocity were measured. PH CODc, Two water samples was collected in Feb., At the same time, the Feicheng WwTW BOD, 2000 (in two days) discharge and current velocity were measured. PHCD,Four water samples was collected in August, At the same time, the Chengwu subproject PODc 1999 (in two days with one in the morning and discharge and current BaD5 one in the afternoon) velocity were measured. The results of the monitoring are shown in Table 4.19. Table 4.19: Monitoring result of current situation of surface water Current Project Section PH COD., (mg/1) BOD5(mg/l) velocity (m3/s) I 1# 7.63 242 54.0 5.4 Wastewater pipe 2# 8.02 20.4 1.39 1.3 network in Ju county 3# 7.68 213 25.0 6.9 4# 7.61 182 22.2 7.1 5# 7.66 18.9 1.96 0.2 6# 7.79 151 17.7 7.4 1# 8.08 131 50.9 2# 7.60 514.5 205.5 Heze WwTW 3# 7.68 521 141 4# 7.30 908 294 0.51 5# 7.36 1163 101.5 0.44 1# 8.28 141.3 50.5 0.373 2# 8.26 221.0 55.3 0.153 34 8.05 105.5 48.7 0.244 Feicheng WwTW 4# 8.29 145.6 51.2 0.385 5# 7.89 15.0 4.27 0.170 64 8.32 103.8 38.1 0.523 7# 8.34 94.6 34.4 0.509 1# 8.74 23 3.44 0.103 2# 7.30 2015 586.7 0.200 Chnguubret 3# 7.84 107 13.5 0.014 Chengwu subproject 4# 7.10 1290 370 0.305 5# Stopping 6# 6.84 1271 1 385 0.299 Quality Standard of Surface Water Environment (GHZBI-1999) was adopted in the SlEPassessment, of which class V standard was adopted in the assessment of Ju county and Heze district subproject and class IV standard in the assessment of Feicheng and Chengwu subproject. 4-19 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Each index of Lingyangqiao section (2#) in Shu river and Xixinhe section (5#) in Xixin river does not exceed standard value, which shows that water quality of Shu river in Ju county and Xixin river are improving. The section of Dingjiaocun (6#) shows the pollution situation of Shu river after accepting the water from Yuni river, the value of CODCr and BOD5 exceeds standard value with 2.78 and 0.77 times respectively, which indicates that the main cause of pollution of Shu river in Ju county is the wastewater from Yuni river. The pH value in each monitoring section of Zhushui river does not exceed the standard value. However, the value of CODcr and BOD5 exceeds the standard value seriously (by 28.08 and 39.15 times respectively) due to the wastewater from Heze papermaking mill. The pH value in each monitoring section of Kangwang river does not exceed the standard value. The value of CODC, and BOD5 exceeds the standard value except Wuming section (5#). In the low reaches of Kangwang river, the value of CODCr and BOD5 of the 7# section exceeds the standard value (by 2.15 and 4.73 times, respectively). The value of CODC, and BOD5 of upper reaches of Dongyu river (1#) meets category IV of Surface Water Quality Standard except pH value exceeding the standard value. During the period of monitoring, the value of CODcr and BOD5 exceeds the standard value (by 41.37-and 63.17 times, respectively) after the wastewater from Chengwu papermaking mill enters. That is to say the water body has been polluted seriously. 4.3.2 Surface Water Quality Data and Assessment, Control Sections SIEP also reviewed the current water quality conditions of the WPCP monitoring control sections within Shandong Province for rivers concerning each subproject, including routine sections and total control sections. Details are shown in Table 4.20 and Figure 4.6. Table 4.20: Discharge Direction of Each Subproject and Monitoring Situation of Corresponding Section No Project Discharge river Discharge direction Routine monitoring Section in Total section in provincial Quantity Control control I Waste water pipe Yuni river Yuni river to Liuqing Dingjiacun (Shu Xiazhuang network in Ju county river to Shu river river)* (Shu river) 2 Waste water treatment Zhushui river Zhushui river to Xincheng(Zhu- Yulou plant in Heze city Zhuzhaoxin river to zhaoxin river) (Zhuzhaoxin river) Nansi lake (Nanyang lake) 3 Waste water treatment Kangwang river Kangwang river to Wantaidaqiao plant in Feicheng city Hui river to Daqing (Daqing river) iver to Dongping lake 4 Subproject in Dongyu river Dongyu river to Nansi Zhangzhuang Xuzhaizha Chengwu county I lake (Dushan lake) (Dongyu river) (Dongyu river) * stands for routine monitoring section in county level. Monitoring parameters included pH, NH4-N, CODCr and BOD5 from collecting routine monitoring section data in provincial and county level from 1996-1998 and only CODc, was chosen in total quantity section in provincial level. Results are slhown in Table 4.21. 4-20 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.21: Monitoring Result of Routine Monitoring Section Concerning Projects Unit: mg/I, except pH Name of Year Water PH CODc, BODs NH4-N section period Dry season 6.92 364.0 3.45 1996 Wet season 6.12 66.9 1.45 Normal 6.58 79.1 2.45 Ding Jia Dry season 7.08 208.0 Dilng la 1997 Wet season 6.51 48.3 Village Normal 6.81 154.7 Dry season 6.80 507.00 1998 Wet season 6.90 8.82 0.78 Normal 6.72 72.00 Dry season 7.53 18.30 1.25 0.25 1996 Wet season 8.46 104.00 41.10 3.90 Normal 8.11 53.43 10.12 1.68 Dry season 7.87 54.25 8.52 0.26 Xincheng 1997 Wet season 7.67 208.00 79.30 0.07 Normal 8.02 46.20 3.58 0.12 Dry season 8.22 100.0 15.24 8.01 1998 Wet season 7.50 152.0 37.30 3.48 Norinal 8.05 63.9 21.91 0.21 Dry season 7.88 112.50 16.25 _ 18.75 1996 Wet season 8.19 74.45 9.84 1.34 Normal 8.16 38.98 3.99 4.77 Wang Tai Dry season 8.24 77.75 11.59 6.95 Bridge Ta1997 Wet season 7.53 56.60 4.56 1.18 Bridge Normal 7.94 42.55 6.51 8.37 Dry season 7.96 77.15 7.84 8.78 1998 Wet season 7.71 64.78 5.80 4.61 Normal 7.20 75.50 3.21 1.30 Dry season 7.78 43.00 8.45 0.28 1996 Wet season 8.04 99.91 79.34 0.93 Normal 8.24 109.00 99.20 1.43 Dry season 8.00 80.10 38.45 0.11 Zhang Zhuang 1997 Wet season No flow Normal 8.50 482.50 192.35 0.08 Dry season 8.14 85.8 45.0 1.12 1998 Wet season 8.16 103.5 27.6 0.46 Normal 8.30 118.0 23.9 0.87 The pH of Shuhe Jingjiacun Section reaches the standard of Class V. Except in 1998, wet season period reaches standard, CODcr from 1996 to 1998, water period is over standard. In 1996, ammonia and nitrogen are over standard. Rich water period reaches the standard in 1998. Shu River Xiazhuang section (except that CODcr of July, September, October, 1998) reaches the standard, the other months and 1999 exceed the Class V standard. Zhuzhaoxin River new city section reaches Class IV standard, CODcr exceeds standard 0.5-5.9 times except low water period of 1996 reaches the standard. BOD5 exceeds standard 0.4-12.2 times except that it reaches standard in low water period of 1996, normal water period of 1997. Ammonia and nitrogen exceed standard 0.4-12.2 times except that it reaches standard in low water period of 1996, normal water period of 1997. Ammonia and nitrogen exceed standard 0.7-7.0 times in normal and rich water period of 1996, low and rich water period of 1998. In the other years, they reach the standard. In Zhuzlhaoxin river, Yulou section, CODcr exceeds the standard by 3.59 and 3.79 times in 1998 and 1999 except that in October, 1998, it reaches the Class IV standard. 4-21 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province The pH of Daqing River at Wangtai Bridge section reaches the IV standard. CODcr exceeds standard 0.2-2.8 times; BOD5 exceeds standard 0.1-1 1.7 times except that normal level period in 1996, rich level period in 1997, rich lever period, normal level period in 1998. Ammonia and nitrogen exceed standard 0.2-17.8 times. The pH of Dongyu River Zhangzhuang section reaches IV standard. CODcr exceeds standard 0.4- 15.1 times. BOD5 exceeds standard 0.3-6.5 times. Ammonia and nitrogen exceed the standard 0.4 and 0.1 times in normal water period of 1996 and low water period of 1998. In other years, they reach the standard: The CODcr at Dongyu River, Xuzhaizha section, exceeds BOC5 standard 15.32 and 3.35 times in 1999 and 1998 except May, November when it reaches the standard. 4.3.3 Future Surface Water Quality Projections, Project Sites The environmental impacts of surface water forecast included two aspects: Impact Forecast for Water-body Quality of Zhushui River, Kangwang River and Dongyu River after Finishing Heze WwTW Project, Feicheng WwTW project and Chengwu Sub-project - Improvement Degree of Water Quality Forecast at four sections, Yulou of Zhuzhaoxin River, Wangtai Bridge of Daqing River, Xuzhai Brake of Dongyu River and Xiazhuang of Shu River after finishing Ju County sewage pipe network project matchiing to sewage treatment plant and three projects above. The conditions of related four sections are shown in Table 4.22. Table 4.22: Conditions of Control Sections Related to Projects Distance between port of waste Project Name of control section Name of river discharge and control section(km) Ju County sewage pipe Xiazhuang Shu River 23 network Heze WwTW Yu]ou Zhuzhaoxin River 70 Feicheng sewage treatment . . plant Wangtai brdge Daqig River 100 Chengwu sub-project Xuzhai brake Dongyu River 38 Forecast factor of surface water was CODcr. Details of the assessment methods are again shown in Appendix I of this EA. The rivers receiving WwTW effluent and their related hydrographic parameters are shown in Table 4.23. 4-22 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 4.23: Hydrology Parameter of WwTW Rivers Project River Water period Delvery Current River depte (m) Remark Low water period 0.72 0.12 40 0.15 Riverfor Yuni, Ju River Flood period 0.90 0.15 40 0.15 draining County Normal water period 0.80 0.13 40 0.15 into sewage pipe Low water period 6.35 0.45 70 0.20 network ShuRiver Flood period 32.91 0.71 77 0.60 relvaerd Normal water period 11.40 1.02 74 0.15 Zhushui ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~River for Zhushui Low water period 1.16 0.15 16 0o5 draining River ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~into Heze Zhuzhao Low water period 2.46 0.010 171 1.44 Related xin Flood period 6.11 0.029 170 1.23 river River Normal water period 3.66 0.014 172 1.52 Kangwa Low water period 0.54 0.15 12 0.30 River for ng River Flood period 1.09 0.22 13 0.38 draining Normal water period 0.64 0.16 12 0.33 - ito Feicheng - WwTW Low water period 3.40 0.07 69 0.70 - Daqing Related DRiver Flood period 46.92 0.66 85 0.84 river Normal water period 3.75 0.06 78 0.80 Low water period 0.58 0.25 15 0.15 River for sub- Drngyu Flood period 8.44 0.81 30 0.35 draining project I into Normal water period 5.40 0.41 26 0.50 Forecast results for water quality (COD) of rivers draining into rivers that are impacted by the WwTW effluent (Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu river), after being treated by Heze, Feicheng WwTWs and Chengwu sub-project (alkali recovery, water treatment works), is shown in Table 4.24. From Table 4.24, estimates of the improvements to water quality of receiving rivers after completion of each sub-project are presented. Table 4.24: COD forecast results of Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu River COD COD Reduced density density after RdcOd Reuto River Section Water period before nsi COD Reduction finishing projfect density (%) project prjc Down stream Zhushui 2000m from the Low water period 94.0 36.0 58.0 61.7 outfall Upstream 100m Low water period 137.2 63.7 73.5 53.6 Kangwang from junction Flood period 63.6 26.0 37.6 59.1 with Hui river Normal water period 117.4 51.9 65.5 55.8 Low water period 660.9 130.6 530.3 80.2 Dongyu Zhangzhuang Flood period 85.8 46.3 39.5 46.0 Normal water period 103.4 44.3 59.1 57.1 4-23 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province From Table 4.24, it is predicted that the COD quantity discharged to the river near the proposed WwTWs will be greatly reduced by the HRWPCP projects. The low water period of Zhushui River can reach standard of class V and the flood period of Kangwang River can reach class IV. But for each water period the other rivers cannot reach the requirement of class V, although they can satisfy the water quality requirement of farmland irrigation. (water farming: COD<200 g/l, dry farming: COD<300 g/l, vegetable COD<150mg/L). Refer to Table 4.25. Table 4.25: Water Quality Situation of Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu Rivers after Finishing the HRWPCP Projects COD COD value of Single factor River Section Water period concentration standard exponent (mg/I) (mgll) Down stream 2000m Zhushui to the tail water Low water period 36.0 40 0.9 draining outlet Low water period 63.7 30 2.1 Kangwang Upstream I uOm to Flood period 26.0 30 0.9 Normal water period 51.9 30 1.7 Low water period 130.6 30 4.3 Dongyu Zhangzhuang Flood period 46.3 30 1.5 ____________ Normal water period 44.3 30 1.5 1.3.4 Future Surface Water Quality Projections, Control Sections Using the hydrological parameter offered by related river and COD reduction constant, SIEP forecasted the contribution to COD concentration and reduction of concentration at control sections of each related river before and after finishing each sub-project. The results are shown in Table 4.26. Table 4.26: Forecast Result of Water Quality Improvement to the Control Section of Related River Unit: mg/I contribution COD reduction in COD concentration cotbto concentration after River Section Water period Before finishing After finishing treating the project project wastewater Low water 31.5 7.6 23.9 period ________ Shu Xiazhuang Flood period 6.1 1.5 4.6 Normal water 1. per.od 18.9 4.5 14.4 Low water 55 12.1 23.4 period__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Zhuzhaoxin Yulou Flood period 14.3 4.9 9.4 Norma water 23.8 8.1 15.7 P eriod Low water 15.5 7.2 8.3 period__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Daqing Wangtai bridge Flood period 1.2 0.5 0.7 Normal water 14.9 6.6 8.3 period Low water 493.1 115.9 377.2 period Dongyu Xuzhai brake Flood period 31.9 6.1 25.8 Normal water 92.3 16.5 75.8 4-24 August e0riod 4-24 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province From Table 4.26, the control section's water quality of related river can be improved in different degrees after each municipal WwTW and Chengwu sub-projects are finished. Especially after alkali recovery and white wastewater treatment plant of Chengwu paper mill has been put into operation, the mill's wastewater effluent can reach the standards completely. It improves the water quality of Dongyu River (Xuzhai brake section) significantly. In the second place, water quality of Shu River (Xiazhuang section) and Zhuzhaoxin River (Yulou section) can be improved in different degree after finishing both the WwTW associated with the sewerage of Ju county and Heze WwTW. Because of the longer distance (approximate 1OOkm) between Feicheng WwTW and Wangtai bridge section of Daqing River and the smaller proportion of water quantity treated by WwTW flowing to Daqing River, improvements to the water quality of Daqing River are more limited after finishing the project. 4.3.5 Ocean Water Quality Assessment, Rizhao Wastewater treated by Rizhao wastewater treatment plant is drained into Yellow Sea through discharge pipeline near Jianshazui. SIEP performed a detailed ocean water quality assessment, details of which are attached as Appendix 2 of this EA. According to Environmental Function Area Division of Coastal Area in Shandong Province, Rizhao -coastal area is divided into 9 environmental function areas. They are salt industry and cultivating industry area of Rizhao, tourism recreation and entertainment area of Rizhao, -culturing area of Rizhao, port area of Rizhao Port, Kuishanzui mixing area of Rizhao, ocean organisms natural protection area of Rizhao, salt industry and culturing area of Rizhao, Lanshan port and industry area of Rizhao, Qiansandao ocean organisms natural protection area of Rizhao. Table 4.27 provides the coastal environmental function areas near Rizhao, and resulting water quality control target. The ocean outfall discharge area proposed for Rizhao is Class III. Table 4.27: Environmental Function Area Division of Rizhao Coastal Area Serial Code Title Controlling target of No. water quality I RZ02II-1 Salt industry and cultivating industry area of Class II Rizhao City 2 RZO2II-2 Touring, convalescence and entertainment Class II area of Rizhao City, 3 RZ02II-3 Culturing area of Rizhao City Class II 4 RZ04111-1 Port area of Rizhao Port Class III 5 RZH-1 Kuishanzui mixing area of Rizhao City 6 RZOII- Ocean organisms natural protection area of Class I RZOlI-1 Rizhao City 7 RZ0211-4 Salt industry and cultivating industry area of Class I1 RZO2TI-4 ~~~Rizhao City 8 RZO411I-2 Lanslhain port and industry area of Rizhao Class III City 9 RZOll-2 Qiansandao ocean organisms natural Cl I 9 RZO01 1-2 protection area of Rizhao City ass The following general conclusions were found in this ocean assessment: 4-25 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * In the sea area near the six wastewater draining outfalls, water particle's migrating average maximumn distance is in the range of 4.14-4.16km. Tidal current ellipse has a bigger ellipticity, the mixing process of wastewater and the seawater around is adequate, and the wastewater can be diluted quickly. * The water particle migrates to the mid sea basically, and does not obviously impact the water quality of the port area. * The particles discharged during some tidal period times will approach the shore south of Kuishanzui. A part of particles enter the port area, but the particles entering the port area and approaching the shore are all diluted for five tidal periods, with lower concentration, so they do not bring unfavourable impact to related area. * A 2.5 km ocean outfall was found to be a superior choice from optimization and cost effectiveness analyses. * Marine Water Quality Standards, Class III, can be met at the proposed outfall location, except for 3 square kilometre mixing zone. However, SIEP analyses indicate that future phases of the Rizhao WwTW should adopt secondary treatment rather than primary treatment in order to maintain water quality standards outside of this mixing zone. 4.3.6 Summary The surface water systems in Shandong Province will be unlikely to meet the Class III or Class IV WPCP targets during the dry season for the foreseeable future. There is very little assimilative capacity in these surface waters due to inflows approaching zero in the dry season, channelised stream sections with very flat slopes, and minimal environmental resources. However, SIEP water quality assessments indicate significant water quality improvement from implementation of the HRWPCP projects. The major industrial dischargers have reduced their basin wide COD impacts to a great extent, but expanding urbanisation in the cities is causing increasing domestic sewage impacts, while construction of proposed WwTWs lags far behind the WPCP planned schedule. In addition, the 3H Action Plan indicates that the overall COD loading in the basin may be over twice the WPCP estimates, due to TVEs, non-point source pollution and other miscellaneous sources. Unless ways can be found to increase the dry season base flows there is little hope of meeting river water quality objectives for much of the length of the rivers in the Huai River Basin. Since the beginning of 1996, Shandong province has carried out section monitoring of total quantity control on the water pollutant in emphasized river valley, and there are 21 sections in Huai River Basin admninistrated by Shandong. From monitoring data of water quality in recent three years, there are 7 sections that have reached or approached to Category V surface water standard in 1998, accounting for 28.5%. Comparing with 1997, there are 18 sections in which water quality has been improved accounting for 85.7%, Of which, there are 10 sections whose decreasing range is over 50%. In the sections of Qunle bridge in Chenglhe Yin gutter in Sihe River, Xuqian floodgate in Dongyu River, rice beach in Xizhi River, Daxing bridge in Xinchu River east side of Picang flood separating 4-26 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province road West Pianhong, Guan bridge et al, their COD density have all been decreased greatly. The main reason is: most important pollution sources have achieved discharge standards; while the enterprise that can't reach the standard have been stopped. Though the water quality has improved obviously, part of rivers, especially those flowing to Nansi Lake, have been polluted heavily. There are 11 rivers whose COD density monitored in 1998 was over 100 mg /L and 9 of these rivers flow to Nansi Lake. At present, water quality in Huai River Basin administrated by Shandong province has improved obviously. But, there is long distance to go in achieving the goal of clear water in the Huai Basin by 2000. Major remaining problems are: 1. In those enterprises that have been checked and accepted, pollution treatment plants run unevenly because treatment technical technology is bad or cost for running is high. In those enterprises where treatment project has been finished, it runs debugging for long period and can't discharge stably after reaching the standard. 2. Constructing speed of city WwTWs is slow. Many city WwTWs included in the Huai Basin water pollution prevention and treatment plan, have not finished constructing on time. 3. Because there is no runoff or the quantity of runoff is little in dry season period in Huai River Basin administrated by Shandong, even if the enterprise reaches discharge standards, and water quality of river improves, it can't reach planned standard in dry season low flow period. For most rivers, there is only water for industry and living in low flow period, its silt content is normally 200-400mg/L, and because the riverbed has been deposited for many years, pollution accidents may be formed in time of opening the floodgate to release water or during flood season as pollution is released from the sediments. The proposed ocean outfall at the Rizhao WwTW for primary treated wastewater effluent has been found to be properly designed, and causing no unsatisfactory impacts to the ocean or port resources. However, SIEP has recommended that secondary treatment be installed for any future phases of the Rizhao WwTW to protect ocean resources. 4-27 August 2000 Chinese Govermment National State Environmental National Environmental ._ _ Protection Agency _ _ - Environmental Research Institute (SEPA) Monitoring Station National Environmental National Environmental I Monitoring Guidance PoliciesI Standards Provincial Environmental Provincial Protection Bureau Provincial Environmental l (PEPB) Environmental , Research Institute Monitoring Station Provincial Monitoring (PERI) Research and Monitoring Division Information Center (PEMS) Data Submitted to NEPA Pollution Control Division Assessment Center Scientific Studies Exploitation/Devel. Division (EA Approvals to NEPA) I Environmental Monitoring, Environmental Natural Conservation Division Publicity and Education Center I All Media Assessments Publicity and Education Division Environmental Industry Association International Cooperation Division Society for Environmental Sciences Accounting Division Law and Regulatory Division I Monitoring Guidance City Environmental Protection Bureau r City Environmental (CEPB) C E . . .,,4 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~City EnviroDmnental Research Institute Monitoring Station (not all cities) t Envirow-nental Compliance, City/county Monitoring Assessments and I Monitoring Guidance Data Submitted to PEMS Monitoring, All Media I Figure 4.1 Huai River Basin Environmental Protection Organisations County Environmental _ County Environmental Protection Bureau _ __. Monitoring Station 4. *1 I - I / ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ -L I 0I ItHa Chagzh - ~~~~~~mt oi~ ~ ~ ~~Sae Oo __ __ __ _ M IIT{," L,41 lg A t h h, yzx $ *. . ,1i\i r i ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - - - - ~ 1tX k ' . - | Legend M-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- , ' -_ \ \\)t / . * -~~~~~~~ II ~~~~~~~~ -Z . 1 | Olce oMotrtLegend l =LWa tewater (WWP N-places to Monitor the Condition of Suufacc Watcr *Places to Monitor the Condition of Groundwater APlaces to Monitor the Condition ofAtmbient Air(sncluding foul smell) Figure 4.3 *Places to M.njtor the Condition of Nnise Plane Drawing of Places to monitor the Condition in Heze _ r~~ K ,, ;. \ S ' \ j\ , ,~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~E1 iId j ~ ~ ~ ~~~..2 h K I'~~~~~T T- - T- t SK (E iff. iE Ak :nv 0 -1 T-1 7 0 7 7L 7 CD Cilangz _4: tq 7'=---- j-j'7 Rools C/) 4. T" T7-7 CD Chengwu P3 4 q CD 03 i 7i, 5UP"t=- CL 7 0 CL Legend C/) CD A Monitoring ir point ofambient a CD 0 Monitoring point ofsurfacewater 0 MOnitOring point groundwater C:) cLA Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5 DETERMINATION OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT The HRWPCP in Shandong Province will involve the implementation of municipal wastewater collection and treatment programs in three cities (Heze, Feicheng and Rizhao) and collection facilities only in Ju County. The 5~ component project in Shandong involves an industrial wastewater program at Chengwu paper mill. In China, as elsewhere in the world, these types of scheme normally create a common series of impacts, both positive and negative. * In Section 5.1, the typical positive and negative impacts are presented for the construction and operation of water pollution control projects. * In Section 5.2, the positive impacts of the individual project components are summarised. * In Section 5.3, the short-term negative impacts arising from construction are presented for each of the project components. * In Section 5.4, the potential longer-term impacts that can occur during operation are presented for each scheme. In Chapter 7, a series of generic mitigation measures, to counteract the adverse impacts identified, are presented. Also presented are proposals for the monitoring of the implementation of the generic mitigation measures and details of the organisations responsible. These are presented as schedules in tabular form. Also included in Chapter 7, are proposals for the long term monitoring of the success of the project. The main Performance Indicator is the quality of the river waters and sampling and analytical programmes are proposed. Other Performance Indicators to be monitored relate to the effective operation of the component engineering works. 5.1 Typical Impacts of Water Pollution Control Projects 5.1.1 Positive Impacts The normal positive impacts one expects for water pollution control schemes, which also relate to the HRWPCP schemes are summarised below: * Connection of household foul drains to effective, enclosed sewers creates a range of benefits: 1. Contact with sanitary waste within the home is reduced 2. Contact with infectious waste in open sewers/drains/streams is reduced. 3. Odour problems are reduced or eliminated. 4. Contamination of foodstuffs is reduced. 5. The general environment of those living close to open drains is improved. 6. Amenity is improved and exposure to harmful materials is reduced, particularly or the more vulnerable members of the communities (e.g. the young and the old.) 7. The handling of nightsoil is eliminated. This is believed to be one of the major sources of illness from waterborne diseases. * The discharge of treated or untreated wastewater at a point downstream of the project area removes the possibility of access by project area citizens to the harmful constituents of the wastewater. 5-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province The biological treatment of wastewater before discharge to adjacent surface waters has many benefits: I . The concentration of pathogenic organisms in the wastewater is greatly reduced. 2. The concentrations of BOD and ammonia are reduced thereby reducing the oxygen demand in rivers and making the rivers "healthier." 3. The Suspended Solids content of the wastewater is reduced and therefore the general appearance and amenity value of the river can be improved. 4. Ammonia is toxic to fish and therefore the removal of ammonia encourages fishing and fishery development. 5. When removal of nutrients is practised, the risk of algae development in downstream lakes or slow flowing water is reduced. * Good public health facilities have been found worldwide to increase the feeling of well-being in those served and to create an environment conducive to effective development, and social and environmental well-being. 5.1.2 Negative Impacts There are a range of potential negative impacts which arise from the implementation-of water pollution control projects. These are summarised below: -.1.3 General - The construction and operation of environmental works costs money that must be repaid by the beneficiaries. It is necessary to ensure that the project can be afforded and that the public considers the improved services to be worth the price to be paid. Such checks have been made in the case of the HRWPCP components and these have been found to be affordable and receiving high degrees of public support. - Land has to be acquired for the construction of the project and therefore those at present using the land must be cared for. Similarly where people are to lose their homes and/or have to change their jobs, it is necessary to ensure that satisfactory arrangements are made for those affected. For the HRWPCP, all of those who will be affected by the construction of the component projects have been identified and compensation has been planned in detail. These plans are covered in a "Resettlement Action Plan" which is being prepared in tandem with this EA. It is worth noting that in China the means and levels of compensation paid are laid down under State laws and directives and the terms are widely accepted as generous. So much so that problems are frequently experienced where people try to illegally move into an area immediately prior to the development of a scheme in order to take advantage of the generous compensation. Compensation in China is well-organised and more generous thani in most other countries. The construction of civil engineering structures cannot be conducted without creating a number of negative impacts. These are principally concerned with; noise, dust, increasing transport, disposal of spoil from excavations and risks to construction staff. The HRWPCP components will all create such impacts. Mitigation methods are proposed to limit these impacts to levels that are generally acceptable in China. Such 5-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province levels might not be acceptable to all countries in the west since in some cases a different approach is adopted. It has been considered to be important that the EA mitigation measures proposed should reflect expectations in China. * Spoil disposal creates little problem in China. In most cases there is a demand for spoil and often spoil from a construction site even can be sold. Higher risks during construction are experienced in China than in the west. This is due in part to the greater use of manual labour as opposed to mechanical assistance in construction. For the HRWPCP, where a number of international contracts are likely to be let, risks are likely to be less than normal. * Risks occur mainly due to working in deep excavations and at height. Standard mitigation measures can be applied to minimise such risks. * Standard mitigation measures such as water spraying are effective in controlling dust on construction sites. - * In sensitive areas construction noise can be limited by reasonable working hours and the adoption of quiet practices although it appears that, throughout daily life, the Chinese are less sensitive to excessive noise than those in the west. Negative impacts particularly related to the construction and operation of wastewater works are as follows: Sewerage pipework and channels are installed or constructed below ground. Negative impacts can arise from dust produced during excavation, the removal of spoil from the site, the provision of access for site equipment and machinery and the hazards of working below ground level. These impacts are minimised by good engineering design and the use of sound construction practices. WwTW construction has similar negative impacts including; noise, dust, interference of transport by site equipment, and the hazards referred to above of working in deep excavations or at height. Adverse operational aspects of wastewater treatment are commonly: o Excessive noise o Unacceptable odour generation o Health and aesthetic impacts associated with the disposal of sludge o The adverse effects on treatment performance that can be created by the disposal of toxic industrial discharges to the sewers. Ocean outfalls constructed to dispose of WwTW effluent can cause problems in recreational areas, with adjacent fishery resources including potential bioaccumulation in shellfish, and general aesthetic problems during operational problems and/or specific tidal circumstances. 