E494 V6 REPUBLIC OF YEMEN MINISTRY OF ELECTRICITY AND WATER HODEIDAH WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL ~ORPORATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN FOR DEVELOPMENT PLAN ON HODEIDAH WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT FINAL REPORT JUNE 2003 CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED SANA'A NEW DELHI REPUBLIC OF YEMEN MINISTRY OF ELECTRICITY AND WATER HODEIDAH WATER AND SANITATION LOCAL CORPORATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN AND ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN FOR DEVEI,OPMENT PLAN ON HODEIDAH WATER AND SANITATION PROJECT FINAL REPORT JUNE 2003 CONSULTING ENGINEERING SERVICES (INDIA) PRIVATE LIMITED SANA'A NEW DELHI EIA Study fill' AI-Hodeidah Cit)' Watcr Supply and S{·wcl'age. ROY TABLE OF CONTENTS ABBREVIA TIONS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-l to ES-18 Section 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROl'ND 1-1 to 1-3 Section 2.0 POLlCY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2-1 to 2-12 Section 3.0 PROJECT OBJECTIVES AND DESCRIPTION 3-1 to 3-14 Section 4.0 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SET-UP 4-1 to 4-59 Section 5.0 ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 5-1 to 5-13 Section 6.0 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ASSESSMENT 6-1 to 6-19 Section 7.0 PUBLIC CONSULTATION MEETING 7-1 to 7-7 Section 8.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 8-1 to 8-22 Section 9.0 MONITORING PLAN 9-1 to 9-6 TABLES ANNEXURES Annexure 2. 1 DRAFT AIR QUALITY STANDARDS Annexure 2,2 PRINCIPAL ENVIRONMENT AL LAWS OF YEMEN & INTERNATIONAL TREATIES RATIFIED Annexure 2,3 EPA BYE-LAWS Annexure 4,1 FISH SPECIES OBSERVED ON REEFS IN THE YEMEN RED SEA Annexure 4.2 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BA YDDA WELL FIELD FOR YEAR 2000 (AVERAGE CONCENTRATION) Annexure 5. I LAND ACQUISITION Annexure 6,1 IMPACTS DUE TO DESIGN & PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS Annexure 6,2 STANDARDS FOR WATER QUALITY, WASTEWATER QUALITY & EFFLUENT RE-USE Annexure 9. 1 TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR ENVIRONMENT SAFETY OFFICER (ESO) Annexure 9.2 CHECKLIST FOR INSPECTION - CONSTRUCTION PHASE LITERATURE CITED · I , I AC Abbreviations Asbestos Cement IJ.S/cm Micro simen per centimeter ADB Asian Development Bank I BOD eBOs Biolo/:,.rical Oxygen Demand Community Based Organisations COD Chemical O\}gen Demand ; 0 DB(A) Day Decibal (A) DC Diesel Generators Dia Diameter ! EC Electrical Conducti\ity i ElA Emironmental Impact Assessment EMF Emironmental tv1artagement Plan EPA Emironmental Protection Authority I EPL ESO Emironmental Protection L1W Environmental Safety Officer FAO Food and Agricultural Organisation I FPWP COY First Phase Wastewater Progmnune Goyemment of Yemen CRP Glass Reinforced Plastics CTZ Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammcnarbeit I Ha HRD Hectare Human Resource Dcyeloprnent HSPS Hodeidall Slratel,ric Planning Study I, HWSLC HWSSP Hodcidah Water and Sanitation Local Corporation Hodcidah Water Supply and Sanitation Project IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction & De\'elopment IDA International De\,elopment Association I lUCN Lpcd World Consen'ation Union Liter per capita per day LS Lifting Station I MgII Mm MOAWR 3 Milligram /liter Million Cubic meter Ministry of AgricultuIC and Water Resources MOE Ministry of Education I MPPH MPWH Ministry of Public HealtJl Ministry of Public Works and Highways NEAP National Environmental Action Plan I NCO's NWRA NWSA Non Governmental Organis,1tions Natioillli Water Resources Authority National Water and Sanitation Authority PDRY People's Democratic Republic of Yemen I PEC PFRP Public Electricity Corporation Process to Further Reduce Pathogens PS Pumping Station I PSRP PVC Process to Significantly Reduce Pathogens Poly\inyl Chloride ROY RepUblic of Yemen STP Sewage Treatment Plant I TDA TDS Tihama Development Authority Total Dissolved Solid TOR Terms of Reference I UNDP UNEP United Nations Development Programme United Nations Environmental Programme UNICEF United Nations Children Fund UPVC Unplastised Pol)"inyl Chloride I VC WB Vitrified Clay World Bank WHO WorId Health Organisation J WWTP YAR Wastewater Treatment Plant Yemen Arab Republic I ~ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY E~e~~ti~e Summary~~~~ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1.0 Introduction Hadeidah City is the third largest city In Republic of Yemen. Present water supply and sewerage system Is hardly able to cope with the thrust of rapid urbanisation through last decades. Unprecedented influx of large retumee population after the Gulf war of 1990 made the sItuation more critical. National Water and Saf71tatlon AuthOrity (NWSA) has prcposed to augment/rehabilitate the existing water supply and sewerage to meet t/7e future requirement of Hode/dah City. Engineering Consultants have beer] engaged to formulate a 'Development Plan' for both water supply and sanitation system followed by feaslbllltv study of First Phase Investment Programme. Mis Consulting Engineering Services (India) Private Limited (CES) has been awarded to carry out the Environmental Study of the above project proposal. The scope of Studies is to: · Comment on Draft Feasibility Study for First Phase Investment Programme prepared by Engineering Consultants (EC) · Prepare an Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) Recort on the Development Plan proposed by EC for the Hode/dah City Water Supply and SanltattCm Project. This Report covers Sections on: · PoliCY, Legal and Admimstrative Framework · Project Objective and DeSCription · Baseline EnVIronmental Set-up · Analvsls of Alternatives · Predictions of EnVironmental Impacts · PubliC Consultation Meeting · Environmental Management Plan (EMP) · Environmental MOf71toring Plan (MP) 2.0 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework A well-defined set of poliCies, aIded by legal provisions and an effective Administrative Framework is the essential requirement for successful Implementation and compliance WIth the recommendation of Environmental Studies. Fol/owlng Government Organisations with policy and set-up are currently av:u/able with relevant responsibtllties. ES -1 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Summary National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA) was established under the Ministry of Electricity and Water Hodeldah Water and Sanitation Local Corporation (HWSLC) is the largest branch office of NWSA situated at Hodeldah. It is currently autonomous and financially viable, meet its own operation and maintenance expenses. NWSA and HWSLC are responsible for implementation and maintenance of all water supply and sanitation projects in the country. Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) is the Central Organisation responsible for the protection of environment. The objectives of EPA include: · Formulation of environmental policies · Enhancement of environmental educatIon and awareness · Co-ordination and organisation of information in the field of environment among the different agenCIes · Co-ordination with related agencies a[ regIonal and international level. National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) established in 1996 is a policy framework for action programme of EPA. It also provides guidance on the application of available legislatton throughout Yemen. For the implementation of conservation and pollution abatement measures, an Environmental Protection Fund was also established. 3.0 Project Objective and Description 3.1 General With the objective to improve the prevailing unsatisfactory condition of water supply and sewerage systems to cope with the present and future demand, 'Hodeidah Strategic Planning Study' was carried out by the Dutch Consultants (DHV). Based on the study, a 'Development Plan' for the proposed Water Supply and Sewerage System of Hodeldah City has been prepared by Harza/MWAJ for block years of 5 covering the project up to horizon year 2025. Main focus of the improvement programme is to bring potable water to all the reSidents and people sewers/on-site samtation system to those areas, which are presently served by water. Fulfilling the objectives of this project will boost tourism industry by eliminating unsight/~ and unsanitary conditions by improving overall water management thus enhancing and encouraging its future expansion and development The specific objectives of the Development Programme are as follows: · AchIeve an overall understanding of present water supply and sanitation conditions and of future requirements,' · Determine satisfactory service levels and standards commensurate with affordabtlity and environmental concerns; · Project the long-term needs on the extension of physical works and how this. should be phased in vIew of mvestment requirements and availability of funds, and criteria to be set on priorities; · Provide a justification for first phase investments in view of expected impacts,' · Ensure that facilJties to be proVIded are least cost solutions, finanCially and environmentally sustainable, and appropriate to the circumstances; ES - 2 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive · ExpedIte rehabJ'lltation/extenslon of selected wastewater collection systems already Identified In Hodeidah Strategic Planning Study dated March 1999; and · Arrive at the most feasible alternatives for effluent reuse, sludge treatment and use/ and odour control for the wastewater. Current Development Programme Project Harza Engineering Company and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh were retained by HWSLC for the current development programme Involving the planning of water and wastewater system improvements through the year 2025. The scope of the programme was broken into four tasks: Task A - Preparation of the Final Studles/ Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Documents for the sanitation related ''Immediate Action Programme" identified by the Hodeldah Strategic Planning Study (HSPS); ,. Task B - Preparation of Development Programme up to year 2025;' ,. Task C - Preparation of Feasibility Study for a first phase of the Development Programme; and Task D - Preparation of Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Documents for a Hrst Phase Investment Programme. Wastewater Immediate Action Programme Improvements to the existing wastewater system are to be implemented under the Immediate Action Programme/ which is framed by OPEC and includes the following elements: · Replacement of over 15 km of main sewer lines and their associated manholes; and · Rehabilitation of the three existing wastewater lifting/pumping stations. Current Water and Wastewater Systems Improvements To address problems with the existing water and wastewater systems/ the Hodeidah Strategic Planning Study (HSPS) project was completed in 1999. Some of the recommended water and wastewater systems improvements are in the process of being implemented under the following implementation programmes: Water Supply System Project (WSSP) This programme is financed by the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and it includes: · Rehabilitation of 15 existing wells and outfitting three additional wells in the Baydda well field; · Addition of 5;000 nT ground reservoir at the Headworks compound; · Mechanical and electrical rehabilitation of the AI-Zabaryah pumping station; · Construction of eight wells at the new Tihama III well field; · New 5000 nT ground reservoir at Tihama III well field; ------------------------------------ ES- 3 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Summary · Construction of new 10,000 ground storage reservoir and pumping station at the 7" July site,- and · Installation of up to 15 km of distribution mains to connect the rJuly site facilities to the existmg distribution system. IDA Financed Water fmDrovements · Rehabilitation of the improvements that are expected to be financed by IDA include: · Replacement of approximately 30,000 tertiary house connections; · Purcnase of 6,000 additional new water meters and installation of 12,000 meters total; and · Reccnfiguration of existing distribution system tl1rough pum1ase and mstallation of isolation valves and bulk water supply meters. · Construction of new 28 km long, 900 mm diameter raw water transmission main from the Tihama III well field to the r July pumpmg statIon/reservoir sIte. Development Plan Under Task 8, various alternatives to meet t'7e future needs of /-Iodeidah's water and wastewater system through 2025 were identified and evaluated. The prtmary goal of the evaluation was to select proposed improvements that are least cost solutions, financially and environmentally sustainable, appropriate to the circumstances of HWSLC and address critical issues such as adverse impacts on the existing water supply and gaining the maximum benefit of reuse of treated wastewater effluent in an area with limited usable water resources. The alternatives selected during the evaluation form the basis of the 2025 Development Programme. The wastewater system components included in the initial stage of the Development Programme, under the proposed First Phase Investment Programme (years 2003 to 2010), is the subject of this Feasibility Study. Hereinafter, this programme WIll be referred to as the First Phase Wastewater (FPWP). 3.2 Project Description and its components (upto 2010) under financing by IDA The focus of the FPWP wi/I be on rehabilitating the existing wastewater treatment plant and on extending the sewer area to north and east of the existing service area. The overall First Phase Investment Programme was intended to meet needs through 2010; however, due to affordability limits, the FPWP had to be broken into several stages. Thus, the specific objectives of the FPWp, discussed in this study, are to extend the wastewater collection system, to 400 hectares of unsewered areas that are connected to the municipal water system, to replace the existing main sewer system pipes and upgrade the existing pumping stations, to rehabIlitate the deteriorated manholes of the existing sewer system and to expand and upgrade the wastewater treatment plant in order to improve plant performance and effluent quality. SpeCific components of the FPWP include the following: · Rehabilitation and expansion of the existing wastewater treatment plant; · Replacement of the main sewer system pipes and rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing pumpmg stations,' ES-4 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Summary · Rehabilitation of 2300 sewer manholes; · Expansion of the wastewater collection system to the following areas: · Hay AI-Tijari area/ · Hay AI-Shuahada area; · Hay AI-Salakhana area/ · Hay AI Za faran area; · AI-Muhandeseen area,- and · Areas around Sheikh Zaid Road · Installation of the following new wastewater pumping stations: · Salakhana area (Pumping Station PS4/ with force main to wastewater treatment plant);" · Hay AI-Tijari area (Pumping Station PS5)/ and · AI-Muhandeseen area (Pumping Station PS6) The improvements in respect of Water Supply and Wastewater components are summarised below: Water System Components 2003- 2006- 2011- 2016- 2021- Component 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Water Supply Components Well (No.) Baydda Rehab. 15 Baydda Reequipping 3 Tihama II 3 1 5 2 Tihama III 8 Trans~is~i~!l~!"19..il'l? (m) ·· 0 _____ · .. ~ . .~ J From Baydda 7,000 Tihama II 9,000 Tihama III 28,250 Reservoirs em 3) · Baydda 5,000 Tihama II 2,000 Tihama III 5,000 Pumping Stations (m3/d) Baydda 38,880 Water Distribution Components Reservoirs em3 ) AI-Zabaryah 5,000 7th of July 10,000 Central Facility 10,000 Pumping Stations (m3/d) . . . . AI-Zabaryah(Rehab. ) 61,776 7tJ1 of July 87,955 ES - 5 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Summary I 2003- 2016- 2021- I 2005 2020 2025 Central Transmission Pipelines From 7tn July to Main Distribution Restructuring (m) Additional House Connections 1,642 . . . . .--'2,_25_9-;----1.2,_41_5--; Replacement of GI Connections No. Replacement of Water Meters Source: _Feasibility Study Report, March Harza and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh Wastewater System Components ! 2003- 2006- I 2011- 2016- 2021- Component I I 2005 i I 2010 , 2015 I 2020 2025 ! I Treatment i 35/880 I , Wastewater Treatment Plant (mJ/d) i 1 Collection I : I Main Collectors (m) ! I Secondary Sewer Lines (ha) i 320 40 i Additional House Connections (No. ) 1/705 1,185 1,770 775 Force Mains (m) 1,106 J i I Pumping Stations (m 3 /hr) ! Pumping Station No. 4 Pumping Station No.5 350 I Pumping Station NO.6 J Maintenance Vehicles (No.) 7 · Rehabilitation of Existing System ! ....- , Manholes (No.) 2,300 i I Main Sewer Lines (m) 16,666 Pumping Station No.1 (m3/hr) 1,286 , I 3 Pumping Station No.2 (m /hr) I 2,523 I 3 Pumping Station NO.3 (m /hr) 427 I . " 1 Source: Feasibility Study Report, March 2003, prepared by M/s. Harza and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh - IDA shall finance components upto 2010 under the project Both the water and wastewater component investment costs are summarised below: ES - 6 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive WATER COMPONENTS INVESTMENT COSTS 1 Water Components Year WSsp* Supply I Distribution Total I Total wI Contingency .2003-2005 5,479,404. 4,943J50 1,873,900 12,291.,054 15,091.,348 2006-2010 - 5,424,813 4,916,123 1 10,340,936 12,92~170 2011-2015 - 75,000 1 24~300. 321,300 401,625 2016-2020 ! - 720,000 1,991,523' 2Jl1, 523 3,389,404 2021-2025 - 1,320,000. 