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Mewnyaapoornfif 6aHK peKOHCTPYKUIHH H pa3BHTaa/ MNIpoBoi 6aHK, Baruljr-oH, anpentb, 2000 r 11 06WtHii of6teM moIqTOBO[O ceKTopa COCTaBJIAeT HpH6IH3HTJeIbHo 65 MHJIJIHOHOB OTripaBheHHH B rog HnH 18 OTripaBJICHHH Ha a1yyly HaceCJeHHq4 no cpaBHCHH1O Co cpe92HHM HoKa3aTeJIcM 10 OTripaBJICHHH Ha AyuLIy HaceJeHHA WMA oCTaJIbHbIx CTpaH UleHTpanbHoO AMeplnKu H 15 oTripaBJIeHHH Ha ,yly HaceCJeHHa 21 AI aceil JIaTHHCKOH AMCpHKH. 85% OT o6wero o6beMa npHXOaHTCR Ha KOMMePW4CKY1O H HipaBHTeCjbCTBeHHYIO 11OqTy. MTO KacaeTCTs TpajRH1HOHHb1X rIOqTOBbX HpOxyKToB, TO Ha 21o0no rocyJapCTBCHHOrO onepaTopa, KaK npaBIIJlo, OpHXO1IITCA oKo00o 43% HailHoHajihHoro H 73% MC)KIyHapo21Horco noIToBoro phiHKa. HautHoHaumbHiiu onepaTop HMCCT JIHUIb He3HaBll- TCJIbHY1O ROJItO Ha HaIlHOHaJbHOM Ht MeCK4JyHapO2HOM pbiHKaX KypbepCKOfl nOqTbl, Ha KOTOpblX * 1OMHHHpyIOT DHL, UPS, FedEx H TNT. * 4cnonHeHtne nO'1T00 CnyNC5b6 u CTpyKTypa rocyAapcTBeHHoro onepaTopa A0 pe¢OpMbI Ao 1996 r. HOqTOBa3 aaMHHHCTpaUHxl KoCTa-PHKH asiBinAacb qaCTbio HauHoHambHoro ArCHTCTBa CBA3H ripH MHHHCTCpCTBe BHYTpeHHHX ;ieC3. HloqToBbIe 3aKOHbI BCepBble 6blIH YCTaHOBJeHbl B 1885 r., OHH nepeCMaTpHBaJIHCb B 1921 H B 1975 rr. Ha.R30p 3a o6IiHM HarnpaBBIeHHIeM HIoqTOBOH : eATCJ1bHOCTH OCYrIeCTBJiBjio a2MIIHHCTPaTHBHOe npasBJeHHe HalIHoHaJbHoro AFeHTCTBa CBIA3H H FeHepaRnbHbIf aHpeKTOp, A1CiCTBy10uuf1H rio, PYKOBORCTBOM npaBJ]eHHA. floqToBaA aBJMHHHCTPaBLHM HHMena MOHOnOJ1H1O Ha flOqTOBbie ripO21yKTbl, qTO 6b81o oTpa)KeRO B noqTOBoM ycTaBe; O,AHaKO HHKTO He cIie;JHJI 3a co0GoJeI1HHeM 3THX nOjio)KeHHI H, Kax i1paBH4JI, HX HHKTO He npHHHMaBI BO BHHMaHHe. *ljeHb Ha BCe ycjiyrH, HpeaJFaraeMbie noqTOBOH a21MHHIICTpa15H4er, YCTaHaBHj1HBaJO MHHHCTepCTBO BHYTPeHHHX 21CJI. Pacxowbl Ha flOqTOBblIH nlepCOHau (HpH6HH3HTeCjBHo 70% OT o6BUHX 3aTpaT) BbhIni1aqHBaiiHCb H3 Ha[JHoHaJIbHoFo 61o0UIeCTa, Tor1a KaK uapyrRe paCxoabl BblnJ1aqHBaJIHCb H3 3KCnjiyaTauBHOHHblX 4OH210B. Eaero4RbIe bHHaHCOBbue ioKa3aTeJllr 6bJlH OTpHIJaTCJIbHbIMH B Te- qeHHe Tpex JIeT, npejiueCTBYCLOUHX 1999 F., e)KeCFOHo HnpaBBITeJbCTBO PC2OCTaBJISJIO C6CH4mHH B palMepe oKo10o 67% OT 061UHX 2AOXOJAOB (CM. Fpa4HK 1). HloqToBaB CeTb HMieIa TOJIhKO 021Hc, eCHHCTBeHHOe Hipe,InpHBTHTe no o6pa6OTKe rIOqTbI, KOTOpOe o6cnyxKHBano 160 TOqeK pO3HHqHOH ToproBJRI, 60 000 HI0'TOBbIX AillHKOB H 350 MapBUPYTOB 4OCTaBKH, BKJIIoqaA CCRbCKiIe paHOHbl. EaKero2Haa 10pH3BO,aHTCJTbHOCTb (1IMepseMaA B OTHpa- BJ]eHHAIX Ha O;iHorO cnyKaawero) B CPCAHeM cocTaBJIiaia 21 000 OTHlpaBJICHHH B TeqeHHe RAMTH * InpegIeCTBYIOLUHX nIeT nio cpaBHeHHlo C perHOHaJIbHbIM Cpe;XHHM 1OKa3aTeM11 000 oTIpaBBJeHHH * Ail BCCX IIOMTOBblX aBaMHHHCTpaUHH Ui{eHTpanbHOfi AMepHKH. Cpe,jHee BpeMA1 AOCTaBKH B YCnio- BHMX ropo,a CoCTaBJI5LTIo g + 5. B Ce3IbCKHX paHOHax cpe,iuee BpeM$1 JIOCTaBKH B HeCKOJIbKO pa3 *IpeCBlluaJIo 3TOT noKa3aTeRb. PenyTauHa rIOMTOBOH agJMHHHCTpaBIJH KaK HOCTaBIlHKa CBIE3H 6bmIJa XIOCTaTOMHO HH3KaA, H MHOrHe roCy21apCTBeHHbie cJy)K6bI, a TaKlKe Kpy3HHbIe qaCTHbIe KoMnaHHH HpCJAnO9HTanH HMeTb CBOII co6CTBeHHble qaCTHble CJIy)K6bl JOCTaBKH HiH nnlaTHTb 6OJnblHe JeHbrH onepaTopaM, 3aHABlmHM 6uaroIpHATHoe r1oJ1o)KeHHe Ha pbIHKe" H Y9IOBJIeTBOpMEIOWIIM KOHKpeTHble U OTpe6HOCTH B aOCTaBKe. CTPaTermH nOtTOBOh pe43opMbI B HaHane 1996 r. ipaBHTTebCTBO KOCTa-PHKH HIpHCTynIHJIO K npOBeC2eHHBO 11OqTOBO1 peC)opMbi, HanpaBJIeHHOH Ha MaKcHMaJTbHoe nOBblIICHHe BKJIa4a nOqTOBoro ceKTopa B 06HjHH pOCT 3KOHOMHKH cTpaHbli. B OCHOBe o6werl CTpaTerHHI pe40opMbl iieAKaJIO lHeCTb OCHOBHbIX HaHpaBieHHHi: BceMHpHbIp nOqTOBblH C0103, romToBaM CTaTHCTHKa, BepH, 2000 r, CTp. 84-85. 4onOnHuTenhlmie 10 MHJIJIHOHOB OTnpaBJIeHII4 nOlyqaloT OT HOqTOBbiX a4NiHHHCTpauHu 3apy6e)KHbhX cTpaH. 12 - Co3:taHHe HOBOH HOMTOBOH CnyxK6bi, HMeLOHJeH ZtOCTaTOUHlyO CTeneHb HC3aBHCHMoCTH, Ho- 3BOJIaEoIIeIC 3t"eKTHBHO KOHKYPIIOBaTb it roJlylaTb UpHl6buib; - OTMeHa rOCy,lapCTBCHHblX LAOTaISIIH 4.ix F1IOTOBOH cJIyA6bI: - onpeejeenHHe 3KcCHJIyaTauIIOHHbIX U 41HHaHCOBbIX Ue1neH HOqTOBOH CJIy)K6bi. F1apaHTHipyiOwHX ce 6yAyLtee pa3BHTHle; MaKCnManJbHOe IHCHOJb3OBaHHe [loTeHuHaila, Co32aaBaeMovo TpaJiHUHOHHb1MH HOqTOBbIMHI Hpo,QyKTamiH H1 HOBbIMH CpeACTBaMH LHlIpOBOH CBB3H; - bHHaHCCHpOBaHHe BHYTPCHHeFO noqTOBOFO pa3BHTL13 I1yTeM HOBbILIHeHHB TapHmOB, o6y- CJIoBJIeHHOFO yJIy{UICHHAMH B KaMeCTBe CJIy)K6bl. Hate)KHHoCTI, penyTauiHu u 6blCTpOTe o6cyaKcllBaHHz; - HCHoJIb3oBaHlCe Ho'qTOBbIMH cJy)K6aMH HOBOFO KoMMepCeCKOrO Hio4xoaa ,2jIn pacHlilpeHHH yIaCTHEB1 IaCTHOrO ceKTopa rIyTeM Co34aaHHX COBMeCTHbIX HpC4aHpH5THH it KoMHaHHH. HepBbIM