E- 202 VOL.13 CHAD EXPORT r P~~ROJ ECT VLUME1 *Project Description * Decommissioning Lists of Studies/Reports * Lists of Consultant/Experts __________________________________________ DOCUMENTS ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY AND UPDATE Environmental Supporting Environmental Management Plan - Documents Management Plan - Chad Portion D Cameroon Portion VOLUME 1 -* VOLUME 1 VOLUME I * Base Document * Project Description * Base Document * Management Plan for Cultural Properties * Decommissioning * Induced Access Management Plan * Handbook for Site-Specific - List of Studies/Reports * Management Plan for Cultural Properties Environmental Mitigation Actions * List of Consultants/Experts Handbook for Site-Specific Environmental * Environmental Monitoring Plan VOLUME2 Mitigation Actions VOLUME 2 - Alternatives Analysis * Environmental Monitoring Plan * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health VOLUME 3 VOLUME 2 Technical Requirements and Specifications Consultation and Public Review Program * Biophysical/Socioeconomic/Health VOLUME 3 Technical Requirements and Specifications V Compensation & Resettlement Plan VOLUME 4 * Oil Spill Response: Preliminary VOLUME 3 VOLUME 4 Approach * Compensation Plan * Regional Development Plan: Near Term VOLUME 5 VOLUME 4 Measures * Chad Biological Studies * Environmental Foundation Plan * Revenue Management Plan * Cameroon Biological Studies * Offsite Environmental Enhancement Program * Institutional Capacity Building * Indigenous Peoples Plan VOLUME 6 VOLUME 5 * Chad Public Health VOLUME 5 * Waste Management Plan Cameroon Public Health * Waste Management Plan VOLUME 6 VOLUME 6 * Environmental Line List * Environmental Line List * Environmental Alignment Sheets * Environmental Alignment Sheets REFERENCE DOCUMENTS 4/29/99 THIS DOCUMENT IS AVAILABLE IN FRENCH AND ENGLISH SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS VOLUME I PROJECT DESCRIPTION MAY 1999 06-99 PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PROJECT OVERVIEW .......................... 1-1 2.0 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT .......................... 2-1 2.1 HISTORICAL SUMMARY .. .................................... 2-1 2.2 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS ...................................... 2-1 2.3 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS ...................................... 2-2 2.4 RESERVOIR EVALUATION ...................................... 2-2 2.4.1 Kome Field ...................................... 2-3 2.4.2 Miandoum Field ...................................... 2-3 2.4.3 Bolobo Field ...................................... 2-3 2.5 ARTIFICIAL LIFT ....................................... 2-3 2.6 WELL SELECTION / PLACEMENT ...................................... 2-4 2.7 PRODUCERS ...................................... 2-4 2.8 INJECTORS ...................................... 2-4 3.0 DEVELOPMENT DRILLING .................... 3-1 3.1 TYPICAL WELL PLANS ............. .................. 3-2 3.1.1 Upper Cretaceous Vertical Wells ............................... 3-2 3.1.2 Upper Cretaceous Horizontal Wells ............................... 3-2 3.1.3 Lower Cretaceous Vertical Wells ............................... 3-2 3.1.4 Injection Wells ............................... 3-3 3.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ............................... 3-3 3.2.1 Well Pads ............................... 3-3 3.2.2 Drilling Process ............................... 3-3 3.3 OPERATIONS PHASE ............................... 3-4 3.3.1 Workovers ............................... 3-4 4.0 OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA . ........................ 4-1 4.1 FACILITIES DESCRIPTION ...................................... 4-1 4.1.1 Well Site / Flowlines ...................................... 4-1 4.1.2 Remote Manifolds / Well Testing ...................................... 4-1 4.1.3 Kome and Bolobo Field Pump Stations ...................................... 4-2 4.1.4 Gathering Stations ...................................... 4-2 4.1.5 Water Injection System And Disposal Wells ...................................... 4-4 4.1.6 Operations Center ...................................... 4-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc i - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 4.1.7 Central Treating Facility ................................................ 4-5 4.1.8 Automation ................................................ 4-6 4.1.9 Power System Facilities ................................................ 4-7 4.1.10 Operations Center Infrastructure ................................................ 4-10 4.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................ 4-11 4.2.1 Site Preparation ................................................ 4-12 4.2.2 Roads ................................................ 4-12 4.2.3 Construction Camp and Landfill ................................................ 4-12 4.2.4 Plant and Pipeline Construction ................................................ 4-13 4.2.5 Construction Staffing ................................................ 4-13 5.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM ............................................... . 5-1 5.1 PIPELINE ALIGNMENT AND EASEMENT ................................... 5-1 5.1.1 Pipeline Alignment ................................................ 5-1 5.1.2 Land Easement ................................................ 5-1 5.2 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION ................................................ 5-2 5.2.1 Main Pipeline ................................................ 5-2 5.2.2 Main Pipeline Valves ................................................ 5-3 5.2.3 Cleaning and Intelligent Tools Launchers and Receivers ...................... 5-3 5.2.4 Corrosion Control ................................................ 5-3 5.2.5 Signs and Markers ................................................ 5-4 5.2.6 Pump Stations and Pressure Reducing Station ..................................... 5-4 5.2.7 Offshore Marine Terminal Facilities ................................................ 5-6 5.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................ 5-9 5.3.1 Onshore Pipeline Installation ................................................ 5-9 5.3.2 Crossings .............................................. 5-12 5.3.3 Blasting .............................................. 5-13 5.3.4 Construction Records .............................................. 5-13 5.3.5 Pump Stations and Pressure Reducing Station ................................... 5-13 5.3.6 Offshore Marine Terminal Facilities .............................................. 5-14 6.0 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURE .............................................. . 6-1 6.1 INFRASTRUCTURE DESCRIPTION .. ......................... 6-1 6.1.1 Transportation and Logistics ........................... 6-1 6.1.2 Rail System Upgrade ........................... 6-1 6.1.3 Road System Upgrade ........................... 6-2 May 1999 ii PD English Text 04-28doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I 6.1.4 Mbere River Bridge ........................................ 6-5 6.1.5 Storage Yards ........................................ 6-5 6.1.6 Air Fields ........................................ 6-6 6.1.7 Telecommunications ........................................ 6-7 6.1.8 Waste Facilities ........................................ 6-8 6.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ........................................ 6-9 6.2.1 Materials Management ........................................ 6-10 6.2.2 Roads ........................................ 6-10 6.2.3 Storage Yards ........................................ 6-12 6.2.4 Mbere River Bridge ........................................ 6-12 6.2.5 Telecommunications ........................................ 6-12 6.2.6 Waste Management ........................................ 6-13 7.0 OPERATIONS PHASE ............... 7-1 7.1 HIGHLIGHTS OF OPERATIONS STRATEGY ........................................ 7-1 7.2 ORGANIZATIONAL BASIC ASSUMPTIONS ........................................ 7-2 7.3 ACTIVITY CATEGORIES ........................................ 7-2 7.4 RECRUITMENT ....................................... 7-3 7.5 CONTRACTING ........................................ 7-3 7.6 WORK SCHEDULE AND STAFF TRANSPORTATION .................................... 7-4 7.7 COMMISSIONING AND STARTUP ....................................... 7-4 7.8 LOGISTICS AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT ........................................ 7-5 7.9 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE ....................................... 7-5 8.0 DECOMMISSIONING . . . 8-1 8.1 DECOMMISSIONING PRINCIPLES ........................................ 8-1 8.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ................................................. 8-2 8.2.1 Site Reclamation ............................................... 8-2 8.2.2 Grading and Surface Reclamation ............................................... 8-2 8.2.3 Revegetation ............................................... 8-2 8.3 OPERATIONS PHASE ............................................... 8-3 8.3.1 Oil Field Development Area ................................................ 8-3 8.3.2 Onshore Pipeline and Related Facilities ............................................... 8-3 8.3.3 Marine Terminal and Offshore Structures .............................................. 84 8.3.4 Infrastructure ................................................ 8-5 8.4 DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED MATERIALS AND RESIDUES ................. 8-5 PD English Text 04-28.doc iii - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 8.5 RESPONSIBILITY AND MONITORING .................................. 8-6 8.5.1 Chad .................................. 8-6 8.5.2 Cameroon .................................. 8-6 LIST OF TABLES Table 2-1 Upper Cretaceous Crude Properties Table 2-2 Upper Cretaceous Field Temperature and Pressure Table 2-3 Most Likely Crude Oil Resources Table 2-4 Well Count Table 5-1 Main Line Valve Locations Table 5-2 Major Road Crossings Table 5-3 Railroad Crossings Table 5-4 Major River Crossings Table 6-1 Storage Yards Table 6-2 Telecommunications Repeater Locations Table 6-3 Proposed Waste Management Facilities Table 6-4 Estimated Waste Quantities LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1-1 Chad Export Project Figure 2-1 Production Profiles Oil & Produced Water Figure 2-2 Typical Electric Submersible Pump Figure 3-1 Vertical and Horizontal (Extended Reach) Wells Figure 3-2 Typical Production Well Figure 3-3 Typical Injection Well Figure 4-1 Oil Field Development Area Figure 4-2 Schematic Flow Diagram for Oil Production and Treatment Figure 4-3 Operations Center Components Figure 4-4 Typical Oil Field Development Area Roadway Cross Section Figure 5-1 Transportation System Figure 5-2a Project Transportation System and Infrastructure Figure 5-2b Project Transportation System and Infrastructure Figure 5-2c Project Transportation System and Infrastructure Figure 5-2d Project Transportation System and Infrastructure Figure 5-3 Typical Pump Station Layout Figure 5-4 Typical Pressure Reducing Station Layout Figure 5-5 Typical FSO / Export Tanker Berthing Layout Figure 5-6 Offshore Loading Facilities May 1999 iv PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I Figure 5-7 Typical Road, Rail, and River Crossings Figure 6-1 Project Transportation Infrastructure Figure 6-2 Typical Roadway Cross Section Figure 6-3 Mbere River Bridge Figure 6-4 Main Storage Yards Figure 6-5 Typical Storage Yard Layout Figure 6-6 Typical Airfield Figure 6-7 Typical Telecommunications Site PD English Text 04-28.doc v - May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK PROJECT DESCR,PTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I 1.0 PROJECT OVERVIEW The objective of the Chad Export Project (project) is to produce, transport, and sell oil from three oil fields in the Doba Basin of southem Chad (Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo) to world markets in a manner compatible with the balanced environmental and economic needs of the people of Chad and Cameroon. The Chad Export Project is being considered by a consortium comprised of Esso Exploration and Production Chad Inc. (EEPCI), Societe Shell Tchadienne de Recherches et d'Exploitation, and Elf Hydrocarbures Chad (referred to as the Consortium). The proposed Chad Export Project includes the oil field development in southern Chad, and a Transportation System originating in Chad that traverses Cameroon, including a marine terminal facility off the coast of Cameroon (Figure 1-1). EEPCI will act as Operator for the oil field development. A pipeline transportation company, Tchad Oil Transportation Company S.A. (TOTCO) has been formed to construct, operate, and maintain the TOTCO Transportation System with equity participation of the Consortium and the Republic of Chad. A Cameroon Oil Transportation Company S.A. (COTCO) has been formed with equity participation from the Consortium, the Republic of Cameroon and the Republic of Chad. COTCO will construct, operate, and maintain the Cameroon Transportation System. The principal project facilities in Chad include the development of three separate oil fields, the Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo oil fields. Over 1,000 kilometers (km) of seismic data were obtained, 15 exploration wells drilled, and 575 square kilometers of three-dimensional seismic information secured to define this core development area. As much as one billion barrels of oil will be produced over the 25- to 30- year life of the project. Planned project elements in the oil field development area include: * Approximately 300 production wells and 25 water reinjection wells with an average pleak oil production rate of 225 thousand barrels per day (kbd) of oil * A gathering system to transport produced fluids * A Central Treating Facility (CTF) to produce export quality oil * An Operations Center (OC) located in the Kome field, consisting of the CTF, an airstrip, housing for 200 personnel, and a 120 megawatt (MW) power plant to serve project needs. The Transportation System spanning both Chad and Cameroon includes: * A 1,070 km long, 760 mm diameter buried pipeline * An originating pump station located near the CTF in Chad * Two intermediate pump stations located along the pipeline route in Cameroon • A pressure reducing station (PRS) close to the shore crossing of the pipeline PD English Text 04-28.doc 1-1 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS- VOLUME 1 CHADEXPORTPROJECT A subsea pipeline approximately 11 km long, terminating at a floating storage and offloading (FSO) vessel offshore of Kribi, Cameroon. To support the movement of approximately 340,000 tons of material over a four-year period, various infrastructure facilities and upgrades will be made. These include temporary and permanent storage areas; road and rail systems; a satellite-based telecommunications system; an administrative office in N'Djamena, Chad; and a centralized operations and administrative office in Douala, Cameroon. During project operations, oil, water, and limited gas will be produced by submersible electric pumps from wells in the three fields. These fluids will be transported by a gathering system to the CTF, where the gas will be used to satisfy a portion of the project's fuel needs in the oil field development area for the generation of electricity. The water will be disposed of by pumping to the oil-producing horizons below ground, and the oil will be transferred to the Transportation System. The pipeline is 760 mm in diameter and buried throughout its length, with a minimum of one meter (m) of cover. Cover will be increased for road crossings and other sensitive areas and reduced to a minimum of 0.50 m in rocky areas. The pipe will be protected with a corrosion protection coating and cathodic protection. Isolation valves with automatic shut down capability will be installed at intervals for operational purposes and to minimize environmental impacts in case of spills. A combination of leak and spill detection methods will be utilized for the Transportation System. The leak and spill detection system will be fully automated and manned 24 hours a day. Two intermediate pump stations (numbered 2 and 3) will be sited near Dompta and Belabo in Cameroon. Each pump station will occupy an area of about 20 hectares (ha) and will incorporate facilities including: * Diesel-fueled pumping units * Diesel-fueled power generation units * Crude oil line heaters * Crude oil topping plant * Various waste facilities including oily water treating and disposal, incineration, and a landfill * Living accommodations for 20 workers * An airfield (additional 16 ha area not included in pump station total). A normally unmanned Pressure Reducing Station (PRS) near Kribi will occupy an area of approximately 5 ha and will include the following facilities: May 1999 1-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCR'IPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOILUME I * Pressure regulating and pressure reducing systems * Surge tankage for emergency pressure relief * A landing area for helicopters * Emergency power generation * Communications facilities. A subsea loading pipeline will extend from the PRS to offshore loading facilities. The offshore loading facilities will include an FSO vessel converted from an existing crude oil tanker modified to include onboard boilers buming crude oil and a hull structure that will be attached to a single- point mooring system. The FSO will have segregated ballasts to ensure that seawater and oil are not intermixed, eliminating the need for oily water ballast treatment and disposal. Onshore pipeline construction will involve the temporary clearing of a strip of land, typically about 30 m wide, along the pipeline route; digging a ditch to accommodate the pipeline; transporting and stringing pipe along the length of the route; welding the pipe; installing the pipe in the trench; backfilling the trench; and rehabilitating the cleared area along the pipeline route. Upon completion of pipeline installation, the area along the pipeline route will be returneid to its prior use except for a 10 to 15 m wide area for maintenance and emergency response access that will be kept clear of buildings and heavy vegetation but could be used for grazing or cropping. Infrastructure upgrades will be made in both Chad and Cameroon. Railroad improvements consisting of locomotive rehabilitation, repair of rolling stock and construction of additional rail sidings will be part of the upgrades. Approximately 475 km of road will be improved, 35 km of new road constructed and a new bridge across the Mbere River built at the Chad-Carneroon border. Other project facilities will include four permanent storage yards at the Douala port, the railhead at Ngaoundal, Ngoumou, and Kome; there will be eight temporary yards at various locations between Douala and Kome. A satellite-based telecommunications system with a network of telecommunications sites will be constructed. Project construction will take place over 3.5 years and involve a peak work force in C;had of approximately 4,000, and a work force between 2,000 and 2,600 in Cameroon of whom up to 60 percent are expected to be nationals. An estimated 200 permanent personnel will be trained for operations during the life of the project. At the start of operations, it is estimated that approximately 450 contractor personnel will be required and that about 350 of these positions will be staffed by nationals. An aggressive plan will be instituted to hire and train Chadians and Cameroonians to replace expatriate personnel as operations progress. Expert and independent environmental advice has been an integral part of the preliminary engineering of the project, reflecting a key project development strategy of minimizing aidverse environmental impacts by the early recognition and, where possible, avoidance of sensitive PD English Text 04-28.doc 1-3 M lay 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT issues. Environmental and socioeconomic inputs to project development have been the responsibility of an intemational consulting firm with extensive experience in the environmental assessment of complex projects, utilizing an array of specialist organizations and individuals, including Chadians and Cameroonians, as subconsultants. Consultations with affected groups, including the local population, Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), and relevant government ministries and agencies, have been undertaken and will continue throughout project development. The project will be constructed and operated in accordance with internationally accepted standards and guidelines (e.g., World Bank Group Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies, World Health Organization Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality). These standards and guidelines specify a variety of measures with respect to environmental protection, including: * Assessment of oil spill risks, and development and implementation of an oil spill contingency plan * Implementation of positive pipe corrosion control measures * Use of pressure sensors connected to alarms and automatic pump shutdown systems * Provision of a measurement system with continuous input/output comparison for leak detection * Adequate engineering design providing protection from likely extemal physical forces * Accurate and complete records of all inspections, leak incidents, unusual events, and safety measures taken * Minimization of disturbance to natural vegetation, soils, hydrological regimes, and topography * Positive measures to control population influx to remote areas due to increased access created by the land easement, and to prevent associated secondary impacts * Acceptable material specifications and component standards, including dimensional requirements and pressure-temperature ratings * Requirements and data for evaluation and limitation of stresses, reactions and movements associated with pressure, temperature changes, and other forces * Guidance and limitations on the selection and application of materials, components, and joining methods * Requirements for the fabrication, assembly, and erection of piping * Procedures for operations and maintenance essential to public safety. May 1999 1-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc _'. OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT A1REA -INCLUDES PUMP STATION No. 1) Oil Fields NIGEPJA BASIN ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~OIBA Over 1,000 km seismic and 15 exploration wells (F \ - KIGEOAM DOBABASIME 575 sq km of 3D seismic Va9 . ,7O/ lKome, Bolobo, Miandoum (sweet crude) Apprximately 300 producing wells and 25 produced water disposal wells L˘Ieati˘Jn Map ,_ / ,, S ' - - ,8 o PU M P STATION No. 2 Peak producFacilities : t-~~ / \ t t BAIBOKCommunCHA _;Xt F "T O Remotw _ .,, Single R tgathering stations - 'D m Central processing unit 12OMWpowerplant Location Map -~ * ~PU|MP STATION No. 2 Peak production @e225 kbd oil - /RP 340,000 C nitos mt in moiield dever o meantarea -,1O MEL.NGM E Single status community f l*'ANGADoba airfield l' ) >> 3 PumpInfrastructure CENTRAL - OshUpgrade railroad rolling stock CENTR L - Improve roads/bridges/drainage & port Goioum. AFRICAN REPUBLIC - 340,000 tons material moved over 4 years D I Pipeline and Pump Stations N1 ANG'AE0 EO J 760mIN, heated, buried, - 1070 kilometers Intcrnat4l3 Pump stations DOUALA .4 -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~Onshore pressure reducing station at coast UXLLHEGA .4PUMP STATION No" 3 Floating Storage and OMoading (FSO) ~~~~~2~~~~NDE I'~~~~~~~ Converted tanker storage (2 MBBL) I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 10 %~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GULFO OFAES&MOR GUINEA ~~CP~~'tION' ONG GUINEA X / CONGO~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 100 2(00 Kilomecter-s LEGEND11 = Oil Field Developmont Area Major- Roads - --Pipelirie (In Study At-ea) Chad Export Project CIIAD EXPORT PROJECT - --- International BoundariecsRalod m City /Town ~~~~MarineTferrninal * City Thwn ~~~~( FSO) DAMES & MOORE 5~TtA AMISMOREGRIUU7 UMI"I FIGURE 1-1 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK PROJECT DESCFRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VO,LUME 1 2.0 RESERVOIR MANAGEMENT This section provides an overview of the reservoir area and the associated evaluation results and objectives. 2.1 HISTORICAL SUMMARY During the 1969 to 1986 exploration period in Chad, a total of 21,000 km of seismic data were obtained and 28 exploration wells drilled, resulting in 11 discoveries in the Doba, Dosdo, and Lake Chad basins. In the period 1989 to 1992, another 4,800 km of seismic data were obtained and 5 more exploration wells drilled. In 1993 and 1994, a delineation-drilling program (10 wells total, eight in the core development area) further appraised the Kom6, Miandoum, and Bolobo fields in the Doba Basin. The program results reduced the original-oil-in-place uncertainties and improved the established oil recovery models. Additional fluid samples were obtained to define reservoir, facility, and pipeline performance and improve the level of confidence in reserves of the proposed development area. A three-dimensional (3-D) seismic survey was performed for the core development area from late 1995 through mid-1996. The survey covered a total of 575 square kilometers (kM2) over Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo. This 3-D grid provides the basis for updating structural mapping and stratigraphic interpretation used to optimize development well locations. The 3-D seismic data have been interpreted and incorporated into the geologic models. 