1,88~357 3,206,357 4,001.,946 Sub-total 5,479,404 12,483,563 10,914,203 2~871.,170 35,822,493 Engineering & · Contingencies 1,095,881:;c ~120,891 2,72~551 ~945,323 @25% · Total ~575,2851 15,604,454 1~642J54 35,822,493 Source: Feasibility Study Report, March 2003 prepared by Mis. Harza and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh *WSSP: Water Supply System Project, Funded by the Islamic Development Bank. Engineering & Contingencies for on-going WSSP work was assumed to be 20 percent. WASTEWATER COMPONENTS INVESTMENT COSTS Wastewater Components · Year IAP* RehiJ Collection Treatment Total Total wI Man Contingency 2003-2005 10,540,267 1,3 6,213,385 1.,331,974 25,405,626 30,09~979 ·2006-2010 - 1,155,324 1,155,324 1,444,155 2011-2015 - 41.,400 41.,400 59,250 · 2016-2020 - 4,605,563 153,500 4J59,063 5,948,829, 2021-2025 - 491,000 491,000 613J50 Sub-total 10,540,267 1,320,000 12,512,672 1.,485,474 31,85~413 3~164,963 Engineering & 971.,013* 330,000 3,12~168 1,871,369 ~30~550 Contingencie s@25% Total 11,511.,281 9,35fi843 3~164,9631 1,650,000 15,640,840 ... Source: FeaSibility Study Report, March 2003 prepared by Mis. Harza and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh *IAP: Immediate Action Plan (Task A), Funded by the OPEC Fund for International Development, Engineering & Contingencies costs for IAP is US$.977,103 ($450,000 for engineering and 5% for contingencies) ES -7 EIA study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY - _ Summary Executive ..... 4.0 Baseline Environmental Set-up Baseline environmental conditions established in the study area are as follows: 4.1 Physical Resources Location The study area covers the lower catchment of Wadi Siham in Tihama region including Hodeldah City. The Study area is bounded by Red Sea in the West and hills of Jabal Falafilah in the east, Open desert like territory extends along North and South is located approximately between latitude 14'44' and 1G;03' North and longitude 4£145' and 44'15' East, Tihama well field in Wadi Slham valley is the main source of groundwater for Hodeidah region. Geology Geology of the area has been generally influenced by organiC process, which formed the Red Sea rift valley. On the basis of the water bearing characteristics, the rock exposed in Wadi Siham area have been divided in two major groups - Consolidated Rocks and Unconsolidated Rocks, The major lithologic formation comprises Tuffs (inform of gravel fans and cones), Alluvial Sediments in Lisan Plain, Bajil - Khalifah Plain, Wadi Siham Plain and Aeolian Deposits, Geohydrology Over the last twenty years, number of studies related to groundwater has been carried out by different Consultants, Though the high permeability of the Quaternary formation forming the acquifer is favourable for installation of well, the poor quality of groundwater having high Nitrate concentration is generally a major constraint for water abstraction. However, after analysing the field tests, the following well fields have been Identified in the Development Plan for abstraction of groundwater: · Tihama I well field in the eastern part of the Tihama plain, north and south of Wadi Siham and east of Jabal Falifalah. · Tihama II well field - in the eastern part of the Tihama plain, north and south of Wadi Siham but at the west ofJabal Falifalah. · Tihama III well field - At Wadi Qutay, at 4 km north of Marawa at km 25 on the Hodeidah - Sanaa Road · Tlhama IV-In the north east of Baydda well field near Baghwwiyah. · Tlhama V In the north of Baydda well field near As Sayiyah. Climate and Meteorology The temperature is generally high throughout the year. The average monthly temperature ES- 8 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Summary ranges between 4r!C in August and 3?C in January and the average monthly minimum temperature ranges between lSC in January and 2r!C in September. Maximum relative humidity at dawn is usually at or near saturation and minimum in the early afternoon. The maximum Monthly Mean Evaporation reaches 250 mm during the month of May to August Rest of the yea0 the value is about 150 mm. The maximum average value of wind speed is 17 knots and the minimum average value of wind speed is 12 knots. The records of available rainfall show two peak of rain in a year. The highest one occurs during the month of August to October and the second peak occurs during the month of March to May with average yearly rainfall at 13.025 mm. Air and noise quality No air quality data or noise monitoring data is available for the Study. Among the different potential sources of air pollution in Hodeidah City is dust concentration due to vehicular movement as well from iJesert sand blown by strong wind. The main source of noise pollution is the vehicular movement 4.2 Biological Environment Flora Various types of plants and ground covers are distributed in different terrain like hill slopes and foothills/ Wadi plain sandy plain and sand dune. Forest is existent in the Tihama hill slope and foothills. The Jabal Sura valley forest is an outstanding example of the relic tropical forest. Plenty of Wadi bound thick shrubs develop in the flood plain of Wadi. Sandy plains and dunes are covered with scattered shrub and grassland. The Red Sea Coast of Yemen supports the large areas of various types of sea grass and mangrove. Sea grass is potentially distributed along the length of Red Sea Coast of Yemen. Mangroves located along coast are heavily grazed by camels. Sea grass and mangroves are vital for the local fisheries. Fauna The Red Sea of Yemen is rich and renowned for formation of coral, reef and different fish population. Contemporary coral growth is found both as coral reefs and coral communities as a variety of substrata. The Red Sea has diverse fish fauna both in total and in reef associated fish. A number of species of shrimps and shark are fished in Yemen, which plays a vital role in the coastal zone of Yemen. Though the urban development, industries/ catchment pollution and tourism are the major threat to marine organism and habitats of Red Sea of Yemen, no severe damage to the marine life are observed in Hodeidah coast ES - 9 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Su l11 :..;.:m;:::.a:..;.:rv2.-_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ 4.3 Socio-Cultural Environment Population As per the Census of 1986/88, total population of Hodeidah was 150J56, in 1994, the total population reached to 306,559, which is almost double. The reason of this drastic population explosion is cited as Migration of people from Saudi Arabia after the Gulf War in 1990. As per the Development Plan. the projected population in the year 2025 will be 1,391,177 considering a flat growth rate of 5%. Health The most commonly endemic diseases in Hodeidah Governorate are water-borne or water related These include Diarrhea and intestinal disorders. Infants are susceptible to 1ysentery and dehydration, which is too frequent cause of death. Drinking water used is often contaminated at source or during supply and transmits parasites. Illiteracy together with lack of health education adds to the cause of spreading these diseases. Manpower and Economy The urban population is predominantly dependent on services and commercial activities. The economy of Tihama region is largely based on traditional agriculture, livestock and fishing. Tihama region is under cultivation from the ancient penoo. Presently, the following agricultural systems are in practice: · Wadi Imgated Cultivation · Deep ground water irrigated cultivation · Shallow ground water irrigated cultivation · Rainfed cultivation · Run-off cultivation The major livestock in this area is sheep, goat, cow and camel. In Hodeidah region. fishing plays a vital and important role in the local economy. The most common commercial catches are shrimp, shark, Indian mackerel, kingfish, Queenfish, Cobia, Tuna, Little Tuna, Catfish- Grunt, Snapper, Grouper and Jacks. There are very limited manufacturing units in Hodeidah region, which mainly comprises of: · Vegetable oi/jghee producing units · Canned fish producing units · Beverages producing factory · Soft drinks factory · Tanning factory · Qgarette factory ES-l0 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Tourism The Republic of Yemen may be regarded as one of the countries of key tourist attraction. It is in view of its ancient origins, the beauty of its mountains, the magnificence of its natural scenery, the geological open-booly the fabulous sea beaches, the rich heritage and the unique architecture. The tourism sector in Yemen is underdeveloped. The number of tourists from the European countries declined considerably in the last three years. This sector needs special attention. Culture and Hentage Within the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen is very rich in its ancient CivilisatiOn, culture and heritage. The oldest and most powerful state in ancient Southem Arabian was Saba with its capital in Marib situated in the eastern part of today's Yemen. Old bUIldings of city hold a beautiful typical Yemeni architectural pattern. The moe/ern buildings are being constructed by adopting the traditional style of architecture. The Ministry of Culture and Tourism has encouraged the creation of several unions to promote particular field of interest viz. Union of Writers, Union of Artists, Union of Musicians, Union of Young Writers. It has also created the Fine Arts, Acrobatics, Theatre and Ballet. The Ministry has also created the Department of Translation. Existing Water Supply and Sewerage System The Hodeldah Water Supply System was completed and commissioned in 1983 and is currer;tly operated by HWSLC The existing water system comprises: · Baydda well fielct which contains 17 operating wells out of the total 24 drilled wells · Twin pressurised raw water transmiSSion mains running from the well field to the urban areas · 5000 m' ground water storage reservoir located at HWSLC's headworks compound · AI-Zabaryah booster pumping station and chlorination facilities at the headworks compounct and · Over 507 km of primary and secondary water distribution mains. The main deficiencies of the existing water supply system components are: · Quantity of supply from the Baydda well field is inadequate · Quality of raw water from Baydda well field is poor and continues to deteriorate · Leaks have occurred in the older raw water transmission main since it was converted to a low pressure pipeline · Available water storage is inadequate · The pumps and electrical components of the AI-Zabaryah booster pumping station require replacement ES -11 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Summary · The existing chlorination system is unsafe and in need of rehabilitation and · All populated areas of the urban area are not provided with piped water systems. Similarly wastewater system was also completed in 1983. The existing wastewater system comprises of: · . 200 km of 150 to 200 mm secondary sewers · over 15 km of 250 mm to 1000 mm main sewer lines · three in-system lifting or pumping stations/ and · a multi-celled wastewater stabilisation pond treatment facility fed by twin 500 mm force mains from pumping station No.2. The main deficiencies of the system are as follows: · The AC pipes are losing their structural integrity · Hydrogen sulfide concentrations are extremely high · The temperature inside the sewers varied between 40 and 6r?C · The acidity of the condensate on the surface of the sewer walls ranges from pH 1 to pH3 · Sewers that have been replaced by HWSLC are not in good condition due to improper connections to the existing manholes and low quality pipe bedding material and backfill techniques · Turbulence in the manholes causes release of H2S gas · Many sewers are blocked by sand from unpaved roads that enters the wastewater system via the manhole cover ventilation holes · Blockage and collapse of sewer pipes is widespread · At high tide/ seawater enters into the wastewater system/ through a failed return valve and · Most of the sewers have been found to be blocked by san~ silt and grease 5.0 Analysis of Alternatives In the Development Plan the Engineering Consultants formulated the following alternatives for water supply and sewerage system. Water Supply System Components Alternatives Water Supply & Transmission · Upgrade and Baydda well field (WS-l) · Develop new fresh water supply in Tihama Plains (WS- 2) · Use brackish water and provide desalination (WS-3) Water Storage/ TreatmenC · Develop Ave Storage/Pumping FaCl'lities (WD-l) Pumping & Distribution · Develop three Storage/Pumping Facilities (WD-2) ES-12 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Components Alternatives Wastewater Collection and · Install single new collection system for New Pumping ~velopment(WC-l) · Install two new collection system for New ~velopment (WC-2) · Use brackish water and provide desalination (WS-3) Sewage Treatment · Upgrade and expand existing Plant (WT-l) · Relocate existing stabilisation pond system (WT-2) · Replace existing system with New Mechanical Plant (WT-3) Effluent Re-use · Continued re-use for Greenbelt programme · Urban effluent re-use Based on Techno-economical, environmental, monetary and non-monetary evaluation and screening, the following alternatives have been selected as the most feasible options: Water Supply Scheme · ~velop new fresh water supply in Tihama plains (WS-2) for water supply and transmission · ~velop three storage/pumping facilities (WD-2) for water storage, treatment, pumping and distribution Sewerage System · Install two collection system (WC-2) for wastewater collection and pumping · Upgrade and expand existing plant (WT-l) for sewage treatment · Continued re-use for Greenbelt programme as effluent re-use ~tails of selected options have been presented in Section 5. O. 6.0 Environment Impact Assessment Consultants have carefully reviewed all the activities in preconstruction, construction and operational phases and formulated both the positive and negative impacts due to the different activities. The positive impacts of the proposed project are as follows: · Provision of safe and most convenient water supply will improve human health as well as savings in time, efforts and expenses by the community. · Availability of sufficient quantity of water will improve hygienic conditions. · Public health gains such as increased output through improved health resulting in higher economic activity and productivity. ES -13 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive Summary · Proper collection treatment and dis{XJsal system of wastewater will reduce the risks of parasitic infections, incident· of hepatitis and vanous gastrointestinal diseases including cholera and typhoid (through contamination of water supplies and food). · A proper wastewater handling and dls{XJsal arrangement will minimise the chances of contamination of ground and surface water. · Such provisions assist to maintain ecological balance by reducing damages to flora and fauna. Controlled reuse of wastewater supplements agricultural activities and development and sustenance of environmental protection components like Greenbelt development. · Improvement in the existing sewerage system will help reduce the nuisance in streets and road blockages. · Development of the project will encourage increased economic activities like commercial industrial etc. and will generate enhanced employment alternatives and economic growth. · Improvement in the existing water supply and sewenge conditIons will help tourism and boost the economy of the area. · Augmented water supply and sanitary facilities add to family welfare particularly to the women folk who can divert their attention to other fruitful and productive activities. The negative impacts during construction and operation phase of the projects have been assessed. No impact due to the preconstruction activities related to the project is envisaged because the preconstruction activities are mainly limited to in-house and desktop. In construction phase activtties for both the water supply scheme and sewerage system, the impacts have been envisaged for public safety, nOise quali/:Yt air quality, soil quality, generated waste material operations in quarry and activities in constructIon camp/storage yard and maintenance yard. In the water supply scheme, impacts have been assessed for flushing and diSinfection of pipes, biological environment and drilling of well fields. In the sewerage scheme, impacts have been envisaged due to removal of seepage pits and septic tanks, replacement of existing sewer lines, dis{XJsal of main sewer pipe, soil quality due to contaminatIOn. In operational phase, impacts on groundwater have been envisaged for the water supply project Operational phase impacts of sanitation project have been assessed due to solid waste, leakage and blockages. Similarl~ impact on occupational health of workers and Impact on marine environment has been summan'sed. SOCia-economical impacts have been assessed for both the schemes. All the above impacts have been elaborated in Section 6.0. Summarised adverse impacts are summarised be/ow. ES -14 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive SI. I likely Impacts on No. Activity Issue Involved Environmental Degree of I Parameters I Impact 1.0 Preconstruc tion · Finalisation of Engineering Design and Planning Works Negligible Stage and Project Finance · Official Meetings · Purchasing/leasing of Equipment ! · Confirmation of right to access lands for survey I purpose i 2.0 (onstructio · Public Safety - Potential injuries Mild n Phase · Public Access Traffic - Public nuisance Mild Moderate (General) Congestion - Air quality · Material movement Noise quality Moderate · Operation of Construction - Soil quality Mild Yards - Water quality Negligible · Disposal of Waste Material - Public health Mild · Quarrying Operation - Occupational Mild · Construction Camps health and safety · Site Office - Aquatic ecology Negligible - Terrestrial ecology Mild · Equipment Storage and Landuse Machinery Maintenance Mild · Employment 0Qportunities 2.1 Water · Marginal Land Acquisition -landuse pattern Negligible Supply · No R& R issue -Disruption of Negligible Project · Socio-Economic ServiCes & · Flushing and Disinfection of Livelihood i ; . · pipes Drilling of wells , Laying and jointing of pipes Occupational health and safety - Noise quality Moderate Moderate - Air quality Moderate 2.2 Sanitation · Removal of seepage pits Public health Moderate Project and septic tanks - Occupational Moderate · Replacement of existing health and safety Main Sewer Lines Public nuisance Mild · Disposal AC pipes Access of traffiC disruption \ ~Soil quality Property Access Mild (disposed to ; approved landfill I· I - Traffic congestion i sites) 3.0 . .:rr- Operation Phase Water Nil (no land · Land acquisition acquisition is Supply - Landuse pattern Project involved) · Uncontrolled Groundwater Moderate (needs abstraction Water quality mitigation - measures) - SOCial issues Mild · Disruption of services Social issues Moderate · Water connections · Increased wastewater - Public health Negligible generation Nil (as new STP is proposed in I ! · Coping system of residents - Social issues Phase) Mild 3.2 Sanitation · Land acquisition Landuse pattern Nil Project · Sludge disposal - Soil quality Nil · Wastewater disposal - Marine quality Nil i · Operation and maintenance i Public health Mild Occupational Mild health and safety I Sewer overflows Odour and noise Nil ! · 1- ES -15 EIA Study for A1-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY Executive No major environmental adversities are anticipated on existing environment due to implementation of the project and hence this falls under category '8' as stipulated in World Bank Operational Policies, Jan 1999. 