uiaroM B 1996 r. cTaiia HOuIFOTOBKa HOBOFO no4TOBOrO laKoHa, B COOTBeTCTBHH C KOTOpblM Gbino co3JIaHO camoynpaBJ]iemoe rocyJapcTBeHHoe npeariplIxTHe Correos de Costa Rica, S.A., pa6oTalowee no ipaBiiHaM qaCTHbIX KOMnalfiri. Pa3BIlTHe nOqTOBOFO ceKTOpa 6baio onpe.teneCo KaK Ha4HOHaJlbHaB nepHooOepejrHaa 3a4aga. H o6m3aTeMbcTBo [peICOCTaBJ1ATb YHHBepCaJTbHyHO HOqTOBYIO cnyiK6y (rnaBHbIM o6pa3oM, HHCbMeHHaX KoppeCHOHAjeHItH4, KaK onpeeeleneo B KOHBeHuHH BHIC "liicbMa i HOqTOBbie KapTOqKH ) 6buo IOATBep)KCeHO KaK HaUHoHaJIbHoe o6H3aTeJ]bcTBo. Correos de Costa Rica, S.A., 6bIno nopyqeHo o6ecneqHTb yHHBepcaCJhHblH ypoBeHb CeyoK6bl. OT4elmbHylO 4JYHKIIHIO perynJlpOBaHHx1 B3IJIO Ha ce6a MHHHCTepCTBO BHyTpeHHHX JeJi i YrpaBneeHHe Ho perynJHpOBaHHEO rOCyiZapCTBeHHlbX cJIyK6 - He3aBHCIIMblH opraH, jtoroBa- PHBa1OLuHHCi O [teHe Ha FHO'TOBble OTFpaBJ]eHHH YHHIBepcaCJbHOH cJIy)K6bl c Correos de Costa Rica, S.A.. Ha perynwropa TaK)Ke 6bmia Bo3JIoMKCHa OTBCTCTBeHHOCTb Bbi2JaBaTb JHHJCH3H1H (MaKCIlMyM Ha IATb JieT) H YCTaHaBJIHBaTb nuiaTy 3a nueHIH3HI1) )JIHn qaCTHbIX onepaTopoB. npeJIiaraFoiBiHx HPOQIYKTbI B paMKaX yHllBepCaJlbHOH cJly)K6bl. Bce OCTaJIbHbIe nOlTOBbIe HpOQAYKTbi 6bi.nH OTKpblTbl ZtJIA CBo60oJHOH KOHKypeHUHII. H HaKoHeC, qTO oco6eHHO Ba)KHO, B COOTBeTCTBHH C HOBblM noqTOBbIM 3aKOHoM 6bmla yqpeM4teHa KOMHCCHA, B03rnaBJHAeMaA HOBOH HOqTOBOH cny>K6oi H cocToAinaA H3 MecTHbIx yHojiIOMO9eHHbLIX npezcTaBHTeJieH. OTBe:atoalaaA 3a COCTaBJ1CHHe nOJIHOH aapecHou CHICTeMbI uIA KOCTa-PHKH. Pe3ynbTaTbl HOBblO noqTOBblhI 3aKoH, 113AaHHblH B anpene 1998 r., BCTyniHJI B CHJIY 11O31Ke, B TOM KeC caMOM FO,jy; OH Y>Ke npHHec OctyTHMbhe pe3yJibTaTbi. [ocyqapCTBeHHble ,AOTaHIIH 6bhul OTMeHeHbl B 1999 r. It BHepBbIe IlOqTOBble AOXO2tbl HpCBbICHJIH pacxojbi (CM. rpaIHK 1). KaxKxbili ro,l HO'{TOBbie oGbeMbl yBeCJHqHBajiHcb npLH6Jl3HTeCJbHO Ha 7%. ,JtJ1 HanpaeBJ1HHA HHBeCTHIJHH B 6a3oBylo HHtpaCTPYKTyPY H Ha yuyql'IeHHe KaMeCTBa cJyxK6bl 6bmnH HOBbIlIleHbl HeHbl (CM. CpatHK 3). B ceHIB6pe 1998 r. Cpe4HHH gyOByHb IteH B03pOC Ha 50%. lJeHa 3a nepBYIO BeCOBY1O KaTeropHIio Ha iHEcbMa (20 r) HOaHMJ1aCb C 0,08 ltomn. j,o 0.1 l Aomi. CILIA H B teKa6pe 2000 r. IeHy ewe pa3 HOBbICHJHI Ao 0,16 tojun. CILIA. TIocIieAHee HOBhieHICH LteHbl jo 0.20 gon. CilA nHIaHHPYCTCA npOBeCTH B 2001 F. H YBI3bIBaTb JaJIbHeHiiiiHe ee HOBbIHCllHHM C YPOBHRMH HH42IIHHHH. 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K 3TOU rpynne OTHOCMTC5i BaHK KocTa- PHKH, npejocTaBnn3owHtHi 4rHHaHCOBbie ycnyrH, Radiografica Costarricense, npeuararaiowaa ycJIyrH HHTepHeT (CM. npHMeCaHHe HHKe), a TaKwKe 3apy6e)KHble flO0TOBbie a.gMHHHCTpaLuHH, * OpHHHMaioIHme yHaCTHe B o6pa6OTKe npHOpHTeTHblX 1IO0TOBbIX oTnipaBJIeHHH, iaKeTOB, * B MojePHH3au"HH H pa3BHTHH CeTH. B TOqKaX pO3HH!HOHrI nOITOBOH TOpr0BJ1H TaK)Ke npotaiOT TeCJIeOHHbLie KapTOqKH, Io0qC:IKH MCCTHbIX MaCTepoB H CTpaXOBKY BbIBoAbi Correos de Costa Rica, S.A. HCHoJIb3oBaJIa pe4opMy B o6JnaCTH peryJIHpOBaHlIA B KaMeCTBC * OCHOBbl ,JaJS1 Co3,aHHM noqTOBOFO CeKTOpa, OpHeHTHpOBaHHorO B 6onimmeii CTeHeHH Ha noJIy'eHHe * npH6bhII H 6blCTpO pearHpyiotuero Ha HoTpe6HocTH KJIHeHTOB. fl XOTXi zaaHHaz pebopma HaIaJaCb *nO HHHI3HaTHBe IoHToBOFO pyKOBO,3CTBa, OHa rHojiymiJIa YCTOi4HBy1O H HenpepbIBHYlO HQOUaCP)KKY H Co CTOpOHbl HipaBHTeCJbCTBa. 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HH0OHe3HA pacnoJIoKeHa Ha 17 000 OCTpOBaxl 6 000 H3 KOTOphIX HaceneHbI KnJIMaT, no 6onibme6 'IaCTH, 3KBaTopHaJIbHbhI DKOHOMHKa onHpaeTcA Ha ceIlbcKoe X03RHCTBO (41,2%), ToproBJHo (19,8%), rocy- IjapCTBeHHble CJIy)K6bI (I13,7%) u o6pa6aTbiBaoalyio npoMbiuIIJeHHOCTb (12,9%). lIpH6uOr3HTeJbHo 60°%o HaceieHHH HnpOKHBuaeT B CeCJbCKHX paHolHax. 11HHoHe3H5I CqHTaeTcA pa3BHBaiolutefHc CTpaHOHI C HH3KHNI YpOBHem goxo,qa H C 60JIbIIIHMH UoTCHuHaJblHblMH B3MOO)KHOCTSMH, HO3BOJIMIOt4HMLI eui [epeCUTH B rpyniny CTpaH co cpeC2HHM YpOBHeM 2IoxoJla6 B 1999 L BanJoBoH BHyTpeHHHH nIPOaIYKT (BBH) CoCTaBHJI 142 MHinulapja jon. ClIA npH eCKeCFO4HOrM TeMnIe pocTa 0,2%/o, AOXOJ Ha jymy HaCeneHuH B TOM Kce caMoM rogy COCTaBTII 684 uoirnapa. 3a nocJIeJiHHCe rO,b1 Ha6niloqalIoCb 3Ha{I- TeCJbHOe KOJIC6aHHe HHt1ISIUIIH OT 77% lo 2%. 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TBcp;aA pelUMHMOCTI yjhyql4lHTb H paCwIHpIHTb JOCTYFI K OCHOBHbLIM yCJIyraM, BKJHO'-aA HHtOp- MaLIHOHHbIe cJIy)K6bI, Jrni BceX cJIoeB O61HeCTBa H BO BCeX qaCTRx CTpaHbi MBHIJIOCb qaCTbhO o6aeii peeopMbI. 