2.2 RESERVOIR CHARACTERISTICS The core development area is approximately 40 km by 22 km. In general, the core development area is subdivided into two productive intervals, the Upper Cretaceous (UK) and the Lower Cretaceous (LK). The UK is located at a depth of approximately 1,500 m. The underlying water is essentially fresh with a total dissolved solids concentration of approximately 500 parts per million (ppm). The LK contains about 1 percent of the total reserves and is the only zone producing significant amounts of gas in the development area at Kome. This horizon is located at a depth of about 3,000 m. The water underlying the Kome LK is also fresh. Natural water drive is thought to provide the primary drive mechanism for all three fields because of strong evidence of an active freshwater aquifer in the region. While aquifer salinity is about 500 ppm, connate water salinity in the oil zone is expected to be approximately 5,000 ppm. Apparently the oil was in place before the freshwater aquifer became active. The UK oil is highly biodegraded (oil loss from biodegradation is estimated in the range of 10 to 60 percent) which indicates that a substantial fresh groundwater flow occurred. Given the substantial evidence of an active aquifer system, water injection for pressure maintenance is not currently warranted. In general, the reservoir development plan is designed with enough flexibility to PD English Text 04-28.doc 2-1 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT accommodate changes as new data become available during the development drilling and production phases. 2.3 PRODUCTION CHARACTERISTICS Table 2-1 lists the available crude properties for the three fields. Table 2-2 lists temperature and pressure data at reservoir and surface conditions. Available field data typical for fields at this stage of evaluation are relatively limited and data variations exist. Several core samples were taken from wells drilled in the major reservoir zones. Formation test pressure data collected from wells are a key in understanding the different reservoir systems and tilted oil/water contacts of the three fields. Production flow and buildup tests were performed to appraise formation conductivity, observe well productivity, and obtain fluid samples for analysis. Sand control techniques are planned for all Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo UK producers to limit or prevent sand production. The lead candidate sand control technique under consideration is a cased-hole, intemal gravel pack where sand of uniform dimension is placed at the formation face preventing the finer formation sands from flowing into the wellbore. 2.4 RESERVOIR EVALUATION The estimated most likely crude oil resources for the core development area are shown in Table 2-3 and are assessed at 950 million barrels. Extensive reservoir simulation has led to recovery factor estimates varying from 7 to 38 percent. A total of 315 new development wells (289 producers and 26 water disposal wells), in addition to the 11 existing wells and 40 planned recompletions of producing wells, are projected in the development plan. Table 2-4 lists planned well numbers by field and type. This plan will be modified as required based on new geologic and reservoir information received during development drilling and production operations. Production is planned to start from two predrilled fields, Kome and Miandoum. Approximately 35 percent of the development drilling program will be predrilled for startup. Oil production from Bolobo will start three years later. Development drilling will continue in all three fields after startup. The total basin average annual rate is expected to plateau at approximately 225 thousand barrels per day (kbd) of oil in the first years of production. The pipeline design capacity is approximately 250 kbd of oil, with an annual average plateau of 225 kbd which includes an average downtime of 10 percent. Figure 2-1 shows the development plan production profiles from the reservoir simulation results for the three fields and the total area. All produced natural gas (currently estimated at over 2 billion standard cubic meters, primarily from the Kome LK reservoir) is intended to be used as fuel in the CTF and power plant. All produced water will be reinjected into producing formations. May 1999 2-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 2.4.1 Kom6 Field The Kome field is the largest of the discovered Doba core fields with the most likely resource estimated at 588 million barrels (560 million barrels in the UK reservoir and 28 million barTels in the LK reservoir). To date, seven wells have been drilled in Kom6 and a 3-D seismic grid has been acquired over the entire 4,856 ha field area. The 1993 and 1994 drilling campaigns (3 wells) provided opportunities to supplement well tests, fluid analyses, and core and wellbore completion databases. Approximately 40 percent of the reserves will be produced at waltercuts greater than 90 percent. The oil recovery factor varies from 7 to 28 percent. The LK is estimated to make a minor contribution to overall recovery from the Kome field; however, LK gas will provide a significant fuel source for power generation. Strong aquifer support is expected to result in oil recoveries of up to 40 percent from this zone. Sand control and artificial lift will not initially be required. 2.4.2 Miandoum Field The Miandoum field is the second largest of the discovered Doba core fields with the most likely resource estimated at 227 million barrels in the UK reservoir. To date, five wells have been drilled in Miandoum and a 3-D seismic grid has been acquired over the entire 3,359 hia field area. As discussed for Kome, the Miandoum reservoir is surrounded by the same area-extensive aquifer system. Significant aquifer influx is assumed to support oil production. The moderate oil viscosity and high pressure drawdown will lead to the production of high volumes of water starting early in the life of the field. Artificial lift and water disposal are estimated to be required at production startup. The oil recovery factor at Miandoum varies from 10 to 38 percent. This level of recovery depends on the production of high volumes of water over a significant number of years. 2.4.3 Bolobo Field The Bolobo field is the smallest of the discovered Doba core fields with the most likely resource estimated at 135 million barrels in the UK reservoir. To date, three wells have been drilled in Bolobo and a 3-D seismic grid has been acquired over the entire 1,619 ha field area. Artificial lift will be required from the start of production and all producers will be completed witlh sand control measures. The predicted recovery factor for Bolobo varies from 21 to 27 percent. 2.5 ARTIFICIAL LIFT Each UK production well located within the Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo fields will be equipped with an electric submersible pump (ESP). Each ESP will be controlled by an ESP controller located at the wellsite. Figure 2-2 provides an illustration of a typical ESP compiletion. PD English Text 04-28.doc 2-3 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 2.6 WELL SELECTION / PLACEMENT Well completion objectives include maximizing oil recovery while minimizing water and sand production. To achieve these objectives, completion intervals will be selected on a case-by-case basis and depend on reservoir characteristics. Reservoir simulation models will continue to be used to evaluate completion strategies and compare completion altematives. Completion, workover, and infill (additional wells drilled between existing producers on subsequent drilling programs) drilling programs will be economically optimized and established for each field. 2.7 PRODUCERS A total of 289 new wells are planned for the Chad Export Project. Development drilling in the three fields may result in modifications to the proposed well locations or to the number of wells drilled. The wells will be drilled as vertical or extended reach (horizontal) wells. One to three producing wells will be located on each well pad. Some wells will be equipped with variable speed drives (VSDs) for ESP control. However, initially the primary use of the VSD will be to size and commission production wells. Equipment will be provided at the wellsite for downhole injection of a demulsifier chemical on approximately 50 percent of the wells at any given time. The Kome Lower Cretaceous (LK) field will produce gas and light oil under reservoir pressure. Production from the Kome LK wells will be gathered separately and sent to the CTF where the gas will be used for power plant fuel and the oil will be combined with other incoming emulsion. 2.8 INJECTORS The current plan provides for wells to be drilled for the sole purpose of water injection, as well as converting certain dry producers or appraisal wells to injection. A total of 26 new disposal wells will be drilled. Produced water from all three fields will be reinjected at Komi§ and Miandoum. The design basis for water injection is 25 kbd per well. The total number of disposal wells and their distribution between the individual fields may change as the development drilling program progresses and will be adjusted to handle the total volume of produced water. Dry holes that are not converted to injection will be temporarily plugged and abandoned and may be re-entered at a later date for additional water injection capacity or observation. These wells will be temporarily plugged and abandoned by pulling the ESP, running a kill string of tubing in the well, and securing the wellhead. May 1999 2-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT PROJECT DESCRIPTION TABLE 2-1 UPPER CRETACEOUS CRUDE PROPERTIES Kome Miandoum Boloboc API Gravity 18-20 24 17-22 Pour Point (OF) 15-40 20 13-37 Gas/Oil Ratio (scf/STB) 15 47 15-32 Sulfur (weight %) 0.1-0.14 0.06 0.10-0.12 Vanadium (weight ppm) 0.21-0.39 <1 0.19-0.31 Nickel (weight ppm) 12.2-13.6 5.4 9.01-12.6 Iron (weight ppm) 30.5-32.8 20 7.21-16.3 Sodium (weight ppm) 8.46-19.3 N/A 9.29-10.6 H2S (ppm) 0 0 0 Nitrogen (mol %) 0.25-0.46 0.21 0.19-0.919 CO2 (mol %) 0.14 0.07 0.06-0.51 Total Acid Number (mg KOH/g crude) 5.4-7.4 1.0 4.4-7.3 TABLE 2-2 UPPER CRETACEOUS FIELD TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE Temperature 0F Pressure PSIG Wellhead | Reservoir Wellhead Reservoir Kome 90140 140-150 150-250 2100-2450 Miandoum 90-140 140 150-250 1840 Bolobo 90-140 137-138 150-250 2317-2336 TABLE 2-3 MOST LIKELY CRUDE OIL RESOURCES Million Barrels Kome 588 Miandoum 227 Bolobo 135 Total 950 PD English Tables 04-28.doc May 1999 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I PROJECTDESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT TABLE 2-4 WELL COUNT Producers Injection _________________ ~ ~~~~~~~~~Wells Total Vertical Horizontal Total Total Kom6 Total #d Welis 221 :10 231 27 258 Existing Wells (5) 0 (5) (1) (6) Recompletes (31) 0 (31) (7) (38) Total NewDrills 185 10 195 19 214 Miandoum Total# Wells 46 10 56 :_____:___9 65 Existing Wells (2) 0 (2) 0 (2) Recompletes 0 0 0 (2) (2) Total New Drills 44 10 54 7 61 Bolobo Total # Wells 43 0 43 0 43 Existing Wells (3) 0 (3) 0 (3) Recompletes 0 0 0 0 0 Total New Drills 40 0 40 0 40 Total Total # Wells : 310 20 330 36 366 Existing Wells (10) 0 (10) (1) (11) Recompletes (31) 0 (31) (9) (40) Total New Drills 269 20 289 26 315 May 1999 PD English Tables 04-28.doc 250 100 90 ~)00 -U--80 70 150~~~ -- *60-*- 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 H 150 60 H I U~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 0 ~~~~~~ 0 ~ ~ 100 24 0 0 I 2 1 4 1 6 17 1 9 2 1 2 3 4 2 6 2 8 2 LEGEND ~~~~~~~~~~~~PRODUCTION PROFILES MIANDOLJM M| Chad Export Project OIL & PRODUCED WATER BOLOBOklMEP CATER KBOD = Thousand Barrels of Oil Pci Day DAMES & MOORE _~ ~~~~~~VV~-. AIWU/5&M-RGtUPCUMANY FIGURE 2-1 Controls Valve Valve Cable Pump Motor TYPICAL ELECTRIC Chad Export Project SUBMERSIBLE PUMP 5 DAMES & MOORE 1=,, .',!AMMS-iUtG(U( FIGURE 2-2 PROJECT DESCRIP2TION CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUJME 1 3.0 DEVELOPMENT DRILLING The producing formation in each of the three fields is overlain by a 60 to 200 m thick Miandoum Shale. The Miandoum Shale is overlain by a series of unconsolidated sands approximately 900 to 1,500 m thick. As a result, wells drilled in each of the three fields will have a variety of total depths (TDs) from 1,646 m to 1,951 m depending on the field and the specific producing horizon. Lower Cretaceous wells are planned to 3,475 m TD. The wells will be drilled as vertical or extended reach wells. The drilling program for viertical wells is in accordance with standard industry practice, utilizing water-based drilling muds to the extent feasible. Extended reach wells will be drilled in accordance with standard industry practice, but require a technically more complex and challenging drilling and casing program. Extended reach wells will be drilled as a straight hole using water-based muds until the Miandoum Shale is reached. At that point, protective casing is set and the well is "kicked-off" from vertical to near horizontal. Drilling is continued at a high angle within the targeted horizon. The advantage of an extended reach well over a vertical well is that it has a longer productive interval, making it a higher volume producer and reducing the total number of wells and well pads. However, reservoir properties limit the applicability of extended reach wells. Figure 3-1 illustrates the difference between a straight (vertical) and an extended reach (horizontal) well completed in the same producing horizon. All wells will be designed and constructed with an objective of protecting the shallow freshwater aquifer overlying the Miandoum Shale. A risk assessment was conducted to determine the preferred well casing design. The risk assessment assumed a design including: * Surface casing to around 90 m * Production casing from the surface to TD * Production tubing to the ESP for production wells * A casing tubing isolation packer for produced water disposal wells * Eternal protective coating and cathodic protection of casing if the groundwater is determined to be highly corrosive * Internal corrosion protection of tubulars. Other aquifer protection measures include grouting the top portion of the casing string in place, cementing the production casing in the drilled hole across the Miandoum Shale and inito the upper sands, and using an inhibited packer fluid and monitoring the casing by tubing annulus on reinjection wells. The low reservoir pressure for producing wells and the expected low injection pressure for reinjection wells add a natural protection to the upper freshwater aquifer. PD English Text 04-28.doc 3-1 - Nlay 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 3.1 TYPICAL WELL PLANS 3.1.1 Upper Cretaceous Vertical Wells Approximately 260 new UK vertical wells will be drilled. The design standard for most of these vertical wells uses a two-casing string program consisting of 33 centimeter (cm) (13 5/8") surface casing and 24.5 cm (9 5/8") production casing. Seven wells are planned to be cored and will require using a three-casing string program. Use of 24.5 cm production casing permits running 11.4 cm (4 t/2") tubing and electric submersible pumps. A 44 cm (17 Y2") surface hole will be drilled to 91 m at the base of the shallow freshwater sands with 33 cm diameter surface casing cemented to surface. It is anticipated the 31 cm (12 1/4") hole will be drilled using the latest polycrystalline diamond cutter (PDC) bit technology that enhances rate of penetration and abrasion resistance over a broader range of rock properties. Unconsolidated, high permeability sands with high seepage losses are encountered from below the surface casing to approximately 765 m. A shaley sand interval is then encountered and transitions into the Miandoum Shale. The Miandoum Shales are at approximately 1,370 m, 1,130 m, and 1,580 m respectively at Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo fields. Below the Miandoum Shale, the UK reservoir sands are unconsolidated. The 24.5 cm production casing will be run to TD and cemented to approximately 610 m by the drilling rig. Once the production casing is hung in the wellhead, the drilling rig will move to the next location. A workover rig will move in to perform completion, testing, and artificial lift operations. Figure 3-2 provides a typical production well diagram. 3.1.2 Upper Cretaceous Horizontal Wells Approximately 20 horizontal wells will be completed in the Kome and Miandoum fields. The base design case standard for these horizontal wells uses a three-casing string program consisting of 47 cm (18 5/8") surface casing, 33 cm (13 3/8") intermediate casing, and 24.5 cm (9 5/8") production casing. A 14 cm (5 Y2") diameter slotted liner will be run to complete the 1,220 m horizontal open hole section. A 66 cm (26") surface hole will be drilled to 91 m at the base of the shallow fresh water sands with 47 cm diameter surface casing cemented to surface. A 44 cm (17 Y2") intermediate hole will be drilled to the top of the Miandoum Shale and cased with 33 cm diameter casing. A 21.5 cm (8 '27) diameter, 1,220 m horizontal section will be drilled within the objective reservoir and completed with a 14 cm slotted liner in the open hole. The well will then be cleaned up and tested. 3.1.3 Lower Cretaceous Vertical Wells Ten wells will be drilled and completed in the LK reservoir in the Kome field. Well architecture consists of 24.5 cm (9 5/8") surface casing at 91 m, 17.8 cm (7") intermediate casing at May 1999 3-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I approximately 2,957 m, and a 11.4 cm (4 '2") production liner. The 7.3 cm (2 7/8") production tubing is designed to handle the anticipated gas and oil flow rates. 3.1.4 Injection Wells Figure 3-3 provides a typical injection well diagram. The design is similar to the Upper Cretaceous vertical well described above. Water injectors require tubing strings up to 17.8 cm (7") in size to handle anticipated injection rates. A packer will be set in the 24.5 cm (9 5/8") production casing above the injection zone. 3.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 3.2.1 Well Pads Drilling sites and access corridors will be selected to minimize environmental and socioeconomic impacts while allowing economic attainment of the geological objectives. Optimizing oil recovery requires flexibility in the selection of individual well targets based on the most recent data, thus precluding identifying all final well locations prior to the start of idrilling operations. A number of well pads (perhaps 30-50) will be pre-selected prior to the start of drilling. The remainder will be identified approximately 3-6 months in advance of drilling at that location throughout the drilling process, taking into account oil production data and updated reservoir analyses. Well pads will be designed for one to three wellheads. Laterite will be used for location surface material and reserve pits will be constructed to include liners to capture spent drilling fluids and cuttings. The pads will be graded so rainfall on the active portions of the pad will be diirected into the reserve pit. Areas for storage of fuel, lubricants, chemicals, solid waste, produced oil, and waste oil will be designated to protect wildlife, prevent water and soil contamination, and minimize possible fire and explosion hazards. Sizes of the well pads are estimated to be approximately 75 m x 100 m for one wellhead locations, 90 m x 100 m for two wellhead locations, and 110 m x 100 m for three wellhead locations. Exact dimensions for each well pad will depend on final rig designs and surface constraints that may impact construction of individual locations. 3.2.2 Drilling Process Development drilling will utilize three drilling rigs and two 24-hour workover rigs. The drilling rigs will be diesel electric rigs equipped with 1,000 horsepower (hp) drawworks and at least two 1,000 hp mud pumps. One of the three rigs will be designed to drill the horizontall wells equipped with an extra 1,000 hp mud pump and a top drive. PD English Text 04-28.doc 3-3 - Mllay 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORTPROJECT One of the workover rigs will be equipped to perform the sand control jobs on wells and may perform the recompletion of existing exploration wells. The second workover rig will be designed to install the ESPs and perform well tests on selected wells. 3.3 OPERATIONS PHASE 3.3.1 Workovers After drilling is complete, the two workover rigs will be retained in the field to conduct ongoing ESP repair workovers, recompletion of producers after they water out (water cut exceeds acceptable oil production capability), and occasional conversions of producers to injectors. The ESP repair frequency is initially estimated to be once per year per well. When water production begins, ESPs will be increased in size to maintain production volumes. ESP repair frequency is expected to reduce as higher water cuts are experienced and ESP operating experience and learning curves are established. Ultimately, the ESP repair frequency is expected to be once every four years per well at high water cuts. May 1999 3-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc 7 - -: | | Diameter - - - - - - -- l . 47 cm (18 5/8") Diameter Casing GROUND SURFACE SURFACE CONDUCTOR AT 90 - 120 METERS -Production Tubing - - < VERTICAL WELL] HORIZONTAL (EXTENDED REACH) WELL Electric Submersible Pump 33 cm (13 3/8") Diameter Protective Casing Kick-off Point 24.5 cm (9 5/8") Diameter Casing Electric Submersible Pump 24.5 cm (9 5/8") Diameter Casing @ Total Depth -i .~ , - - - . - - . - --14 cm (5 1/2") Liner with Tapered Slots Not to Scale VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL _1 Unconsolidated Sands (EXTENDED REACH) L J Miandoum Shale Chad Export Project WELLS L-- ]Reservoir DAMES & MOORE ,I"A r AWAMOQREIROUP w.qMw" FIGURE 3-1 EXPECTED FORMATIONS Cement Grouted from Top if Necessary Depth Local Water Wells i 33 cm (13 /,") Casing @ 90 meters Cathodic Protection (If Groundwater Determined to be Corrosive) Unconsolidated Sands Production Tubings :;31 cm (12 : ') Hole MHandeumShale a an ~ ~ Podcio rodctc :lw . Flow : TY(PICAL PRODUCTION WELL Chad Export Project IDAMiES & MOORE WA DMES WAACURE GROUD COMPNY FIGURE 3-2 EXPECTED FORMATIONS Pressure Monitoring A Depth Local Water Wells] r Cement Grouted from 3Top if Necessary 33 cm (13 /3") Casing ( 90 meters \ Cathodic Protection (If Groundwater Determined to be Corrosive) Unconsolidated Sands Injection Tubings 7-- Inhibited Annular Packer Fluid (For Corrosion Prevention) "R75eservorT ,- . 4 w 4 4:_,.i; ~~~- ,D ff;ti'+4'g'-t .,, . , X:~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~f Reservoir Sands Shale TYPICAL INJECTION WELL | ~Chad Export Project E DAMES & MOORE ^EM A M &MREGR0UR CFIGUE 3-3 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 4.0 OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA Oil, water, and limited gas will be produced in each of the Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo fields. In the Kome and Miandoum fields, there will be gatherng stations where free water is sepiarated from the oil, then treated and disposed of into the oil reservoir via injection wells. Water content in the oil will be reduced to about 10 percent at the gathering stations. The remaining oil and water, in the form of an emulsion, is piped to the CTF for processing to produce crude oil of a quality suitable for export sales. The general layout of the oil field development area is shown in Figure 4-1. A schematic illustrating the various steps in the product flow path is presented in Figure 4-2. In the oil field development area, approximately 1,080 ha are needed for facilities anid their related infrastructure (195 ha); of this, 325 ha of land will be made available for most pre- construction uses, with the restriction that the use not interfere with normal operations and maintenance. Another 490 ha will be reclaimed after construction and made available to pre- construction customary land users. 4.1 FACILITIES DESCRIPTION 4.1.1 Well Site I Flowlines Approximately 300 producing wells will be located in the oil field area. Fiberglass flowlines will connect individual wells to the field manifolds. If required, the flowlines can be serviced using portable launchers and receivers. Production from the Kome LK wells will be gathered separately using carbon steel flowlines and sent to the CTF where the gas will be used for power plant fuel and the oil combined with other incoming emulsion. 4.1.2 Remote Manifolds / Well Testing Field manifolds will be used as part of the gathering systems. The field manifolds senre two purposes: * To collect production from several individual wells and direct it via a production manifold to a gathering line, a gathering station, or a field pump station * To direct production via a test header from a selected well to a well test skid located ait each manifold. Field manifolds (except the manifolds located at the gathering stations and field pump stations) will be located adjacent to a producing well. There will be 10 field manifolds within the Kome UK field, 3 within the Miandoum field, and 3 within the Bolobo field. The design of the test manifolds will be based on the use of rotary selector valves (RSVs). RSVs are multiport diversion valves that allow one of several inlet well streams to be diverted to a well test skid. PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-1 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Well testing installation at each manifold site will consist of a vertical separator, proportional velocity flowmeter, a watercut meter, a ratio tube-type densitometer, and associated instrumentation and controls. 4.1.3 Kom6 and Bolobo Field Pump Stations For the wells and manifolds located at the southem and northern ends of the Kom6 field, two field pump stations (KP-1 and KP-2) will pump the production fluids to the Kome gathering station. The pump stations will receive production from other field manifolds including the manifold located at the pump station. The field pump stations will be designed to pump a multiphase mixture of oil, water, and gas using rotary screw pumps. Storage of field production will not be provided at the pump stations. A similar multiphase pump station (BP-1) will be utilized in the Bolobo field, sending all Bolobo production fluids to the Kome gathering station for processing. No field pump station will be required in the Miandoum field. 4.1.4 Gathering Stations Two gathering stations will be constructed, one in Kome and one in Miandoum. The gathering stations will receive production from individual wells via field manifolds and field pump stations. The Kome field gathering station will also receive production from the Bolobo field pump station. The function of a gathering station is to: * Separate produced gas and sand from incoming well fluids * Dewater incoming well fluids to produce a 10 percent watercut emulsion and pump it via the emulsion trunkline to the CTF * Measure the emulsion production rate and watercut to determine oil production from the field * Treat produced water to remove oil and sand, and pump it to an injection well * Compress the produced gas for transportation to the CTF. Major features of the gathering station design are discussed below. 