7.0 Public Consultation Meetings Three Public Consultation Meetings have been conducted with key stakeholders and other groups of stakeholders to elicit their opinion and views and suggestions regarding the project objectives, environmental Impacts and mitigation plan. The major outcome of the Public Consultation Meetings is as follows: · All the stakeholders welcomed the project operation and assured full cooperation in the project implementatiOn. · Great concern was expressed for proper handling of a) wastewater disposal, b) quality check of material specially in sewerage system, c) management of solid waste and overflowing sewers/d) drainage system in rainy season, e) unconditional abstraction of groundwater. · Stakeholders showed keen interest to extend their services in public awareness campaign, counselling, community participation, health education and Greenbelt development · Need was felt for the formation of a Citizen 3' Committee for environment management plan and routine maintenance. · Minor land acquisition requirements can be fulfilled without constraints. After completion of the project, the Fourth Public Consultation Meeting will be conducted with the area-wise representatives from the project area. The following activities should be taken up. · To record stakeholder3' overall reaction to the project activities, opInion regarding quality of construction, felt needs, lessons learnt and suggestions for improving implementation. · To initiate follow-up activities like: (a) area-wise formation of Citizen3' Committee for monitoring the implementation of proposed EMP. (b) public awareness campaign covering various aspects, viz. save water, timely submission of bills, prevent indiscriminate dumping of garbage, to discourage il/egal connections/regular inspection of assets and immediate reporting of defects by the Citlzen3' Committee/role of community in protecting water supply and sewerage system. ES-16 EtA study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY _Ex_ecutive Summary'--_ _ _ ~...__........._ _ ~~~~~~~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ S.O Environmental Management Plan (EMP) Alter assessing various impacts due to different activities of the project analysis of those and eliciting the views of public through Public Consultation Meeting~ the Consultants have suggested appropriate management plan to mitigate the adverse impacts and the same is elaborated in Section 8.0. The project activities and action to be taken for mitigating the impacts as per EMP are summarised below: Project Activity/I Action to be Environmental Issues i Taken CONSTRUCTION PHASE Air quality and noise quality due · Select sites for construction camp and storage yard as per to constroctionyard activity I recommendat(on ()f EMP Borrow pits and quarrytng I Rrm-up contact with approved quarry and borrow pit sources, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _---\i-=o::.::q~i!in balance output and require.r!!fl/lt of material _ ~._ _- - I _ Severance due to trench I Mitigation measures as per EMP Uf.JC11II {IJ Disposal of Construction debris Weekly inspection of sites for collection and disposal of WII:>t/ UWVII debris to approved landfill sites Traffic Management Secure assistance from local police for traffic control during construction phase Construction Workers Colony Install lavatory at constroction workers colony. Provision of collection. domestic refuse and itseJiSposat.. _~. Noise Pollution Workers working in the vicinity of equipment generating high noise levels provided with earplugs, proper maintenance of ..._. cO'!~f£U.£!{q'!...egl!if!'!!.f!nt! machinf:!!Y anc£y~hJ.Q.~_ ... _ _. __ _ Air Pollution Construction equipment! machinery and vehicles be maintained in good condition. Dust cover to the vehicles carrying 1--'·" ~~-~ ~ .. ~~ ~~~ J;onsfl]Jctip/!... f!1..a..~eria!:..§!!.rjn%!{n.!l of I:!'.l!ter i'!.f!...u.S.!Y_a..rea.... ___ ___ _ Equipment storage and Waste collection, storage and disposal in proper manner. maintenance yard Whenever possible (in case of lubricants) should be reused. Transportation of Construction Routine check of vehicles used for transportation for adequate material maintenance and compliance with emission norms Pollution (Ai" noise due to Ensure location of Construction yard at least SOOm from Constroction yard) habitation as a part of Conditions of Contract .£1} '-itr?!}mf!l}t'!U'iqnito(irlg. __ -I- ! Establish monitoring system _... - - - -.. - - - ..... - .. ~------~~~~ Use of water on and off-site All water on site will be transported in tankers by the Contractor of its own Disposal ofAC pipes debris DiSposal of debris to the approved landfill sites located away from habitations and well fields. Rushing and disinfecting Strict control of the material. Access to the material shall be operating transported to the site in appropriate vehicles. Provision of first aid facility at site. '. Drilling of wells Regular maintenance of DG sets, reuse of the dnlling mud, wastewater generated during drilling shall be properly drained off ES -17 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City water Supply and Sewerage, ROY . Executive Summary Project Activity/ I Action to be Environmental Issues I ! Taken OPERArrON PHASE Occupational Health and Safety I Provision of adequate protective clothing, gloves footwear, etc. safety equipmenf;. implementation of effective industrial waste I pre-treatment system, periodic health check-up of the workers including tests on HIV/AIDS Sewer Overflows I Routine inspection for illegal connections and obstructions, regular cleaning of sewer; awareness among public to prevent i disposal of solid waste in sewers Operation and Maintenance · All spare parts shall be readily available, provision of stand by I pumps and alternate power supply (Generator sets) Monitoring Plan I Regular Chemical analysis of wastewater at the inlet and outlet I oftheSTP Sludge Disposal Sludge may be used as a manure in the green belt development programme or it shall be disposed off to the approved landfill site Water Resource Management Extensive monitoring and maintenance of existing wells; Development of groundwater should be well co-ordinated. Ban on uncontrolled abstraction of water for agriculture. Wellhead rotection f!!ografl7me should be taken uf!.. Public Awareness I Citizen Committee shall be formed B.O Monitoring Plan A monitoring plan has been formulated for effective implementation of the suggested EMP. The technical and institutional activities to be taken for monitoring in different phases of the project are as follows: · Preconstruction Phase MonitOring Plan This plan mainly includes: Deputing Environment Safety Officer (ESO) Establishing of Baseline Conditions · Construction Phase MonitOring Plan - This plan mainly includes: Environmental Quality Monitoring Environment Audits · Operation Phase Monitoring Plan - This plan mainly includes post-construction monitoring A budgetary cost for the EMP has been worked out by the Consultants. Total Preconstruction and Construction Phase EMP is about 157,050USD. Operation Phase EMP cost is 43/075USD per annum. ES -18 SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND SECTION 1.0 : INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND Table of Contents 1.1 Project Background 1-1 1.2 Project Development 1-2 1.3 Structure of the Report 1-3 Fig. 1.1 Project Location A-fap H\ Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewera:.,'<', ROY 1.0 Introduction and 1.0 INTRODUCfION AND BACKGROUND 1.1 Project Background The city of AI Hodeidah, with its present population of more than 400,000, is the third largest in the country. A busy port city, located in the East Coast of the Red Sea, Hodeidah has been experiencing a thrust of rapid urbanisation through the past decades. The project location is shown in Figure 1.1. Upgradation pattern of the utility services lagged behind the urban growth pattern and consequently the services at present are under severe strain. The services also had to withstand the massive shock load of an unforeseen influx of large returnee population after the Gulf War in 1990. The system components have nearly lived their design lives, system design and selection of materials in some cases were inappropriate, maintenance support was also remained inadequate. Combined impact of above issues on infrastructure services has become critical especially on the water supply and sanitation systems. The city now receives potable water at an average of 40 Ipcd only, which is grossly inadequate by any standards. Baydda well field is the lone source of municipal water to the city and has total 24 tube wells installed of which only 17 are operational. Some recent upgradation measures have increased the supply level marginally. The well field has reached the limiting potential of yield and fast loosing its adequacy level. Quality of supply is reported poor, with taste (EC = 3000/ls/cm). Only 50% of the town is covered to a central sewerage system. Remaining area is depended on mal-functioning septic tanks and seepage pits. The secondary sewerage network is under severe chockage making large portion of it non-functional. The main sewer particularly its downstream stretch is experiencing extensive collapses. The authority has resorted to large- scale diversion by continuous ptunping (mobile ptunps) through temporary surface pipelines. Out of the 3 existing pumping stations, two were observed to be non-functional, leaving only the terminal pumping station functioning with reduced efficiency. The entire system due to its serious deficiencies is likely to lead to large-scale overflow on surface, intrusion into surface water body (sea) and ground water, besides aesthetic nuisance. The city is at present under a threat of serious health hazards and deserves most immediate attention. National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA) under the Ministry of Electricity and Water is the nodal agency responsible for the water supply and sanitation sector in Yemen. NWSA has its local set-up, the Hodeidah Water Supply and Sanitation Local Corporation (HWSLC) responsible for operation and maintenance of the water supply and sewerage system in Hodeidah City. In anticipation of serious eventualities the authorities undertook various steps from time to time towards system development and upgradation. Various planning processes are now under active progress and at various advanced stages of completion. 1- I -r-= ;;,.--- - -.~ f'. I I / / ' t·/ il / / .-, L_ _ .', ~_____~._~_~_~~_:.:.L=:::':=::::;:::::' ___ ~ s ;,-. EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage, ROY 1.0 Introduction and Background 1.2 Project Development The current planning process underwent a sequential trend as represented in the line diagram below and in the subsequent narrative. The Hodeidah Strategic Planning Study (HSPS) was initiated as a part of the Dutch support towards water supply and sanitation in Yemen. The study objective was to provide NWSA with a Strategic Plan for rehabilitation and upgradation of the water supply and sanitation systems in the city of Hodeidah to meet its demand upto year 2020. A consortium of consultants comprising Mis. DHV Consultants and ARCADISlEuroconsult was engaged for . the assignment in March 1998 and the Final Report on Hodeidah Strategic Planning was submitted in March 1999. The study generated a set of most optimum water supply and .. sanitation proposals for Hodeidah upto year 2020, along with Institutional Development Plan and a Financial Plan. .. Preparation of the Development Plan (DP) was taken up subsequently as part of the Hodeidah Water Supply and Sanitation Project and as follow up action to the Hodeidah Strategic Planning Report. The Development Plan covered a project horizon upto year 2025 AD. and the recommendations in the Strategic Plan were modified to cater for such additional requirements. The Development Plan included more technical, financial and environmental analysis and proposals were framed with phased investment programme after 1-2 .. SECTION 2 POLl LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK SECTION 2.0 : POLICY, LEGAL AND ADl\IINISTRATIVE FRAl'VIEWORK Table of Contents 21 1m rodllcf ion 2-1 2.2 Organisation olGovernment 2-1 2.2.1 Nalional Waler and Sanil((lion Allthorily (NWSA) 2-1 2.2.2 Hodeidah Waler and Sanilalion Local Corporal ion (Hr~~\"J.(,) 2-2 2.3 l:i1Vironmenlal Prolection Aulhority (EPA) 2-2 2.3.1 ,r..,'truelure (!tEPA 2-2 2.3.2 Functions (!lHPA 2-3 2.3.3 EPA Operations 2--1 2.3.-1 Other Relevanl Agencies 2-5 2.3.5 Ust (!tAclive NGO·s in Yemen 2-5 2.3(, Research Insl i II/fions 2-0 ! ~ 2.-1 Regulations and ,r..,'landards on Environmental hSlles 2-7 2.5 PoliLY Framework 2-9 I IDA (World Bank) fill7ding AgenL~l' 2-10 2.6 Financial Framework 2-10 2.7 Concurrent Projects relaled wilh I:·nvironmen/ 2-11 Tahle 2. 1 Composilion 4EPA 2-2 Tahle 2.2 Function (!lEPA 2-3 Tahle 2.3 Ust (!(!vfcljor Activities 4EPA Till Date 2--1 Tahle 2.-1 Ust {!(Relevant Agcncies 2-5 Tahle 2.5 Indicative lis' o(NGO's Active in Yemen 2-6 Tahle 2.6 Relevant b1Vironmental I,egislalion 2-7 Tahle 2.7 Relevant Key Ar/icle.\' oO--PI, 2-8 Tah/e 2.8 .')'ummary (!fFIA Procedures 2-9 Tahle 2. 9 Main Components ofNPEA 2-9 Tahle 2./0 Salient Features of Environmental Protection Fund 2-11 Tahle 2.11 Lisl {!(Concurrent Pnljects Programmes 2-11 Fig. 2.1 Organisation C/7art- Hodeidah Branch Fig. 2.2 Organogram (!lthe i!:nvironmenlal Protection Couneil Annexure 2. I Drafi Slandardsfor Air Qualify Annexure 2.2 Principal Environmental Laws of Yemen & in/erna/ional Treaties Ral!fied Annexure 2.3 EPA Bye-laws E L\ Study fnr Al-Ilndddah Cit)' Wat('r Supply and S(,\Ht":II!(' Syst('m, ROY 2.0 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1 Intl'oduction The policies, legal and administrative aspects of the project promoters, the funding agencies and the statutory government agencies play a major role in complying with recommendation of the Environmental Studies. Sustained success of any Environmental Management practice depends upon the structure and effectiveness of such components. Existmg policies, Legal and administrative framework \vith respect to ErA and the frame\vork within which this study has been carried out are described below: 2.2 Ol'ganisation of Govenunent The Republic of Yemen (ROY) was formed on 22",1 ~~rav 1990, after the unification of the Yemen Arab Republic (YAR) and the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen (PDRY). According to the Constitution of the Republic of Yemen, which is valid and in force since unification of Yemen, the cabinet is the Central Government of the Republic. Under the Constitution, each Mimster shaH undertake supervision of all the affairs of his Ministry and shall direct its Departments and branches in ROY. The Minister is responsible to implement the general policy of the Government in his Ministry. Part of the constitution provides for local authority organisation whereby the ROY is divided into administrative units, which have legal entity and are integral part of the state authority. The Republic of Yemen is divided into 18 Governorates. Each Governorate has a Governor who implements cabinet resolutions and is responsible and accountable to the cabinet. Various agencies active in the sectors of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environment are described hereafter in the sub-section. 2.2.1 National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA) NWSA was established in 1973 as an autonomous body tmder the Ministry of Electricity and Water, and with responsibility of development, operation and maintenance of water supply and sanitation facilities in urban areas of erstwhile North Yemen. Public Water Corporation (PWC) active in erstwhile South Yemen was unified with NWSA. NWSA at present has 30 branches all over the country. In 1997, Yemeni Government adopted a major resolution allowing decentralisation of operating and financial responsibilities of the branch offices to be achieved by Year 2000. Each branch oft-ice is responsible for the operation and maintenance in their respective urban areas. 2-1 EL\ Study rOl' AJ-IIndl'idah City \Vatl'l" Supply and Se\\'t'r"l!1' Systl'm, ROY 2.0 Policv, Lt'l!al and Administl":ltin' Framt'I\'ork 2.2.2 Hodeidah Watel' and Sanitation Local Corporation (HWSLC) TIle existing water and wastewater services in Hodeidah area come tmder HWS LC. The HWSLC is the largest branch office of the NWSA with more than 38,000 water connections and 23,000 sewer connections. The present organisation structure of HWSLC is shown in Fig. 2.1. 