3TO paCCMaTpTIBaJIOCb KaK peCllaiollnH 31jeMeHT B CHH)KeHHH YPOBH31 6eRHHOCTrI H B HOBbTHLLeHHH KoHKypeHTOCHoco6HOCTII HWIOHe3HH Ha MHpOBblX HH4tOpMaLIHOHHbLX pbIHKaX. So- nee wIIHpOKOe yqaCTHe qaCTHOFO CeKTOpa B FipeJ)OCTaBjseHHH 3THX yCJIyr TaK)Ke paCCMaTpHBaeTCA KaK KJloqeBOlI 3JIemeHT, CIIOCO6CTBYIOLUlH MO,jCpHHI3aJHFH it 6onee U1HpOKOMY jIOCTyny K 3THM ycjiyraM. nO9TOBbI pbIHOK 06[uHfi o6,bemI HOqTbl (HauHoHaJIbHaA noqTa + IcxomA[amt MeAKCjyHapo.Haj noqM1Ta), o6- pa6aTbIBaeMbil rocyYjapCTBeHHbIM onepaTopoM "PT Pos Indonesia" 3a 1998 r. CoCTaBHJI 690,6 MHIJIIHOHOB oTHpaBJIeHHH HJIH HpH61Jh3HTeJbHo 3,38 OTnpaBJieHHu Ha gymy HacenCeHHM Ipynna MuipoBoro 6aHKa, "Little Green Dura Book', MexoynapORHWO 6aHK peKcOHCTpyKUHH H pa3BHTIlsl. BalRHrIBTOH, anpe.ri 2000 r. 17 B roQ7. YqHTbIBaM BbICOKHH pHOLXeHT rpaMOTHOFO HaceJIeHHMq B HHA0OHe3HH (85%) H TpaB14HHOHHO BbICOKHH ypOBeHb 3KOHOMHqeCKOH aKTHBHOCTH, HO0TOBhIHJ o06eM ciieayeT paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK HCKJIIOqHTCJIbHO HH3KIHH, qTO CBHJleTenJbCTBYeT o6 HMeIo4eMCA HOTeCHuHaJIe pOCTa HOqTOBbIX o6¶beMoB H flOKa3aTeJleH. * IpCAocTaBn'eHnle yHHBepcaJIbHOH cny)K6bl B 1JHHOHe3HH4 nopyqeHo rOCy11apCTBeHHOMY nOITOBOMy o*nepaTopy. OAHaKO B CTpaHe HBC'IITbIBaeTCST CBblLe 600 He3aBHCHMbIx KOMriaHHH, nOJIyqHBUIHX JHHeH3HIO Ha pa6oTy, rCJaBHbIM o6pa3oM, B KpyHHb1X H He6OJIhbmHx ropoagax. B aonoJlHeHHe K 3THM "OqTOBbLIM KoMnaHHBM cyWueCTBYIOT MHoFoMHcJieHHbIe rpy3OBbIe KoMHaHHH, a TaK)Ke r OCy,1apCTBeHHble KOmnaHHH, OTBeMalOiuHe 3a HepeBo3Ky. KOTOpble TaK)Ke 3aHHMaBOTCM )JOCTaBKOH nHCeM H rioCbIJIOK. B pe3ynJbTaTe CHHlKeHHRl IOTOBbMX o06beMOB, HailHHaB C 4IHHaHCoBoro KpH3HCa 1997-1998 rr., H HOBblUeHHblX O6S3aTeJIbCTB no rrpeztOCTaBBJeHH1O yHHBepCaJIbHOH cny)K6bl (20 000 TOqCK pO3HHqHOH TOprOBJnH, pa36pOCaHHbIX no TCPPHTOPHH CBbille 2 MHJJHOHOB KB. KM), rocyXapCTBeHHb]H onepaTop )IoJI)KeH HOCTOBHHO H3bICKHBaTb B03MO?KHOCTH, HO3BOJsiHo04He cReJiaTb r*IaBHy1o CeTb nOqTOBbIX yCniyF, oxBaTbhIBKaIoHx BCIO CTpaHy eiwe 6onee ipHBJ1CKeaTeJbHOH. * oKa3aTenm IcnonHeHM$1 CnyK6bI Li CTpyKTypa rocyAapcTBeHHoro onepaTopa go pe4°opMbi. XOTSI B 1965 r f1POH3O1UJIO OTleJIeHHe rOCy2apCTBeHHOFO HoqTOBoro onepaTopa OT ceKTopa TeICeKOMMyHHKaIHH, OH npo7onJKan ocyYLueCTBJnITE CBOBO IeSITeJIbHOCTb B paMKaX TOrO )Ke caMoro MHHHCTepCTBa B KaBeCTBe rocy1LtapCTBeHHoro areHTCTBa iio 1995 r. 2Jo 3TOFO BpeMeHH *ipaBHLTCJ1bCTBO BbhCTYnfalIO H KaK onepaTop H KaK perymiaTop IIOqTOBOrO pblHKa. FOCygaBpCTBeHHbMH ronepaTop HMCJI HCKJIIOMHTeJEbHoe npaBo nOJIyIaTb, riepetaaaTb H 1OCTaBJISTb r HCbMa, HOqTOBble KapTOqKH H KapTOqKH-nIHCbMa, XOTSI B LCJIOM 3TO OrpaHHleHHe BO BHHMaHHlC He rIpHHHMaYi. YnparneHHe HMeJIO BbICOKYKO CTerfeHb 11CHTpaBJH3a1HH H HHe pYKOBO4CTBOBaJ)OCb Heo6xoqHMOCTbKO BBeJeHHa KOHKYpeHUHH Ha 1OpMHtpyiOmeMCSi HOqTOBOM pbIHKe 1H;OHe3HH. $DaKTHMeCKH, B cTpyKType rFiaBHOrO yripaBJIeHH9 OTCYTCTBOBaJIa 4IYHKUHM1 MapKCTHHra H rio 3TOH IpHqHHe He - pOBO,[HnOCb H3yleHHe pb1HKa H He pa3pa6aTbIBaJiHcb HOBbie HPOIIYKTbl. go 1995 F. noqTa He HCnOJIb3OBauia o6wenpHHATble MeTOnbl tHHaHCOBOH oT'eTHoCTH H B pC3ynbJTaTe * no6aA (HI[HaHCOBaA HH4IopMaLIHA JInHIb B o6uteii CTenCHH oTpa)Kaiia Te HnH HHbIe TeH4eHlJIIH. TeM He MeHee, MONKHO BHAeTha , qTO B TeqeHHe [1epHoga, HpeqAlleCTBOBaBnuero pebopMe (1990-1994 rr.), * 4,HHaHCOBLie [IOKa3aTejiH yxylmaJIHCb: fl. :bva. 9sloa - ~~~~~~~~~.4. ;l;;§!2 .......... -WeN-:;'{*p 405,59 nw . ;i ^-: ymWrhI- HauiO.dl 2#S3O 41,187 301781 3?9B1. 32.92 RAsIO - it - , 11,22% 7,3% T.3 ; 7,f% BceMHpwbli HO4TOBbIH C0I03, HO'ITOBaA CTaTHCTHKa. BepH, 2000 r., CTP. 164-165. KpoMe Toro, B 1998 r. OT 3a- py6eOaHbrx HOMTOBbliX anunnHHCTpauHA 6bSno oOnOnHHTenbHo nonyyeno 67,6 MHInHOHOB OTnpaB2eHllfl. CM. 'XapaicTepHaA OC06eHHOCTb B KOHUe jaHHOnf FuaBbI. ABTOpbi np3HHaTeJTbHbI XaHCy KOK, Hans Kok Business Consult BV, Boskoop, Hu;AepnBaHwi, 3a aHHopMaaiuuo, npeAocTaBJIeHHyIO no CeTH "wasantara' U no JpyrHM acneXTam 3KcnnyaTaUHH PT POs Indonesia. BBCeMHpHbl norTOBblMH Ccola, Marketing Plan for Pos Dan Giro, lHosHe3Hsa liepH, HOK6pb 1991 v. 18 npouecc nO'fTOBOL peCOOpMbI 3Tan 1 - nepexoA K AenOBO00 KynbType (1995-1999) Hpouecc petOpMIlPOBaHIlH I1O'TOBoro ceKTopa [o-HaCTOslueMy Haqajies B 1 995 r. nocne Co3faHHsf He3amBHcHMOoro HO'ToBoro npeInpplraTlLH. PT Pos Indonesia. KoTopoe npefcCTaBnsfno co60ii rocyIsapCTBeHHyB) Kopiuopatuio. pa6oTaioLUyIo B COOTBCTCTBHII C nono)xeHrlaRmrr pa3pa6oTaHHblMH IEeHepanbHoill 2iHpCKUHCr1 nHO0Tbl H1 TeJ1eKOMiMyHhiKaUiIfi (DG Postel). DG Postel oTBeHania 3a onpe,jenerine o6mueii UOJIIITIIKII nOITOBoro CeKTopa. a TaKiKe 3a co4cp)KaH1C H TeXHHMqecKoe o6c.uyaiHaHrie HauoloHaJIbHOi nOHTOBOiI CHlCTeNbl. MIIHHCTepCTBO CBS13I1 oTBeaano 3a TO, uTO6bl C:yxL6b FnpefCocTaBJnseMble PT Pos Indonesia. CoOTBeTCTBOBaI OCHOBOHnoJ1aFa1owHM impHHuHnam HaulioHajibHol VIOJIIITIIKII. YCTaHOB]1eHHblm DG Postcl. 