103579 Where should the next dollar be best spent? Policy Advice drawn from the World Bank Zimbabwe Water Sector Investment Analysis THE WORLD BANK October 2014 [Blank inside cover] Where should the next dollar be best spent? Policy Advice drawn from the World Bank Zimbabwe Water Sector Investment Analysis THE WORLD BANK October 2014 Village water committee: Matabeleland South Contents 1! Introduction+...................................................................................................+1! 2! Context+–+sectorial+support+in+a+failed+state+........................................+1! 3! Water+and+the+economy+.............................................................................+2! 4! Status+of+the+water+sector+..........................................................................+3! 5! Analysis+...........................................................................................................+6! 6! Conclusions:+...................................................................................................+9! 7! Annex+1.++Zimbabwe+Water+Sector+Investment+Analysis+.............+10! Acronyms • ADB – African Development Bank • MPSE – Ministry of Primary and Secondary • AMDTF – Zimbabwe Analytical Multi-Donor Education Trust Fund • MTID – Ministry of Transport and Infrastruc- • BNR – Biological Nutrient Reduction ture Development • COP – Catchment Outline Plans • MWAGCD – Ministry of Women’s Affairs, Gender • MAMID – Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation and Community Development and Irrigation Development • NAC – National Action Comittee • MEPD – Ministry of Energy and Power Devel- • NCU – National Coordination Unit - Secretari- opment at of the NAC • MEWC – Ministry of Environment, Water and • NRW – Non-Revenue Water Climate • O&M – Operation and Maintenance • MF – Ministry of Finance • RDCs – Rural District Councils • MHCC – Ministry of Health and Child Care • UCs – Urban Councils • MLGPW&NH – Ministry of Local Government, • WSIA – Water Sector Investment Analysis Public Works and National Housing • WWTW – Waste water treatment works Acknowledgements • The support and involvement of many stakeholders is gratefully acknowledged, primarily the Water Sector National Action Committee and the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. • This report was financed through the Zimbabwe Analytical Multi-Donor Trust Fund. • Task Team Leader: Michael Webster, Written by Len Abrams, Consultant • This document draws on the The Zimbabwe Water Sector Investment Analysis (ZWSIA) which was undertaken by Economic Consulting Associates, United Kingdom, together with Dorsch International Consultants (Dorsch) and Brian Colquhoun, Hugh O’Donnell and Partners. • Photographs and design:- Len Abrams 1 Introduction+ capital flight and disinvestment, the withdrawal of foreign investment and aid, hyperinflation and the This policy paper records the outcome of a strate- collapse of the national currency. In turn this general gic analysis of investment requirements in the water failure of the economy resulted in increased poverty, sector in Zimbabwe as of December 2013. The work, and the collapse of the financial viability of services entitled "Zimbabwe Water Sector Investment Analy- such as water supply, sewerage, power, education, sis", was undertaken in close collaboration with sen- transport and public health, which had previously ior officials in Zimbabwe as an exercise in determin- been amongst the best in Africa. ing where World Bank investments may be most ef- In February 2009 a ‘Government of National Uni- fective in the future, and to assist the government of ty’ was established which enabled a measure of re- Zimbabwe to develop its own investment strategies. engagement with international and bi-lateral devel- The analysis was framed around two key ques- opment agencies. The situation however was dire as tions: a result of a number of factors:- 1. What immediate investments are required to en- • The politicisation of all aspects of public service, sure that water in sufficient quantity and at ade- • Widespread corruption and resultant low level of quate quality would be available to underpin re- public trust in and payment for services, covery? This is in order to ensure that water • A decade of neglect of maintenance of and in- availability would not constitute a constraint to vestment in infrastructure, future growth and development. • A shrunken economy which could no longer 2. Where in the water sector should the next dollar meet the costs of basic services, and be best spent? • A vacuum of technical, professional and mana- This paper summarises the context of the water gerial skills and experience. sector in Zimbabwe at the time of the study and re- From early 2009, with the support of the interna- flects the key elements of policy advice derived from tional community, substantial resources were invest- the