2.3 Environmen tal Pl'otection Authority (E P A) After unification of Yemen, the EPA was formed under the Prime Minister Decree 9411990 replacing the existing two councils in the fonner YAR and PDR't·. The EPA is the central organisation responsible for protection of environment after enactment of Environmental Protection Law (2611995). It is attached to the Minister of State reflecting its importance as the policy maki.ig agency. The objectives and aims of EPA include: · Formulation of environmental policies and strategies · Enhancement of environmental education and awareness · Co-ordination and organisation of information in the field of environment among the different concerned agencies · Co-ordination with related agencies at regional and intemationallevels The EPA structure, functions and operations are briefly discussed in the follo\Ving sub- sections. 2.3.1 Stmctm'e of EPA EPA is made of members from appropriate Ministries including Agriculture and Water Resources, [ndustry, Planning and Development. The composition of EPA is given in Table 2.1. Table No. 2.1 Composition of EPA · Vice Minister of Planning and Development · Vicc Minister of Public Works and Urban Dcvelopmcnt · Vice M inistcr of Oil and Mincra I Resources · Deputy Minister of Fish Wealth · Deputy Minister of Agriculture & Irrigatioll · Deputy Minister of Industry · Deputy Minister of Transportation · Deputy Minister of Health for Services Sector · Director General of National Water and Sanitation Authority, representative of the Ministry of Electricity and Water · Secretary of the Council Source:: EPA 2-2 Fig. No. 2.1 ORGANISATION CHART - HODEIDAH BRANCH BRANCH MANAGER OfFICE DEPUTY MANAGER MANAGER AUDITING LEGAL SECTION SECTION S T A TISTICA!. SECTION FL\ Study fill' ,\1-1 Illdddah City Watl'l' Supply lint! S"'''t'I'lIl!t' S~'sh'm, ROY 2,0 Pnlin', L('llal and Administl'atiH' FI'lIm('wl)rk The present structure of EPA is proposed to change to the new structure as shown in Fig. 2.2. It is understood that the proposed structure 1S now in a stage of finalisation. A Technical Secretariat (TS) of EPA was formed in 1992. The Prime Minister decree NO.34 has defined the tasks of TS which includes, inter aha. administering of EIA process, procedures and other requirement as given in EIA legislation. This involves not only the drafting ofEIA guidelines, standards and regulations but also implementation ofElA process. 2.3.2 Functions of EPA As per Article 5 of EPL, the EPA is required to undertake the preparation of general national policy for environmental protection and its control and shall carry out in co-ordination with concerned bodies to execute such policy after approval of the cabinet. Each concerned body shall adhere and be subject to implement the decisions. restrictions and recommendations that are issued by the Council. Accordingly, the EPA has primarily a role of supervision and management with many other responsibil ities remaining with existing authorities. The tasks to be perfonned by the EPA are presented in Tahle 2] Table No. 2.2 Functions of EPA SI. No. Dcscril)tion ofT:tsk 1. Prepare the general policy to protect the cnvironment and auopt emironmcnl1ll design research as general framework for an adequate solution or pollution problems. 2. Co-ordination or concerned national agcnclCs and follow-up and assess their adi,ities as well as co-ordination with regional and international organisations. .3. COllcerned with protection of Councils . 4. . Set-lip slLlI1dards that arc suitable for protecting the em'ironment from pollution and act 011 making . arc of modem scientilic principles in this i"sue that aSSllre the COlllbatment or indll~trial pollution and protection of the anima L plant and marine ecology dc. 5, Prqxlre necessary laws, regulations and systems to protect thc cm'ironment: anu following Uleir implcmentation. /\s wcll study thc rcgional and intcmalional agreemcnts on cmimnmclltal I : proli.,'ctioll. 6. Set-up ci1ccti\'e programmes I(lr intemational eo-operatil)J1 anu environmental protection I(lr ~~-~.,- impk1nentatiol1 according to the gencral GOY policy. ~~~"--~-~'~"-"'~~"'~~-"~-"'" 7. : Collection of data. call)' out assessmcnts and prepare rcports on the status of thc envirolUncnt, and , setting. up suitable cll\ironmcntal monitoring systems. R. Set-up the general frame\\wk of cm'ironment cducation and a\\arenc"s amongst the public and inducc them indi\'idually and collectively to participatc in the protection ol'the cnvinmmcnt. lj, Record thc \miati()n 111 thc existing cnvironlllcntal conditions and natural res()urces or Yelllen; cvaluatc and infonnlhe cahinet aboutlhem by mcans or regular reports. 10. Prcpare a matcrial plan for truining ora Yemeni cadre 111 the \minlls cl1\1fOnl11cl1taltidds. II. (>rganisc loenl semmars and ucli\'l'r b:tures l1n cnvironmental protection as wcll as reprcscnt R<)Y ul inlemalional cllnlcrenccs and seminars and maintain contact reganIing these issucs. Source: f\P/\ 2-3 Fig No. 2.2 ORGANOGRAM OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION COUNCIL CHAIRMAN COUNCIL EPA. I OFFICE I DIRECTOR GENERAL SECRETARY I DIRECTOR GENERAL DEPUTY GENERAL ADEN BRANCH SECRETARY I I I DG ENVIRONMENTAL DG ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING AND DATA PROTECTION I I I Director, Director, Director, Director, Finance and Environmenta I Environmental Environmental Director, Administration Data and Planning and Awareness and Environmental Statistics Studies Training Protection I Secretarial Services Specialists Specialists Specialists Specialists Personnel Affairs Budget and Accounts EL\ Study fill' AI-Hodeidah Ci~' Wat!"r Supply and St'\wra:!1.' Systt'rn, ROY 2.0 Policy,I~('gal and Administrathe Framework However, the EPA is still in early stages of capacity building in the are3S such as: · Development of human resources · Establishment and the definition of standards · Development of EIA policies and guidelines EPA is being supported in the above mentioned areas under an assistance programme sponsored by the Dutch Government 2.3.3 EPA Operations Despite several problems the country has faced since the establishment of the EPA and the obvious constraints imposed on the operation of new Government agency, the EPA has , - - achieved a number of records. Major actions taken by the EPA till date are listed in Table 2.3. Table No. 2.3 Ust of Major Activities of EPA Till Date SI. Area of Dcscrilltion of Activities No. Actiyity I, Institutional · Formation of the Counci I, the Technical Secretariat and the Aden branch · AccomplislmK'nt of the EPL and its issuance under decree No,26 · Ratitication ora munber or Internationaf agreements. including.: - Basic Agrel."IIlent, Vienna Agreement and Montreal Protocol, Change of Climate Agreement, Agreement on the Prohibition or Trade in Animal:> exposed to Extinction, Biological Diversity Agreement 2. Programme · Participation in preparing the National Work Plan Illr Desertilieation Dewlopment · Accomplishment or thc National Strategy and Work Plan Illr Elwironmental Pn)Cl.uures · Preparation or limn National Guidelines and speeilicatiolls for potahle water and ,mnitatioll, air lJuality and dump sitc;; · Prcpuratioll nrllle National En\ironmental Action Plan ;I, HRI) · Participation in local c)(tcmal training programmc,; · Provision of training programmes 4, Studies · Execution of a number or studies: soil erosion. b\!ach management, used oil and plastic waste, pollution of the Marine eln;romllcnt (Red Sea) · Ellcet of pesticides on Qat and other crops · Initiation of the J3ioJivcrsitv project with the lUCN 2-4 E1,\ Study f"l" '\J-lInddtlllh City Watl'1" Supply anti S('w('('agl' S)stl'm, ROY 2,11 Pnlic;l" Ll'gll( and .\tlminish·"tiH'· F.. aml'wnl"k Table No. 2.3 (Contd) SI. Area of Description of Acthitics No. Activity 5. l11li.mmltion. · · Estahlishment of a Ilhrary and initiating. an emiwl1mcntal data hank Education & · Preparation of EXknsion workcr 1l1,lJ1W11;; Awareness · Organising ofS:mpcsia · F,ll\owing up 011 the introduction or l'11\ iWl1ll1enta I concepts into academic training · Summer camps and school, isit:; · Provision of Media materials and mat 11 lenam;e of the high profile of the em;ronll1ent in the media (,. Participation · Representing Y"'111Cn at intemationul events and lln international hodies slIeh as in Extemal IJNEP board. Adi\lties Source: NEAP, 1990 Working groups comprising EPA focal team members, expatriate and local Consultants and other Governmental Organisations have been formed under the assistance programme. Major activities of the working groups are: · Planning and Co-ordination · Environmental Legislation · Data Information Management · Environmental Awareness and Education · Water Resources Protection · Urban and Industrial Environment · Land Resources Protection · Natural Habitats 2.3.4 Othel' Relevant Agencies TaMe 2. -I presents a list of relevant agencies that play an important role in development of environmental standards along with their area of responsibility. Table No. 2.4 List of Relevant Agencies SI.No. Arcn of Responsibility I Irrigation project development and management: agricultural and extension (water usc, cropping patterns dC.) 2. and Regulatory authority for the PuhIie 1·]..'Ctridt:v Corporation (PEC). NWSA and UAREWS ~-----4--~~--------------~---- NWRA National water SOlln;c" investigation. development and monitoring 4. GAREWS Water su"l" and electricity su Iv devclo men! in mml areas 5. Dept. of Emlronm"'Iltal MllHiloring of water lJunlit. and other public health matters III Ilea Itll (MPVv1JD) res :~el orthe exislin' public hcalth Ie,islatinll ~------+-----~---------------+--~ Ministry or Public lleallh llcalth care provisioll, diseuse prc'""'fltion and management 2-5 EL\ Study fnr ,,\I-I1ndl'idllh City Wat!'r Supply lind St-wl'ra!!!' Syst!'nl. ROY 2.0 Pulicy. Ll'g:i1 and '\drninistratin' Fnlrni'WOI'k 2.3.5 List of Active NGO's in Yemen TaMe 2.5 indicates that there are a large number of Yemeni NGO's which may have a role to play in the development and Implementation of environmental strategies, Table No. 2.5 Indicative list ofNGO's Active in Yemen NGO Arc:l of Activity Association for En\ irnnmental Communicator, Sana' 11 Spe~ialised SO(,I('t\' Protection of Sanu 'a Old CIIV ~~e(;,i~liscJ ~oci:l\ ~--~.--- - -- .- -- -- ---- ....·.. -~------ Supporters of the Emlrnnmcnl Spcci:llised Soci.:!\' " Ycmeni EnvIronmcnt Prolcdi(ln Socictv hKrc:lsl' awarcncss of en\'iwnl11cntal issues, co- ordinatc \\Ith (;0\'1. :U1d NGO's to implcment cl1\'iwnmcntal projects :U1d to prnnmlc sllstainablc dc\'c!opmcnt practiccs cspecially in mml ureas AI Ycmcn AI Khadhra Protcction of thc mral cnvironl11ent Wildlife Protcction SOC1Ct\' Specialiscd Soclet\: Ycm<-'I1 Ornithological Socicty Specialiscd Socidv Urban Developmcnt Societv Specialised Soeidv \Vclfarc Associations ( '15 in Sana' a G()\'cmoratc) CBOs, Wcllarc j\ssllciations have largel\' replaccd locul dC\'c1opment associatinns as the mam vcnuc lilr sponsoring rural ckn:lopmcnL Oftcn rellect existing social slmclures and arc marked by strong tribal amliations N('~) Nctwork lilr Women To prm'ide organisational stmcturc I Sm) i Iv! 106 106 106 106 106 106 FPWP E:'ltension Areas (WT < 5m) ha 370 370 370 370 370 370 FPWP Extension Areas (WT >Sm) ha 126 126 126 126 126 126 infiltration from Existing Sewer Service Areas m'!d 5,467 5,467 5,467 5,467 5,467 5,467 Inflltratioo from FPWP Extensioo Sewer m'/d 463 463 463 463 463 463 Service Areas Total Groundwater Infiitndion Flow m'/d 5,930 5,930 5,930 5,930 5,930 5,930 Total Awra:e Wastewater Flows i m'/d 30,472 30,683 32.359 32,9l2 34,004 35,333 Total AVI!MII£I! WIUte_ter Fl_ lis 353 355 375 I 381 394 409 F,quivalent Wasl'eWlllter CoIIertIon IIc.d 93 91 91 89 88 86 Source: Feasibility Study Report, March 2003, prepared by Mis. Harza and Mootgomery Watson Arabtech lardaneh 3-4 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah Gay Water Supply and Sewerage System Republic of Yemen 3.0 Project Objectives and Description 3.4.6 Wastewater Characteristics Quality of Wastewater generated is predominantly domestic. However, industrial effluent to be connected to the system will be subjected to pretreatment to bring the quality down to the acceptable limits VYherever necessary. Acceptable characteristics are presented in Table 14(a) and Table 3.4(b) for domestic waste. Table No. 3.4(a) Wastewater Generation Factors Wastewater Component Value Domestic Per Capita Generation (l/c/d): -, - Low Class (On-site System) 24 Low Class (Connected to Sewer) 48 Middle Class 64 High Class 96 Overall Average 64.8 Average for sewered population i 69.3 Commercial/Institutional (lJha planning areald) 1,380 Industrial (lJhald) 4,000 InfiltrationlInflow (m3tbald): Existing Network 6.95 New Areas - Below Groundwater Table 1.0 New Areas Above Groundwater Table i 0 Source: Feasibility Study Report. March 2003, prepared by Mis. Harza and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh Table No. 3.4(b) Domestic Wastewater Strength Design Parameters Parameter Average Value BOD (mgll) 800 COD (mgll) 900 Suspended Solids (mgll) 1,000 IDS (mg/l) 3,400 Soo.rce: Feasibility Study Report, March 2003, prepared by Mis. Harza and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh ...:L\ Study for Al-Hodridah City Water Supply and Sewef"dgt' System Republic of Yemen 3.0 Projed Objectives and Description 3.5 System Design Criteria System design criteria adopted in DP are given in Table 3.5. Table No. 3.5 System Design Criteria SI. Facility Design Criteria No. I (A) Water Supplv 1. Well Field _ _ _ _+1..::L::::on~g>::.'-=term=:.lVl..::·e:.:ld.::...::fr..::om.:.:.:...bo:..::.:th=Ba=.:.:va:.:dda=~a::::nd=-=T-=ih=a:::m::::a=-'~I,O.::.:el::..l-=ti.::.:el=ds=2.::..5~lJ-=-'s_ _ _--I 2. Water Treatrm:nt i Chlorination prior to distribution with LO mgll residual chlorine in the I distribution svstem at peak pumping. .. _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-1 3. Water Storage I Enough stordge during interruptions of the source of supply. Hence. a , design criterion of providing 30% average day water consumption has I bet,'Tl adopted. . 4. j Booster Pumping I System shaH be capable of meeting peak hour dt-wand with adequate i pressure in the distribution ~J'stem with its largest pumping unit is out of i order. 5. Water Main ,· Minimum size (mm) 100 · Maximum velocity (mls) 1.5 Minimum Pressure (oor) 2.0 . I, ·· Maximum Pressure (bar) 5.0 , Type of Pipe PVC upto 500 mm dia. m for larger dia. · C Factor 120 6. Water Distribution · Distribution System has been divided into zones. Each zone is having its dedicated feeder main. ,· Provision of Air Valve, washout pipes and isolation valves. (B) Wastewater Component I. Main Sewers I Min. sizes 300 nnn Dia. ~Iin. Slope (%) 0.44 Design Flow Depth (% ofDia.) 50 2. SecondarySewers · M;n.sizes 200mmDia. Min.Slope(%) 0.33 DesignFlowDepth(~,oofDia.) 50 3. Velocity - Minimum I 0.75 mls - M,.,nmllm '4.0 mls 4. Type of pipe i Secondary Sewers - UPVC Main Sewers - UPVC ~ 630 mm Dia. I Vitrifit.." 700 mm Dia. 5. Manning's I Vary according to type of pipe material ROUghening Coe!licient 6. Minimum Ground 1.2 m Cover 7. Minimum distance · 0.5 m below water main from Water Supply · 3.0 horizontal from water main 8. Mmhole Location I: Head of Sewers Change of Alignment/Gradient/pipe size i · Junction points ' · Maximum Spacing - 100 m for mam sewers & 60 m for I . secondary sewers 9. Type of Manhole , Concrete with glass reinforced plastics (GRP) and Ductile Iron Cover I with GRP sealing plates. Source: Feasibility Study Report. March 2003, prepared by Mis. Ilarza and Montgomery Watson Arnbtech lardaneh EL\ Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewel"3gt" System R£-public of Yemen 3.0 Project Objectives and Description 3.6 Proposed Water Supply and Sewef3ge Plan To meet the anticipated demand of water supply and wastewater system over the next 25 years, vanous alternatives have been identified and studied. These alternatives are listed below: (A) Water Supply System (i) Source Alternative WS 1 : Expansion and Upgradation of Baydda well field WS 2 : Development of Fresh Grotnldwater Supplies in Tihama Plain WS 3: Use Brackish Water and Provide Desalination (0) System Alternative WD 1 : Develop five Storage/Pumping Facilities WD 2: Develop three Storage/Pumping Facilities (iii) Selected Alternative Alternative WS 2 in combination with WD 2 has been recommended in the DP for water supply system. (8) Wastewater System (i) Collection and Pumping Alternative WC 1 : Install single new collection system WC 2 : Install two new collection system (0) Wastewater Treatment Alternative WT 1 : Upgrade and Expand Existing Plant WT 2 : Relocate Existing Stabilization Pond WT 3 : Replace Existing System with new Mechanical Plant (iii) Selected Alternative Alternative WC 2 (Install Two New Collection System) in combination with WT 2 has been adopted in the DP for the proposed wastewater system. 3-7 H'\ Study for AI-Hodeidah CIty Water Supply and Sewen~ S)'5tem Republic of Yemen 3.0 Project Objectives and Description Subsequently, decision has been taken to adopt WT 1 instead of WT 2 in favour of upgrading and expansion of the existing treatment plant. Salient features of the proposed selected systems are described hereafter. 3.6.1 Water Supply SyStem - Salient Features The proposed water system components are shown in Table 3.6. Fig. 3.3 shows the various features of water supply system components. Table No. 3.6 Water System Components I = 2003- 2006· 2011- 2016- 2021- Component I 2005 2010 i 2015 2020 2025 Water Supply Components I Well (No.) I Baydda Rehab. ! 15 Baydda Reequiping i 3 Tihama n 3 I I 5 2 TihamanI I 8 Transmission Mains (m) I From Baydda 7,000 Tihamall 9,000 TihamanI 28,250 Reservoirs (ra1 Baydda 5,000 Tihama II 2,000 Tihama III 5,000 Pumpins Stations (ral/d) · Baydda 38,880 Water Distribution Components I Reservoirs (m1 i Al-Zabaryah 5,000 7th of July I 10,000 Central Facility Pumping Stations (raJ/d) : 10.000 Al-Zabaryah (Rehab.) 61,776 7th of July 87,955 Central Facility 43,891 Transmission Pipelines (m) i th From 7 July to Headworks 4,770 From 7th July to Central 4,400 Main Distributioo Lines and Restructuring (m) 10,010 13,700 Additional House Comections 1,346 2,491 I 1,642 2,259 2.415 Replacement of GI House Coonections (No.) 30,000 i Replacement of Water Meters (No.) i 6,000 ... Source: FeaSibIlity Study Report, March 2003, prepared by Mis. Harza and Mootgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh It ~ w (J) W It W ::l ~ ~ ::l ~ w c ~ c w w (J) (J) ~ ~ ~ n. ~ n. ·.: .