5-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * Industrial paper mill effluents can cause significant organic loading to the receiving streams if the WwTW are not operated properly. The above generic impacts are relevant to the HRWPCP components but as elsewhere the adverse impacts can all be minimised by good design and construction practice, and the application of specific mitigation measures, as have been detailed case by case in Chapter 7. 5.2 Positive Impacts of the Specific HRWPCP Components 5.2.1 Raising the Output of Agricultural, Fish and Livestock Production It is anticipated that following the commissioning of the new WwTWs, the water quality in the rivers being used for irrigation, fishing and livestock production downstream of the inland project components will improve. It is anticipated that following the commissioning of the new sewers and WwTW in Rizhao, the water quality in the rivers being used for irrigation, fishing and livestock production within the urban boundaries of Rizhao will improve. Further improvements could be expected to fisheries immediately offshore of Rizhao in the Yellow Sea. Productivity for all project components is therefore likely to increase through time as will the value of the production output. However, the extent of further improvement in productivity is linked to related pollution control programs for industrial and non-point sources. 5.2.2 Increased Domestic Output Due to Improved Water Resources The goals of the HRWPCP are to restore the Huai River mainstream to Class III, and the tributary streams to Class IV (with some exceptions). As has been outlined previously in the EA, there are a wide variety of point and non-point sources of pollution in the basin that will need to be controlled to meet these goals, and compliance during the dry season low-flows will remain a problem even when these sources have been controlled. As such, it will be unlikely that the surface streams will be able to be used reliably for additional water supply sources in the near future. However, water is a very scarce resource and any improvement in water quality resulting from implementation of the HRWPCP components will undoubtedly result in improved economic activity in the cities and downstream communities. The principal benefits associated improved water resources with each sub-component are shown in Table 5.1: 5-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.1: Improved Water Resources by Component City HRWPCP Component Improved Water Resources for HRWPCP Projects Feicheng The sub-component will contribute to improvement in the quality of water in the various water bodies in the city, which are currently heavily polluted. This improved surface water situation will create the potential for increased economic activity in Feicheng due to the improved environment and will reduce pollution of groundwater water supply sources caused by polluted surface water. Treated effluent will also be used for river flow augmentation in the town, improving the flow characteristics of the urban rivers (which will dry up during the dry season once existing sewer outfalls are intercepted by the project). Heze The sub-component will contribute to improvement in the quality of water in the various water bodies in the city, which are currently heavily polluted. This improved surface water situation will create the potential for increased economic activity in Heze due to the improved environment and will reduce pollution of groundwater water supply sources caused by polluted surface water. Rizhao The sub-component will contribute to improvement in the quality of water in the various water bodies in the city, which are currently heavily polluted. This improved surface water situation will create the potential for increased economic activity in Rizhao due to the improved environment. Ju County The sub-component will contribute to improvement in the quality of water in the various water bodies in the city, which are currently heavily polluted. This improved surface water situation will create the potential for increased economic activity in Ju County due to the improved environment and will reduce pollution of groundwater water supply sources caused by polluted surface water. Cheng Wu The sub-component will contribute to improvement in the quality of water in the Paper Mill various water bodies in the area. This improved surface water situation will create the potential for increased economic activity downstream due to the improved environment. 5.2.3 Public Health Improvements It is estimated that around 20% of diseases in all HRWPCP project cities are water borne. The sub- component projects are expected to contribute to a significant reduction in water borne healtl problems. This will reduce the cost of medical care and increase output as fewer employees will fall sick each year. 5.2.4 Increased Revenue From Tourism The principal benefits associated increased tourism with each sub-component are shown in Table 5.2: 5-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.2: Increased Tourism by Component HRWPCP Component Increased Tourism for HRWPCP Project Feicheng Improvement of the quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Feicheng as a destination for tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is therefore expected to rise as a direct result of the sub-component. Heze Improvement of the quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Heze as a destination for tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is therefore expected to rise as a direct result of the sub-component. Rizhao Improvement of the quality of the water bodies and bathing beaches within the city will further add to the appeal of Rizhao as a destination for tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is therefore expected to rise as a direct result of the sub- component. In particular, Rizhao is a popular seaside resort and the project will help safeguard cleanliness of tourist beaches. Ju County Improvement of the quality of the water bodies within the city will further add to the appeal of Ju County as a destination for tourists and other visitors. Revenue from tourism is therefore expected to rise as a direct result of the sub-component. Cheng Wu Chengwu Paper Mill is not a destination for tourists. Any beneficial tourism impacts Paper Mill will be in terms of increased recreation use of river sections downstream of the Mill. 5.2.5 Increased Real Estate Values Land values and rents are expected to increase due to improvements in the local environment as well as the potential for increased economic activity arising from the possibility of utilising the local surface water as a water resource. 5.2.6 Improved Surface Water Quality, IRWPCP Cities and Basin The HRWPCP project cities will all benefit from improved surface water quality after implementation of the HRWPCP and construction of sewerage, WwTWs and industrial wastewater facilities. For the HRWPCP, the cities of Feicheng and Heze will benefit directly from the WwTW construction funded by the HRWPCP, and the surface waters in the urban areas of Rizhao upstream of the ocean will also be improved. The improved water quality treatment system at the Chengwu Paper Mill will have positive impacts. Under the overall Huai Basin WPCP, Shandong Province has established a Total Volume Control Plan and operating scheme of total pollutant in 'Huaihe Basin waterbody which is administrated by Shandong' according to the WPCP targets and its actual situation. There are 26 control sections and border sections in the downstream of major rivers in the cities and districts. The Total Volume control Sections related to this project are slhown in Table 5.3. 5-6 Auaust 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.3: Situation Of Provincial Total Volume Control Section In Related River (nearest section to sewage outlet) Title of total Distance from Maximum permitted Title of volume Control swg ultt discharged volume of Related sub-project sewage outlet to river control area total volume COD in Shandong section control section Alkali recovering project of Dongyu Xuzhaizha Heze 770tVa 38km Chengwu paper mill Zhuzhaoxin Yulou Heze 6256tVa Sewage treatment plant of Heze 70km Ju Sewage Pipe network of Ju Shu river Xiazhuang 6000V/a 23km county county The WPCP water pollutant total quantity control factor in Huaihe Basin is COD,r According to "Total Volume control of Plan and Operating Scheme of Water Pollutant in Huaihe valley administrated by Shandong," the COD-entered volume of related rivers are shown in Table 5.4. Table 5.4: Permitted COD Volume Entering To Related River In 2000. Actual Predicted Permitted Actual reduced entered entered volume entered volume Title of river volume of COD Related sub-project volume of of COD in 2000 oV) f COD in 2000 (t/a) COD (tVa) (t/a) (t/a) Alkali recovering project Dongyu 25308.33 14617.2 3580 11037.2 of Chengwu paper mill Zhuzhaoxin 35582.27 17400.3 5780 11620.3 Heze WwTW Shu river (Ju Ju county sewage pipe 8723 7151 1151 6000 county) network After the HRWPCP is implemented, situation of discharged and reduced volume of CODcr is shown in Table 5.5. Table 5.5: Total Discharged Volume of CODC, In HRWPCP Sewage treatment Discharged Decreased Total control Title of project volume after treatment volume standard (* 104m3/d) (t/a) (tVa) (tVa) Rizhao WwTW 10.0 10220 5110 10220 Ju county WwTW associated to 4.0 1752 5548 1752 sewage pipe network Heze WwTW 8.0 3504 11096 1000 Feicheng WwTW 4.0 1168 5402 1700 0. 1296=black liquid Chengwu paper mill 2380 9989.2 3375 1.6378=middle course 5-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province From Table 5.5, the discharge volume of CODcr of each project after it is treated can all satisfy the Chinese total volume control standard. In addition, volume of SO2 and fume from oil-burning boiler in Heze sewage treatment plant, boiler in Chengwu paper mill and alkali recovering boiler are all satisfy the total volume control standard set by local governments. According to the maximum permitted discharged volume of each total volume control section in Table 5.5, discharged volume of COD before the HRWPCP is implemented and the distance between sewage discharged site and the section, without the HRWPCP, discharged volume of total volume control section in the related rivers will all exceed the standard. And, COD volume that enters into the river in 2000 will not satisfy the permitted volume either. After the HRWPCP is implemented, volume of COD that enters to related river will satisfy the requirement of WPCP goals in year 2000. Its decreased volume to the needed decreased volume in year 2000 is a maximum of 4.82 and a minimum of 1.92. After the project is implemented, decreased COD volume when operating in full load condition accounts for 46.9% of all reduced COD volume needed to satisfy total volume control target in year 2000 in Huaihe valley (not including Rizhao and Feicheng project). The construction of the project will have great effect on the realising of total volume control target in Huaihe valley administrated by Shandong. 5.2.7 Additional Potential Benefits Implementation of the HRWPCP components is likely to result in additional benefits, including: * Reduced risk of groundwater contamination in the service areas. * The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services, should help to encourage waste minimisation at source, and intemalise the costs of pollution control. * Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of the adjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes and the development of riverside walks and parks for public use. 5.2.8 Summary of Project Positive Impacts The HRWPCP positive benefits listed in the previous sections will be great assets to the cities affected and to Shandong Province in general. In the following sections, potential construction phase and operational phase impacts are identified. There are no significant environmental problems identified in either phase. Compared with the positive benefits, these potential negative impacts are minor and easily mitigated. Detailed mitigation and monitoring strategies should alleviate these concerns. 5.3 Potential Short Term Construction Impacts The HRWPCP projects could cause a variety of short-term construction impacts that must be monitored and mitigated during the construction period. These construction impacts have been sorted according to their geographic location within the overall project scheme. In Chapter 7, for each identified potential impact, a corresponding mitigation method is proposed along with the method of monitoring and the responsible monitoring agency. The Shandong PMO and city PlUs will have an ongoinig responsibility to track and report the monitoring work of all the identified agencies, in addition to their direct monitorinig activities. Although all potential impacts must be accounted for, 5-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province the following sections outline the details and more major potential impacts by individual component project. 5.3.1 Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) Overview Temporary and permanent land acquisition including some resettlement will occur as a result of the project. The HRWPCP project cities have prepared Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) for each HRWPCP project component, and these have been consolidated into a provincial project RAP. Table 5.6 summarises the key RAP data. Table 5.6: Summary of Project Affected Land Statistics ciTy Permanent Land Ac uisition (Mu) Temporary Land (Mu Tilled Veget WoodI Others Sub- State- Affected Tilled Veget. Others Sub- State- Affected and total owned people Land total owned people Land _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ land __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _land _ _ _ _ _ Rizhao 107.3 54.9 52.4 214.6 214.6 435 68.1 6 125.5 199.6 199.6 255 Ju County - - - - - 21 S - 26 26 78 Feicheng 70.95 0.75 1.80 73.5 94 19.2 - 1.5 20.7 1.5 52 Heze - 91.75 - 28.22 119.97 1 9.62 129 4.95 0.72 1 230.44 236.11 227.74 12 Total 270.00 54.90 0.75 82.42 408.07 224.22 658 113.25 11.72 357.44 482.41 454.84 397 the project will affect four cities and one industrial area impacting on: (i) 890.48 Mu of land affecting 1055 PAP, of which 408.07 Mu of land will be permanently acquired (658 PAP), and 482.41 Mu of land will be used temporarily (397 PAP), (ii) 1,272 m2 of housing (23 households including 88 PAP), and (iii) facilities and attachments which include electricity poles, trees and sandy (unsealed) roads. No permanent institutional or commercial buildings are affected in any city. A number of temporary shops, total floor area 13,264 m2 are affected temporarily. Overall, taking into account all the project affected villages, the average loss of land to each PAP following re-allocation of land in these villages is not considered significant as in most villages these are small parcels of land in comparison to total land areas in the village. In a few villages, where the land loss per capita is significant in percentage terms, the existing plot size is already small and villagers already rely on other sources of income (for example, the site of the proposed Rizhao WwTW). Compensation and income restoration measures are described in the RAP to ensure that PAPs livelihood does not deteriorate as a result of the project. Temporary land acquisition is predominantly in the road verges and therefore will not affect significant quantities of agricultural land. The affected road and road verges will be restored after construction. The period of disturbance for pipeline construction is estimated to be about 2 months. Impacts on people affected by relocation is also expected to be not significanit as these people will be relocated to within the same village and they will have the option of either having their house rebuilt for them, or receiving cash compensation and rebuilding houses themselves. Compensation and income restoration measures for people affected by house relocation are discussed in greater detail in the RAP. The major findings of the RAP for each sub-component are summarised below. 5-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Feicheng The construction of sewer network and the land acquisition for the WwTW impacts on the village of Xi Fu Chun. The WwTW is located on agricultural land. A total of 73.5 Mu of land will be permanently affected for the construction of the WwTW, affecting 94 persons. Temporary land use will affect 20.7 Mu of land and this will affect 52 persons. The project will not result in any impacts on community infrastructure, service and utilities. The project will affect 5 houses (17 PAP) which are brick/wood structures in the rural area. Loss of crops will occur due to land acquisition for the WwTW, (73.5 Mu). To avoid loss of crops to land users it is recommended that land be acquired after harvests. Heze The land acquisition for the WwTW impacts on one village (Ma Zhuang). The WwTW is located on agricultural land. The pumping stations will be located on urban lands. A total of 119.97 Mu of land will be permanently affected for the installation of the pumping stations and WwTW, this will affect 129 persons. Temporary land use will affect 236.11 Mu, this will affect 12 persons. Affected facilities and attachments include wire poles, telephone poles, trees and unsealed roads. The project will result in the demolition of 14 houses (58 PAP) located in the rural and urban areas. Rizhao The construction of the sewer network, land acquisition for the WwTW, and pumping stations will impact on 6 villages (Shan Hou Yi Chun, Donghai Yu Chun, Song Jia Yao, Liu Jia Chun, Song Ji Yao, and Dong Xia Jia Chun). A total of 214.6 Mu of land will be permanently affected for the installation of the WwTW and pumping stations, this will affect 435 people. Temporary land use will affect 199.6 Mu of land, impacting on 255 persons. Affected facilities and attachments include wire poles, telephone poles, trees and unsealed roads. Loss of land and crops_will occur due to land acquisition for the WwTW and pumping stations, (214.6 Mu). The WwTW is located on agricultural land that is used for growing wheat and a ponded area. In the agricultural area there are three greenhouses that occupy 2,025 m2 and two simple houses (brick/wood structures) in Shan Hou Yi village which are used for temporary agricultural production that occupy 90 m2 (PAP equals 6, 2 households). There are over 7000 fruit tree seedlings and 500 poplar seedlings on the site. As the area has been reserved for the WwTW there are no other facilities or residents located on the site. The acquisition of land for the Rizhao WwTW will impact on 418 people. To avoid loss of crops to land users it is recommended that land be acquired after harvest season. The tlhree pumping stations will impact on 5.4 Mu (0.36 ha) of land in Songjiayao Village. In total 17 people will be affected permanently by land acquisition for the pumping stations. Number I pump station occupies 1.8 Mu of land. This is reserved as planning land and at present is being ploughed. Number 2 pumping station is located at the crossing between Lanzhou Road and a railway line, and occupies an area of 1.8 Mu. The interceptor network will impact oni 199.5 Mu of land temporarily (255 PAP). Ju County The proposed route of the interceptor sewer network will predominantly traverse through bicycle lanes, road verges and agricultural areas and along riverbanks. In total 26 Mu land will be affected 5-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province temporarily. The installation of the interceptor network will affect 78 people temporarily. These PAP will be compensated according to the prescribed measures and standards. The proposed interceptor will affected one house in Bei Guan Village (area of 50m2, brick/wood structure, 3 PAP, 1 household), and one household in Xi Da Jie Village (area of 70m2, brick/wood structure, 4 PAP, 1 household). Cheng Wu Paper Mill The WwTW proposed for the Chengwu Paper Mill will be an extension to the existing WwTW located on site. No resettlement will result from this sub-project as all works will be undertaken within the confines of the existing plant. The paper mill will not experience any significant downtime as a result of the proposed works. 5.3.2 Demolition/Spoil There is minimum demolition required for the project components and the issue has been covered in the RAP for the project. As the treatment plant sites will be levelled before the project construction, no problems of arable land loss, vegetation damage and notable soil erosion. SIEP has quantified an estimate of excess spoil from each project component as shown in Table 5.7. SIEP have also review the proposed disposal sites and found no special environmental problems or issues related to these proposed sites. Table 5.7: Estimated Spoils Generation and Management Measures Serial Sub-project Volume of diggin Management No Sbpoetearth (I10000M3)0 Measure 165000 m' using to backfill sewers, 113000m3 using to cover the WwTW I Rizhao WwTW and pipe network 27.8 area 51000m3 using to backfill for sewer, 2 Ju county wastewater pipe network 8.5 34000m3 using to cover the concave 2 Ju county wastewater pipe network 8.5 place of the city 60% using to backfill sewers, 40% 3 Heze WwTW and pipe network 35.0 using to fill the concave place of the city 80% using to backfill sewers, 20% 4 Feicheng WwTW and pipe network 5.8 using to fill the lower place in city 5 Chengwu alkali recovery project 2.0 All backfill used in plant area 6 Total 79.1 SIEP also recommended the following mitigation measures relative to spoils: 1. Minimise the time of digging, burying, filling, and recovering. 2. The waste soil could be used for road construction. Besides, the transport and pile of soil should be arranged after the discussion with land administration authority. Try to use farming land as little as possible so as to mitigate the destruction to the bio-environment. 3. Transporting waste earth in the rush hour should be avoided. The construction units and transportation departments should educate the drivers to obey the professional morals, drive 5-11 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province along the fixed lines, deal with waste earth and construction rubbish at the fixed place. They should check how the plans are carried out now and then. 4. Pipe network project can be divided into several sections that can be started at the same time. Project contracting units should provide temporary food and houses for workers at the working area. 5. Building units and contracting units should connect with the local environmental departments and clear the life waste on the construction area in time. If they meet the poisonous waste, the project should be stopped temporarily and connect with local environmental departments. Construction will be continued after they taking steps 5.3.3 Noise and Dust Heavy load trucks for transporting pipes are mobile and intermittent sources emitting significant noise during pipe laying, with noise levels in the range of 85-90 dB (A). The noise impact should not be significant since they will only operate in the daytime, they are less frequent than vehicle flows on existing roadways, and the WwTW sites are not in urban centres. The pipelines will often be excavated using manual labour so dust and noise will be minimised. Limiting construction to the daytime hours will mitigate noise problems. The pipelines will be excavated using manual labour in many cases so dust and noise will be minimised. During the construction operation of construction equipment and the running of vehicles will generate noise. The toise levels will depend on the types and numbers of machines and vehicles. Generally their noise levels range from 80 to 90 dB (A). The construction noise will have adverse impact on people living near the construction site or along the highway. In order to meet the requirements specified by Boundary Noise Limits for Construction Sites (GB12523-90), night-time construction activities will be prohibited, with the use of trucks and equipment prohibited by 23:00 hr each day (except for road crossings which may be allowed to minimise daytime construction impacts). To lessen the influence of dust on the surrounding environment, it is suggested sprinkling some water on the waste soil to prevent dust during the fine and windy weather. Contracting unit should act on the plan, transport the waste soil in time, not to overload during transportation, not to drip on the road. The wheels should be .cleared before the trucks go out of the construction area to prevent them dripping earth and influencing the environment. Meanwhile, the constructors should carry out the system to keep dean to protect the roads before construction area. Once there is waste soil and construction materials, they should be cleared away at once. If it is necessary to utilise groundwater pumps, they will be provided with appropriate noise and vibration protection devices. This will be especially important for night-time dewatering. Mitigation measures will be required as well as monitoring. Management practices are recommended to minimise erosion and runoff from storage piles and for site clean up after construction is completed. 5.3.4 Transportation There are minimal road crossings required and operational and scheduling plans have been developed to minimise traffic impacts. Noise concernis normally would limit construction to the daytime but road crossings will be allowed at night to minimise traffic disruption on major roads. 5-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.3.5 Safety Issues The pipe trenches will be excavated by hand through existing sand and gravel strata that will require wide, battered, trenches to protect against trench collapse. Strict safety measures will be recommended. 5.3.6 Public Facilities SIEP indicates that no public facilities will be negatively impacted by HRWPCP components in the project cities. 5.3.7 Domestic Wastewater During the construction phase, a large number of construction workers will be working in the construction sites. Except for some technical workers, many of them will be local residents, they will have their existing places to eat and sleep. Therefore no new domestic wastewater discharge is expected. Technical workers will probably stay at small inns in adjacent towns or townships, so no new pollution sources will be created. 5.3.8 Industrial Wastewater During Construction The Chengwu Paper Mill currently has inadequate wastewater treatment facilities that are causing significant surface water pollution downstream of the facility. During construction and commissioning of the new wastewater management facilities, the wastewater discharged could be exacerbated due to removal of the existing facilities before the new WwTW are completed. Interim measures to cut back production, provide wastewater holding facilities, etc are required to ensure that this construction does not worsen the existing pollution levels. This will be particularly important in the dry season, so the construction period should be coordinated to allow discharge of pollutants when more dilution water is available. 5.3.9 Ocean and Beach Impacts, Ocean Outfall Construction The construction of the ocean outfall at the Rizhao WwTW will undoubtedly cause some negative impacts to the surrounding beaches and ocean resources. Coastal and marine biologists should be consulted relative to necessary scheduling and other necessary mitigation measures to minimise these disturbances. This is especially crucial for reproduction periods of the fauna. 5.3.10 Summary of Potential Gonstruction Phase Impacts These potential construction phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details of mitigation measures, and a programme for monitoring the effective implementation of the measures, and the responsibility for the measures are summarised in Chapter 7. 5-13 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.4 Potential Operational Phase Impacts 5.4.1 Sewage Overflows (collection, pump stations, WwTW) There are two categories of potential for raw sewage discharges. The first involves the concentrated discharge of raw sewage at the WwTW location prior to the WwTW being put into operation, and the second involves intermittent problems after the WwTW is commissioned. Relative to the WwTW scheduling, Table 5.8 provides information on the scheduling of the WwTWs in relation to the HRWPCP sewerage systems. Table 5.8: HRWPCP WwTW Scheduling Sewerage WwTW Sewerage WwTW Project System Funding Scheduled Scheduled City Funding Operation Operation Feicheng HRWPCP HRWPCP 2003 End 2003 Heze HRWPCP HRWPCP 2003 End 2003 Rizhao HRWPCP HRWPCP 2003 End 2003 Ju County HRWPCP Local End 2002 End 2001 - - Cheng Wu N/a HRWPCP n/a End 2002- Paper Mill N_____a __ HRWPCP_____ n____ a____ Table 5.8 indicates that the WwTWs will become operational at similar times to the new sewerage systems. As such, there will not be a problem of concentrating the raw sewage discharges at a new point downstream of the city. It is noted that the lack of background flows during the dry season, the flat slopes and other factors reducing the assimilative capacity of the receiving streams, probably would indicate that existing multiple sewage discharges within the cities would not significantly affect downstreamn areas differently if intercepted and concentrated at the new outfall locations. After WwTW commissioning, raw sewage may bypass the collection systems, pump stations, and WwTWs during storm events (until sewerage systems have been completely separated), electrical outages or when the WwTW experiences operational problems. The wet well at the pump stations and inlet to the WwTW will provide only a short-term buffer for such situations and raw sewage will be soon bypassed under these circumstances. However, it is not considered cost-effective to provide larger storage for these situations. The pump stations will be equipped with dual power supply sources (i.e. from two different locations in the city power network) as well as backup pumps for maintenance purposes. Raw sewage currently discharges to surface waters untreated. It is noted that the receiving streams in dry season will usually not meet the targeted Class IV surface water standards whether the WwTW operates or not. As such, the large cost to mitigate this situation is not deemed appropriate during the HRWPCP. Durinig emergencies/power outages, raw sewage at Rizhao will pass thouglh an emergency 500 m long short sea outfall. Although not a requirement under Chinese regulations and not contained in the Chinese EA, the AC recommends that a warning device be installed to sound in tlle harbour when the emergency outfall is utilised. 5-14 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.4.2 Industrial Waste Upsets There are large industrial contribution to the HRWPCP sewerage systems and WwTWs, and pre- treatment has been a problem in the project areas, as well as most of China. There is a possibility of industrial waste upsets to the sewerage systems and WwTWs but rigorous influent monitoring will be specified as well as operational plans to mitigate such problems. As noted in the following data, most of the major industries discharge primarily organic wastes, which can overload the WwTW if not pre- treated adequately, but are less harmful than industries discharging heavy metals or toxic substances to the biological process. In Chapter 4, Tables 4.9 to 4.15 provided details on the industrial waste contributions to the HRWPCP WwTWs. As required by law, many of the larger industries have in the past constructed some form of wastewater treatment. As the law required a high quality effluent, many of the industries are able to discharge wastewater with an effluent that can hardly be improved in a municipal WwTW. It is currently the intention that many of such effluents are discharged into the sewers. They will then undergo a second treatment effort in the municipal plant. The proposed practice is based on the assumption that industries do not give proper attention to their treatment works. This is confirmed during many of the field visits: many of the works operate obviously only during the visit and energy consuming equipment is switched off as soon as possible. Insufficient control will probably allow this kind of practice to continue for many years. 