analysis. Given the ongoing political uncertainty ed in the recovery of key sectors and the economy as and the consequential uncertainties surrounding the a whole. In the case of the World Bank, assistance recovery of Zimbabwe's economy, it is important to was provided in the form of Analytical Support and record and recognise the key elements of policy ad- Technical Assistance through the Zimbabwe Analyti- vice provided by the World Bank through the Water cal Multi-Donor Trust Fund(AMDTF). In the water Sector Investment Analysis. sector this included a number of activities as follows: • A Dam Safety Study 2 Context+–+sectorial+support+in+a+ • Greater Harare Water and Sanitation Strategy • Engineering TA for City of Harare failed+state+ • Flexible Technical Assistance for Infrastructure The World Bank suspended normal lending activi- • Water Quality Monitoring Strategy ties with Zimbabwe February 2004 as a result of the • Water Sector Investment Analysis (The topic of government of Zimbabwe defaulting on payments. this Policy Paper) During the period preceding February 2009 the coun- • National Water Policy try went through a transition in land ownership and • Tariff Study indigenisation of business and property ownership. • Beitbridge Emergency Water Supply & Sanita- This resulted in a reversion from large-scale commer- tion Project cial agricultural enterprises to subsistence agriculture, • Water Supply and Sanitation Program the flight of expertise and experience in all sectors, • Zimbabwe Water Forum 1 the AMDTF, the need to determine how the limited finance available should be targeted, was identified. This includes both public sector expenditure by the Zimbabwe government and other forms of infrastruc- ture investment finances, including that which may become available from the World Bank in the event of Zimbabwe’s status being normalised. It was for this purpose that the Zimbabwe Water Sector Invest- ment Analysis was designed. Summarised details of the implementation ar- rangements, governance and structure of the Zimba- bwe Water Sector Investment Analysis are provided in Annex 1. 3 Water'and'the'economy'' The Zimbabwe Water Sector Investment Analysis was conceptualised and designed on the premise that the management of water resources and the develop- Working with stakeholders from the government ment of water for consumptive and productive use is at all levels, the private sector and a partnership of a requirement for other key water-dependent sectors donors and aid agencies, significant progress was of the economy. These other sectors include agricul- made in identifying strategies for the rehabilitation of ture (from subsistence to large scale commercial, ex- infrastructure and the re-establishment of services. In port oriented agriculture), energy, mining, industry June 2013 ZANU-PF, the party of President Robert and the urban service sector. The water sector is thus Mugabe, was re-elected to power in an election which a ‘means-to-an-end’ without which the economy as a was regarded as flawed by the international commu- whole cannot function and develop. As a result of nity, thus ending the period of the ‘Government of this, when determining the ‘value’ of water related National Unity’. Since the June 2013 elections, selec- investments, the value of the economic activity which tive aspects of the strategic advice given to the water is enabled through the availability of the water needs sector have been accepted whilst other advice appears to be considered. For this reason the determination of to have been disregarded, for example the unilateral the role of water in the economy of Zimbabwe as a writing off of all outstanding arrears for water ser- whole and the water-dependent growth sectors in par- vices as a political strategy, which severely under- ticular, was an important element of the Zimbabwe mined the process of re-establishing the financial via- Water Sector Investment Analysis. bility of service provision. A key prerequisite for the recovery of the econo- The Zimbabwe Analytical Multi-Donor Trust my is the reestablishment of a raft of support infra- Fund expired at the end of June 2014. However, re- structure and services – not just water, for example. sources are being mobilised to continue to provide Due to the shortage of investment capital and the technical support to the sector in Zimbabwe. Given broad demand in all sectors, prioritisation is essential. the nature of the political environment, substantial It is also essential that public expenditure plans and risks remain that the strategies to re-establish sustain- strategies are integrated so that all aspects of recovery able services and to provide functional water related in different parts of the economy are addressed and infrastructure with which to underpin the revival of resourced evenly, including the needs of basic ser- Zimbabwe's economy, will not be