~ kf. .... u . Q) .".... . ~ 2 . i· c:: .9 ..... ro.... '2 ro .00 El·\ Study for AJ..Hodeidah City Water Suppfy and Sewerage System Repubtic of Yemen 3.0 Project Objectives and Description 3.6.2 Wastewater System The Wastewater system components are detailed in Table 3.7. Main elements of the proposed system are indicated in Fig. 3. 4. Table No. 3.7 Wastewater System Components I 2003- 2006- 2011- 2016- 2021- Component i 2005 2010 I 2015 2020 2025 I Treatment I 35,880 Wastewater Treatment Plant (m) d) I I I i Collection I I Main Collectors (m) · I Secondary Sewer Lines (ha) I 320 40 I I Additional House"· : (No.) i 1.705 i 1,185 1.770 775 I i Force Mains (m) i I 1.106 i i I Pumping Stations (mJihr) ! ! Pumping Station No. -I I I I Pumping Station No.5 : 350 Pumping Station No.6 J Maintenance Vehicles (No.) ! 7 I ! Rehabilitation of Existing Svstem Manholes (No.) 2.300 Main Sewer Lines (m) 16.666 Pumping Station No. I (m}jnr) 1.286 3 Pumping Station No.2 (m /hr) 2.523 3 Pumping Station No.3 (m /hr) I 427 .. Source: Feasibility Study Report. March 2003, prepared by MIs. Harza and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh Layout of the proposed upgradation of existing wastewater treatment plant is presented m Fig. 3.5. 3.7 Estimated Cost of the Project The estimated cost of selected plan for the proposed Water Supply and Sewerage System is given in Table 3.8(a) and Table 3.8 (b). YJ-. . ', -' , ,/¥ /" ~..t ~ ... -- _. \' / -. ~JJl J.;~t;. . .:-~.___ - ' ~~ ';'~<: -, _-' WAs:¥eWATER - "l~ u~~"'r 1 '/ i TABILlzATI,O~t>NDS " / , ( ' / .. , '''; , rJ, ' i"- .~.tf £ , . "-, ' \ .. '~ -'..;.)"1 - . 4> ~) ~ · . t'-: · , q '/ ... ,~ ' , i / r ,/ ~~ . ·;~ , t- ~ ·~-"· . . . . .· .,Lj......;;:,~ I "~ ( ...... · . ,. ,I " i '\ , u.\, / ,r . "~'~'i ~ /?~ J ~ '\; ~ t~ , ',t . \ . ..\c '-' 'T,-' "'- '~ '1'<;,," . ~ . " , 'L.......,L t,;, , , " ,. ~ ," t . ... , . .. . !, ;· " -.. .~ ., '; .,i "'-'":.'~ IT !;._~ t ";.'r it, t. " . 4" '-"'-~'" »:: . .* r .,J' ;.; " ~ ..: '. "." .' . '. .... . _.___ :7~ " ', ~ ., ... .' - .-, .- .~ ~ . .,if.,:rL '/ " LEGEND: MAIN SEWER UNE ~ PROPOSED PUMPING STATION @ EXISTING PUMPING STATION ZONE BOUNDARY Z1-A COLLECTION ZONE 1-A PHASE 1 PHASE 2 PROPOSED DEVELOPMENT PLAN ---- - FOR SEWERAG~. SYSTEM . Source: Development Plan for Hodeidah Water and Sanitation Project by Harza & rvtW AJ 233.70 233.70 467.40 FIGURE 3.5 I A4 ... .. F3-1 FJ-2 M3-4 M3-2 srunm BOX A3 .· (2 F2 1 F2-2 M2-3 ....: N EfflUENT :;:~&iN-l M1-3 o .... ....: N ::1I COIJ.£CTJON CHAIoIBER F4-2 F5-1 F5-2 M5-2 F6-1 F6-2 M6-1 M6-2 F7-1 IfAWIEROBIC PONDSt rACULTATIVE PONDS l' MATURAnON PONDS i L£GJII): EXI'5TIN(l fACIUTIES LAYOUT OF THE PROPOSED UPGRADATION PROPOSED FACILmES PHASE I YEAR 2002 PROPOSED fACIUTIES PHASE II YEAR 2013 OF \VASTE WATER TREATJ\tIENT PLAN SCALE 1:7!500 Source: Development Plan for Hodeidah Water and Sanitation Project by Harza & l'vtW AJ EL\ Study for A'-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewer2~ System Republic of Yemen 3.0 Project Objectives and Description Table No. 3.8 (a) Estimated Cost for Selected Plan for Water Component Year Description Total Price (l'SS) Initial Water Supply 2003 -2005 - Wells -R-Total 6.601.209 Water Distribution System - Trn.nsmission Pipelines -Reservoin - Pumping Stations - Power Supply - Main Lines & RestnJcluriIm - Replacement ofE.xisting ar House Connection Pipes - Purchase and Replaccmen1 of~letel'l! for Hou.se Connectiom - R.:structuring of Exisling ;\etwork. including DisconnectionSi' Reconnections, rsolation Valves & Installation of Bulk Meters - Additional House Conneetiom SuI>-Total 5.695.845 Total (Initial Stage 20113 ~ 2005) 12,297,054 2006-2010 Water Supply \\".:11. -R-Total 5.424.813 ,"Vater Distribution S~tem - Transmis1lioo Pipelines Reservoir!; - Pumping Stations Power Supply - ;"!.ain Lines & RestnJcturing - Additional House Connections SuI>-Total 4.916.123 Total (2006 - 2010) 10,340,936 2011·2015 Water Supply - Wdls SuI>-Total 75.0()() Water Distribution System - Additional Hou.se Connections Sul>-Total 246.300 Total (2011 ~ 2015 321,300 2016-2020 Water Supply - Wells Sul>-Total 720.000 Water Distribution System - Pumping Stations - Additional House Conno:;tiollS SuI>-Total 1.991.523 Total (2016 - 201 0 2,711,523 2021-2025 Water Supply - Wells - Pumping Stations Sul>-Total 1.320.000 Water Distribution System - Pumping Stations - Additional Hou.se Connections Sul>-Total 1.886.357 Total(2021-2025) 3,206,357 Total 28$17,171 Engineering for WSSP components at 5% 273,970 Engineering for remaining oomportents at 10% 2,339,777 Contingency @ 15% 4,331,576 GnutdTotai 35,822,493 Source: Feasibility Swdy Report, March 2003, prepared by MIs. Harza and Montgomery Watson Arabtech Jardaneh EL\ Study for Al-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Seweragl! System Republic of Yemen 3.0 Project Objectives and Description Table No. 3.8 (b) Estimated Cost for Selected Plan for Wastewater Component Year Description Total Price (eSS) 2003 -1005 Wastewater Collection S~'!Jtrrn I · Pumping Stations · Wastewater Collectioo ~e!Work Su~Total 6.213..385 Rehabilitation of Ensting S~tem Immediate Amon Program (lAP) Su~TotaJ 1O.5~O.267 Rehabilitation of Manholes Su~TotaJ L320.000 Treatmmt Plant Su~Total 7.331.974 Total (Initial Stagt' 2003 - 2005) 25,405.627 1006--2010 Wastt!Wllter Collection Systrrn · Wastewater Collection ~etwork ~laintcnance Vehicles Total (2006 - 2010) 1,155,324 2011·20t5 Wastewater Collection Smrrn · Wastewater Collecli~n ~etwork Total (2011-2015 47,400 2016-2020 Wastewater Collection S)"tem · Pumping Stations · Treatment Plant TotaJ(2016-2010 4,759,063 2021·2025 Wastewater Collection System · Wsstewater Collection ~etwork · l\.laintcnance Vehicles Toml (lOll - 2025) 491,000 Total 31.858,413 Engineering @ 10% 2,581,815 (Note : Enll:ineerin'l cost for lAP is $450.000) Continr:ency @ 15% (Note: Contingencies for lAP is 5%) 3,n4,735 Grand Total 38,164,96l , " Source: FeaSibility Study Report, March 2003, prepared by Mis, Harza and Montgomery Watson Arnbtech Jardaneh 3.8 ,Phasing of the Implementation The proposed DP has been prepared for the next 25 years, i.e. horizon year 2025. Hence, the implementation of the water and wastewater systems have been distributed in 5 years intervals, besides an Immediate Action Programme and a First Phase Investment Programme as detailed hereafter. 3.8.1 Current Water and Wastewater Systems Improvements To address problems with the existing water and wastewater systems, the Hodeidah Strategic Planning Study (HSPS) project was completed in 1999. Some of the recommended water and 3-11 l<:lA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage System Republic of Yemen 3.0 and '-"""orintion wastewater systems improvements are in the process of being implemented under the following implementation programmes: Water Supply System Project (WSSP) This programme is financed by the Islamic Development Bank (IDB) and it includes: >- Rehabilitation of 15 existing wells and outfitting three additional wells in the Baydda well field. ,. Addition of 5,000 m3 ground reservoir at the Headworks compound; ,. Mechanical and electrical rehabilitation of the Al-Zabaryah pumping station; ,. Construction of eight wells at the new Tihama ill well field; ,. New 5,000 m3 ground reservoir at Tihama ill well field; ,. Construction of new 10,000 m3 ground storage reservoir and pumping station at the 7th July site; and >- Installation of up to 15 km of distribution mains to connect the 7th of July site facilities to the existing distribution system. IDA Financed Water Improvements Components of the improvements that are expected to be financed by IDA include: ,. Rehabilitation and reconfiguring the existing water distribution network: · Replacement of approximately 30,000 tertiary house connections; · Purchase of 6,000 additional new water meters and installation of 12,000 meters total; and · Reconfiguration of existing distribution system through purchase and installation of isolation valves and bulk water supply meters. ,. Construction of new 28 k:rn long, 900 mm diameter raw water transmission main from the Tiharna ill well field to the 7th of July pumping station/reservoir site. Wastewater Immediate Action Programme Improvements to the existing wastewater system are to be implemented under the Immediate Action Programme, which is financed by OPEC and includes the following elements: >- Replacement of over 15 k:rn of main sewer lines and their associated manholes; and EL\ Study for A1-Hooridah City Watl.'r Supply and Scwl.'rage System Republic of Yl.'men 3.0 Project Objectives and Description )i- Rehabilitation of the three existing wastewater lifting/pumping stations. 3.8.2 Specific Components of the FPWP The specific components of the FPWP include the following: );;- Rehabilitation and expansion of the existing wastewater treatment plant; .,. Replacement of the main sewer system pipes and rehabilitation and upgrading of the existing pumping stations; );;- Rehabilitation of2300 sewer manholes; );;- Expansion of the wastewater collection system to the following areas; · Hay AI-Tijari area; · Hay AI-Shuahada area; · Hay AI Salakhana area; · Hay AI Za'faran area; · AI-Muhandeseen area; and · Areas around Shiekh Zaid Road );;- Installation of the following new wastewater pumping stations: · Salakhana area (Pumping Station PS4, with force main to wastewater treatment plant); · Hay AI-Tijari area (Pumping Station PSS); and · AI-Muhandeseen area (pumping Station PS6) 3.9 Land Requirement and Availability Land requirement for various structures proposed to be constructed under the DP as given by the Engineering Consultant is presented below: (a) Water Supply > TIl July reservoir (10000 m3) 4000 m2 including PS );;- Central reservoir (10000 m3) 4000 m2 including PS );;- Northeast reservoir (5000 m3) within existing property );;- Tihama IV (2000 m3) 2000 m2 including PS );;- Tihama V (2000 m3) 2000 m2 including PS );;- Baydda well field (5000 m3) 3000 m2 including PS );;- Tihama m(5000 m3) 2000 m2 including PS );;- Tihama II (2000 m3) 1500 m2 )0- Tihama I (2000 m3) 1500 m2 3-13 EL\ Study rOl" AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewenge System Republic or Yemen 3.0 Project Objectives and Description (h) Wastewater System , , PS4 (425 m2) 2000 m2 , , PS 5 (360 m2) PS 6(360 m2) 1500 m2 1500 m2 , PS 7 (360 m2) PS 8 (360 m2) 1500 m2 1500 m2 Total land requirement is about 2 ha for water supply component and 0.8 ha for sanitation project. The water transmission main will be laid within Right-of-way (shoulder area) of the roads. The construction work is under progress for development of 10,000 m3 ground storage reservoir and new booster pumping station at 7th July site under HWSSPE. For the development of all these structures, no land acquisition is to be done as infonned to the environmental Consultant. Hence, no resettlement and rehabilitation issue is involved. 3.10 Construction Material Requirement and its Availability No exact detail about the requirement of construction material is furnished in the DP. The Engineering Consultant has infonned that there will be no requirement of opening up of new quarries for construction material. The closest quarry to the project site is located in Bajil City (about 50 km away from Hodeidah). This will be used during the construction phase. 3.11 Description or Preconstruction and Construction Activities The pre-construrction activities will include: · official meeting · purchasinglleasing of equipment · site selection for construction yards, workers colonies and equipment storage yards The construction activities will be cast-in-situ operation including: · Detailed survey and fixing site layouts · drilling of tubewells · excavation in trenches, in foundations and in ponds · dismantling of existing sewerage system · laying and jointing of pipes · installation, testing and commissioning of pumping systems and other equipments · loading/unloading of construction material, and disposal of construction debris · reinforced concreting. · construction management 3-14 SECTION 4 BASELINE ENVIRONMENTAL SET-UP SECTION 4.0 : BASELINE ENVIRONMENT AL SET-UP Table of Contents 4.1 Introdllction 4-1 4.2 Physical Resources 4-1 4.2.1 Physiography 4-1 4.2.2 Hydrology 4-2 4.2.2.1 Natural Streams/wadis in the Study Area 4-2 4.2.2.2 Drainage in Hodeidah City 4-3 4.2.3 Geology ./-3 4.2.3.1 Consolidated Rocks ./-3 4.2.3.2 Unconsolidated Rocks 4-4 4.2. 3.3 Seismicity ./-6 4.2.4 Geohydrology 4-6 4.2.4.1 Earlier Studies 4-6 4.2.4..2 Geohydrology of the Area 4-8 4.2.4.3 Depth of Water Table 4-8 4.2.4.4 Piezometric Data 4-9 4.2.4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation o.fStudy 4-9 4.2.5 Groundwater Quality 4-10 4.2.5.1 Well Field Tihama I Area iVorth of Wadi Siham between Jabel Falifa and the mountain outlet of Wadi Siham 4-11 4.2.5.2 Well Field Tihama - II Eastern Plain between Hodeidah-Sana 'a Road (km 33 km 40) and Jabel Fal~fa -1-12 4.2.5.3 Well Field Tihama - III - Wadi Quttay 4 km North ofMarawa at km 25 ofHodeidah -Sana 'a Road ,/-13 4.2.5.4 Well Field Tihama IV - Al Baghwiyah 14 km NNE of the Ba.vdda Well Field ./-13 4.2.5.5 Well Field Tihama V-As Say/iyah and Dayr Isa about 8 km of the Baydda Well Field 4-].1 4.2.6 Climate and Meteorology 4-1-1 4.2.6.1 Temperature 4-15 4.2.6.2 Humidity 4-16 4.2.6.3 Evaporation 4-16 4.2.6.4 Wind 4-16 4.2.6.5 Rainfall -1-16 4.2.7 Ambient Air Quality 4-17 4.2.8 Noise Quality 4-18 4.3 Biological Environment 4-18 4.3.1 Introduction 4-18 4.3.2 Flora 4-18 4.3.2.1 Vegetation and Flora in the hilly areas and plain land 4-18 4.3.2.2 Plants in Coastal Zone 4-21 4.3.3 Fauna 4-22 4.3. 3.1 Coral and ReefHabitats 4-22 4.3.3.2 Fish of Yemen Red Sea 4-23 4.3.4 Threats in Marine Organisms and Habitats ofRed Sea in Yemen 4-25 4.3.4.1 Oil and Related Industries 4-25 (Contillued) -1.3-+'2 ,)'hipping oml Harbour ACli\'ilies -1.3.-1.3 Urhan Del'l.'lopmenl -I-~() -1.3-1-1 Calehmenl Po/llllion -1-]7 -1.3-1.5 TourislII -I-T -I. 3-+. n Coastallndllslries -1-28 -1.-1 ,')()cio-cllllllral I,'nvi ronmenl -1-::8 -1.-1 I Presen/ and I)miecled Porlllaliotl -1-]8 -1-1.1. I Prescn/ PO/Jlllulion -I-~8 -I. -I. I. 2 Proiucled Popillaliotl -I-~8 -I-+. I. 3 ,)'ocio-economic Condition -1-3 () -I. -I. I -I HO/lscholds -1-3 I -I. -II. 5 Populalion ClwYaclerislics -1-31 -I-+. I. f, Education -1-32 -1.-1. I. 7 /lVork (liiture in (Ommllnilr -1-3] -I.-I.~ Relevam Public Health Data ..t-33 -I. -I. 2.1 General Health ,)'cenario -1-33 -1.-1. 2. 2 Diseases Rdal£!d 10 Water -1-3 -I -1-+.2.3 Health Issucs Related 0 Tradition and ('1IslOmalT Rehat'iolll' -1-3-1 -1-1.2. -I Hcallh IssliCS Relalcd to Nlilrilion -1-35 -1.-12. 5 Heallh o(the ('hiM-en -1-35 -I.-I.2.n Ecistil7g Heallh Faci/ilies -1-35 -1.-1.3 Present Landllse -1-3 (j -1.-1.-1 Planned Dc\'!!!opment Activilles -1-37 -1.-1.5 Invollinwry Rescttlement -1-38 -1.-1.6 !vlanpower and Economy -1-38 -1.-1. fd Employment -1-3<) -I. -IJi. 2 Agriculture -1--10 -1.-1.6.3 Livestock -1--13 -1.-16, -I Fishery' -1--1-1 -1.-1. 6, 5 A4anu/(7c1l1ring and Industries -1--15 -1.-1.7 Tourism -1--15 -1.-1.8 ClIltllre and Herlfage -1--18 -1.-1.<) /::'Cisling Waler SllPply &- Sewerage Sl'stem (~/Hodeidah 1'0\4'/1 -1--19 -I. -I. 9, I E'(isling Water SlIppl}' System -1--19 -1.-1.9.2 WaSleWaler Sl'stem -1-5 ~ -1.-1.9.3 Coping 5,'trategies oj'the Residents -I-58 -I. -1.10 Present Tardt.i' Structure -1.58 TaMe -1.1 Groun(/J.raler Qliality in Tihama I Area -I-II Table -1.2 Gro1indwaler Quality in Tihama II Area -1-12 Table -1.3 Groundwater Quality in Tihama III Area -1-/3 TaMe -1.-1 Groundwater Quolily in Trhama IVArea -1-1-1 Tahle -1.5 Groundwater Quality in Tihama VAl'ea -1- I -I Table -1.6 Meteorological Data o(Hodeidah ('ity (Year 20(0) -1-15 TobIe -1,7 Qllantity o(Monthly Rainfall (mm) ill Hoc/eic/ah in rear 2000 -1-17 Table -1.8 Potential ,)'OllrCes o(Air Pollution ill Urban Hodeidah Cil)' -1-18 Table -I. <) Occurrence (!(Plants ClassUied hy Major (rpes ot'l,and/i,rm,I' : Gl'Oundc(}ver -1-19 (COl1fil1ued) Tahlc ..f.. 10 Occurrence (lIPlonts Classitied hy AkIfO/' 7)'res o(Umdtill'llls Trees ,/-1 () Tah/e ..f.11 Service Arca Population 11m/eelions -1-]1) Table ..f.. 12 Year Nt)..f. and proposed YeCit 2()25 Average POIJIIloliol7 Ikl1sllies ..f.-2t) Tabl,' ..f.. 13 Projected PO!'lIlalion DislrlhllljOI1 .f.-]t) Table ..f..I..f. lvlain (,haradcrislies o('the ..f. Socio-cconomic CII/.Ilcn J)i.I'l!II,I!;llished ..f.-3n Table ..f.. 15 Average Si:::c (J/HOUSe/1Oid.\' ..f.-3/ 7ahlL!..f..16 Characterislic.l" of Population ./-JI Table ..f., 17 Regis/ered Rll'lh by ,)'ex in Hoc/cidall (Jovel'lloJ'Ole (/I)t) 7) ..f.-51 7able..f..18 Percell/age n,strihution olFdlli..'aliol1 in Hodcidoh Governorate ..f.-J:l Tahle ..f.. 19 Incidences orDiseoses -1-33 Table ..f.. 20 Health Estahlishment -I-3n 7able ..f.. 21 Employment ,,,'wtus in Hoc/eidoh Government (10 years and ()"L'r) -I-Jt) Table ..f.. Activily Sttllll.l' o(Popllloliol1 of Hodeidoh Governora/e .f.-3t) Table ..f.. 23 Distrihutiol1 o(Fmployed Persons hy Sex ond i\4ain Pro/i:ssiol7 In Hodeidoh (;uvernorate -I-..f.O Table ..f..2..J Dis/rihlltion o/Employed Persons hy Sex ond 1:'col1omic Actiray In Hodcldah (ioverl1orate -1--10 Table ..J. Agric1IItllrai Area of Hodel doh Cion'morale ..f.-.J:l Table -1.26 Agricullllrall'roducts o(Hodcidah (/overnorate N85-1981) ..f. . ..f.2 Table ..f.. 27 Year-II'ise Production olCcreals. r·cgelables. l'i·llil,I'. Pulses. Cash Crops (lml Feeders il1 Hodeidoh Governorate ..f.-.J3 Table -1.28 Year-wise Ala/or l.ivestock ill Hode/doh Cioverl1orate ..f.--I-I Table ..f. 29 Number olArrivals/hr TOllrls/s by Regiolls /0 Republic o/Temen -1--16 Table ..f.. 30 NlImber o/A!'rivals/iJr Arab TOllrists hy Regions /0 Rep7lh/ic ol Yemen -1--16 Table..f..3! Number olArrivalsfiw li'llropeoll TOllrisls by Regiol1s to RejJl/blic or Yemen -I--In Tahle -1.32 Economic RClIIrnsfrom TOllrism Ind1ls/I:1' ..f.-.J7 7ab/e -1.33 Total In/ernal Tnllrism in Yemen & Hodddah ..f.-..f.8 Table -1.3-1 Total Nllmber o/Hote/s in Hodeidoh ..f.-..f.8 Table -1,35 Registered Players m ~ ariolls ,Sports Discipline ..f.