'the authorities, together with the industries, should determine which of the industries should continue or step up their treatment efforts, in order to reduce loads to the municipal WwTW. This process can be guided also by means of an improved wastewater fee system for the industries, based on pollution caused. Important is that industries that make an effort to treat their own wastewater, will have to pay reduced wastewater fees. This will encourage the industries to search for pollution reduction, often through in-plant measures, but also through end of pipe treatment. SIEP evaluated the potential for industrial wastewater to discharge beyond standards to WwTWs with poisonous substances, heavy metals and acid and alkali substances. This would cause water quality levels beyond the allowable density of harmful substances in the biological structures regulated by the "Design Regulations of Outdoor Discharge" (GBJ14-87). This could restrain the microbe activity and even result in the death of microbe, lose the pollutant treatment capacity, and finally the accidental discharge of the WwTWs. In early 90s, the investigation on 5500 sets of industrial wastewater treatment facilities inland in China demonstrated that less than one-third of the industrial-built WwTWs were performing adequately. The major reasons are the small scale of the facilities, the high cost of operation and lack of strict management. Certain enterprises directly discharge the industrial wastewater secretly for some economic benefits. The WwTWs must rigorously monitor the inlet industrial wastewater quality and record the monitorinig results. The local EPB sectors should coordinate with the WwTWs to persuade the related enterprises to pre-treat the wastewater, in order to meet the "Overall Wastewater Discharge Standards" (GB8978-1996), the Class III in the pollutant discharge standards for the related industrial enterprises and the "Discharge Water Quality into Urban Sewerage" (CJ18-86), otherwise, they should not be allowed to discharge into the sewers and WwTW. As indicated in Table 4.15, this requires a maximum COD of 500 mg/I, maximum BOD of 300 mg/I, and maximum SS of 400 mg/l. 5-15 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province The staff should be trained and have suitable qualifications for monitoring duties. The relevant post responsibilities and operation system must be established. Monitoring management is the guarantee of good operation. The WwTW must monitor the inlet and outlet water quality every day according to the regulations and rules, and observe changes of the water quality and adjust the operation models and parameters so as to discharge with standards. The HRWPCP includes technical assistance and training to ensure that WwTW staff will be able to perform this monitoring role. 5.4.3 Noise SIEP monitored the existing ambient noise levels at the proposed WwTW locations, as well as proposed pump station locations. Noise monitoring was undertaken in daytime and at night for once only. Table 5.9 provides the summary of this ambient monitoring. Table 5.9: Environmental Noise Monitoring Sites HRWPCP Monitoring site Site Monitor Leq [dB(A)] Remark Project numbers time Day night Rizhao West plant border 1 98.9.10 49.7 44.7 Assessment standard: category 2 WwTW North plant border 1 51.7 44.8 of GB3096-93 East plant border 1 58.2 50.1 Day: 60 dB(A) South plant border I 56.2 50.8 Night: 50 dB(A) West of the plant area I 53.6 44.1 East of the plant area I 52.8 48.9 Heze West plant border t 2000.4.19 49.0 40.3 Pump stationl ]#: The cross of WwTW North plant border 1 46.0 39.8 Chengyang Road and East plant border 1 47.8 40.2 Huanchengdadi South plant border 1 52.7 44.4 ump station 2#: The cross of Center of plant area 1 48.3 38.1 Mudannan Road and Zhonghua Road Damazhuang village I 53.2 48.1 Pump station 3#: The cross of Pump station 1# I 54.0 46.8 HuapingRoad and Nanping Road Pump station2# 1 53.2 48.9 ump station 44: The cross of Pump station3# 1 55.0 52.8 Renmin Road and Nanping Road: Pump station4# 1 57.3 50.9 Damazhuang village lies to the north f sewage plant site200 meters to orth bank of Zhushui river. Its oncrete location is shown in the related figure. Assessment standard: category 2 of GB3096-93 Day: 6OdB(A) Night: 50 dB(A) Feicheng West plant border I 2000.2.28 48.7 46.8 Xifu village lies to the northeast WwTW North plant border 1 73.7 62.4 of the plant site, about 200 meters East plant border 1 51.4 43.9 to Tailin road. South plant border . 47.3 43.7 Assessment standard: category 2 Xifu village I 46.2 42.1 of GB3096-93 Day: 6OdB(A) Night: 50 dB(A) Chengwu West plant border of 1 99.8.28 55.3 45.6 The paper mill is composed of paper mill north area south area and north area. The North plant border of 1 50.0 48.9 south area is boiler house. north area Assessment standard: category 2 East plant border of 1 78.0 70.8 of GB3096-93 north area Day: 6OdB(A) South plant border of I 52.2 46.4 Night: 50 dB(A) north area West plant border I 51.8 48.8 of soutls area North plant border of I 49.0 46.7 south area East plant border of 1 70.3 56.0 south area South plant border of I 48.9 46.0 south area 46_0 5-16 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Among the 4 monitoring places outside Rizhao WwTW, noise at night to south and east of plant boundary exceeds standard, as 0.8dB(A) and O.1DB (A). The main reason is that city traffic main road is nearby and this traffic noise influenced readings. Pump stations of Heze sewage treatment plant exceed standard at night because of the traffic noise. Noise at the forward site, 1# pump station, 2# pump station and Damazhuang Village is lower than standard both daytime and night. Noise of Feicheng Sewage treatment plant exceeds standard only in the north plant border both daytime and night, because of main line noise of the traffic. East plant border in south area and north area of Chengwu paper mill exceeds standard at daytime and night because of Liaoshang Road and traffic construction. Such condition doesn't happen at other places. For the operation of the HRWPCP facilities, the noise sources are mainly three parts: (1) the sound source from the polluted water pump station of city wastewater pipeline network engineerings in Rizhao and Heze; (2) the sound source from city sewage treatment plant; (3) the sound source from the subprojects of Chengwu county paper manufacturing factory. The second class of standards in City Local Environment Noise standards(GB3096-93), which are 6OdB(A) in the daytime and 50dB(A) in the nighttime, was carried out. The second class of standards in Industrial Noise standards(GB12348-90), which are 6OdB(A) in the daytime and 50dB(A) in the *righttime, were also carried out. SIEP noise modeling was then conducted. Table 5.10 shows the measured noise levels at some representative WwTW in China, according to the investigations done by Beijing Environment Protecting Academy of the sewage factories in Gaobeidian, Fangzhuang and Beixiaohe in 1999. Table. 5.10: The Measured Results Of The Noise In Sewage Factories Sewage factory Gaobeidian Fangzhuang Beixiaohe Items Reverberation in the 79.5 82.6 pump room Im outside the pump 56.3 59.1 65.4 room Reverberation in the 83.8 90 90.8 blowillg maclhine room Iimn outside the blowing 59.3 63 67. machine room The noise 65dB(A) was taken to forecast at Im outside the pump room. The influence on environment of the pump station was determined by the distance between the influenced point and the pump room. Normally, the new added value is 51 dB (A) at Sm from the pump station, 45 dB (A) at lOrn and 39 dB (A) at 20m. When the doors or windows of the pump station are open, at each distance the new added value is 66 dB (A), 60 dB (A) and 54 dB (A). So some requirements are proposed as follows: * the distance between the pump room and the residential area or shop around it must be more thani 30m. * the reverberation in the pump room should be less than 85dB(A). 5-17 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * double layers of protection should be taken between the doors or windows of the pump room and outside. * doors or windows must not be open during operating and the measure of compelling ventilation can be taken. If all these recommended measures as above are used, the noise of the pump stations should not cause violations of noise standards at nearby locations. At the proposed WwTWs, the noise sources are mainly various dive pumps, pressure filters, rotating brushes and sludge pumps, of which the noise intensity of a single machine is 75dB(A)-9OdB(A). The noise forecast in the WwTW area is showed in Table 5.11. Table 5.11: The Results of the Noise Forecast at WwTWs Background New added value Superposition Evaluation Items position value value standard day night day Night Day night Day Night West 49.7 47.7 27.2 27.2 49.0 47.7 Rizhao North 51.7 44.8 28.5 28.5 51.7 44.8 60 50 WwTW East 58.2 50.1 27.5 27.5 58.2 50.1 South 56.2 50.8 28.5 28.5 56.2 50.8 West 49.0 40.3 31.0 31.0 49.1 40.8 Heze North 46.0 39.8 33.0 33.0 46.2 40.6 WwTW East 47.8 40.2 35.5 35.5 48.0 41.5 60 50 South 52.7 44.4 29.4 29.4 52.7 44.5 The table shows that the noise of daytime and nighttime in the two factories does not exceed the normal value, and satisfied with the requirements of the second class of standards in GB 12348-90. The analogy investigation was taken in the environment evaluation of Feicheng WwTW. Because the north boundary of the WwTW is close to the main road between Taian and Linyi, the measured values exceed the normal ones. Because the distance between sludge dehydration room and the west boundary of the factory is above 200m and inside 80m from the east and south boundary there are no noise source, the values of the west, east and south boundaries can not exceed the normal values. The measured values of Damazhuang village, which is 200m from the north boundary of Heze sewage factory, and Xifu village, which is 200m from the northeast boundary of Feicheng sewage factory, do not exceed the normal values. Because the distance is longer, the noise values of the two villages will not excel the normal ones after the engineering is constructed. A noise forecast of Chengwu counity paper manufacturing factory was also made. From the ichnography of the factory, the project will influence the west boundary of the factory. The present monitored values of the west boundary are 55.3dB(A) in daytime and 45.6dB(A) in the nighttime, and the new added value is 48dB(A); the superposition values are 56.2dB(A) in daytime and 49.8dB(A) in the nighttime. The superposition values do not exceed the normal ones. Because the east boundary in the north and south region is closed to Liao-shang road, the present measured values exceed the normal ones. After the project is constructed, except the two boundaries, the other boundaries do riot exceed the normal values. 5-18 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.4.4 Odours Offensive odours generated in the operational phase of the plant emit in the form of plane source. Since offensive odours are emitted from ground sources, an inversion layer close to the ground can affect diffusion in the air. SIEP did some worse-case scenario modelling of the potential odour from the WwTWs based on existing WwTW data. The model was the equation of hygiene protection distance of wastewater plant. The calculation of hygiene protection distance adopts the equation recommended in The Technical Method to Work Out Local Air Pollutant Discharging Standard. (GB/T13201-91). To calculate each plant's hygiene protection distance according to related design parameter and coefficient of GB/Tl3201-91, refer to Table 5.12. Table 5.12: The Calculating Result of Hygiene Defending Distance Title of project Hygiene defending distance (in) Remark Before "/" is this phase of project and after "/" is the second phase of project Rizhao WwTW 61.3/148.1 (200000m3/d, according to Grade II treatment) .-Heze WwTW 127.9 Feicheng WwTW 101.2 From Table 5.12, the result of hygiene protection distance in this phase of project in Rizhao, Heze and Feicheng WwTWs are 61.3m, 127.9m, 101.2m respectively. According to GB/T13201-91, when hygiene protection distance is within 100m, the level difference is 50m. When distance is over 100m, the level difference is 200m. So SIEP determined the hygiene protection distance of Rizhao, Heze and Feicheng WwTWs are I00m, 200m and 200m respectively. Because three plants will extend in 2010 or so, the 100m distance in Rizhao can't satisfy the needs in 2010. SIEP believe the odour hygiene protection distance in Rizhao should be adjusted to 200m (to consider the extend project in Heze and Feicheng plants to be two times, 200m can still satisfy the need). As such, the hygiene protection distance in Heze, Feicheng and Rizhao WwTWs were set by SIEP at 200m. There is no residential area and other sensitive targets in the scope of 200m outside the Heze plant border. The nearest village to the WwTW is Mazhuang, which is to the northwest, the shortest distance is 200m. SIEP recommends restricting Mazhuang to extend to southeast in future. There is no residential area in the scope of 200m outside the Feicheng plant border. The nearest village is Xifu village to the northeast the shortest distance is 200m. In future, Xifu residential area should be restricted to extend to southwest. In the area 50-150m to north border of Rizhao plant, there are five dormitory buildings of Electricity Corporation. In 20-200m scope outside west plant border, there are part villagers of Donghaiyu village. According to Rizhao city plan, in 45in western to the wastewater plant there is Donghaiyu central Road, which width is 30m. The resident along two sides of the road will move to the living area (at present, Shanhou village has built a living area). The moving is based on the policy to reform 5-19 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province old-city. City moving office is responsible for the moving cost. The project will not charge city association fee. The dormitories of Electricity Corporation are temporary buildings (the area is planned to be industrial land), they are used for constructing Rizhao electricity plant. Now, the construction of electricity plant is up to the end, parts of the stuff have moved back to head department of Weifang Corporation. The city plant department has controlled these two residential areas to build new houses. Part of resident in the scope of Rizhao WwTW hygiene protection distance should move out according to city plan, not because of this project. Steps should be adopted to move all the residents out of the hygiene protection distance scope before the wastewater constructed and put into use. Other measures were suggested by SIEP to minimise potential odour problems as follows: 1. Strengthen virescence. Because the WwTW produces odour inevitably, so virescence engineering is important to improve the environmental quality of WwTW. The designs of plant area virescence and shop drawing should be finished at the same time. Plant area virescence need to plant flowers, grass and trees widely, for dying out the bare ground. Plant arbor, shrub, pine and cypress beside the road in the plant area. Planting poplar, locust tree at the edge of plant area to form - protective belt, to decrease the impact of stench pollution. 2. Strengthen management to the odour source. Odour is produced easily in the process of sludge treatment. The main method for decreasing the odour is to strengthen management in the operating process in WwTW. Control anaerobic fermentation in sludge concentration, clear and transport in time after sludge dewatering, and reduce sludge stockpiling, etc. If adopting sludge compost method to treat sludge deeply, the exhausting and deodorizing instruments are needed. 3. Reasonable layout. The construction which produce odour easily should be set at the downwilnd side in layout of WwTW. Producing area and living area should be separated by shelter belt to decrease the impact on living area by stench. 4. Land use layout should be reasonable. According to the determinate distance of hygiene defending, project department should design the land in the scope. Definitely forbid building sensitive units such as residential area, school, hospital, etc. 5. Safety management. According to the relative national prescript, for the unapproved emission of harmful gases, the industry enterprise should adopt reasonable technological process, strengthen production managemenit and facility maintenance. After the project put into use, accident disposal 5-20 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province training to the employee is needed. The monitoring instrument should be maintained regularly. Pay attention to ventilate in pump station when person entered, avoid the harmful impact by the deposit H2S. 5.4.5 Chengwu Air Quality Impact STEP performed an analysis of ambient air quality potential impacts for SO2 and TSP from the proposed Chengwu Paper Mill project. This evaluation chose representative places to evaluate Chengwu county's environmental atmosphere quality impact. The results of this air quality assessment indicated that the maximum value/hour of SO2 is 0.035mg/M3, which is 7.0% of the standard. The rate of maximum value arising is 0.2%, accumulation value 0.049mg/M3, occupying 9.8% of the standard, within the scope of the standard. The maximum value/hour of SO2 is 0.006mg/M3, which is 4% of the standard. Accumulation value is 0.016mg/M3, occupying 11.3% of the standard. The maximum average concentration of TSP per day is 0.001mg/MI3, occupying 0.3% of the standard. Accumulation value is 0.275mg/M3, occupying 9 1.7% of the standard, not exceeding the standard. The average concentration/year of S02 is 0.002mg/M3; TSP, 0.00lmg/M3, not exceeding the standard. -nvironmental atmosphere quality is fairly good in the evaluation area. The proposed Chengwu project can keep the atmosphere pollutants discharging according to the standard, and doesn't affect the atmosphere quality seriously. So the project is feasible. 5.4.6 Effluent Water Quality Impact Treated effluent will constitute a pollution source and impact on the receiving streams locally and for several km downstream. This condition is also aggravated by the fact that raw and treated wastewater makes up much of the surface water flow during the dry season. The treated effluent from HRWPCP WwTWs will cause an impact but the overall river condition will improve due to a reduction in total organic loading. Chapter 5.2.6 demonstrated that downstream water quality will be greatly improved by implementation of the HRWPCP sewerage systems and WwTWs. Although there is insufficient data to determine the exact conditions or mixing zone at the outfalls from the WwTWs, the impact of treated effluent to receiving streams (with little baseflow in the dry season) is undoubtedly better than before implementation of the HRWPCP. 5.4.7 Solid Waste and Sludge Treatment And Disposal The solid waste produced in the operating period of the treatment plants come mainly from surplus sludge, grit/sediments and screeninags debris, floating matter, sludge of septic tanks and dirt and garbage regularly cleaned from the sewerage system. The sludge of the WwTWs is made up of the combination of deposits and biological sludge (surplus sludge). The volume averages about 0.5%-1% of the wastewater. The sludge will be high in water content, large in volume, light in proportion, tiny in grain, and easy to decompose. The moisture 5-21 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province content is 99.2%-99.8% before thickening and dewatering. The quantity of the surplus sludge produced is involved with the water components, the pollutants content and the treatment technology. Screen dregs and sediments belong to large grains and suspended substances. The quantity adds up to 15%-20% of the total solid waste of the treatment plants. The quantity of solid waste from each HRWPCP project is as follows: Rizhao: 75 t/d solid waste Heze: 64 t/d solid waste Feicheng: 24.8 t/d solid waste Chengwu: 134 t/d solid waste (50t/d white sludge, 3.9t/d slag, and 7t/d dregs) According to the FSR of each HRWPCP project, the disposing plan of solid waste will be as follows: Rizhao- sludge cake, stabilised with lime, then sent to Dashawa tree farm (778.7 ha), as fertilizer; Heze- sludge to landfill at Liuzhai rubbish farm, which was opened in Oct.1999 and of 500t'd scale, and bury it; Feicheng- sludge to Niushan tree farm, of 1,721.9 ha, as fertiliser Chengwu- bury the white sludge, polluted sludge and slag. There are three burying landfills, namely Xi brick factory, Zhangshidian brick factory and Bei brick factory, of which the total capacity is 200 thousand m3. STEP has obtained and provided copies of letters of commitment from all the proposed wastewater companies and the operators of the landfills and tree farms that states that the sludge can be disposed of as planned above. According to SIEP no charges will be levied for disposal of sludge by these routes. The content of nutritive elements in sludge is the important basis which decides if the sludge can be used on agriculture. From some relative materials, the data of the fertilizer efficiency of sludge from wastewater factory are showed in Table 5.13. Table 5.13: The Fertilizer Efficiency of Active Sludge from WwTW Phosphorus(%) Potassium (%) O Item Total nitrogen (%) (accounted by (Accounted by ma) P205) K,0) National average 3.3-7.7 0.78-4.3 0.22-0.44 60-70 Sludge from Ji 2.7-7.3 1.2-1.9 0.37-0.43 56-68 village Tianjin Slu dge BeomJiuxian 0.9-2.1 0.57-2.37 0.15-0.59 48-55 bridge_Beijing I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Farm Inanure 0.45 0.25 0.6 25 From Table 5.13, the contenit of organic matter in sludge accounts for over half of dry solid, and is 2 to 3 times more than common farm manure. Because sludge has abundant organic matter and plant nutrients such as nitrogeni, phosplhorus and potassium, it has been the ideal compound fertilizer and 5-22 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province soil improver. So it is the best method to dispose sludge as farm fertilizer. However, the sludge may also have heavy metal ions, germs and the eggs of parasites, which are harmful to plants and soil, as well as the farmers and other persons living in the vicinity. The content of heavy metal ions in sludge is related to rate of industrial wastewater among city wastewater and industrial character. The 50% heavy metal ions in wastewater transfer to sludge after the second treatment (heavy metal is deposit or absorbed by sludge after common sedimentation). Table 5.14 shows the heavy metal content in sludge in several WwTWs. Table 5.14: The Heavy Metal Content and Component in Sludge in Wastewater Plants Unit: mgfkg Heavy metal Hg Cd Cr Pb As Cu Ni Zn ion Content 4.63-138 2-54 9.2-540 85-2400 3-560 45-58 20-47.5 300-1225 Jizhuangzi, 6.49 5.7 436 295 18.19 371 ---- 1119 Tianjin Gaobeidian, 7-61 2-54 250-477 136-260 3-11 350-508 605-1225 Baoding 7.1 7.1 19.6 107 45 21 1061 Agriculture PH<6.5 5 5 600 300 75 250 100 500 teel of sludge (GB2484-84) e PH 6.5 15 20 1000 1000 75 500 2D0 1000 "The sludge contains many health hazards, such as malignant bacteria, protozoa, vermin, and virus. They can contaminate by touch or food chain. Table 5.15 shows the result of reaction sludge and digested sludge in wastewater farm in Jizhuangzi, which are detected by Tianjin medicine institute. Table 5.15: The Health Standard of Sludge Unit: mg/kg Item Reaction sludge Digested sludge Rate of leach(%) Total quantity of bacteria nxl05/g 471.7 38.3 91.9 (dry sludge) Coliform nx I o/g 200.1 1.60 99.2 (dry sludge) Bellyworm's ovum nxl107g 23 3 13.9 40.3 (dry sludge) . . Check rate of intestinal canal malignant 100 0 100 bacteria_(%) __________ Dead ovum (%) 46 94 The digested sludge leaches the bacteria effectively and averts pollution. Oxidation ditch are used in the HRWPCP WwTWs (except for Rizhao). There are no sludge digestion systems in these WwTWs, the remaining sludge in oxidation ditch is dehydrated directly after thickening. The sludge with age of 30d has the similar stability with digested sludge. The sludge in oxidation ditch has age of 15d and the stability is weaker than digested sludge. So it must be sterilized before use in arable field. Also, Rizhao sludge is from primary treatment only with no digestion. Therefore, Rizhao sludge will be stabilised using lime before dewatering. The HRWPCP proposed plans have the sludge fertilising trees in Rizhao and Feicheng, because its heavy metal content is lower than the fertilising standard of grain plants. It is buried in ditch. This plan is suitable, but the earth environment content and accumulation of heavy metal be paid attention. The fertilising quality should be controlled and less thani 1000kg/Mu year (dry sludge). The 5-23 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province environment protection department should check the earth heavy metal content and health standard to utilise sludge reasonably. The sludge in Heze buried in Liuzhai refuse dump, which opened in October of 1999. Heze City Liuzhai sanitation treatment place lies in northwest of Heze urban area, the distance is approxi'mate 10Km, its occupation of land is 280mu. It uses sanitary landfill method, can treats 500 ton waste every day, has the capability to take the sludge of Heze WwTW. In order to avoid secondary pollution, the strict management and working routine are needed in the processing of filling the sludge in this assessment. Filling place of white mud, sludge from Chengwu sub-project are the earth-borrow pits of three brick kilns, total area of three pits is about 200,000m2, average depth is 6m, total capacity, 1,200,000m3. The silt seam and clay layers are in several bands up to 15m underground at the three brick fields. The clay can obstruct element of white slimes, protecting the groundwater from contamination. To prevent from permeating to the underground, the bottom of the storing place also adopt composite geomembrane, half of barrier wall around the place adopts composite geomembrane to prevent permeating. The filling of white mud and sludge is constructed separately according to 2mx2m cells. Side slope of sludge storing place adopts ashler barrier wall. Concrete method. is, using sands as lining, then paving with ashler, finally, jointing with cement. The depth of ashler is 30cm, and sands, 10cm. The filling of sludge, white mud in filling place should set first layer, middle layer and final layer. Filling material may be clay or earth left form construction so as to prevent the direct contact of white mud, sludge and the environment. 5.4.8 O&M Problems Observation of centralised WwTW in other Chinese cities would indicate that operation and maintenance (O&M) could be a problem. The design of the HRWPCP WwTWs has taken simplicity of operation into account (oxidation ditches are simpler to maintain and operate than many other systems) but mitigation monitoring will need to insure that the wastewater company does not try to save operational costs by cutting back on power consumption for aeration, sludge digestion and processing, etc. The operation of the WwTWs should have incentives based on WwTW performance rather than minimising the cost of operations, so that management is keyed to ensuring proper WwTW performance. Likewise, the enforcement of wastewater discharge standards at the Chengwu Paper Mill will provide the most direct tool to ensure proper operation of the new industrial WwTW. In accordance with World Bank practice, detailed financial projections have been prepared for the proposed wastewater companies being established under this project to operate the planned sewerage and wastewater treatment facilities. These projections take into account the need for the new wastewater companies to be financially sustainable for the foreseeable future. Thus sources of income, including tariffs charged to users, have been assessed to ensure that they will be sufficient to cover operation and maintenance expenses and planned expansion of facilities in the future. The tariffs have also been checked to ensure that they are affordable for the service population. 5-24 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.4.9 Organic Loading and Standards There is a concern relative to the actual influent concentrations of organic pollutants at HRWPCP WwTWs to either be much greater than or much less than the design parameters for the WwTWs. The influent domestic sewage at the HRWPCP WwTWs will still be combined with stormwater that causes lower concentrations of organic pollutants and the widespread use of septic tanks upstream of sewers also contributes to these low loadings. Relative to low-loading, the design values used for the HRWPCP WwTWs appear reasonable when compared to the limited sewer sampling results, taking into account that the sewers have been separated, and septic tanks will eventually be eliminated. The concern over the potential for organic loading to be too high relative to design standards is indicative of problems with pre-treatment of industrial wastewater in the sewerage catchments. If such a problem occurs, the solution is for the EPB and the Wastewater Companies to apply and enforce adequate industrial pre-treatment standards, not to apply unrealistic design standards on the HRWPCP WwTWs. 5.4.10 Wastewater Effluent Re-Use, Secondary Impacts According to the designed outlet water quality of the HRWPCP WwTWs, the indicators of the tffluent water quality could meet the basic COD/BOD requirements of watering trees and irrigating farmland, but does not accord with the water supply standard for industry and inhabitants. The purified wastewater is not suitable for a drinking water source under current technologies and cost- effectiveness. The WwTW effluent could be used for industry, but it would require significant additional treatment before use, requiring large investments by industrial users. It could be directly used for watering trees, but a complete secondary water supply system must be built. In line with the present economical conditions and the existing water sources, it is not economical to use the treated wastewater for industry and watering trees. The treated wastewater could only be re-used for irrigating farmland, and even then some precautions would be required due to bacteriological concerns since disinfection is not used. The effluent will not meet the coliform bacteria standard for an agricultural water supply, but much of the surface water used in China does not meet this standard. The situation that Heze and Feicheng are lacking in water, creates good prospect for wastewater reuse. This project needs large investment and high managing cost. But as the environmental protection project, it has great environmental and social benefit. But to achieve good economic benefit, the problem of wastewater should be carefully studied. Reuse in the city or industry needs significant treatment to WwTW effluent. At present, the question is not well solved in Chinla. The reason lies in project techlnology, but more import, lies in policy management. Because the present price of clean water resources (including surface water, groundwater) can't reflect the value enough, whiclh leads to waste of water resource, for example more and more serious disconnect problem in the Yellow River recent years. The relatively cheap wastewater resource can find market and produce benefit only the price is raised. The purpose of this evaluation with the above opinions is to promote the project makes the environmental, social and economic benefit efficiently, which needs efforts from project technology departments and 5-25 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province government managing departments. The meaning of the substitute scheme is that the government managing department carries out related water resource policy is the prerequisite for wastewater reuse work. 5.4.11 Ocean Outfall at Rizhao Section 4.3.5 describes the environmental management issues related to discharges from sea outfalls in the vicinity of Rizhao. Extensive modelling and assessment was carried out by the Qingdao Oceanographic Institute for the Rizhao sub-component EA. The following general conclusions on impacts were found from this assessment: * In the sea area near the existing six wastewater drainage outfalls, wastewater particles' average maximum migrating distance is in the range of 4.14-4.16km. Tidal current ellipse has a bigger ellipticity, the mixing process of wastewater and the seawater around is adequate, so the wastewater can be diluted quickly. * The wastewater particles generally migrate to the mid-sea depth, and do not obviously impact on the water quality of the port area. * The particles discharged during some tidal period times will approach the shore south of Kuishanzui. A part of particles enter the port area, but the particles entering the port area and approaching the shore are all diluted for five tidal periods, with lower concentration, so they do not bring unfavourable impact to related area. * A 2.5 km ocean outfall was found to be a superior choice from optimization and cost effectiveness analyses, compared to secondary treatment with short outfall. In summary, Marine Water Quality Standards, Class III, can be met at the proposed outfall location, except for 3 square kilometre mixing zone. However, SIEP analyses indicate that future phases of the Rizhao WwTW should adopt secondary treatment rather than primary treatment in order to maintain water quality standards outside of this mixing zone. During emergency stoppages (eg power failures) raw wastewater will overflow from the proposed WwTW though a 500 m long DN 1200 emergency outfall. The discharge point is at the low tide mark and is in the vicinity of the port and fish farm ponds. Emergency discharges could cause severe impacts to the immediate viciity for short periods. Although not a requirement under Chinese regulations and not contained in the Chinese EA, the AC recommends that a warning device be installed to sound in the harbour when the emergency outfall is utilised. 