implemented. vices and public health requirements. Allocating re- Within the context of a failed state, however, the re- sources to sub-optimum investments denies resources sources required to prepare for recovery are consid- to priority areas. This is well illustrated in the water ered worthwhile and may form an element of catalyt- sector in Zimbabwe as is indicated below. ic incentive for recovery. The economics of rehabilitation. A vast array of Given the complexity of the context outlined water assets have fallen into disrepair throughout the above, and the greater understanding achieved country ranging from dams to wastewater treatment through the various water related activities funded by plants. Whilst some assets may be physically beyond 2 repair at reasonable cost, a substantial proportion may The resulting poor levels of service and administra- be able to be rehabilitated if addressed in time. How- tion led to a breakdown in provider / consumer rela- ever, given the scarcity of resources, all rehabilitation tionships resulting in an erosion of the willingness to should be thoroughly assessed in terms of the reasons pay and even lower revenues. Whilst improvements why the asset fell into disrepair and the likelihood were gradually beginning to take effect since the dol- that the asset will be financially viable in the future. larization of the economy in 2008, the politically mo- This is especially important where the water usage tivated write-off of all arrears in 2013 has severely has changed which is the case in many medium sized undermined the reforms and negatively impacted on agricultural dams – their on-going upkeep and incentives to pay. maintenance was financially sustainable whilst the water was productively used for commercial agricul- ture but since the land has been redistributed and is 4 Status+of+the+water+sector+ no longer farmed commercially, the income is no longer available to maintain the assets. Any re- This section provides a summary of the dire status sources spent on the rehabilitation of such assets are of the water resources and water services sector at the therefore likely to be wasted, as the asset would im- time of the analysis. It is highly summarised and mediately fall back into disrepair. highlights the main issues, drawn from the Consultant Summary Report. Health of water services is a reflection of the health of the economy as a whole. Water services 4.1 Water+services:++ such as water supply and wastewater treatment were generally financially viable in towns and cities In the first two decades of independence, Zimba- throughout Zimbabwe before the collapse. Consum- bwe’s water sector was in very good shape, but ne- ers of the services were generally paying their bills glect of maintenance during hyperinflation has led to and tariffs covered the cost of provision of services in a sharp decline in the state of infrastructure and a most instances. The collapse of water services pronounced deterioration in water services. Access to throughout the country is a secondary consequence of clean water and improved sanitation has also declined, the collapse of the economy at large which resulted in in both rural and urban areas. In rural areas, by 2008 large scale job losses, the demise of entire sectors of only about 40% of the population had clean water, the economy such as commercial agriculture, hyper- while open defecation (estimated at between a third inflation etc. Consumers, whilst still needing such and half the population) had become a major problem. services at least at the domestic level, were unable to Urban access rates used to be the highest in Africa pay for them (due to job losses, income loss, hyper- (water 97% and sanitation 99% in 1990), but the lev- inflation etc.), and service providers (both local gov- els have dropped significantly in the last decade (to ernment and ZINWA) were therefore unable to con- 60% for water and 40% for sanitation in 2008). Ser- tinue to provide services without the required revenue. vice delivery in urban areas is poor: sporadic or no 3 supplies in many areas and poor quality water, forc- are very high (40%-70%) and not-paid-for water is ing people to boil or treat water that is to be used for even higher due to poor revenue collection rates. drinking. Network losses have increased to over 50% There is significant pollution of surface water be- in many centres, and the financial effects of unprece- cause of failures in the sewerage system. Blocked dented levels of non-revenue water (NRW) have been sewers (often related to lack of water supply to keep compounded by low tariffs and low levels of revenue sewers flushed) and failed pump stations mean that collection on the remaining portion of production that significant amounts of sewage do not reach the waste is billed. water treatment works (WWTW) but are spilled to The approximate numbers of Zimbabweans direct- water courses. Most