-..f.9 Table ..J.]6 In/hrmation olClear Water Pump Table -1.37 Eeisfing Wastewater Pumping ,)'tOlioll Penmen/ Design Da/a -1-5-1 Table -1.38 InplIent and Ftlluen/ Characlcristics oj't/w Plant -I-56 Table -1.39 Eeisting Treatment Pond Retention Times -I-50 Tahle -1.-10 Water SlIpply and 5/of1ltotiol7 Tartti' -I-59 Fig ..f.. I Geographic Map of the Area Fig -1.2 IJJcation Map (?/'the Area Fig. -1.3 General Rock 5jeqllence of the Area Fig . ..J.-I Geological Map o/'the Area Fig, -1.5 Groundwater Mow Net of/he Area Fig. -1.6 Meteorological Recording :..;tatiol1s of Wadi Slham Fig. -I.7(a) Monthly Mean Temperature at AI Khalifi.7 Station (1\!Jox. & lvlin.) Fig. -I.7(b) Monthly Mean Evaporation Rate at ditFerent Stations in Wadi Siham Fig. -1.8 Variation olAton/hly.Mean Rain,li.7lllJala Fig. -1,9 Sea Gras,I' Concentration in Yemeni Ucd 5jco Coost Fig . ..f../O Location olMangrove Occurrence in Yemeni Red Sea Coast Fig . ..f.. II Location olDitli.nnt Clusfers (?(Coral Ree/Commllnity (Contil1ucd) FIg. -1.1:: Anticipoled /.olle/llse Map olHodcicloh ('ily Fig. ~.13 199~ Average floplllalion Dens/lies and Area ('odes Fig. ~.I ~ /.ocalion o/Fxisfing Pumpll1g Stations. Co/lapsed Selrcr Un!.' & Temporary i\lohile Pumps Fig. ~.15 E,isting Indlls/rial AcliviliL'S olS(II'~r Area Plale ~.I Vegetalipe C(wer in /he Project Area Plale ~.2 I~andllsePattern (~tTihama /II Well Field Annexure .J.I Fish S'pecies Observed on the Ree/.i· in the Yemen Red 5ieo Annexure .J.2 Threats to Coos/al and !v1arine Environment and Reslimes il1 Red Sea EIA Study for Al-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage System Republic of Yemen ".0 Baseline Environmental 4.0 BASELINE ENVmONMENTAL SET-UP 4.1 Introduction The study area refers to area considered under the Development Plan and has been identified as Greater AI-Hodeidah. Information/data on physical, biological, socio-cultural environment has been collected, collated and analysed for establishing the baseline conditions. Primary and secondary data have been collected on the above features. The reconnaissance survey enabled the Consultants to identify various critical locations of field surveys and necessary monitoring. Section 4.2 deals with the physical feature of the study area like, physiography, hydrology, geology, geohydrology, water quality, climate and meteorology. Section 4.3 describes the biological environment including the flora and fauna and marine habitat of Red Sea in Yemen aIld the threats of the marine habitats. Section 4.4 describes the socio-cultural Environment including present land use, planned development articles, present and projected population, present water and sanitation system, public health data, manpower, economy, tourism etc. 4.2 Physical Resources 4.2.1 Physiography Tiharna well field is mainly identified with in the wadi Siham valley, which is draining into Red Sea. The Wadi Siham is located approximately between latitude 14°44' and 15°03' North and longitude 42°45' and 44°15' East. The upper catchment of Wadi Siham comprises high mountainous rising upto 3000 m above mean sea leveL The Wadi enters in the alluvial plain through the restricted Bahrah gorge, located between latitude 14°58' N and longitude 43°25' East. The valley of the wadi is bounded by wadi Qatay in the North and Wadi Jahef in the South. The catchment of Wadi Siharn is mainly divided in upper, middle and lower sub catchment. The lower catchment of the Wadis lie in the Tihama plain and it is the main source of groundwater for AI Hodeidah Region. The width of Tihama plain in the study area is about 50 m. The plain approaches towards Red Sea with a mild slope from elevation of about 250 m at the foot of the mountains to the sea level at Hodeidah coast. Well field zone Tihama III and AI Baydda lie between AI Qutay and Red Sea in the right side of Hodeidah Sana'a Road. Tihama I well field lies in the north of Wadi Siham between Jabal Falafila and the mountain outlet of Wadi Siham. The geographic map of the area is shown in Fig. 4.1. The development area of Hodeidah Town extends to about 10 km from the sea line. The topography of this development area is a gently sloping terrain. The terrain slopes from elevation 25 m at the eastern boundary of the area to the sea level in western side. 4-1 EL\. Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage SJstem Republic of Yemen ·to Baseline Emironmental Set-up 4.2.2 Hydrology 4.2.2.1 Natural StreamslWadis in the Study Area. Wadi Siham is the major stream flow in the Tihama plain. It originates from the mountainous range at elevation between 1200 and 1800 m above mean sea level. The catchment of the wadi can be divided in three distinct parts - highly mountainous upper sub catchment with steep hill slope, middle catchment in between and the lower catchment with a milder slope. In the northern side of Wadi Siham, Wadi Qutary flows from the mountains in the east towards the Red Sea in the west. Similarly, in the southern side of Wadi Siham, Wadi Jahef flows from the eastern mountain towards Red Sea in the west. The lower catchment of the wadis is located entirely in Tihama plain. The catchment area of Wadi Siham is about 4900 sq. lan. Annual run-off of the wadi is 73 MCM with base flow portion of 68%. The river system and the terrain of the area is shown in Fig. 4.2. The flow regime at the location where it enters the Tihama is determined by the rainfall and groundwater storage/outflow in the upper catchment Since the rainfall shows a clear seasonal pattern, the wadi flows reflect the latter. The wettest season is usually August to October with subsidiary period of rain around April and May. Due to the variability of the rainfall in the middle and upper catchments, both in time and space, wadi flows are extremely variable. Long periods of low flows may be alternated by the occurrence of spates of short duration but with a high discharge. These spates originate from high intensity rainfall on (part of the) middle and upper catchment, while the low flows (base flow) originate from low intensity rainfall and outflow from the shallow ground water. During floods plenty of sediment transport takes place. Estimation of low flows from rating curves becomes fairly difficult for the presence of huge sediment in floodwater. Both base flow and flood flows tend to diminish during their passage through the wadi in the Tihama region. This will be due to infiltration of water into the wadi bed. The potential for infiltration is controlled by the following factors: · position of the groundwater table below the channel bed · the storage coefficient of the unsaturated alluvium · the area of the channel bed occupied by water ( wetted surface) · the surface infiltration capacity · the vertical permeability of the channel bed · the moisture content of the unsaturated zone, and · the nature of the sediment load. LOCATION MAP OF THE AREA , '\ j ' c '~... )'il" \ Jt} _ I EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage System Republic of Yemen . to Baseline Environmental Set-up 4.2.2.2 Drainage in Hodeidah City Hodeidah City is located on a flat sandy terrain. No outside drainage flow enters m the potential1imits of the city. So, no run-off is expected to enter the city from outside. In the city run off is generated from the built-up paved areas. However, the frequency of such run off is extremely low. At such infrequency of occurrence no major danger or damage is anticipated and no major stormwater drainage exists in the city and nor is necessary. The stormwater has free passages to the sea through the culverts in the lateral roads and the natural depression. However, residents of the low lying areas suffer considerably due to stagnation of extra run off mixed with other wastes. 4.2.3 Geology Geology of the area has been generally influenced by organic processes, which formed the Red Sea rift valley. The presence of Jabal Falafilah and Jabal Ad Darb about 8 - 10 km downstream of the major mountain ranges of Jabal Bura and Jabal Dhamir indicates a series of faults during the sinking of Red Sea Graben. All the major streams flowing from the mountains to the sea kept on adjusting the equilibrium during late tertiary to quaternary periods, resulting the deposition of the heterogeneous alluvial deposits of complex nature comprising intercalating of gravel sand and clay. In general, the thickness of these deposits increases from the base of the mountain to Red Sea. On the basis of the water bearing characteristics, the rock exposed in Wadi Siham area and underlying it have been divided into two major groups: (i) Consolidated rocks (ii) Unconsolidated rocks Both Ital-Consult (1976) SOGREAH (1981) have given a detailed description of geological formation in and around Wadi Siham. Based on their study and other field observations/field checks NESP AK also prepared a comprehensive geological information of the area in their Report in 1989. 4.2.3.1 Consolidated Rocks Complex igneous and sedimentary rocks ex-posed in and around wadi Siham range in age from Pre-Cambian or Tertiary. The general sequence of the rocks are shown in Fig. 4. 3 The brief description of the consolidated rocks with emphasis on their water bearing capacity are as below. (1) Pre-Cambium Crystalline Rocks 4-3 FIGURE 4.3 GEOLOGICAL AGE SYMBOL FORMATION CHARACTERISTICS ~'i;:',,"::''i1 l!§g~~l:::: Pliocene q\lnte::na.:y L!..!.uviull\; Gravels, Sand, Clay; To Dune sand in eoa,. tal plain :lecen t .oo gvoQ~~~:o Tuff. Collovial · Depo~itll lIT high6r plain I--- IUiliun TenLary lW:~~!;' C':::!lllitie Sills und Dykes l'l'lllll' ,.,''t" · .. ' ( { ( . t I l l Iv v v v y v Y..' Wvvyv ·· v Ollgocene-Pli~cene ~II v 'I 'I 'I II 'I Volcanic Complex; Andesites YVYl/VVV v *I *I .. 'IV Y II V Y 'I vv · · · ++· · · · · · . :.~ . \1."",,.::: . ............ · .. · t ·· ~ ·· ere! ilce<,us ........... .. .. .... ."..... Sandstone; ThlcKnen 120m ........... ., .. ~ , ~ .\in ran Form,ation; Limestune; 1u,"Elss.ic Thickness I,OOIl! !- . ...,,..... " . , .. - ,"" ............ I ···· , ··· ~ ·· , it.ohlan co rma Cion i Quartzites " ........... ........ ........... " ..... ...... +++-++ +++++ .. + +++ P ri!-Camb [ illll I- -+' + +++ llllsemcnt Complex Roqlts -+' ++++ + + ++ (Arabian Shield) + + + ++ + .. ++++ GENERAL ROCK SEQUENCE OF THE AREA Source: Report of SOGREAH, 1981 EL\ Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Seweraj!e System Republic of Yemen 4.0 Baseline En~ironmental These rocks are exposed in the foot of the western slope of Jabal Dhamir and northern slope of Jabal Bura In general, the rocks are barriers for the ground water movement. The bedrock in fact mainly granite forming massive cohesive blocks divided by joints. (2) Jurassic Quartzite - Kohlan Formation It outcrops for a short distance at'the foot of the western slope of the Jabal Falafilah and along the whole length of Jabal Dharnir. The Jurassic formation is silica sandstone with siliceous cement and homogenous crystalline structure. (3) Jurassic Limestone - Alman formation The Jabal of Ad Darb, Falafilah and Dharnir as well as the northern part of the Jabal Bura are made of Jurasic liraestone of the Arnran formation for the most part. The limestone formation is over 400 m thick and the rock is greyish black in colour, homogeneous and has a fme crystalline structure. (4) Cretaceous Sandstone Sand stone formations conformably overlie Arnran limestone and are also exposed in Jabal Falafilah, Jabal Ad Darb and Jaban Dharnir. At Waqir, the gradual changes in the litho faces from calceareous to arenaceous strata are already visible and exposed in the wadi. (5) Tertiary Volcanic Complex The mountains bordering the Tihama plain are composed of volcanic rock. In places volcanic rock can be observed in content with the subjacent Cretaceous quartzite formations. Intrusive volcanic sills are commonly found between beds of Jurassic or Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. There also exist a few dykes, occupying fractures cutting across sedimentary layers. 4.2.3.2 Unconsolidated Rocks Unconsolidated rocks alluvial I Col1ovial deposits range in age from tertiary to recent. The alluvial complex has been deposited in a continuously subsidiary trough found by Red Sea rift valley. The alluvial sediments are partly to semiconsolidated with gradual increase in depth. The major litholorgic formations underlying the area are as follows. (1) Tuff-These deposits are found in the form of gravel fans and cones at the base of the mountain ranges and imperceptibly merge in the alluvial sand and gravel. Tuff deposits are underlying the area between the base of the mountain in the east to almost Falafilah range. These deposits are mainly carbonaceous and has a typically vesicular 4-4 Et\ Stuuy for AI-Hndduah Cif)' Wat<'r Supply ami S('m.'rag<, Syst(>m Rl'puhlil: of Yt'ml'n ·1.0 Blls('linl' Ell\ironml'ntal vesicular structure Ma"{imum thick..lleSS of these deposits is reported to be 90 m. (2) Alluvial Sediments Alluvial sedIments underlying the area comprise detritus material deposited by wadi Siham and the sheet flows originating from Jabal Bura and Jabal Dhamer. Alluvial sediments increase from eastern side to western side. On the basis of their mode of deposition and hydraulic characteristics the fol/o\"1ng distinct zones of alluvial sediments can be demarcated in the study area Lisan Plain Bajil - Khalifah Plain and Wadi Siham Plain Lisan Plain Lisan Plain is underlain by the course grained sediments deposited in the early Tertial)' period by Wadi Siham before the development of its present course through Bahrah gorge All the alluv1um deposited in this plain is in the fonn of large cobbles with a vel)' thin loamy surface layer Presently. the Lisan plain is more like a small basin with internal drainage system but in hydraulic tenn spilling into Bajil-Khal!fa plain near Bajil. This is a higher plain lying at about 250 m above sea level. Bajil-Khalifa Plain The plain lies between the major mountain ranges 1!1 the east and Jabal Falafilah Range in the west Part of the alluvial deposits in the Bajil - KhaIifa plain were sedimented once before in the Lisan plain during the alluviation phase which took place prior to the opening of the Bahrah gorge and for this reason the alluvial deposits in the Bajil-Khalifa plain are vel)' similar character to those in Lisan Plain. The alluvial layer is not vel)' thick in this plain. This is a higher plain as compared to the flood plain between Wadi Waqir and Red Sea. Wadi Siham Flood Plain (downstream ofWaqir) Downstream of Waqir the gently sloping flood plain of Wadi Siham merges into the sand dunes. From Waqir to Red Sea the alluvial deposits become considerately thicker. The course elements are gravel size and mainly composed of limestone, andesite, quartzite, and granite. On an average grain size decreases from east to west Gravel bed, quite common near Waqir become rare near Marwa and are almost nonexistent in the west of this. Inspite of heterogeneity of the alluvial sediments, these constitute a contiguous "'-5 i':L\. Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage System RepubUc of Yemen 4.0 Baseline En\ironmental groundwater reservoir and the groundwater occurs under water settle condition at least upto about 200 m depth. (3) Aeolian Deposits Fonnation resulting from the deposition of wind blO\\u material are common on the coastal plain but are absent in the Bajil Khalifa Plain, where rainfall is higher, There are elongated sand hills both to the North and to the South of the Wadi Siham flood plain. They almost run east west and are often about 20 km long but only a few hundred meters wide. They are particularly or totally fixed by natural vegetation. To the north of Marawa several elongated dunes may be observed, two of which enclose the wadi Qutay. Further to the west these bars become incoherent and form a vast dune field, partially fixed between km 16, Hodeidah and Baydda. South of the wadi Jahef, villages have grown up on fixed dune bars while the cultivated fields are generally to be found in the long depressions between the bars (interdunes ). Shifting dunes have developed mainly between the coast and the meridian passing through Qutay, in the area where average annual rainfall is lowest, probably less than 100 mm. To the west of the km 16 to Taiz Road, the large number of these shifting dunes has restricted agricultural development. The geological map of the area is shown in Fig. 4. 4. 4.2.3.3 Seismicity Republic of Yemen is characterised as a high-risk seismic zone classified as Zone No.3 region as per the recommendation ofUBC Loads. 4.2.4 Geohydrology 4.2.4.1 Earlier Studies Over the last twenty years a number of studies related to ground water have been carried out by different Consultants in the portion of Tihama Region which is supplied with water from WadiSiham. · In 1968, a technical team from USSR made a groundwater survey of the area stretching from the Bajil vicinity as far as Hodeidah and in the south upto Wadi Siham. They developed a hydrogeological map showing the contour of aquifer, which was used, in the later study by other Consultants. 4-6 \.o) ~/ ..-/ D-~ CJ , Sill, clay,.rw.I muddv tlilM; tuolltneriy ........-l wilh l:onrifl mdlilllr'fI'IClI-..J ..., n'lI.Id 110\1, t..taha$, .... ~ R«I SO!;S " * , RIYer.tC!!I'T~~""'" {an~. vr.wC. -..:t. ..... n:ludng \lnTN~ "llulo/Uln whkh OWl" I!IdI ..tr . t Jaboll ~h. "'- Gu" , iIIUIMfOut kI-. ~ par1laJliJrly In m.~<8lpb " ~ PQifIIIIbIt alIuvW ~ Il n.w. b.tItn "~...w.tt T~ m .. b.~ oI t~"c~~"'-""'I"'_.II'Ido:ropt " IHtud .. lIroJ~nlmto'ob. II.:l>unI.tt...._"""'" allp ~~I O UIvr.! . .,u,. ... III ~ 10 c~ .'''Ii /b.;J pi. " d (nMnII~~~""'" C .. ""IIIu1.W Qr:llvcl. sa,.J. aOd . . O"' r74'IIIlI. . . .ncI .. ,.,~ I.O III'I:1 ~ :~~c~~:: ~::1:t:. &hAN. ~,~ dMiIa IMI\ a.1to fIIMI Oal~ · .Mm. M .tKMr, but Jark311. ProbabJs, oefI.I.,M --. unmapp.d mom. 1Im"" ~ lilf\ich ~bIoJ ~ F"I>MICIaNI IUfIac.ou, Mnd.OIM! '" IbtN ~ __ ph I ~ I Lont~",*,'-IIc.e,~ t:tInC1 _ _ Iftdc..khe~"'''''''''' .buI'dMI Ioc.IIy:nvylndudo!i alluvW tlllll11l1i1flllltPO!:l .... ~ ~c.ciI~ . ...... O· EoII.1n hlW1 CtWMO'\Iy rmbIIt 8aJollltibl.t M1c11.a. "" mnt.a·~~.ndcra'..ofn ..:.I-.:..