5.4.12 Summary of Potential Operational Phase Impacts These potential operation phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details of mitigation measures, monitoring program and responsibilities are given in Chapter 7. 5.5 Potential Project Risks The design of the scheme is such that any potential technical risks e.g. sewer blockage have been mniniinised as far as practicable. However, careful monitoring of industrial wastewater discharges to 5-26 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province sewer would be advisable to avoid the possibility of discharges that have a deleterious effect on the operation of the new WwTW. Potential financial and institutional risks associated with the HRWPCP schemes have been identified, by the FSC, as: * Devaluation of the RMB * Improper project implementation arrangements * Delay in setting up of the wastewater companies * Slow implementation of the projects through lengthy procedures * Local financing shortfalls and delays In addition, other potential risks could include: * Operation and management shortcomings within the new wastewater companies. It should be noted that this is the first wastewater company to be formed in project cities. During the initial years of operation management and staff will be on a steep learning curve. * Less than expected revenues, for a variety of reasons, including slow or delayed payments by industry and ineffective billing and collection. The potential institutional and financial implications of the most likely risks to be faced were assessed in the utility level institutional and financial analyses (see section 5.4.8 for further discussion of actions taken). 5.5.1 Technical Risks Flooding Measures have been taken to protect the proposed WwTWs from inundation due to flooding of adjacent rivers (construction of levees, bunds etc) and these are described in the FSRs. Raw sewage overflows during storms SIEP is consulting with the local EPB and making recommendations for appropriate warning devices or signage to protect the public from raw sewage outfall locations during storms. It is not cost effective to completely separate the sewer systems immediately, so some level of risk of exposure will remain after the project. Raw sewage overflows due to O&Mproblems The pump stations are being equipped with dual power supply sources as well as backup pumps to minimise overflows due to pumping problems. The TA and monitoring programs will help to train operating staff to handle problems and minimise the down-time of the WwTW. The mitigation 5-27 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province monitoring program will attempt to ensure that the facilities are operated as intended and no attempts are made to save on operational costs by using less power at the WwTWs. Improper sludge handling and disposal The WwTW sludge is now being approved for disposal to landfill or to forest farms with prior stabilisation. However, there may be attempts after completion of the WwTW to use the WwTW sludge for farmland land application, with or without the appropriate checks on heavy metal content or the use of lime stabilisation/composting as recommended by SIEP. The mitigation monitoring program will attempt to ensure safe handling of the WwTW sludge, as the most serious potential negative environmental impact of the operation of the WwTWs. In addition, periodic monitoring of the landfills should be undertaken to ensure that the sludge is not causing any unsanitary conditions or problems with the leachate control facilities. WwTWAccidents To prevent the poisonous gas like H2S, the measure lies in strengthening management. The managing staff of the WwTWs should strengthen running management, keep the plant run regularly. So this hazard is reduced as much as possible. The measures are: (1) Construct benching/platforms in manholes so that workers can stand safely during access. Educate the operating staff. (2) Arrange trained people to check H,S on the spot, first -aid trucks wait at the access point during maintenance. (3) Wear gas-proof mask. Ring the alarm bell if the workers don't feel well. (4) Important checks use GF2 launching Equipment. (4) Check the gas in the sewers at regular time intervals. Study the protection technology and wastewater system repairs. Lack of Industrial Pre-treatment When the industry wastewater contains poisonous matters, heavy metal acid and alkali discharges over the standard, wastewater quality exceeds the allowable concentration. And it will restrain micro- organism activity, even lead to WwTW failure. Concrete measures are: (I) WwTW and related enterprises should sign a contract on pollutants discharging and strengthen check and control managing, check the intake water quality at fixed time. Once the problem is found out, the responsibility should be investigated and the problem should be solved . According to the checking result, the running way or parameter can be adjusted to guarantee discharginig reaching a set standard. (2) Strengthen training. Working staff should go to work with certificate. WwTWs system of personal responsibility and running system should be carried out. Different people have different responsibilities. In order to guarantee the various treatment units run regularly, strict management is necessary. 5 -28 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.6 Cumulative HRWPCP Impacts Cumulative positive impacts can be measured in terms of: * Reduction of total pollutant discharge in the Province and to the Huai River mainstream and tributaries Strengthening local agencies responsible for managing the sewerage and relevant wastewater facilities Improvement of water pollution monitoring and control, leading to better environmental management and enforcement SIEP have provided quantitative estimates of the total pollutant discharge reduction to the Huai River Basin as shown in Chapter 9. 5-29 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 6 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT 6.1 Introduction In the preparation of Feasibility Studies and Preliminary Designs for Appraisal a number of options have been considered before finalisation of the details of each component. Some of the alternatives evaluated have environmental implications, for example the selection of a sludge disposal scheme. Other alternatives cover alternative engineering solutions. Many of these latter evaluations have raised no environmental issues but some do, for example the selection of the type of wastewater treatment process to be adopted. In this Chapter the main alternatives investigated are summarised and where significant environmental issues are raised they are discussed. The projects in the HRWPCP are entirely wastewater projects, with four schemes including wastewater collection facilities, three schemes involving secondary wastewater treatment using oxidation ditches, one scheme using primary wastewater treatment and an ocean outfall, and one scheme involving industrial waste treatment at a paper mill. The options associated with these sub- components were generally similar with the exception of the Chengwu Paper Mill. As such, these alternatives are reviewed in the next chapter by generic part of the projects, rather than by project city. 6.2 Alternatives Reviewed in Project Development '6.2.1 Interception Ratio In the interim until complete sewer separation can be accomplished, it is proposed to construct new interceptor sewers under this project, and to collect the combined sewer flows for treatment. Storm flows in excess of the capacity of the interceptor will be spilled to the river from overflow structures on the interceptor sewers. In the future, when the sewerage system is separated, these interceptor sewers will operate as wastewater only sewers, conveying all flows to the treatment works, and the overflows will be decommissioned or retained as emergency overflows. The interceptor sewers proposed under this project have been designed for either an interception ratio of I or the maximum daily dry weather flow (DWF) estimated for the 2010 design horizon. However, at design capacity the sewers vary from 50% to 75% full, in accordance with Chinese design standards, and hence there is still some available capacity for increased flows. This design basis appears to be reasonable given local funding constraints and Chinese design standards. 6.2.2 Pipe Materials Due to concerns over corrosion of concrete pipes, the FSR Consultants in Heze recommended the use of HDPE pipes for all pipe diameters. A whole life costing exercise is shown in the FSR to demonstrate that the use of the HDPE pipes rather than convenitionial local concrete pipes was cost effective. In Rizhao City, Ju County and Feicheng the risk of sewer corrosion is considered to be less and conventional concrete sewer pipes are proposed. Contract documents are being prepared for procurement of sewers. These will contain detailed specifications for a range of materials, taking into account the issue of durability. The aim will be to 6-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province ensure that any pipe material selected on the basis of competitive tender will of sufficient quality to be able to perform adequately for the design life of the sewer. The proposed approach appears to be prudent. 6.2.3 Pipeline Construction The Feicheng FSR states that sewers will generally be constructed using plain-ended concrete pipes laid on concrete foundations. The joints will then be covered with steel mesh and cement mortar. This is in accordance with normal practice in China for sewer construction. This method requires careful specification and site supervision to ensure that sufficient concrete haunching (90 degrees or more) is placed in order to provide adequate pipe and joint support and minimise hoop-bending moments on the concrete pipes. Without such precautions there is a high risk of joint failure in the future leading to infiltration/exfiltration and subsequently increased risk of sewer collapse. In Rizhao City and Ju County spigot and socket pipes will be used. However, the FSR still recommends use of concrete bedding due to poor ground conditions reported in these areas. The AC recommends that the proposed concrete sewer construction method be accepted but that strict zequirements for hydraulic testing are included in the sewer specification. Furthermore, where HDPE pipes are used in Heze it is important that sufficient, well-compacted, sand bedding is specified in the contract documents and that site supervision is strict. Such an approach using the sewer specifications should be adequate. 6.2.4 Number of Pump Stations and Pressure Mains The approach used for selecting pump station capacity was described in the FSRs. The approach takes into account the type of flows to be received (combined or separate) and the likely future population increase of the area to be served. The approach seems rational and should ensure sufficient capacity to prevent frequent sewage spills from overflows on the interceptor sewer. The exact capacity and number of pumps to be installed under this project, as well as the wet-well arrangement, will be finalised during preliminary design. The AC has carried out a Present Value (PV) Cost optimisation for the pump stations to determine if the proposed diameters for the pumping mains are reasonable. The AC recommends that the pipe diameter selection be examined in more detail during preliminary design. The findings of the AC check have been passed to the local design institute. The EA noted that there were no special environmental sensitive points nearby and the construction and operation of pump stations will lhave no impact on1 the surroundings. Therefore, the designed locations of all the pump stations are reasonable and feasible. Subject to the recommended additional technical reviews and optimisation work, the proposed layouts appear appropriate. 6-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 6.2.5 Number of WwTWs The collecting wastewater area and design of all the WwTWs in the cities accord with the urban general plan and discharge plan, economises the project investment and minimises the technical difficulty, meet the requirements of water pollution control and environmental protection, and has no damage to the cultural relics and historic sites. Therefore, the collecting wastewater design of all the cities is rational, at the angles of urban plan, technique and economy, environmental protection and the protection of cultural relics and historic sites. Various options for WwTW configurations were assessed in the FSRs. The options analysis optimised the number, size and location of proposed WwTWs relative to the cost of the sewerage system. The FSR Consultant's cost analysis showed that the selected options for each sub-component project were more cost effective. The selected WwTW capacities for the HRWPCP were deemed appropriate. 6.2.6 WwTW Site Selection Shandong provincial government issued a document that addressed arrangements for drainage prQgrams and compared several schemes so as to select the best one which would be included in the Ihaster plan and to control land use. Each city then completed a drainage program before 1995. The land use for WwTWs and pumping stations would be identified and be well controlled. The design institutes and project units have also selected and reviewed the project sites carefully. The locations of the project schemes have been compared and selected with the objective of reducing resettlement, and minimising environmental problems. In order to further reduce resettlement all administration buildings for water companies will be located at the site of the WwTWs or the pumping stations. In "The Regulations for Outdoor Drainage Design" (GBJ14-87), it is stipulated that the location choices for proposed WwTWs must accord with the urban general plan and drainage project plan and be defined according to the following factors: * in the downstream part of the town; * at the leeward of the town with the lowest wind frequency in summer; * good construction geological conditions; * minimal farmland removal and occupation with certain sanitation protection distance; * sufficient capacity for upgrading; * convenient for wastewater and sludge disposal; * complete drainage in the WwTW section; * easier transportation, water and power supply. 6-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province In view of the HIRWPCP WwTW cities' general plans and drainage project plan, the proposed locations are the areas defined in the local plan as treatment works. Therefore, the locations chosen accord with the requirement of urban general plan and drainage project plan and are reliable in line with the urban plans. In Feicheng, the proposed location, downstream of the city on the banks of the Kangwang/Kanghui River, is selected for the following reasons: * Natural topography allows sewage to flow by gravity with no pumping required; * It is close to and downstream of the existing urban area; * It is further from the raw water source for the urban area than the other options; * The site is flat with few obstacles and provides room for future expansion; * It is close to the river for easier discharge of treated effluent; * No housing will need to be demolished on the site; * It has good transport links (next to the highway). In Heze, the proposed location, at the eastern edge of the city on the south bank of the Zhu Shui River, is selected for the following reasons: v Natural topography allows sewage to mostly flow by gravity with pumping needs minimised; * It is close to and downstream of the existing urban area; e The site is close to a proposed new industrial area; - The site is flat with few obstacles and provides room for future expansion; - It is close to the river for easy discharge of treated effluent; - No housing will need to be demolished on the site; * The site is only I km from the main electricity substation for the south of Heze City. In Rizhao, the proposed location, downstream of the city and near the coast, is selected for the following reasons: * Natural topography allows most sewage flows to gravitate and pumping is minimised compared to the other options; * It is far enough away from the urban area to avoid unpleasant odours; * The site is flat with few obstacles and provides room for future expansioni; * It is close to the sea for easier discharge of treated effluent; * No housing will need to be demolished on the site; The site is only I km from the main power plant for Rizhao. 6-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province In Ju County, no options for the location of sewerage are examined in the FSR. However, during the site visit in March 2000 by the AC, the sewerage plan and FSR indicated that: * Natural topography allows sewage to flow by gravity with no pumping required; * Sewerage is has been sited in the existing urban area; * The WwTW is close to and downstream of the existing urban area; * The site is flat with few obstacles and provides room for future expansion; In the geological analysis, the geological conditions meet the requirements of the project. The areas are wide and good for further development. The plants are near to the urban roads, convenient for transport, water and power supply. The proposed sites for the WwTWs appear to have been properly selected. 6.2.7 Wastewater Flows and Capacity of the WwTWs The forecast flows to the works were presented together with projections prepared by AC and used in checking and sensitivity analysis. The capacities proposed for the WwTWs were evaluated and considered to be sensible choices. The "sensitivity" values were selected on the basis of the experience of the AC in China and should provide a sensible basis against which projections can be Zhecked. There was good agreement between the FSRs estimates and the "Sensitivity" projections. 6.2.8 The Quality of Wastewater to be Treated The FSR Consultants have recognised the difficulty of obtaining representative samples of industrial and domestic wastewater and the difficulty of interpreting the results of analysis where only grab samples are collected or in some cases reported results are derived from factory returns. Under these circumstances the FSR Consultants have selected a quality for the combined wastewater at the WwTWs based upon local information, results from other cities in China and sensible judgement. 6.2.9 The Use of Septic Tanks The use, or not, of septic tanks will have an impact upon the design of WwTWs and was carefully considered in the AC's analysis. Septic tanks are simple and, if they are regularly emptied, they are reliable and effective. However, there are two key reasons why they are no longer favoured by the Chinese in general: I. The handling and disposal of solids, without due care, creates a health risk and satisfactory disposal is becoming more difficult as farmers are more reluctant to use the material. 2. The degree of treatment provided is insufficient to meet discharge needs where dilution available in the watercourses is small. Under these circumstances the process can only be considered as a pre-treatment upstream of a biological treatment process. In China it is planned to phase out septic tanks, as separate foul sewerage and full treatment facilities become available. Under the above circumstances the following policy was recommended for thlis project, which seems rational: 6-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Advantage should be taken of the present septic tanks as a pre-treatment stage for biological treatment works until they are phased out. New WwTWs should be constructed so that they are capable of treating the wastewater without such pre-treatment but advantage should be taken of the existing tanks, while they are still in use, and the savings in operating costs which will arise from their use. * Since the sizing of most of the biological treatment components is primarily related to flow, rather than solids content or BOD, the capital cost penalty in constructing works for the stronger sewage, will be small. There will be the advantage that the works will be able to handle septic tank sludges if they are discharged to the sewer. 6.2.10 Treated Effluent Standards The Chinese National Standard GB 8978 Class II covers the required performance of municipal wastewater treatment works. The Chinese 'Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Waters' (GHZB I - 1999 - which replaced GB 3838-88 at the beginning of 2000) is the current surface water quality standard. It is the target to eventually reduce pollution so that Class III/IV can be achieved, Class III for the Huai River mainstream and Class IV for main tributaries (except Shu River at Ju County which is Class V). Almost certainly the ammonia concentrations will exceed the Class III target and probably the Class V levels. Bearing in mind that ammonia as well as BOD creates an oxygen demand on the river, the AC fully supported the assertion of the FSR Consultants as to the importance of ammonia. The need for ammonia removal is specifically identified in the Final Report of the Huai River Basin Water Quality Management Report, prepared by Pacific Consultants Intemational and the Danish Hydraulics Institute for the Ministry of Water Resources. It was therefore recommended that the HRWPCP WwTWs be designed to remove ammonia as well as BOD and SS. However, the case for removing phosphorous to meet the GB 8978 standard is considered non-cost effective at this time, and the provincial EPB have agreed that the proposed WwTWs should not be designed for phosphorus removal. 6.2.11 The Degree of Treatment Where funding is short it is important to phase the works and to employ the most cost-effectiveness degree of treatment, answering questions such as: * Is it more cost effective to construct a larger primary treatment works as opposed to a small secondary treatment works? Such an evaluation was conducted by the AC for the Sichuan Urban Environment Project, funded by the World Bank, and the results are directly relevant to the Huai River Water Pollution Control Project. This analysis showed, through the Benefit / Cost ratios, that secondary treatment has a clear advantage in benefit/cost ratio over the option of using primary treatment alone whether the costs of sewerage are included in the analysis or not. It also showed that secondary treatment was clearly more 6-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province cost effective in the removal of components creating an oxygen demand than the option of adding a tertiary treatment stage, to follow secondary treatment. Whilst costs might be somewhat different in the Huai Basin, the margin of superiority of the secondary treatment with nitrification is so great that the conclusion will certainly be equally valid for this project. From the "degree of treatment" analysis it was concluded that the process to be adopted should secondary treatment (see Final Project Report of the AC, Appendix T2, for details of the analysis). 6.2.12 Wastewater Treatment Options Two main alternatives fall into this category: 1. Conventional activated sludge treatment with anaerobic digestion and dewatering of sludge. 2. Extended aeration using an oxidation ditch with aerobic digestion in the ditch and sludge dewatering. The preliminary treatment is common to both options and includes coarse screening, inlet pumping, fm'ne screening and grit removal. In the conventional activated sludge process the sewage receives primary settlement that reduces the organic load on the biological treatment stage but produces a ,ludge that must be further treated. In contrast the oxidation ditch receives the "complete" sewage and primary settlement is not used. The aeration tanks are much larger for the oxidation ditch since a long retention time is needed to produce a stable sludge. The air requirements for the ditch are greater since solids, which would otherwise be removed in primary settlement, must be degraded and the mixing needs are greater. The ditch produces a stable sludge that can be directly thickened and dewatered, thus avoiding the need for anaerobic digestion works. The unstable sludge produced in the activated sludge process must first be digested before it can be used on agricultural land and indeed it is desirable to stabilise the sludge if hazards are not to be created by disposal to landfill. The capital cost of the oxidation ditch is less than that of the more complex activated sludge works. However it can be seen that annual operating costs are higher for the oxidation ditch. A discounted cash flow analysis showed the oxidation ditch to be cheaper overall than the activated sludge system. The FSR Consultant has also compared the relative merits of the oxidation ditch and conventional activated sludge works. They examined two forms of the oxidation ditch; (a) without primary sedimentation and (b) with primary sedimentation. The incorporation of primary settlement tanks upstream of an oxidation ditch would give rise to objectionable, unstable primary sludge. The FSR assessments make no provision for subsequent stabilisation of this sludge. If they were to do so the oxidation ditch with primary sedimentation would become even less attractive by comparison. The conclusion by both AC and the FSR Consultants that the oxidation ditch should be selected for WwTWs in Shandong Province without primary sedimentation appears to be appropriate (see Final Project Report of the AC, Appendix T2, or FSRs for details of the analysis). 6-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 6.2.13 Sludge Disposal Treatment works must be designed to produce sludge suitable for the method of disposal/reuse to be adopted. In principle there are four options for sludge disposal: * Disposal to sea * Incineration * Reuse on farmland * Disposal to landfill In the FSRs and local EAs, there were no firm plans for sludge disposal, it being stated that a decision will be made at a later stage. The provincial EA recommends sludge disposal on forest land or landfill, with sludge disinfection for primary sludge. The provincial EA also provided some criteria for dedicated sludge landfills. Incineration and sea disposal are both costly options and have not been considered further for this project. Use of sludge on agricultural or forest land is usually a sensible option since use can be made of the organic matter and the nutrients present in the sludges. Care is required to ensure that concentrations of toxic metals are not excessive but this will be important whatever disposal method is adopted. If such problems arise they should be taken as a signal that industrial discharges needed to be controlled more effectively. In general in China the industrial discharge of toxic metals is often controlled, but ongoing monitoring will be very important for all WwTWs. The cities have opted for disposal to landfill or forest farm land. In the case of Rizhao, which produces unstable primary treatment sludge, the sludge needs to be stabilised with lime before disposal. According to the research report of feasibility of each HRWPCP project, the disposing plan of solid waste will be as follows: - Rizhao- dewatered sludge cake, stabilised with lime, to Dashawa tree farm, of 778.7 ha, as fertilizer Heze- sludge to Liuzhai rubbish farm, which is opened in Oct.1999 and of 5OOt/d scale, and bury them Feicheng- sludge to Niushan tree farm, of 1,721.9 ha, as fertiliser Chengwu- bury the white sludge and polluted sludge. There are three burying farms, namely Xi kiln farm, Zhangshidian kiln farm and Bei kiln farm, of which the total area is 200 thousand m3. The proposed wastewater companiies for all project components as well as the Chengwu Paper Mill have provided SIEP with letters of commitment from the sludge disposal locations (landfills and tree farms) that they will accept the project sludge. 6.2.14 Chengwu Paper Mill Alternatives Chengwu Paper Mill discharges to Nansi Lake Basin, at present, after the enterprise adopts spiral pump-crushing machine for black liquid, it uses washer - two belt product line and a vacuum washer product line to cleanse pulp material. Bleaching uses single part bleaching technology. Black liquid 6-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province and middle course water adopt acid separate method and physical chemical method separately. Paper machine white water can be reused after being dealt with. When straw materials are steamed using alkali method, some half cellulose and most lignin dissolve and come into blank liquid. When adding acid to the liquid, lignin transforms and sediments out. Using acid separate method to deal with black liquids the COD total removal rate is 60%-70%, BOD total removal rate is 60%-70%. Suspended substance and tone removal is 90-95%, pH is near to neutral. So removal rate of pollutants (esp. COD) is not high for black liquor. It will worsen the polluted load of wastewater passed to the wastewater activated sludge treatment. And this method is limited by these factors: * Small Scale of making thick liquid * Cheap waste acid * Lignin kind of product has a market or other management methods * Qualified Special equipment. So, this method is not a complete managing technology. It can only be adopted as the transition measure. The Chengwu Paper Mill has the liquid-making scale 23,000 ton/year. After the on-building and forward project put into use, liquid-making scale cap reach 34,000tonlyear, If the black liquid is still dealt with acid, obviously it is not reasonable. According to " liquid -making paper-making industry environment protection industry policy, technology policy and pollution -preventing Vieasure" made by China Light Industry head committee in 1997, wheat straw liquid -making should obey the rule of making liquid and managing pollution collectively. The best technology for wheat straw black liquid management is burning method to recover alkali. Therefore, Chengwu decided to build alkali-recovering workshop to manage black liquid is in accordance with the technological demands. Middle course water treatment usually adopts physical chemical method, biochemical method and physical chemical plus biochemical method etc. Physical chemical method mainly is to add coagulant and flocculating agent to form flocculent flower in the middle course water then eliminate part pollutant through sediment and air float. The rate of eliminating COD is generally 50% or so. Its advantage is low in lump sum investment and short in process, but its rate of eliminating pollutant is low, and using this method only will not be able to reach the standard. In addition, its operating cost is high, sewage production is large, and it is difficult to eliminate water from sludge, if the sludge is disposed incorrectly, second pollution may be formed. Using biochemical method to treat middle course water is to eliminate organic matter through absorbing and decomposition of micro-organism. It can eliminate organic matter completely, and the operating of this method is stable and dependable, but its treatment effect will decrease when affected by low temperature in winter. According to above-mentioned analysis, we can't only adopt physical- chemical method to treat middle course water from Chengwu paper mill. Middle course water should be treated by physical chemical method and biochemical method together when the project is planned to construct. Black liquid from pulp-making process of alkali method is usually treated by the following methods, traditional burning method to recover alkali, burning-hydrolyzing method to recover alkali, concentrating metliod, acid-separating method, SO2 method alkali separating method and physical chemical method etc. SIEP has researched the examples of each method in 1996, after collected large 6-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province quantity of data, unified to be 10000 tons/year, under the same standard, they compared each kind of method in economical and technical respects. Refer to Table 6.1. Table 6.1: Technique And Economy Comparison Of Boiling Waste Water Liquid Treatment Method Pollutant Investment on Profit of selling eliminating construction Cost product effect (COD) costucio_podc Treatment -fet CD Treatmenoy 10000 10000 10000 10000yu Remark tcoo ° Kg/t yuan/a yuan/a yuan/a /Kg an/a Kg 10000t tCOD/d 10000t COD pulp pulp pulp Traditional Having relation to burning scale, requirement bmethod to 100 1000 1800 60 335.2 0.34 378 0.38 forequemis method to for technique is recover alkali high Bake- Expected value, not limited by hydrolyzing 100 1000 1000 33 378 0.38 378 0.38 scale, instruments needs to be recover alkali explored. Sale profit is Concentration 100 1000 600 19.8 307.7 0.31 246 0.25 determined by =______________ =_______=_______ price of lignin Operating cost Acid (2) (2) determined by seAration 65 650 400 20.3 197.3/ 301 230 0.35 price of acid, profit separationl 338 0.52 determined by price of lignin. Profit determined SO2 method 65 650 600 30.5 355 0.55 460 0.71 by lignin and sale price Expected value, solid-liquid separating Alkali 82. 