of the WWTWs that rely on me- ly affected by the collapse of the water sector are: chanical equipment (trickling filters and activated sludge plants) have failed and discharge untreated or • 6 million people in rural areas and 1 million in partially treated sewage to surface water. Irregular urban areas, who do not have adequate access to power exacerbates the problem in pump stations and clean water; WWTWs that rely on mechanical equipment. Treat- • 3 million people in urban areas who nominally ment ponds are often silted up and overgrown with have access but receive sporadic supplies of poor reeds, but still produce better effluent than trickling quality water, not fit for dinking without further filters or BNR plants. treatment. A large proportion of the boreholes in rural areas In general, urban and rural water supply and sani- are not functioning. In the rural areas, access to im- tation infrastructure is in poor condition. Water proved water sources should be increased, either by treatment plants are old and have lacked adequate rehabilitating existing or constructing new boreholes, O&M in recent years, resulting in urgent need of re- or through extension of nearby water reticulation sys- pairs and rehabilitation works. Water pumping sta- tems. Equally urgent from a health and quality of life tions suffer from inadequate pumping capacities and viewpoint is access to improved sanitation: this is not intermittent power supplies which lead in some plac- only a matter of constructing new latrines, but more es to serious health risks. The transmission and distri- importantly working on behavioural and attitude bution networks are also old and leaking, and there is changes through social pressures and educational as- inadequate bulk and customer metering. NRW levels pects. 4.2 Irrigation+water:++ Ironically, aggregate water resources comfortably exceed demand in all catchments, so the underlying supply-demand balances are favourable over the planning period being considered (2012-2032). This situation is largely as a result of the substantial drop in demand for irrigation water due to the failure of the commercial agricultural sector. [There are critical resource issues facing a number of urban centers, however, which are addressed below.] The country already has a large number of dams (more than 8,000) and the resulting high level of storage per cap- ita provides significant protection against the varia- bility of the country’s rainfall. Furthermore, the basic infrastructure is in place for water supplies and for irrigation. It is lack of maintenance which has sharply reduced the effective capacity and led to the marked deterioration in service delivery. On-farm dam infrastructure remains largely in place, but repair work is required on most dams. The pressing need for dam investment is less safety en- hancement, but more long-term preservation before safety becomes an issue. For the formerly privately- owned earth dams that have been subject to neglect, 4 Table 1: Comparison of demand estimates in COPs and WSIA (ML ‘000 pa) the three main causes of deterioration are erosion of The 1998 Water Act reformed the sector and legal- spillway channels, damage to embankments due to ized the principles of Integrated Water Resources wave action and degradation due to tree growth and Management. Allocation of surface water and animal and termite workings. The cost of rehabilitat- groundwater was decentralized to catchment and sub- ing this type of dam is not large, and we have esti- catchment level, managed through Catchment and mated that an average of $5,000-$10,000 per dam Sub-Catchment Councils with the technical support would be sufficient. Pipework to deliver water to of ZINWA. fields is mostly operational but in-field irrigation The 1998 Zimbabwe National Water Authority equipment would often need to be replaced. (ZINWA) Act established ZINWA, an apex body, to oversee the planning, development and management 4.3 Catchment+Management:+ of water resources. It is also an operational authority Zimbabwe has 8 main catchments. Water availa- with responsibility for managing and selling agree- bility and storage in these catchments is in excess of ment water and providing potable water supplies to demand, largely as a result of the collapse of the de- local authorities and government institutions which mand. are not yet in a position to service themselves. ZIN- WA is also responsible for groundwater investiga- The WSIA demand figures are significantly lower tions and service provision. At one stage during the than the African Development Bank (ADB) 2011 crisis responsibility for urban water supply was trans- Infrastructure and Growth report and the 2009 ferred to ZINWA and then reversed. There are as- Catchment Outline Plans (COP), which generally pects of the mandate of ZINWA which result in po- base their estimates of demand on the quantities of tential