3HaanITenbHo pacpuiuplcsi ynpaB.leHqecKo-a,INMIIHIICTl paIHBHblH 11H .1peKTIIBHblli opraH PT Pos Indo- nesia, ixpo13iowuia peopiaHl3auiii ero BHyTpCHHefl CTpyKTypbl, KOTopasl CTaia B 6onbueH CTcUCeHfl OpiICHTIpOBsaHa tia FlOiY1VCHHC [IpHl6blin. PT Pos Indonesia crania COCTOSfTb 113 nslTH OTIej1OB, 3aHI1Maf1O1UlXCM BOHpOCamH rlepeBO3KII, $HJIaTCHIII, TeXHOJOFIHII 11 lHHopMtaIUloHHblX CIICTeMI. [IOCbIJOK H Co6CTBCHHoCTI. B xorse cTpaTerHuecKoro 1J1aHHlpOBiBH5I oco60e BHHFMHaie yjedJlJIOCb pa3BEITHuO AeJIOBOiH aKTIIBHOCTII 11 pCKJ1aMHblNI KaNIUaHIIHM, rJ03B011511[U[IN1 YqOBjieTBOpATb NeHnsiioiijlleca UoTpe6HoCTH Bce 6oJieC TpC6oBaTCJIbHb]x KJieHToB. HpaBHTCIbCTBO 11HIoHe3Il TaKAKe HpOBO%tI1T [O.IFTllKy. OpHCHTTHpOBaHHyfO Ha KJFIeHTa, C yqCTONI IIHTepeCOB HaUHOHanJbHOHi IIOTOBOfl CIICTeMbl. B KaqeCTBe nepBoo4epefHOH 3aIaqH ipaBHTCJ]bCTBO peWHti1o pacWHpIIPTTb ycnyvn, npejtocTaBJslembie qepe3 CCTb PT Pos Indonesia ,1ns KJn]eHTOB. 3aHR[TbIX B 3KOHOMHueCKofi. CoUoaJIbHOil H o6UteO6pa3OBaTeJIBHOH c$epax. 3ro RBHJIOCB Ba)KHblM Jieme]HTTOM B o6wuein KamniaHnill, HanpaBhIeHHOHi Ha paciuilfpeHfle UocTyna K l1HHopmBaMHHblNH CIICTCMaNi, Hf OT`pau3lo [ioi eph)KKY npaBBHTeJnbCTBa pa3B11TIBl nOnTOBOFO ceKTOpa, KaK KAioIeBOFO m1eNMeHTa B CTPOIITeIbCTBe 3KOHOMIKII H CHH)KCHIISI YpOBHBF oeIIHOCTH. Pe3ynbTaTbl - 3Tan 1 3a 1epBbIC TpHl roia HepBOFO aTana jHHaHcOBaSI lonEmITIKa, HpOBO21Mltmas B HHTepeCCaX nojiy'eHHMs FipI6buill, B OCHOBe KOTOpOhi Jlc)Kana BHeUJHBISI npoBepKa C4eTOB PT Pos Indonesia, rxana Fopa3,qO iiynwiie pe3y.bTaTbiT HeNf 3a rof0bi, I1pCIItlCCTBy1o[une pefopMe. DTH peC3yibTaTbl BbVJI,S9lJLT eLue 6ojnee BHeMaTJSlOIlouMH, HOCKOJIbKy BKJ1MoalOT [IpOUCIT. BblnaMHiBaeMblii 110 IoOCyAapCTBeHHbIm 3a[iMaM, FlpCUOCTaBJIleMblN4 HOBOHS KomnaHHil. tIAHaHcoBbie pe3ynbTaThI PT Pos Indonesia 3a 1995-1999 rr. (MInnnoIbI IH4oHe3ONSCKIX pynili) roA 95 96 97 98 99 CymmapmbIx Aoxog 504.300 572.661 674.568 987,182 1.062,la1 npl5hunb nocne ynnaTmi Hanoro. 47,612 58.373 66,439 54,400 67,501 foxoA OT npoAaK 9.4% 10.2% 9.8% 5,5% 6.4% 19 * pyraA KinIo'ena 3ag&aa TipaBHTeJIbCTBa, a IHMeHHO, pacullpeCHIe ycnyr, TaK?Ke 6bIna A1OCTHFHyTa, * oCKOJIbKy o6ulee KOJHqeCTBO HOqTOBbIX oflTleieHHH BO3p0CJIo npaKTiHqeCKI Ha TpeTb C 1994 r. rio 1998 r. OzrHaKo TaKoH pOCT 6ibuIo IOCTHFHYT HpH MHHiMaJIbHbLx 3aTpaTax, IOCKOJIbKy, npaKTHMeCKH, BCe BHOBb ao6aBHBsmHeca HOBbie OTJ]eneHHS MBHIHCb 4paHm1H3HbLIM1. 3To TaK>Ke HO3BOJIHJIO COKpaTHTb o6wnHe 3aTpaTbl Ha nepcoHani B Te4eHHe TOrO WKe caMoro HepHo4a (CM. CXeMy), OJ1HOBpeMeHHO pacuiHpHiB yaCTHe 'IqaCTHOFO CeKTOpa B nOqTOBbIX onepauHAx. KpoMe Toro, K 1997 L IIOJIHTHKa r1oJ1yqeHHA .ZIOXO2AOB OT onepau4i PT Pos Indonesia c pac- UMHpaIoMuefiC 6a30ii KJHeHToB H 6onee BHHMaTeJIbHOM OTHOHueHHH K KpyfHbIM OTIJpaBlBTeJIAM npHBeCJa K 3Ha`HTeCJbHOMY yBeJIHmqHHIO 06beMOB H1OMTbI (26%) H IpOH3BOAIHTeCIbHOCTH (34%), npeAKQre qeM Ho4Ta OuIYTHnia Ha ce6e Bce HoCJICaCTBHM 3KOHoMHqeCKOFO KPH3Hca (cM. CXeMy 2). Ha'HHaA C 1998 r., PT Pos Indonesia BbIHyAKieHa 6bira HpHcHoca6JIHBaTbCMi K HH3KHM o6beMaM O'TqThI, OJHOBpeMeHHO CTOhIKHYBWHCL C KOHKypeHUHeH, KOTOpa7 B03pOcnia CpeAZH 3KCHpeCC-yCJIyr H oTnpaBJIeHHH BbIClUeH KaTeropHH (HanpHMep, DHL, Federal Express, UPS. TNT World Wide, H T.UI.). CTpeMJICHHe K HenpepblBHOMy yjtyqWeHHIO Bcero accOPTHMeHTa ripeaniaraeMbIx HJJO4YKTOB no3BOJIHJIO PT Pos COXpaHHTb CBOIO AOJIlO pbIHKa. 3Tan 2 - OCHOBHaS peopraHU43aL4UU U U3MeHeHme nnaHOB (1999-2003 rr.) BTOPOi 3Tani npoeKTa peJopMHpoBaHHtI HOMTOBoro CeKTOpa HHaOHe3HH MBJIABeTCA qaCTbIo flIaBHOH pcopraHH3aiHH H H3MeHCHHS1 IIiaHOB B ceKTope CBM3H 3a nepHo, C 1999 Ho 2003 rr. 3TOT npoeKT, HOnyqHBLumHH 6onubllylo noAiep)KKY co CTOpOHbI Fpynribi MHpoBoro 6aHKa, CTaBHT nepeg co6ofi HH)KeCCJeIyOtHuHe IeJH'K: 1. PaCIIHpjHTb H YCHJIHTb pa6OTy 'epe3 CeTH CB313H H HH1bopMaUHH, qTO6bl CHOCO6CTBOBaTb YCTOWqHBOMy pa3BHTHIO H 3KOHOMHCecKoMy pOCTy B PeFHoHe HyTeM a) BKJIBoqCHHSI B nOMTOBYIO CeTb CBS3H CeJIbCKHX paHOHOB, C03,aaB TaKHM O6pa3OM OCHOBHYIO Cpegay CBM3H; b) pacUHPeHHOFO 1pCUOCTaBBJeHHAI 3JIeKTPOHHOII HO'0Tbl, HHTepHeTa..., CHoCo6CTByti 6Oonee [HpOKOMy HCI1OJIb3OBaHHIo I1HHopMaHHoHHoFO 2JOCTyHia anJI fOJ1y4eHHMI 3HaHHH H 3KO- HOMliqeCKO O pOCTa; C) BBeCeHHH HOBbIX ycJyr C Ao6aBJ1eHHofi CTOHMOCTbIO, HCnOJTb3yM CYLUeCTBYIOuIHe HOITOBbMe 3J1eKTpOHHbIe ceTH, UO3BOJItIIOIHe 6blCTpO H 391ReKTHBHo pearCFpOBaTb Ha 6blCTpO MeHAIOLJJHeCM Tpe6oBaHHZ MHpOBOrO pblHKaX 2. Pa3pa6oTaTb COOTBCTCTBYIOLIHe HopMaTHBHULe H npaBOBbIe paMKH, Ho3BoJIAtO1JJHe 3q4eKTHBHb1M o6pa3oM C03aaBaTb YCJ1OBHM LI-H HClpeCblBHOrO ripeCOCTaBJ1eHHAI BbIUIeHa3BaHHbIX yCJIyr. 