825 350 14 219.1 0.27 189 0.23 technique of lignin separating 5 and effect of recover the alkali need to be improved Operation cost determined by Physical sources of waster chemical 85 850 400 15.5 81.9 0.10 0 0 material which can method coagulant and its transportation Notes: I. cost of eliminating COD per unit. 2. before"/'',waste acid , after"/', merchandise acid. From the table, it can be seen that alkali recover method is the most complete method to eliminate the pollutant, but its investnenit is higih. Investmenit on baking method is lower than on burning method, 6-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province but the required instrument needs to be explored further. Acid separating alkali separating SO2 method concentrating method and physical-chemical method are low in investment, but the rate of pollutant eliminating is high, more over, their profits is determined by the price of agents and recovered product, and there is problem of sludge treatment and disposal in physical-chemical method. From the respect of technique, traditional burning method to recover alkali is an effective method to treat pulp boiling waste liquid produced through alkali method, its technique is relatively stable, for Chengwu paper mill, after the on-building project put in use, its pulp making ability will achieve 34,000 tons/year. So, Black liquid should be treated by traditional burning method to recover alkali. As above mentioned, middle course water should adopt physical chemical method plus biochemical treatment process. In biochemical process, oxidization tank, aeration oxidization tank, activated sludge and biological contacting oxidizing and other method are usually used. The compare of technical and economical effect is shown in Table 6.2. Table 6.2: Technical And Economical Comparison Of Sewage Biochemical Treatment Method BOD Investment BOD load Treating OperatiIng eliminating (kg/1000m3.d) time Land area cost (not include ________________ rate (%) levying land) Oxidization tank 70-85 5.6 30d Large low Low Aeration tank 75-90 | 54 4-lOd Larger Lower Lower Activated sludge 80-90 1000 12-16hr Small High Higher method Biological contacting 85-90 1500 10-12hr Small Higher High oxidization From Table 6.2, it can be seen that though the investments of oxidization tank and aeration tank are low and the operating costs are not high, the basic condition is that there is abandoned field that can be used. More over, its effect is affected greatly by the season (in winter, the effect is bad). The staying time of biological contacting oxidizing method is a little shorter than that of activated sludge method, but it increases the filled matter, its investment is usually higher that the latter, more over, there is the life problem of the filled matter. From this analysis, associated with the concrete situation of Chengwu paper mill, SIEP found it proper to adopt activated sludge method. The technologies applied in the Chengwu Paper Mill have been found to be appropriate with the following clarifications: * At present, many paper mills in Shandong have adopted similar technology, the operating is dependable, eliminating effect is stable and reaches the drainage standard prescribed by the country. That is to say, the techlnology has been proven in the local area. The discharged water quality can reach the national standard completely. Thus, the technology process is dependable. 6-11 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Major facilities in the process, such as no power are thin grid and concentrating blowing machine etc, is correctly selected, with a stable function, and this ensures the project to operate normally and stable. * In the process of biochemical treatment, N(8Omg/L) and P (18mg/L) are added to guarantee the nutrition rate micro-organism needed, this guarantees the eliminating effect of biochemical treatment. * Sludge produced in the process is concentrated and then dehydrated by machine. Water content rate of dry sludge dish was reduced to lower than 80%, it is easy to be disposed and second time pollution will not appear. 6.3 No Project Alternatives The "No Project" alternatives merely continue the status quo of significant wastewater pollution in four Shandong province communities and one industrial paper mill. The regular surface water quality monitoring in the province provides significant evidence of the serious nature of river pollution in the project area and the small urban corridors and streams ccnveying raw sewage may be an even greater concern. Adequate wastewater facilities are a basic human right. VWithout the project, environmental damage and economic losses will continue to-be incurred within the cities and wastewater discharges direct to urban water bodies will increase. The situation will be exacerbated as water use increases, as industrial and commercial activities grow and population expands. Water quality, in the rivers flowing through the project cities would deteriorate further, as would the situation downstream. The quality of urban life in the service area would probably deteriorate at a time when expectations of higher standards of living are rising in parallel with growing incomes and increasing environmental awareness. Furthermore, without the sewerage element of this sub-component, the benefits to HRWPCP cities constructing WwTWs with bilateral assistance will be considerably reduced in the medium term (until dedicated sewers are constructed). For some time to come the new WwTWs will be treating wastewater conveyed to it via the old combined system. Less of the wastewater produced in the cities will reach the new WwTWs and that which does will be diluted with storm water and other infiltration into the old combined systems. The effectiveness of the new WwTWs will therefore be significantly reduced. 6-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 7 MITIGATION AND MONITORING MANAGEMENT PLANS 7.1 Mitigation and Monitoring of the Implementation of Mitigation The project components of HRWPCP will potentially cause a variety of short-term construction and longer-term operation impacts. A series of mitigation measures have been planned to reduce the impacts to acceptable levels. The implementation of these mitigation measures will occur during construction and operation. In order to ensure that the mitigation measures are effectively carried out "mitigation monitoring" procedures have been established and the organisations to be responsible for this monitoring have been designated. The HRWPCP PMO will have an ongoing responsibility to track and report the monitoring of mitigation measures of all the identified agencies, in addition to their direct responsibilities. In this chapter the generic approach to the selection of appropriate mitigation methods and the designation of typical monitoring measures and responsibilities is presented. The following coding was used to identify the agencies responsible for monitoring of mitigation measures: Agencies responsible for Monitoring of Mitigation a. Provincial Construction Commission (implemented by PMO.) b. Provincial EPB c. City Construction Commission/PIUs d. City EPB e. City Wastewater Company f. City Urban Drainage Corporation (or department) 7.1.1 Construction Phase - WwTW There are four proposed city wastewater projects in the HRWPCP, all four of the projects involve wastewater collection, three of the projects involve municipal WwTW. In addition, there is another project involving an industrial wastewater facility There are obviously differences of scope and impact but there are generic similarities in the types of impacts and mitigations that will be undertaken. Tables 7.1 to 7.6 provide summaries of the construction-phase impacts, proposed mitigation measures, type of monitoring and responsible agencies. 7-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.1: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type esponsible Monitoring TypeAgencies Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c,d conversion Dust and Air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records e Sensitive Areas And Realignment or protection Records e Wetlands Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs e,d Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints e Stream crossings Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e Safety Training and contract provisions Accident/training records e, c Ri.ver/stream bank Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e stability and environment -Material hauling Operating hours, routing provisions Truck logs, complaints e,d,c Table 7.2: Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c, d conversion Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints d Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs d Erosion/ site work Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e Safety Training and contract provisions Accident/training records e Sensitive areas and Realignment or protection Records d wetlands Dust, hauling - air Contract provisions, supervision Records e,c,d quality impacts Dewatering Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e 7-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.3: Sludge Management System Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c, d conversion Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints d Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs d Erosion and site work BMPs Weekly logs e Safety Training and contract provisions Accident and training records e Sensitive areas and Realignment or protection Records d wetlands Dust, hauling - air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records e,c,d impacts Table 7.4: Construction Debris Disposal Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Uncontrolled disposal Monitor disposal Visual, truck logs c,d site Hazardous material use Monitor use and disposal Visual, truck logs c,d and disposal Direct or indirect Monitor disposal, contract provisions Visual, inspections c,d dumping in streams Table 7.5: Industrial Wastewater Treatment Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type ARencies Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints d Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs d Erosion/ site work Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e Safety Training and contract provisions Accident/training records e Industrial wastewater Reduce production, temporary holding Records e,c.d bypasses facilities, or other measures Dust, hauling - air Contract provisions, supervision Records e,c,d quality impacts Dewatering Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e 7-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.6: Ocean Outfall, Effluent Re-Use Pipelines Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Relocations and land RAPs and adequate compensation Sampling and complaints c,d conversion Dust and Air quality Contract provisions, supervision Records e Sensitive Areas And Realignment or protection Records e Wetlands Noise Limited hours, equipment design Monthly logs e,d Aesthetics Architectural design and landscaping Visual, complaints e Stream crossings, ocean Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e bottom impacts Safety Training and contract provisions Accident/training records e, c River/stream bank Best Management Practices (BMPs) Weekly logs e stability and environment, beach and sensitive ocean areas Material hauling Operating hours, routing provisions Truck logs, complaints e,d,c 7.1.2 Operation Phase - Wastewater Facilities Tables 7.7 to 7.15 provide summaries of the generic operation-phase impacts, proposed mitigation measures, type of monitoring and responsible agencies for municipal wastewater collection and treatment, and industrial waste treatment. Table 7.7: Solid Waste, Septage, and Direct Discharge Sources Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Uncontrolled direct or Enforce ordinances, provide better Solid Waste Inspections and fines d, e, f indirect dumping of solid collection sites, cleanup campaigns waste, to surface water Septage dumped directly Enact and enforce local ordinances, provide for List of ordinances and d, c, e to streams or indirectly septage treatment in Solid Waste or WwTW enforcement statistics through sewer systems projects Industrial solid waste Enforce ordinances, monitor adjacent Ordinances and b, d direct dumping waterways enforcement statistics Industrial hazardous and Enact and enforce a "cradle to grave" tracking Installation of program and b,d toxic waste direct and treatment system for hazardous/toxic waste tracking and treatment dumping or indirect records impact to groundwater 7-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.8: Raw Sewage, Domestic and Industrial Sources to Sewer Systems Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Low strength domestic Eliminate septic tanks when not needed, ensure Sample sewer systems, c sewage, (use of septic that local connections are made and are WwTW influent and tanks, or high infiltration watertight connection record or inflow) Septage dumping causing Enact and enforce local ordinances, provide for List of ordinances and c,d treatment disruption or septage treatment in SW or WwTW projects enforcement statistics, bypasses inspect. Industrial pre-treatment Enact and enforce adequate pre-treatment Pre-treatment monitor & b,d,e problems programs and make responsible to wastewater inspect., WwTW influent company record Industrial accidents and Enact regulations requiring notification of the List of ordinances and d spills, problems- sewers WwTW as well as specified protection records of incidents and or treatment works measures compliance Excessive infiltration or Perform visual/TV/or other inspections of the Records of sewer system e inflow in sewer systems sewer systems and take corrective action evaluations Changes in domestic Monitor changes in water use rates and Meter and plant records e consumption causing wastewater generation rates by neighbourhoods design load variation Changes in industrial Monitor changes in industrial quantity and Flow and quality records d,e consumption causing quality through enforced pre-treatment program design load variation Table 7.9: Raw Sewage Overflows, Various Locations Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Overflow impacts in Sewer separation, Infiltration/Inflow correction, Number, quantity estimate d,c general to health and protect overflows of overflows environment Excess overflows from Evaluate and improve collection systems Number of overflows d,c design calculations plotted against storm events Human direct contact Protect outlets and downstream users Visual and health records d,c,health Impacts to surface waters Develop mixing zones to dissipate impacts Visual and surface water d monitoring Sensitive area impacts Relocate or adjust overflow if possible Visual and compliance c,d records 7-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.10: Wastewater Sewerage and Pumping Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Foul odours and gases Proper design and industrial waste controls Sampling and compliance c,d records Accidents working in Safety training Training and accident e sewers records Accidental overflows Detailed O&M procedures and prevention of Records e while working in system direct dumping into system Sewer system blockages Detailed O&M procedures and prevention of Records, visual observation c,d, e direct dumping, cleaning equipment available of cleaning equip Noise from pump stations Design and protective measures Ambient monitoring and c,d complaints Power failure at pump Backup power system or dual feed Electric meters and visual d,e stations check of the backup system or secondary feed Mechanical failure at Design, O&M procedures, spare parts available Weekly logs - c, e pump stations Leaks contaminating Design and protective measures Ambient monitoring and c,d, e local groundwater complaints Table 7.11: Wastewater Treatment Works (WwTW) Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Lower or higher influent Septic tank usage rates, Infiltration/Inflow Connection and operating e quantity or quality than monitoring, enforcement records of pre- records expected treatment program Bypasses more frequent Sewer system monitoring, O&M procedures WwTW and City EPB e,d than planned records Noise Design and protective measures Ambient, complaints c,d Accidents, including gas, Training programs Training and accident c,e explosions, etc. records Chemical handling Design, safety training, warning systems Training and accident c,e accidents records, visual Power failure Backup system and/or dual electric feed Electric meters, visual c,e Equipment failure Design, O&M program, spare part availability Daily logs, meters e Operational problems Design, operator training, laboratory testing Daily logs, training records e Poor effluent quality Monitor and enforce discharge records Daily records and e,d enforcement, monitor 7-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.12: Sludge Management System Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Lack of adequate Monitor stabilisation system use and Inspection and daily logs e,d,health stabilisation performance, monitor sludge quality High heavy metal Monitor raw sewage and sludge quality Quarterly sampling of e,d,b concentrations for land metals in influent, semi- application annual of sludge Safety Design and training Training, accident records c,e Inadequate liquid control Design, O&M, operator training Inspection and daily logs e,d during dewatering Odours Design, O&M, operator training Ambient levels, complaints e,d Equipment failure Design, O&M program, spare part availability Safety training and visual c,e checks of warning systems Landfill problems in Design standards, leachate treatment systems Visual, inspections, leachate e,d handling sludge monitor - Table 7.13: Receiving Water Issues, Including Ocean Responsible Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Unplanned overflow Warning devices for downstream users Visual and/or sound c,d impacts on water users observations and ambient quality Poor effluent impacts on Telephone notification for downstream users of Daily logs, monitor e,d,c water users and ambient problems occurring compliance quality, including ocean Sludge dumping, Monitor and enforce disposal ordinances Logs, monitor, enforcement e,d,b industrial impact impacts records on water users and ambient quality Health impacts due to all Protect from public contact Posting, fencing, health e,d of above, ocean long- records term bioaccumulation 7-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.14: Wastewater Reuse and Downstream Users Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Agencies Adopt, monitor and Ordinances, records and inspections Records, inspection reports b,e,c,d enforce reuse ordinances Negative impacts to Notification procedures adopted and used Visual observation of e,d,c downstream water supply waming system intakes during bypasses or problems Aquatic impacts during Regular quarterly ambient sampling, periodic Sampling records d,b bypasses or problems bio-monitoring Effluent re-use for tree Strictly monitor WwTW effluent and control Record, licenses d e watering, industries or the re-use of effluent through licensing and/or agricultural land failing user fees. to meet appropriate standards and bacteria concerns Table 7.15: Industrial Wastewater Treatment Potential Impacts Mitigation Measures Monitoring Type Responsible Agencies Lower or higher influent Modify production rates, modemise equipment, Connection and operating d quantity or quality than pollution prevention program, reduce water records expected consumption, inspections, training Bypasses more frequent Sewer system monitoring, O&M procedures WwTW and City EPB e,d than planned records Noise Design and protective measures Ambient, complaints c,d Accidents, including gas, Training programs Training and accident c,e explosions, etc. records Chemical handling Design, safety training, warning systems Training and accident c,e accidents records, visual Power failure Backup system and/or dual electric feed Electric meters, visual c.e Equipment failure Design, O&M program, spare part availability Daily logs, meters e Operational problems Design, operator training, laboratory testing Daily logs, training records e Poor effluent quality Monitor and enforce discharge records Daily records and e,d enforcement, monitor 7-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 7.2 Institutional Responsibilities Sections 7.1.1 to 7.1.2 slhow the organisations that are responsible for the implementation of the mitigation measures for the different types of mitigation measures. The Environmental Protection Law of China, requires that the project promoter must incorporate the environmental protection work into the project proposals and take effective measures to prevent and control any pollution, which may damage the ecological environment, caused by construction, operation or other activities. Due to the nature of the project and the division of responsibilities within Shandong Province, a large number of institutions are involved in the environmental protection work of the project. Three types of institutions are involved: project management offices (PMOs), environmental protection bureaus (EPBs) and sector or trade authorities (bureaux) at province, prefecture (or city), county and town level. 7.2.1 Management Institutions: Project Management Office System Shandong Provincial PMO (SPMO) The SPMO is responsible for: - organising the feasibility study, environmental impact assessment and planning the implementation of the project construction; - co-ordinating the environmental management and monitoring between the sector authority and the project unit; guiding the project unit in carrying out the environmental management measures; reporting regularly the environmental protection work status to the World Bank and the Shandong Provincial EPB (SEPB); and, - guaranteeing sufficient funding of environmental protection from the total funds from the project. Local PIUs PIUs (prefecture or municipal PMOs) are responsible for: co-ordinating the overall management of the project construction; * supervising each authority or department in carrying out the environmental protection plan and management measures under the guidance of SPMO; ensuring the investment in environmental protection facilities; and reporting the environmental management work during the project construction to SPMO and the local EPB. 7.2.2 Supervision Institutions State Environmental Protection Agency of P. R. Clhina (SEPA) State Environmenital Protection Agency of P. R. China (SEPA) is responsible for: 7-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province co-ordinating the overall environmental administration or management work; examining and approving the EIA report of the project; and, * guiding the Shandong Environmental Protection Bureau (SEPB) in enforcing the environmental laws and regulations. Slhandong Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (SEPB) SEPB is responsible for: * co-ordinating the environmental protection management work of the project, * organising the relevant institutions or departments to undertake the environmental protection work. Local Environmental Protection Bureaus (LEPBs) LEPBs (prefecture or municipal EPBs) work under the guidance of SEPB and are responsible for: - supervising the implementation of the environmental laws and regulations; coordinating the EP work among the institutions or departments; -_ - managing the construction check and final examination / acceptance-of projects; * supervising the implementation of environmental protection working plan of "Three Wastes" control programmes of project units; and, - reporting environmental protection work of projects to SEPB. 7.2.3 Executive Institutions A utlhorities or Bureaux in Clharge of Project Management Authorities or Bureaux in charge of project management at provincial, prefecture and municipal levels are responsible for: * supplying the financial guarantee; providing the design and construction of environmental protection facilities; ensuring related technologies of environmental protection measures for project units; and, * installing macro-management on operation and basic management on environmental protection work of projects. Project Units Project units, or owners of the project (wastewater companies), conduct their work under the guidance and management of PMOs at different levels and are responsible for: accepting the supervision or monitoring of environmental protection institutions at different levels; 7-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province * implementing environmental laws and regulations, and carry out all the environmental protection measures specified by EA, design and environmental protection working plan; guaranteeing the normal operation of environmental protection facilities, and conduct self-monitoring through setting up environmental management department and monitoring department, establish pollution files and reporting to top EPBs; * providing funds for pollution source re-examination or selective examination. 7.3 Equipment and Training Requirements The capital budgets prepared for all HRWPCP component projects include an allowance for necessary laboratory construction and equipment at the WwTWs. An allowance for testing and environmental monitoring costs to be incurred by the utility is also included in the operations budget for the project. Environmental protection is considered a critical component of the HRWPCP project and a detailed Technical Assistance (TA) program is under development. It includes training in management and operations for the PMOs and the utility companies, in a wide variety of disciplines. Accomplishing the specified monitoring and reporting outlined in this mitigation plan will be greatly enhanced by this TA program. This TA program will also allow for improved overall performance assessment of the HRWPCP program relative to meeting the project objectives. Future Phases of the IHRWPCP will benefit from such assessments. 7.4 Impacts and Costs of Plan The Shandong provincial PMO (SPMO) estimated long-term environmental monitoring costs necessary to implement this plan. Long-term is defined annual monitoring required to verify the environmental performance and other operational mitigation measures previously outlined. Costs for mitigation measures that relate to the management of construction will be included in the tender documents and costs included in the construction contractors' rates. The SPMO have provided a table showing the World Bank project monitoring costs. Table 7.16 summarises the monitoring cost estimates: 7-1 1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.16: SPMO Environmental Monitoring Costs Investment for Monitoring No. Sub-project environmental Content management fee protection per year (lOOOOyuan) ( lOOOyuan) Environmental monitoring Rizhao wastewater treatment instrument, virescence, vehicle for I plant and pipe network 187 carrying mud, decreasing the pump 30 ___________________________________________________________ station's_noise,_etcstation's noise, etc. Ju County wastewater pipe Environmental monitoring 2 network (include wastewater 99 instrument, virescence, etc. 10 plant) Environmental monitoring 3 Heze wastewater treatment plant 176 instrument, virescence, vehicle for 15 and pipe network carrying mud, decreasing the pump station's noise, etc. Environmental monitoring 4 Chengwu paper mill 352 instrument, virescence, noise 20 treatment, landfill construction, vehicle for carrying mud, etc. Feicheng wastewater treatment 77 Environmental monitoring 12 plant and pipe network instrument, virescence, etc. Total investment for 89 environmental protection 87 Note: The investment of landfill for filling white mud, sludge in Chengwu sub-project is-greater, approximate 2,000,000yuan. This investment will invest by stages and in groups in 20 years. 7.5 Long-term Monitoring of the Performance of HRWPCP 7.5.1 Lead Monitoring Offices Nansihu Lake Basin Office and Yi-shu-he River Basin Office, both under the direct leadership of Shandong Environmental Protection Bureau, are the permanent management bodies for protection and treatment of the wastewater in Huaihe River Basin and Yi-shu-he River Basin. They take the tasks of protecting the water resources and curbing water pollution in both Basins. In order to implement the national laws and regulations on environmental protection, monitor the operation of the project, learn about the effects of the measures of controlling water pollution in the two valleys and work with the local environmental protection departments coordinately, the Basin Office, which is in charge of the loan project, should conduct a unified management of the environmental protection work and make regular check on the results of environmental monitoring reported from the sub-projects and the work of environmental management. 7.5.2 Wastewater Schemes, Performance Indicators The overall benefits of the HRWPCP will arise from improvements in river water quality. In addition to the "monitoring" of means adopted to tnitigate against adverse environmental impacts, it is planned to undertake monitorinig to define the success of the overall project. This monitoring will be undertaken in the following way. 7-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province River Water Quality The overall objective in constructing and operating is to improve the quality of the receiving waters. In all cases therefore the sampling and analysis of the receiving waters will be the prime means of measuring the performance of the schemes. The following programmes of sampling and analysis will be undertaken to quantify the benefits arising from the WwTWs. The programme will be conducted as a normal part of the EPB duties. 7.6 Effectiveness of the Works There are a number of key elements that can be used to indicate the satisfactory performance of WwTWs. Records of the operation of the aeration system provide a good guide as to the effectiveness of the biological treatment works whilst the operation of sludge dewatering works and the quantities of sludge transferred to landfill provides an indicator for sludge treatment and disposal. The quality of the treated effluent is however the ultimate indicator. 7.6.1 Other Operational Monitoring SIEP recommends other regular component monitoring as follows: To prevent the negative influences on environment made by the construction of the sub-projects, local environmental department should send special person to monitor the fumes, dust and the black degree of fumes periodically and noise randomly, and finally make a record of these factors. * To ensure the normal operation of WwTWs to get the expected result of treatment, the quality of water to the WwTWs must be monitored regularly. If the quality of the water cannot reach the project's standard, there is need to report and make corresponding measures. 1. Frequency of Monitoring: once a day 2. Items of Monitoring: ph, CODcr, BOD5, SS, NH3-N, TP, S2, oils, volatile hydroxybenzene As the basis of testing the efficiency of every link of WwTWs, the quality of water from the works must be monitored regularly according to the discharge standard for township second-grade WwTW stipulated in Integrated Standards for Wastewater Discharge (GB8978-1996). The frequency and items are the same as the above- mentioned. * For odour, set monitor site at plant border and sanitation protect distance border to monitor H2S,NH3 * For noise, set monitor at I meter away from the enclosing walls of WwTWs, monitor A noise level in day and night every season. * An analysis on sludge component will be made annually. The items include the fertility of the sludge and the content of heavy metals, (As, Cu, Pb, Hg, Zn, Cd) 7-13 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Water area concerned in this environmental impact assessment should also be included in the routine monitoring work besides the said project. In involved water systems, there are sections controlled by province and districts are: Dongyu River Zhangzhuang, Zhuzhaoxin River new city, Daqing River Wangtai bridge and Shu River Dingjiacun in Huaihe valley. Related total quantity control sections are, Dongyu River Xuzhazhai, Zhuzhaoxin River Yulou, and Shu River Xiazhuang. Routine monitor is enough. Each sub-project report regularly to Shandong Province PMO of the WwTW's operating situation, include in/out water quality, treated quantity of water etc per month, and odour and noise near works and pump station borders per year. The local environmental monitoring stations report the results of the routine monitoring of the rivers related to the loan project to the Basin Office of Environmental Protection Bureau of Shandong Province monthly. The local environmental monitoring stations of the sub-projects should be in charge of monitoring the industrial wastewater discharged into wastewater treatment plants *- thoroughly, monitoring the wastewater from enterprises with-serious pollution regularly. The local environmental protection departments should supervise the enterprises whose wastewater quality could not reach the standard, to make a preliminary treatment of the wastewater, so as to enable the water quality to conform to Integrated Standard for Wastewater Discharge (GB8978-1996) and the standards stipulated in standards for water discharge from related business. * The local environmental monitoring stations of the WwTWs should monitor regularly the quality of the water discharge from the works to promote its normal operation and reach the expected goal. If the water quality does not reach the standard, the WwTWs should analyze to find the reasons and readjust its operation or parameter to ensure the water meet the standard. If the condition is ripe, an auto-monitor of water quality can be placed at the sewer of the WwTWs. 