4.1.4.1 Free-Water Knock-Out At the Kome gathering station, tank separation will be used for free-water knock-out (FWKO). Two stages of separation are required. The first stage will be unheated and reduce the incoming emulsion watercut to 40 percent. The second stage will be heated and dewater the 40 percent watercut emulsion down to 10 percent. The heat source will be waste heat recovered from gas turbine exhausts at the power plant. Heat input to the process will include a produced water recirculation loop heating the fluids from 60°C to °71C. At the Miandoum gathering May 1999 4-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VO,LUME I station, lower crude viscosities will allow the use of unheated FWKO tanks to separate free water from the inlet emulsion to produce a 10 percent watercut emulsion. 4.1.4.2 Emulsion Pumping At the Miandoum gathering station, rotary screw pumps will be provided to pump the emulsion from the FWKO tanks to the CTF via an emulsion trunkline. At the Kom6 gathering station, 10 percent watercut emulsion will gravity-flow from the second stage FWKO tanks to the CTF emulsion inlet tanks. 4.1.4.3 Produced Water Treatment Produced water from the FWKOs will be pumped to skim tanks removing solids and oil prior to reinjection of produced water. Clear-water surge tanks will be installed downstream of the skim tanks to provide surge capacity for the water system and suction for the water injection pumps. Plot space will be provided in the water plant should it be determined that additional water treatment equipment is needed. 4.1.4.4 Sand Handling At the Kome and Miandoum gathering stations, the majority of the sand will be removed in the FWKO tanks. As required, the tanks will be shut down and manually cleaned. The sand will be disposed of in the landfill or another environmentally acceptable manner. Sand and other solids carried to the produced water system will be removed in the skim tanks. 4.1.4.5 Water Injection Pumps At each gathering station, a pumping system consisting of booster pumps and main injjection pumps will be provided to pump the treated produced water to injection wells. The E3olobo produced water will be reinjected at Kome. 4.1.4.6 Gas Compression Facilities At the Miandoum gathering station, vapor recovery units and multi-stage reciprocating compressors will be provided to collect produced gas from the FWKO tanks and compress it for transport to the CTF where it will be used as fuel gas for the power plant and tank blanketing. At the Kome gathering station, Kome and Bolobo produced gas from the FWKO system vwill be recovered by vapor recovery units for fuel. 4.1.4.7 Utility Systems At each gathering station, the following utility systems will be provided: * Potable and Utility Water PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-3 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT * Pressure Relief and Flare * Instrument and Utility Air * Fuel Gas * Chemical (Demulsifier) Storage and Injection * Hot Water Process Heating (Kome Gatherng Station and CTF) * Electric Power * Open Drain System. 4.1.5 Water Injection System And Disposal Wells Both dry holes and converted high-watercut producers will be used as water disposal wells. The total number of disposal wells is estimated to be 36 (including nine recompletions): 27 in the Kome UK field, and nine in the Miandoum field. Water disposal at Bolobo is not envisioned. Total produced water production is expected to approach 900 kbd. The total number of disposal wells and distribution between the individual fields may change as the development drilling program progresses. A manual choke and a meter will be provided at each wellhead. For the Kome field, the water disposal system will consist of a water injection trunkline and lateral system from the Kome gathering station out to the disposal wells. For Miandoum, individual injection lines from the gathering station will run to each well. 4.1.6 Operations Center The Operations Center (OC), located in the Kome field, will include the following, as shown in Figure 4-3: * Kome Gathering Station * Central Treating Facility * Power Plant * Pump Station No. 1 (PS N o.1) * Community * Airfield * Operations Support Facilities. The location of the OC is directed by the following criteria: * Have high ground elevation, away from potential flood zones May 1999 4-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENATS - VOLUME I * Avoid existing villages * Avoid cultivated areas and utilize existing large pad * Be close to the field having the largest reserves and the highest fluid viscosity * Have minimal impact on the environment. 4.1.7 Central Treating Facility The CTF will receive emulsion and produced gas from the Kome and Miandoum gathering stations, as well as produced oil and gas from the Kome LK. The main functions of the CTF are: * Dehydrate the incoming 10 percent watercut emulsion from each field to produce pipeline quality crude meeting a one percent maximum basic sediment and water (BS&W) specification * Separate the Kome LK oil and gas * Receive the incoming produced gas and direct it to the power plant and CTF fuel gas systems. The key design features of the CTF are: * The emulsion production from each field will be commingled and treated in electrostatic emulsion treaters. * The incoming emulsion will be combined and mixed in emulsion tanks upstream from the emulsion treating system. The emulsion will be pumped from the tanks, split, and processed in seven identical parallel treating trains. Each train will have an emulsion heating system and a treater. The inlet emulsion will first be preheated in plate exchangers by hot-ltreated crude and then by produced water from the treaters. Final heating to treating temperature will be accomplished using a hot water heating medium in shell and tube exchangers. * The BS&W content of the oil will be measured after treating. Off-specification oil (wet oil) will be directed to a separate wet oil system. The wet oil will be further treated in the tanks by providing heat and retention time or it will be recycled to the inlet of the emulsion treaters. * Temperature limits for treated oil to pipeline PS No.1 will be at a 740C (165°F) maximum. All cooling of the treated emulsion will be accomplished by cross-exchange with inlet eniulsion from the field. PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-5 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT * Short-term surge capacity for the treated crude will be provided at the CTF, but there will be no storage facilities for treated oil within the CTF. Treated oil will be sent to PS No. 1 for storage. The BS&W content of the treated oil flowing to PS No. 1 will be measured and wet oil will be automatically diverted to the wet oil system. * Gas production from the fields will be handled separately from the emulsion. The Miandoum gas and the Kome UK/Bolobo gas will have separate inlet systems. The gas streams from the inlet separators will be combined and used as fuel gas for the power plant and the CTF. Any liquids collected in this system will be sent to the emulsion treating system. The following utility systems will be provided at the CTF: * Fire Water * Potable and Utility Water * Pressure Relief and Flare - Instrument and Utility Air - Chemical Storage and Injection - Fuel Systems (Oil and Gas) * Process and Open Drain System * Sanitary Sewer * Hot Water Heating System * Electric Power * Diesel Crude Oil Topping Plant • Waste Incinerator (located in Kom6 field) * Landfill remote from CTF. 4.1.8 Automation The Automation System will be designed to meet the functional requirements of the process design with safety of personnel, environment, and equipment paramount in the philosophy. Other major considerations are reliability, cost, and accuracy over the life of the development. Control of the CTF and the field facilities to the wellhead level will be performed from a single control room in the CTF. Secondary control rooms will be included in the gathering stations, from which each gathering station and facilities producing to that station are controlled. Typically, secondary control rooms will not be staffed. Control of the power plant at the Operations Center (OC) will be performed from the power plant control room (PPCR). Each May 1999 4-6 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I location will have a standalone, programmable logic controller (PLC) based system for emergency shutdown. The Automation and Control System will be a hybrid system based on PLCs. An operator controls facilities located at the CTF, gathering stations, and field sites (wellsites, manifolds, and pump stations) from the CTF control room. The field information for wellsites, pump stations, and manifolds will be relayed via telecommunications through the CTF Control System to the gathering stations. Packaged equipment PLCs will either be connected directly to the Control System via serial link or interfaced via the Telecommunications System. Each gathering station Control System will communicate with the CTF Control Systerm via redundant digital microwave links. Wellsites, manifolds, and pump stations will be polled using digital VHF (very high frequency) radios. 4.1.9 Power System Facilities This section provides an overview and the associated details pertaining to the electrical power generation, transmission, and distribution system. 4.1.9.1 Overview A power plant of 120 megawatts (MW) capacity will be installed to meet a peak electric power demand of approximately 105 MW. Sixty-hertz electric power will be generated at the OC power station and transmitted by high voltage pole line to the Kome, Miandoum, and Bolobo fields' facilities and wells. Approximately 70 percent of the power demand is for the well ESPs. The power system will be dedicated and isolated because no existing power system is available in the Doba Basin. The power system is designed to the necessary reliability to meet oil production needs. Waste heat recovery from power generation will supply process heat to the CTF and Kome gathering station. 4.1.9.2 Power Generation Four combustion gas turbine generators (30 MW each, site rated) will be installed to meet the oil field development area and PS No. 1 power requirements. During most of the project's life, there will be at least one spare generator since the power demand in the oil field development area is estimated to be below 90 MW. However, during years four through seven, all four units will be required. Due to the limited availability of natural gas, a maximum of two units will run on natural gas and the remaining units on crude oil. Waste heat will be recovered from the gas turbine exhausts using a hot water closed-loop system. The utilities and auxiliaries will include a black-start generator, a crude fuel treatment PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-7 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT system, fuel selection and forwarding skids, and diesel and treated crude storage tanks. The fuel treatment equipment will be part of the CTF operation. 4.1.9.3 Fuel Systems Combustion turbine generators (CTGs) will be operated on Miandoum crude, Kome LK gas, and other associated gas. The turbines are fueled on either gas, crude or a combination of both. The Miandoum crude will be treated by centrifuging, filtering, and heating before injection into the turbines. Natural gas availability is limited; however, all available gas will be consumed in the turbines. The CTG will also be capable of operating on #2 diesel fuel oil. Diesel fuel will be used during plant commissioning, and to start and stop the units. 4.1.9.4 Prime Mover Auxiliaries All turbines will be supplied from the following common equipment: * Fuel gas filtration and preheat package * Diesel oil storage * Crude oil storage, preheat, and treatment * Instrument air system. A black-start diesel engine-driven generator for starting under blackout conditions will be required. This generator will provide the necessary station service and engine auxiliary power to allow one generator set to be started. 4.1.9.5 Power Plant Building The power plant will include a 33-kilovolt (kV) switchgear building and a combined control room and electrical equipment building. The latter building will include the power system central control room. The gas turbine generator sets will be housed in individual, free-standing factory enclosures with a fire detection and suppression system. 4.1.9.6 Control The power plant will be designed to operate with minimum operator intervention. One full-time power plant operator will be located at the power plant control room. The power plant control system will be interconnected to the CTF Control System to permit exchange of operating data to the CTF plant operator in the CTF control room. Control of the power plant will be possible only from the power plant control room. The power plant main operator panel will be located in the power plant control room and incorporate terminals for monitoring, controlling, and generating reports relating to the power May 1999 4-8 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 plant. The power plant main operator panel will control and monitor auxiliaries common to all generator sets. The power plant control room will house the electrical distribution control panel that remotely controls and monitors 66-kV and 33-kV switching operations at the fiv,e field distribution substations. Adjacent to every generator set, there will be a standard, manufacturer-supplied local generator set control panel. 4.1.9.7 Power Plant Electrical Generators will be connected to the buswork in a manner that allows a high degree of flexibility for generator, bus, and load switching. Generators will be bussed together through generator step-up transformers. Auxiliaries for each generator will be supplied from a central power plant, service motor-control center located near the generator set supplied from the power plant station service bus and with altemate supply from the black-start system. 4.1.9.8 Power Transmission System Electric power will be transmitted from the power plant to the field locations as follows: * To 66-kV / 33-kV field distribution substations at Miandoum (M-1) and Bolobo (BP-1) by 66- kV overhead transmission lines m To 33-kV field distribution substations at Kom6 (KP-1 and KP-2) by 33-kV overhead transmission lines. The overhead power lines will be designed for the high incidence of lightning in the area. Transmission lines will share a common utility corridor with the pipelines when possible. 4.1.9.9 Power Distribution System Overhead distribution feeders (33-kV) will supply power from each of the five field distribution substations to the producing wells. Each feeder will supply between 6 to 12 ESPs. For each ESP, the 33-kV overhead feeder will be tapped. The tap will be terminated approximately 50 m from the well at a pole-mounted, fused disconnect. Other voltages for operating wellhead equipment, such as 24-volt direct current for the ESP-PLC, will be made available by transforming from the ESP supply lines. 4.1.9.10 Facility Power Distribution At the gathering stations and field pump stations, 33 kV will be supplied from the field distribution substations to other substations where transformation to 3.3 kV and 480 volts (V) will be performed to meet site loads. At the CTF and PS No. 1, 33 kV will be supplied from the power plant via 33-kV cables in cable trays to substations where transformation to 3.3 kV and 480 V will be performed. Onsite loads will be supplied by aboveground cables in cable trays. PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-9 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Switchgear and motor control centers will be in substation buildings. All power transformers will be oil-filled and located outdoors. 4.1.10 Operations Center Infrastructure The field Operations Center (OC) infrastructure facilities will include the following: * Community * Airfield * Utilities (see Section 4.1.7) * OC plant buildings * Primary and secondary field roads. 4.1.10.1 Community The community will be located within the OC as shown in Figure 4-3. It will provide the following facilities: - Living quarters to accommodate 200 single-status people - Cafeteria and kitchen to serve midday meals for 385 people (185 day workers and 200 residents) and moming and evening meals for the 200 residents * Recreation center and outdoor sports facilities for the residents • Accommodations for support services staff and equipment • Laundry facilities to wash linens and personal clothing of residents and work clothes of all employees * Fire protection for the community including the following: - Hydrants - Hose reels - Sprinkler systems - Smoke detectors - Fire detectors - Alarms - Fire extinguishers. * Street lighting to illuminate the streets and perimeter road for safety and security. May 1999 4-10 PD Englist Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 4.1.10.2 Airfield An airfield will be constructed to provide air transport during construction and subsequent operations. This airfield will provide for freight transport, personnel rotation, medical emergency evacuation, and total emergency evacuation of expatriate employees. The airfield will be a completely fenced, private facility and will operate during daylight hours under visual flight rules. The runway bearing surface will permit operation throughout the entire year. Its length will be approximately 3,200 m allowing material transportation by an Anotonov 124 aircraft. The airfield will be located southeast of the community as shown in Figure 4-3. 4.1.10.3 OC Plant Buildings The OC plant will have the following major buildings: * Administration Building * CTF Control Center and Motor Control Center Buildings * Mechanical, Electrical, and Instrumentation Maintenance Building * General Warehouse * Training Center and Vehicle Maintenance Building * ESP Maintenance Building * Power Plant Building * Guard House. 4.1.10.4 Roadways An all-weather laterite road will connect the OC facilities to the Moundou-Sahr road at Bebedjia. The OC facilities will in tum be connected to field facilities and wellsites by upgraded existing laterite roads or new laterite roads. The road connecting the airfield, the community, and the OC plant will have an asphalt surface on a laterite base. Major roads within the OC plant and gathering stations will also have an asphalt surface on a laterite base. 4.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE Construction of the oil field development facilities will span a period of approximately 2.5 years. The first year will focus on preparation of the major sites including building the initial well pads and roads; building the construction camp; starting site preparation of the airfield; and site/foundation work for the production facilities. During the second year the construction effort will center on the major plants including the CTF, power plant, PS No. 1 and Miandoum PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-11 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT gathering station, bringing them close to mechanical completion. The majority of the interfield pipelines, manifolds, and overhead electrical power lines will be installed during this time. Work in the final six months will shift to precommissioning activities to prepare the facilities for start- up. Throughout the construction phase, wells will continue to be drilled and civil work associated with drill pad and road construction will be ongoing. Forty percent of the drilling will be completed at first oil. 4.2.1 Site Preparation Site preparation includes clearing and grubbing, contouring, and laying down a laterite base to seal underlying soils, provide for water runoff, and establish a stable platform for construction. Depending on subsoil conditions, excavation and recompaction will be required where large tanks and heavy equipment are located. Erosion control features will include localized silt fences and drainage course impediments to slow runoff and contain sediment prior to reaching the sediment basins. Temporary drainage channels will direct runoff to sediment basins to be used where possible for dust control. Topsoil from the clearing and grubbing operations will be stockpiled for later use. The grading operations and extent of the site preparation effort will be dependent upon the rainy season. Excavation and other earthmoving activities will be kept to a minimum during the rainy season. Borrow sources for construction materials, such as sand and gravel, will be selectively developed to minimize the number of disturbed areas. Where possible, local businesses will supply and transport materials to the job site. During construction, old exploration infrastructure, well pads, and borrow pits will be rehabilitated. Laterite from abandoned well pads or airstrips will be reused in developing new facilities to reduce the number of new borrow pits. Topsoil stripped from clearing and grubbing operations will be used for rehabilitation of old facility sites and borrow pits. Excess topsoil stored for more than six months will be fortified with fertilizers, soil enhancers, or other organic materials to maintain viability. 4.2.2 Roads Upgrading of existing roads and construction of new roads will conform to a typical roadway cross section (Figure 4-4). Topsoil will be stockpiled and erosion control features will be incorporated. Borrow areas for laterite will minimize surface area disturbed and be reclaimed after use. 4.2.3 Construction Camp and Landfill The inital activities will include the construction of the Kome camp facilities, related workshops, and temporary offices. A portion of this construction camp will serve as the permanent housing May 1999 4-12 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I for the operations staff. Also included in these initial facilities will be the construction material laydown area and establishment of a fuel storage facility. Rather than using trailers for a construction camp, preferentially buildings will be constructed using local materials. The! initial phase of activity will also include construction of a sanitary landfill as part of the overall waste management program. 4.2.4 Plant and Pipeline Construction After completion of site preparation activities, underground utilities and flowline work will begin with trenching and establishment of a pipe fabrication shop. Along with this underground work, foundation excavations and concrete pours will be completed. Field pipeline activities will follow the same general construction techniques used for the Transportation System pipeline. Tank, structural steel, and building construction will follow foundation preparation. Setting of mechanical and electrical equipment such as turbine generators, pumps, vessels, and heat exchangers will commence once quality checks are complete for concrete and structural steel work. Plant piping, electrical, and instrumentation work will conclucle the mechanical completion of the facilities. Final pre-commissioning activities, such as instrument calibration, equipment alignment, and startup verification of equipment will then take place. 4.2.5 Construction Staffing The construction contractors will determine the size of the construction staff used for the project. The anticipated construction staff for the oil field development area will consist of approximately 2,000 Chadian nationals and 1,000 expatriates during the peak construction period. Chadians generally will provide their own housing, with the construction contractor providing transportation from collection points in the villages. For expatriates, the existing Kome drilling camp will be utilized prior to completion of the main construction camp. This camp will continue to be used by drilling personnel during the development phase. Most expatriates will be housed in the main construction camp at Kome which will house 800 to 1,000 people during peak occupancy. PD English Text 04-28.doc 4-13 - May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Chad CemroNy B 6ro U - ;lC Cm_. \ _ \ 1Bedia 0 CAR. LocationMap j - > w ~To jiandoumn kp\<-$; Ł -i i' / Kayra 9 / -4 ° tir'0 . 4k; M g Comniunity 4Zz MLNDOUMFELD J/v aS*/, BOLOBO FIELD - K Bekia < '8 Kornd pS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Bead o ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Airfield Existing CapAirstnp Central KP >~~ Treating Facilities KOMs FIELD 4' ~~~~~Kom6i Bekia 0 0~~~~~ Bolobo .4 0A 4' ~~~~~~~~~~~~~5 0 5 Kilometers LEGEND Proposed Well /,f Export Pipeline OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA * Existing Well Oil Field Outline A Field Manifold N Road Chad Export Project 5j] Pump Station & Manifold / River 2 Gathering Station & Manifold 0 Village/Town Naf7#h 6 DAMES & MOORE FIGURE4-1 Not all proposed wells shownADJiS UKGOWMNVFUR4- MIANDOUM MIANDOUM MIANDOUM MIANDOUM PRODUCED WATLR PRODUCING = FIELD GATHERING 90% OIL RODULCD WELLS WELLS MANIFOLDS STATIONh' L RNEAL W A T%WATFRR BBOLOBO OLB ____________ BOLOBO PRODUCING FIELD FIFLD PUMP WELLS ,~ MANIFOLDs I P STATION <1% BASIC SEDIMENT /KOME KOME FIELD WMERPRODUCED WATER KOMft MANIFOILDS KOME REINJIECTION WELLS PRODUCING GATHERINTG 90OI WELLS AND STATION FIELD PUMPP STATIONS CENTRAL TREATING WATER FACILITY <1% BASIC SEDIMENT-M AND WATER PUMP STATION No. 1 <1% BASIC SEDIMENT - AND wATER LEGEND SCHEMIATIC FLOW DIAGRAM FOR WATER ~~~~Chad Export Project OIL PRODUCrION AND TREATMENT I I ~OIL DAMES & MOORE .~4-~G.UICIAIAW Ft[GURE 4-2 N w ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Om~ Gathering Station Central Treating Facility Power Plant s Pump Station No. 1 /// ^ ~~~Administrative Of fices ,/ <'% ///o/,, / N~~~~~line ~ ~ ~ lii ),~~~~~~~~~~~~~~AE X MOORE< 4AF | | l l ~~~~~~~~~~~OPERATIONS CENTER Approxilmate Scale in Kilometers Chad Export Proj ect CMOET DAMES l& MOORE FGR - 5.00 m Vegetation Clearing 2.50 m (Field Roads) 2.50 m 1.00 m 3.00 m (Regional Roads) 3.00 m 1.50 m 1.00 m 3% 3% ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. . .. . . ' .' . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . ! .0 . . . . ., . . . . ,; . ,, . ., ,, . .' .; . 2 3 Earthmoving Level 3 2 10.50 m 0.50 m NOTES 1. Laterite thickness variable from 15-30 cm. 2. Road widths reduecd through villages as required. 3. Regional roads inside oil field development area to include pedestrian path (not shown). 