3. YKpewlmTb opraHH3aUHioHHO-CTpyKTypHbIH I1OTCHIIHBJI H HOBbICHTb KOMneTeHUIITO COOTBeT- CTByIOwHiix aFeHTCTB H aJMHHHCTpaIHH (HanpHMep, PT Pos Indonesia). 4. CnoOo6CTBOBaTb Co32IaHHlO napTnepCKIIx OTHOLIIeHHH C qaCTHbIM CeKTOpOM B rpeJIOCTaBIIeHHH H ynpaBJIeHHH HHI4opMaUHoHHIMMH CeTAMH H CHCTeMaMH. OCHOBHaA CTTPaTerH pa3BHTHR - cHoco6CTBOBaTb BceCTOPOHHeMy pa3BHTHIO HHflopMaUHoHHoH HH4lpaCTpyKTypbi no Bce CTpaHe. MeXaHH3M 3TOFO ripolecca 6yzleT 3aKIIKoQaTbCS B IOCTeHeHHOH nH6epaJH3aL1HH IO'ITOBOrO pbIHKa rpH OJaHOBpeMeHHOM yKpeCiJeHHH HPOH3BO)JCTBeHHbIX B03- Mo)KHoCTeH rOCyRapCTBeHHOFO HoqTOBOrO onepaTopa, IIO3BOJISIIOIUHX OBbLICHTb ero KoHKypeHTO- cnioe6roCTI H paCIIIHpHTb npeloCTaBJIeHHe yHIIBCpcaJLbHOH cJly)K6bl. )pyFHMH CJIOBaMH, co3JIaHHe " Global Inforrnation and Communication Department, Indonesia - Information Infrastructure and App. Dvpt. (Project ID 48715), , http/www/worldbank.org/ict/projects.nst (2-21 -01.) 20 2 C) r0 ~ ~ S10 3 a U O - rA n -PL 4 chJ'.F E r R 2 ~ g HioMP 0I 1 - 9 C. , JA' 4 a s -go~S c - - ,' / / CL - 000000 ,- A 3,iY ,~~~ .'1"I jIg v-] I I~ N 5 F] ~If . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . npHMep peoopMbI - nfoLToBas KOpnOpaiL4H TaH3aHIN (Tanzania Posts Corporation) 06I6eANHeHHauI PecnyOnMKa TaH3aHrn 06TbexHHeHHaA Pecny6nlHKa TaH3aHHs - 3To rocyiapCTBo. pacionOKeHKHHoe B Ioro-BOCTO0HOH A#pHKe, TepplHTOpHA 947 TbICAq KB. KM., HaceiieHHe 33 MHJIJIHOHa qejIoBeK. Ha Bcefi TeppHTopHH CTpaHbl KJ1HMaT MeHAeTCA OT TpoHllHeCKoro AO OMCHb CyXOFO. 3KoHoMLIKa. FJIaBHbIM o6pa3OM. OCHOBaHa Ha CeJIbCKOM X03ABHCTBe, Ha 2AoJno KOTOpOFO nPHXOAIHTCS 6onee 60% BaJIOBOFO BHyTpCH- Hero rpoAyKTa H KOTopoe o6eCneqHBaeT 3aHAToCTb ;AJI 80% HaceneHHa. OcHoBHb]e TOBapHble KyJ1bTypbl BKJIIoqalOT qafi, KOte H XJI0OnoK. HIpoMbImJIeHHaA ,aeseTeJbHoCTB riaeT 10% sanuoBoro BHyTpeHHelO HpOayKTa H BKJ1IOqaeT B ce651 TeKCTHJIbHYIO npoMbhlIJleHHOCTh, aFpo6H3HeCC Hpo- H3BOACTBO JIeFKHX ToBapoB. Hpti6jiH3HTeJIbHo 80% HaceCieHHA nIpO2KHBaeT B CeJlbCKOH MeCTHOCTH. flpoLueHT rpaMOTHOFO HaceCieHHA COCTaBJIACT 67%. TH3aHHHs CqHTaeTCA HaHMeHee pa3BHToH CTpaHoH C HH3KHM YPOBHeM JIoxogall; B 1999 L BBHI HpH6J3HTeJIbHo coCTaBHJI 8 MHJIHapJiOB 0Jo1. CIHA H AoXOJ Ha jymy HaceCIeHHM - 250 juo.. ClWIA. 3a FocJIeC2HHe TpH ro4a BBII yBenBC qHHJCM OpH6jIH3HTeJIbHO Ha 4%; B 1999 r. IIHIJJJISIHA COCTaBsLIa npH6JIH3HTeIIhHo 8,8%. YcInOBHflO npoBeAeHu pe0OpMbI HaqHrHaA C KOHI3a 90-X FOAOB ripaBHTenbCTBo TaH3aHHH CTaJIo npeHIpHHHMaTb Mephl B HOJUIACP)KKY yMaCTH5L qaCTHOrO CeKTOpa B 3KOHOMHKe CTpaHbI. Euina pa3pa6oTaHa H HpHBeUeHa B Z1eHCTBHe LueJia CHCTeMa CTpaTeFHqeCKHX Mep, HanpaBBJeHHbIX Ha yMeHbUl1CHHe 6toapKeTHoFO UelCHUHTa, CHSATHe TOp0OBbIX OFpaHHIeHHH, OTMCHY KOHTpOJIA lICH H peopraHH3aLIHto $HHaHCoBor'o ceKTOpa. B 1996 r. Haqajia =fiCTBOBaTb cxeMa KpeCJITOBaHHi C yCHJ1eHHbIM CTpyKTYPHb1M peFyJ4HpoBaHHeM, paccIHTaHHaA Ha TpH ro;ia, pa3pa6oTaHHa 1p4H yaCTCTHH MeCKMyHapORHOFO BajiloTHoro oH4a. Ebijia [ipeCnpIIH5ITa npoFpammsa 3HCpIHqHbIX Mep, o6ecneqHBaIoWHx pCOpraHH3Ja3HLO F0CYa8~pcTBCHHbIX HpeJrIIpHMTHO B paMKaX KOTOpOH 275 H3 425 "noJlyrocy2apCTBeHHbIX RoJInKHoCTeH 6bimiH BbIBeaeHbi H3-11O0 HeCiocpe,2CTBeHHoro rocyCapCTBeHHoro KOHTpOJI1. nO9TOBIlU pbIHOK TaH3aHHR HNCeCT orpaHHqeHHbIi 06LIIHH floqTOBbll pUIHOK, qTO 06bACHmeTC5I He6oJIblllHM KOJIH- 4eCTBOM KOMMep'eCKHX HpCeIHpHBTHH, 4IOPMHPYfOWIIX OOqTOBblC 06beMbl. AapecHaA CHCTeMa JAOCTaToMHO cna6aA, H CBbiLIIe 95% BCeCI I1OqTbl aOCTaBJIMeTCA B oIqTOBbie HuII9KH noqTOBbhX opraHH3aLtHIi. 06wiHHi of6eM IOqTbl (HatluoHaJbHaa HOHTa + HcXo,AAma3i meKacyHapoAHaa HoqTa), o6pa6aTblBaeMax rocyALapCTBeHHbIM oiepaTopoM B 1998 F., CoCTaBHJIa 40,4 MHJTnHoHa OTripaBJeHHH rInl nIpH6JIH3HTeJbHo 1.26 oTHpaBJIeHHHa HaUYLIY HaceneHHm B r04'2. 3To COHOCTaBHMO Co CpeCJHHM [IOKa3aTeCJeM 0,88 OTnpaUBJeHHH AnA aHaJIorllqHbHX CTpaH A+PIIKH KoDKHee Caxaphl. [pynna MuIpoBoro 6alKa, 6ittle Green Data Book ', Mexvilyuapoatbrii 6aHK peKOHCTpyKIIHH H pa3BHTUIx, BaullHrroH, aripeib, 2000 rn I? BCCMHPHblI IlOHTOBblH COIo3. Tnfmocao cmamucmuKa, Bepti, 2000 r., CTp. 366-367. Kpohae TOrO, B 1998 Y. OT 3apy- 6e)KHbIX HOqTOBbIX ajmIIHHCTpauIHI 6btn goriOHOiHTeJIbHO nojiiqeHO 14,3 MlllnHOHa nHOTOBbIX OTHpaBJIeHCIIII. 23 noKa3aTenM HcfnOnHeHIS Cny)K6bI u CTpyKTypa rocygapcTBeHHoro onepaTopa nepeg pecpopMoA CTpyKTypa FIOHTOBOFO ceKTopa B TaH3aHHH no Haqana pe@opm OCHOBbIBaijaCb Ha LCHTpa- JIII3oBaHHoM nOJaHHpoBaHHH, a TaKiKe opraHhI3atHoHHOH H jHHaHCOBOH 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT ceicropa TeIieKoMMyHLIKaOHH. 