·cov.nlllCl .... iwl' o. andvobnkbombs. Maybw lodlet~IIr'M ~loI N~Vo\Qnlc s... !n Iht: People'. DenocmiHr; R.pubItul Vtrrwn: In !he S-n'j' If9IOn.!...... lows " - been ...... I~ on II bMltaf rdcctenoe Into k>ur JUbun$. 6t ioUcwt:- 0_ 4 , wry d«k b~ laWN ..... cxwded ~ hb~ lima. poMibly In 3rd cvnturyA 0 (RI,h)cra. G .· · ftd-W,-$mIn, H. V., 19.14. v, 2. p. 1l; v. 3.. p IOS. lg 51; p. 162-J6J; Ralh,.....,.. C.· lind v.IIum.n. 1941.. IJ 33, p- 276) 00]. cMrkbl\llllkliows 0.,. Ihln bMAil Row.,lJbwnftnuous ov.. oId. .odu, _~ .I.' g~_ylh.n lomb- al~~t:s::t ~or;~:s:~}= IMnUot ~~ rodu , a,. III'Id 0. 1 ptIIIfIIYIII. PliTt 01 only 001 -wt1On ,...... IMIO FORMAT1ON-GrIlY, r.:l , M Mi' lI'un ~t.It\. _ttd tu'f~LII ttla~ oMlCI ~\f~. el'KllimP.!I.mIlncl ",·,ooj)')lM loI~'" IncJW,M rock IIIlt 01 Mh do".. "" It-, ~1'Ii1 ~ J.,bt1 ~ h , Illd ,,~ J"hdl KUsNh I IfW Oum .... GIInII, . u n.~~us. but n*kIk! to l.\ht MlUCllne ml&:r..>I\o.... 1t!pC)flwd bo,.o KL,.,.. fir> Hrybn:lOrk. 1965.1) ) -1-.35) 'rom lOCk "'h 01\ J"lw KOthan, .....d at A, $1],1·· ndllll~ PIioce!w mkrQlOllu.ld rl'!POI'l\!Id {r\?ln m.1fitnc Iord!nwntjo UI.~ ur (GCI4 r1d~ 1956. p. 213-214) , wrcl4i r"d with roclts of the Bbi:l Fomlilion ellpoMd It! WId( Beid. SU. Arllbia. buceu..... of ,r.llilll l,tholo!lJ (GIllin".,.,. l.tul:cr ....nd . ,... Rmollllrd. I966,p. I" 79.. 1480.pll, I'Q .. ) ;1~~.,...._dt&b.I.. ~.comtl lOfl""~0j)0fph\A · . ItldIfl r::iI"· ...... 9J..nIW...d cIorn,dlll wbOJOklorc:p\ugIt., .tocb ·· nd piulotls (KIIH.... befg. 1959.~· 17. no. I. p. 33-36); I.tococrtllt ~n"fl lo::IoaIIly hat p("".ry IIow banding. Crnu of unbru.l::hoKt pi. . !!'Illy ~ OIo'IIrlain by h),dtOfhellm\!.v .11a-id rocks of thI V.1'IW1\ Vobnla. kxally In .,~ pan of .... Vcmllln AI.!l Ro!~ mewed 1)$ TfttllirylkcolthtIU.S.~. Stitwy.ndArliblAnAmeranOil Co 1963). Soow "'M'lillcplu~u alJ.b,.ISIIIbfr , kNlh of T~ lu 22.7;0. 9 m.y.· lorsxndfor~gr·· _~h'omJ "'" S. t oo...ctlfd b,I R.O .ua..oo !Field No. RQJ..lI, e.nJ ~ by R F M.Mn H H. Mehnen.. .nj VIoIottMerrta (M.nM, t974. \I;mcneomtrwn IOG.F Brown l.~..rma..tK-Arage (22.0 -:07 m.y.) K,epol18d by :.lfWlrl H9N . ~ com~Il, tel &oo.o;n) for a tyIffllW: IoAmp/ot \\tJk:h ~ ~ «JIkct«l kum. pIug",utlQ .a.** 6cposk1ll 1 "- Sltlll F'Ll/ftu. SMJdI Alllbl.t, by ero...n (FWd No. SJ 9B1 AUg,1 buIIll.1owa. Ero.lonld ft'fl'II'Itn~ OC'I ~ {TI t ~ .... Pr«.embtlan ct}'1UIbTc t«b::'-'Itt ptob.)blytilUi..-lcnl Xl"" SIt_I ~ 1~~oi 5.:.dt f\l'ftblil (Cot~ tnd OIhM. 1975t for ~kh Mllopic . . c;f 25 :,;)2<;1 m.y . . r~ ,8,,:,... 1971}, p. 75-.'{71 ""'Y b..JUiwlAnllo VcnwnVolt:KICf i Ub-1JI'IiI 1'1, . TKy. l l\lcrl\lt _ . . . . ~-'. 'l~kVJIIIIh~ IM'I~~ ClfrooJ, ~ on ~6Wi"" o(P, ~ D' ...1~h roct.by~ w.t.:. . . . ~ EOCIIt\fI?)tfM 1050 "*-, I thlc.lm... ~ flltUMIlttrrt 10"'",11'1 M Sir.1l1 Maul'll..... f! Saud! AI'lb61IBrown and orMtt.. I~J YEMEN VOLCANICS, undlvld.d- B;.ddd ,,-\~ r.o.~··I'I1II pyt'cclulJ(. ~ tnd id.ngbul not ""il:1«l10Ih~ ,on~ p!ln~pc h).1oe · · nct..rIt MiIIlt, and IIIrlUIMlh (Shulln MVJ Batt.ll. t~. \/.36. j). lzo:)..l63l ........ ImGl'bodJ.ed l.ntIc:!et 01 Ru.,w ~ ~.IIIItNI. cMr. l l¥1 ...... Ioo;;aIt -::-::.":ZGR ~~~~:::..n-.:'~.!:7'~o.:,:::.. ~ I'WIrMc ··\ilIIII ··,lnIdrlIo& . n.t Il1ll_-.nt ol ... .,~ . . . ~ ofV ........ EL\ Study for AI-Hooejdah City Water Supply and Sewerage System Republic of Yemen .t.O Baseline Fnvlrmtmental · In 1971-72, Italian Consultant 'Italconsult' had carried out hydrogeological study to delineate a well field in order to supplement the water supply in Hodeidah City. The study mainly dealt with the western half of the Wadi Siham plain. · In 1978-79, French Consultant SOGREAH carried out the evaluation of the groundwater requirement of Wadi Siham as a part of the Feasibility Study for the development/improvement of surface water samples through the construction of diversion weir across the wadi. Their findings was based on the following investigations : Vertical electrical sounding (40 Nos,) in 9 profiles in the western part of wadi Siham Revision of 70 VESconducted by Italconsult Inventory of 894 wells in Wadi Siham Drilling of six boreholes with electrical logs Dry outlets at 18 private wells Water level observations at 19 wells Survey of piezometric surface at selected wells Water quality survey by measuring electrical conductivity Chemical analysis of 63 selected water samples During 1984-86 DHV Consulting Engineers of the Netherlands carried out the evaluation of Water Resources of Wadi Siham under the programme of Tihama Basin made both by using model and conventional methods. Their study mainly based on: · vertical electrical sounding in the Wadi · hydrological data collected by DHV in collaboration with IDA · extra pollution of SOGREAH well inventory data DHV also carried out some field checks and establishment of observation well and the study was mainly based on the 10 years old data of 1978-79. Again in 1989, NESPAK carried out a comprehensive study for the valuation of the water resources with the up-to-date data, information and field investigations to give recommendation for the development of water resources in Wadi Siham for technical and economically viable schemes. Their study mainly based on: · generalised hydrological set up of the wadi · detailed inventory of various sources of recharge and discharge of groundwater · aquifer parameters by pump out tests · measurement of water level in existing wells · drilling of exploratory boreholes. 4-7 1-:1.\ Stuuy for AI-lImldu:lh Cit~· 'Vatt'l' Stlppl:.. am! Sewl'I'agl' System Rt'puhlic of Y,'mr" -1.0 Basdim' Emil'onmrnt:11 Based on the above studies the hydrogeolob'Y of the area IS described in brief 4.2.4.2 Geohydrology of the Area TI1e bedrock, volcanic rock and granite of jabal area are practically impermeable in their natural state when they have not been subject to well being. Only through fractures or faults \vater can percolate through these rocks. The permeability of the Kohlan quartzite, the Amran limestone and the quartzite sandstone overlying the limestone is poor due to fractures and existence of zones of weathered volcanic rocks in it. The sand stone or limestone sedimentary formation like granite or volcanic rock does not fonn large scale ground water reservoir in the study area. TIle alluvial deposits are the most important geological fornlation 111 ten ns of ground water reservoirs and ground flow In the Lisan plain the water table is found at greater depth, the saturated layer of alluvlUm IS rather thin and it is not very permeable although consisting mainly boulders and large cobbles. For the most part alluvial deposits in the Bajil-Khalifa plain have very similar properties to those at Lisan Plain. The saturated lower part of the alluvial layer is often poorly permeable resulting poor well yield. HO\vever, near AI Kalyaf and in the allUVIal corridor between jabal AI Darb and the jabal Falafilah the aquifer have large permeability. Here the upper 40 m of the quaternary in generally silty and clayey and is undertaken by homogenous course to very course sediments composed of boulder and gravel with sand. Tlhama I well field is located in this zone. In the region between Waqir and the coastal trip the alluvial deposits are permissible and very thick forming a very high capacity reservoir. Tihama II well field is located in this zone. Water is being tapped from the sandy gravel layers from the upper part of these deposits. In the central part of wadi Quttay the aquifer is formed by deep horizons of sandy gravel and gravel under a cover of 30 m to 50 m with interbeded fine to coarse sand and silty layers. Tihama III well field has been identified in this zone. The thickness of sandy aquifer is between 200m to 300 m as determined by geo-technical survey of earlier Consultants. 4.2.4.3 Depth of Wate.' Table The water table in this area is found between a few meters to 50 m below the surface. In the Lisan plain, Bajil area, areas located southwest and north of Marwa depth water table is more than 30 m. In Khalifa plain at the foot of the Jabal Bura the water table is at depth of 2.0 m and gradually EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and &>werage System Repuhlic of Yemen .... 0 Baseline Environmental falling to the west at a depth of 15.0 m near the village of Kerrd. Water table is observed at a depth of less than 5.0 m at the foot of eastern slope of Jabal Fallfilah. At the do\vnstream of Waqir water table is relatively close to the surface around Shara. In the coastal area, the aquifer level gradually approaches to that of sea Towards the coast the groundwater table is closer to the surface and it is less than 5 m with in 5 to 10 km wide coastal strip. Groundwater flow net of the area is given in Fig 4.5. 4.2.4.4 Piezometric Data Groundwater flow follows the topographic slopes towards northwest in Lisan Plain. The average gradient is 8%. The thickness of aquifer is very thin here and the low discharge flow takes place in clogged alluvial deposits. Between Bahrah and Waqir the piezometric surface is upgraded along the Wadi Siham. On the Right Bank, groundwater flows towards the corridor between the Jabal Ad Darb and Falafilah and thereafter to the region north of Qutay. On the left bank the floor of ground water is towards the wadi Jahefregion. The average gradient is 12%. From Waqir to Shara the piezometric surface is markedly up arched, the centre of the arch corresponding to the wadi Siham. This is obviously the result of aquifer replenishment by floods, which reach Waqir. The gradient is low, being between 2 and 4% The uparching effect diminishes progressively from Shara to Marawa due to pumping and reduced aquifer recharge. Further to the north the piezometric surface is again markedly uparched along the wadi Qutay. Considerable aquifer recharge takes place here and a possible explanation is that the wadi Qutay coincides with a highly permeable fossilised bed of the wadi Siham. Since the aquifer is not exploited in the wadi Qutay area, the uparched form of the water table persists. The gradient is 4% along the wadi Qutay and 5% along the Wadi Siham and tends to diminish from east to west In the coastal area, the average piezometric gradient is 1%. The piezometric surface is depressed in the central part of the area between two aquifer recharge areas, the wadi Qutay in the north and the wadi Jahef in the south. 4.2.4.5 Conclusion and Recommendation of Study The study carried out by NESPAK have concluded the following: - .. "-9 - .. '-, FIGURE 4.5 '~~~!!! ~ ~ O~I'rOPPI"O f.h" ~ Weill laDle ,orlll,ou( line ____ Fla .. lin. 1 Main rlC:noq~. or.o MOln 1"I/Ocliotl arlO Wei., bolcnci ~Itftlil : ....· '~, ... \"3.-~ ~ % ~ :~.,: . j., ~ '):.:::., .. '§ § ~ <:;: ..... J 3 ";.:.,:":.: ~ 6 ~ HCJEIOAH~ ~f:0/~ Sctl. I:Bo OGO <::) n,Km I '"" c:::: \ 1- " GROUND \VATER FLOW NET OF THE AREA Source: Report of SOGREAH,1981 1':1.\ Stutly for AI-lIntl,·itlah City Watl'!' SuPflly anti Sl'W,'I''':!1' Systl'rn ({I'flubric or ','rnl'll ".0 Baselill(, En\il'lmml'ntal · The water levels have been shown a continuous decline sll1ce 1968 on account of the gradually increasing stress in aquifer. The average 100vering of water table is of the order oD.3 6 m/yr. · ll1e number of pumping wells in the wadi has mcreased ITom 19 in 1964 to 633 m 1978 and 13 96 well ir- 1988. By the end of 2002 the number of wells will increase in the same rate. · The groundwater abstraction is increased from 3 mcm!YT. in 1964 to 130 mcm/yr. in 1988. · Groundwater is being mixed in the wadi is of the order of 24 mcm/yr and as a result the water level is showing a declination of 0.34 m!yr. · Water quality has already shown detenoration as the water level is depressed below sea level during operation of tubewel L · The mathematical model developed from the study area indicates a further lowering of water levels rangmg 20 m to J 0 m by the year 20 I0 in the foot of me t.intains. 4.2.5 Groundwater Quality In the Tihama Plain the high permeability of the Quaternary fonnations fonning the aquifer is favourable for installing of high yielding wells. But the groundwater is generally brackish with Ec values of 2500 IlS to more than 5000 IlS and has a high Nitrate content of usually 50 to more than 200 mgll. The poor quality of groundwater is a major constraint for abstracting the groundwater for water supply and irrigation. In search of the sites comprising better quality of groundwater, number of studies and investigations have been carried out which is described m earlier paragraph. The following five well fields have been identified in the Development Plan for abstraction of groundwater: · Tihama I well field - in the eastern part of the Tihama plain, north and south of wadi Siham and east of Jabal Falifalah. · Tihama II well field - in the eastern part of the Tihama plain, north and south of Wadi Siham but at the west of Jabal Falifalah · Tihama III well field At wadi Qutay, at 4 km north of Marawa at km 25 on the Hodeidah Sana' a Road. · Tihama IV-In the north east of Baydda well field near Baghwwiyah. · Tihama V - In the north of Baydda well field near As Sayiyah. The locations of the well fields are given in frg . ..J.2. IT AL Consultants conducted water quality tests. The test results are described in brief in below: ErA Study for Al-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewt'rage System Republic of Y('men -1.0 Baseline En"ironmental 4.2.5.1 Well Field Tihama I - Area North of Wadi Siham between Jabel Falifa and the mountain outlet of Wadi Siham 14 water samples have been collected during a reconnaissance survey of the plain between Wadi Siham and Jabel Falifa show that in the valley of the wadi and under the plain North of the Wadi to determine the Ec values and Nitrate content of Water. The test results are given in Table 4.1. Table No. 4.1 Groundwater Quality in Tihama I Area EC ='Iitrate Static Water Levels Name of Location «p.S) (mWl) (m) Well Wadi Siham 1340 11.9 3 Sherana 1520 11.9 Omar Humiqani 1630 28.6 Agaza I 1630 25.5 Agaza 2 1600 25.5 Oumat Syial 1630 3 Oum at Goyide 2140 2.5 Mahal Abas 1590 3.5 Yahya Houssin 1810 13.6 AlHamedEsa 1700 16.5 AlShamiry 1450 32 AI Johayj 1910 18.5 Mahal abo Bakr 1530 18 AI Saky 1370 Source: Final Report - Hodeidah Strategic Planning - 1999 by DHV Consultants BV/Arcadisl Euroconsult BV The test results reveal that the salinity of the groundwater is relatively low with Ec values of 1340 lAS to 1810 lAS and a low Nitrate content of II. 9 to 28.6 mg/l and there is a large area of relatively fresh ground water. This water is stored in the coarse and highly permeable gravel deposits along Wadi Siham, under the gravel plain North of the wadi, in the groundwater outlet between Jabel Falifa and the neighbouring northern hill. This outlet forms the connection with the fresh groundwater found under the plain West of Jabal FaIifa. Immediately, south of the wide and deep valley of Wadi Siham groundwater has a high salinity with Ec-values of3000 /.lS to more than 6000 /.lS. Groundwater may be abstracted from 20 to 25 m deep wells drilled into the gravel aquifer positioned on one or more lines across the valley. The capacity of the wells may be high due to the high permeability of the gravel. However, abstraction, water levels and salinity should 4-11 I~L\. Study for Al·Hodeidah City Water Supply and Seweraj!;e System Republic of Yemen En vir on mental be carefully monitored to establish any connection with the underlying saline water In the limestone at an early stage. Recharge of the gravel aquifer depends entirely on infiltration of base flow and flood water into the gravel of the wadi bed. More northward recharge may be also by groundwater flow from the Eastern mountain front. Although the recharge of the aquifer in the wadi from the wadi stream and in the gravel· and sand aquifer under the northern plain may be considered good, the recharge by infiltration of wadi water and groundwater flow from the mountain front is unknown and should be carefully monitored. Any development of groundwater abstraction from this source should be carried out in stages and carefully monitored to avoid over pumping and deterioration of water quality. The final locations and layout of the well-fields, the well design and well spacing will be decided after more detailed hydro-geobgical investigations. These investigations should include a well inventory, a geo-electrical survey and test drilling. 4.2.5.2 Well Field Tihama II - Eastern Tihama Plain between Hodeidah-Sana'a Road (km 33 km 40) and Jabel Falifa Nine water samples have been collected during a reconnaissance survey by the Consultant. The test results are given in the following Table 4.2. Table No. 4.2 Groundwater Quality in Tihama II Area Name of Location EC(p.5) i Nitrate (mg/l) i AIIModawar 1340 Deir AI Sofah 1504 AI ShUI<,VY 1380 50.6 AIokbah 2870 AI burit 1040 43.1 Dir Daqud 1840 176 Dir Qutainy 1450 81.4 Dir Khalil 1300 84.4 Mohammed Said well 1140 33 Source: Final Report - Hodeidah Strategic Planning - 1999 by DHV Consultants BViArcadisl Euroconsult BV Test results in the eight out of nine samples show a relatively low conductivity of 1140 1840 !lS. The Nitrate values remain within 33 - 176 mg/l. The depths of the static water levels are 22 to 50 m. The large area of this plain may be an option for a well field for Hodeidah. The recharge of this groundwater occurs most probably by lateral inflow from Wadi Siham and the mountain front from where it flows North East around label Falifa. The low 4-12 EIA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage System Republic of Yemen ".0 Baseline En\ironmental of the groundwater in wells along the Sana' a - Hodeidah Road. North of Quttay with Ec values between 1300 f.lS and 1500 f.lS indicates that the fresh groundwater zone extends also in the west of the road. The high Nitrate values of 33 176 mgll show that the water must be treated for its high Nitrate content or should be mixed with water with much lower Nitrate contents. The groundwater potential of the plain may be good but should be established by detailed hydro- geological investigations including a well inventory and test drilling followed by a phased step by step development with careful monitoring of water levels and water quality. 