4. Ditch size/slope variable and sized to accommodate water level. Not to Scale TYPICAL OIL FIELD DEVELOPMENT AREA Chad Export Proj ect ROADWAY CROSS SECTION DAMES & MOORE K~E~~QALWES &MOOKGQPC(MAW FIGUJRE 4-4 PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 5.0 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM This section provides an overview of the pipeline and its ancillary facilities. The Transportation System will require approximately 1,665 ha of land; of this, 1,615 ha will be made available for most pre-construction uses, with the restriction that the use not interfere with normal operations and maintenance. Another 2,130 ha will be reclaimed after pipeline construction and made available to pre-construction customary land users. 5.1 PIPELINE ALIGNMENT AND EASEMENT 5.1.1 Pipeline Alignment The pipeline route begins at the oil field development area in southem Chad and ends offshore of Cameroon, near Kribi. The majority of the entire route follows roads, railroads, and trails on existing maps. The proposed pipeline route from the development area to the Chad-Camneroon border is relatively flat. From the border to Meiganga, the alignment follows the northern escarpment of the Mbere River Valley. Between Meiganga and Mabele, the terrain is gently rolling to rolling, and the pipeline route intersects many cross drainage channels. Similar conditions exist as the route heads southwest to approximately 10 km south of the village of Dang. It then extends south-southwest through rugged savanna used primarily for livestock production and traditional agriculture. The route crosses the Pangar River and utilizes areas of savanna in the forest/savanna mosaic north of the Lom River. The route passes north of the confluence of the Lom River and the Sanaga River, where it tums south and follows the railroad south to Goyoum and Belabo. The terrain in the area of Goyoum and Belabo is a relatively flat plateau dominated by disturbed semideciduous forest. From the town of Belabo, the! route generally follows the south side of the Sanaga River valley to Nanga Eboko and Batchenga. The route stops paralleling the Sanaga River at Batchenga and continues generally southwest to Obala. Between Obala and Yaounde and then to Akono, the route traverses increasingly rolling and steep sloped terrain. West to Krbi, the land varies from rolling terrain to rugged steep slopes as the pipeline route traverses the Atlantic Littoral Forest. The route crossies the coastline continuing approximately 11 km offshore across a relatively flat, featureless, sandy/mud sea floor and terminates at the FSO vessel. The overall pipeline alignment is presented in Figure 5-1. 5.1.2 Land Easement General Configuration - An overall land easement width of 30 m on average is required for construction of the pipeline. Additional land easement widths are required at locatioris with steep slopes, the shore crossing (50 m), and other terrain features such as river crossings (60 m). In addition, a protected maritime area will be established consisting of a circle around the FSO vessel with a minimum radius of 1.5 km, and a strip of 250 m on either side of the axis of the pipeline. Prohibited activities within these areas will include pulling objects across the sea PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-1 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT floor and other activities that could interfere with the construction, operation, and maintenance of the system. Access to the Land Easement - Access to the land easement of the onshore pipeline will be required for construction purposes, and during operations for maintenance and emergency response purposes. Construction access will be via existing, upgradable roads and tracks where possible; should new access roads be required, they will be routed to avoid or minimize effects on sensitive environmental resources. Operational access to the land easement will be via roads or tracks used during construction. Land Easement Preparation - The land easement has been surveyed and staked to identify the centerline and will be prepared by clearing and grading, as necessary. Clearing will include removal of aboveground vegetation and rocks to the side of the land easement. Any trees and large shrub debris that needs to be removed will be felled and stockpiled alongside the land easement. A portion of the smaller shrub vegetation moved to the side of the land easement will be conserved and spread over the land easement after construction is completed to help control erosion, serve as a mulch, and provide a source of seed for revegetation. In agricultural areas, the topsoil will be removed, stockpiled, and eventually respread over the graded area. 5.2 TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 5.2.1 Main Pipeline The main pipeline will be engineered and designed in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) code designated ASME B31.4 ("Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols"). The main pipeline will be manufactured with special limitations on chemistry, hardness, and dimensions to promote field weldability and ductility under service conditions, in accordance with the American Petroleum Institute (API) specification designated API-5L ("Specification for Line Pipe"). The main pipeline will be 760 mm (30 inches) in outside diameter and buried throughout virtually all its length, generally with a minimum of one meter of cover. Cover will be increased for major road intersections, river crossings, and other specified areas. Cover will be reduced in rocky areas. The actual "as-built" pipeline burial depth will be noted on the final pipeline alignment construction drawings. All pipe will have a specified minimum yield strength of 482,000 kilopascals (70,000 psi). Five different wall thicknesses of pipe will be used in the pipeline system, depending on pressure requirements. May 1999 5-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCR'IPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 5.2.2 Main Pipeline Valves Main pipeline block valves will be installed in conformance with ASME B31.4 code to allow isolation of pipeline segments. Main pipeline block valves may also be utilized to faicilitate maintenance operations. The proposed locations of the block valves are indicated in Table 5-1 and shown as main line valves on Figures 5-2a through 5-2d. The valves have been located to protect environmentally sensitive resources and reduce drainage from the pipeline in case of an incident. Valves will be installed within fenced enclosures and regularly inspected and serviced, and periodically operated to ensure they remain in good working order. Manual block valves will be hand-wheel operated, with the valve normally chained open and locked. Remotely operated block valves will be operated by either electric motor, hydraulics, or a gas accumulator, and will communicate with the Transportation System Oil Traffic Control Center (OTCC) in Douala. These remotely operated block valves may be supplied with commercial power where available. Radio telemetry will be solar-powered (photovoltaic) at remotely controlled block valves which will relay valve status (open/closed) and pipeline pressure/temperature telemetry to the nearest pump station where the data will be incorporated into the Export Pipeline Automation System. 5.2.3 Cleaning and Intelligent Tools Launchers and Receivers Launchers and/or receivers will be installed at each PS, the PRS, and FSO to allow intemal cleaning and help determine the overall operating integrity of the pipeline. Each launcher and receiver trap will be equipped with a quick-opening end closure and a safety device to prevent the closure from accidentally opening under pressure. The quick-opening closure will be rated for the full hydrotest pressure. Detection devices will be installed near the traps to indicate successful launching and receipt of cleaning and intelligent tools. The detectors can be read locally and progress reported to the OTCC in Douala. 5.2.4 Corrosion Control Cathodic Protection System - In general, solar-powered (photovoltaic) cathodic protection installations will be used to protect pipeline sections. However, rectifier units will be used where reliable AC power is available. When possible, cathodic protection installations will be located adjacent to pipeline structures such as block valves, check valves, or pump stations to facilitate security and access. Pipeline Coating - A corrosion-resistant, three layer polyethylene external coating suitable for service at the design temperature (71°C near the pump stations) will be applied. Buried valves, fittings, and other components will be protected by a field applied epoxy or coal tar urethane coating. Aboveground piping and valves will be protected by painting. PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-3 May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT 5.2.5 Signs and Markers Signs and markers along the pipeline corridor will be used to identify the location of the line and the land easement and to facilitate general access and maintenance requirements. The following guidelines will be utilized: * Wording on signs will appear in both English and French * Standard pipeline waming signs will be installed on both sides of the roads, railroads, major streams, and at block valves, check valves, and pump stations * Waterway waming signs will be installed on each side of streams 30 m or more in width * Aerial markers will be installed at approximately 10 km maximum spacing * Each valve station will be marked with "No Trespassing" and "Danger - Flammable Materials" signs. 5.2.6 Pump Stations and Pressure Reducing Station The pump stations will be engineered and designed in accordance with ASME B31.4. All pump stations will be staffed with both expatriate and local operating staff. The PRS near Kribi will be a nonstaffed facility except for security personnel. The originating pump station, PS No. 1, will be located in the Kom6 field near the OC. All utilities, and some services, including electrical power, potable water, fire water, oily water disposal, security, catering, housing, and lighting, will be provided by the OC. A typical intermediate pump station layout is shown in Figure 5-3. The interface between the Transportation System and the oil field production facilities will be upstream from the suction/fill manifolds for the PS No. I tanks. Equipment and facilities at PS No. 1 will include the following: * Two pipeline storage tanks (100-KB capacity each) * Suction/fill manifolds for the tanks * Three 320-hp (3 x 238-kw) booster pumps * Pipeline control system * Three 6,000-hp (3 x 4,474-kw) mainline centrifugal pumps (electric motor driven) * Power distribution and control * Firewater loop * Automation, computing, and telecommunications system. May 1999 5-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I The intermediate pump stations, PS No. 2 and PS No. 3, will be completely self-supporting facilities, including electrical power and utilities. Equipment and facilities at an intermediate station (the two stations are essentially identical) will include the following: * Main line pumping units (3 x 6,000-hp/4,474-kw units with waste heat recovery) * Main station generators (3 x 750-kw) and emergency generator * Direct-fired heater (1 x 63 MBtu/hour) * Pipeline control and leak detection meter * Instrument air system * Fire and potable water systems * Fuel/lube oil treatment and distribution systems * Crude oil topping plant (industrial grade diesel for pumping units and generators) and emergency flare * Diesel fuel storage (3,000 barrels) e Pressure relief tank (10,000 barrels) - Drains and sewage systems - Buildings will include the following: - Administration building - Dining, recreation, and laundry building - Quarters/housing units - Guardhouse - Medical clinic - Warehouse and maintenance building - Automation, computing, and telecommunications module - Containerized buildings for power equipment. * An incinerator and common project service landfill * Helipad * Laterite airstrip for Twin Otter service with limited fuel storage. The PRS located near Kribi will be equipped with throttling and relief valves and a 10,000 barrel relief tank. Other equipment/facilities at the PRS will include emergency power generation equipment, incinerator, landfill, helipad, automation, control, and telecommunications modules. A typical PRS is shown in Figure 5-4. PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-5 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENfTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Security systems at intermediate pump stations and at the PRS will include the following: * Perimeter fencing * Perimeter lighting * Closed-circuit television * Various alarms and locks * Display and control system linked to the automation, computing, and telecommunications system * Security staff on duty at all times. An Oil Traffic Control Center will be built in Douala, Cameroon. 5.2.7 Offshore Marine Terminal Facilities The offshore marine terminal facilities will include a subsea loading pipeline approximately 11 km long, extending from the shoreline to a moored floating storage and offloading (FSO) vessel in more than 30 m of water. Loading of ocean-going tankers will take place from the FSO vessel at intermittent intervals for export of the crude oil to world markets. These facilities are illustrated on Figures 5-5 and 5-6. 5.2.7.1 Subsea Pipeline The subsea pipeline will be a welded continuous pipeline, extending from the Cameroon shoreline to the FSO. It will be engineered and designed in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) code designated ASME B31.4 and the American Petroleum Institute (API) Recommended Practice designated API RP-1111 ("Design, Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Offshore Hydrocarbon Pipelines"). The pipe will be manufactured with special limitations on chemistry, hardness, and dimensions to promote field weldability and ductility under service conditions, in accordance with the API Specification API-5L ("Specification for Line Pipe"). The subsea loading pipeline will be 760 mm (30 inches) in outside diameter. The pipeline will be buried in a trench through the surf zone to an approximate water depth of 7 m below Mean Low Water, or approximately 1,500 m offshore. The minimum trench depth from the top of the pipeline's concrete coating to the sea floor will be no less than I m for sand or clay or 0.3 m for rock. 5.2.7.2 Riser and Moorings A single point mooring (SPM) system will be permanently utilized to moor the FSO vessel for the specified design life. The SPM system allows the vessel to weathervane freely about the May 1999 5-6 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I mooring point. Two basic mooring configurations are considered feasible: a fixed jacket- articulated yoke system and a catenary chain-extemal turret system. These are illustrated on Figure 5-6. These systems will have cathodic protection and corrosion coating. At the FSO mooring, the subsea pipeline will connect to the SPM piping. The piping arrangement depends upon the SPM configuration adopted during detailed engineering design. If a fixed jacket-articulated yoke mooring is adopted, the subsea pipeline will be connected to a conventional 760 mm riser that will be attached to a steel piled jacket. The riser will tenminate with a pig trap installed on the deck of the jacket. If a catenary chain-extemal turret mooring is adopted, the subsea pipeline will be connected to a pipeline end manifold assembly on the seabed that will provide the flow path transition to two hose strings leading to the surface. The pipeline end manifold will be secured on the seabed by a suitable foundation to prevent sliding, lifting, and tilting, and it will be designed to accommodate thermal expansion of the subsea pipeline. In the case of both SPM configurations, the crude oil piping on the surface will include a swivel assembly that is mounted on the rotating axis of the SPM, an inlet metering manifold, and deck piping that leads to. the FSO receiving tanks. For the protection of the FSO vessel, a restricted zone with a minimum radius of 1.5 km will be established. Official navigation charts for the area will be updated to show the location of the installation. A perimeter of protection will also be established along the route of the olfshore pipeline thereby preventing objects from being pulled across the seabed within this zone. 5.2.7.3 Floating Storage and Offloading Vessel The FSO vessel will be a converted existing crude oil tanker. All tankers considered for acquisition and FSO conversion were built in accordance with the conventions and codes; of the Intemational Maritime Organization in effect at the time of vessel construction. All tankers must have been maintained in compliance with current IMO standards, including the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) and the Intemational Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). Based on preliminary analyses, the FSO needs to have a minimum crude oil storage capacity of 300,000 deadweight tons (DWT), or approximately 2.0 million barrels. The FSO vessel will have power generation, cargo and ballast pumping, cargo tank cleaning, inert gas, and other similar systems. The FSO vessel hull structure will be modified at the bow or stlem to accommodate integration of the SPM structure and the addition of a helicopter pad. Although the propulsion power and steering systems will not be needed during mooring, the systems will be retained for propelling the vessel to the installation site from the conversion yard and for eventual decommissioning. While on station, these systems will be unclassified such that the FSO vessel becomes an oil storage barge instead of a tanker. The systems may also be reactivated for voyages to shipyards for scheduled maintenance. The FSO vessel will be PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-7 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT capable of operating at least 10 years without shipyard repairs with the potential of 15 years without a vessel drydocking. The FSO will be designed to meet the in-water inspection requirements of the classification society. To achieve this serviceable life, the vessel will undergo extensive repair and life extension work prior to use. The tanker will be modified to have three to five centrifugal pumps and one to two stripping pumps with steam turbine or electric motor drivers. The system will be capable of simultaneous loading and offloading. The crude oil pumps will have a maximum offloading rate of 75,000 barrels per hour and an average offloading rate of 45,000 barrels per hour. The onboard boilers that supply steam to ship services and cargo pumps will be converted to burn crude oil. Waste heat boilers, as applicable, and diesel generator engines will also be converted to burn heavy crude oil from the crude oil system. Other facilities on the FSO vessel will include instrumentation and control systems; heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC systems); air and water; sewage treatment; and electrical systems. These systems will be upgraded as necessary to accommodate the crude oil storage and offloading functions and all necessary operating personnel. 5.2.7.4 Offshore Marine Terminal Operational Considerations Facilities will be provided for the safe operation of the FSO vessel in all modes of operation; e.g., loading, stand-by, survival, etc. In the case of a converted tanker, existing facilities may be utilized where possible, but supplemented as necessary, for the vessel's new use as a floating storage unit. The FSO will be provided with a fire detection and alarm system feeding into a central fire control panel area. The system will be arranged to provide indications of the affected area and nature of the incident throughout the FSO. Choice and location of the detector elements and alarm devices will be based on the requirement for the earliest possible detection and waming of any incident. There will be at least two main firewater pumps located remotely from each other in safe areas. Each pump alone will be capable of meeting the 100 percent design demand firewater requirements. Crude oil loading procedures will be developed that allow for the unrestricted flow of crude oil from the subsea pipeline into one or more designated reception tanks onboard the FSO vessel. The crude oil will be then transferred to other storage tanks within the cargo block using the inter-tank piping system. The existing steam turbine driven cargo pumps will be used to transfer the crude oil from storage to the export tanker via a metering package that includes a meter prover. The maximum offloading rate will range up to 75,000 barrels per hour depending on the limits of the floating hose and the receiving requirements of the export tanker. The FSO tandem mooring system will be designed to accommodate export tankers varying in size between 80 and 320 thousand deadweight tons. The export tankers must also be equipped for bow mooring in tandem with the FSO vessel. May 1999 5-8 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I Export tankers will be required to have either segregated ballast or discharge clean ballast with less than 15 ppm oil-in-water per international regulations, specifically, the IMO Intemrational Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). All overboard water discharges will be monitored to meet IMO and MARPOL standards for oil contamination. A load monitoring system will be fitted to provide a continuous monitoring of the load distribution of the FSO to ensure that shear forces and bending are kept within allowable limits. FLIII and continuous inert gas facilities will be provided to keep the atmosphere of all crude oil sitorage tanks in a non-flammable condition at all times. The cargo tanks will be fitted with fixed tank washing machines for tank cleaning. Crude oil washing will be the normal method of cleaning the tanks, with seawater washing being done before gas freeing procedures, prior to an inspection, etc. The frequency, duration, and type of washing program will be determined from operational experience. Due to the relatively short cargo retention time, it will probably not be necessary to tank clean during every discharge. It is unlikely that the ballast tank capacity of the tanker will be used to its maximum capacity. In FSO service, the maintenance of a minimum draft as required by IMO can normally be achieved by keeping about 10-15 percent of cargo on board, thus minimizing the need to bring seawater onboard as ballast. If seawater is used as ballast, it will be carried in segregated ballast tanks. The use of segregated ballast tanks ensures that the seawater does not come into contact with oil and eliminates the need for cleaning prior to discharge back into the sea. The FSO vessel operations will require a variety of marine support including tugs and supply vessels. The marine support functions will include providing assistance during export tanker mooring and loading operations, transport of personnel and provisions to/from shore, and performance of preventative maintenance tasks including inspection and change-out, as necessary, of underwater components. 