7.6.2 Annual Environmental Quality Report The recommended environmenital monitoring program is significant in both the construction and initial operation phases of the project. In addition, the specified monitoring involves many participants from the project level to the national level. The results of this environmental monitoring program should be summarized in an Annual Environmental Quality Report (AEQR), which is distributed to all relevant project offices as well as the World Bank. The charts in the beginning of the chapter provide convenient checklists for these reports, as well as the SIEP recommendations of the previous section. At the beginninig of January every year, each project construction unit sorts the relative monitoring data and reports it to Shandonig Province Project Office, and Shandong Province Project Office collects the data and reports it to the World Bank every year in the form of an AEQR. The minimum informationi that should be reported in the AEQR is shown in Table 7.17. 7-14 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 7.17 Minimum Monitoring Data in Annual Environmental Quality Report Year ended December 31 Unit 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 1. Physical Parameters Wastewater generated 1000 m3/y Wastewater collected 1000 m3/y Wastewater treated 1000 m3/y Wastewater billed 1000 m3/y Sewer connections Number Length of combined sewers Km Length of separate sewers Km Length of interceptor sewers Km Total treatment capacity 1000 m3/d Capacity of treatment plant No I 1000 m3/d Capacity of treatment plant No 2 1000 m3/d Biochem. Oxygen Demand outlet (No l) Mg/liter Chemical Oxygen Demand outlet (No I) Mg/liter ._._. Suspended Solids outlet (No I) Mg/liter Biochem. Oxygen Demand outlet (No2) Mg/liter Chemical Oxygen Demand outlet (No 2) Mg/liter Suspended Solids outlet (No 2) Mg/liter BOD in the recipient downstream a) Mg/liter COD in the recipient downstream Mg/liter SS in the recipient downstream Mg/liter DO in the recipient downstream b) Mg/liter E-Coli (triplicate sampling) c) MPN/IOOml 1. Management of Operatinl Agencies |Agency employees d) Number Employees/1000 connections Number 3. Financial Parameters Average sewerage tariff RMB/m3 Days of account receivable Number Receivables over billing % Working ratio % Operating Ratio % Maintenance expenses to total cost of % operations Contribution to investment % Debt service coverage Number Debt equity ratio Number 4. Institutional Development Parameters Days training accomplished Number TA days input Number Number of Board meetings Number Staff recruited Number Key Action Plan target dates achieved a) approval of business (A) license Date (B) charter Date b) appointment of Board Date c) first Board Meeting Date d) issue of RfP for TA Date e) commence TA Date f) commence training program Date a) BOD, COD, SS, DO and E-Coli in receiving river would be sampled quarterly and the respective progress report would show lowest and highest results b) Dissolved Oxygen c) Applicable methodology (multiple-tube fermentation technique or membrane filter technique),determined at pre-appraisal. d) Excluding casual laborers 7-1 5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 7.6.3 Access to Data The public shall have access to the above data on request. The SPMO will prepare an annual report to be submitted to the SPG, the SEPB and the World Bank summarising the above results and making recommendations for changes to counteract any weaknesses identified. 7-16 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 8 PUBLIC PROCESS AND EA PUBLIC PARTICIPATION There are no laws in China covering requirements for public participation in Environmental Impact Assessments. However guidelines were issued in 1993 in a paper issued jointly by: The State Environmental Protection Agency (SEPA) * The State Planning Commission * The Peoples Bank of China The full title of the document is as follows: "Strengthening the management of environmental impact assessments for projects to be supported by loans from the international financing agencies" This document includes a section covering public participation, which has been informally translated as follows: Public participation is an important part of environmental impacts assessment. Particular sections should be included within the EA report covering the interests of the public and social institutions including information on compensation. Public participation can take place during the stages of reviewing an Assessment Outline and reviewing the EA report. In accordance with present procedures in China, the following methods can be used: The Construction Unit and the Environmental Authority can listen to the opinions of the County/District members, representatives of People's Committees, associations of the public, students, residents and villagers. Ask for opinions and suggestions from the public at or near the site of the project. The above work can be done by issuing public opinion surveys, inviting discussions, meetings or invitations to take part in the checking and reviewing meetings of assessment outlines and reports. The concerned authorities should take fully into consideration of the public views and feedback to the construction unit, when checking Assessment Outlines and Reports. 8.1 Meetings with Public Officials in Developing Project and EA During the 12-month project development time leading up to pre-appraisal and this EA, there have been many meetings with the city PMOs, utility companies, city EPBs and other affected city organisations to discuss the proposed projects and environmental assessments. These meetings have occurred monthly at a minimum and have resulted in full collaboration with local officials and full support of the project and the EA process. 8-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province It is estimated that in total 30-40 meetings have been held with the public and over 50 meetings have been held with local government officials during the development of the projects. 8.2 Survey of Public Officials and Citizens in Project Area HRWPCP using World Bank loan includes four municipal sub-projects. Amongst these, there are three wastewater treatment plants and wastewater pipe network project (pipe network project of Ju county city wastewater treatment project ) and a point source industrial treatment project at Chengwu. For the new projects, the public participate in the process to keep the project rational, scientific and advanced. In order to get good social and environmental benefit after project is started, the public's advice and questions are necessary. Investigation unit and construction unit launched the participation activity together by doing random sampling questionnaires. The public participation activity developed by assessment unit and construction unit adopted two methods; random sampling questionnaire survey and holding meetings. The public participation investigates public's advice and suggestion by using research papers. Public scope includes villages near the plant, factories and enterprises. The public includes workers, peasants and students etc. of different ages, professions, and cultural levels. Refer to Table 8.1. Table 8.1: Survey Population Age (ears) Profession Sub-project total <18 19-34 35-55 >56 Teacher, (18-30) (31-45) (46-60) (60 more) Cadre Worker peasant student other Rizhao Numbers 220 15 88 92 25 56 65 20 50 29 WwTW Ratio % 100 7.5 44 46 12.5 25 30 9 23 13 Ju county Numbers 200 12 77 82 29 46 46 30 4 38 network Ratio % % 6 38.5 41 14,5 23 23 15 20 19 Heze Numbers 199 89 59 40 11 79 45 55 13 7 WwTW Ratio % 100 45 30 20 5 40 23 28 6 3 Chengwu Numbers 198 34 100 48 1 5 21 68 78 16 15 paper mill Ratio % 100 17.2 50.5 24.2 8.1 11 34 39 8 8 Feicheng Numbers 200 6 92 61 41 60 70 8 62 0 WwTW Ratio % 100 3 46 31 20 30 35 4 31 0 Numbers 1017 156 416 323 122 262 294 191 181 89 Ttl Ratio % 100 15 41 32 1 12 26 29 1 9 18 8 The public put forward the following advice and suggestion: 1. It's hoped that the project should be constructed and run as early as possible to solve water pollution and benefit local people. 2. It's hope that the construction should carry out "Three Simultaneity " rule strictly. The construction should lessen pollutants discharging, control discharging standard, and affect the surrounding environment to the lowest extent. 3. The construction should lessen pollutants discharging, control discharging standard, and affect the surrounding environment to the lowest extent. 8-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 4. It's hoped that the public should get compensation for using land or removing etc. Which affects people's life. Table 8.2 summarises the public investigation results. Table 8.2: Investigation Results . . Rizhao WwTW Ju county pipe Heze WwTW Chengwu paper Feicheng WwTW Title of project network mill Investigation content No. Ratio No. No. R atio No. Ratio No. Ratio Do you think Yes, 209 95 195 97.5 96 171 86.4 144 72.0 it's necessary to Very construct the General 8 3.6 5 2.5 2 1 0 0 51 25.5 project? No 3 1.4 0 0 6 3 27 13.6 5 2.5 What do you much think of serious 179 81.4 168 84 21 10.6 48 24.0 polluted More 37 16.8 28 14 77 38.9 116 58.0 condition of serious water quality of the local rivers? General 4 1.8 4 2 100 50.5 36 18.0 think of impact Gmepact 197 89.5 143 71.5 187 94 75 37.9 640 32.0 on inhabitants' Littme 19 8.6 53 26.5 12 6 118 59.6 136.0 68.0 q u a lt by wat impac t _ quality pollution? Noimpact 4 1.8 4 2 - - S 2.5 0 0 Do you think Can 77 35 36 18 163 82 92 46.5 123 61.5 noise and bad accept smell will affect Can't 124 56.4 120 60 10 5 63 31.8 44 22.0 the inhabitants accept unfavourably after the . Little construction is L 19 8.6 44 22 26 13 43 0 33 16.5 finished? impact In youropinion, Yes 213 96.8 188 94 189 95 178 89.0 how will the No 0 0 0 0 6 3 9 4.5 construction quality? (little 7 3.2 12 6 4 2 13 6.5 quality? ~effect) 1 . Do you think Yes 218 99.1 178 89 194 97.5 169 98.3 whether the No 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 3 1.7 construction work will improve the local investmentNoas environment (little 2 0.9 22 11 4 2.0 0 0 and economic effect) development? 8.3 EA Disclosure Publicity methods have included announcing existence of project and EA report on local radio and television broadcasts, as well as being published in newspapers. These announcements give local locations, generally the local PMO offices in each city, where EA and RAPs can be inspected and comments made. They also give contact telephone numbers where information can be obtained. Posters summarising EA and RAPs are displayed in village centres and public meetings are held. These public disclosure methods began in June 2000 wheni the HDI submitted the EA to SEPA for review, which is the specified time period in Chinese regulations. Since the project is 8-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province environmentally positive, the late publication does not appear to be a problem, and there have been no major objections raised to the project. After finishing the environmental assessment statements of each sub-project, each sub-project has held the second public participation. The construction unit of the each project city held meetings, inviting villagers' representatives in surrounding area of the proposed project. After realising the main content of environmental assessment statement, public widely expressed approval of the wastewater treatment project. The proposed project will improve the water environmental quality of project area, optimise the investment climate and accelerate the economic development. In addition, according to the arrangement of the World Bank's experts, each project construction unit will release project information by the media of newspaper, TV, etc. The public can consult relative files of environmental assessment in appointed place arranged by sub-project construction unit, and the public can express standpoint and view adequately. The media information release was held from July 15, 2000 to July 31, 2000. Each sub-project construction unit will feedback the results of information release to the World Bank in good time. SIEP has confirmed that the sub-project EAs and the consolidated Provincial EA have been available for public review at the PMO/PIU offices. Tables showing details and dates for various consultation and disclosure activities for each city were prepared by the Province, and they follow the chapter as Tables 8.3 and 8.4. 8.4 Summary of Public Input The many meetings with public officials in the province coupled with the SIEP surveys of public support show that these projects are extremely positive and well received by the public. No objections have been received by the city PIUs and there is no indication that there is anyone that is not in support of these projects or would try to stop their completion. 8-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 8.3: Sliandong EA - Introduction of Public Participation Survey (First) Topic Project Name Investigator Date Location Remarks Rizhao WwTw and Rizhao Environmental Protection Inst. Donghai Yu County Sewers and 8-9 May 2000 Rizhao WwTW Shanhou Yi County Rizhao Construction Commission Rizhao Environmental Protection Inst. Shijiazhuangzi County Ju County Sewers Rizhao WwTW II May 2000 Ju County Construction Commission Ju County WwTW Shandong Scientific Research and Design Xifu County Public Participation Feicheng WwTW Inst. Of Environmental Protection Villages and residents in the Phase of and Sewers Feicieng WwTW 12 April 2000 Gudian County who live around Outline Feicheng adnewruciceg wTmudanCunyWwTW and Paper Mill Assessment Feiheng Constrution Commissioninvestigated North China Municipal Engineering Design Ma Zhuang Heze WwTW and Inst. 20 April 2000 Sewers Heze WwTW Preparation Office Chen Zhuang Heze Constuction Commission Shandong Scientific Research and Design Chen Zhuang ChengwAlu Paper Inst. Of Environmental Protection Mill Chengwu Paper Mill 26 August 2000 Zhoudian County Liu Zhuang Chengwu Paper Mill 8-5 August 2000 Iluai River Water Pollution Control Prolect Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Sliandong EA - Introduction of Public Participation Survey (First) Topic Project Name Investigator Date Location Rizhao WwTW and Sewers Rizhao WwTW 22 June 2000 Rizhao Construction Commission Ju County Sewers Ju Counity WwTW 20 June 2000 Ju County Construction Commission Public Participation in the Phase of Draft EA Feichenig WwTW and Sewers Feichenig WwTW 23 June 2000 Feicheng Construction Commission Report Assessment _ Heze WwTW Heze WwTW 21 June 2000 Heze Construction Commission Preparation Office Chengwu Paper Mill Chelngwu Paper Mill 24 June 2000 Chenigwu Paper Mill 8-6 August 2000 Hluai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 8.4: Slhandong EA - Summary Information Disclosure Nr. Project Name Documents Date of Disclosure Location I Rizhao Draft EA Report I August 2000 Rizhao Daily Newspaper 2 Feicheiig Draft EA Report 3 August 2000 Tai'an Daily Newspaper (Feicheng) 3 Heze Draft EA Report 27 July 2000 Cao Zhou Evening Newspaper 4 Chengwu Draft EA Report 10 - 13 July 2000 Chengwu TV 8-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 9 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 9.1 General Conclusions In order to control water pollution of the Huai River Basin and improve environment quality, the HRWPCP was formulated in Shandong province by using World Bank loans. At present, part of wastewater is discharged without treatment in the project cities, and the downstream water bodies are seriously polluted. The development of agriculture and industry and life environment of people in project area has been impacted greatly. At the same time, the pollution in local area becomes more and more serious. Local officials consider it urgent to carry out the HRWPCP. The HRWPCP projects have been properly formulated and they will form an important contribution to the achievement of the goals of the WPCP. The construction of WwTWs in the Huai River Basin has lagged behind the planned schedule of the WPCP, making it more important than ever to accelerate WwTW construction. Significant progress has been made in regard to the control of industrial pollution since the WPCP was formulated. However, domestic wastewater collection and treatment remains far behind the anticipated construction milestones. -With respect to the environmental protection, the general urban plan and the drainage project plan, the design of collecting wastewater of proposed HRWPCP projects in the Shandong project cities has proved to be reasonable, as well as and the location selection of wastewater pump stations and WwTWs. The locations of the WwTWs meet the requirements of the local urban plans and the environmental protection. The location choices of three pump stations in Rizhao city and I #, 2# and 3# pump stations in Heze city are rational and feasible. The choice of 4# pump station in Heze city is also feasible after being move 40 m east away from former address which makes the distance between the pump station and an oil station over 50m. For the Chengwu Paper Mill, the project includes construction of alkali recovery workshop and middle course water treatment field. After the project being carried out, pollutants such as wastewater and boiler gas could attain standard requirement and waste residue could be used comprehensively. Project alternatives have been comprehensively assessed, and the proposed project is technically superior and cost-effective. The project will greatly reduce water pollution loading downstream of Chengwu. The designs of the WwTWs are reasonable. The technology of oxidization ditches for WwTWs is economically reasonable and the operation is dependable, with CODcr, BOD5, SS, NH3-N, (except P) capable of achieving "Overall Wastewater Discharge Standards" (GB8978-1996) Class II. The use of primary treatment and ocean outfall at Rizhao has been comprehensively assessed, and the design protects the ocean resources and meets water quality standards. SIEP has recommended that secondary wastewater treatment be used in any future phases of the Rizhao WwTW. 9.2 Existing Environmental Conditions, Huai River Basin - Shandong The surface water of the Huai River Basin is mainly polluted by COD, BOD, organisms and unionised ammonia. After the implementation of the 1996 Basin Plan, the water quality is improving. However, the planned water quality objective of "Huai River Basin Water Pollution Protection and Control Plan" and "Ninth-five years' Plan (1996-2000) has not been attained. No rivers in Shandong Province are tributaries of the Huai River mainstream directly. The Huai River mainstream and the 9-1 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Yi-Shu-Si catchments are hydrologically linked by the Grand Canal,. but most of the surface flow from Shandong Province waterways flows directly to the ocean rather than to the Huai and Yangtze Rivers. According to water quality monitoring data of current situation of surface water in each subproject area, SIEP indicates that the water quality of low reaches of Shu river and Dongyu river, Kangwang river in Feicheng city and Zhushui river in Heze city do not attain standard requirement (category V of Shu river and Zhushui river, Category IV of Kangwang river and Dongyu river). The water quality of upper reaches of Dongyu river in Chengwu county attain category IV as COD and BOD and the upper reaches of Shu river in Ju county attain category V. According to routine water quality monitoring materials at control sections, in provincial and local control from 1996 to 1998 and total quantity control section from 1998 to 1999, pH value in each section attains the standard requirement. However, the values of CODcr, BOD5 and NH4-N do not attain the standard requirement except for special year or period. (Category V for Shu river and IV for Zhuzhaoxin river, Daqing river and Dongyu river). For marine environment (at Rizhao), the water quality of current situation in ocean water quality as-sessment (see Appendix 2) is as following: pH: 8.12-8.17, normal value DO: 6.31-7.13mg/L, near saturation state COD: 1.87-3.37mg/L, low oxygen-consuming area Inorganic N: 0.032-0.542mg/L, only C3 station exceeds the standard As, total chromium, Cu, Zn, Hg, oil matter and inorganic phosphate are not detected. In assessment marine area, each monitoring item attains category III of Marine Water Quality Standard (GB3097-1997) except inorganic phosphate in C3 station. For base matter, according to investigation result in 9 stations, each item attains the standard except that Zn exceeds the standard in C3 station. Monitoring data shows that ambient air quality is fine in assessment area in which average concentration of SO2 and NO, per hour and per day does not exceeds standard and so does TSP except that in 1# on account of road construction. Some groundwater items exceed the standard in Heze and Feicheng project area, in which shows that discharged wastewater has polluted groundwater to a certain degree. The groundwater quality in Chengwu project area attains category IV standard. Relative to noise, for 4 monitoring locations outside the boundary of Rizhao WwTW, the noise value in south and west boundary exceeded standards with the exceeding value of 0.8 dB(A) and 0.1 dB(A) respectively with the reason of traffic noise. The value of 3# and 49 pump station of Heze project exceeded the standard during night with the reason of traffic noise. Others are lower than category 11 standard at day and night. The value of boundary noise of Feicheng WwTW attains standard except northl boundary with the reason of traffic noise. The noise value in west boundary of Chengwu paper mill exceeds standard at day and night with the reason of traffic noise and road construction. 9-2 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 9.3 Positive Impacts Public health projects like the HRWPCP carry many general benefits to the citizens of the project cities. These benefits were outlined in detail in Chapter 5.1. 1. The HRWPCP positive benefits listed below will be great assets to the cities affected and to Shandong Province in general. In the following sections, potential construction phase and operational phase impacts are identified. There are no significant environmental problems identified in either phase. Compared with the positive benefits, these potential negative impacts are minor and easily mitigated. Detailed mitigation and monitoring strategies should alleviate these concerns. 9.3.1 Raising the Output of Agricultural, Fish and Livestock Production It is anticipated that following the commissioning of the new WwTWs, the water quality in the rivers being used for irrigation, fishing and livestock production downstream of the inland project components will improve. It is anticipated that following the commissioning of the new sewers and WwTW in Rizhao, the water quality in the rivers being used for irrigation, fishing and livestock production within the urban boundaries of Rizhao will improve. Further improvements could be expected to fisheries immediately off-shore of Rizhao in the Yellow Sea. Productivity for all project components is therefore likely to increase through time as will the value of the production output. However, the extent of further improvement in productivity is linked to related pollution control programs for industrial and non-point sources. 9.3.2 Increased Domestic Output Due to Improved Water Resources The principal benefits associated improved water resources with each sub-component were developed and in Table 5.1. This table provided a definitive summary of the poor water quality conditions in the HRWPCP project cities, and how the improved water quality resulting from HRWPCP interventions could improve both surface and groundwater water supply sources in and downstream of the project cities. 9.3.3 Public Health Improvements It was estimated that around 20% of diseases in all HRWPCP project cities are water borne. The sub- component projects are expected to contribute to a significant reduction in water borne health problems. This will reduce the cost of medical care and increase output as fewer employees will fall sick each year. 9.3.4 Increased Revenue From Tourism The principal benefits associated increased tourism with each sub-component were shown in Table 5.2. This table outlined the existing tourist resources in each of the HRWPCP project cities and how the proposed wastewater collection and treatment schemes could improve these resources. 9-3 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 9.3.5 Increased Real Estate Values Land values and rents are expected to increase due to improvements in the local environment as well as the potential for increased economic activity arising from the possibility of utilising the local surface water as a water resource. 9.3.6 Improved Surface Water Quality, HRWPCP Cities and Basin The HRWPCP project cities will all benefit from improved surface water quality after implementation of the HRWPCP and construction of sewerage, WwTWs and industrial wastewater facilities. For the HRWPCP, the cities of Feicheng and Heze will benefit directly from the WwTW construction funded by the HRWPCP, and the surface waters adjacent to Rizhao upstream of the ocean will also be improved. The improved water quality treatment system at the Chengwu Paper Mill will have positive impacts. After the HRWPCP is implemented, situation of discharged and reduced volume of CODC, is shown in Table 9.1. Table 9.1: Total Discharged Volume of CODc,In HRWPCP Sewage treatment Discharged Decreased Total control Title of project volume volume after volume standard It 104m3/d) treatment (t/a) (t/a) Rizhao WwTW 10.0 10220 5110 10220 Ju county WwTW associated to 4.0 1752 5548 1752 sewage pipe network Heze WwTW 8.0 3504 11096 1000 Feicheng WwTW 4.0 1168 5402 1700 0.1296=black liquid Chengwu paper mill 1.6378=middle 2380 9989.2 3375 course water Total 19024 | 37145.2 From this table, the discharge volume of CODCr of each project after it is treated can all satisfy the total volume control standard of the country. In addition, volume of SO2 and fume from oil-burning boiler in Heze sewage treatment plant and boiler in Chengwu paper mill and alkali recovering boiler all satisfy the total volume control standard set by local government. According to the maximum permitted discharged volume to each total control section in Table 9.1, the discharged COD volume before the project is implemented and the distance between sewage discharge site and the section, the COD discharged will exceed the standard in the related rivers. And, COD volume that enters into the river in 2000 will not satisfy the permitted volume either. After the HRWPCP is implemented, the volume of COD that enters to project related rivers will satisfy the requirement of the local WPCP goals in year 2000 (overall Shandong goals are still not met). Compared to the required COD discharge volume in year 2000, the reduced discharge is 9-4 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province maximum of 4.82 and minimum of 1.92 (SIEP ratios of project decreases to control standards). After the project is implemented, decreased COD volume when operating in full load condition accounts for 46.9% of all reduced COD volume needed to satisfy total volume control target in year 2000 in Huaihe Basin (not including Rizhao and Feicheng project). The construction of the project will have great effect on the realising of total volume control target in Huaihe Basin administrated by Shandong, but additional control of point and non-point pollution will be required. The total COD discharged to the Shandong parts of the Huai River Basin in 1997 was reported to be 214,200 t/year. This figure was provided by Shandong EPB is reported to include urban, industrial and non-point sources. From Table 9.1 it would appear that the project would reduce the 1997 total COD discharges by approximately 17%. There are no figures for the total COD discharged to the Huai Basin from Shandong in year 2000. 9.3.7 Additional Potential Benefits Implementation of the HRWPCP components is likely to result in additional benefits, including: Reduced risk of groundwater contamination in the service areas. 3 The impact of making realistic charges for wastewater services should help to encourage waste minimisation at source, and internalise the costs of pollution control. - Amenity benefits to the population of project cities are likely to accrue as the quality of the adjacent rivers improve. This could include use of the river for recreational purposes and the development of riverside walks and parks for public use. 9.4 Potential Negative Impacts and Mitigations 9.4.1 Environmental Impacts, Construction Phase During the construction period, the impact on the social environment, natural environment, ecological environment and living quality is minor and occurs temporarily, periodically and partially. With the mitigation during construction, the unfavourable effects can be minimised, and the time period is short. It is unavoidable that the construction of wastewater collection and WwTWs will disturb the traffic and daily life. Appropriate mitigation measures are proposed. The project will influence the environmental noise and air quality of the surrounding, as well as the sidewalk trees, vegetation and rainfall inlets. However, the range and degree are limited, and mitigation is proposed. The project will affect four cities and one industrial area impacting on: (i) 890.48 Mu of land affecting 1055 PAP, of which 408.07 Mu of land permanently acquired (658 PAP), and 482.41 Mu of land temporarily used (397 PAP), (ii) 1,272 m2 of housing (23 households including 88 PAP), and (iii) facilities and attachmenits which include electricity poles, trees and sandy (unsealed) roads. No permanent institutional or commercial buildings are affected in any city. A number of temporary shops, total floor area 13,264 m2 are affected temporarily. Overall, taking into account all the project affected villages, the average loss of land to each PAP following re-allocation of land in these villages is not considered significant. Section 5.3.1 summarised the major findinigs of the component RAPs. From the information contained in the full RAP, it can be concluded that although the project will have permanent and temporary land 9-5 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province impacts these are not considered to be significant as these are small parcels of land in comparison to total land areas in the village. For permanently affected land areas with the re-allocation of land in the villages land holding per capita is not expected to be reduced significantly due to the small portion of affected land. Compensation and income restoration measures are in place to ensure that PAPs livelihood does not deteriorate as a result of the project. Temporary land acquisition is predominantly in the road verges and therefore will not affect agricultural land. The affected road verges will be sealed and the area restored after construction. Period of disturbance for road verges is estimated to be about 2 months. Impacts on people affected by relocation is also expected to be insignificant as these people will be relocated to within the same village and they will have the option of either having their house rebuilt for them, or receiving cash compensation and rebuilding houses themselves. Compensation and income restoration measures for people affected by house relocation are discussed in greater detail in the RAP. The construction of wastewater collection should be combined with urban reformation and road construction in every possible way. It will be well organised, properly arranged, closely monitored and regularly managed. The earthwork must be piled between ditches and roads, and filled back in time. All the top pipeline holes and ditches must have distinct traffic signs and warning lights at night. The road sections within the range of 200m from the residential area should work only in the daytime. High noise equipment is forbidden at night and the working vehicles must limit the speed passing by living area. The exposed surface and the piled excavated soil should have watering and covering to minimise dust. It is necessary for vehicles transporting excess spoil to use covered trucks. The cement stations must fix enclosing structures. The construction unit should make efforts to protect sidewalk trees and vegetation. If ruined, they must replanted. The excess spoil will be carried away in short time and used in an approved manner. Disposal of excess material must be in approved and proper places, without occupying farnland or only little farmland, and actions taken to protect soil erosion and dust pollution. The Chengwu Paper Mill currently has inadequate wastewater treatment facilities that are causing significant surface water pollution downstream of the facility. During construction and commissioning of the new wastewater management facilities, the wastewater discharged could be exacerbated due to removal of the existing facilities before the new WwTW are completed. Interim measures to cut back production, provide wastewater holding facilities, etc are required to ensure that this construction does not worsen the existing pollution levels. This will be especially important in the dry season, so the construction activities should be coordinated to allow discharge of pollutants when more dilution water is available. The construction of the ocean outfall at the Rizhao WwTW will undoubtedly cause some negative impacts to the surrounding beaclhes and ocean resources. Coastal and marine biologists shDuld be consulted relative to necessary scheduling and other necessary mitigation measures to minimise these disturbances. This is especially crucial for reproduction periods of the fauna. 