4o 1978 r. ycJyrlH HOqTbl H TeneKOMMyHHKauIIH npenocTarnorna BbImeCT0o1Iaa opraaHH3al.H3, aeCHCTBYIOmaM FlpH Teneph yXKe HeCyICCTByIEOIeH BoCTOH0o-AtPHKaHCKOI3 Kopnopau1HH HOqTbl H TeJIeK0MMyHHKaIJHH, crieuHajnH3HPOBaHHaB KOpFiOpanHij coo6IIeCTBa CTpaH BOCTOL1HOO AtPHKH, npel(paTfBmaa CBOe CyLueCTBoBaHHe. 6YHKISHH perynwTopa it one- paTopa BblHOJIHIJIa KOppnopaLfiI non FOcyJIapCTBCHHbLIM KOHTpO0JCM CTpaH-napTHepOB (COBeT MHHHCTPOB). B 1978 r. nocnie pacnaaa coo6wLecTBa CTpaH BOCTOMHO9 AIpHKH nOqTOBble yCJ1yFH H TeICeKOMMYHLIKaliHH 6brnH nepenaHbl HOBOH HoJIyrocyPapCTBeHHoH KoprIopaLiHH HIOqTbl H ieine- KoMMyHHKaIHH TaH3aHHH (TPTC). I aHBapq 1994 r. TPTC 6bma peopraHH3OBaHa H fOlTa 6bma oTaejieHa OT TeJIeKOMMyHHlKaIHH. CynjeCTBoBana MOHOJIHSI Ha nHCbMeHHY1O KOPPeCHIOHACHLIHIO H apyrve OCHOBHbie CJIy)K6b1, XOTx )KeCTKOe CO6JIOReHlIe MOHOIOJlbHbiX npaB OTCyTCTBOBaBIo. Boimbioe LiHCJiO pa3Hoo6pa3HbIX IaCTHbIX HOCTaBBIHKOB rpeaniarano IOqTOBble yCJIYFH. B)aHKOBCKie YCJIYFH npeaniravail B 11oq- TOBbIX oTCJIeHHHX OT HMeHH IIOqTOBOrO c6eperaTenbHoro 6aHKa, KOTOpblI SBjjMsjjcs oTIejlbHblM HpaBIITeJbCTBeHHblIM y9peIneCHHeM BHYTpH MHHilCTCpCTBa 4HHaHCOB. B nepHoa C 1992 no 1996 rr., Korga HaMailcA BTOpOII 3Tan nepnona pe4opMHpoBaHHA, eaKeropioe CHHXKeHHe o&beMOB [OqTbl B CPCAHeM COCTaBHYio 22%. ToJibKo o6MeH HoChMIaMI CHH3HJICZ *npaKTHqeCKII no 50% c 1992 no 1993 rr. flpol3BoawTenbHoCTb H3MCPAcMaM B OTfipaBJIeHH5IX Ha cnyaKawero, cocTaBHnia 13,492 OTflpaBJIeH111 Ha cJIyoKa1el`() B 1994 r., no cpaBHeHIHO co cpe4HHM HOKa3aTeCJeM 16,300 OTripaRBCHH14 Ha cny)cawLero RnsI Apyriix aHaJiorH'liHbIx a4IpHKaHCKHX CTpaH, *I)KHee Caxapbli3. B 1994 r. 0&beM nOqTbI Ha nyLLIy HaceierHHn COCTaBHJI 0,87, 'ITO AB1HJIOCb * ItOCTaTOqHO HH3KIIM HOKKa3aTeneM ,a1l TaKOII CTpaHbl KaK TaH3aHHB C aOCTaTOHO BBICOKHM HpOUeHTOM rpaMoTHoro HaceneHna5. * IpenloaKeHHe nOqTOBbIX YCJIYF H [PO0[YKTOB CTpOHJIoCb 6e3 KOMMep'eCKOrO ye Ta. flpH o6- CJIY)KHBaHHH HnH [pIIBJIe'eHlC H KJIeHTOB He 1pOBOIHJ1OCb pa3JIHqHe H JeiCeHHe 11ocieCaHHX Ha *HHHBHqyaJIbHbIX HIH 4CenOBbIX KJIeHTOB. B pelynJbTaTe TaKoYO He6peCKHoFo OTHOlIeHIHI K peuio- BOH KJIHeHType H HCeyoBJeTBOPHTCJIbHOFO KaqeCTBa, FapaHTHMX H Hape)KHOCTII, CBblme 79% OT nOqTOBOrO o6beMa HpHXOAHJIOCb Ha IOqTOBbie OTripaBBeJHH5i Me)Kay OTCJeIbHblMH JIHUaMH. KaUeCTBO CJIy)K6bl. KaK npaBHIIO, He KOHTpOJIHpOBa1JOCb H CyWeCTBoBaiH cepbeC3Hble 3aCepCKKH C JAOCTaBKOH HloqTbI BO BCeX paHOHax CTpaHbI. COCTOXHne BCerl noqTOBOiH CCTH paCCMaTpHBanJOCb KaK Hey,OBJICTBOpHTCJIbHOe, KaKHe-JnH6o yJIyqUeHHB npeaCTa11BJIJIHCb MaJIOBepOsTHblIMH 6e3 nlpoBe- IIeHHA OCHOBHOH peopraHH3auHH H BJIoIKeHHS HHBCCTH4IHH. BHYTPH CaMoII TPTC pHopHiTeTHbIMH1 CqHTaJIHCb HHHIJHaTHBbl H HHTepeCbI B 06aCTeH TeCJeKoMMyHHKaiHH, a He HOITOBOFO pa3BHTH5. 0o Haqajia nOqTOBOHi peCOpMbl Ha6JIto;iancsB 6blCTpblH pOCT H Hepery HpyemaA KOHKypeHLIUH CpeCRH maCTHbIX npOBaHnepOB YCJ1yF rIHCbMeHHoH K0pPeCnOHneHIiHH H nOCbInOK. B 'HCJIO TaKHX npOBaHnuepOB BXO,HJIO MHO)KCCTBO BTOpOCTeCieHHbIX KOMnaHHU CBR3H. TaKHX KaK IFpaXTOBbie TpaHCnOpTHbie KOMHaHHH, OT4eJlbHble KOMM11BOA)KepbI it aBT06yCHbIC KoMHaHHII. KpynHble OTipaBHTenIH 6blnH rOTOBbI IinnaTHTb 3Ha'HTeJIbHo 60oCee BbICOKYlK LieHy 3a noio6Hbbe ycJyrmH, HOCKOJ1bKy nnioxoe KaqeCTBO CJIy)K6bl. HeBHHMaTeJIbHoe OTHOLUeHHe K KJIHeHTaM H OTCYTCTBHe HaBCeXKHOCTII H0)OPBaBJH penyTauniio noqTbl. 143y'eHHe IIoqTOBorO CeKTopa, 1IpOBO;lHMOe B TO BpeMM, noKa3aJl0, ITO 600blmlHHCTBO LIOLTOBbIX CJIy)K6 pOSBnIAJIH .ZIOCTaTOIHo 6oumbmiylo FH6KOCTb, cKopee, B OTHO0neHHH KaMeCTBa cJTy)K6bli HO He LICHbl . Tam mKe. > Bnc - Epynna MpoBoro 6aHrKa, Global Study on Costal Service Sector Reform-Report of the United Republic of Tanzania, SepH, aBrycT, 1994 r 24 B UCeJOM. yCTaHOBA1eHHble TapH4bl He HOKpbIBaBii pacxo,ZoB u He nepecMaTpTIBaJnHCb Ha [IOCTOIHHOHI OCHOBe. Tpyn1Ho oueHHTb fHHaHCOBb1e FloKa3aTeJIH flO'Tbl TaH3aHIiH ,1o 1993 r., KoI,aI pacXOabl flOqTOBOrO ceKTOpa 6blJill OTJleieHbl OT paCXOQOB B cbepe TeIieKOMMyHHKaUHHI, H 6bmra CO3jaHa HOBaI CIICTeMa OT'eTHOCTH. Ha rpa4uIKe I nOKa3aHbl jIIHaHCOBble [OKa3aTeJlH 3a nBla Foaa, HellOCpeaCTBeHHO FXpeLu1eCTBOBaBB[HX BTOpOMy 3Tarny peCOpMHPOBaHHl HO4Tbi TaH3aHlIH. npoueccb; nO4TOBO pe@pOpMbI Hlpouecc pe4OpMHpOBaHH flO nOTbl COCTORM 113 4BYX 3TaHOB. Ha repBOM 3Tafle pe4opMIIpoBaHHe CHCTeMbl HOT0TOBOFO peryFJ1POBBaHlH[ npOXoQlLUIO B paMKax o6tuefi peoprafHI3aULIH rOCy,lapCTBeHHbIX [peC4pH1ITHH TaH3aHlIH B HeCPHO C 1992 Ho 1995 rr 11 3aKOH'HJlacb Co3aaHHeM 1lOTOBOH KOpnopauHHii TaH3aHilH (TPC) - rocy;IapCTBeHHoro ripeaTpHaTlII, [IOJHOCTbIO ripnHa;nie)Kautero FIpaBiBTeJbCTBY 06Be4HHCHHO1 Pecny6nTmKI TaH3aHIIA. KOHCTpyKTHBHbIe 113MeHeHHB HOCJy)KAIJIH OCHOBOHl 4JIB BTOpOrO 3Tana. IpOXOJ1HBJuero C 1995 no 1998 Fr 11 CTaBHBuierO Leiblo npeBpauieHIie PTC B aOXOaHoe npe2LnpHa3THe. 3Tan 1 - Pe4popMa CMCTeMbI perynJpOBaHOMR B nepuozx c 1986 no 1992 rr. 3KoHoMllHqecKIle petopMbl B TaH3aHHllH O3BOJIHJIH yBeJ1HlHTb exKeFOLHBiblri CpeCHHH IpIpOCT BBH Ha 4%. OzwHaKo HoqToBble o6feMbi CTaJIH 3HaqHTeCIbHO yMeHb[HaTbCA H CTaJIo MCHO, qTO flOLTOBblH CeKTOp nOApblBaeT 4MIHaHCOBOe noJIoKceHHe rocynapcCTa 11 Bceel 3KOHOMHKH B UCenOM. K 1992 E. pyKOBOaCTBO [IOqTOBOFO ceKTOpa npHUmo K HoHIlMaHIIKO, HTO HpeCoCTaBJieHHe YCJIYF yHHBepcanbIHoH cJly)K6bl H OAHOBpeMeHHOe COJieHCTBHe pOCTy 3KO- HOMHHCCKOFO pa3BIHTHIA HaCTo0TeCJbHO Tpe6yLOT HPOBCUCHH5I nporpaMMbi pe4~OpMHpOBaHl11. 1061IBaACb HJHHHCOIBOH He3aBIHCIIMOCTlI 11 npaBa Ha CaMOCTOATeCJbHYHO pa6oTy, COBepHueHCTBOBaHH51 npeCnPIHHHMmaTenbCKOH KyJIbTypbI, a TaloKe yJlyLHmeHHA HpOH3BOJAIHTCJIbHOCTH H KaBIeCTBa cJy)K6bI. DTa TO'IKa 3pCHHR1 yuaqHbIM O6pa3OM coBniana C KaMnaHIHeH, npOBO4HMOH HpaBHTeCJbCTBOM TaH3aHHI H HaH[paBBeHHOH Ha peopraFH3au1IIo noHiyrocyAapCTBeHHbIX npeAIpHsATHH. KOTOpbhe HOJ1y'HJ1i B03MO)KHOCTb OpHeHTHPOBaTb CBOIO pa6OTy Ha HoJ1yqeHHe npH6brnH H npHlBJIeKaTb K 6ojee IUHpOKOMY yllaCTH1O B pa6OTC qaCTHblIH CeKTOp. B pe3yIbTaTe B 1993 r. 6bm nOIFoToBJIeH 3aKoHoHpoeKT. KOTOpblIH BCTYIHJI B CILJ1Y I AHBapa 1994 r H1 B COOTBeTCTBHII C KOTOphIM Haqajiach peopraHH3aUllA HOHTOBoro CeKTOpa TaH3aHHH. JABa 3a- KOHa - 3aKOH O CB$1q3 Ta3ariiH it 3aKoH 0 nHOTTOBOl KOpHOipailH TaH3aHiHH - coCo6CTBOBaJIH 4OPMIIPOBaHHfO npoHHoHl CTpyKTypbl PeFyJHtpoBaHHX vUin 6yjrymnero pa3BHTHa: - pa3rpaHH'4eHHB UjyHKUHH perynaIopa Hi oiepaTopa B CeKTOpe CBA3H, onpegneieH1e 1 4IYHKUHH It HOJIHOMOUHl HOBOH KOMIICCHH HO CBS31II TBH3aHllHH C-O34aHIHI JAByX HOBbIX OTeJlIbHbIX KOMUaHHii - TeJIeKOMMyHHKaLUHOHHaHi KOMHaHHm TaH3aHHH H1 IoHoTBaA KopnopaulAH TaH3aHHH (TPC); onpenieneHuA OTBeTCTBeHHOCTH peFyiHiTopa: - Bblpa6OTKa 11 KOOP21HH1alHA o6lueH rIOIIHTIIKH HOTITOBOrO ceKropa; BbIl,aga JHUeH3HH IocTaBlBHKaM OCHOBHblX nOqTOBbIX YCJIYF (nicbMa H HlOTTOBbie KapTOTIKH, He ripelblumarowuHe 2 KF), H BbIAaaqa pa3peuLeHVIi HO'ITOBOH KOpOrpaUHII TaH3aHlIH Ha BbIHOJIHeHHe ee YHKIJI: peFyJlipoBaHhie Tapli(OB B cooTBeTCTBHHI C HpHHtHHHaMII yCTaHOBneHHsl TapH4Ia Ha OCHOBHble ycJlyrH; - CTIlMylllpOBaHHe KOHKYpeHUIIII H paCiIHpeHHC IlOHTOBblX YCJIyF B HO2ioCep)KKy 3KOHOMH- qeCKOFO pa3BIHTHA; 25 * - orpeeiHeneH3 tYHKILHH O'4TOBOFO onepaTopa, KOTOpbIl BKJlIO'alOT: : - npe4ocTaBneIHHe HaJHoHaJ7bHbIx H me)KHyHapoOHbx HUTOBbIX yCnyr naJS YRoBJIeTBOpeHH FOTpe6HOCTeH B npoMbIllIJIeHHOLt, CoutHaJbHOH H 6blTOBOHi c4epax; - ripeaocTaBiinHHe HOqTOBbIX tHHaHCoBbiX cJly)K6 H cJIy)K6 B onepaEILOHHblX OKHaX; * - B3HMaHHe MHHHMaJIbHOH oniiaTbi, Tpe6yeMoH AJq AOCTHCKeHHA YTBep)KaeHHb1X (HHaHCOBhIX * noKa3aTejieH; * - noJIyMCHHC z[oxo4a, Ke HPOirYKTOB C Ao6aBJICHHoH CTOHMOCTblO, BKaJIo'as EMS. HOHToBaM CTaTHCTHJa. CTp. 366-367. 28 BbIBOAbI PeCopMa, HlpOBCAeHHaA B [lOHTOBOM CeKTOpe TaH3aHIl. pacuioplila OXBaT CTpaHbI HlOqTOBbIMH yciryrami H OTKpblJIa pa6oTy HOMTbl 1J1A yqacTii qaCTHoro ceKTopa, [IoBLicHIIa BKJIa,2 ceKTopa B 3KOHOMH'CCKHH pOCT, yJiyq'llHia HCI1OIIHCHHlC CJIy)K6bi rcyIiapCTBeHHoro onepaTopa. flopuiROK. B KOTOpONM 3a pe4OpMOH B o6iiaCTII peryJiupoBaHm HiOCiJieOBaiia pe4¢Opma, HaHipaBJ1eHHa3 Ha TO, HTO6bl cJeJ1aTb 01OqTy npH6bIJIbHbIMI npe4HpHaTTHeM. RBJIRCTC HaUw)KHbIM 11 HCIIbITaHHbIM. KpoMe Toro, CYILUeCTBeHHa3i lOMOLLIb H pyKOBOQUCTBO B BOFipOCaX pe¢OpMHpOBaHH 6blJll HIOJIyMCHbl CO CTOpOHbl Fpyunbl MiIpoBoro 6aHKa H B)aHKa pa3BHTHm BOCTOIHOji A4plKII. TeM He MCHee. flOqTOBaA HHHUHlaTHBa H ClHllbHaA ol0epWKKa pe4OpMbi CO CTOpOHblI rocyjapCTBa 'iBHJIHCb KJ]IOQeBbNIIIM 3JCMCHTaMH EiaHHOFO ripogecca. XapaKTOPHaH OCO6e4HHoCb. KoHTpaKT HNa COcnHeHl4HI1O CcnYm6 B anpene 1997 r. TPC noanmcana KoHrpaucr Ha UCcnonHeRJIe cn-w6AL c NMHHHCTCpCTBOMl CHUMN u rpaHcnopra. a tainKe c KoMLcCCHCeI. KoHTrpVnfpyFwwi u nonyrocyaapcraresHbiA ce;rop. UTenb KOHaTrpahC - npeAycmoTperb qcHbeu. LwlTpofHpyeMbie Li pearibHbie noIC 3aTfO aT Mcncriie- HmuN cny-6bi, npoueniphi l01 M p86OOHN noL)ajreiteft a TBaOe pa3rpaHHmrb orBercTBeH- HOCYb HCfIoCpeACTSeRHebla BeayMniIX yNdCTTffKOB. [IpCBpaTMB Kopnopaunio B peCkaflB0bH0 apeanpuTme. PaCCqmTanimri Ha Tpm roiLa konTpacr onipeaeaAe'r nboK3aaTIeIN KaqeCTma Cjayua- 6bi. KwMwepqecxor poc-ra. yAOBJiCThOpCHHOCTM KJPCBTOB. 