conflict of interest, such as being responsible water that have been permitted, rather than on an es- both for the safety of dams and their operation and timate of the underlying demand. In recent years in maintenance. These are addressed in the new Na- particular, the amounts of water being used will typi- tional Water Policy to a degree. cally be less than the permit quantity, a point that is acknowledged in some of the COPs. Taken as a The urban councils (UCs) are responsible for ur- whole, the implication is that this study’s 2032 high ban water supply and sanitation, while the rural dis- projections are still less than half of the 2009 figures trict councils (RDCs) are responsible for rural water in the COPs. supply and sanitation. The councils fall under the Ministry of Local Government, Public Works and 4.4 Institutional+arrangements:++ National Housing. The Department of Irrigation, which falls under the Ministry of Agriculture, Mech- Institutional arrangements within the water sector anisation and Irrigation, has primary responsibility have changed over time. The new National Water for irrigation. Policy (2012) contains a number of adaptations to the institutional arrangements of the water sector, most of Due to the economic collapse, the drastic reduc- which are yet to be instituted. tion in the sale of water (raw and treated), and the resultant reduction in revenue, ZINWA and the The overall responsibility for water in the country is the Ministry of Environment, Water and Climate. 5 Catchment Councils have lost a high proportion of has received most of the spending is the Tokwe- their technical, professional and managerial staff. Mukorsi dam which, when eventually complete, will benefit some 385,000 people. The estimated number 4.5 Public+sector+spending++ of rural people living without access to safe water is 6 million, on which 4% of the resources have been The stated policy for public spending in the water spent. sector during the period since 2009 have been as fol- lows:- • Rehabilitation of urban and rural water and sani- 5 Analysis+ tation infrastructure. • Expanding access to water and sanitation ser- 5.1 Macro+economic+growth+and+sectoral+ vices in rural and urban areas. demand:+ • Implementation of a range of institutional and commercial measures to raise the management Water is a critical input to every sector of the capacity and the sustainability of the sector. economy, and it is therefore important that water de- velopment keep pace with, or be implemented slight- The actual spending of public funds by the central ly in advance of, the needs of the economy. The government in the water sector for the period 2009- availability of water will not then constrain economic 2013 were as follows: growth. It is possible for the converse to occur with New dam construction $148m – 58% the over-investment in certain types of water projects (Tokwe Mukorsi dam $126m – 49%) would have the effect of reducing economic growth Urban water support $97m – 38% by reducing available resources for investment in Rural water services $11m – 4% other sectors. Dam rehabilitation $0.9 – 0.3% To explore ‘balanced’ water and economic The spending of ZINWA reflects similar trends growth, the WSIA analyzed two scenarios in detail. with the main expenditures being on new dam and The future is likely to lie between the ‘low’ and ‘high’ pipeline projects (85% of disbursements) and less cases. than 1% on rural water supply. From a water perspective, the crucial economic It is clear that spending is not in terms of stated growth assumptions are those for the agriculture sec- government policy and priorities. The scheme which tor, because the water demand related to production is Parameter Low scenario High scenario GDP 3.0% pa 7.0% pa Agriculture GDP 3.7% pa 7.6% pa Mining GDP 5.1% pa 8.3% pa Manufacturing GDP 2.2% pa 4.1% pa Year in which 1998 GDP is attained 2024 2019 Year in which 1998 GDP per capita is attained Beyond 2032 2025 Urban population growth 2.4% pa 3.0% pa Gross per capita demand in 2032 (incl. losses) 186 lpcpd 161 lpcpd Rural population growth 1.8% pa 1.5% pa Final per capita demand in 2032 72 lpcpd 88 lpcpd Irrigated hectarage 2.9% pa 6.0% pa Gross water demand growth 2.8% pa 4.9% pa Year in which 1998 gross water demand is attained Beyond 2032 2026 Approximate gross water demand in 2032 2,000 th ML 3,000 th ML Note: Overall population growth in both scenarios is 2% pa Table 2: Scenario parameters 6 much higher in agriculture than in the other produc- “Where the next dollar should be best spend?” to be tive sectors. The other main factor is the growth in answered. Comparing the social and economic re- the urban population, because household utilization is turns from water use on a volumetric basis – benefit the largest component of urban-industrial-mining per cubic meter of water – produces interesting re- (UIM) water. sults which may appear