9-6 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province These potential construction phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details of mitigation measures, and a programme for monitoring the effective implementation of the measures, and the responsibility for the measures are summarised in Chapter 7. 9.4.2 Environmental Impacts, Operation Phase There are two categories of potential for raw sewage discharges. The first involves the concentrated discharge of raw sewage at the WwTW location prior to the WwTW being put into operation, and the second involves intermittent problems after the WwTW is commissioned. Relative to the WwTW scheduling, the WwTWs will be ready to treat sewage from new sewerage systems since they are all coordinated under the HRWPCP in Shandong Province. After operations begin, raw sewage overflows could occur because it is not considered cost-effective to provide either larger storage for these situations or alternative power supplies. The pump stations will be equipped with dual power supply sources as well as backup pumps for maintenance purposes. Raw sewage currently discharges to surface waters untreated. It is noted that the receiving streams in dry season will usually not meet the targeted Class III/IV surface water standards whether the WwTW operates or not. As such, the large cost to mitigate this situation is not deemed appropriate during the HRWPCP. For the Rizhao WwTW, although not a requirement under Chinese regulations and not contained in the Chinese EA, the AC recommends that a warning device te installed to sound in the harbour when the emergency outfall is utilised. There are large industrial contribution to the HRWPCP sewerage systems and WwTWs, and pre- treatment has been a problem in the project areas, as well as most of China. There is a possibility of industrial waste upsets to the sewerage systems and WwTWs but rigorous influent monitoring will be specified as well as operational plans to mitigate such problems. Most of the major industries discharge primarily organic wastes, which can overload the WwTW if not pre-treated adequately, but are less harmful than industries discharging heavy metals or toxic substances to the biological process. The WwTWs must rigorously monitor the inlet industrial wastewater and record the monitoring results. The local EPB sectors should coordinate with the WwTWs to persuade the related enterprises to pre-treat the wastewater, meeting the "Overall Wastewater Discharge Standards" (GB8978-1996), the Class III in the pollutant discharge standards for the related industrial enterprises and the "Discharge Water Quality into Urban Sewerage" (CJ18-86), otherwise, they should not be allowed to discharge into the WwTW. Noise modelling conducted by SIEP indicates that the noise of daytime and night-time in Rizhao and Heze WwTWs does not exceed the nornal value, and satisfied with the requirements of the second class of standards in GB12348-90. The analogy investigation was taken in the environment evaluation of Feicheng WwTW. Because the north boundary of the WwTW is close to the main road between Taian and Linyi, the ambient noise already exceeds standards. Because the distance between sludge dehydration room and the west boundary of the factory is above 200m and inside 80m from the east and south boundary there are no noise source, the values of the west, east and south boundaries do not exceed the normal values. The measured values of Damazhuang village, which is 200m from the north boundary of Heze WwTW, and Xifu village, which is 200m from the northeast boundary of Feicheng WwTW, do not 9-7 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province exceed the standard values. Because the distance is longer, the noise values of the two villages will not exceed the standards after the engineering is constructed. A noise forecast of Chengwu county paper manufacturing factory was also made. From the ichnography of the factory, the project will influence the west boundary of the factory. The present monitored values of the west boundary are 55.3dB(A) in daytime and 45.6dB(A) in the night-time, and the new added value is 48dB(A); the superposition values are 56.2dB(A) in daytime and 49.8dB(A) in the niglht-time. The superposition values do not exceed the standards. Because the east boundary in the north and south region is closed to Liao-shang road, the present measured values exceed the standards. After the project is constructed, except the two boundaries, the other boundaries do not exceed the standards. Offensive odours generated in the operational phase of the WwTWs emit in the form of plane source. Since offensive odours are emitted from ground sources, an inversion layer close to the ground can affect diffusion in the air. SIEP did some worse-case scenario modelling of the potential odour from the WwTWs based on existing WwTW data. The model was the equation of hygiene protection distance of wastewater plant. The calculation of hygiene protection distance adopts the equation recommended in The Technical Method to Work Out Local Air Pollutant Discharging Standard. (QB/Tl3201-91). SIEP calculated the hygiene protection distances in this phase of project in Rizhao, Haze and 'Feicheng WwTWs at 61.3m, 127.9m, 101.2m respectively. According to GB/T13201-91, when hygiene protection distance is within 100m, the level difference is 50m. when distance is over IOOm, the level difference is 200m. So SIEP detennined the hygiene protection distance of Rizhao, Heze and Feicheng WwTWs at 100m, 200m and 200m respectively. Because three WwTWs will extend in 2010 or so, the 100m distance in Rizhao can't satisfy the needs in 2010. SIEP believe the odour hygiene protection distance in Rizhao should be adjusted to 200m (to consider the extend project in Heze and Feicheng plants to be two times, 200m can still satisfy the need). As such, the hygiene protection distance in Heze, Feicheng and Rizhao WwTWs were set by SIEP at 200m. There is no residential area and other sensitive targets in the scope of 200m outside the Heze plant border. The nearest village to the plant is Mazhuang, which is to the northwest of the plant, the shortest distance is 200m. We should restrict Mazhuang to extend to southeast in future. There is no residential area in the scope of 200m outside the Feicheng plant border. The nearest village is Xifu village to the northeast the shortest distance is 200m. In future, Xifu residential area should be restricted to extend to southwest. Other measures were suggested by SIEP to minimise potential odour problems as follows: 1. Strengthen virescence. 2. Strengthen management to the odour source. 3. Reasonable facility layout. 4. Land use layout should be reasonable. 5. Safety management. SIEP perforned ani analysis of ambient air quality potential impacts for SO2 and TSP from the proposed Chengwu Paper Mill project. This evaluation chose representative places to evaluate Chengwu county's environmental atmosphere quality impact. The average concentration/year of SO2 is 0.002mg/M3; TSP, 0.00 Img/M3, not exceeding the standard. Environmental atmosphere quality is 9-8 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province fairly good in the evaluation area. The proposed Chengwu project can keep the atmosphere pollutants discharging according to the standard, and doesn't affect the atmosphere quality seriously. So the project is feasible. Treated effluent will constitute a pollution source and impact on the receiving streams locally and for several km downstream. This condition is also aggravated by the fact that raw and treated wastewater makes up much of the surface water flow during the dry season. The treated effluent from HRWPCP WwTWs will cause an impact but the overall river condition will improve due to a reduction in total organic loading. Chapter 5.2.6 demonstrated that downstream water quality would be greatly improved by implementation of the HRWPCP sewerage systems and WwTWs. Although there is insufficient data to determine the exact conditions or mixing zone at the outfalls from the WwTWs, the impact of treated effluent to receiving streams (with little baseflow in the dry season) is undoubtedly better than before implementation of the HRWPCP. The sludge of the WwTWs is made up of the combination of deposits and biological sludge (surplus sludge). The volume averages about 0.5%-1% of the wastewater. The quantity of solid waste from each HRWPCP project was estimated by SIEP as follows: Rizhao: 75t/d solid waste Heze: 64t/d solid waste Feicheng: 24.8t/d solid waste Chengwu: 134t/d solid waste, 50tId white sludge, 3.9t/d slag, 7t/d dregs According to the research report of feasibility of each HRWPCP project, the disposing plan of solid waste will be as follows: * Rizhao- sludge cake, stabilised with lime, to Dashawa tree farm (778.7 ha), as fertilizer * Heze- sludge to landfill at Liuzhai rubbish farm, which is opened in Oct. 1999 and of 5OOt/d scale, and bury them. * Feicheng- sludge to Niushan tree farm, of 1,721.9 ha, as fertiliser * Chengwu- bury the white sludge, polluted sludge and slag. There are three burying farms, namely Xi kiln farm, Zhangshidian kiln farm and Bei kiln farm, of which the total area is 200 thousand m3. SIEP has obtained and provided copies of letters of commitment from all the proposed wastewater companies and the operators of the landfills and tree farms that states that the sludge can be disposed of as planned, and the charging system has been completed. The HRWPCP proposed plans have the sludge fertilising trees in Rizhao and Feicheng, because its heavy metal content is lower than the fertilising standard of grain plants. The sludge is fertilized on the same of treatment. It's buried in ditch. This plan is suitable, but the eartlh environment content and accumulation of heavy metal be paid attention. The fertilising quality should be controlled and 9-9 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province less than 1000kg/Mu year (dry sludge). The environment protection department should check the earth heavy metal content and health standard to utilise sludge reasonably. The sludge in Heze buried in Liuzhai refuse landfill that opened in October of 1999. Heze City Liuzhai sanitation treatment place lies in northwest of Heze urban area, the distance is approximate 10Km, its occupation of land is 280mu. It uses sanitary landfill method, can treats 500 ton waste every day, has the capability to fill the sludge of Heze WwTW. In order to avoid secondary pollution, the strict management and working routine are needed in the processing of filling the sludge in this assessment. Filling place of white mud, sludge from Chengwu sub-project are the earth-getting pits of three brick kilns, total area of three pits is about 200,000m2, average depth is 6m, total quantity, 1,200,000m3. The silt seam and clay are interval in 15m underground at three brick fields. The clay can obstruct element of white slimes, protecting the groundwater from contamination. To prevent from permeating to the underground, the bottom of the storing place adopt composite geomembrane, half of revetment around the place adopts composite geomembrane to prevent permeating. The filling of white mud and sludge is constructed separately according to 2mx2m cells. -Lbservation of centralised WwTW in other Chinese cities would indicate that operation and maintenance (O&M) could be a problem. The design of the HRWPCP WwTWs has taken simplicity of operation into account but mitigation monitoring will need to insure that the wastewater company does not try to save operational costs by cutting back on power consumption for aeration, sludge digestion and processing, etc. The operation of the WwTWs should have incentives based on WwTW performance rather than minimising the cost of operations, so that management is keyed to ensuring proper WwTW performance. Likewise, the enforcement of discharge standards at the Chengwu Paper Mill will provide the most direct tool to ensure proper operation of the new industrial WwTW. According to the designed outlet water quality of the HRWPCP WwTWs, the purified wastewater is not suitable for water supply of drinkable water. In line with the present economical conditions and the existing water sources of Shandong Province cities, it is not economical to use the purified wastewater for industry and watering trees. The purified wastewater is only fit for irrigating farmland. Ocean Outfall at Rizhao These potential operation phase impacts are relatively minor and easily mitigated. Details of impacts are given in Chapter 5. Details of mitigation measures, monitoring program and responsibilities are given in Chapter 7. 9.5 Total Water Pollutants Removed Table 9.1 provided the SIEP estimates of COD reductions associated with HRWPCP projects. From Table 9.2, we can see the advanced action to water quality of rivers draining for tail water after finislhed each sub-project. 9-10 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 9.2: COD forecast results of Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu River COD COD River Section Water period density density after Cutting Cutting fihing finishing .D ratio (%) project project density Down stream Zhushui 2000m to the tail Low water period 94.0 36.0 58.0 61.7 water draining outlet Upstream 100m to Low water period 137.2 63.7 73.5 53.6 Kangwang junction with Huai Flood period 63.6 26.0 37.6 59.1 river Normal water period 117.4 51.9 65.5 55.8 Low water period 660.9 130.6 530.3 80.2 Dongyu Zhangzhuang Flood period 85.8 46.3 39.5 46.0 Normal water period 103.4 44.3 59.1 57.1 From Table 9.3, it can be seen that the COD quantity to the river for near the proposed WwTWs can be. greatly reduced by the HRWPCP projects. The low water period of Zhushui River can reach standard of class V and the flood period of Kangwang River can reach class IV. nut each water period of the other rivers can't reach the requirement of class V, although it can satisfy the water quality requirement of farmland irrigation. (water farming : COD<200 g/l, dry farming: COD<300 g/l, vegetable COD<1 50mg/L). Table 9.3: Water Quality Situation of Zhushui, Kangwang ,Dongyu River after finishing the HRWPCP Projects COD COD value of River Section Water period concentration standard Sineft (mg/1) (mg/I) epnn Down stream 2000m Zhushui to the tail water Low water period 36.0 40 0.9 draining outlet Low water period 63.7 30 2.1 Kangwang Upstream 100m to Low Flood period 26.0 30 0.9 ji Normal water period 51.9 30 1.7 Low water period 130.6 30 4.3 Dongyu Zhangzhuang Flood period 46.3 30 1.5 I______________________Normal water period 44.3 30 1.5 Using the hydrological parameter offered by related river and COD cutting constant, SIEP forecasted the COD's contributive concentration and cutting concentration at control section of related river before and after finishing each sub-project. The results are shown in Table 9.4. 9-11 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 9.4: Forecast Result of Water Quality Improvement to the Control Section of Related River Unit: mg/I COD's contributive concentration COD cutting River Section Water period C c concentration after Before finishing After finishing treating the project project wastewater Low water 31.5 7.6 23.9 period Shu Xiazhuang Flood period 6.1 1.5 4.6 Normal water 18.9 4.5 14.4 period 18.9 4.5_14.4 Low water 35.5 12.1 23.4 period Zhuzhaoxin Yulou Flood period 14.3 4.9 9.4 Normal water 23.8 8.1 15.7 period Low water 15.5 7.2 8.3 period Daqing Wangtai bridge Flood period 1.2 0.5 0.7 Normal water 14.9 6.6 8.3 period 14_9_6_6_8_3 Low water 493.1 115.9 377.2 Reriod - -Dongyu Xuzhai brake Flood period 31.9 6.1 25.8 Normal water 92.3 16.5 75.8 period From Table 9.4, the control section's water quality of related river can be improved in different degrees after each WwTW and Chengwu sub-project are finished . Especially after alkali recovery, mid-piece water treatment plant of Chengwu paper mill has been put into operation, the mill's wastewater effluent can reach the standards completely. It improves the water quality of Dongyu River (Xuzhai brake section) extremely. In the second place, water quality of Shu River (Xiazhuang section) and Zhuzhaoxin River (Yulou section) can be improved in different degree after finishing WwTW matching to waste pipe network of Ju county and Heze WwTW. Because of the longer distance (approximate 100km) between Feicheng WwTW and Wangtai bridge section of Daqing River and less ratio of water quantity treated by works to flux of Daqing River, it is limited to improve the water quality of Daqing River after finishing the project. The discharge quantity of CODCr meets requirement of Total Quantity Control index made by local government. Furthermore, the quantity of SO2 and smoke dust emitted by oil-burning boiler of Heze wastewater treatment plant, boiler and alkali retrieval boiler of Chengwu paper mill also meets the index. After the project being carried out, the actual reduced quantity of CODC, is 4.82 to 1.92 times compared with the planned reduced quantity. Total reduced quantity of CODC,r in project area accounts for 46.9% of total reduced quantity which meets Total Quantity Control target in 2000 in Huai river of Shandong province. So the construction of project would play an active role in reaching the target of Total Quantity Control in Huai river Basin of Shandong province. However, the HRWPCP project cannot attain the total control indicators on its own in the short-term, and significant additional investment is required for both point and non-point source pollution to allow the Shandong river reaches to meet the water quality targets. 9-12 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 9.6 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan A special environmental management unit will be set, responsible for the whole environmental protection in the operating period of all the sub-projects, and regularly submitting the environmental monitoring results and environmental management. Each WwTW needs to establish an environmental management unit headed by a vice director or general engineer. (The environmental management of the wastewater drainage projects will be guided under the environmental division set in the project legal unit.) All the WwTWs should set an individual environmental protection section and fix necessary staff, responsible for the environmental protection. On the basis of the water quality analysis laboratory, each WwTW can set up an environmental monitoring unit with 3-5 persons and relevant equipment, responsible for monitoring inlet and outlet water quality, boundary and pump station noise, and main foul smell sources and boundary foul smell. The local level environmental monitoring station is in charge of the atmosphere environment and the water quality outside the WwTW. During the construction period, the local environmental division is responsible for the environmental management, and the local environmental monitoring station is in charge of the environmental -monitoring. The Environmental Monitoring Plan contains a definitive budget for the mitigation monitoring program in both the construction and initial operation phases of the project. An Annual Environmental Quality Report will be compiled each January that will summarise the results of the mitigation and monitoring programs. This report will be distributed to the relevant local officials and be sent to the World Bank for review. 9.7 SIEP Suggestions SIEP made the following suggestions relative to implementing the HRWPCP projects in Shandong Province: 1. Main plants of discharging pollutants in the service scope of WwTW should enhance spot pollution source control. The concentration of wastewater discharge should attain the standard of accepting water of WwTW. 2. The sludge treatment method of compost or making compound fertiliser should be further demonstrated in order to improve the benefit of WwTW. 3. Other cities in Huai River Basin of Shandong province should build WwTWs as soon as possible. 4. Tertiary wastewater treatment equipment should be constructed in order to improve treatment effect when the economic conditions allow. Tertiary wastewater treatment provides positive condition of reusing wastewater. 5. It is suggested that secondary biochemical treatnent technique should be adopted whien the second phase of construction of Rizhao WwTW is being carried out. 9-13 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 6. Special design of treatment field should be made for the white mud and sludge being treated in Chengwu subproject. 9.8 Conclusions and Recommendations 1. The environmental conditions are serious and the environmental infrastructure needs of Shandong Province are high, and expanding rapidly. 2. The HRWPCP projects have emerged from a basin-wide prioritisation process, are well formulated, and have detailed and complete preliminary designs and cost estimates. 3. There is good public support for the projects based on meetings in the project cities and public opinion surveys. 4. The proposed projects can meet financial and economic tests of sustainability and are affordable to the local citizens. 5. Social impacts, consisting mainly of land acquisition and resettlement, are addressed by a detailed RAP, and, in any case, are not significantly adverse, 6. The potential environmental benefits of the Phase HRWPCP projects are large, as reported in the previous sections. However, there are significant additional point and non-point water quality controls necessary, along with hydrologic needs to maintain minimum stream-flows, before the WPCP goals can be realised in the Province. 7. Potential construction and operational phase impacts of the proposed HRWPCP projects have been adequately assessed and no major issues have been identified. Detailed mitigation and monitoring procedures have been prepared which should adequately lessen the overall effect of these potential impacts. Monitoring costs have been included for this work and assignments detailed. 8. The recommendations included herein by the Shandong Research and Design Institute are rational and should be considered in the design and construction of these projects. These recommendations included: (a) Main plants of discharging pollutants in the service scope of WwTW should enhance spot pollution source control. The concentration of wastewater discharge should attain the standard of accepting water of WwTW. (b) The sludge treatment method of compost or making compound fertilizer should be further demonstrated in order to improve the benefit of WwTW. (c) Other cities in Huai River Basin of Shandong province should build WwTWs as soon as possible. (d) Tertiary wastewater treatment equipment should be constructed in order to improve treatment effect when the economic conditions allow. Tertiary wastewater treatment provides positive condition of reusing wastewater. 9-14 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province (e) It is suggested that secondary biochemical treatment technique should be adopted when the second phase of construction of Rizhao WwTW is being carried out. (f) Special design of treatment field should be made for the white mud and sludge being treated in Chengwu subproject. 9. The overall conclusion is that the potential positive impacts are large, the potential negative construction and operation impacts can be successfully mitigated, and the projects contain no serious problems or "fatal flaws" in its formulation. The project components are essentially environmentally positive and should be approved. 9-15 August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Appendix 1 SIEP Inland Surface Water Quality Assessment August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Appendix 1 SIEP Inland Surface Water Quality Assessment (Sections 5.1 and 6.1 of SIEP EA, text translated by SIEP) 5.1 Current Situation and Assessment on Surface Water Environment 5.1.1.1 Current Situation Monitoring and Assessment on Surface Water in Each Subproject The details of monitoring section of current situation of surface water see Table 5.1.1. The location of each monitoring section see Figure 5.1.1 to 5.1.4. 5.1.1.2 Monitoring Items Monitoring items include pH, CODcr and BOD5. 5.1.1.3 Monitoring Time and Frequency Details see table 5.1.2. 5.1.1.4 Statistics of Monitoring Results Details see table 5.1.3. 5.1.1.5 Assessment Standard Quality Standard of Surface Water Environment (GHZB 1-1999) was adopted in assessment, of which V standard was adopted in the assessment of Ju county and Heze district subproject and IV standard in the assessment of Feicheng and Chengwu subproject. The details of standard see Table 5 5.1.1.6 Assessment Method Single Factor Index method was adopted in assessment. The formula is below. When pH1 < 7, 7.0 - pH1 pHz = 7.0- pHsd When pH, >7, pH, - 7.0, pHz = pHsu -7.0 where, pHz indicates pH pollution index, pH1 indicates the result in thei monitoring spot, pHsd indicates the minimum value of standard, pH,, indicates the maximum value of standard. For other assessment factor, the formula is: Pi = Qi / CO; Where, Pi indicates the percentage of pollutants, C, indicates monitoring value of the i pollution factor, C01 indicates standard value of the i pollution factor. 5.1.1.7 Assessment Result of Current Situation Details see also table 5. 1.5. Al-l July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.1.1 Conditions of Monitoring Section of Surface Water Project No. Location Names of river Meaning of the section ] # Huanghuagou Liuqing river 2# Lingyangqiao Shu river Waste water 3# Luzhuang Shu river Mixing section pipe network - in Ju county 4# Dongwangtuan Shu river Attenuation section 5# Xixinhe Zhiliu river 6# Dingjiacun Shu river 1# South drainage mouth Waste water ditch 2# Entrance to Zhushui river Zhushui river Heze waste 3# Zhushui bridge near Renmin road Zhushui river water - Drainage mouth at waste water processing 4#~ Zhushui river plant processing plant 2000m low reaches of drainage Zhushui river mouth 500m low reaches of drainage Kangwang river Mixing section mouth I OOm upper reaches of the To understand current situation of 2# bounded point between kangwang Kangwang river . _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~water quality of Kangwang river and longshan river 1 OOm upper reaches of the To understand current situation of 3# ~~~~~~~~~Longshan iver Feicheng bounded point water quality of Longshan river waste 500m low reaches of the bounded To master current situation of water 4# ~~~~~~~~~Kangwang river water point Kangwang.river quality after two rivers meet processing lOOm upper reaches of the To master current situation of water plant 5# bounded point between Wuming river Kangwang and Wuming river 500m low reaches of the bounded To master current situation of water 64 Kangwang river point quality after two rivers meet I OOm upper reaches of bounded To master current situation of water 7# point between Kangwang and Hui Kangwang river quality of Kangwang river at the river boundary of county To master water quality of upper I# ~~~Tianlou Dongyu river reaches of Dongyu river Main waste water drainage mouth To master quantity and quality of 2# of paper mill waste water of paper mill Chengwu To master quantity and quality of 3# Branch river subproject waste water of branch 4# Wangshuanglou Dongyu river To master water quality 5# Nor-th branch of Dongyu river North branch of To master quantity and quality of Dongyu river waste water of branch 6# Zhangzhuang Dongyu river To master attenuation pattern Note: The data of EA report of paper mill in Ju county was adopted Al-2 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.1.2 Monitoring items, time and frequency of current situation of surface water Project Item Monitoring time and frequency Remarks Four water samples was collected in March, At the same time, the Wastewater pipe PHunty ODe 1999(in two days with one in the morning discharge and current and one in the aftemnoon) velocity were measured. At the same time, the Heze wastewater PH CODcr Two water samples was collected in April, dhe and curent processing plant BODs 2000(in two days) velciwre measured. velocity were measured. At the same time, the Feicheng wastewater PH CODcr Two water samples was collected in Feb., dhe and curent discharge and current processing plant BOD5 2000(in two days) velocity were measured. Four water samples was collected in August, At the same time, the Chengwu subproject BOD, 1999(in two days with one in the morning discharge and current and one in the afternoon) velocity were measured. Table 5.1.3 Monitoring result of current situation of surface water Project Section pH CODC, (mg/l) BODs (mg/I) Current velocity (m3/s) 1# 7.63 242 54.0 5.4 Wastewaterpipe 24 8.02 20.4 1.39 1.3 network in Ju county 3# 7.68 213 25.0 6.9 44 7.61 182 22.2 7.1 5# 7.66 18.9 1.96 0.2 64 7.79 151 17.7 7.4 14 8.08 131 50.9 ._ 2# 7.60 514.5 205.5 Heze wastewater 34 7.68 521 141 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ processing plant 4# 7.30 908 294 0.51 5# 7.36 1163 101.5 0.44 14 8.28 141.3 50.5 0.373 24 8.26 221.0 55.3 0.153 Feicheng wastewater 3# 8.05 105.5 48.7 0.244 processing plant 4# 8.29 145.6 51.2 0.385 5# 7.89 15.0 4.27 0.170 64 8.32 103.8 38.1 0.523 7# 8.34 94.6 34.4 0.509 1# 8.74 23 3.44 0.103 2# 7.30 2015 586.7 0.200 3# 7.84 107 13.5 0.014 Chengwu subproj'ect _~ 4# 7.10 1290 370 0.305 5# | Stopping _ 64 6.84 1271 385 0.299 A 1-3 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.1.4 Assessment standard Unit (mg/I) except pH PH CODcr BOD5 NH4-H GHZBI-1999 6.5-8.5 < 30 < 6 < 1.0 GHZBI-1999 6-9 (40 < 10 < 1.5 For other assessment factor, the formula is: I = Q, / C0, Where, I indicates the percentage of pollutants, Ci indicates monitoring value of the i pollution factor, C0, indicates standard value of the i pollution factor. Table 5.1.5 Monitoring result of current situation of surface water Project Section PH CODcr BOD5 Project 1# 0.32 6.05 5.40 Wastewater pipe 2# 0.51 0.51 0.14 network in Ju 3# 0.34 5.33 - 2.50 county 4# 0.31 4.55 2.22 - s# 0.33 0.47 0.20 6# 0.40 3.78 1.77 1# 0.54 3.28 5.09 2# 0.30 12.86 20.55 Heze wastewater 3# 0.32 13.03 14.10 processing plant 4# 0.15 22.70 29.40 5# 0.18 29.08 40.15 1# 0.85 4.71 8.42 24 0.84 7.37 9.22 Feicheng 3# 0.71 3.52 8.12 wastewater 4# 0.86 4.85 8.53 processing plant 5# 0.60 0.50 0.71 64 0.88 3.46 6.35 7# 0.90 3.15 5.73 1I# I1.16 0.77 0.57 2#* 0.15 4.55 5.92 Chengwu 3# 0.56 3.57 2.25 subproject 44 0.07 43.00 61.67 6# 0.32 42.37 64.17 5.1.1.8 Assessment of Current Situation Monitoring of Surface Water In table 5.1.5, each index of Lingyangqiao section (2#) in Shu river and Xixinhe section (5#) in Xixin river does not exceed standard value, which shows that water quality of Shu river in Ju county and Xinxii river keeps better. In the section of Dingjiaocun(6#) showing the pollution situation of Shu Al-4 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province river after accepting the water from Yuni river, the value of CODC, and BOD5 exceeds standard value with 2.78 and 0.77 times respectively, which indicates that the main reason polluting Shu river in Ju county is the waste water from Yuni river. The pH value in each monitoring section of Zhushui river does not exceed the standard value. However, the value of CODcr and BOD5 exceeds the standard value seriously with the times of 28.08 and 39.15 caused by the waste water from Heze papermaking mill. The pH value in each monitoring section of Kangwang river does not exceed the standard value. the value of COD,r and BOD5 exceeds the standard value except Wuming section(5#). In the low reaches of Kangwang river, the value of CODcr and BOD5 of the 7# section exceed the standard value with times of 2.15 and 4.73 respectively. The value of CODC, and BOD5 of upper reaches of Dongyu river(1#) meets category IV of Surface Water Quality Standard except pH value exceeding the standard value. During the period of monitoring, the value of COD,r and BODs exceeds the standard value with the times of 41.37 and 63.17 respectively after the waste water from Chengwu papaermaking mill entered. That is to say the water body has been polluted seriously. 