5.3 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 5.3.1 Onshore Pipeline Installation A pipeline construction unit, or spread, carries out the full range of operations including land easement clearing, pipe stringing, welding, hydrostatic testing, backfilling, and final cleanup. The pipeline will be constructed with two major spreads. All pipeline construction will be carried out in conformance with the ASME and ANSI code designated ASME B31.4 ("Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquid Hydrocarbons and Other Liquids"). The code states that its primary purpose is: "to establish requirements for safe design, construction, inspection, testing, operation and maintenance of liquid pipeline systems for protection of the general public and operating company personnel as well as for reasonable PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-9 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT protection of the piping system against vandalism and accidental damage by others and reasonable protection of the environment." (ASME, 1994) Project representatives will be assigned to the pipeline spreads to carry out or observe a number of inspections and tests that will assure conformance with ASME B31.4. The pipeline ditch will typically be centered on a line usually about 10 m from one side of the 30 m land easement. This will provide an approximate 10 m width for storing ditch spoil and up to a 20 m working area for construction equipment and pipe. The ditch typically will be excavated mechanically and the limit of open ditch will generally not exceed 20 km. Equipment such as backhoes and clamshell buckets will be used in areas of loose or unconsolidated rock. Dimensions of the ditch will range generally from 1.2 to 1.4 m in width and 1.8 to 2.2 m in depth. A minimum of 1 m of cover from the top of the pipe to the ground surface typically will be provided. Cover will be greater at road intersections, river crossings, and near pump stations. If solid rock is encountered, blasting will be required. A minimum of 0.50 m of cover will be provided when the ditch is in rock. Topsoil that is removed for subsequent reuse will be stored within the land easement in a manner allowing retrieval during cleanup operations for redistribution over the graded area. Clearing and pipeline construction activities will be conducted over a period of approximately three to six months or a maximum of one season in any one place. Pipe will be transported to the land easement by tractor-trailer trucks. The pipe will be unloaded and strung along the land easement using sidebooms and other equipment. A hydraulic cold bending machine will introduce vertical or horizontal bends in the pipe in the field. Laying the pipe involves swabbing, lining up, and welding. The pipeline contractor will secure all open ended pipes that have been lowered into the ditch at the end of the work period with "night caps." Where practical, known wildlife crossing/migration zones exposed to open ditch areas will be secured to prevent danger to animals. Swabbing before a pipe length is joined by welds ensures foreign objects and materials inside each joint are removed. The pipe length will then be lined up and welded to the continuous string of pipe that has already been joined. Valves and fittings will be installed as welding proceeds. All welds will be inspected both visually and by use of nondestructive testing methods. All nondestructive testing will be performed by qualified and experienced personnel in accordance with a set of written procedures for testing and determining the acceptability of welds. Welds that do not meet requirements will be repaired or the weld will be removed, as appropriate. Records of nondestructive testing will be annotated and included on the as-built drawings. After testing, the joint will then be cleaned and wrapped to provide a homogeneous protective coating. The pipeline will have a corrosion-resistant extemal coating suitable for service at the design temperature (71°C near the pump stations). The coating will be inspected and repaired, if necessary, prior to lowering the pipe into the ditch. Sideboom tractors with slings made to May 1999 5-10 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I minimize coating damage will be used to lower pipe into the ditch. In rocky areas, the bottom of the ditch will be padded to provide a uniform bearing surface for the pipe. Once in the ditch, pipe will be padded with sand or soil where necessary to protect its coating during backfill operations. Backfill material will be retumed to the ditch and crowned on top of the ditch to compensiate for future settling. Excess backfill material will be contoured over graded sections of the land easement. Ditching should produce sufficient backfill material. However, in some rocky areas backfill may need to be imported. The pipeline will be tested hydrostatically prior to commencement of operations to ensure it is able to maintain the design intemal pressure and that there are no leaks. Testing will be conducted in manageable segments. Before hydrostatic testing is carried out, cleaning and intelligent tools will be pushed through the pipeline with compressed air to remove welding slag, dirt, debris, or other items that may have accumulated during the construction process. The pipeline will then be filled with water, pressurized, and tested to established design limits. In accordance with accepted pipeline practice, the amount of water drawn from a stream or river will be limited to a maximum of 10 percent of the flow at the time of extraction. In confonrance with waste management plans, hydrotest water will be, to the extent practicable, disposed to the ground surface into infiltration beds or percolation ponds, incorporating erosion control measures (i.e., energy dissipation devices) and, if needed, filtering devices to nrmove sediments. A record of the hydrostatic test will be made and retained for the entire operational life of the pipeline. Cleanup and restoration of the land easement will be undertaken once backfilling and compaction are completed. Materials that were stockpiled during construction will be spread over the cleared area. The land easement will be retumed to its natural contour and grade to the extent feasible as long as there is no interference with operations and maintenance of the Transportation System. Topsoil will be spread over those areas of the land easement from where it was removed. Ground and aerial markers with kilometer post (KmP) indicators will be installed along the pipeline route to aid in maintenance and emergency response. With the exception of the system easement (which includes areas occupied by valves, telecommunications towers, pump stations, and other permanent aboveground facilities), all of the remaining cleared land easement areas will be allowed to return to former use after construction activities cease as long as there is no interference with operations and maintenance of the Transportation System. The 10 to 15 m wide portion of the system easement that lies directly over the pipeline will be allowed to return to grassland or field-crop agricultural use, but no trees or permanent structures will be allowed. Pipeline construction will be undertaken from moveable construction base camps (one for each construction spread). Each base camp will be located as close as possible to the land PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-11 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT easement, and will support pipeline construction activities for a distance of approximately 60 to 80 km. Small remote camps supported by the base camp will be used to facilitate construction activities located at a distance from the base camp. There will be only two base camps in full operation at any one time. Each camp will relocate periodically to provide construction support and logistical functions over the entire pipeline corridor. The pipeline installation contractor will determine the size of the construction work force. The anticipated construction staff will consist of approximately 1,000 nationals and 600 expatriates during the peak construction period. 5.3.2 Crossings Road and Railroad Crossings - Sealed roads will be bored and other roads will be open cut and most likely backfilled on the same day they are dug. The locations of major road crossings are shown in Table 5-2. A typical road crossing is depicted in Figure 5-7. Traffic flow will not be interrupted ; temporary by-passes will be used. Pipeline installation at railroad crossings will be bored. Railroad crossings are listed in Table 5-3 and depicted in Figure 5-7. River and Stream Crossings - Rivers and streams will be open-cut. The pipeline beneath major rivers will be concrete-coated to provide negative buoyancy and placed at a depth beneath the bed to ensure the pipeline will not be affected adversely by any subsequent scour. Significant river crossings for which special design considerations will be needed are listed in Table 5-4. All other watercourses crossed will be evaluated to determine site-specific requirements. Typical river crossings are depicted in Figure 5-7. Installation of the pipeline at river crossings will be planned to occur during periods of low water flow when possible. The minimum cover between the top of the buried pipe and the bottom of the channel will be 1.5 m to minimize potential effects of scour and changing bottom profiles. The minimum cover depth will be greater at rivers that present a higher potential for scour. Typically, the ditch will be graded on each approach to watercourses so that the channel and bank contours will be restored to their approximate original configurations after pipeline installation has been completed. Breakers or riprap will be placed over the pipeline and disturbed areas along the banks, where necessary for erosion control. There will be no permanent blocking of surface drainages. Beach Crossing - The pipeline will cross the beach at approximately right angles to the coastline and will be buried across the beach and surf zone. A temporary trench protected by a cofferdam or sheet piling, or steel frames if sheet piling is not feasible, will be dug across the beach. After placement of the frames, the trench will be evacuated. After removing spoils, the pipeline will be pulled through the frames into place. Areas blasted from rock will be restored to prevent beach zone erosion. May 1999 5-12 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 5.3.3 Blasting The actual need for blasting will be determined during pipeline installation. Where blasting is required, it will be performed by qualified, experienced personnel using approved written safety procedures. Blasting will be limited to the land easement. Vibration levels at the edge of the land easement will be minimal. The following safety precautions will be taken: * The blasting area will be checked immediately prior to detonation to ensure that personnel, wildlife, and equipment are well away from the danger zone * Blasting mats will be used near transmission or telephone lines and in areas of human use * Blasting will not be conducted in areas where it could induce slope instability. 5.3.4 Construction Records A complete record of the following information will be maintained for the pipeline: * Total number of girth welds (all nondestructively tested), number of welds rejected during testing, and the disposition of each rejected weld * Amount, location, and depth of cover at each road, rail, and waterway crossing * Locations of each crossing of other pipelines * Locations of buried utility crossings * Location of each block and check valve, weighted pipe, corrosion test point, or other item connected to the pipe. Most of this information will be available on "as-built" drawings that will be prepared at the end of the installation phase. 5.3.5 Pump Stations and Pressure Reducing Station The construction of the pump stations and PRS will span a period of about 2 years. PS; No. 1 will be built by the construction contractor(s) building the Operations Center facilities in the oil field development area. For PS No. 2, PS No. 3 and the PRS, it is envisioned that certain work (i.e., site preparation) will commence at one pump station and when finished, the work crews and their equipment will move to the second site and perform the same job. Crews constructing the concrete foundations will follow a similar progression, moving from one site to the next. The pump station/PRS construction contractor will determine the size of the construction work force. The anticipated construction staff will consist of approximately 300 nationals and 100 expatriates during the peak construction period. PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-13 - Mlay 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT A brief summary of overall construction activities for the pump stations and PRS is presented below: Site Preparation - This will include clearing and grubbing, contouring and laying down a laterte base to seal the underlying soils, and providing for water runoff and a stable plafform for construction equipment and personnel. Depending on the subsoil conditions, some excavation and recompacting may be required under areas where large tanks and heavy equipment will be located. Topsoil will be stockpiled for reclamation of temporary use areas. Erosion control measures will include features to control storm water runoff and to mitigate sediment transport, such as localized silt fences, drainage course impediments and sediment basins. Temporary drainage channels will be used to direct runoff water towards sediment basins for possible use in dust control. Borrow sources for construction materials such as sand and gravel will be purchased from local vendors or developed to minimize the number of disturbed areas. Where possible, the project will rely on local businesses to supply these materials and transport them to the job site. Construction Camp and Landfills- The initial activities will include the construction of the camp facilities and construction related workshops, temporary offices, material laydown areas, and establishment of a fuel storage facility. These initial facilities are being designed to maximize use of local people and training programs. This initial phase of activity will also include construction of a sanitary landfill as part of the overall waste management program for construction waste. Facility Construction - After completion of site preparation and construction camps, underground utilities and piping will begin with trenching, as well as establishment of a pipe fabrication shop. This underground work will also include excavation, form construction, and pouring of concrete foundations for equipment and buildings. Following underground activities, structural steel and building erection will begin. Setting and aligning of mechanical equipment (i.e., pumps, turbines, heater), tank erection, and aboveground piping will follow as the quality checks are completed for concrete and structural steel work. The electrical and instrumentation work will conclude the mechanical completion of the facilities followed by the pre-commissioning activities. Instrument calibration, loop checks and startup checks for equipment will be completed during this phase of construction. 5.3.6 Offshore Marine Terminal Facilities The three main construction activities involve: (1) conversion of the FSO vessel; (2) fabrication and assembly of the SPM system; and (3) installation of the facilities at the offshore site. The May 1999 5-14 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 FSO conversion will be carried out at a shipyard dry-dock facility capable of handling large vessels. The SPM system and its various components (hoses, swivels, chains, etc.) will be fabricated at specialized vendor shops and assembled for connection to the FSO. The manner of this connection - whether structural or mechanical - will depend on whether a fixed lacket- articulated yoke or turret type SPM system is chosen. The FSO vessel will sail to the installation site under its own power. The SPM system will either be delivered to the site with the FSO when it sails, or transported separately. If the latter, it is most likely to be barged or carried on the deck of the installation vessel. The subsea pipeline (concrete coated) will be delivered by barge. The offshore construction spread is envisioned to include a main installation vessel (a combination pipelay-crane barge) and support vessels (anchor handling tugs, supply vessels, and cargo transport barges). If a turret type SPM system is utilized, the offshore construction will include installation of a pipeline end manifold (PLEM) and pre-installation of the FSO mooring lines and anchor piles. If a fixed jacket-articulated yoke SPM system is utilized, the offshore construction will include installation of the platform jacket, plafform deck, turntable structure, and installation of a rigid pipe riser between the subsea pipeline and the jackelt. The final hook-up involves connection of the FSO vessel to the pre-installed SPM system. It is anticipated that the offshore construction activities will take place over approximately 2 months. PD English Text 04-28.doc 5-15 - Mlay 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHADEXPORTPROJECT PROJECTDESCRIPTION TABLE 5-1 MAIN LINE VALVE LOCATIONS No.1 APproximate Tpomet 1 0 Motor Operated Pump Station No. 1 2 3 Check Valve 3 37 Check Valve 4 98 Check Valve 5 137 Gas Operated 6 140 Check Valve 7 174 Gas Operated 8 181 Check Valve 9 212 Check Valve 10 235 Motor Operated Pump Station No. 2 11 235 Motor Operated Pump Station No. 2 12 265 Check Valve 1 3 300 Check Valve 1 4 324 Gas Operated 15 326 Check Valve 16 380 Gas Operated 17 405 Manual Valve 18 430 Gas Operated 19 435 Check Valve 20 486 Gas Operated 21 487 Check Valve 22 528 Gas Operated 23 529 Check Valve 24 539 Check Valve 25 582 Gas Operated 26 591 Motor Operated Pump Station No. 3 27 591 Motor Operated Pump Station No. 3 28 610 Check Valve 29 637 Manual Valve 30 667 Check Valve 31 702 Manual Valve 32 709 Check Valve 33 752 Manual Valve 34 796 Gas Operated 35 812 Check Valve 36 859 Manual Valve 37 906 Gas Operated 38 907 Manual Valve 39 946 Gas Operated 40 946 Check Valve 41 967 Motor Operated 42 994 Gas Operated 43 1,005 Gas Operated 44 1,007 Check Valve 45 1,040 Manual Valve 46 1,061 Gas Operated 47 1,066 Motor Operated Pressure Reducing Station 48 1,066 Motor Operated Pressure Reducing Station 1 Main line valves 1-7 are located in Chad. 2 Location is stated as pipeline kilometers from the Operations Center in Chad. PD English Tables 04-28.doc Mlay 1999 SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT TABLE 5-2 MAJOR ROAD CROSSINGS Locaition Aproximate Suf 06 od: fKilometer1 Sufc oructo Metho CTF 2 Laterite Open cut Begada 5 Laterite Open cut Kome 14 Laterite Open cut Bebe 29 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Bito 35 Laterite Open cut - New road Mokassa to Kagopal 42 Laterite Open cut - New road Kagopal 50 Laterite Open cut Kouloulou 72 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Mbann 75 Laterite Open cut - New road Gadjibian 88 Laterite Open cut Bessao 111 Laterite Open cut Baibokoum (Chad/border) 177 Laterite Open cut New Road (Cameroon/border) 185 Laterite Open cut- New road Loubol 202 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Ndjakfoui 203 Laterte Open cut - Road upgrade Djom 205 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Bong 212 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Dompta to PS No. 2 230 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Nana 252 Laterite Open cut - Road upgrade Meiganga - Gangui 365 Laterite Open cut Meiganga - Ngaoundal Highway 380 Paved Bored Belabo to Bertoua Highway 595 Paved Bored Nanga Eboko to Bertoua 702 Laterite Open cut Nkoteng to Nanga Eboko 732 (Camsuco) Laterite Open cut Nkoteng to Nanga Eboko 742 Laterite Open cut Mbandjok to Nkoteng 752 Laterite Open cut Batchenga to Mbandjok 768 Laterite Open cut Yaounde to Bafoussam Highway 820 Paved Bored Yaounde to Okola 838 Laterite Open cut Yaounde to Ongot 853 Laterite Open cut Yaounde to Douala Highway 860 Paved Bored Mbankomo to Ngoumou 869 Laterite Open cut Ngoumou to Akono 887 Laterite Open cut Lolodorf to Eseka 961 Paved Bored Bikoka to Lolodorf 968 Laterite Open cut Bidjouka 994 Laterite Open cut Bipindi to Akom II 1007 Laterite Open cut Kribi to Bipindi 1009 Laterite Open cut Kribi to Bipindi 1050 Laterite Open cut Kribi to Ebolowa 1067 Laterite Open cut Kribi to Grand Batanga 1069 Laterite Open cut Location is stated as pipeline kilometers from the Operations Center in Chad May 1999 PD English Tables 04-28.doc SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT PROJECT DESCRlPTION TABLE 5-3 RAILROAD CROSSINGS Location Approximate Kilometer < Belabo Spur 593 East of Mbandjok 757 West of Mbandjok 766 East of Yaounde-Bafoussam Highway 819 North of Ngoumou 881 Ngoumou-Mbalmayo Spur 885 Location is stated as pipeline kilometers from the Operations Center in Chad. TABLE 5-4 MAJOR RIVER CROSSINGS Number Location Approximate _______________ ~~~~~Kilometer.' 1 LouIl River 2 2 Lim River 140 3 Mbere River 178 4 Mbere River 324 Mba River 432 6 Pangar River 487 7 Mouyal River 529 8 Lom River 539 Sesse River 584 10 Yong River 608 11 Tede River 709 12 Afamba River 811 13 Nyong River 907 14 Lokoundje River 946 15 Mougue River 994 16 Lokoundje River 1,007 17 Kienke River 1,062 1 Location is stated as pipeline kilometers from the Operations Center in Chad. PD English Tables 04-28.doc MAay 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Nigeria el Development Area '90 fQ /9 ~~~~~~~~Ngaoundere Domptat Location Map ~~~ ~~~~~> ~~~~Ngaoundal Statiganga/1 Cameroon Dang CentralAfricanRepublic Goyoim Deng Den,+ t BelaboZ Nanga Ebob Batcheng,Congo Marine A Temiinal 50 0 50 Kilometers 1erminal Pressure Reducing Station / LEGEND VPipeline Pump Station/PRS Chad Export Project TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM Road DAMES & MOORE FIG 5-l ~'7~AbAmEs&mboREGROUPUOMPA FIUE - Chad b d j Republic N Doba Location Map ~~~ -~~~ - \ ~ ~ ~ ~ < / /<~~~Kom ; Pumnp Staion No 1 i F- ( X 0 ~~~~~~~~~~~Gadgjib> Bessao ~-> --Sigib A ~ ai A N 10 0 10 Kilometers LEGEND 4,VP ipne 0 City/Town PROJECT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM /&Vajeor Road []Big *New Construction E] PBrnp Station PRS Chad Export Project AND INFRASTRUCTURE Road Upgrade [ uwtto/R /,VSecondary Road fMain Line Valve Q'Railroad T'elecommunications Tower /VRiver Airfield (7DAMES & MOORE :,. lntemnational Boundaty * A AMEsA \)DRU.ilrU((MPANy FIGURE y-2a _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~FGR .5 ._2a__ I maroon A MBAI MBO BABONGO 15 DJOHONG NGAOUNDALMIGANGA 7 ~~~~~A 17 f d &18 8''s ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~20_ 0 _20 Klometers LEGEND AfPipeline 0 City/Town PROICT TRANSPORTATT1N SY FM /,\IvlaJor 1oac RNoadUpgrade Pump Staion PRS Et AND INFRASTRUCTURE ,ASecondary Road Main Line Valve Chad xpor roject *VRailroad 0 Telecommunications Tower I . /vRiver Airfield I I ' DAMES & MOORE ,,.ylnterational Boundary A rfe. ,i ' ' FIGIR 5-2b r~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ch.d Nigeria a 19 Location Map 20 -B BiTARt OYA -23 DENG DENG LPump Stafion N0 3 GOYCIU M NANGA EBOKO - - K S A 20 0 Kilometers BERTOUA LEGEND pM-finelr o citylTown PROJECT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM 4*NwConstruction r1 Bidge AND INFRASTRUCTURE Road Upgrade ] Pump Station /PRS Chad Export Project '/vSecondary Road Main Line Valve VRailroad Telecommunications Tower ,%-nerrmational Boundary Airfield DA 4tAM(ifESRi,hi,UIANY FIGURE 5-2c A- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ G."Afo-. C,. aI A.BATC N p -. DOUALA NKOMIETOU 3 I 4 ir a ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~˝ ,ONDn 452IW A~ KR lBI ,~6> 25 0 25 Kilometers FSO \ I ' . 474 Pressure Reducinz Station 1 LEGEND GE sPipeli 0 City/Town PROJECT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM aivsajor Road Bridge NewonUpgrade uto PurnpStation PRS Chad Export Project AND INFRASTRUCTURE R.ySeeondady Roade Main Line Valve ^/Railroad @ Telecommunications Tower D M /VRiver L Airfield 5 DAM2ES & MOORE ,%, :nternational Boundary + I .iF- A )AMES1&MOO)RF(iOUF(IMI ANV FIGUR. 5-2d -N Fecec Sludee Tank ; : Sewage :ncine rator - Di >s Treatmhient I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Plant '\ '''" 0' ,'\/12 Heter;0 , 0 'c ' - 001 He .0jfrilWater>, ,.>*uo;0 0 t00002 N -_, _ _ - 0 :: } 0 0 0 Stmucrs 0 1 1010 ; (ikrSJ / COTP > Crude Oil e tik :0 * t Tnk I ; tgh Frequency Radio Antenna ..l ;:; 0; t; 0 0 l 0 0 - 00 i; *. *,0-0000- ;i4-~Fl-4h- Proeeisitt t;etrc Water Well NaA l - _ fAdmtotn t To~~~~~~~~~~~~aing .~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~'Pocsii ac t Oil -.Watr WaI er* x / . (COTP) J Li Wa~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ter Bald tttink..f el o ;0, \ \' :''''m' '' ;' . bill', ' ', C '- ' ' ' .. . 'i ',' If: ' Z fB1 1ildi''g PIPEL1NE 1 0 0 0 :; j 5Laydown Xrc; , ^ : x fi , f .; ., t; . ; W t r Water Wcl I No . -- : -------- -- -Z Maat PUrttI Lube c *II StatiI Are T I Storage TIn ati6n Skids-~ Eatrgnc O~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Gnrin .} . 3 . 01 MtraiE.r .Sk . A & M O F 5 Flow . *. - . Flow -l Fence~~~~~~~Are Rw Wtc u CE-J Geiierator~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- o ttt 20 30 40 50 100 MOORE~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0D ; arhos ME fEES DAMES &~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. cea ea h' a,%cnnce B 0dg Residential&U rirAi IG RE5- PIPELINE Flow4 : . . - - | . g} ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Satellite i Relief Main PipelnS RadioTowe r i Valves ca er ecyer A. Water wallt Stationer .- [ E ShPdessure Treatmentef P Telee i ... Oil Drain/ - Scaper Wl Pk [ T ommunications 4L ~~~~~~~~Tramn 07 Hue [Center I ,.--- Fence -.._.EmergencyF- PipeeGenerator HELIPAD.3rDeslS.rg Inicinera'tor Inlet Strainer - ____ Skid 10,000 BBL Relief Tank Pressure Reduction Relief Tank U~~~~II ~~~Pump/Strainer ! -- I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ __.-_ PipelineTYPICALPEPipeline Oil Drain Scraper Sump Tank Launcher Future Tank * -Fence Pipeline3 TO FSO, - --Pipeline TYPICAL PRESSURE F=-K- -----1 4 ------=-f- 1 Chad Export Project REDUCING STATION LAYOUT o to 20 30 40 50 METrERS 3 DAMES & MOORE gMQ1TA ADA &MORGRCMOORE FIGURE 5-4 Export Tanker // (80,000 to 320,000 DWT) Work Boat / Tug II Service Boat Transfer Hoses FSO Vessel It Shoreline : 0 : 0f / ; Onshore ; , ,----------- Subsea Pipeline < { Pipeline Single Point \\ Pressure Reducing Mooring System Station II Not to Scale TYPICAL FSO / EXPORT TANKER Chad Export Project BERTHING LAYOUT DAMES & MOORE El~i AUkkt&MO0REGROlUPCOMA FIGURE 5-5 Fixed Jacket-Articulated Yoke Alternative \ ^ Xl ~~~~Subsea . \ Sea floor Pipeli Tanker Manifold / Turret Single Point Mooring-. V Export Tanker / \ : FSO Vessel ilLJ,i :e!:i .1I i, ii ~~~~~~~NANGA EBOt r V R ailroad Brai Storage Y ardC h a d E x p o r t P r o j e c tM A I N S T O R AGAT CEEN GY A R B E R T O U AD S ; 4 ~~~DOUALA a E X ) t EDEi _. YOUNE AYOS c FIGURE 6-4 : Gulf of 4 1 BIINDI A . Congo Guinea so o so Kilometen LEGEND 4y Pipeline Pentnanent Storage Yard ^/Railroad 13Temporry Storage Yard Chad Export Project MAIN STOPAGE YARDS Major Project Access Roads ° pCity/Town V4V OcanCsio°ntal AccEess Road FJSO .,,,8' s Intemational Boundary =,DAMES & MOORE '1A' RD,-' i ' AiZhlEsb OOR GOU CR%AwFIGUR 6-4 Pipe Storage Area Berms Typical for All Storage Areas 6 m < 30m / . 6m 6m .F Cotrco' - j- .. 4 . . H ~~~~Fence 0 X 9 Le w ceS Rouds > t~~~~~~~~~~~~~ip Sor SECURE AREA Area PieSoae Pie toag L4 ~~~~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~Area *Area Beonrasctornstuedo Limab Ofice 30-mr 3m 3Dm A A~ oipeg Storage 4-- Laterite Surfaced Roads -* 6m PLAN Berms constructed of suitable earth material, free of rock, vegetation, Storage Yard Road -_ or other objectionable matter 4,6.0m- 5.5 m 5mm 5 m-4.5 m,5.5 m 6.0 1 m "-5m,4-0~~~~~~4 YYA\N,~ 740 m 160 m Cleared Approach 1060 in NEW AIRFIELD TYPICAL LAYOUT 42 m Access Road 4 m Widec Aircraft -- Tic-Downs DETAIL "A" Not to Scale Note: Total Land Required 46,500 m2 Access Roads not Included TYPICAL AIRFIELD Chad Export Project DAMES & MOORE ~~AUWAES&MO~EGR.UPCOMPA.NY FIGURE 6-6 15 to 20 meters Fence X-X-X-X-X-X-X X :4 Tower X X Communications X | Facilities X 'X I - - - - . . SolarP anels s L-x- X X'X -Iv Access Road 4 meters wide NOTES: May be remote or located within pipeline right-of-way / adjacent to roadway. TYPICAL Chad Export Project TELECOMMUNICATIONS SITE E DAMES & MOORE . AjE ADAMEa&MOOR-E-ROUPCOMPAN FIGURE 67 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 7.0 OPERATIONS PHASE This section provides an overview of the operations activities for the project. 