3aIlDhIM noiTbl Uf npH6bITbHOCfl. EojlbWiIl liTpsae la HCBbllnOJHMHHC HaMeqeHHhlX noIca3aTcIeH., BbpaBAiHHbiH B ripOueHTax OT 33pailaTba., sensercs qaCTEO KoLTrpaNTa. 11 uaodopor. npe:ycMoTpeHa flpemlla..THBa CReTe- Ma 3a CepeBbinonHeuise 3rmk noKa3BTenieH flpoeepuy pa6o;Hx noKa33eCneil 3a nepebaf ron a COOrtBC8ITBHH C KOFfpaBTOM, 1997 r. ipoaoinia KoHcaTiIHiroBas KoMrHBas NEPOSTEL Consultancy BV. FnAepnauhf. 1a aopyio nposephy orase'ana KomnamHx Post [nternaTional Limited. Howa 3enanaxu (B HacToxinfe BpeeMR "Transend"). Pc3ynwTa7rw nepsoii npoBepKt; noBa3aBiU. qTO HaMeqeHuiie nOKa3aTeCn 6Swnii BnbinosiUen TOjibKO H ZByX o6nacyC1X. a RMeCHo - 6ucTpora oSJly)XKHHaH u 3aTIUIBa nofTbJ. PeiynbTambl wroporh npOBCePH noma-aaa, 'ro ace noIa3aTeCJH 6WsUK o'cC!irUWy-rb no BcCM napaMeTpaM, la HcKnIqCHuemI KoMMep'ecIcoro poCTa. 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AHajiOLiHIHbIM o6pa3oM pacTyLuee '4ncuo pa3BIJBaEOlIHXCA CTpaH, TaKHX KaK KOCTa-PHiKa HHAHAI H HH;OHe3HA OTKpblBalOT aJul ce6a YHHKaJ1bHble CI7oco6bI * H3BJIeqCHHB npH6bIJiH HU i4lEI4pOBOH 300XH. ...HO AOIN)KHbi nOIHOCTbIO lcnoJlb30BaTb CBOe yHIKanbHOe nlOnO)KeHme B CeTM CBR3I *ODHaKo nOqTOBblII CCKTOp MooweT 11 fjOJKeH cDehiaTb ropa3Ro 6oubhe. MTO6bI o6ecneqHTm CBOe rpo- *IBCTaHHC H BbDKHBaHHie B 3I1OXY HHTepHeTa. H HTO oco6eHHO Ba)KHO, HOMTOBbie aqMHHHCTpauHH * OJIKHbI flOJlHOCTblO HConJlb3OBaTb CBOe rionoKeHIe, KOTOpOe OHH 3aHHMaEOT Ha nepece'eHHH TpeX OCHOBHblIX 3KOHONIHICCKHX nOTOKOB, a HNmeHHO, HH4IopMaUHOHHOrO, TOBapHOro H DeHeaKHo- ro. HaxonA KOMHeCKCHbIC peLiieHHA TIII! ynpaBJieHH1l 3THMH DOTOKaMI,o no'ToBbIC cuyYC6bl MOFYT Cbll paTb OCHOBHYIO pOJb B 3HOXy HOBOH 3KOHOMIIKH. Ha HHx(CelfHBODHMO4 cxeMe noKa3aHo JiHib HeCKOJJbKO nIpHMepOB HCUonJb3OBaHHM [IOqTbl B HOBbIX yCJIOBl1AX. B TOI X e caNmo0i CXCMe Harisi4Ho * pOaeMOHCTpHpOBaHO, KaK pOCT OAHOFO nOToKa BeCeT K pOCTy apyrHx rIOTOKOB. noITH TaK Ke, EKaK 6o0ee BIlCOKHe pa6oMHe HlOKa3aTeJIH CTIIMYJII)IpyOT pOCT llOHTOBOFO o6beMa H HHBeCTHIIHH * B ")KH3HecCIoco6HoM Kpyre". pliiBODHMOM paHee B ITOHf 6poIuIope. 44 OCtZ CD 01 CD0 073f S-S, CD CDD Ln9 .....................................................................Z...............'<...0....................... EH6nmorpacpns 14 KOHTaKTH6Ie nI4La .ny6n4Kawmu Campbell. Robert M.: The Politics of Postal Transformation: Modernizing Postal Systems in the Electronic and Global [*orld, Mc Gill - Queens University Press, Waterloo, Canada, 2002. Crew, Michael A. et Paul R. Kleindorfer, editeurs: Currenit Directions in Postal Reform. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, Massachusetts, 2000. Crew, Michael A. et Paul R. Kleindorfer, editeurs: Future Directions int Postal Reform. Kluwer Academic Publishers, * Boston, Massachusetts, 2001. Crew, Michael A. et Paul R. 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Groupe de la Banque mondiale; The Little Green Data Book, Banque intemationale pour la reconstruction et le developpement/Banque mondiale, Washington, 2000. 46 nolne3Hble web-caiTb6 BHCIIYPOOHI www.upu.int Me,avyyHapoxnHoe 6iopo BIIC www.undp.org rlpoIpaMMa OOH no pa3BHTHIo Alupoofto 6aHK www.worldbank.org Fpynna MHpoBoro 6aHKa www.worldbank.org/ict/ OT,Jen TexHoniorHin CBSr31 1u MH4)OpMaUHH B MHpOBOM MacUmTa6e (IMB) IHnobppaol0UZl, Kacaotqascl nlOfmOao20 ceKniopa u Op?aHu13a71ut, 01nHOCAIUf4XCC K' 3m0.os' ceemopxp wxvw.postcom.org Association for Postal Commerce www.ipc.be Intemational Post Corporation www.postinsight.pb.com Pitney Bowes www.postalnews.com "Daily News Digest of the Postal World" www.iftf org Institute for the Future www.postinfo.net Postlnfo "Address Management on the Web" www.dmnews.com DM News "The Online Newspaper of Record for Direct Marketers KOHTaKTHbIe j1mL4a Fpynna Mitpoaoao 6adHa Juan B. Ianni Isabelle Andress Fpynna deuCmsfzsi 3a nowmoeoe Senior Postal Policy Specialist Senior Postal Policy Specialist pallmnue Global Information and Global Information and Communication Technologies Communication Technologies Patricia A. Bamwell The World Bank Group The World Bank Group U.S. Postal Service Headquarters I818 H Street NW 1818 H Street NW 475 L'Enfant Plaza, SW Mail Stop FSK-508 Mail Stop F5K-508 Washington, DC 20260-5000 WASHINGTON, DC 20433-0005 WASHINGTON, DC 20433-0005 ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE ETATS-UNIS D'AMERIQUE Tene4mon: + 1 202 268 3281 Tenesow: + 1 202 473 3214 Teneton: + 1 202 473 4373 WDaKc: + 1 202 268 6934 WDaKc: + 1 202 522 3001 WDaKc: + 1 202 522 3001 E-mail: E-mail: jianni(atworldbank.org E-mail: iandress(a worldbank.org prh U.,' I i. . 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