5.1.2 Current Situation and Assessment of Rivers Concerned with Each Subproject 5.2.2.1 Monitoring Section Monitoring sections of rivers concerning each subproject including routine sectioru and total control section are chosen. Details see Table 5.1.6 and Figure 2.7.2. Table 5.1.6 Discharge Direction of Each Subproject and Monitoring Situation of Corresponding Section No Project Discharge river Discharge direction Routine monitoring Section in Total section in provincia Quantity Control control I Waste water pipe Yuni river Yuni river- Liuqing Dingjiacun (Shu Xiazhuang network in Ju couty river- Shu river river)* (Shu river) 2 Waste water Zhushui river Zhushui Xincheng(Zhu- Yulou tretment plant in river - Zhuzhaoxin zhaoxin river) (Zhuzhaoxin river) Heze city river - Nansi lake(Nanyang lake) 3 Waste water Kangwang river Kangwang Wantaidaqiao tretment plant in river - Hui (Daqing river) Feicheng city river - Daqing river - Dongping lake 4 Subproject in Dongyu river Dongyu Zhangzhuang Xuzhaizha Chengwu county river - Nansi (Dongyu river) (Dongyu river) lake(Dushan lake) * stands for routine monitoring section in county level. 5.1.2.2 Monitoring Variable and Time pH, NH4-NCODcr and BOD5 are clhosen as monitoring variable by collecting routine monitoring data of section in provincial and county level from 1996-1998 and only CODcr is clhosen in total quantity section in provincial level. 5.1.2.3 Statistics of Monitoring Result Details see Table 5.1.7. Al-5 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.1.2.4 Assessment Standard Category IV of Environmental Quality Standard for Surface Water (GHZBI-1999) is adopted as assessment standard except that category V is chosen in Dingjiacun section of Shu river. Details see Table 5.1.4. 5.1.2.6 Assessment Result Details see Table 5.1.8 and 5.1.9. Table 5.1.7 Monitoring Result of Routine Monitoring Section Concerning Projects Unit:mg/l (except pH) Name of Year Water neriod PH MCDr BOD NH.-N 6.92 364.0 3.45 1996 .6.2 66.9 1.45 6.58 79.12. 7.08 208.0 1997 6.51 48.3 6.81 154.7 6.80 507.00 1998 6.90 8.82 0.78 6.72 72.00 7 53 1,3 __LU f 4 1_2_ 0,25 _ 1996 8.46 104.00 41.10 3.90 8.11 53.43 10.12 1.68 7.87 54.25 8,52 0.26 1997 76 208.00 79.30 0.07 8.02 46.90 3.58 0.12 8.22 100,0 15.24 1998 752_ 037.30 3.48 8.05 63.9 21.91 0.21 7.88 112.50 16.25 1996 8.19 1 74.45 9.84 1.34 8.16 3 8.98 3.99 4.77 _ - 2 4- 7.5 1.f59 6.95 1997 7.53 56.60 4.56 1.18 7.94 42.55 6.51 8.37 7.96 77,15 7.84 -8,78 1998 7.71 64.78 5.80 4.61 7.20 75.50 3.21 1.30 7.78 43.00 8. 028 1996 8.04 99.91 79.34 0.9 8.24 109.00 99.20 1.43 19977 8.00 80.10 38.45 0.11 8.50 482.50 192.35 0.08 8.14 ~85.9 5011 1998 81 103.5 47.60.4 8.30 uy 20 23.9 0.87 A]-6 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.1.8 Assessment Result of Routine Section Concerned with this Project Period of Section Year water PH CODCr BOD5 NH4-N name quantity . Dry 0.1 9.1 2.3 1996 Abundant 0.9 1.7 1.0 Normal 0.4 2.0 1.6 Dry 0.1 5.2 Dingjiacun 1997 Abundant 0.5 1.2 Normal 0.2 3.9 Dry 0.2 12.7 1998 Abundant 0.1 0.2 0.5 Normal 0.3 1.8 Dry 0.3 0.6 0.2 0.3 1996 Abundant 1.0 3.5 6.9 3.9 Nornal 0.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 Dry 0.6 1.8 1.4 0.3 Xincheng 1997 Abundant 0.4 6.9 13.2 0.1 Norrnal 0.7 1.5 0.6 0.1 Dry 0.8 3.3 2.5 8.0 1998 Abundant 0.3 5.1 6.2 3.5 Normnal 0.7 2.1 3.7 0.2 Dry 0.6 3.8 2.7 18.8 1996 Abundant 0.8 2.5 1.6 1.3 Normal 0.8 1.3 0.7 4.8 Dry 0.8 2.6 1.9 7.0 Wangtaida- 1997 Abundant 0.4 1.9 0.8 1.2 qiao Normal 0.6 1.4 1.1 8.4 Dry 0.6 2.6 1.3 8.8 1998 Abundant 0.5 2.2 1.0 4.6 Normal 0.1 1.2 0.5 1.3 Dry 0.5 1.4 1.4 0.3 1996 Abundant 0.7 3.3 2.6 0.9 Normal 0.8 3.6 3.3 1.4 Dry 0.7 2.7 1.3 0.1 Zhangzhu- 1997 Current velocity =0 ang Normal 1.0 16.1 6.4 0.1 Dry 0.8 5.7 7.5 1.1 1998 Abundant 0.8 3.5 4.6 0.5 Normal 0.9 7.9 4.0 0.9 Al-7 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.1.2.7 Related Rivers sections monitoring Assessment From Table 5.1.8, PH of Shuhe Jingjiacun Section reaches the standard of V. Except in 1998, rich water period reaches standard, CODcr from 1996 to 1998, water period is over standard. Times are 0.2-11.7. In 1996, ammonia and nitrogen are over standard. Rich water period reaches the standard in 1998. From table 5.1.9, Shu River xiazhuang section except that CODcr of July, September, October, 1998, reaches the standard, the other months and 1999 exceed the V standard. Exceeding times in 1998, 1999 are 3.87, 3.78. From Table 5.1.8, Zhuzhaoxin River new city section reaches IV standard, CODcr exceeds standard 0.5-5.9 times except low water period of 1996 reaches the standard. BOD5 exceeds standard 0.4- 12.2 times except that it reaches standard in low-water period of 1996, normal water period of 1997. Ammonia and nitrogen exceed standard 0.4-12.2 times except that it reaches standard in low water period of 1996, normal water period of 1997. Ammonia and nitrogen exceed standard 0.7-7.0 times in normal and rich water period of 1996, low and rich water period of 1998. In the other years, they reach the standard. From table 5.1.9, in Zhuzhaoxin river Yulou section, CODcr exceeds the standard 3.59 and 3.79 times in 1998 and 1999 except that in October, 1998, it reaches IV standard. From table 5.1.8, PH of Daqing River wangtai Bridge section reaches the IV standard. CODcr exceeds standard 0.2-2.8 times; BOD5 exceeds standard 0.1-11.7 times except that normal level period in 1996, rich level period in 1997, rich lever period, normal level period in 1998. Ammonia and nitrogen exceed standard 0.2-17.8 times. From table 5.1.8, PH of Dongyu River Zhangzhuang section reaches IV standard. CODcr exceeds s'tandard 0.4-15.1 times. BOD5 exceeds standard 0.3-6.5 times. Ammonia and nitrogen exceed the standard 0.4 and 0.1 times in normal water period of 1996 and low water period of 1998. In other years, they reach the standard: From table 5.1.9 CODcr Dongyu River Xuzhaizha section exceeds TV standard 15.32 and 3.35 times in 1999 and 1998 except May, November when it reaches the standard. 6.1 The Environmental Impacts of Surface Water Forecast 6.1.1 Forecasting Contents The environmental impacts of surface water forecast includes two aspects: 6.1.1.1 Impact Forecast for Water-body Quality of Zhushui River, Kangwang River and Dongyu River after Finishing Heze Sewage Treatment Plant Project, Feicheng Sewage Treatment Plant project and Chengwu Sub-project 6.1.1.2 Improvement Degree of Water Quality Forecast at four sections, Yulou of Zhuzhaoxin River, Wangtai Bridge of Daqing River, Xuzhai Brake of Dongyu River and Xiazhuang of Shu River after finishing Ju County sewage pipe network project matching to sewage treatment plant and three projects above. The conditions of related four sections are shown in Table 6.1.1. Table 6.1.1 Conditions of Control Sections Related to Projects NamTie of control Distance between port of waste Project section Name of river discharge and control section(km) Ju County sewage pipe Xiazhuang Shu River 23 network River 23 Heze sewage treatment Yulou Zhuzhaoxin River 70 plant Feicheng sewage treatment Wangtai bridge Daqing River 100 plant I Chengwu sub-project Xuzhai brake Dongyu River 38 A1-8 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 6.1.2 Forecast Factor Forecast factor of surface water is CODcr. 6.1.3 Forecast Models The improvement degree of water quality forecast at the main sections in related river in this environmental Assessment, will be adopted completely mixing model, single dimension stable state attenuation model, and black box model for forecasting according to the condition respectively. Following are the specific forecast models: 6.1.3.lCompletely Mixing Model C=(CpQp+ChQh)/(Qp+Qh) Where: C----- average density of forecast section, mg/L; Cp---- draining density of pollutants, mg/L; Ch---- present pollutants density of the rivers, mg/L; Qp---- draining volume of waste water, m3/s; Qh---- delivery of the rivers, m3/s 6.1.3.20ne Dimension Stable Attenuation Model. C=Coexp() Where: C----- pollutants density at forecast section, mg/L; Co---- pollutant density at the beginning section, mg/L; u------ average current speed at the section, m/s; x------ distance from the beginning to the forecast section, m; K----- attenuation coefficient, l/d. 6.1.3.3 Black Box Model C=K Co Where: C------ pollutant density at the beginning section, mg/L; Co----- general coefficient of the black box; K------ pollutant density at forecast section, mg/L. 6.1.4 River' s Hydrographic Parameter The rivers, which tail water of each project draining into, and their related hydrographic parameter are shown in Table 6.1.2. A1-9 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 6.1.2 H droloy Parameter of Rivers Delivery Current River water Project River Water period Del speed(m/s) width depth Remark (m3/s) ~~~(in) (in) Low water period 0.72 0.12 40 0.15 River for Yuni River Flood period 0.90 0.15 40 0.15 draining Ju Normnal water into County N eriod 0.80 0.13 40 0.15 sewage Low water pnpetwo period 6.35 0.45 70 0.20 Shu River Flood period 32.91 0.71 77 0.60 river Normnal water Normal water 11.40 1.02 74 0.15 Zhushui Low water River for River period 1.16 0.15 16 0.5 draining Heze into sewage Low water 2.46 0.010 171 1.44 treatment Zhuzhaoxi periodRelated plant n River Flood period 6.11 0.029 170 1.23 Rer _ . ~~~n River river Normal water period 3.66 0.014 172 1.52 Low water period ~0.54 0.15 12 0.30 Riefo Kangwang Flood period 0.64 0.16 12 0.33 draining Feicheng Normal water into sewage period 1.09 0.22 13 0.38 treatment Low water plant period 3.40 0.07 69 0.70 DRaivng Flood period 46.92 0.66 85 0.84 river Normal water .period 3.75 0.06 78 0.80 Low water Chengwu Do period 0.58 0.25 15 0.15 River for sub- ongyu Flood period 8.44 0.81 30 0.35 draining project Normal water into period 5.40 0.41 26 0.50 6.1.5 Confirmation of Attenuation Coefficient COD According to the data from the environmental assessment statements of each sub-project, reference to hydrographic data year after year and routine COD mornitoring data, the related rivers' attenuation coefficient COD was confirmed as shown in Table 6.1.3. Table 6.1.3 COD Attenuation Coefficient ater period Low water period Flood period Normal water period River Shu River 0.6567 0.8843 1.3682 Zhushui River 0.41 Kangwang River 0.063 0.26 0.063 Dongyu River 0.06 0.20 0.10 Al-]0 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 6.1.6 Designed Water Quantity and Quality for Sewage Treatment Plants Designed water quantity and quality for sewage treatment plants of each project (include Chengwu paper mill) are shown in Table 6.1.4. 6.1.7 Forecast Results and Assessment 6.1.7.1 impact forecast to water quality of rivers for draining into Forecast results to water quality (COD) of rivers for draining into (Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu river), which impacted by the tail water, draining after treated by Heze, Feicheng sewage treatment plants and Chengwu sub-project (alkali recovery, midpiece water treatment plant), is shown in Table 6.1.5. From Table 6.1.5, we can see the advanced action to water quality of rivers draining for tail water after finished each sub-project. - ''Table 6.1.4 Designed water quantity and water quality situation of sewage treatment plants Title Item Unit Value Ju County sewage pipe Designed water quantity m'/d 40000 network project COD density of water in mg/i 500 matching to sewage COD density of water out mg/l 120 treatment plant Cutting ratio % 76.0 Designed water quantity m3/d 80000 Heze sewage treatment COD density of water in mg/l 500 plant COD density of water out mg/] 120 Cutting ratio 3 76.0 Designed water quantity m7 /d 40000 Feicheng sewage COD density of water in mg/l 450 treatment plant COD density of water out mg/l 80 Cutting ratio % 82.2 Designed water quantity m'/d 20000 Chengwu sub-project COD density of water in m /l 1800 tridtiect wlante - COD density of water out mg/l 382.5 treatment plan)Canntato)_____ ______ Cutting ratio % 78.8 Al-l11 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 6.1.5 COD forecast results of Zhushui, Kangwang, Dongyu River COD COD density density Cutting Cutting River Section Water period before after COD ratio (%) finishing finishing density project project Down stream Zhushui 2000m to the tail Low water 94.0 36.0 58.0 61.7 water draining period outlet Low water 137.2 63.7 73.5 53.6 Upstream 1 OOm to period Kangwang interjunction with Flood period 63.6 26.0 37.6 59.1 Hui river Normal 117.4 51.9 65.5 55.8 Low water 660.9 130.6 530.3 80.2 Dongyu Zhangzhuang Flood period 85.8 46.3 39.5 46.0 Normal 103.4 44.3 59.1 57.1 We can see the COD quantity to the river for draining into can be put down by leaps and bounds after linishing each sub-project from Table 6.1.6. Low water period of Zhushui River can reach standard of class V and the flood period of Kangwang River can reach class IV. But each water period of the other rivers can' t reach the requirement of class W, although it can satisfy the water quality requirement of fannland irrigation. (water farming : COD<200 g/l, dry farming: COD<300 g/l, vegetable COD<150mg/L). 6.1.7.2 Water quality impact forecast to the control section of related river Using the hydrological parameter offered by related river and COD cutting constant, we can forecast the COD' s contributive density and cutting density at control section of related river before and after finishing each sub-project. The results are shown in 6.1.7. From Table 6.1.7 we can see, control section' s water quality of related river can be improved in different degree after finishing each sewage treatment plant and Chengwu sub-project. Especially after alkali recovery, midpiece water treatment plant of Chenwu paper mill putting into operation, the mill' s wastewater draining can reach the standards completely. It improves the water quality of Dongyu River (Xuzhai brake section) extremely. In the second place, water quality of Shu River (Xiazlhuang section) and Zhuzhaoxin River (Yulou section) can be improved in different degree after finishing sewage treatment plant matching to waste pipe network of Ju county and Heze sewage treatment plant. Because longer distance (approximate 100km) between Feicheng sewage treatment plant and Wangtai bridge section of Daqing River and less ratio of water quantity treated by plant to flux of Daqing River, so it is limited to improve the water quality of Daqing River after finishing the project. A1-]2 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Appendix 2 SIEP Ocean Water Quality Assessment August 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Appendix 2 SIEP Ocean Water Quality Assessment (Sections 5.2 and 6.2 of SIEP EA, text translated by SIEP) 5.2 Investigation and evaluation of coastal environment quality present situation 5.2.1 Investigation of present situation of sea water environment 5.2.1.1 Station Arrangement Set up three sections (A,B,C ) including 9 investigation stations. Section distance between A and B is 2km. B to C, 4km. Set up 3 investigation stations at every section. Isobath from 0.0 m is 300m, 1000m, 2300m . See Figure 5.2.1. Coordinate of each station is: A section: A,= 119031'28"E - 35°20'5 1"N A2=1 19031 '52"E 35°20'41"N A3=119'32'38"E - 35°20'21"N B section: B1=119'30'36"E - 35°19'58"N B2=1 19930'54"E - 35°19'40"N B3=119'31'24"E - 35°19'10"N C section: C,=119°28'10"E-35°10'03"N - C2=119'28'28"E-35'18'44"N C3=119'28'57"E - 35010'10"N 5.2.1.1 Investigation time and frequency September 6, 1996 once only investigation 5.2.1.2 Monitoring factor method According to character of project and coastal area, monitoring programs are: salt degree, dissolved degree, transparence, OH, COD, SS, N03-N, NH3-N, P04-P, oil matter. Coliform bacteria, total Cr, mercury, As, Cu, Zn, etc.14 factors. Monitoring method is taken according to OOcean Monitoring Standard[E 5.2.1.3 Investigation result See Table 5.2.1 (1) PH monitoring value chaniges little, scope 8.12-8.17, normal sea water PH. (2) DO changes little, scope 6.31-7.18mg/L, dissolved oxygen in the sea water is in the saturated condition. (3) Monitoring scope of COD is 1.87-3.37mg/I, love oxygen-consuming area. Oxygen- consuming volume is higher in C1, C3. BI is the lowest. (4) Containing scope of inorganic nitrogen is 0.032-0.542mg/L. C3, the highest, A2, the lowest (5) Content of suspended substance is love and well distributed. Scope is 5-8mg/L. (6) Other factors: As, total Gr, Cu, Zn, Hg, Oil, inorganic phosphorus Only As and oil are detected in C2 and B3, their densities are 0.01 6mg/L and 0.15mg/L separately. A2-1 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.2.1 monitor results of sea water quality actuality Unit: mg/L .1 oj"I wale' Salt jiaphanei etrol nuspe Anls Sampling emper- al _iapne soluble Nitrate. Total _floitolssp noga An ys Sampling tempera density PH ty NH,-N Nitrite-N ON As Cu Zn Hg COD urn nded sit time ture M.) (cm) oxygen N Cr _ or matler nic -P Al Sep.6 28.3 30 8.17 150 6.85 0.065 0.003 0.074 I 2.36 7 - A2 Sep.6 28.3 30 8.15 110 6.98 0.020 0.006 0.032 2.47 10 A3 Sep.6 28.2 30 8.16 100 7.18 0.026 0.034 0.005 0.065 2.45 _ 8 B I Sep.6 27.9 30 8.15 110 6.86 - 0.042 0.006 0.054 1.87 6 _ B2 Sep.6 27.6 30 8.16 100 6.68 0.051 0.009 0.066 1.94 5 B3 Sep.6 27.8 31 8.15 110 6.72 0.040 0.007 0.053 12.06 0.15 1 2 Cl Sep.6 27.8 30 8.12 120 6.40 0.025 0.040 0.007 0.072 3.37 - 10 C2 Sep.6 27.8 30 8.14 100 6.80 - 0.082 0.010 0.098 0.016 2.64 7 C3 Sep.6 28.2 31 8.16 95 6.31 0.093 0.410 0.039 0.542 -.84 18 5.2.1.4 Assessment of sea water quality extant situation (1) Assessment factors PH, inorganic N, As, total Cr, Cu, Zn, Hg, COD, Oil, inorganic P, DO are selected as assessment factors. (2) Assessment standard According to "function area separating of coastal area in Rizhao", the assessment area will carry out class III standard of "Sea water Quality Standard" (GB3097--1997). Table 5.2.2 class III sea water quality standard unitOmg/L Inorgan Total Cu Z g co Petroleu Soluble Clfr Project PH ic cc As Cr Cu Zn Hg COD Pet Inorganic -P oxyge number N Crm onexge Standard 6.88 040 0 5 0.20 0.050 0.10 0.0002 4.0 0.30 0.030 >4 10000 8.8 0 For quality of culturing water of seashell which can be eat without cooking, the coliform numbers is lower than 700/L. (3) Assessment method Adopt silgle factor method (4) Assessment result The result is shown in table 5.2.3. From the table, we can see that assessment project in this sea area are all not over the standard, This indicates that the water quality in the sea area is good. Pollution index scope of each projects are: PH 0.32-0.37, inorganic N 0.08-1.36 (There may be some mistake in C3 site value, so we don't discuss it), COD 0.47-0.84, and dissolved oxygen 0.56-0.63. Other project scope are all 0 except that As in C3 and petroleum in B2 are 0.16 and 0.30 separately. This indicates that the sea area environmental volume is large. Table 5.2.3 Assessment results of extant seawater quality A2-2 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province "0" means no target pollutant is found in extant condition monitor. Table 5.2.3 Assessment result of sea water quality actuality roject Inorg Ino ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Solu Pollu PH Inorg Total ZInog ble PH anic - As Cr Cu Zn Hg COD oil anic -oy index N Cr oxyg enl Site __ .___ __ _- A, 0.37 0.18 0 0 0 0 0 0.59 0 0 0.58 A2 0.35 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0.62 0 0 0.57 A3 0.36 0.16 0 0 0 0 0 0.61 0 0 0.56 B, 0.35 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0.07 0 0 0.58 B2 0.36 0.17 0 0 0 0 0 0.49 0 0 0.60 B3 0.35 0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0.52 0 0 0.60 C, 0.32 0.18 0.32 0 0 0 0 0.84 0 0 0.63 C2 0.34 0.25 0 0 0 0 0 0.66 0 0 0.59 C3 0.36 1.36 0 0 0 0 0.71 0 0 0.63 Remark: "0" means not be detected out 5.2.2 Investigation and assessment of extant sea area bottom quality situation 5.2.2.1 Investigated station site Investigated station site is same as water quality station site. 5.2,2.2 Investigated project and analysis method. Bottom quality monitor projects are organic matters, oil, total Cr, Hg, Cu, Zn and sulfide seven projects. Analysis methods are carried out according to "Ocean and sea rnonitor standard" 5.2.2.3 Result of investigation From the monitor result showed in table 5.2.4 we can see that volume of is 0.27-1.27% Oil is 1.01- 8.00mg/kg, total Gr is 8.3-24.6mg/kg, Hg 0.007-0.021mg/kg, Cu 8.3-24.6mg/kg, Zn 27- 92.7mg/kg and 0.5-35.6mg/kg. The volume of all projects is highest in section B near Kuishanzui, volume of Zn is over standard in B2 station. The monitor values of each section are high in alongshore and low in offshore. 5.2.2.4 Assessment of bottom quality extant condition. (1) Assessment fartors Oil total Cr, Hg, Cu, Zn are selected as assessment factors. (2) Assessment result (3) Single factor assessment method is adopted, the results are shown in table 5.3.5. The table indicates that there isn' t much volume of Zn, Cu, in section A.,B of investigated area, as to other factors, the index are small indicates that there are still much volume. A2-3 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.2.4 Investigation result and assessment standard of bottom quality extant condition Site Organic oil Total Cr Hg Cu Zn su]phide matter (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg) (% )_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Al 0.81 1.01 14.1 0.014 17.7 60.2 35.6 A2 0.80 3.39 23.2 0.021 23.2 80.0 14.9 B I 1.27 7.22 20.9 0.021 24.4 79.2 22.2 B2 1.22 2.66 24.6 0.015 24.6 92.7 3.4 B3 0.27 1.59 9.9 0.009 8.3 31.9 0.5 Cl 0.69 8.00 20.1 0.018 19.6 68.5 1.9 C2 0.37 1.22 10.9 0.008 9.0 27.0 0.8 C3 0.34 1.73 8.3 0.007 8.8 26.4 0.9 Assessment 3.4 1000 60 0.20 30 80 300 standard I Table 5.2.5 Assessment result of bottom quality extant condition Organic oil Total Gr Hg Cu Zn sulphid site matter e Al 0.24 0.001 0.24 0.07 0.59 0.75 0.12 A, 0.24 0.003 0.39 0.11 0.77 I.0 0.15 B1 0.37 0.007 0.35 0.11 0.81 0.99 0.07 B2 0.36 0.003 0.41 0.08 0.82 1.16 0.01 B3 0.08 0.002 0.17 0.05 0.28 0.40 0.002 C, 0.20 0.008 0.34 0.09 0.33 0.86 0.01 C2 0.11 0.001 0.18 0.04 0.3 0.34 0.003 C3 0.10 0.002 0.14 0.04 0.29 0.33 0.003 5.2.3 Investigation and analysis of Ocean living things extant condition Set up A, B, C. three sections. Each section includes three station sites, 9 sample points. Station sites and Longitude, latitude are the same as water quality monitoring station. The contents include: Chlorophyll a, elementary productive force, Kinds, quantity and location of plankton; quantity, and location of coliform and heterotrophicy bacteria; Present situation and location of cultured living tlings. Investigation time: September 6,1998 with water quality monitoring. 5.2.3.1 Chlorophyll a and primary productive force Get the surface sample water using water sampler. Determine chlorophyll a by fluorometry according to "Monitoring standard of Ocean" Primary productive forces is estimated to the result and diaphaneity. The result is shown in table 5.2.6. A2-4 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.2.6 Measurement result of Chlorophyl a and primary productivity Site Chlorophyl a (mg/m3) primary productivity(mg.c/m2.d) A, 1.542 71.31 A2 1.026 47.45 A3 1.591 - 73.59 Bl 1.237 62.93 B2 1.069 49.44 B3 1.243 63.24 Cl 1.259 69.87 C2 2.180 100.83 C3 1.796 74.76 C2 station has the max chlorophyll a of 2.180mg/m3. A2 has the lowest of 1.026mg/m3. Average 1.438mg/m3. Almost the same result as that of April, 1992. The primary productive forces of various places are 47.45-100.83mg.c/m2.d. Average is 68.15 mg.c/m2.d.Primary productive force of C section is the highest, A and B are lower. The highest molnitoring place is C2 station; the lowest is A2. That's because C section is near-the breeding area. Compared to the investigation result of April, 1992, the elementary productive force-is loner this time, which is related to low diaphaneity (average 1.03m). That is, turbid seawater affects the elementary productive force. Compared to breeding water quality, the value is lower, belonging to oligotrophic level. 5.2.3.2 Analysis of actuality of phytoplankton Sample of phytoplankton is chosen from type III phytoplankton net of shallow water, trailing net once from bottom to surface. The collection, treatment and analysis of sample undergo according to "Monitoring standard of Ocean". The results are: (1) Eormation of kinds. 31 kinds of phytoplankton including 25 kinds of diatiom and 6 kinds of dinoflayellates. Dominant species is Haimao phytoplanktonGwhich locates in every station with big individual quantity. The most kinds appear at B2, (24kinds), then A2(22) and C2 (18). The least kinds appear at c3 (11 kinds) then A3 (16kinds). From the section location, phytoplankton of C section is the most, B the least. (2) Individual quantity location Changing scope of phytoplankton call quantity is 60.1X104-112.4x104Ind/m3, differing 1.9 times. The average value is 81 .2x I 041nd/m3. See table 5.2.7 for Phytoplankton cell quantity location. From the section location, C section has the most phytoplankton cells, A has the least. The quantity of the area near the bark is lower than that of the area a little far from the bank, which is because the former is likely to be polluted by man-made pollution. Compared with the result of Apric, 1992, (46 kinds, the average cell quantity is 3399x104 Ind/m3),the kinds and quantity become less this time. A2-5 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province Table 5.2.7 Phytoplankton cell quantity distribution (*104Ind/m3) Al A2 Al B, B, B3 C, C2 C. Phytoplan 64.0 101.4 68.5 60.1 97.4 66.7 85.2 112.4 79.9 ktonI Diatom 63.92 94.60 68.43 60.03 90.9 66.49 85.08 99.20 79.79 0.08 6.80 0.07 0.07 6.50 0.21 0.12 13.20 0.11 5.3.3.3 Analysis of the Present Situation of Pelagian The sampling site of pelagian is same as that of phytoplankton, low water type I net is used to drag the net uprightly from bottom to surface of the sea. Sampling ,treatment and analysis are carried out according to Sea Monitor Stansard. (1) Biomass of Pelagian The biomass scope of the pelagian is 17.2-62.9mg/i3. C3 has the highest biomass,-B3 the lowest. See table 5.2.8. The average biomass of C section is 57.2 mg/in3, higher A section (45.2 mg/m3) and B ..edtion (33.3 mg/mi3). Nearshore is lower than farshore. High pelagian biomass location area accords with phytoplankton cell .quantity high location area. The latter provides enough bait for the former. (3) Formation kinds and quantity change of pelagian. This investigation chooses 23 kinds of pelagian, including protozoon, coelenterate, chaetognath, ciustacea, tunicate and various kinds of larva, among them, chaetognath occupies the most. Strong Sagitta is the dominant kinds of the investigation, occupying 64% of pelagian; next comes Turritopsis nutricula, ocuupying 14.6% of pelagian. And Tontanns forcipatus aso ouupies a certain proportion. In this area, the average amount of pelagian is 75.5 /m3 with 107.2/m3 of C3 station, the most. Next comes C2 of 102.6/m3 and A2 of 89.5/m3. The least is B3 with 28.9/m3. The location trend of pelagian quantity is similar to trend of biomass. C section average 96.7/m3 is obviously higher than A section (74.0/m3) and B section (55.8/m3). See table 5.2.8. Table 5.2.8 Biomass and quantity of pelagian A, A2 A3 B, B2 B3 C, C2 C3 Biomass (Mg/rn3) 40.2 56.2 39.4 35.8 46.3 17.2 47.9 60.8 62.9 Quantity 67.4 89.5 65.2 59.8 78.8 28.9 80.4 102.6 107.2 (ind/rn3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Compared with the investigation result of apric, 1992, this time, the kinds of pelagian is more than that of 1992 (B kinds) But the quantity reduces obviously than 1992 (Average volume larger than I 6000/in3). A2-6 July 2000 Huai River Water Pollution Control Project Environmental Assessment Shandong Province 5.2.3.4 Investigation and Analysis of coliform and total heterotrophicy bacteria Coliform quantity can be regarded as indirect target of the degree of seawater polluted by life sewage, and total heterotrophicy bacteria quantity shows the degree of seawater polluted by organic pollution. (1) sample collection and checking Surface seawater is collected using stericization water bottle icebathed and carried to laboratory, finishing inoculation in 6 hours. Coliform quantity and total heterotrophicy bacteria is checked according to "Monitoring standard of Ocean". (2) Measuring result See table 5.2.9 for colform and toatl heterotrophicy bacteria result Table 5.2.9 Quantity of Coliform and heterotrophicy bacteria in the water Site Coliform number (/lOOml) Total heterotrophicy bacteria number (/ml) A, 33 <140 - A2 49 0.9xl03 A3 33 0.4-1o3 B, 130 16.0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~> I) I . --i -80~~~~~~~4 z 0 ,o s t | : ls~~~~~~o I Q n 1 km Figure 6.2.31 1,,, iWmber mouth sewerage transporting track (M2 branch tide, middle of ebb tide) Figure 6.2.32 I, lirmber mouth sewerage transporting track (M, branch tide, low tide) _ ~ 27' E 190 35 E 9 27' E 1 9 035' I /~~~~~~~0I Ln in nZ '2 , 7J I r) ' <- AvJ -| (~~~~~~r I kI If) F i , 6 .2 . ^ , l ib )u tt -ag e p o rti . i ck ( .ran c l. i, m i (- . - if fl o - .de ) i _ 6 .2 . , , l im -.io u tl . e ra g , - -sp oi = 5 ra c lk -v.2 b ra nv - ue , c L ., tid e )l I I90 277' E 119035 E 1 190 27 E 119° 35 E '60 02 - j~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :j ),,%S / fo t( )7 /9 -,,,n X 5 -. C, .., - 60AS'-- z to t. Malure 6.2.35 I, l lrber mouth sewerage tralsporting track (M2 branch tide, mniddle of ebb tide) Figure 6.2 36 1, l limber mouth sewerage transporting track (M2 br-anch tide, tow ie zq.~~~~~~~~~~ ie __, 190 27' E 1 190 35' E I 19° 27' E I I90 35 E * l o ~~~~~1 7 wr I K '7 - - o Ln1 Lr)~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- i-1k F1 lr .37 Tle li-mber mut* sewverzage tr...sp rting, track ON42 b.ranrch tide, middle of flood tide) Figiu-e 6.2.38 11, limber imoutil seweriage tr npoti jig track (M2 rtc d,liati - o ..,.*.0j..3 '9 ?27 E 1 19° O5' E 1 190 27' E 1 19° 35' E -80 a_ t<- * _ t(h) tw tootW(CrTs) /~~~~~01 (h 16r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-8 / H , . ~~~~~~~~~~~~O 2Q. L', !3O i'' .4 . z , X ,. ,,:':,. z -.1 km I km~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 l52 Figuire 6,2.39 lig limber mouth sewerage ftanportfng track (M2 branch tide, rniddle of ebb tide) Figure, 6. 2,40 il lirnber mouth sewerage tiansporting track (M, branch fide, low tide) i 190 27' E 1 190 35' E 11 9027' E 11 1 A, 060 .~(Cm) '0 2~~~~~~1 ,~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ,,_/ 25;'~ ~ ~ ~ ' 15~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 :2: ~~~~~~~~~~~~z 1 km <~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ '1g Z' t > e2 zal !!, 1irnhy nMouth sewerage transporting track (Mi2 branch fde, middle of flood d .leFipre. 6f7 ?M. Ti'nher Mcnth Rewetr?re, ftrnqpnrting tTack (M, Nranch fide, climax hde) ,,Je) l 190° 2 7 ' E 1 190 35' E l l 1190 27' E l 190 35 E -~'.(cm--) 8 oc~~ 00 I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 I 0 / ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ( - - N ,:~ 0 X ;n,.R t10) 7 30~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ :5~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~L z F 2 , m e r n c m e e6l r e r n ( c l km Figure 6.2.4311,, limber mouth sewerage transporting track (M2 branchftide, middle of ebb tide) Figure 6.2.441Il, limber mouth sewerage transporting track (Mv2branch tide, low tide) 190 27' E 119° ;35' E 1190 27' E 1 190 35' E oi ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ / .c(cm) ! 800 * 0 0 2 0 , / d\'10 X -00. - 0 z (N -(N _ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . I . km tie~~45 11 `-ber r - sev ztr-a tig (M2 0 h dj' iddlc -4'nood" ) Fi4 .2.4( limb )uth rage -poi-L.~, .ack (.o-2 1,I-acCIl Ub., clirm tide) Co 27' E 9c53 Ei . 0co27 - 19°3_ E Centcr concentration: 4.60mg/L I Z :t ,2,L 41-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- O/ I 7 z Fig -2.491 limber mouth forecasting COD concentration increment distribution Figue 6.2.50 I,o Umber mouth forecasting inorganic nitrogen concentration increment distribL (neap,daily average) (M2 branch tde, daily average)