counter-intuitive. Whilst high-end commercial agriculture may create the 2012 was adopted as the base year with a planning highest revenues and financial returns on investments, horizon of 20 years to the year 2032. If Zimbabwe large quantities of water are required and the benefits successfully extricates itself from it arrears on exter- per unit volume of water are relatively low compared nal debt, which may be possible over the next few to the use of water for small scale homestead-based years if the macro- economy is well managed, this rural agriculture. In making these comparisons a would be consistent with ushering in the ‘high’ sce- range of assumptions were required which are rec- nario in which 7% p.a. average annual growth would orded in the WISA report. It should be noted that in apply over the period 2012- 2032. Delays in imple- determining the socio-economic benefits of water use, mentation, false starts and on-going debt overhang particularly in small scale rural agriculture, the analy- would lead to the ‘low’ scenario associated with 3% sis is undertaken in the largely non-monetary context pa average annual growth. Key parameters for the of subsistence livelihoods. scenarios are indicated in Table 2. The results of the investigation into the socio- 5.2 +SocioGeconomic+returns+from+differG economic returns from different uses of water are ent+uses+of+water+ indicated in Figure 1 which indicates that volumetri- cally rural water for consumption and productive The relative benefits of different water uses be- purposes has the largest socio-economic return by a comes an important consideration when prioritising large margin. scarce resources. Determining the socio-economic returns from different water uses enables the question Figure 1: Socio-economic returns from different uses of water 7 5.3 Rehabilitation+vs+large+new+construcG ber of prestige investments in new infrastructure are tion+ considered to be of questionable national economic value and directly benefit a very small number of As a result of the economic collapse there is a people. great deal of water infrastructure in a state of disre- The two large prestige projects currently being fi- pair and resultant failure (most of the country’s water nanced with public funds or through foreign credit infrastructure). The question arises as to whether it is are the Tokwe-Mukorsi Dam and irrigation scheme economically and financially preferable to rehabili- ($639 m) and the Gwayi-Shangani dam (between tate this infrastructure or to build new infrastructure. $1.2 and $1.3 Billion). This, however, is a nuanced question as the strategic decision is generally not between the replacement of Comparing the costs of the prestige projects to the like with like, new infrastructure to replace old. [If costs of rehabilitating the water services to a medium the comparison was simply replacing like for like, the sized town – Beitbridge (costing $3.6 m) – provides a WSIA indicates that rehabilitation of existing infra- measure of the comparative benefits of small rehabili- structure is more financially viable than building en- tation projects over large new projects. 177 Beit- tirely new infrastructure in most instances.] Review- bridge type projects, potentially benefitting 7 million ing the pattern of de-facto public spending (as op- people, could have been completed for the same cost posed to the stated policy guiding public expenditure), as Tokwe- Mukorsi. The urban projects also have the real strategic question appears to be whether a much greater certainty - the risks of the benefits not large number of smaller rehabilitation investments materialising in the urban projects are very much are preferable a small number of very large, prestige lower than the risks of delay and non-performance investments. The large number of small rehabilita- with Tokwe-Mukorsi. tion investments would benefit large numbers of citi- zens in meeting basic needs, whereas the small num- 8 6 ""Conclusions:" The following conclusions are drawn from the Zimbabwe Water Sector Investment Analysis. The best use of the next dollar in the water sector, in terms of the highest socio- 1 economic return on scarce financial resources per cubic meter of water, is rural water for basic needs and household production. This is the sector which has received the lowest allocation of public funds in recent years. There are problems, however, with the absorption capacity of the rural context due to a general lack of technical, professional and managerial capacity which itself requires investment. Rehabilitation of existing infrastructure to restore safe reliable water services (water 2 supply and waste water treatment) is urgently required to underpin economic recovery. Rehabilitation includes restoration of services, reduction of network losses and non- revenue water, improvement of customer service and relationships, and efficient