7.1 HIGHLIGHTS OF OPERATIONS STRATEGY The strategic objective is to effectively operate all facilities while maintaining high levels of safety, environmental protection, and technical integrity. This entails efficient staffing and educating the new national workforces in the application of proven policies and procedures. The following factors are to be considered for achieving this objective: * Maintain high standards of safety for employees, contractors, and the public, and protect the environment and facilities that are critical to system operation * Ensure production and delivery of crude oil to third-party tankers with high reliability standards * Provide an FSO designed to achieve a "zero downtime" objective * Operate the system in a cost-effective manner * Safeguard the integrity of the system * Balance workforce availability with operational safety and the ability to train and assimilate qualified personnel * Optimize near-term investments without compromising the long-term future of the project. "Core Values" of the Operations organization are: * High values for safety * "Economic/Efficient" systems * Ease of operability with appropriate staffing * Simplified, low cost maintenance * Training programs providing quality results * Prudent health/security/environmental values * Strong Operations Integrity Management System (OIMS) . Implementation and long-term operations "targeted" for public and local community acceptance. To more fully communicate the above Operations objectives and "Core Values," a comprehensive Operations Philosophy has been developed for use on the Chad Export Project. The philosophy is considered an "evergreen document" and will be updated to reflect continual PD English Text 04-28.doc 7-1 - Mlay 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT development of plans, strategies, and detail designs. The key components of this document are the following: * Operations Mission, Vision, and Objectives * Operations Organization Principles * General Operations Strategies * Production Operations and Transportation System Design Considerations. The general design philosophy is to install facilities that are simple to operate and maintain. The facilities will also be designed for maximum inherent built-in security. The design will be based on conventional, well-proven technology and equipment. Standardization of equipment and materials will be maximized. 7.2 ORGANIZATIONAL BASIC ASSUMPTIONS The operational organization will be composed of the following companies: , EEPCI * COTCO , TOTCO. EEPCI headquarters in Houston will be established for coordination of activities. COTCO and TOTCO will operate the Transportation System in Cameroon and Chad, respectively, and will have the same General Manager to ensure coordination. TOTCO will have its headquarters in Chad near the CTF area and will share services with the EEPCI functional organization. All critical company documents will be printed in French and English to ensure that their content is clearly understood by all relevant parties. 7.3 ACTIVITY CATEGORIES Activities and staff positions are being categorized and evaluated as "core" or "noncore". Core positions are those considered critical requirements for mainstream business and will be staffed by permanent personnel before startup. These positions include the following: * Staff management * Supervisory operations and maintenance positions (field operations and FSO Superintendent) * Production engineering positions (artificial lift engineering and field production engineering) * Technical operation positions (field or facility operators) May 1999 7-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I * Planning (supervisory/management) * Administrative (supervisory/management) * Financial (supervisory/management) * Accounting (supervisory/management). Noncore positions are activities that are being considered for contractor staffing. These positions include the following: * Contractor operations and maintenance personnel; e.g., mechanical, instrument, electrical maintenance, road maintenance, and civil works and/or specialized personnel in an activity that is not mainstream business (catering services, power plant operations, electric submersible pump (ESP) maintenance, well servicing, pipeline maintenance, and all FSO operations and maintenance personnel, except the FSO Superintendent) * Unskilled positions (security guards, laborers, helpers, and drivers). 7.4 RECRUITMENT The number of permanent Operations employees will be only those needed to staff core positions, with contractors filling the noncore positions as defined above. The organizational needs will require a significant population of expatriates to effectively and safely start up the new operations. These expatriates will come from other Exxon organizations, affiliates, or contractor forces and will make a term commitment to the project. Nevertheless, nationalization of the workforce is planned to be as quick as feasible while balancing the workforce availability with operational safety, training requirements, and overall efficiency. A significant challenge for training the workforce will be to educate new local workforces in applying proven policies and procedures. In the education process, the trainees will be required to demonstrate understanding of safety and environmental policies and procedures in addition to the technical requirements. An estimated 200 permanent personnel will be trained for operations during the life of the project. This estimate includes EEPCI, COTCO, and TOTCO. Trainees will be developed for management, professional, technician, foreman, and operator positions. 7.5 CONTRACTING The operating philosophy is to use long-term employees for operator/technical core positions and contractors for maintenance noncore activities. These services will be provided under direct Operations supervision. Operations will provide limited support services to contractors where practical and cost-effective. Because of the absence of local companies able to supply the PD English Text 04-28.doc 7-3 M I\lay 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORT PROJECT necessary operations services from the outset, it will be necessary to encourage or establish contract service companies and local contractor resources beginning with the construction effort. At the start of operations, it is estimated that approximately 450 contractor personnel will be required and that about 350 of these positions will be staffed by nationals. Local labor requirements will be addressed in all service contracts. As a general rule, Operations will not provide housing, catering, transport, or health services for the contractor and subcontractor employees. Nevertheless, Operations may recommend on a case-by-case basis, that company housing, catering services, medical services, and facility utilities be used by some contractor forces as a cost control approach or where warranted by operational efficiencies. 7.6 WORK SCHEDULE AND STAFF TRANSPORTATION The study of different work schedules was completed and the following was concluded: * Expatriates in the field locations will be on a "28 days on /28 days off' rotating schedule * Expatriate positions in Douala and in N'Djamena will be on non-rotating family status * Nationals will work a combination of rotating and non-rotating schedules * Outside Africa employees will work a non-rotating schedule. Operations will provide bus transportation, as required, to shuffle the local workforce from designated pickup points in the nearest villages according to the work schedule. This methodology will be concentrated in the Miandoum, Bolobo, Kome production facilities and the Operations Center. Also, a similar system may be used along theTransportation System at PS No. 2 and PS No. 3. 7.7 COMMISSIONING AND STARTUP It is anticipated that commissioning and startup will utilize a combination of resources including project management and construction contractor staff, equipment vendors, specialized commissioning and support staff, and Operations personnel. The overall startup process will be the responsibility of Operations. Key considerations in developing the detailed commissioning and startup plans include: * Safe startup with no environmental incidents * Maximize use of in-country project management team engineering, procurement, and construction resources in conjunction with the permanent operating staff * Early involvement of key operations and maintenance personnel in commissioning and start- up planning May 1999 7-4 PD Englisi, Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCR,fPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 * Seamless transition from commissioning and startup activities to normal operations * Cost-effective startup with hydrocarbon resources brought on-stream as efficiently as possible. 7.8 LOGISTICS AND MATERIALS MANAGEMENT An "enterprise" contractor with major logistics "hubs" in Douala and Kome will provide the overall logistics and transportation functions during the operations phase. The construction phase logistics contractor will be leveraged to maximize the benefit to the system established for the operational phase. Local and regional supply markets will be surveyed and used, as well as logistic opportunities with already established service companies. 7.9 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE The Operations and Maintenance (O&M) framework is being developed using the following key philosophies: * Use contractors for noncore O&M positions working within an enterprise Materials Management System * If feasible, use a single source contractor from design to maintenance (for example: automation, power plant) * Leverage existing and construction phase contractors/resources/facilities for the O&M phases. Negotiated contracts may be a viable solution; e.g., aviation, fuels, security, catering, logistics, power plant * Be prepared to use competitive bidding. Cost-plus incentives and contractor alliance concepts should be evaluated as contracting methodologies * Safety, nationalization, and local subcontractor utilization development plans are key elements of each O&M contract. The O&M process will have the objective of determining the O&M requirements of the asset and ensuring that its design/mechanical capacity continues for its intended operating function. The main thrusts of the process must emphasize that: * Risks are managed by an established lifecycle cost-maintenance concept * All tasks are done in a quality and professional manner to deal with failures that could affect significant assets * "Enterprise" maintenance principles are established and understood and are part of the Operations culture to avoid safety/environmental/quality problems and related risks and to ensure that maintenance is done economically and efficiently. PD English Text 04-28.doc 7-5 - May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 8.0 DECOMMISSIONING This section provides an overview of the decommissioning activities that will be undertaken after construction and after each facility ceases operation. Decommissioning refers Ito the dismantling, decontamination and removal of process equipment and facility structures; the removal of surface installations; and recontouring the land and planting vegetation to prevent soil erosion as appropriate. Assuming there is no other use for field facilities, all structures including production, processing, treatment, storage, pumping, power, and related infrastructure facilities will be dismantled. Decommissioning is implemented after each facility has ceased operation and piping and equipment have been deactivated. 8.1 DECOMMISSIONING PRINCIPLES All assets owned by the Consortium will become the property and responsibility of the appropriate government, without compensation, on the date of expiry, termination of convention or concession relinquishment in accordance with existing agreements. If the government chooses not to use the asset(s), the Consortium will remove aboveground facilities at the expense of the Consortium. Similarly, the Consortium will transfer ownership to the government, without compensation, all producing wells in good working order, except if the govemment requires their abandonment. Wells that cannot be used for production may be taken by the govemment without cost and converted by the govemment to water wells. In the latter stages of the project's operations phase, a complete and comprehensive Decommissioning Plan will be prepared, specifying the activities that will be undertaken during the decommissioning and abandonment phase of the project. In certain circumstances, equipment and/or buildings may be transferred to the Republic of Chad or the Republic of Cameroon, as appropriate. The Decommissioning Plan will comply with the provisions of the Convention of Establishment signed between TOTCO and the Republic of Chad; the Convention for Exploration, Exploitation, and Transportation of Hydrocarbons in Chad signed between the Consortium and the Republic of Chad; applicable Republic of Chad legislation; the provisions of the Convention of Establishment signed between COTCO and the Republic of Cameroon; applicable Republic of Cameroon legislation; and recognized international staindards for the petroleum industry. Future decommissioning procedures will be in accordance with international standards in place at the time of decommissioning activity. For example, if decommissioning were to occur today, standards would be based on the Exploration and Production (E&P) Forum report titled "Decommissioning, Remediation, and Reclamation Guidelines for Onshore Exploration and Production Sites, No. 2.70/242" dated October 1996, and the E&P Forum report titled "Offshore Pipeline Decommissioning" dated August 1997. PD English Text 04-28.doc 8-1 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPOR77NG DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHADEXPORT PROJECT 8.2 CONSTRUCTION PHASE During pipeline construction, temporary support infrastructure including access roads, bridges, storage yards, and camps will be located near or adjacent to the pipeline easement. During the construction of each road, bridge, or facility, the site will be cleared and topsoil from the site will be stripped and stored for later use. As the infrastructure, logistics, and pipeline contractors move from areas where construction has been completed, the support facilities and roads will be decommissioned if no further use is warranted. Buildings, fencing, and other components will be demolished and removed, or reused at another location, as appropriate. 8.2.1 Site Reclamation Construction related sites to be decommissioned and reclaimed will be recontoured and restored so that the pre-disturbance vegetation can re-establish itself in a short period of time. Reclamation will be limited to disturbed areas of the site. To facilitate revegetation, mitigation measures that may apply include fertilizing and seeding, mulching, and surface texturing. Close attention will be paid to areas where erosion potential is high. Large plots of land such as storage yards, borrow pits, and main camp sites will be revegetated and maintained until plant growth is established. 8.2.2 Grading and Surface Reclamation Disturbed areas where temporary construction facilities existed will be retumed to natural contours where possible. Areas of high erosion will be identified in the field and treated with special design measures that may include anti-erosion mats or mulching. Compaction of the subsoil will be relieved by scarification in areas of disturbance. The topsoil stored during the clearing phase of construction will be returned to the site, evenly spread and lightly packed to prevent depressions and water pockets. In areas where topsoil was not stripped, the surface will be ripped or scarified to relieve compaction. Grading and surface reclamation activities will not take place when the topsoil is muddy or the subsoil is wet. 8.2.3 Revegetation If seeding and planting is needed, native seed mixtures or plant seedlings used will be compatible with local soil conditions and climatic zones. Seed will be applied uniformly in a manner appropriate for the type of seed used, and will be placed in a firm, moist seedbed at a suitable depth. Seedlings will be planted at a density and in a manner conducive to successful growth. In disturbed temporary construction site areas with little topsoil or naturally sparse vegetation, fertilization and mulching may be included in the site reclamation work. Seeded or planted sites failing to show successful growth after one growing season will be assessed to determine causes for failure, and corrections will be made as appropriate. May 1999 8-2 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTnON CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 8.3 OPERATIONS PHASE 8.3.1 Oil Field Development Area 8.3.1.1 Wells, Wellheads and Pads Consistent with industry standards, decommissioning activities will commence when wells are no longer necessary for the oil field operations. After production ceases, all wells associated with the Kome, Bolobo, and Miandoum Fields will be decommissioned in accordance with appropriate Chadian statutes and regulations and recognized intemational industry standards. The productive horizon will be isolated with cement. The wellheads will be removed and the structures dismantled for recycling, sold for scrap, or disposed of properly. The wells will be permanently plugged with cement and abandoned in such a way to protect groundwater resources. Well casings will be cut off below grade, capped, and backfilled. In certain circumstances, at the request of the govemment, a well may be converted to a water well by the government for use by the local population. Well pads will be removed and integrated into surrounding terrain or used to fill remaining borrow pits. The land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion. 8.3.1.2 Flowlines and Gathering Stations Flowlines will be drained, cleaned, filled with an inert substance, capped, and abandoined in place. All flowlines are buried to a depth to prevent interference with agriculture activities. Any surface penetrations of the flowlines will be removed for recycling or scrap. All gathering stations will be dismantled and scrapped, or disposed of in compliance with applicable regulations. Reusable components will be reconditioned or recycled for future usie with permission of the govemment. Buildings will be demolished and disposed of properly or ownership will be transferred to the govemment. The land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion. 8.3.1.3 Operations Center and Associated Structures The Operations Center and its related structures will be transferred to the Republic of Chad or with proper authorization, they will be dismantled and removed. The land surface wNill be recontoured and vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion. 8.3.2 Onshore Pipeline and Related Facilities 8.3.2.1 Pipeline and Land Easement The underground export pipeline will be decommissioned in accordance with applicable statutes and regulations, and intemational industry standards. Residual hydrocarbons will be cleaned from the pipeline and the pipeline will be filled with inert material, sealed, and abandoned in PD English Text 04-28.doc 8-3 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT place. All aboveground facilities such as valves, tubing, and gauges will be dismantled for recycling, sold for scrap, or disposed of properly. The actions taken during abandonment of the onshore pipeline will ensure that it: * Does not become a potential source of contamination to surface water or groundwater * Will not act as a conduit for surface water or groundwater * Will not become a hazard if exposed by subsequent streambed scour and/or surface erosion. Natural vegetation growth will be encouraged along the pipeline land easement. Induced access management controls will be left in place along the pipeline land easement and ownership transferred to the govemment, as appropriate. 8.3.2.2 Pump Stations / Pressure Reducing Station Equipment from the pump stations and the PRS will be dismantled, recycled, or disposed of in compliance with applicable regulations. Reusable components will be reconditioned or recycled for future use. The buildings will be demolished (the foundation will be broken up), and disposed of properly, or ownership will be transferred to the govemment for other potential uses. The land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion. 8.3.3 Marine Terminal and Offshore Structures 8.3.3.1 Subsea Pipeline and Riser Facilities The subsea pipeline from the shore crossing to the FSO will be cleaned to remove hydrocarbons. The pipeline on the sea floor will be filled with inert material, sealed, and abandoned in place. The actions taken during abandonment will ensure that the subsea pipeline is not a source of oil contamination. To the extent required by the Republic of Cameroon, the riser facilities will be removed and sold for scrap or reused at another location. 8.3.3.2 Floating Storage and Offloading Vessel The FSO vessel will be drained of cargo and the vapor spaces of the tanks will be blanketed with an inert gas under positive pressure. The vessel and related buoys and moorings will be removed and sold for scrap or reused at another location. Pile foundations for the moorings will be cut at the mudline and the buried portion will be abandoned in place. May 1999 8-4 PD English Text 04-28.doc PROJECT DESCRIPTION CHADEXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 8.3.4 Infrastructure 8.3.4.1 Power Plant Two potential options are foreseen for the power plant and its associated facilities. One option is that ownership of the facility will be transferred to the Republic of Chad for ultimate integration into the national electric grid. The other option is that the plant will be completely dismantled and removed, and then sold for scrap, recycled, or disposed of properly. Components such as valves, pumps, motors, and instruments will be reconditioned and reused or sold wiith the approval from the Republic of Chad. If this option is exercised, the land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion 8.3.4.2 Airstrips and Associated Structures There are two options for the decommissioning of airstrips. The first will be a transfer of its ownership to the appropriate government. The second option is to remove the airstrip and its associated structures, which will involve recycling or reconditioning reusable components for future use with approval from the appropriate govemment. Remaining components will be properly disposed. If the airstrip and structures are to be removed, the land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion. 8.3.4.3 Telecommunications Sites and Permanent Storage Yards The telecommunications sites, permanent storage yards, and associated structures and fences will be transferred to the appropriate government, or they will be dismantled and rernoved. Reusable components will be recycled or reconditioned for future use. The land surface will be recontoured and appropriate vegetation will be planted to prevent soil erosion. 8.3.4.4 Road and Railroad Access In most cases, roads and railroads utilized by the project are part of the existing infrastructure of the respective countries and no action will be taken. Where a new road adds little or no value to the existing infrastructure, the road will be abandoned and reclaimed. 8.4 DISPOSAL OF CONTAMINATED MATERIALS AND RESIDUES Eagh site with the pgtential fgr hydr9oarbWn contaminatign will De identified, characterized, and assessed for contamination. Contaminated soils will be removed and replaced with clean fill, or remediated in place in accordance with applicable regulations and standard industry practices in place at the time of actual decommissioning. Remediation and/or treatment methods will be selected based on proven and effective technologies that will minimize or eliminate the potential for further contamination of the environment. PD English Text 04-28.doc 8-5 - May 1999 PROJECT DESCRIPTION SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORTPROJECT Containers such as empty drums, portable tanks, and storage bins will be retumed to vendors; cleaned and recycled; cleaned and crushed for scrap; or landfilled. Fluids and/or sludge from process vessels, storage tanks, and the pipeline will be recovered and properly disposed. Any hazardous materials will be packaged, labeled, and taken to the project's hazardous waste facility for disposal. Project solid waste landfills will comply with a final closure plan, 8.5 RESPONSIBILITY AND MONITORING 8.5.1 Chad Decommissioning activities and facilitating the funding of those activities will be the obligation and responsibility of TOTCO for the pipeline and pump station and EEPCI for the field production facilities. Decommissioning work itself will be performed by one or more contractors working under the direct supervision of EEPCI/TOTCO. EEPCI/TOTCO will be responsible for monitoring the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the decommissioning effort. The monitoring will occur throughout the project's decommissioning phase. EEPCI/TOTCO environmental specialists and/or independent consultants may be called in periodically to audit the nvironmental components of the decommissioning effort. Appropriate officials from the Republic of Chad will be responsible for monitoring the project's decommissioning work to verify its compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and the terms and conditions contained in the project's legal documents. 8.5.2 Cameroon Decommissioning activities and facilitating the funding of those activities will be the obligation and rTpno blity of COTCO. Decommissioning work Itself will be performed by one or more contractors working under the direct supervision of COTCO. COTCO will be responsible for monitoring the environmental and socioeconomic aspects of the decommissioning effort. The monitoring will occur throughout the project's decommissioning phase. COTCO environmental specialists and/or independent consultants may be called in periodically to audit the environmental components of the decommissioning effort. Appropriate officials from the Republic of Cameroon will be responsible for monitoring the project's decommissioning work to verify its compliance with applicable regulatory requirements and the terms and conditions contained in the project's legal documents. May 1999 8-6 PD English Text 04-28.doc SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS VOLUME 1 LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS MAY 1999 LUST OF STUDIES/REPORTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I LIST OF STUDIESIREPORTS The following list of Studies/Reports is the majority of the documents used as reference documents during the preparation of the environmental documentation package for the Chad Export Project. Additional references may be found in individual volumes of the environmental documentation package. The list of Studies/Reports is presented in alphabetical order by author. Please note that documents in the list of Studies/Reports are presented in the language in which they were written and this list will not be translated. The following documents are included as part of the list of Studies/Reports, and represent those documents that were released for public review and comment associated with the Chad Export Project between October, 1997 and September, 1998. Dames & Moore, 1997c. Environmental Assessment: Cameroon Portion, Chad Export Project, October 1997. Dames & Moore, 1997d. Environmental Assessment: Chad Portion, Chad Export Project, October 1997. EPR (Exxon Production Research Company), 1998a. Cameroon Compensation Plan, Chad Export Project, June 1998. EPR (Exxon Production Research Company), 1998b. Chad Compensation and Resettlement Plan, Chad Export Project, February 1998. EPR (Exxon Production Research Company), 1998c. Environmental Management Plan: Cameroon Portion, Chad Export Project, February 1998. EPR (Exxon Production Research Company), 1997. Environmental Management Plan: Chad Portion, Chad Export Project, November 1997. STUDIES4a.DOC i May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 "A Survey of Blood Pressure Distribution in Pygmy and Bantu Populations in Cameroon," Hypertension, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 108-113, January 1996. A/Rahman, S.H., et al, "Gender Aspects and Women's Participation in the Control and Management of Malaria in Central Sudan," Soc. Sci. Med., Vol. 42, No. 10, pp. 1433- 1446,1995. Abane, S., Delfini, L., Carte 6pidemiologique du Paludisme de la Republique Federale du Cameroun," Document service d'eradication du paludisme, OMS: project Cameroun, 28, Yaounde, 1969. "Actualisation des Donnees Epidemiologiques sur la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine Au Cameroun," Programme national de lutte contre /a Trypanosomiase, bull liais doc - OCEAC, Vol 29, N°. 