4.2.5.3 \Ven Field Tihama III - \Vadi Quttay 4 km North of Marawa at km 25 of Hodeidah- Sana'a Road Five samples have been collected from the well drilled by Ital Consultant. The test results are given in Table 4.3. Table No. 4.3 Groundwater Quality in Tihama III Area Name of Location EC«(J.1S) I Nitrate (mgll) Well He-l 1726 46.5 Well He-2 II7-\. 193 Well He-3 1928 266 Well Hf-4 1656 45.2 AI Mohaddariah 1916 44.4 Source: Final Report - Hodeidah Strategic Planning - 1999 by DHV Consultants BViArcadisl EuroconsuIt BY The test result shows that the Ec values between 616 f.lS and 1928 f.lS and are relatively low for the Tiharna plains. The Nitrate values differ widely from 45 266 mg/I. The static water level is around 25 m below surface. Because of the short distance to Hodeidah and the availability of groundwater data from the Italconsult study, a further development of a well field could be attractive. The aquifer is formed by gravel and sand found at variable depth in the different boreholes. The 3 transmissivity of the aquifer as determined by pumping tests is in the order of 3000 m /day. This allows a pumping rate of 25 Vs per borehole. 4.2.5.4 Well Field Tihama IV - AI Baghwiyah 14 km NNE of the Baydda well-field Three samples from boreholes were taken in an isolated area around A1 Baghwiyah 14 km NNE of the Baydda well field. The results have been given in Table 4.4. 4-13 I~[A Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage System Republic of Yemen 4.0 Baseline En"ironmental Table No. 4.4 Groundwater Quality in Tiharna IV Area Name of Location EC«~S) Nitrate (mg/l) Al Pawiah 1191 44.4 Morai 937 36.5 Morai-2 1046 37.8 Source: Final Report - Hodeidah Strategic Planning 1999 by DHV Consultants BY/.A.rcadisl Euroconsult BY The Ee values of the three samples are between 937 and 1191 IlS and the Nitrate values are around 40 mg!I. The static water level is 30 m below the ground surface. The isolated nature of this small area requires a more extensive survey to establish the size of the area with better quality of water. The potential of this area may be considered relatively small. Especially because the mechanism of recharge is at the moment not fully understood and may be rather limited any development of this source requires further investigations. 4.2.5.5 Well Field Tihama V-As Sayliyah and Dayr Isa about 8 km N of the Baydda weH-field Four samples were taken from an area about 8 km north from the Baydda well field. The results have been given in Table 4.5. Table No. 4.5 Groundwater Quality in Tihama V Area Name of Location EC«~S) Nitrate (mg/l) Da'YT 1sa ]926 61.2 As Sayliyah 2770 79.2 As Sayliyah 2720 17.6 AzZawiyah 1860 62.5 Source: Final Report Hodeidah Strategic Planning - 1999 by DHV Consultants BVlArcadisl Euroconsu1t BY The Ec values dropped in northern direction from 3860 to 1926 IlS. The Nitrate values strongly fluctuated from a very low 17.6 mgll to 79.2 mgll. The static water level is between 12 m and 18 m below ground level. 4.2.6 Climate and Meteorology Very few meteorological data IS available in Hodeidah Zone. However, its climatological 4-14 I<: IA Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewengl.' System Republic of Yemen ·1.0 Baseline Environmental condition is very much similar to JiZ3Il Plain of Saudi Arabia. The climate of Tihama area is described as representative of southern Red Sea climate, which is affected by the monsoons of the Arabian Sea Due to increase in difference of temperature of air masses over the Red Sea and over the land the process of Vvi.nd drifts initiates. This wind originated from Red Sea enters in Tihama Zone and it is also influenced by the intercontinental wind drifts, which either increase or decrease depending on the season. In general, the climate in the Hodeidah Tihama zone can be characterised as semi-erid and with high temperature, high humidity and low precipitation. Monthly meteorological data (Temperature, Humidity, Evaporation and Wind speed) has been summarised in Table 4.6. The Rainfall recording stations of Wadi Siham are shoVvn in Fig 4.6. Monthly Mean Temperature (~[aximum and Minimum) is shoVvTI in Fig. 4.7(a) and Monthly Mean Evaporation Rate is shO\'vTI in Fig 4. 7(b). Fig 4.8 presents the variation of Monthly Mean Rainfall Data at the monitoring stations. These parameters. are briefly described below: Table 4.6 Meteorological Data of Hodeidah City (Year 2000) Temperature Humidity Evaporation* Wind S peed ** (0C) Penmanmonteih (Knots) Months Max. Min. Max. Min. (mm) Max. Min. January February 32,4 32.6 15.0 18.0 96 96 : 61 59 5.1 5.4 19 16 ! I1 13 March 34,4 21.4 92 59 6.2 20 16 April 37.0 22.2 92 59 6.8 16 · 12 Ma 37.0 25.0 94 56 7.2 13 I 10 40,4 24.5 93 54 7.0 13 10 July 40." "6.0 92 57 7.7 15 11 August 39.5 22.1 93 62 7.7 12 10 September 38,4 26.0 92 62 6.6 17 12 October 37.0 22.8 90 46 7.1 15 13 November 35.9 20.2 92 46 6.4- 19 16 December 33.0 19.0 94 57 5.5 23 15 Source: Statistical Year Book 2000 >I< Statistical Year Book 1997 "''''Development Plan, August 2001 by HARZA & MWAJ 4.2.6.1 Temperature The temperature is generally high throughout the year. The highest temperature occurs during the month of April to September to reach 42°C and 20°C minimum. 4-15 FIGURE 4.6 () _ _26.5 _ 1 ~} IIIIIIi'c===.:::;::j! km .. Meteorological Recording Station ~ Water Stream SANAA r"-1 0 .......... '" ,- ... ..-" ./ / ,/ ' ...i __ 6Ai \ ... --.. f/ ~ fi. I .It. """ 6.2" ,.,- I / ./ /-" / RED l\1ctcorological Recording Stations SEA in Wadi Siham METEOROLOGICAL RECORDING STATIONS OF WADI SIHAlVl Source: Inception Report of Hodeidah water supply system project, by AA W 50~--------~---------------------------------' E (l) u Q) '5 "iii ill ... Maximum monthly me3Jl I Cl. E -+ Minimum monthly mean I ~ '0 20~----------A=--~--~-=~~~--------------~ c: m (l) 2 >- E § lol--------------------------------------------~ 2 Menth FIGURE 4.7(a): MONTHLY JVIEAN TEJ\- 100 E C 0 2 50 0 c (J Q) ro -, 0 Month FIGURE 4.7(b): MONTHLY MEAN EVAPORATION AT AL-KHALIFA STATION Source: Inception Report of Hodcidah water supply system project, by AAW FIGURE 4.8 120 110 100 90 E 80 I E 'S' \ . . ~f v / If ~,,/ \\\\ ___ "l I ~ 7sM~ 72i: t \ I *~:::::~ ::~ 70 I. . .. , + S a t i o n 6.40 g 60. . Station 6.70 50 40 I I -/1----7'1\ '\ \.' ~ + Station 6. 15 /,,\~ xT I \ \ \ ~ \ 30 7 J /\\ \"Station106.1 20 10 o c..o ro w .... n >- ro c ~ rn n ~ J ~ ~ 5 ~ J ~ ~ 8 ~ Month MONTHLY MEAN RAINFALL AT DIFFERENT STATION IN WADI SIHA1\1 Source: Inception Report of Hodeidah water supply system project, by AAW EU Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewerage System R"public of Yemen ·to Baseline Environmental The average monthly maximum temperature ranges between 40°C in August and 32°C in January and the average monthly minimum temperature ranges between 15°C in January and 26°C in September. ".2.6.2 Humidity Vapour pressure normally ranges between 20 and 35 m. Maximum relative' humidity at dawn is usually at or near saturation and minimum in the early afternoon. ".2.6.3 Evaporation Despite of high humidities, saturation deficits are also high in this region, which in turn permit high evaporation rates. The maximum monthly mean evaporation reaches 250 mm during the months of May to August. Throughout the rest of the year the value is about 150 mm. ".2.6.4 Wind Wind type normally follows the classic land/sea breezes pattern with off shore breezes during the pre-dawn hours fading rapidly during the forenoon. In the afternoon it gives way to strong on shore breezes usually with a south westerly component from prevailing wind. The maximum average vvind speed is 17 knot with maximum value of 23 knot in the month of December. The minimum average value is 12 knot in the minimal value of 10 knot in the month of May to August. 4.2.6.5 Rainfall The rainfall is generally generated in different time of the year due to the three following meteorological phenomena: · The Mediterranean Effect · In the winter months, (especially in December and January) the influx of polar air that follows the passage of a depression may trigger light rainfall. However, such events are infrequent occurring on average every 3-5 winter seasons. · The Red Sea Convergence Zone (RSCZ) · The RSCZ is caused by the rapid heating up of land surfaces (relative to sea warming) that gives rise to the generation of onshore winds that are then affected by the convection effects of the Western Highlands. As a consequence humid air masses are lifted and carried eastward to give rise to hea\o)', but short and highly localised, rainstorms. The RSCZ is at its most influential from March to May, and to less J<:L\ Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Scwl'rage System Republic of Yemen ".0 Baseline Enlironmcntal notable effect in the autumn. · Monsoonal Inter-Tropical Comergence Zone (ITCZ) · The Monsoonal ITCZ influences Yemen from July to September when warm dry air from the Arabian (and African) land masses to the North mixes -with moist southerlies from the Indian Ocean. The rain producing effects of the ITCZ are most keenly felt on the Western and Southern Escarpments where the triggering orographic effects are most significant. The Eastern Escarpment receives relatively little in the way of rain from the influence of the ITeZ, though as the ITCZ moves north (before retreating south again) areas as far east and north as the Sana' a plain may receive rainfall benefits. Records of rainfall are available from the seven stations situated in and around the project area The stations are Hodeidah (6.15), Mahal Shamiri, Al Sukha, Al Khalifa (0.61), Fowara and Haima. It shows two peaks of rain in a year. The highest one occurs during the month of August to October. The second peak occurs during the month of March to May. The records shows that the highest values occurs at the mountain fronts, whereas the intermediate values occur at the mountain top and the lower values occur in the wadi and at the coast. Quantity of Monthly Rainfall (mm) in Hodeidah city during the Year 2000 IS given In Table 4.7. Table No. 4.7 Quantity of Monthly Rainfall (mm) in Hodeidah in Year 2000 Monthly Rainfall (mm) Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov I Dec 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 83.6 55.2 16.5 0.0 I 0.0 Source: Statistical Year Book 2000 4.2.7 Ambient Air Quality Ambient air quality data is an important component for environmental impact assessment project. No air quality survey has been undertaken for this study. After discussion -with EPfl Headquarters, it is understood that they have yet to initiate an air quality monitoring programme for Hodeidah City. It is desirable to establish a network of monitoring stations throughout the city. Despite the data there are a number of sources of potential nuisance, which threaten public health. The potential source of air pollution in Hodeidah City is given in Table 4.8. 4-17 EL\ Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Sewera!!l' S~'stem Republic of Yemen ".0 Baseline Environmental TabJe No. 4.8 Potential sources of Air PoJJution in Urban Hodeidah City Source i Containment j Si&!!ificance Defuse Urban Dust Pozzoloids Moderate - Construction No,> CO, VOC etc. Moderately severe - Traffic and Road Use Hazardous Chemical Minor - IndustrylPort/Storage 4.2.8 Noise Quality A discussion has been held betvveen the Consultants and the EPA Officials. The discussion indicates that till now no noise monitoring has been undertaken in Hodeidah City as per the qualitative judgement of EP'(i Officials, noise is not a significant concern within Yemeni culture. The concept of noise pollution is not readily recognised and generally there is no awareness of this potential adverse impact due to noise pollution. The limited industries and factories are also not a major source of noise. The main sources of noise pollution in a localized content are the vehicular movement and the motor driving private water pumps. 4.3 Biological Environment 4.3.1 Introduction Consultants have put their earnest effort to collect the data on the biological environment such as flora and fauna, aquatic estuaries and marine communities. The ecological features of the project area are briefly described in the following sub-section. 4.3.2 Flora 4.3.2.1 Vegetation and Flora in the Hilly Areas and Plain Land Various types of plants and ground covers are distributed in the plain in different terrain like hill slope and foothill, wadi plain, sandy plain and sand dunes. Number of forests have been . cleared for the human development activities and converting the lands as agricultural land. Forest are existents in the Tihama hill slopes and in the foothills. The Jabel Bura valley forests is an outstanding example of relic of tropical forest which once extended in a large stretches below the foothills on the upper part of the Tihama. In the flood plains of the wadis t:1A Study for AI-Hodeidah City Water Supply and &w('ra!!~' System Republic of Yemen 4.0 Baseline Environmental plenty of wadi bound thick shrubs develop. The sandy plains and dunes are covered wi.th scattered shrub and grassland. The name of the trees and groundcovers existing in different landforms are present in Table 49 and Table 410. Vegetative cover found in and around the project areas are shown in Plate No. 4.1. Table ~o. 4.9 . Occurrence of Plants Classified bv Major Types of Landfonns : Groundcover I SI. Name of Plants I Types of Landforms No. I Hills and I GrolYcI Sandy Sandy I ! Flood i Inter-dune FoothiUs Plain I Plain Dunes Plain PlaYaS I. Baleria acanthoidcs I · I 2. Cvnv;gab hawarc.1buys I · 3. Canvigab oarjeru · I · I 4. Cymbogan scheonanthus · · 5. Cynadon dcctylon · ! · · : 6. Digil1lria spp. I I · 7. Eragotis aegyptiaca · · 8. I Eragotis termuJa I · I 9. I Erypos spp. · i I I 10. Eagonia crctica · I · 11 Haloxvdon salicormicum I · 12. Helotropium bacciterum · I 13. Heliotropium raritlorum · 14. Indigofora corditolia I · · 15. Indirwfbra Iinifolia · T · 16. Jutiopha spp. · T i 17. Odvssea mueronata I I · 18. Pulicaria wightiana , · 19. Rhazia s tri cta · 20. Salosola barvosma I · · · 21. Suaeda fruticosa · I · · 22. Tephorsia putpurea i · · ! 23. Tephorsia petrosa Variety of Plants 10 I · · I 6 I 4 3 II 3 Source: EIA Study for Safir-Hadramout Road Project by CES Table No. 4.10 Occurrence of Plants Classified by Major Types of Landforms: Trees ! Tvpes of Landforms SI. Name of Phmts Hills and Gravel Sandy Sandy -r Flood Inter-dune No. I Foothills Plain PlaiJl Dunes I Plain I Playas l. Acacia aibida · 1 2. Acacia arabica · i 3. Acacia comrniphora · l 4. Acacia ethrenbergina · 1 5. Acacia hamulosa · · I · : 6. Acacia mclIifcra · ! 4-19 EL\ Study fOf Al-Hodeidah City Watef Supply and Sewerage System Republic of Yemen 4.0 Baseline Environmental Tahle No 4 10 (Contd) I Types of Landforms ~UI.and 51. Name of Plants No. Gravel! Sandv Sandv Flood I Inter-dune Foothills Plain I Plain Dunes Plain I Plava~ I 7. Acacia moruliter · L 8. Acacia oerfota · 9. Acacia seval · I L : I 10. i Acacia tortoiis I · · I · l · I II. Aerva persica I I i · 12. Anogessius pendula I · l I 13. Aristada furuculata I..t.. Aristada adscensiorus I 15. Azadirichta indica ! · , 16. I Calatropis procem · : · ! · I I 17. CaIligonum polygonides ! ! I 18. : Calli~onum commosum L · I I 19. ! CaJ2J2aris decidua I · 20. I Cassia auriculata I I I · I 1 i I 21. Chenopodium album I I · 22. Diptervgium glaucum I · ! 23. Euphorbia balsarnitera · 2.... Eucalyptus spp. · · ! 25. Haloxydon ammodendron · 26. . Leptadernia pyTotechnica · · I · 27. Lycium shawaii · I 28. I Oleas africa · I 29. Panicum turgidiun I I 30. 1 Parkinsorua aculala · · iI 3l. Pistacia atlantica i · I 32. Prosopis cineraria I · I 33. Prosopis juliaflom · 34. Prosopis spicigem · 35. Salvadora persica · · .·_,...--._._.- r - - - - · 36. Tamarix articulata · I · 37. Tamari.x indica I · · 38. I Ziyphus jujuba I ! · 39. Zizyphus nummeleria I I · 40. Ziztohus s~ina christi · I I · 41. Zygophyllum simplex I · Variety of Trees 16 6 I 10 6 i 15 0 Source: EIA Study for Safrr-Hadramout Road Project by CES Plate No. 4.1 .. Vegetation near Tihama III Vegetation in Project Area EIA Study for A1-Hodeidah City Water Supply and Se\v('rage System R('publk of Yemen 4.0 Baseline En\ironmental 4.3.2.2' Plants in Coastal Zone Sea Grass' The Red Sea coast of Yemen supports the large areas of various types of sea grass and mangroves. Although sea. grass is patchily distributed along the length of Red Sea Coast of Yemen, :five principal sea grass regions have been identified - offShore from Midi, Al Luhayyah, Khawba (khobah), Al Hudaydah and Dhubab. The location of sea grass concentration in Red Sea coast of Yemen is shown in Fig. 4. 9. Nine species of sea grass have been recorded from Red Sea coast in Yemen. The names of the sea grass species are as follows: · Halophila stipulacea · Halophila ovahs · Halodule univervis · Thalassodendron ciliatum · Thalassia hemprichii · Cymodocea serrulata · Cymodocea rotundata · Enhalus acoroides · Syrinogodium isoetifolium The most abundant species, based on the quantitative estimates, are Cymodocea and Thalassia hemprichii. Mangrove* Mangrove is the major coastal plant along the coastline of Red Sea in Yemen; the following three species have been reported: · Aricemia marina · Rhizophora mucronata · Bruguiera of gymnorrhiza Patches of Aricemia marina species are found along the entire length of Yemen's Red Sea coast but most abundant between Al Ury and the Saudi Arabian border. Here it forms a discontinuous 100 - 200 m wide fringe covering approximately 84 km of the coastline. In the south of Al UIj, Aricemia is developed along 38 km of the Yemen's Red Sea coast. · Source: Protection of Marine Ecosystem of the Red Sea Coast of Yemen 1999 prepared by Hassall & Associates and Australian Marine Science & Technology "-21 ~ FIGURE 4.9 , l'" .:. . Fashl IS'N - - 16' YEMEN ' AtTair I \ ~- r/:' Ouoin I _ 'J!t~ -:~t~bavr I IS"N IS'N RED SEA 14"N zLgarl 14' N .~ -. H8Tlnish I ERITREA KEY ' .. Wadi 13' N internaTwnal border · Ohubab Seagrass ~Oriu~