admin- istration. ‘Ring-fencing’ of water service revenue should be applied to ensure financial viability. Except in the case of Harare, no new water storage infrastructure is needed for the next 3 two decades at least, based on optimistic recovery and growth projections. Due both to the economic collapse and apparent change in long-term rainfall patterns, 4 supply augmentation investments are required in Bulawayo, Gweru, Karoi and Plumtree. Low-cost incremental options for supply augmentation options require urgent attention. All investments need to be subjected to thorough economic and cost-benefit analyses 5 from a national, multi-sector and sector-wide perspective. Whilst millions of citizens do not have access to basic water supply and sanitation ser- 6 vices, and lack water for sustainable productive subsistence use, investments in large prestige new projects which benefit few people are not in the greater public interest. The water sector in Zimbabwe cannot be run in a pre-collapse, ‘business as usual’ 7 manner. The pre-collapse economy, one of the strongest in Africa, is gone. The coun- try has reverted to basic un-developed status which it shares with the poorest countries in Africa and globally. Investment decisions in the water and other sectors, which may have been valid 15 years ago, are not valid today. Thus, whilst the crisis in basic rural, small town and urban water services persists, the policy of maintaining multi-year public expenditure allocations to large new ongoing projects (such as Tokwe-Mukorsi), be- cause they are already underway, is not in the greater public interest. Where projects provide opportunity for commercial return on investments, alternative 8 sources of finance should be used - public sector finance should be reserved for priori- ties where commercial finance is not available. Public expenditure priorities need to be revised to align spending with the greater public 9 interest. Revised priorities and policies should then be applied to actual allocation and expenditure. 9 7 Annex"1.""Zimbabwe"Water"Sector"Investment"Analysis" 7.1 Consultants" The Zimbabwe Water Sector Investment Analysis (ZWSIA) was undertaken by Economic Consulting Asso- ciates, United Kingdom, together with Dorsch International Consultants (Dorsch) and Brian Colquhoun, Hugh O’Donnell and Partners (BCHOD) over the period January – December 2013. 7.2 Steering"Committee" The implementation of the project was guided by a Steering Committee comprising Directors in the following Ministries, the World Bank and the Consultants:- [Note: These are the Ministries at the time of the assignment – some have been changed following the elections in 2013.] • Ministry of Water Resources Development and Management; • Ministry of Finance; • Ministry of Energy & Power Development; • Ministry of Agriculture, Mechanisation & Irrigation Development; • Ministry of Economic Planning and Development; • Ministry of Local Government Rural and Urban Development; • Ministry of Transport; • ZINWA; and • A Catchment Management Representative. The Steering Committee was chaired by the representative from the Ministry of Water Resources Develop- ment and Management. 7.3 Content"and"structure"of"the"ZWSIA" The content and structure of the Investment Analysis is as follows:- 2) Using these tools, investment options and priorities Section 1: Information collection were outlined over the short term (1 year), medium term Task 1: Collect and review available documenta- (5 years) and long term (20 years), taking into account tion. social, political and economic realities. This will enable Task 2: National Project Database. the Bank to formulate its short-term assistance strategy. Task 3: Rapid assessment of institutional and tech- nical capacity in the water sector. 3) The analysis indicated the level of preparedness of Task 4: Status of Existing Infrastructure. identified priority projects, including all engineering fea- sibility and design, environmental and social impact, Section 2: Analysis economic and financial analysis and the time and re- Task 5: Analysis of strategic water-dependent sources required to complete preparation and imple- growth and development sectors. mentation of the projects. Task 6: Analysis of the economics of water use and 4) Undertake a specific analysis of the economics of development. rehabilitation of existing assets based on the infor- Task 7: Undertake a Water Sector Investment mation collected in Section 1 Analysis:- Task 8: Analysis of financing options. 1) Appropriate analytical and planning models and Task 9: Selection Criteria. tools were developed to use in the assignment which may also be suitable as tools and models for Section 3: Consultation, capacity building future use by the government and water related and dissemination agencies such as ZINWA. Task 10: Consultation workshops with stakeholders. Task 11: Capacity Building and Knowledge Dissemina- tion. 10