3, pp. 37-40, 1996. Adler, A., Tardits, C., Princes et serviteurs du royaume: cinq 6tudes de monarchies africaines, Paris: Soci6t6 d'ethnographie, 1987. Adoum, M., Resultats de l'enquete demographique sur les villages "Gestion de Terroir," Bebedjia, 1993. Aebischer, M.L., Martorona, M.C., Costa, F., et al, "Evaluation of the sensitivity of microfilter paper assay in an anthropological study: results of samples from Cameroon and Tanzania," AnthropologischerAnzeiger, Vol. 48, pp. 15-23, 1990. "Africa's AIDS Experts Turn to Antibiotics to Slow the Epidemic," The Wall Street Joumal, Vol. 135, No. 126, Friday, December27, 1996. "African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control (APOC)," UNDPNVorld BankMVHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR). African Programme, electronic, October 14,1996. Agbor-Tabi, D., Ghogomu, A., Ndeso, A., "Organization of schistosomiasis control in Cameroon," Trop. Med. Parasit., Vol. 40, pp. 185-188,1989. "AIDS has a devastating toll in Africa but population growth rates remain high," Population Information Network (POPIN), Gopher of the United Nations Population Division, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, electronic, December 12,1996. Alberta Environment, Regulated Operations Branch, Land Reclamation Division, Environmental Handbook for Pipeline Construction, Edmonton, Alberta, 1988. STUDIES4a.DOC 1 - May 1999 LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Allen, S., et al, "Confidential HIV Testing and Condom Promotion in Africa," JAMA, Vol. 268, No. 23, December 16,1992. Altman, L.K., "New Skin Test Will Track Ebola Infection in Remote Areas," New York Times, September21, 1995. Ambraseys, N.N., and Adams, R.D., "Seismicity of West Africa," Annales Geophysical, Vol. 4, pp. 679-702, 1986. Ambraseys, N.N., "Intensity-Attenuation and Magnitude Intensity Relationships for Northwest European Earthquakes," Earthq. Eng. Struct. Dyn., Vol. 13, pp. 307-320, 1985. Amiet, J.L., Quelques aspects de ia biologie des amphibens anoures du Cameroun, Ann. Biol. 28(2):6-136, 1989. Amiet, J.L., Aires disjointes et taxons vicariants chez les Anoures du Cameroun: implications paleoclimatiques, Alytes, 6(3-4):99-115,1987. Ammer, C., and Ammer, D., Dictionary of Business and Economics, Free Press, New York, 1984. Anderson, D., Economics of Afforestation: A Case Study in Africa, World Bank Occasional Papers, No. 1, Johns Hopkins University Press, Washington, D.C. ,1987. Anderson, R.M., AIDS and Its Demographic Impact. Disease and Mortality In Sub-Saharan Africa. Oxford University Press. Published for The World Bank, Washington, D.C., 1991. Anderson, R.M., May, R.M., Epidemiological Parameters of HIV Transmission, Nature, 333:514- 519, 1988. Annuaire De Statistiques Sanitaires Du Tchad. Ministere De La Sante Publique, N'Djamena, Tchad, 1988-1995. ANTEA, 1996a. Hydrogeology Study, Exxon Chad Development Project, February 1996. ANTEA, 1996b. Hydrological Study, Exxon Chad Development Project, February 1996. ANTEA, 1995a. Evaporation Rates in Doba Moundou Area, Exxon Chad Development Project, September 1995. ANTEA, 1995b. Hydrological Study, Doba-Moundou Region, Exxon Chad Development Project, June 1995. May 1999 2 STUDIES4a.DOC LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I Anthony, Kenneth R.M., Johnston, Bruce F., Jones, William O., and Uchendu, Victor C., Agricultural Change in Tropical Africa, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1979. API (American Petroleum Institute), Global Emissions of Methane from Petroleum Sources, American Petroleum Institute Health and Environmental Affairs Report No. DR 140, Radian Corporation, 1992. API (American Petroleum Institute), Global Emissions of Carbon Dioxide from Petroleum Sources, American Petroleum Institute Health and Environmental Affairs Report No. DR 141, Radian Corporation, 1991. Artenstein, A.W., Coppola, J., Brown, A., et al, "Short Reports, multiple introductions of HIV-1 subtype E into the westem hemisphere," The Lancet, Vol. 346, pp. 1197-1198, November 4, 1995. ASA (Applied Science Associates, Inc.), Chad FSO Spill Simulations, ASA # 96-088,1996. ASME (American Society of Mechanical Engineers), Code for pressure piping, B31.4: Liquid Transportation Systems for Hydrocarbons, Liquid Petroleum Gas, Anhydrous Ammonia, and Alcohols, 1992 Edition, Revised 1994. Asombang, R., Essomba, J.M., and Ossah Mvondo, J.P., Reconaissance arch6ologique dans l'arrondissement de Zoetele (Province du Sud) Cameroun meridional, NYAME AKUMA, 35, pp. 17-21, June 1991. Asonganyi, T., et al, "Reactivation of an old sleeping sickness focus in Mamfe (Cameroon): epidemiological, immunological and parasitological findings," Rev. Epid6m. Et Sant6 Publ., Vol. 39, pp. 55-62,1991. Asonganyi, T., et al, "Can education of the community help sleeping sickness control: a study from Cameroon," Tropical Doctor, Vol. 20, pp. 104-106, 1990. Audibert, M., Josseran, R., Josse, R., and Adjidji, A., "Irrigation, Schistosomiasis, and Malaria in the Logone Valley, Cameroon," American Joumal of Tropical Medicine & Hygiene, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 550-560, 1990. Auvert, B., Moor, M., Bertrand, W., et al, "Dynamics of HIV Infection and AIDS in Central African Cities," Intemational Joumal of Epidemiology, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 417-428, 1990. Baer, F., Heng, M., Assessment of USAID-Funded Health and Population Assistance (1987- 1994), Report prepared for USAID/Cameroon, March 1994. Bahuchet, S., "Les Pygmees d'aujourd'hui en Afrique centrale," Joumal des Afnicanistes 61-1: 5-35,1991. STUDIES4a.DOC 3 May 1gg9 LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Baker, J.M., Spaulding, M., and Moore, J., Sensitivity Mapping Worldwide: Harmonization and the Needs of Different User Groups, International Oil Spill Conference Proceedings, pp. 77-81, 1995. Barbier, J. C., and Nkwi, Paul Nchoji, Grassfield Kings and Chiefs and Modem Politics [by Paul N. Nkwi3; Essai de d6finition de la cheffenie en pays Bamaleke [by J.C. Barbier]. Yaounde: Office Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique, Centre des Sciences Economiques et Sociales, 1977. Barongo, L.R., Borgdorff, M.W., and Newell, N.J., et al, "Intake of a cohort study of urban factory workers in Northwest Tanzania," Tropical and Geographical Medicine, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 157-162,1994. Bartik, T., 'Who Benefits from Local Job Growth: Migrants or the Orginal Residents?" Regional Studies, 27(4):297-311, 1993. Bausch, D., and Cline, B., "The Impact of Control Measures on Urinary Schistosomiasis in Primary School Children in Northern Cameroon: A Unique Opportunity for Controlled Observations," Joumal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 53, No. 6, pp. 577-580, 1995. BDPA, Etude de la Vallee du Mandoul, Fort-Lamy, 1967. Beadle, L.C., The Inland Waters of Tropical Africa, Longman, London, 1974. Beallor, C., "Medical Experiences in a Land Afar," Can Med Assoc Joumal, Vol. 151, No. 7, pp. 1041-1044, 1994. Beauvilain, A., "Evolution de la population Tchadienne," Revue Scientifique du Tchad, Vol. III, No. 2, 1994. Befidi-Mengue, R. and Ratard, R., "Impact of Schistosoma haematobium infection and of praziquantel treatment on anaemia of primary school children in Bertoua, Cameroon," Joumal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Vol. 96, pp. 225-230,1993. 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STUDIES4a.DOC 13 May 1999 LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Dames & Moore, 1998h, Infrastructure (Formerly Appendix D), Environmental Assessment: Chad Portion, Chad Export Project, July 1998. Dames & Moore, 1998i, Marine Terminal (formerly Appendix G), Environmental Assessment: Cameroon Portion, Chad Export Project, August 1998. Dames & Moore, 1998j, Potential Indirect Socioeconomic Impacts of Induced Migration Into the Oil Field Area of Southern Chad (formerly Appendix E), Environmental Assessment: Chad Portion, Chad Export Project, July 1998. Dames & Moore, 1997a, Air Quality Technical Analysis: Cameroon Portion, Chad Export Project, August 1997. Dames & Moore, 1997b, Air Quality Technical Analysis: Chad Portion, Chad Export Project, August 1997. Dames & Moore, 1 997c, Environmental Assessment: Cameroon Portion, Chad Export Project, October 1997. Dames & Moore, 1997d, Environmental Assessment: Chad Portion, Chad Export Project, October 1997. 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May 1999 58 STUDIES4a.DOC LIST OF STUDIES/REPORTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I World Bank, 1995f. "National Environmental Strategies and Action Plans: Key Elements and Best Practices" (Draft), Washington, D.C., 1995. World Bank, 1995g. Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats, The World Bank Operational Manual, September 1995. World Bank, 1995h. Staff Appraisal Report, Republic of Cameroon. Health, Fertility and Nutrition Project, Report No. 12348-CM, Washington, D.C. February 7, 1995. World Bank, 1995i. Staff Appraisal Report, Republic of Chad, Population and AIDS Control Project, Washington, D.C., 1995. World Bank, 1995j. The World Bank Atlas, 1995. World Bank, 1994a. Chad, Country Environmental Strategy Paper, Report No. 13174-CD, June 1994. World Bank, 1994b. Chile: Managing Problems: Economic Analysis of Selected Issues, Report No. 13061-CH, Environment and Urban Development Division, Country Department 1, December 19, 1994. World Bank, 1994c. 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May 1999 64 - STUDIES4a.DOC SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS VOLUME I LIST OF CONSULTANTSIEXPERTS MAY 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION .........................................................1 2.0 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT .........................................................1 ELLEN BROWN .........................................................1 MUNEERA SALEM-MURDOCK .........................................................2 ROBERT MOTT ........................................................3 PANDORA SNETHKAMP .........................................................3 GEORGE KOPPERT (GEPFE) .........................................................4 ALAIN FROMENT (GEPFE) .........................................................4 SERGE BAHUCHET (GEPFE) .........................................................5 JEAN-FELIX LOUNG .........................................................5 GODEFROY NGIMA-MAWOUNG (GEPFE) ......................................................... 6 PHILIP BURNHAM (UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON) ...............................................6 3.0 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES .........................................................7 DUNCAN THOMAS .........................................................8 RONALD BERGER .........................................................8 TOM OLSON .........................................................9 TOMMY SMITH .........................................................9 PETER VAUX ........................................................ 10 MARY GARTSHORE ........................................................ 10 DWIGHT LAWSON ........................................................ 10 JEAN PAUL LEDANT ........................................................ 11 BASILE SAA ........................................................ 11 GASTON ACHOUNDONG ........................................................ 12 INNOCENT FORBIN ........................................................ 12 OUGABET ROMBON ........................................................ 12 HONIMADJI HOINATHY ........................................................ 12 JEAN PAUL GHOGUE ........................................................ 13 CHRISTOPHER WANZIE ........................................................ 13 PAUL MEIZILI ........................................................ 13 JEAN JACQUES FAURE ........................................................ 13 4.0 HYDROLOGY, HYDROGRAPHY, HYDROGEOLOGY, WATER QUALITY ................... 14 ANTEA INTERNATIONAL ........................................................ 14 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC i May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHADEXPORTPROJECT BUREAU DE L'EAU - TCHAD ................................................... 14 5.0 TERRAIN ANALYSIS, PHOTO AND SATELLITE INTERPRETATION .......................... 14 ROY GODWIN ................................................... 15 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS ................................................... 15 SCOTT FARROW ................................................... 15 7.0 PUBLIC HEALTH ................................................... 16 BARNETT CLINE ................................................... 16 CARL KENDALL ................................................... 16 8.0 MARINE ENVIRONMENT ................................................... 17 GARDLINE SURVEYS ................................................... 17 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL FOUNDATION ................................................... 18 STEPHEN COBB ................................................... 18 AMAR INAMDAR ................................................... 18 10.0 OIL SPILL RESPONSE ................................................... 18 ED OWENS (POLARIS) ................................................... 19 ELLIOTT TAYLOR (POLARIS) ................................................... 19 11.0 CHAD REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ................................................... 19 ANDREW WATSON ................................................... 19 MASRA TAMTANGAR NGOIDI ................................................... 20 12.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION ................................................... 20 WINNER & ASSOCIATES ................................................... 20 May 1999 ii SPECIAL eng 05-01 .DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I 1.0 INTRODUCTION A large number of environmental specialists, many who have had specific and relevant previous experience in Chad and/or Cameroon, were retained to assist the Project Sponsors and Dames & Moore in the development of the environmental documentation for the Chad Export Project. A brief description of the role and responsibility of many of the specialists who had significant involvement in this project is presented below. A brief summary of their involvement is also presented. 2.0 HUMAN ENVIRONMENT The human environment activities included an extensive review of the project study area, including characteristics and attributes of the populace, administrative structure, demographics, and land uses. In addition to an in-depth review of the literature and databases, the existing human environment of the project area has been assessed through field programs conducted by anthropologists with experience in Chad and Cameroon. Human environment teams in both Chad and Cameroon utilized the project GIS-based mapping system, including terrain unit, land use and vegetation mapping at 1:200,000 scale based on satellite imagery, and land use and vegetation mapping at 1:30,000 scale based on aerial photography flown specifically for the project. A large portion of the research on the human environment was completed early in the project and during development of the 1997 EAs. Additional research on the potential impacts of induced migration, impacts on Pygmy populations, and data gathering for fixed facility locations, resettlement and compensation has also been completed from late 1997 through early 1999. ELLEN BROWN Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology), University of Cambridge. Speaks fluent English, French and several local languages of Chad. Expertise: Development anthropologist conducting field research and consulting on practical problems of the Third World and underdeveloped peoples. Project Role: Dr. Ellen Brown, with the help of two sociologically trained assistants, conducted a Human Environment Survey in Chad in 1995. A scientific random sample of villages in these administrative areas and a smaller random sample of villages in administrative cantons adjacent to the oil field development area were studied. In all, 13 person-months of study were spent gathering qualitative and quantitative data for the 1997 EA. The village surveys also provided the framework for in-depth public consultation with the populations likely to be affected. SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC I May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT In 1997 Dr. Brown acted as the senior consultant and advisor on the Chad Compensation and Resettlement Plan. She prepared many sections of the Plan and participated in discussions concerning the Plan with the CTNSC. Beginning in the early winter of 1997 to the present, Dr. Brown has lived over 13 months in the oil field development area on behalf of the Project. During this time period she has been deeply involved in the ongoing village consultation effort. She has been identifying individuals and families eligible for resettlement, providing support and assistance to these families as decisions were made conceming resettlement and relocation options, arranging for specialized training for those who requested it, and leading in the development of the successful in-kind compensation campaign. The latter included development of a list of items preferred by local populations, identifying vendors for these resources, and preparation of a catalogue for families to review and select their in-kind compensation. Dr. Brown continues to live in the oil field development area assisting in the resettlement and relocation efforts. MUNEERA SALEM-MURDOCK Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology), State University of New York, Binghamton, NY. Formerly Senior Research Associate and Program Director, Institute for Development Anthropology, Binghamton, NY. (Now with USAID) Expertise: * Conceptualization, design, and direction of large research and development projects * Natural resources management * Age and gender relations and ideologies * Project and program design, monitoring, evaluation * Local production systems, labor dynamics, and migration. Project Role: Dr. Muneera Salem-Murdock (Institute for Development Anthropology), in collaboration with the University of Yaounde and several government ministries in Cameroon, conducted a Human Environment Survey in 1995. This program identified and surveyed areas in the vicinity of Touboro in North Province, Meiganga in Adamaoua Province, Nanga Eboko in Center Province, and Kribi in South Province, in addition to a number of "urban areas" around Yaounde. A combination of qualitative and quantitative data collection techniques were employed, and 68 sites (villages, camps, and neighborhoods) and 185 households were covered. Dr. Muneera Salem- May 1999 2 SPECIAL eng 05-010.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTSIEXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 Murdock and other professional staff of the survey team spent more than 200 person-days in the field. ROBERT MOTT Qualifications: M.A. (Economics), University of California, Berkeley, 1963 Expertise: * Regional socioeconomic impact analysis * Resource economics evaluation * Economic feasibility analysis Project Role: Advised on the structure and content of the EA sections related to the human environment; participated in the scoping of field data collection programs conducted by Dr. Ellen Brown and Dr. Muneera Salem-Murdock; consulted and coordinated with Scott Farrow on the interface of environmental economic issues and assessment of the project's impacts on the human environment; coordinated with biologists on EA production; and wrote the draft sections of the 1997 EA on the basis of the data analyses prepared by the team. PANDORA SNETHKAMP Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 1981 M.A. (Anthropology), State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, 1976 B.A. (Anthropology), State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, 1974 Expertise: * Environmental impact studies * Cultural resource management Project Role: Dr. Snethkamp has worked on the Chad Export Project for over two years during which time she has had project responsibilities which included the following tasks: * Environmental Management Plan: prepared sections related to socioeconomic actions * Chad Compensation and Resettlement Plan: participated in discussions with the Republic of Chad, prepared portions of the plan, and acted as overall editor SPECIAL eng 05-01 .DOC 3 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT * Cameroon Compensation Plan: participated in discussions with the Republic of Cameroon, prepared the plan, and acted as overall editor * Indigenous Peoples Plan: assisted GEPFE with preparation of the plan, and acted as overall editor * Socioeconomic Survey Reports of Fixed Facility Sites in Cameroon: prepared scopes of work, and worked with socioeconomic experts to implement the studies * Management Plan for Cultural Properties: prepared management plan for cultural resources for the Republic of Chad and the Republic of Cameroon GEORGE KOPPERT (GEPFE) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology) Over 20 years experience in Cameroon Expertise: * Anthropology * Nutrition * Pygmy studies Project Role: Groupe d'Etude des Populations Forestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conduct a survey to identify locations and population sizes of Pygmy settlements in southem Cameroon. Subsequent surveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September 1998), Northem Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and IPP Consultation (January - March 1 999). Dr. Koppert led or participated in all of the surveys listed above. ALAIN FROMENT (GEPFE) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Medicine) Ph.D. (Biological Anthropology) Research Director, Institute for Research Development (formerly ORSTOM) Expertise: * Anthropology * Tropical medicine May 1999 4 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I * Ecology Project Role: Groupe d'Etude des Populations Forestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conduct a survey to identify locations and population sizes of Pygmy settlements in southem Cameroon. Subsequent surveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September 1998), Northern Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and Indigenous Peoples Plan (IPP) Consultation (January - March 1999). Dr. Froment participated in the Initial Pygmy Survey, the Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation, and the IPP Consultation. He has also been responsible for the development of the Indigenous Peoples Plan. SERGE BAHUCHET (GEPFE) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Cultural Anthropology) Expertise: * Pygmies of Central Africa 0 Pygmy-Bantu relationships Project Role: Groupe d'Etude des Populations Forestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conduct a survey to identify locations and population sizes of Pygmy settlements in southern Cameroon. Subsequent surveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September 1998), Northem Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and IPP Consultation (January - March 1999). Dr. Bahuchet participated in the Initial Pygmy Survey, the Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation, and the IPP Consultation. JEAN-FELIX LOUNG Qualifications: Ph.D. (Geography and Rural Development) Professor Emeritus of geography, University of Yaounde Former Dean of the Faculty of Letters of the University of Yaounde Former head of the Cameroon Institute of Human Sciences in Yaounde SPECIAL eng 05-01.00C 5 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Former director of the Pygmology research group of the Institute of Human Sciences Expertise: Pygmy Studies Project Role: Groupe d'Etude des Populations Forestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conduct a survey to identify locations and population sizes of Pygmy settlements in southern Cameroon. Subsequent surveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September 1998), Northern Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and IPP Consultation (January - March 1999). Dr. Loung participated in the Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation, the Storage Yard Surveys, the Northem Pygmies Survey and the IPP Consultation. GODEFROY NGIMA-MAWOUNG (GEPFE) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Sociology), Sorbonne University, Paris Expertise: * Pygmy studies Sociology Project Role: Groupe d'Etude des Populations Forestieres (GEPFE) was initially retained in March 1997 to conduct a survey to identify locations and population sizes of Pygmy settlements in southem Cameroon. Subsequent surveys performed by GEPFE included: Cameroon Market Survey (August 1997), Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation (November 1997-February 1998), Storage Yard Survey (May 1998), Chad Market Survey (September 1998), Northern Pygmy Survey (November 1998), and IPP Consultation (January - March 1999). Dr. Mawoung participated in the Initial Pygmy Survey, the Cameroon Market Survey, the Pipeline Centerline Survey Consultation, the Northern Pygmies Survey, and the IPP Consultation. PHILIP BURNHAM (UNIVERSITY COLLEGE LONDON) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Anthropology) May 1999 6 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I Professor and former Head of Department of Anthropology, University College London Continuing field research and consultancy involvement in Cameroon since 1968 Expertise: * Ethnography of Cameroonian peoples * Socioeconomic systems of agricultural and pastoral populations of northern and eastem Cameroon * The cultural context of rainforest conservation in Cameroon Project Role: Dr. Burnham was originally retained in April 1998 to carry out social impact assessments of storage yard and pump station sites in northem Cameroon. His subsequent work for the project has included: Social Impact Assessment of Road Construction Activities in northem Cameroon (June-July 1998); Facilitation of Liaison with Local NGOs (August 1998); Advice on Compensation Issues (July-October 1998); Advice (in conjunction with the Environment and Development Group, Oxford) on the establishment of the Foundation for Environment and Development (FEDEC) (February-March 1 999). 3.0 BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES The biological resources of the project area were evaluated as part of the overall environmental documentation process for this project. In addition to an extensive literature review, field surveys utilizing the project GIS-based mapping system, including terrain unit, land use and vegetation mapping at 1:200,000 scale, and vegetation and land use mapping of the biological field survey areas at 1:30,000 scale, were undertaken in both Chad and Cameroon. A comprehensive marine resources survey was also conducted in the vicinity of the subsea pipeline and FSO location. Initial biological field work in Chad included a reconnaissance level survey of the project area, utilizing aerial overflights and ground surveys, and a botanical survey of the oil field development area. The field teams for these surveys included a wildlife biologist, a botanist, and a representative of the Chad Ministry of Environment and Tourism. Biological field work in Cameroon commenced with an overflight of the pipeline route to confirm the selection of ground survey areas made on the basis of mapping data. The team consisted of two botanists with extensive experience in Cameroon, and a number of government representatives. Faunal aspects were addressed by two wildlife biologists who consulted with government representatives and conducted surveys among the local population. SPECIAL eng 05-01.DoC 7 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMETS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Botanical and wildlife survey efforts were focused in three regions of the pipeline route that were determined to have moderate to high natural habitat values. These areas included the: * Wooded savanna of the Mbere Rift Valley * Semideciduous forest in the vicinity of Deng Deng * Atlantic Littoral Evergreen forest between Kribi and Lolodorf. Biology field studies were again initiated in late 1997 with the commencement of the Supplemental Field Survey along the pipeline route. The overall objective of the supplemental field survey was to collect additional information for use in providing a focused and effective approach for overall environmental management of the project during construction, and operation. The 1997-1998 field studies involved over 800 man-days of in-country survey time that required substantial planning and logistical support. Marine and coastal biological resources were also investigated as part of a comprehensive marine investigation of the offshore project area. Biological resources investigation primarily focused on coastal fish and benthic resources. In addition, physical oceanographic sediment quality and surface and subsurface geological conditions were also investigated. DUNCAN THOMAS Qualifications: Ph.D. (Botany), University College of North Wales, Bangor B.S. (Botany), University College of North Wales, Bangor Expertise: * Botany * Biodiversity, ecology, and management of African forests since 1977 * Interdisciplinary projects aimed at managing tropical forest resources Project Role: Dr. Thomas was the in-country botanical and wildlife field team leader and coordinator for supplemental field surveys in Cameroon and Chad. Dr. Thomas was responsible for conducting surveys on vegetation and natural habitat values in Chad and Cameroon in both 1995 and in 1997-1998. He was also the editor and principal author of the Supplemental Field Surveys Summary Report for Cameroon (see Volume 5 of the "Supporting Documents"). RONALD BERGER Qualifications: MS and DEA (Dipl6me d'Etudes Approfondies, or first year of Ph.D.) in Natural Sciences, University P.S. Toulouse, 1982 May 1999 8 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I Expertise: * Environmental impact assessment * Environmental economy planning * Environmental development and tourism Project Role: Mr. Berger was the senior biologist for wildlife studies in Cameroon in 1995. He carried out field surveys of mammals and other wildlife and conducted interviews with local residents to obtain information on habitats and species exploited, the methods used and income generated from these activities. TOM OLSON Qualifications: M.S. (Wildlife Biology), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 1980 B.S. (Natural Resources Management), California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, 1977 Expertise: * Terrestrial ecology * Environmental impact assessment * Pipeline surveys and monitoring * Mitigation planning * Endangered species consultation Project Role: Mr. Olson was a senior wildlife biologist for supplemental field surveys and data collection in Chad and in the Mbere Rift Valley in Cameroon. He produced the Handbook for Site-Specific Environmental Mitigation Actions for both Chad and Cameroon, and participated in the development of the Environmental Alignment Sheets and oil field development area Management Sheets. Mr. Olson was the principal author and editor of the Chad Biological Studies (see Volume 5 of the "Supporting Documents"). TOMMY SMITH Qualifications: Ph.D. (Zoology), University of California at Berkeley, 1988 M.S. (Wildlife Biology), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1981 B.S. (Natural Sciences), University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1978 Expertise: * Integrative biology and vertebrate zoology * Wildlife ecology SPECIAL eng 05-01 .DOC 9 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Project Role: Dr. Smith was a senior wildlife biologist for supplemental data collection in Chad and Cameroon. He collected and analyzed data from over ten thousand observations on mammals transects in Cameroon, and conducted village wildlife interviews and small mammal trapping in Chad. PETER VAUX Qualifications: Ph.D. (Ecology) B.S., honors (Zoology), University of London, 1974 Expertise: * Fisheries * Ecology * Limnology * Environmental resources Project Role: Dr. Vaux was the senior fisheries biologist for supplemental data collection efforts in Chad and Cameroon. He collected information on fish populations and fisheries at many of the major pipeline river crossings. MARY GARTSHORE Qualifications: B.S., honors (Zoology), University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 1973 Expertise: * Avifauna * Faunal and ecological surveys * Faunal research * Ecological restoration * Native plant propagation Project Role: Ms. Gartshore served as an omithologist and general ecologist/naturalist for the project. She conducted bird census surveys and collected general wildlife distributional data in Cameroon. DWIGHT LAWSON Qualifications: Ph.D. (Quantitative Biology), University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas (in progress) MS (Biology), University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas, 1992 May 1999 10 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I Expertise: * Herpetology * Amphibians and reptiles of Cameroon * Wildlife conservation in western Afrca Project Role: Mr. Lawson was the senior biologist for herpetology studies and marine turtle observations in Cameroon and was responsible for the preparation of herpetology portions of the Supplemental Field Survey Report. JEAN PAUL LEDANT Qualifications: Engineering Degree in Agronomy (Forestry), Faculte des Sciences Agronomiques de l'Etat in Gembloux, 1974 Expertise: * Conservation and sustainable rural development * Biodiversity of protected areas * Endangered species and birdlife * Study of natural forests both in tropical and temperate climates Project Role: Mr. Ledant participated in wildlife studies with the following activities: reviewed and commented on data sheets and approach to surveys; identified wildlife occurrence; reviewed the Pipeline Centerline Survey relative to habitat quality, apparent amount of human disturbance, aerial sign, direct observations of animals by sight and sound; conducted interviews with local hunters and villagers to evaluate the occurrence of wildlife species; and assisted in developing environmental management requirements. BASILE SAA Qualifications: Wildlife, Forestry and Fisheries Management Engineer, University of Dschang, Cameroon (1991-1996) Expertise: * Natural resource management * Management of protected areas * Environmental/Wildlife-related impact studies Project Role: Mr. Saa was the technician responsible for conducting wildlife transect studies in Cameroon, and he participated in village interviews in the Atlantic Littoral Forest area. SPECIAL eng 05-01 .DOC 11 May 1999 UST OF CONSULTANTSIEXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT GASTON ACHOUNDONG Qualifications: 3eme cycle thesis (M.S. Equivalent) Director, Cameroon National Herbarium Expertise: * Forest ecology Botany Project Role: Mr. Achoundong conducted field surveys of forest and savanna vegetation in Cameroon in 1995 and 1998; and supervised preparation and identification of plant collections from field surveys. INNOCENT FORBIN Qualifications: M.S. (Fisheries and Aquaculture), Aubum University, Alabama B.S., honors (Zoology), University of Nigeria Naakka Director, National Herbarium, Cameroon Expertise: Fisheries Project Role: Mr. Forbin assisted Dr. Vaux in the fishery survey data collection, preparation and identification of specimens collected during surveys; and assisted Ms. Gartshore in the field during bird census surveys. OUGABET ROMBON Qualifications: Ministry of Environment and Tourism, Republic of Chad Expertise: Tropical forestry Project Role: Mr. Rombon participated in the collection of vegetation transect data in Chad in 1996 and 1998 and was responsible for tree and other plant species identification. HONIMADJI HOINATHY Qualifications: Forestry Engineer, University from 1963 - 1967 in the Ivory Coast Advanced training certificate in Tropical Forestry Expertise: * Tropical forestry VWildlife May 1999 12 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORTPROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 Project Role: Mr. Hoinathy participated in wildlife surveys in Chad in 1998, and played a leading role as interviewer and translator in various village interviews. JEAN PAUL GHOGUE Qualifications: Botanist at National Herbarium, Cameroon Expertise: Botany Project Role: Mr. Ghogue assisted in botanical field studies in Cameroon; prepared specimens for identification that were collected during the surveys; and entered survey data into the project's database at the National Herbarium. CHRISTOPHER WANZIE Qualifications: Ph.D., Wildlife Biology Technical Advisor, Ministry of Scientific and Technical Research, Cameroon Expertise: Wildlife Biology Project Role: Dr. Wanzie is a wildlife biologist with more than 20 years experience specializing in the large mammals of Cameroon. He studied kob for his doctorate and has conducted several studies of elephants and other large mammals in Westem Africa. He participated in the village interviews, the bushmeat survey and the Deng Deng large mammal transect survey. PAUL MEIZILI Qualifications: Botanist at National Herbarium, Cameroon Expertise: * Forest botany Tree identifications Project Role: Identified tree species in the field in the Deng Deng region of Cameroon. JEAN JACQUES FAURE Project Role: Mr. Faure has a long history of forestry experience in Cameroon, he conducted logging operations studies; mapped forestry concessions; and collected historical and current data about logging operations in the vicinity of the pipeline alignment. SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC 13 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EPORT PROJECT 4.0 HYDROLOGY, HYDROGRAPHY, HYDROGEOLOGY, WATER QUALITY The hydrology, hydrography, hydrogeology, and water quality of the project area has been assessed in Chad and Cameroon by ANTEA Intemational. Additional field work in Chad was performed with the participation of the Bureau de l'Eau of the Republic of Chad, and the University of N'Djamena. ANTEA INTERNATIONAL Project Role: ANTEA was retained to perform a hydrological characterization of the project area near Doba, Chad. The purpose of the hydrological study performed by ANTEA was to: * Identify, access, and catalog the existing hydrological data for the area * Review the existing data and provide an overall characterization of the hydrology for the project area; provide specific data on key hydrological parameters such as seasonal variations in flow rates in the drainages, streams, and rivers of the project area; peak and minimum flows; locations and particulars of gauging stations; historical flood levels; etc. * Identify key data gaps, and if considered necessary recommend corresponding actions to fill those gaps. ANTEA collected additional recent hydrological and meteorological data obtained more information on the geomorphology hydrological characteristics of the Nya and Loule catchment basins, and when possible, water quality data. BUREAU DE L'EAU - TCHAD Project Role: Performed a hydrogeological study of the Doba, Chad area in 1995. 5.0 TERRAIN ANALYSIS, PHOTO AND SATELLITE INTERPRETATION A detailed terrain analysis of the project area was conducted based on an analysis of aerial photograph and satellite imagery interpretation. The results of this analysis was used as input into the project GIS system and used in various engineering and environmental analyses conducted for the project. May 1999 14 SPECIAL eng 05-O1.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 ROY GODWIN Qualifications: Defense Mapping Agency (DMA), Defense Mapping School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia (Cartography, Instructor Training, Surveying) U.S. Army Engineer School, Fort Belvoir, Virginia (Photogrammetry, Systems Engineering, Terrain Analysis) DMA, Aerospace Center, St. Louis, Missouri Expertise: * Cartography * Photo interpretation * Terrain analysis Project Role: Mr. Godwin conducted aerial photographed satellite imagery interpretations, and was responsible for environmental terrain analysis mapping and associated field verification in the vicinity of pipeline alignment. He developed vegetation and land use classification systems for input to the project GIS system, and provided assistance in the production of environmental alignment sheets covering the oil field development area and the pipeline route. He also conducted environmental sensitivity index (ESI) mapping of Cameroon's coastline (Wouri Estuary to Ntem River) though the synthesis of aerial photo analyses and collateral mapping information. He also coordinated the acquisition of LANDSAT thematic mapper (TM) and SPOT imagery for project environmental analysis. 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMICS Environmental economics provides a method to integrate the various positive and negative impacts identified for the project. An environmental economic impact analysis has been completed for the project to determine, to the extent feasible, whether the project will have a positive overall impact on the countries of Chad and Cameroon. SCOTT FARROW Qualifications: Ph.D. (Economics), Washington State University, 1983 M.A. (Economics), Washington State University, 1981 Expertise: * Environmental economics * Benefit cost analyses * Socioeconomic impacts of natural resource development SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC 15 May1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORT PROJECT Project Role: Dr. Farrow carried out and coordinated research on the environmental economic impacts of the project as summarized in a technical report for each country. He participated in multi-disciplinary team meetings during the development of the environmental assessment and interacted with various field researchers before and after their work. 7.0 PUBLIC HEALTH The assessment of the existing public health status of Chad and Cameroon was analyzed by examining overall health morbidity and mortality statistics within the countries. The data on which this assessment is based have been collected from an extensive literature review, available Ministry of Health (MOH) data, and discussions with specialists in the areas of interest to the project in terms of both geographic areas and public health issues. BARNETT CLINE Qualifications: M.D., Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, 1962 Ph.D. (Epidemiology), University of Califomia, Berkeley, 1973 M.P.H., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, 1967 Principal Investigator of a major, 10 year research and training project in Cameroon, ending in 1995. Expertise: * Tropical medicine Infectious diseases in Central and West Africa Project Role: Dr. Cline's role as consultant for the Chad Export Project consisted of acquisition of key health-related documents from published and unpublished sources, review of all health-related project documents for scientific accuracy, and participation in the ongoing deliberations with the World Bank appointed team of public health experts assisting Chad. He also participated in selected meetings with host-country representatives, and with supporting organizations such as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CARL KENDALL Qualifications: Former director of the Center for Intemational Community-based Health Research at the Johns Hopkins University School of Hygiene and Public Health. May 1999 16 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I Expertise: Author of four books and monographics on HIVWAIDS in the areas of design, implementation, and evaluation of behavioral interventions; and in the area of sexuality and AIDS control. Project Role: Dr. Kendall conducted a HIV/AIDS rapid assessment protocol (RAP) for the Pipeline Centerline Survey; conducted a knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) health/HIV KAP Survey; developed an intervention strategy; and planned a community outreach program. 8.0 MARINE ENVIRONMENT A comprehensive marine environmental program was undertaken near Kribi, Cameroon in the area of the proposed offshore loading facilities. The marine investigation was undertaken to better define and characterize existing conditions related to surface and subsurface geology, physical oceanography, water quality, sediment chemistry, and marine biology associated with the offshore environment near Kribi. In addition to an extensive review of existing literature and databases, the marine environment of the project study area has been assessed through an environmental survey program conducted in concert with various oceanographic, geophysical and meteorological studies for engineering purposes. GARDLINE SURVEYS Project Role: Gardline Surveys was responsible for conducting an offshore geophysical, marine biological and oceanographic survey for the Chad Export Project. The objective of the survey program was to provide data that could be integrated into the design engineering for the offshore components of the intended export terminal construction. This included investigation of the environmental variables along the proposed subsea pipeline corridor and the surrounding area to: * Broadly define the baseline seabed communities and sediment chemistry in the survey area immediately adjacent to the proposed pipeline landfall location. * Obtain sufficient water column samples to verify water quality and column structuring in the shallow waters of the survey area. * Provide back-up samples for biological and chemical determination, should a repeat survey of sediments be required in the future. This will provide comparative data for monitoring of the seadbed biological and chemical impacts as a result of operations. SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC 17 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 CHAD EXPORTPROJECT The results associated with the geophysical, oceanographic, and marine biological surveys are documented in reports prepared by Gardline Surveys. 9.0 ENVIRONMENTAL FOUNDATION The Environment and Development Group (EDG) was retained to develop the Environmental Foundation Plan for the Chad Export Project (see Volume 4, Part 1, of the Cameroon EMP). STEPHEN COBB Qualifications: Ph.D. Oxford Director of the Environment and Development Group (EDG) Has lived in West Afrca for four years and knows Cameroon Expertise: * Involvement in African conservation matters for thirty years Hands-on experience of Trust Fund matters from Mongolia and Uganda Project Role: Dr. Cobb provided overall supervision and quality control associated with the development of the Environmental Foundation Plan (see Volume 4, Part I of the Cameroon EMP). AMAR INAMDAR Qualifications: Ph.D. Cambridge Expertise: Strategic management consultant Project Role: Dr. Inamdar led the EDG team for the development of the Environmental Foundation Plan. He is in charge of EDG's work in conservation finance, and in the development of new initiatives for involving the private sector in conservation. He joined EDG last year, having collaborated with EDG for seven years previously (see Volume 4, Part I of the Cameroon EMP). 10.0 OIL SPILL RESPONSE Polaris has been retained to develop a General Oil Spill Response Plan for the Chad Export Project. The plan is expected to be completed by the end of 1999, and fully operational prior to the beginning of oil production. May 1999 18 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANATSEXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME 1 ED OWENS (POLARIS) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Geology), University of South Carolina, 1975 M.Sc. (Physical Geography), McMaster University, 1969 B.Sc. (Physical Geography), University College of Wales, Aberystwyth, 1967 Expertise: * Oil spill response operations and planning * Oil spill training Project Role: Dr. Owens is providing overall supervision and quality control for the preparation of the General Oil Spill Response Plan for the Chad Export Project ELLIOTT TAYLOR (POLARIS) Qualifications: Ph.D. (Oceanography), Texas A&M University, College Station, 1984 Graduate Studies, University of California, San Diego, 1977-1979 B.S. (Oceanography), Universidad Autonoma de Baja California, Mexico, 1977 Expertise: * Environmental science * Marine science * Oil spill contingency plans Project Role: Preparation of Oil Spill Response Plan for the Chad Export Project. 11.0 CHAD REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN ANDREW WATSON Qualifications: Ph.D., Wolfson College, Oxford University, UK, 1982 B.A. honors, M.A. (Oxon), Hartford College, Oxford University, UK Expertise: * Environmental process studies * Environmental impact assessments * Terrain analysis * Resource inventories for economic planning SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC 19 May 1999 LIST OF CONSULTANTS/EXPERTS SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I CHAD EXPORTPROJECT Project Role: Dr. Watson collaborated with the Republic of Chad to develop the Regional Development Plan for the Chad Export Project (see Volume 4 of the Chad EMP). MASRA TAMTANGAR NGOIDI Qualifications: Dipl6me d'Etudes Superieures in Regional Planning and Development Dipl6me d'Etudes Aprofondies in Economics, minor in Development Socio- Economics Expertise: * Development socioeconomics * Transportation socioeconomics * Regional planning and development e Project planning and management * Environmental economics * Business administration * Rural extension Project Role: Collaborated as a national consultant with Dames & Moore for the preparation of the Appendix on potential indirect impacts of human migrations to the oil field development area in southem Chad. Collaborated as a national consultant with Andrew Watson (intemational consultant) on the development of the Regional Development Plan in the Chad Export Project area. 12.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION WINNER & ASSOCIATES Qualifications: Winner & Associates has 25 years of experience in public communications, community outreach and technical writing. Expertise: The firm specializes in the development of mechanisms and programs to facilitate citizen input into public policy issues as well as the presentation of complex or highly technical issues in a form that is understandable by broad audiences. May 1999 20 SPECIAL eng 05-01.DOC LIST OF CONSULTANTSIEXPERTS CHAD EXPORT PROJECT SUPPORTING DOCUMENTS - VOLUME I Project Role: Winner & Associates has assisted the project in developing its public consultation program and in producing materials that help stakeholders understand the project's technical complexities. In Europe and North America, the firm built a network of local facilitators who have helped to ensure a flow of accurate information to NGOs and governments in France, Belgium, Germany, Netherlands, United States and other countries. This information flow has been an important part of maintaining the informed dialogue necessary for effective public consultation. Winner & Associates has written and produced many of the project's public communications materials, including the project website, fact sheets, slide presentations and videos. The firm collaborated with Dames & Moore in the development of the Environmental Assessment Executive Summary and Update which summarizes for broad audiences the 18 volumes of technical information contained in the project's environmental documentation package. SPECIAL eng 05-01 .DOC 21 May 1999 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK