GOVERNMENT OF THE PEOPLE’S REPUBLIC OF BANGLADESH MINISTRY OF WATER RESOURCES BANGLADESH WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD (BWDB) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) CLIMATE SMART AGRICULTURAL WATER MANAGEMENT PROJECT (CSAWMP) Vol. II SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (SMF) Gender, Inclusion, Participation, Resettlement and Small Ethnic Community Policy Guidelines December 2017 Prepared by BWDB FOR CSAWMP APPLICABLE FOR BWDB AS WELL AS FOR DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE EXTENSION (DAE) AND DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES (DOF) Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-1 Abbreviation AD Alluvion-Diluvion ADM Adaptive Delta Management AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome AP Affected Person ARIPA Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Act 2017 ARIPO Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance 1982 (Ordinance II) BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board CBOs Community-Based Organizations CE Citizen Engagement CEIP-1 Coastal Embankment Improvement Project, Phase 1 CHT Chittagong Hill Tracts CIG Common Interest Groups CSA Climate-Smart Agricultural CSAWMP Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project CSOs Civil Society Organizations CUL Compensation under Law C&P Consultation and Participation DAE Department of Agriculture Extension DC Deputy Commissioner DOF Department of Fisheries DSC Design Supervision Consultant ECRRP Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework FCD Flood Control Drainage FCDI Flood Control Drainage and Irrigation FFS Farmer Field Schools FGD Focus Group Discussion FMS Finance Management Specialist FPIC Free, prior and informed consultation GHG Green House Gas GOB Government of Bangladesh GRC Grievance Redress Cell/Grievance Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HDCs Hill District Councils HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IAPP Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project IDA International Development Association IGA Income Generating Activities IMED Implementation Monitoring and Evaluation Division IRM Immediate Response Mechanism IVR Interactive Voice Response Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-2 JVT Joint Verification Team LAP Land Acquisition Proposals LCS Landless/Labor Contracting Society LEAF Local Extension Agent for Fisheries LGED Local Government Engineering Department LGI Local Government Institute LIM Labor Influx Management M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MES Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoFL Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock MOL Ministry of Land, MOLGRDC Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives MOU Memorandum of Understanding MoWR Ministry of Water Resources NATP National Agricultural Technology Project NGOs Non-Government Organizations OCWM Office of the Chief Water Management O&M Operation & Maintenance OP Operational Policies PAPs Project Affected Persons PAH Project Affected Households PCU Project Coordination Unit PD Project Director PIM Project Implementation Manual PIU Project Implementation Unit PMC Project Management Committee PPR Project Progress Report PRA Participatory Rapid Appraisal PS Procurement Specialist PSC Project Steering Committee PSM Participatory Scheme Cycle Management R&IP Rehabilitation and Improvement Plan RAP Resettlement Action Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SA Social Assessment SEC Small Ethnic Communities SECEP Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan SIA social impact assessment SIMP Social Impact Management Plan SMF Social Management Framework SMP Social Management Plan SSDS Senior Social Development Specialist STI Sexually Transmitted Infections Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-3 TA Transition Allowance UP Union Parishad VGD Vulnerable Group Development VGF vulnerable group feeding VNR Vested and Non-Resident Property WBG World Bank Group WMA Water Management Association WMG Water Management Groups WMIP Water Management Improvement Project WMO Water Management ‘Organizations Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-4 Table of Contents 1 INTRODUCTION 1-6 1.1 Project Background ..................................................................................................... 1-6 1.2 Project Social Management Framework ...................................................................... 1-7 1.3 Objectives and General Principles of SMF.................................................................. 1-8 1.4 Approach and Methodology ........................................................................................ 1-9 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2-11 2.1 Project Objectives ...................................................................................................... 2-11 2.2 Project Components ................................................................................................... 2-11 2.3 Project Area and Beneficiaries .................................................................................. 2-17 2.4 Implementation Approach ......................................................................................... 2-18 2.4.1 Institutional Arrangement ............................................................................... 2-18 2.4.2 Project Implementation Management ............................................................. 2-18 2.4.3 Consultant Support ......................................................................................... 2-19 2.4.4 Scheme Selection Criteria............................................................................... 2-19 2.4.5 Participatory Management .............................................................................. 2-20 2.5 CSAWMP Schemes Civil Works .............................................................................. 2-21 3 REVIEW OF LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES 3-22 3.1 National Legal and Regulatory Framework............................................................... 3-22 3.2 Social Management: Institutional Experience ........................................................... 3-28 3.3 World Bank Social Safeguard Policies ...................................................................... 3-30 3.4 Application of Legal and Policy Framework ............................................................. 3-32 4 SOCIOECONOMIC BRIEF OF PROJECT AREA 4-33 4.1 Demographic Profile .................................................................................................. 4-33 4.1.1 Beneficiary Population ................................................................................... 4-33 4.1.2 Project Area Population by Age Group .......................................................... 4-34 4.1.3 Education in Project Area ............................................................................... 4-35 4.1.4 Distribution of Population by Religion ........................................................... 4-36 4.1.5 Small Ethnic Communities ............................................................................. 4-36 4.2 Economic Profile ....................................................................................................... 4-37 4.2.1 Ownership of farm land .................................................................................. 4-37 4.2.2 Land Tenure-ship and Agri-Labor Households .............................................. 4-38 4.2.3 Housing status................................................................................................. 4-38 4.2.4 Households with possession of livestock and poultry .................................... 4-39 4.2.5 Livestock and poultry resources ..................................................................... 4-40 4.3 Poverty, Gender and Vulnerability ............................................................................ 4-40 4.4 Potential Social Risks and Impacts ............................................................................ 4-42 4.4.1 Likely Risks and Impacts................................................................................ 4-42 4.4.2 Component Specific Potential Impacts ........................................................... 4-43 5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 5-44 5.1 Consultation Process.................................................................................................. 5-44 5.2 Stakeholder Analysis ................................................................................................. 5-44 5.2.1 Primary Stakeholders ........................................................................................ 5-45 5.2.2 Secondary Stakeholders .................................................................................... 5-45 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-1 5.3 Summary of Consultation Process ............................................................................. 5-46 5.4 Community and Beneficiary Feedback...................................................................... 5-47 6 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS 6-49 6.1 Social Management Principles................................................................................... 6-49 6.2 Social Development Guidelines................................................................................. 6-49 6.2.1 Beneficiary Participation in Project Cycle...................................................... 6-49 6.2.2 Social Development and Safeguards Management ........................................ 6-50 6.2.3 Communication and Participation Strategy .................................................... 6-50 6.2.4 Grievance Response........................................................................................ 6-50 6.3 Social Assessment Process ........................................................................................ 6-51 6.3.1 Social Screening ............................................................................................. 6-51 6.3.2 Subproject Exclusion Criteria ......................................................................... 6-51 6.3.3 Social Impact Assessment .............................................................................. 6-51 6.3.4 Consultation with Beneficiaries and Affected Persons................................... 6-52 6.4 Selection of Social Management Plans ...................................................................... 6-52 6.5 Social Management Plan for Subproject Cycle ......................................................... 6-55 6.5.1 Stages of Scheme Cycle.................................................................................. 6-55 6.5.2 Timelines of Scheme Cycle ............................................................................ 6-58 6.5.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) .......................................................... 6-58 6.5.4 GRM Disclosure, Documentation and Monitoring......................................... 6-59 6.5.5 Labor Influx Management .............................................................................. 6-60 6.5.6 Consultation and Participation ........................................................................ 6-61 7 RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK 7-1 7.1 Objectives and Scope ................................................................................................... 7-1 7.2 Legal and Policy Framework ....................................................................................... 7-1 7.2.1 Legal and Policy Principles .............................................................................. 7-1 7.3 Acquisition of Land for Infrastructure Construction ................................................... 7-3 7.4 Voluntary donation of private land .............................................................................. 7-3 7.5 Taking Private Land for Emergency Construction ...................................................... 7-4 7.6 Eligibility for Compensation and Assistance............................................................... 7-4 7.7 Compensation Principles and Standards ...................................................................... 7-5 7.7.1 Acquired Lands and Other Assets .................................................................... 7-5 7.7.2 Displacement from Homesteads ....................................................................... 7-5 7.7.3 Loss of Business, Employment and Rental Income ......................................... 7-6 7.7.4 Vested and Non-Resident Property .................................................................. 7-6 7.7.5 Leasehold Lands ............................................................................................... 7-7 7.7.6 Unforeseen Impacts .......................................................................................... 7-7 7.8 Preparation of Resettlement Plan ................................................................................. 7-7 7.8.1 Preparation of Land Acquisition Proposals ...................................................... 7-8 7.8.2 RAP Surveys..................................................................................................... 7-8 7.8.3 Determination of Replacement cost/Market Prices .......................................... 7-8 7.8.4 Consultation and Information Dissemination ................................................... 7-9 7.8.5 Grievance Redress .......................................................................................... 7-10 7.8.6 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan Implementation.............................. 7-10 7.8.7 Monitoring and Evaluation ............................................................................. 7-10 7.8.8 Budget and Sources of Finance ...................................................................... 7-12 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-2 8 SMALL ETHNIC COMMUNITY DEVELOPEMNT FRAMEWORK 8-13 8.1 Background ................................................................................................................ 8-13 8.2 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 8-14 8.3 Identification of SECs in Subproject Area ................................................................ 8-15 8.4 Informed consultation for broader community support ............................................. 8-16 8.5 Community needs assessment ................................................................................... 8-16 8.6 Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP) ............................................ 8-16 8.6.1 Basic principles of SECEP ............................................................................. 8-16 8.7 Grievance Redress Mechanisms ................................................................................ 8-17 8.8 Contents of SECEP .................................................................................................... 8-17 8.9 Publication and information dissemination ............................................................... 8-18 8.9.1 Culture-Sensitive Information Dissemination, Awareness and Outreach ...... 8-18 8.9.2 Training .......................................................................................................... 8-18 8.9.3 Procedure ........................................................................................................ 8-18 8.9.4 Principles ........................................................................................................ 8-19 9 INCLUSION AND GENDER ACTION PLAN 9-1 9.1 Social and Gender Issues ............................................................................................. 9-1 9.2 Social and Gender Issues ............................................................................................. 9-2 9.3 Social and Gender Analysis ......................................................................................... 9-3 9.4 Social Inclusion and Gender Actions........................................................................... 9-4 9.5 Disability and Vulnerability Issues .............................................................................. 9-5 10 CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION PLAN 10-1 10.1 Objectives and Methodology ..................................................................................... 10-1 10.2 C&P at Identification Stage ....................................................................................... 10-1 10.3 Subproject Planning and Design Stage ...................................................................... 10-2 10.4 Subproject Implementation Stage .............................................................................. 10-2 10.5 Review and Evaluation Stage .................................................................................... 10-2 10.6 Consultation Framework ........................................................................................... 10-2 10.7 Consultation and Feedback at PSM Steps ................................................................. 10-3 10.8 Documentation and Reporting ................................................................................... 10-7 10.8.1 National Workshop ......................................................................................... 10-7 10.8.2 Availability of Documents .............................................................................. 10-8 11 SOCIAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK 11-1 11.1 Objectives .................................................................................................................. 11-1 11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility ................................................................ 11-1 11.2.1 Internal Monitoring......................................................................................... 11-1 11.2.2 Independent and External Monitoring ............................................................ 11-2 11.3 Monitoring Mechanism ............................................................................................. 11-2 11.4 Monitoring Issues, Indicators and Questions ............................................................. 11-2 11.5 Reporting ................................................................................................................... 11-4 11.6 Disclosure of Monitoring Reports ............................................................................. 11-4 11.7 Assessment and Evaluation ....................................................................................... 11-4 11.7.1 Performance Evaluation.................................................................................. 11-5 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-3 List of Tables Table 2-1 Zone Wise Scheme Areas and Beneficiary Population ................................. 2-17 Table 2-2 Summary of Physical Interventions............................................................... 2-21 Table 4-1 Household and Population (in Million) by Division 2011 ............................ 4-33 Table 4-2 Project Area Population by Age .................................................................... 4-34 Table 4-3 Literacy Rate by Sex and Division 2011 ....................................................... 4-35 Table 4-4 Population by Religion .................................................................................. 4-36 Table 4-5 Small Ethnic Population in the Project Area ................................................. 4-36 Table 4-6 Ownership of Farm Land in the Project Area ............................................... 4-37 Table 4-7 : Land Tenure and Agri-labor Households .................................................... 4-38 Table 4-8 Housing Pattern in the Project ....................................................................... 4-39 Table 4-9 Households in Project Area with Possession of Livestock and Poultry 2011 4-39 Table 4-10 Number of the Livestock and Poultry (in Lakh) in Bangladesh .................. 4-40 Table 5-1 Stakeholder Analysis ..................................................................................... 5-44 Table 6-1 Selection of Social Management Tools in Project Process ........................... 6-53 Table 6-2 Timelines of Scheme Cycle ........................................................................... 6-58 Table 7-1 Social Management Budget (Tentative) ........................................................ 7-12 Table 8-1 Small Ethnic Communities in Bangladesh .................................................... 8-13 Table 8-2 Sample of the matrix ..................................................................................... 8-15 Table 10-1 Community Engagement and Consultation Checklist ................................. 10-3 Table 10-2 Stages of Participatory Scheme Cycle Management ................................... 10-4 Table 11-1 Potential Monitoring Indicators ................................................................... 11-2 Appendix Appendix 1 Compensation and Entitlement Matrixes .................................................................. A-1 Appendix 2 Social Screening Format ......................................................................................... A-10 Appendix 3 Agreement of Voluntary Dispossesssion of Land .................................................. A-12 Appendix 4 Labor Influx Management Strategy ........................................................................ A-15 Appendix 5 Consultation Meeting with Khasia Tribal People ................................................... A-17 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction and Project Description The Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project (CSAWMP) seeks to enhance productivity and climate resilience of agriculture through improved water management and increased market opportunities for small holder farmers, especially women, in selected schemes; and in the event of an emergency, to provide immediate and effective response. Project supports will be primarily focused on: (i) rehabilitating and modernizing Flood Control Drainage (FCD) and Flood Control Drainage & Irrigation (FCDI) infrastructure for climate-resilient water resources management; (ii) improving the management and sustainability prospects of FCD and FCDI infrastructure by supporting local communities to play an expanded role at all stages of scheme management (including contributing to O&M); (iii) promoting more efficient use of water resources through improved on-farm water use efficiency and water productivity; (iv) supporting the dissemination and adoption of Climate Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices under both crop and fisheries production systems (to promote adoption and mitigation of climate change); and (v) improving the marketing of agricultural products for the beneficiaries. The Project approach is to undertake identification and selection of scheme level water management infrastructures for design and rehabilitation on an annual basis to withstand climate change impacts in water management. Under this programmatic planning approach, social impacts including safeguards compliance issues will be identified when the specific sites for civil works will be selected and designed for implementation. Project activities will largely be on existing available lands, but in special circumstances, additional private land may be required and existing public land may need to be resumed from authorized and/or unauthorized private uses. Works and site selection will be done through all-inclusive consultative process. However, exact locations with construction boundary as well as associated social impacts including safeguards compliance issues will be identified when site specific design will be prepared at the implementation stage. To support the programmatic approach in project implementation, BWDB has prepared this Social Management Framework (SMF) with the overall project Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) to deal with safeguards compliance and other social issues likely to arise during design and implementation of the schemes under the Project. This SMF has been prepared by BWDB and will be followed for CSAWMP implementation by all the component executing agencies including BWDB, DAE and DOF. The SMF is based on quick social assessment of the proposed project including review of past and ongoing experiences and consultation with the stakeholders. The level of social risks is estimated to be low to moderate, stemming from the rehabilitation nature of most investments. The Project has been assigned Environmental Risk Assessment Category B and triggers the World Bank Safeguard Policies: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). In review of past experiences, the project activities trigger social safeguards operational policies of World Bank including operational policies on Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10) and on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). The SMF will guide social screening of project interventions, social impact assessment, beneficiary Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-1 engagement, gender mainstreaming, consultation and participation and preparation of social management plans including Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and/or Small Ethnic Community Development Plan. The SMF is conducive to the approach of participatory scheme cycle management (PSM) through water management organizations (WMO) including Water Management Groups (WMG) at the hydrological unit level and Water Management Association (WMA) at the scheme level. The SMF will be a living document and can be reviewed and updated in agreement between the executing agencies and the World Bank Group (WBG). Relevant Government and World Bank Policies The document is prepared as per requirement of the government of Bangladesh and World Bank of Project/Program Financing. This ESMF is prepared for Rehabilitation and Improvement of Flood Control Drainage (FCD) and Flood Control Drainage & Irrigation (FCDI) infrastructure under schemes of CSAWMP for climate-resilient water resources management. The project does not envision any land acquisition or population displacement to that extent which is evident under the schemes of the CSAWMP. Although unlikely, the project at a later stage may like to acquire private lands and/or public land from private uses only at extreme circumstances of unavailability of land through other means. Land, in such circumstances, will be acquired under the Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property ACT, 2017 of the Government of Bangladesh. The acts therefore, trigger the Bank OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement. The tribal peoples, although have distinct indigenous language and culture, they are mainstreamed in the society for their livelihoods, land tenancy and political institutions. In a very few cases, there is a scope of minimum number of tribal people will be affected under the project. Therefore, the Bank OP 4.10 will be triggered to the project. However, efforts had been made to avoid or minimize such schemes from list of candidate schemes during selection under the Project. Social Assessment with Consultation For carrying out social assessment (SA) of the CSAWMP, field surveys, consultations with different stakeholders, Focused Group Discussions (FGDs), review of SA reports of schemes CSAWMP, etc. were made. Field visit was made to one proposed scheme site where one consultation meeting was conducted with the Khasia tribal people at Nizpat village and union under Jaintiapur Upazila of Sylhet district. Name of the scheme is Sari-Gowain FCDI project under Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project (CSAWMP) (see Annex-5: Consultation Meeting with Khasia Tribal People). Literature review focused on current policies, legislations, acts, rules, procedures and practices of the Government of Bangladesh (GoB) and the World Bank operational policies on environmental and social safeguards. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-2 In Project Benefit Project benefits for schemes for rehabilitation and improvement of FCD & FCDI infrastructures under the Project include (i) climate resilient agricultural water management under the Project, (ii) benefits from long-term water use efficiency and climate smart irrigation and water management technologies, (iii) strengthened Water Management Organizations (WMOs), (iv) management transfer and capacity building of BWDB and WMOs, (v) promoting climate-smart crop and aquaculture productions, (vi) providing support to climate-resilient crops and aquaculture productions. The farmers, fishers and agricultural laborers will be benefited from implementation of schemes under the Project. Social Assessment The social assessment comprised of (i) beneficiary assessment, (ii) stakeholder analysis, and (iii) impacts assessments. Beneficiary assessment enabled building baseline socio-economic profiles at the project area; the vulnerability of the community to water resources management infrastructures and the need for rehabilitation/improvement of FCD & FCDI under schemes of the Project. All districts under the nine zones of BWDB where the schemes are proposed for rehabilitation/improvement of FCD & FCDI under schemes of the Project have been taken as the project area. The preliminary social assessment identified the beneficiaries at sample locations and consulted them for understanding their expectations, issues and concerns regarding the respective schemes. The social assessment also included impact assessments and risk analysis. The results have been used in designing the social management framework addressing social development and safeguards issues, thus contributing to sustainable positive benefits from the project. Social Issues and Impacts Rehabilitation and improvement of FCD & FCDI infrastructures will benefit communities in the 9 zones of BWDB. The investments for schemes for water management infrastructure rehabilitation and improvement include (a) re-sectioning of embankment, (b) construction of retired embankment, (c) replacement and repair of water control structures, (d) re-excavation of irrigation and drainage canals, (e) on firm small interventions for optimizing irrigation and drainage. It may be mentioned that these civil works will largely remain limited within existing land of BWDB and other public lands. Social issues relating to project implementation are: (i) avoiding adverse social impacts in scheme selection, design and implementation; (ii) inclusion, particularly of the poor and vulnerable section including women and ethnic minorities; (iii) identification of unavoidable adverse social impacts and mitigation; (iv) management of social conflicts and grievances during civil works for rehabilitation/improvement of FCD & FCDI infrastructures; (v) capacity building of key stakeholders; (vi) addressing gender issues and community needs; and (vii) communication to address these issues. Rehabilitation/improvement of FCD & FCDI infrastructures under schemes of the Project will be done within the existing BWDB’s land and in acquired public and private lands in negligible cases of schemes under the Project. No land acquisition or population displacement is envisioned under Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-3 schemes of the Project. Additional necessary land will be obtained under voluntary agreement. Existing BWDB’s lands encroached by someone will be resumed for implementation of the Project. Lands may also be obtained through voluntary donation/dispossession, exchange or contribution against compensation by the sponsoring institutions BWDB. However, at extreme circumstances of critical needs, BWDB may like to obtain land through involuntary acquisition as the last resort. As a result, major social challenges in the scheme areas may include (a) poverty and population density, (b) land and resource rights issues, (c) gender disparity and social insecurity, (d) exclusion of minority groups and backward population, (e) public health issues including HIV/AIDS, (f) inadequate communication networks, (g) poor governance and services and (h) participation by project functionaries, civil society and local communities. It has already mentioned earlier that one consultation meeting was held with the Khasia tribal people in Jaintiapur Upazila of Sylhet district. The Khasia tribal people have their own indigenous language. They use Khasia language among themselves. They have been mainstreamed in terms of livelihoods, tenancy of land and political institutions. Nonetheless, no subproject will be taken for financing under the Project that may negatively affect the tribal peoples. Social Assessment Procedure The Social Assessment Procedure has been prepared in compliance with the Bank OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement and following the legal framework active in the country for acquisition of land. The document will guide BWDB to address social safeguard compliance issues arising at project implementation stage and to ensure social inclusion in the process. BWDB will assess social issues related to site selection, scheme/subproject design, methods of obtaining lands for schemes/subprojects, identify impacts of project interventions to prepare Social Management Plan (SMP) for all schemes/subprojects, and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), where required, following the agreed social assessment procedure. A grievance redress mechanism (GRM) will be in place at each scheme/subproject site for receiving complaints and suggestions, and settlement of scheme/subproject related grievances from the communities and affected persons. Institutional Arrangement for Safeguard Compliance The Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MOFL) will be involved in Project implementation. BWDB will be playing coordinating roles while the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and the Department of Fisheries (DOF) will involved in collaborative works with BWDB. Each implementing entity - BWDB, DAE and DOF – will take the lead on project components under their respective institutional mandate, capacity and skills endowment. BWDB will take the lead on activities related to project Component-1for improved climate resilience and aquaculture production; DAE will be the lead on subcomponent-2.1 for support to climate-resilient crop production while activities targeting the improvement of aquaculture production as defined under subcomponent-2.2 will be led by the DOF. The Design Supervision Consultant (DSC) will conduct social screening and social impact assessment (SIA) of schemes/subprojects and prepare Social Impact Management Plans (SIMP) or Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-4 Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) and/or Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP), where required, based on SIA. BWDB PCU and DAE and DOF PIUs will engage social development and safeguards individual consultants for oversight and management of safeguards issues associated with the project activities in various stages of project cycle including civil works construction. The DSC will also assist PCU, BWDB in implementation of SIMP, the social plans, RAP and SECEP. BWDB may employ directly or through the DSC a special team of social consultants and social assistants for social mobilization and implementation of SIMP, the social plans, RAP and SECEP. Consultation and Feedback at PSM Steps Participation/consultation is a two-way communication process consisting of ‘feed-forward’ the information on the schemes’/subprojects’ goals, objectives, scope and social impact implications to the beneficiaries, and their ‘feedback’ on these issues. Participatory Scheme Cycle Management (PSM) contains activities in 10 stages over a period of 35 months from the day of identification of the scheme/subproject for investment under the Project. Step wise requires timeframe in month is mentioned within parenthesis here. The 10 PSM steps in the project cycle includes (1) Identification (one month at the beginning), (2) Assessment of scheme (two months during mid-first to mid-third or second to third month), (3) Screening (one month during the 3rd/4th month), (4) Mobilization (six month between 3rd and 8th month), (5) Planning (six months between 5th and 10th), (6) Design (four months between 8th and 11th month), (7) Implementation (fourteen months between 11th and 24th month), (8) Management Plan (three months between 18th and 20th month), (9) Joint Operation and Maintenance (O&M) (thirteen months between 22nd and 34th month) and ((10) Management Transfer two months between 34th and 35th month). Table 10.2 Stages of Participatory Scheme Cycle Management presents detailed information covering (i) activities and outcome, (ii) areas of participation and feedback and (iii) mode of participation. Access to Information The ESMF report and impact mitigation measures will be translated into Bengali language and disseminated locally. Copies of the report (both in English and Bengali) will be sent to all the concerned field offices of the BWDB, DAE and DOF and will be made available to the public. The draft ESMF will also be uploaded in the website of BWDB and in the Bank InfoShop before completion of appraisal. In addition, a national workshop has been planned after the appraisal mission of the project to present the ESMF to the key stakeholders including field level staff of the implementing agencies (BWDB, DAE & DOF), community representatives, NGOs, civil society, etc. The comments and the findings from the workshop and other public will be reviewed and incorporated in the final report. During the implementation stage of project, the scheme/subproject specific screening/assessment report will periodically be posted in the BWDB website before the bidding process. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-5 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Project Background The Government of Bangladesh is preparing the Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project (the Project) for climate resilient agricultural water management introducing new activities related to long-term water use efficiency and climate smart irrigation and water management technologies. Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) under the Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR) will be implementing the Project in conjunction with the Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) under the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA) and Department of Fisheries (DOF) under the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MoFL). The proposed Project will scale up the pilot reforms program initiated under the recently completed Water Management Improvement Project (WMIP). The Project is aimed for use of the participatory scheme cycle management (PSM) approach on a larger scale and institutionalization of the approach with BWDB. The proposed Project will also strengthen Water Management ‘Organizations (WMO) formed under WMIP and include lessons from the pilot phase experience of new WMOs under the Project. DAE and DOF will also be using beneficiary participation approach in carrying out agricultural and fisheries development activities in the selected schemes. Civil works for scheme rehabilitation will be done by BWDB in collaboration with DAE and DOF for agriculture and fisheries comprehensive management. However, each of BWDB, DAE and DOF will work for separate components/sub- components under the proposed Project. The Project is expected to cover selected schemes in all 9 water development zones across the country to improve agricultural water management for flood control, drainage and irrigation in a manner withstanding climate change impacts. Activities may include rehabilitation of flood control embankments in selected water management schemes as well as rehabilitation, repair and replacement of existing water control structures, rehabilitation of irrigation and drainage channels within schemes and promoting beneficiaries’ participation in water management including operation and maintenance of the improved schemes. Project civil works will be carried out within existing available lands. However, in special circumstances, additional lands may be required from other public and private sources for implementation of CSAWMP. With the experience of other completed and ongoing projects within BWDB, it is anticipated that Project activities may involve involuntary displacement of people largely squatters and encroachers. The selected schemes under the Project may also involve areas inhabited by Small Ethnic Community, with typical characteristics of indigenous peoples. Again, the civil works will be limited to existing schemes and on existing infrastructure, and there will be no major long-term irreversible environmental consequences or effects due to the Project. BWDB has primarily identified some schemes across the country for rehabilitation under the Project with co-financing from the International Development Association (IDA) of the World Bank Group (WBG). WBG guidelines and Operational Policies (OP) on social development and safeguards will, therefore, be applied for the Project, in addition to local legal requirements, for identification, design and implementation of subprojects. While few of the subprojects have been identified and full assessment and design has been completed before appraisal, exact interventions and locations for rest of the subprojects will be identified at the implementation stage. BWDB and other implementing agencies have therefore agreed with the WBG on a framework approach of identification, design and implementation of subprojects. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-6 1.2 Project Social Management Framework The Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project (CSAWMP) seeks to enhance productivity and climate resilience of agriculture through improved water management and increased market opportunities for small holder farmers, especially women, in selected schemes; and in the event of an emergency, to provide immediate and effective response. Project supports will be primarily focused on: (i) rehabilitating and modernizing FCD and FCDI infrastructure for climate-resilient water resources management; (ii) improving the management and sustainability prospects of Flood Control and Drainage (FCD) and Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation (FCDI) infrastructure by supporting local communities to play an expanded role at all stages of scheme management (including contributing to O&M); (iii) promoting more efficient use of water resources through improved on-farm water use efficiency and water productivity; (iv) supporting the dissemination and adoption of Climate-Smart Agricultural (CSA) practices under both crop and fisheries production systems (to promote adoption and mitigation of climate change); and (v) improving the marketing of agricultural products for beneficiaries. The Project approach is to undertake identification and selection of scheme level water management infrastructures for design and rehabilitation on an annual basis to withstand climate change impacts in water management. Under this programmatic planning approach, social impacts including safeguards compliance issues will be identified when the specific sites for civil works will be selected and designed for implementation. Project activities will largely be on existing available lands, but in special circumstances, additional private land may be required and existing public land may need to be resumed from authorized or unauthorized private uses. Works and site selection will be done through all-inclusive consultative process. However, exact locations with construction boundary as well as associated social impacts including safeguards compliance issues will be identified when site specific design will be prepared at the implementation stage. To support the programmatic approach in project implementation, BWDB has prepared this Social Management Framework (SMF) constituent to the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) to deal with safeguards compliance and other social issues likely to arise during design and implementation of the subprojects during implementation of the Project. This SMF has been prepared by BWDB and will be followed for CSAWMP implementation by all the component executing agencies including BWDB, DAE and DOF. The SMF is based on quick social assessment of the proposed project including review of past and ongoing experiences and consultation with the stakeholders. The level of social risks is estimated to be low to moderate, stemming from the rehabilitation nature of most investments. The Project has been assigned Environmental Risk Assessment Category B and triggers the World Bank Safeguard Policies: Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01). In review of past experiences, the project activities trigger social safeguards operational policies of the World Bank Group (WBG) including operational policies on Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.10) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). The SMF will guide social screening of project interventions, social impact assessment, beneficiary engagement, gender mainstreaming, consultation and participation and preparation of social management plans including Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and / or Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan. The SMF is conducive to the approach of participatory scheme cycle management through water management organizations (WMO) including Water Management Groups (WMG) at the hydrological unit level and Water Management Association (WMA) at the scheme level. The SMF Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-7 will be a living document and can be reviewed and updated in agreement between the executing agencies and the WBG. 1.3 Objectives and General Principles of SMF A partial social assessment has been carried out to prepare the Social Management Framework (SMF) as guidelines for BWDB as well as DAE and DOF to ensure mainstreaming social development issues and social safeguards compliance requirements of WBG building on the relevant national legislatives and policy guidelines. The SMF provides guidelines for management of involuntary resettlement, Small Ethnic Community’s issues, social inclusion, gender, communications and consultations. The SMF also provides general policies, principles and procedures in schemes selection under CSAWMP, and design and implementation of subprojects in compliance with WBG relevant policies and the requirements of national legal, regulatory and policy framework. Specific objectives of the SMF are the following: • Enhance the social development outcomes of rehabilitation of selected agricultural water management schemes across the country where CSAWMP will be implemented. • Avoid or minimize land acquisition and displacement related hardships and impoverishment of the project affected persons to the extent possible. • Identify and mitigate adverse impacts that the selected sites might cause on people (men & women), including protection against loss of livelihood activities, with culturally, socially and economically appropriate measures. • Develop necessary social deve lopment and safeguard compliance measures through adequate disclosure and consultation with affected people and their community, and • Prepare plan and document the process of taking private land or resume public land from private uses for subproject in a process other than expropriation using the eminent domain law of the country or against compensation and resettlement assistance; • Ensure compliance with the relevant GOB policies and those of the World Bank on social development and safeguards including those with inclusion, gender, citizen engagement and accountability implications. In consideration of the potential adverse impacts associated with land acquisition and displacement of authorized and unauthorized private users from the lands owned by BWDB and other public lands, BWDB will select, design and implement all activities in accordance with the following principles: • Prior to selection of specific site, undertake community and stakeholder consultations about the objectives, scopes, and social safeguard implications of subprojects, especially with respect to obtaining private/public lands and displacement of people from their housing, businesses, and productive resources. Consultations will inter alia include, ✓ All formal/informal local entities, such as beneficiary communities, local elected representatives, local women’s groups and others with direct and indirect stakes in the project who are deemed key actors to influence project design and implementation. ✓ The persons, such as landowners, business owners, traders, embankment settlers (squatters and encroachers on sites) and the like, who would be directly affected by the project. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-8 ✓ The persons who would be affected in terms of loss of livelihood and/or loss of access to common property resources. ✓ Any small ethnic or other vulnerable groups as identified in the project social assessment • Avoid private land acquisition and limit its activities, to the extent feasible, within the existing available land to minimize displacement of economic and other activities from private and public lands. • At extreme requirements of additional land for scheme rehabilitation, seek to obtain the land through participatory approach of voluntary donation, direct purchase, exchange or contribution against compensation complying with requirements of the World Bank on such acts. • At the circumstances when lands cannot be obtained through participatory approach in absolute cases of requirement, and involuntary acquisition of private lands and resume of existing lands from private uses are required, the project will resettle and rehabilitate the affected persons through compensation and other measures following the World Bank OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement. • Avoid, to the extent feasible, project activities that will threaten the cultural way of life of Small Ethnic Community; severely restrict their access to common property resources and livelihood activities; and affect places/objects of cultural and religious significance (places of worship, ancestral burial grounds, etc.). • Undertake social screening of all sites to identify potential social safeguard issues, and adopt and implement impact mitigation measures consistent with the Bank’s OP 4.12 and OP 4.10 on indigenous peoples. Each subproject of scheme rehabilitation to withstand climate change impacts in agricultural water management will be screened for social safeguards compliance requirements, and social impacts assessment will be done where required. Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP) and any Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) or Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP) will be prepared for each subproject or construction works package following the principles, guidelines and procedures outlined in this SMF and implemented before construction of civil works. In case of no involuntary displacement of people or involvement of Small Ethnic Community in a subproject, the SIMP will provide approaches of use of private or public lands using voluntary donation or dispossession, contribution against compensation, citizen engagement, gender mainstreaming, accountability and grievance redress mechanism. In cases of RAP or SECEP elements of social development activities will be included the planning documents. Special attention will be given to women in resettlement process, where applicable and to the vulnerability of women and children in the project areas to social exclusion, trafficking, and risks of HIV/AIDS infection following the policy guidelines of the World Bank on gender. 1.4 Approach and Methodology This SMF has been prepared based on partial social assessment (SA) of the Project. The SA was carried out through review of relevant literature on similar projects and stakeholders’ consultation. Searching and reviewing the above-mentioned literature include comprehensive desk work on Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-9 specific objectives related to preparation of this SMF. More specifically, literature review includes past experiences of water resources management, agricultural technology project, etc., in the context of contemporary climate change and social safeguards management in rehabilitation/improvement and construction of water resources management infrastructures for making use of gained insight in the CSAWMP financed by the World Bank. The Social Assessment carried out before appraisal of the project enabled the preparation of this SMF. Interviews and focused group discussion were conducted/done to identify social impacts and risks including land acquisition, involuntary resettlement and other social impacts due to implementation of the proposed subprojects/schemes. The stakeholders including the beneficiaries and their communities have been consulted for carrying out the SA. The project approach and likely social risks and impacts, the legal and policy applications and role of the beneficiaries and their communities were disclosed in the consultation process and feedback from the communities were recorded to further discuss with the project proponents in proposing project legal and policy framework for social impact management and community participation for socially inclusive design and implementation approach. The SMF provides the necessary background for social considerations, a checklist of potential social issues of the project activities, procedures for carrying out social impact assessment and preparation of social impact management plans (SIMP), RAP and SECEP for ensuring social sustainability of the project. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 1-10 2 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1 Project Objectives Main objective of the Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project (CSAWMP) is to enhance climate resilience and productivity of irrigated agriculture through improved water management and increased market opportunities for small holder farmers, especially women, in selected schemes. The proposed project is expected to lead to improvements in flood protection, drainage, agricultural water management, increased average yields, improvements in farmers’ adaptive capacity, increases in farm gate prices, volume and value of marketed agricultural outputs, annual farm incomes, enhanced food security, and reductions in Green House Gas (GHG) emissions in some of the production landscapes. 2.2 Project Components CSAWMP focuses primarily on: (i) rehabilitating and improving the quality of FCD and FCDI infrastructure for climate-resilient water resources management; (ii) improving the management and sustainability prospects of FCD and FCDI infrastructure by supporting local communities to play an expanded role at all stages of scheme management (including contributing to O&M); (iii) promoting more efficient use of water resources through improved storage, on-farm water use efficiency and water productivity in the drought season; (iv) supporting the dissemination and adoption of CSA practices both in crop and aquaculture production; and (v) improving the marketing of agricultural products by the beneficiaries. The project will be organized around four main components as described below. Component 1: Improved Climate Resilience of Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Infrastructure Systems; Component 2: Climate-Smart Crop and Aquaculture Production; Component 3: Project Management Support; and Component 4: Contingency Emergency Response. Component 1: Improved Climate Resilience of Flood Control, Drainage and Irrigation Infrastructure Systems The water balance in Bangladesh during different seasons of the year is such that flood control and drainage is essential for safe living and sound economic development. Among others, flood control creates enclaves for secure human settlement, enables crop production in otherwise hostile production environments, and in some cases, it prevents saline intrusion in areas where it is not needed. In recent years, the GoB’s policy thrust has placed less emphasis on development of new FCD/FCDI schemes, with increased focus on rationalizing existing schemes, mainly because most areas where FCD development would be economically viable, have already been developed. However, years of inadequate management and deferred maintenance in several of the already existing FCD and FCDI schemes have left the infrastructure in disrepair and derelict condition, thus compromising their effectiveness. Project support under this component will finance the rehabilitation and modernization of select FCD/FCDI scheme infrastructure - identified and Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-11 prioritized by the BWBD in consultation with relevant stakeholders and local communities to: (i) bring them back to full functionality; (ii) make them more resilient to climate change; (iii) address climate change impacts on water safety; and (iv) create enabling water management conditions suitable for implementing CSA practices. In addition, this component will finance additional works on selected schemes previously rehabilitated under WMIP to make them climate resilient, support the transfer of scheme management to WMOs, and deepen and strengthen the institutional reforms introduced and piloted under WMIP. In line with the BDP 2100, Adaptive Delta Management (ADM) approaches - combining adaptation and flexibility based on a better understanding of local conditions and future scenarios- will be followed in infrastructure rehabilitation. Such an approach not only ensures that the rehabilitated infrastructure is resilient and addresses the long-term challenges of flood control, but also limits over - or under- investment in water-related challenges in the selected FCD/FCDI schemes. There are two sub-components under this component as detailed below. Sub-component 1.1: FCD/FCDI Scheme Rehabilitation and Modernization. This sub-component will finance rehabilitation of selected FCD and FCDI schemes. The exact location of schemes will be identified (in collaboration with all relevant stakeholders) in batches from the nine BWDB zones using a set of selection criteria that combine more efficient use of water with increased resilience of production systems as well as water management infrastructure. Selection criteria will consider schemes: (i) that are most vulnerable to climate change impacts; (ii) ranging between 1,000 ha to 15,000 ha; (iii) with high poverty levels; (iv) with existing WMOs or willingness to form WMOs; and (v) that are most cost effective in terms of the cost of rehabilitation per unit area. To leverage rehabilitation as an incentive for improved performance, schemes that already have WMOs established or that have some form of O&M cost recovery in place (i.e., demonstrable evidence of self-help) would be prioritized. This would also include giving beneficiaries a key role in identifying the investments, in combination with a meaningful cost- sharing arrangement, as appropriate. Rehabilitation/modernization will focus on improving the capacity of the infrastructure to modulate the impacts of excess water during the monsoon period on one hand, and water deficits in the post- monsoon period on the other hand as well as on addressing technical hindrances - at least in some portions of the schemes- that have always precluded the possibility of the production of many high- value noncereal crops under irrigated conditions. Among others, this will include re-sectioning of embankments to incorporate the latest higher flood safety design criteria adopted by BWDB ; re- excavation/deepening of canals; improving storage and creation of additional water storage capacity by excavating larger water retention structures to be used as water sources for dry season irrigation and ground water recharge or even as fish sanctuaries; managed aquifer recharge to augment ground water quantities and improve water quality in degraded aquifers; rehabilitation and construction of water control structures; river erosion control; promoting connectivity (e.g. using culverts and low- head weirs) to allow fish migration and natural recruitment where needed; and other protective works. Since appropriate drainage is crucial to diversification and effective on-farm water management, especially immediately after the monsoon ends, the project will also support rehabilitation of drainage canals and remodeling sluices for quick and early drainage. In addition to irrigation needs, construction of pump houses and installation of new pumps for drainage purposes will also be explored. Still, for the purposes of improved and effective on-farm water management, the project will support installation of small infrastructure such as small culverts, turn outs, field channels, distributary boxes, etcetera. As per GoB provision, works related to such small infrastructure will be carried out by WMOs through their Labor Contracting Societies (LCS) to Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-12 provide employment and income generating opportunities to the rural poor (especially women) and ensure high quality of construction (since the LCS would be working on infrastructure for their own benefit). As a principle, on-farm water management in the rehabilitated schemes will be undertaken with due consideration of the beneficiary’s water needs (in terms of their cropping patterns and practices), land classification, the general water management context in the entire scheme, and where possible, the surrounding river systems. Sub-component 1.2: Management Transfer and Capacity Building of BWDB and WMOs. Per GoB’s Participatory Water Management Regulations 2014, after the completion of scheme rehabilitation and successful trial operations, management of the BWDB schemes (based on size) is transferred to WMOs. Transferring scheme management to WMOs is global best practice as it has been shown to incentivize good performance and participation by beneficiaries in O&M. This sub-component will finance participatory and community mobilization aspects in support of FCD/FCDI scheme management transfer and the involvement of communities in scheme operations and (routine) maintenance (O&M), in line with the Participatory Water Management Regulations. This will include support to establishment and strengthening of WMOs for collective action; development of catchment/sub-catchment level O&M plans; training WMOs on infrastructure O&M, water resource management to enhance efficiency (water allocation, scheduling and distribution, and water saving techniques), and planning and budgeting for O&M; preparation of scheme- based adaptation plans; and managing trade-offs and resolving conflicts over timely drainage as well as subsequent water use. Details on the process of WMO formation and strengthening are provided in the Project Implementation Manual (PIM). In a sign of continued commitment to the reforms initiated under WMIP, the government recently further strengthened the OCWM (Office of the Chief Water Management - the office responsible for promoting establishment, registering, capacity building as well as providing other technical support to WMOs) - with 65 additional staff to extend OCWM coverage and oversight across all the BWDB zones. The project will support the training and capacity building of the new staff in their roles as well as other relevant BWDB staff (e.g. staff of the BWDB Audit Directorate, which is responsible for conducting audits of all WMOs) to help transform BWDB into an organization of the future of water management in Bangladesh. While capacity building will take the form of hands-on training and experience sharing and learning from best practices in other countries (e.g. through twinning arrangements), the exact nature and scope of capacity-building support will be based on a capacity assessment to be finalized in the first year of the project. This approach will ensure that current government proposals for capacity building are rationalized and implemented. Component 2: Climate-Smart Crop and Aquaculture Production. Taking advantage of the improved and more favorable water regime (in terms of controlled floods in the monsoon season, early drainage immediately after monsoon, and improved water availability in the dry season) accruing from the rehabilitation of FCD and FCDI infrastructure under Component 1, project support under Component 2 will focus on strengthening farmer’s capacity to cope or adapt to climate change stresses. Project support will entail increasing the productivity, profitability and resilience to climate change of both crop and aquaculture production systems associated with the rehabilitated schemes while also pursuing opportunities for reducing GHG emissions from these production systems. This is a significant departure from WMIP and is meant to improve farmers’ incomes and livelihoods as well as the overall value of agricultural output from the rehabilitated FCD/FCDI schemes which would not only justify the costs of FCD/FCDI Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-13 rehabilitation, but would also improve the prospects of sustainability of investments under Component 1. In addition to improving crop productivity, a focus on aquaculture production under this component is in line with the imperative to more rapidly diversify Bangladesh’s agriculture (to meet changing demand, improve nutrition and adapt to climate change), the livelihood strategies (based on mixed production of crops and fish) for most of the households in the FCD/FCDI schemes, and the need to support the landless (who by some estimates can be up to 50 percent of the population in a given scheme) for whom aquaculture is a major source of livelihood. Support under this component will be through two subcomponents. Sub-component 2.1: Support to Climate-Resilient Crop Production. The objective of this sub-component is to promote: (i) improved crop and on-farm agricultural water productivity; (ii) increased crop diversification towards high-value crops (e.g. fruits and vegetables); (iii) improved crop marketing to increase incomes and reduce price risks associated with diversification away from the rice crop; and (iv) mainstreaming of climate change adaptation and mitigation considerations and measures in the crop production, processing/storage and marketing activities of beneficiary farmers. Project support will go towards funding the demonstration and adoption of technology options for sustainable crop intensification and resilience to climate change, all based on the same principles of good choice of improved germplasm, adequate plant nutrition, effective pest management and response to market demand. A significant amount of such productivity enhancing technologies for various crops already exists in Bangladesh together with adequate extension service coverage by the public sector, and in this case, project support will be limited to: (i) mobilizing and organizing WMO members in Farmer Field Schools (FFS) in order to maximize opportunities for scheme and context-specific technology options; (ii) training farmers on relevant CSA technologies; (iii) training and retooling extension agents, especially with respect to CSA technologies and practices; (iv) defraying the costs of demonstration and training materials, and farmer-to-farmer exchange visits, where necessary; and (v) financing adoption of CSA technology e.g. labor saving fertilizer applicators necessary to reduce drudgery associated with improved fertilizer management. To maximize on-farm water productivity and climate resilient water management, especially in the dry season, deliberate efforts will be undertaken to demonstrate and promote the adoption of improved water management technologies including more reliance on deficit irrigation techniques; use of high efficiency irrigation technologies such as drip irrigation, sprinklers, micro-irrigation; year-long cropping pattern towards adaptation to climate change; and shifts to less water demanding crops (especially away from Boro rice) or conversion to crops with higher economic value or productivity per unit of water consumed as will be dictated by the uniqueness of specific schemes. The project will also support diversification of the cropping systems at the FCD/FCDI scheme level with the view of catalyzing a prudent shift from the predominantly rice-based cropping systems to a more desirable crop share allocated between rice and high-value crops. This is in line with recent analytical work which shows that crop diversification in Bangladesh is critical to resilience of production to climate change and to attaining faster productivity, income growth, nutritional security, and reducing the environmental footprint of Boro rice (which mainly relies on the increasingly scarce groundwater resources), among others. In this respect, the project will provide funding for several activities, including but not limited to: (i) awareness creation of diversification among farmers; (ii) market intelligence/assessments; (iii) farmer experimentation with new crops and training/demonstration of relevant production technology; (iv) assuring availability and access to seeds and germplasm and other critical inputs for the new crops; (v) postharvest Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-14 management/quality control; (vi) value addition; and (vii) cooperative produce marketing, including infrastructure where reliable models of post-project ownership and sustainability are clear and guaranteed. Project support to crop diversification will be based on agronomic/agro-ecological suitability, scheme comparative advantage, and local, national or international market opportunities. Since Bangladeshi inheritance laws and traditions have left most of the country’s women land poor, the project will place special emphasis on supporting women to engage in productive activities that require very little land, such as homestead gardens, and the production of seedlings and other planting materials for sale. Project activities in support of improved productivity, diversification and marketing will deliberately pursue, prioritize, and promote technologies and practices with a potential to offer high climate change adaptation and mitigation dividends. Most of these technologies and practices and the specific production systems and regions to which they are relevant, the degree of adoption or mitigation they offer etc., are known and are summarized in the Bangladesh CSA Country profile. Among others for example, these include: (i) use of submergence-resistant, and short duration high- yielding varieties for Aman rice; (ii) use of solar/biogas in lieu of diesel powered irrigation pumps, salinity-resistant varieties and proper use of fertilizers (in terms of right timing, placement, source and amount) for Boro rice; (iii) direct seeding and use of lodging-resistant varieties for Aus rice; (iv) use of salinity and drought-resistant varieties for spices; (v) use of floating beds on water bodies for vegetable production; (vi) use of dwarf and early maturing varieties for wheat; (vii) conservation agriculture for maize; (viii) reliance on short-duration varieties for pulses; (ix) aerobic treatment of manure to reduce methane production; and (x) water management in paddy fields to reduce methane emissions. Where relevant, the project will support the sourcing of new promising adaptation and mitigation technology including for adoptive trials. Sub-component 2.2: Support to Climate-Resilient Aquaculture Production. The fisheries sector generally, is of great importance in Bangladesh in terms of its contribution to food security, nutrition, job creation, economic growth and poverty reduction. Fish is an irreplaceable animal-source food in the diet of millions, both in terms of quantity – accounting for approximately 60 percent of animal protein intake – and frequency of consumption, far exceeding that of any other animal-source food. Per the Bangladesh Economic Review 2017, the sector contributed around one-fourth (24.41 percent) to agricultural GDP and 3.61 percent to national GDP. In addition, more than 11 percent of Bangladesh’s total population, including women, is engaged in the sector on full time and part time basis for their livelihoods, and the sector is also a key foreign exchange earner for the country. Improved aquaculture performance is extremely important in this context as it is emerging as a key means to fill the fish output gap left by the declining inland open water fish production over the last three decades – itself, a function of various anthropogenic factors such as, over fishing, implementation of FCD programs, expansion of rice crop areas by drying up shallow water bodies, and improper use of agrochemicals in crop production. However, climate change and extreme weather events in Bangladesh severally continue to negatively impact aquaculture production mainly through physical destruction of facilities, inundation of ponds, loss of stock, spread of disease, increased uncertainties in supply of fresh water (mainly because of pollution from increased agrochemical-infested runoff and salinity intrusion for schemes proximal to the coastal belt), and increased competition, parasitism and predation because of altered local ecosystems, etc. Equally, in some places, aquaculture, it is envisaged, will be a key climate change adaptation measure to provide alternative livelihood means for land-based cropping activities that may be no Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-15 longer possible and/or cost effective due to increased magnitude and intensity of flooding, waterlogging, and salinity intrusion for example. Project support under this sub-component will go towards financing interventions that seek to improve the productivity and resilience of inland aquaculture production systems- associated with the rehabilitated FCD/FCDI schemes - to climate change. Among others, the project will support the mobilization, formation and strengthening of Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), bringing together beneficiaries with a common interest in aquaculture, as the platform for promoting improved aquaculture production and marketing. Through the CBOs, support will be provided for several purposes including, but not necessarily limited to: (i) deepening cooperatively owned and managed Beels and Ghers and raising associated dykes to enhance their protection from more frequent flooding associated with increasing rainfall as a result of climate change; (ii) improved access to reasonably priced fingerlings of desirable quality (e.g. through support to and regulation of local private hatcheries, establishment of nurseries, and improved brood stock management); (iii) introducing and promoting the use of lower cost alternative feed sources e.g. bio-slurry and algae (instead of relying on fishmeal), to not only reduce overall production cost, but also as a contribution - even if modest - to climate change mitigation; (iv) promoting the cultivation of indigenous species, as an autonomous climate change adaptation strategy; (v) disease control and management; and (vi) postharvest management, quality control, value addition and marketing. Where deemed applicable and feasible, the project will promote integrated rice-fish farming, a management option that has variously been proven to be superior to rice monoculture in terms of resource utilization, productivity, and both the quality and quantity of the food produced. Besides reducing overall water needs in the production of rice and fish, the integration of rice and fish production is a climate change adaptation strategy as it diversifies the production system thereby reducing the risk of complete production failure. In addition, the system has been shown to maintain or improve the soil carbon stock, a major climate change mitigation co-benefit. The project will also support cage farming and pen culture in suitable waterbodies mainly for the benefit of the landless and the poor. Successful models for cage and pen culture already exist in Bangladesh and in this case, the project will support the poor to secure rights of access to waterbodies, acquisition of relevant infrastructure, e.g. bamboo cages, nylon netting, fingerlings, and provide training on planning and siting of cage/pen aquaculture facilities, appropriate feeding and management practices and marketing. To redress gender inequities which have usually seen women relegated to lower value opportunities in the aquaculture value chain, dedicated support will be provided to strengthen women’s capacity to engage in all aspects of the value chain. Among others, this will include increasing their access to new technology; information and skills; essential assets such as ponds/other waterbodies and production equipment; productive networks (e.g. market/client connections); and a revolving credit facility for inputs like stocking and provision of new species, supplementary feeds, etc. Component 3: Project Management Support. The objective of this component is to facilitate efficient implementation of project activities and tracking and reporting of results. This component will support operational costs, project monitoring and evaluation and impact assessments, financial and procurement management, communication, and special studies. Under this component, support will also be provided for an interactive voice response (IVR) system to promote effective citizen engagement and community feedback on project interventions. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-16 Component 4: Contingency Emergency Response. This zero-cost component will finance eligible expenditures under the Immediate Response Mechanism (IRM) in case of natural or man-made crises or disasters, severe economic shocks, or other crises and emergencies in Bangladesh. This contingency facility can be triggered through formal declaration of a national emergency by the government authority; and upon a formal request from GoB to the Bank through the Economic Relations Division, Ministry of Finance. In such cases, funds from an unallocated category or other project components will be reallocated to finance emergency response expenditures to meet the emergency needs. The emergency response would include mitigation, recovery, and reconstruction following natural disasters, such as storm surge, severe droughts, floods, disease outbreaks, and landslides, among others. 2.3 Project Area and Beneficiaries Schemes under CSAWMP have been selected covering all the nine BWDB Zone across the country. Hitherto BWDB has long-listed 73 potential schemes for financing under the CSAWMP. Detailed plans will be prepared for about 20 selected schemes where interventions by each entity can be started in the first year of project implementation. An estimated 65 million people will be directly benefitted from the project for rehabilitation of 73 schemes across the country under the 9 water development zones. The primarily identified schemes for review and selection for implementation under the project have been as provided in Table 2.1 below. Table 2-1 Zone Wise Scheme Areas and Beneficiary Population Scheme area Beneficiary size WD Zone District No. Schemes (ha) (000) Central Jamalpur 5 28500 2,760 Mymensingh 2 8326 798 Narshingi 4 26100 25,600 Tangail 2 8400 750 Manikganj 1 15000 1,720 Kishoreganj 1 12500 810 Western Faridpur 3 18476 1,410 Gopalgong 3 24108 995 Madaripur 1 5263 410 Rajbari 1 9448 240 Eastern Feni 1 13750 1,300 Laksmipur 1 4000 450 North-eastern Sylhet 3 16858 2,640 Sunamganj 1 5000 240 Habiganj 1 9548 830 Moulvibazar 1 7500 470 North-western Natore 3 30510 1,678 Naogaon 4 50600 3,920 Bogra 1 5000 387 Joypurhat 1 14543 1,050 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-17 Scheme area Beneficiary size WD Zone District No. Schemes (ha) (000) Rajshahi 2 15655 1,080 Chapai N'ganj 1 14500 970 Rangpur & Northern Gaibandha 2 11893 969 Thakurgaon 1 5000 294 Gaibandha 2 14500 850 Dinajpur, 2 18600 1,070 Panchagarh 4 4476 240 South-western Khulna 1 5101 270 Bagerhat 2 13262 700 Narail 2 2835 160 Jessore 3 37970 3,935 Jessore-Khulna 1 14300 1,480 Southern Patuakhali 2 15480 400 Barisal 2 4400 110 Southeastern Chittagong 4 30480 2,520 Cox's Bazaar 2 18500 2,210 Total 73 540382 65,716 2.4 Implementation Approach 2.4.1 Institutional Arrangement Project implementation will be joint and shared responsibility of the Ministry of Water Resources (MOWR), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) and the Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock (MOFL), working through the BWDB, the Department of Agricultural Extension (DAE) and the Department of Fisheries (DOF) respectively. Each implementing entity - BWDB, DAE and DOF – will take the lead on project components under their respective institutional mandate, capacity and skills endowment. BWDB will take the lead on activities related to project Component 1; DAE will be the lead on subcomponent 2.1; while activities targeting the improvement of aquaculture production as defined under subcomponent 2.2 will be led by the DOF. 2.4.2 Project Implementation Management There will be a Project Coordination Unit (PCU) at BWDB charged with overall coordination across all project activities. The PCU will be headed by a Project Coordination Director (PCD) and will be staffed with a Procurement Specialist, Finance Management Specialist, and Monitoring and Evaluation experts. The DAE and DOF will each establish a Project Implementation Unit (PIU) responsible for implementation of their respective components and coordinating with the PCU. Each of the PIUs will be headed by a Project Director (PD) and will also be staffed with a Procurement Specialist, Finance Management Specialist, and Monitoring and Evaluation Specialist. Short-term Technical Assistance/consultancy services will be sought to fill specific skill gaps during project implementation, as need arises. A Project Steering Committee (PSC) with representation from different ministries/agencies (as per GoB directive) including MOWR, MoA, MoFL, Ministry of Land, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives, Irrigation Wing of Planning Commission, Implementation Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-18 Monitoring and Evaluation Division (IMED) and ERD, having the Senior Secretary, MOWR as its Chair, will be established to provide overall policy guidance during project implementation. The PSC will meet at least twice a year to review overall implementation progress and PCU will serve as its Secretariat. To ensure a fully integrated approach to implementation as envisaged in the design, there will be a Project Management Committee (PMC) comprising of the head of the three executing agencies, overseeing the project technical functions including reviewing and integrating workplans and budgets, and reconciling tensions between crop and aquaculture land uses as is anticipated in some schemes. The PMC will be chaired by the Directors General of BWDB, DAE, and DOF on a rotational basis. 2.4.3 Consultant Support The Design Supervision Consultant (DSC) will conduct social screening and social impact assessment (SIA) of subprojects/schemes and prepare Social Impact Management Plans (SIMP) or Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) and/or Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP), where required, based on SIA. BWDB PCU and DAE and DOF PIUs will engage social development and safeguards individual consultants for oversight and management of safeguards issues associated with the project activities in various stages of project cycle including civil works construction. The DSC will facilitate social mobilization activities for participatory scheme cycle management (PSM) and implementation of SIMP, RAP and SECEP of respective schemes, as appropriate. DSC will also assist PCU, BWDB in implementation of the social plans. BWDB may employ directly or through the DSC a special team of social consultants and social assistants for social mobilization and implementation of the social plans. An independent Monitoring and Evaluation (M&E) Consultant will be hired to assist the PCU in reviewing all environmental and social screening, assessment, mitigation measures and costing for implementation of SMF and preparation and implementation of SIMPs, RAPs and SECEPs. The overall responsibility of the M&E consultant will be, but not limited to the following activities: ✓ Review the screening and categorization of the schemes; ✓ Review and update the SIA, as required by the SMF; ✓ Assist the PCU, BWDB to supervise the implementation of SIMP, RAP, and SECEP. ✓ Ensure that construction activities are carried out in an environmentally sound and socially sustainable manner. PCU with help of M&E Consultant will submit the overall quarterly progress report on environmental and social compliance to the World Bank Group. 2.4.4 Scheme Selection Criteria BWDB will pick up water development schemes on a priority basis from across the country. A total of 73 schemes have already been primarily selected for further scrutiny and selection using all- inclusive consultative process and involving the WMOs. Primary selection of schemes for screening and identification for design and implementation will be done using the following selection criteria. (1) Schemes that are most vulnerable to climate change impacts; (2) Scheme area ranging between 1,000 ha to 15,000 ha; Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-19 (3) Scheme area has evidences of high level of poverty; (4) The scheme area has existing WMOs or the communities are willingness to form WMOs; and (5) The civil works for rehabilitation and improvement of the scheme will be the most cost effective in terms of the cost of rehabilitation per unit area. To leverage rehabilitation as an incentive for improved performance, schemes that already have WMOs established or that have some form of O&M cost recovery in place (i.e., demonstrable evidence of self-help) would be prioritized. This would also include giving beneficiaries a key role in identifying the investments, in combination with a meaningful cost-sharing arrangement, as appropriate. 2.4.5 Participatory Management Beneficiaries will be mobilized for their participation in the identification, design, construction of civil works and operation and maintenance of FCD and FCDI structures after improvement. Committees will be strengthened or established in all project schemes to determine the competing needs and uses for water resources, and to decide on the operation of hydraulic infrastructure. Intensive social mobilization may be piloted in some subprojects/schemes under CSAWMP to establish participatory water management organizations (WMO) that will be responsible for the operation and minor maintenance works. Lessons learned from the WMIP schemes on establishment and operation of WMOs may be replicated or scaled up in other schemes subsequently. The establishment of WMOs will follow a 10-step process, as identified and tested in the WMIP acceptable to the Guidelines on Participatory Water Management 2001 and comply with the Participatory Water Management Rules 2014. Social mobilization is expected to last around two years, during which time the WMOs will be established and trained in participatory planning, as well as in operation and minor maintenance activities. It is expected that with WMOs are piloted, the detailed design of schemes under the Project will be discussed in a participatory manner with BWDB to ensure their full participation at early stage. WMOs will participate in project cycle from identification to design and implementation as well as quality control of civil works construction. Small works, including minor periodic maintenance and operation of minor hydraulic infrastructure under operations and maintenance (O&M) of FCD/I schemes would be undertaken by the WMOs under a memorandum of understanding with BWDB. BWDB will involve Office of the Chief Water Management (OCWM) of BWDB for social mobilization and project staff will facilitate to form Water Management Groups (WMGs) at the hydraulic unit level and Water Management Associations (WMA) at the scheme level. The WMA at the project scheme level will represent the beneficiary communities having representatives from the WMGs in its general council. Water resources at scheme level will be utilized for climate smart agriculture and fisheries managed under technical and institutional guidance of the DAE and DOF. Farmers’ Field School (FFS) will be formed with members from the crop farmers and subsequently Producer Organizations (FO) with members from FFSs will be mobilized for climate resilient crop production as well as marketing under the leadership of DAE. Common Interest Groups (CIG) formed with the fish farmers (fishers and fish cultivators) and Local Extension Agent for Fisheries (LEAF) with members from CIGs will be mobilized for climate small aquaculture within the schemes under the Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-20 leadership of the DOF. Members of FFS and CIGs are scheme level beneficiaries and members of the WMOs. 2.5 CSAWMP Schemes Civil Works BWDB has primarily identified 73 schemes as candidates to be rehabilitated under the project. Civil works details have been presented in Table 2.2. Table 2-2 Summary of Physical Interventions Sl.No. Intervention Unit Quantity 1 Re-sectioning of embankment Km 1141.65 2 Re-excavation of canal Km 1926.80 3 Rehabilitation of Water No. 335 Control Structures 4 Rehabilitation of Outlet No. 345 Structures 5 Protective Work Km 9.69 6 Repair and Replacement of No. 53 Pumps Pump and related works Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 2-21 3 REVIEW OF LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL PRACTICES 3.1 National Legal and Regulatory Framework The Constitution of Bangladesh provides the basis for the legal and regulatory framework in the Country and governs the law and parliamentary affairs. The principal legal instrument governing land acquisition in Bangldesh had been the Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982 (Ordinance II of 1982 including amendments up to 1994) until September 21, 2017. A new Act has been enacted on September 21 replacing the Ordinance II of 1982. The titled of the new Act is “The Acquisition and Requisiton of Immovable Property Act 2017 (Act 21 of 2017). The Act of 2017 is to be used all across the country except in Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) where The CHT Regulation 1900, the CHT (Land Acquisition) Regulation, 1958 and The CHT Regional Council Act, 1998 are applied. The East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 (Revised 1994) is followed for acquisition of under water/eroded land in rivers and estuaries. The active instruments under the legislative and regulatory framework governing warter resource management, participation, labour, gender, land acquisition, Small Ethnic Community issues in Bangladesh are discussed hereunder. Embankment and Drainage Act, 1952 The East Bengal Act No. 1, 1953 has been adapted by the People Republic of Bangladesh, by the Bangladesh Order (adaptation of Existing Laws), 1972 (President’s Order No. 48 of 1972). The Act consolidates the laws relating to embankments and drainage providing provision for the construction, maintenance, management, removal and control of embankments and water courses for the better drainage of lands and for their protection from floods, erosion or other damage by water. The law provides the authority to Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) for acquiring land for such embankment and drainages structures using the relevant law on land acquisition (The Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Act 2017 - formerly (Ordinance II of 1982). Section 32 of the Act I of 1953 allows the Deputy Commissioner of acquiring land in emergency situations of construction of embankment and drainage structures by the Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). In cases where the Deputy Commissioner shall be of opinion that proceedings for the acquisition of such land, according to the provisions of Act I of 1953, would cause delay following the Act 21 of 2017, he shall cause a proclamation to be issued in the prescribed form giving notice thereof at convenient places in the locality in which such land is situated, whereupon the land shall, subject to the claims for compensation, vest absolutely in the Government or the Authority (BWDB), free from all encumbrances. The Deputy Commissioner may take actual possession of the land as soon as it so vests in the Government or the Authority (BWDB). However, this law is not being followed for emergency situations and instead, land is taken informally with community agreement on their demands (section 3.2; bullet 3). Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-22 The Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Act 2017 The principal legal instrument governing land acquisition in Bangladesh as of September 21, 2017 was the Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982 (Ordinance II of 1982 with amendments up to 1994), which has been replaced by the new law (Act 21 of 2017) 0n September 21, 2017. The Act 21 of 2017 and other land laws and administrative manuals relevant to land administration in Bangladesh are governing land acquisition for infrastructure projects. Per the Act 21 of 2017, whenever it appears to the Government of Bangladesh that any property in any locality is needed or is likely to be needed for any public purpose or in the public interest, the Government can acquire the land, if no property used by the public for religious worship, graveyard and cremation ground (with exceptions for appropriate replacement of the common property). The Act 21 of 2017 requires that compensation be paid for (i) land and assets permanently acquired (including standing crops, trees, houses); and (ii) any other damages caused by such acquisition. The Deputy Commissioner (DC) determines (a) market value of acquired assets on the date of notice of acquisition (based on the registered value of similar property bought and/or sold in the area over the preceding 12 months on publication of notice under section 4 of the Act 2017), and (b) 200% premium on the assessed value (other than crops) for land and 100% for physical assets on land due to compulsory acquisition. There is also provision for payment of crop compensation to tenant cultivators. There is legal methods for calculation of market price of property based on recorded prices obtained from relevant Government departments such as Registrar (land), Public Works Department (structures), Department of Forest (trees), Department of Agriculture (crops) and Department of Fisheries (fish stock). Given that people devalue land during title transfer to minimize tax payment, compensation for land under law, in most cases, remains less than the actual market price. The Ministry of Land (MOL) is authorized to deal with land acquisition. The MOL delegates some of its authority to the Commissioner at Divisional level and to the Deputy Commissioner at the District level. The Deputy Commissioners (DCs) are empowered by the MOL to process land acquisition under the Ordinance and pay compensation to the legal owners of the acquired property. Khas (government owned land) lands should be acquired first when a project requires both khas and private land. If a project requires only khas land, the land will be transferred through an inter- ministerial meeting following the acquisition proposal submitted to DC or MOL, as applicable. The DC is empowered to acquire a maximum of 50 standard bigha (6.75 ha) of land without any litigation where the Divisional Commissioner is involved for approval. Acquisition of land more than 50 standard bigha is approved from the Prime Ministry proposed by MOL. The land owner needs to establish ownership by producing record-of-rights to be eligible for compensation under the law. The record of rights prepared under provisions of the State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950 (revised 1994) are not always updated and thus legal land owners have faced difficulties trying to “prove� ownership. The affected person (AP) has also to produce rent receipt or receipt of land development tax, but this does not assist in some situations as a person is exempted from payment of rent if the area of land is less than 25 bighas (3.37 ha). Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-23 The East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act, 1950 (Revised 1994) The State Acquisition and Tenancy Act (Sections 86 & 87) also define the ownership and use right of alluvion (payosti or reformation in situ or original site) and diluvion land (nadi sikosti) in the country. In legal terms, eroded lands (sikosti) inside the alluvion-diluvion (AD) line (i.e. including submerged land or underwater land) are considered khas land once declared by concerned Deputy Commissioner (DC) demarcating the AD Line. However, the "original� owner(s) can claim the land if it reappears through natural process within 30 years. The original private owners cannot claim any eroded land if developed by the government through land filling for use in public purpose. The Act provides processes and documentation requirements on title rights and title updating by its owners. Amendment of Act of XV of 1994 on Alluvion and Diluvion of Land By the amending, Act of XV of 1994 provision was made for abatement of rent in the case of land lost by diluvion and subsistence of the right to land re-formed in situ for 30 years, subject to the ceiling of 60 bighas. The present legal position regarding the right of ownership of the land re- formed in situ, as settled by the amending Act XV of 1994, is that the owner of the land once diluviated will get the land re-formed in situ if it reappears within 30 years of diluvion and land re- formed in situ after that period will be the property of the government. To facilitate identification of the owner, a certificate of abatement of rent from the revenue authority will be necessary. Constitutional Right of the Small Ethnic Communities The Constitution of Bangladesh does not mention the existence of the cultural and ethnic minorities in Bangladesh. The only protective provision for the ethnic minorities that the policy makers often refer to is Article 28 (4) which states that: Nothing shall prevent the state from making special provision in favor of women and children or for the advancement of any backward citizens. The above provision is an ambiguous one and it does not define who or what constitutes "backward". However, the Government recognizes existence of “Small Ethnic Communities� and the need for special attention and in general Small Ethnic Communities (SEC) are essentially viewed as backward, poor and socio-economically & culturally inferior. Towards this end a special program was initiated in 1996-97 by the Prime Minister’s Secretariat aimed at improving the socio-economic situation of the SECs of Bangladesh, resident outside the Chittagong Hill Tracts. The Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulation 1900 The Chittagong Hill Tracts Regulation, 1900 (Regulation I of 1900) is the regulatory framework for State sovereignty over the traditional rights of the Small Ethnic Community living in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHTs) region. They are governed through Revenue Circle Chiefs who are local revenue collectors vide an amalnama (authorization by the Government). The Deputy Commissioner and the Commissioner from the Central Government reserve the authority to settle land to the hill men or non-hill residents or lease out land (non-transferable) for rubber plantation or establishing industries in the CHTs. The regulation provides the right to possessing plough cultivable land up to 5 acres (2 ha) by hill men or non-hill residents. The headman is responsible for the conservation of the resources of his mouza through exercising his authority to (i) prohibit the removal of forest produces by residents of respective mouzas other than for their domestic Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-24 purposes or by non-residents for any purpose, (ii) exclude any area or areas in his mouzas from the jhuming (shifting cultivation), (iii) prevent new comers from cutting jhums in his mouza, and(iv) prevent a person from grazing cattle in his mouza. The Chittagong Hill –Tracts (Land Acquisition) Regulation, 1958 The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) region has been enjoying the status of a special region since British period. Most of the land in CHT belongs to the Government either as reserve forest or as unclassified state forest. The CHT Regulation I of 1900 was the sole legal instrument for the governance and administration of the Hill Tracts. Under the regulation, the DC could resume land even though settlement of the same might have been given earlier. The rule prescribed payment of compensation for various interests as in the case of land acquisition. It was expedient to provide for the acquisition of land in CHT the Government made the Chittagong Hill-Tracts (Land Acquisition) Regulation, 1958. This regulation has provision for payment of compensation for requisitioned property. The compensation may be fixed by agreement or by rules framed on this behalf. Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, 1997 There had been an old grievance of the CHT people since implementation of Kaptai Hydroelectric project. The project devoured about 40 percent of their prime land. Nearly one lakh people were rendered homeless. Many of them are said to have migrated to Arunachal Pradesh of India. It is evident that the then Government failed to fully compensate the people for the land they lost. Thus, a deep sense of alienation and frustration was grown. Chittagong Hill Tracts Peace Accord, 1997 recognized the special status of the hill people. Under the Accord a Regional Council (RC) was formed representing the three hill districts local government councils. The Peace Accord stipulates that land would be returned to the owners once their ownership rights were ascertained, and a land survey would be undertaken in the CHT to ascertain ownership rights. The CHT Regional Council Act, 1998 The National Parliament of Bangladesh in 24 May 1998 passed the Peach Accord 1997 as the “Chittagong Hill Tracts Regional Council Act, 1998 (Act 12 of 1998). In addition to reestablishing peace, the Accord recognized the ethnic people’s right to land, culture, language, and religion. The Accord set out detailed provisions for strengthening the system of self-governance in the CHT, and redressing the most urgent land-related problems including resolution of land disputes by a commission on land, the transfer of authority for land administration to the hill district councils (HDCs), the cancellation of lease granted to non-residents during the conflict period, the distribution of land to ethnic or “small ethnic� villages, and the strengthening of customary land rights. Within the meaning of the Act XII of 1998, no lands, hills and forests within the control and jurisdiction of the HDCs shall be acquired or transferred by the government without consultation and consent of the Regional Council. No law will be executed in the region which is not developed and enacted in consultation and agreement with the Small Ethnic Community in CHT. A Ministry on CHT Affairs was established by appointing a Minister from among the small ethnic communities of hill districts. An Advisory Council from the CHT region assists this Ministry. However, there is Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-25 a demand for extending the scope of the CHT Affairs Ministry to include the Small Ethnic Community in other areas of the country. Right to Information Act 2009 Right to Information Act 2009 was notified in the Bangladesh Gazette on Monday, 6 April, 2009. It received the President’s assent on 5 April 2009. The Act makes provisions for ensuring free flow of information and people’s right to information. The freedom of thought, conscience and speech is recognized in the Constitution as a fundamental right and the right to information is an alienable part of it. Since all powers of the Republic belong to the people, it is necessary to ensure right to information for their empowerment. The right to information shall ensure that transparency and accountability in all public, autonomous and statutory organizations and in private organizations run on government or foreign funding shall increase, corruption shall decrease and good governance shall be established. It is expedient and necessary to make provisions for ensuring transparency and accountability. Bangladesh Labor Act 2006 (Amended in 2013) The Act amends and consolidated the laws relating to employment of workers, relations between workers and employers, determination of minimum rates of wages, payment of wages, compensation for injuries to workers during working hours, formation of trade unions, raising and settlement of industrial disputes, health, safety, welfare and working conditions and environment of workers and apprenticeship and matters ancillary thereto. The workers include apprentice, substitute, casual, temporary, probationer, permanent, and seasonal worker. The employer, in relation to an establishment, means any person or entity who employs workers therein. Key features of the Labor Act 2006 are the following: • No employer shall employ any worker without giving such worker an appointment letter and every such employed worker shall be provided with an identity card with his photograph. • A child who has completed 12 (twelve) years of age, may be employed in such a light work which is not dangerous to his/her health and development or shall not interfere with his/her education. • Where any woman is employed in any work of any establishment, whatever her rank or status may be, no person of that establishment shall behave with her which may seem to be indecent or unmannerly. • Every woman worker shall be entitled to maternity benefit from her employer for the period of 8 (eight) weeks preceding the expected day of her delivery and 8 (eight) weeks immediately following the day of her delivery. • In determining wages or fixing the minimum rate of wages for any worker, the principle of equal wages for [male, female and handicapped] workers for work of equal nature or standard or value shall be followed; and no discrimination shall be made in this respect on the ground of being [male-female-handicapped]. • No authority shall engage any worker in work without providing him/her with personal safety equipment and ensuring uses thereof. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-26 • Where in any establishment at least 10 (ten) workers are working, the employer of such establishment may introduce and implement an insurance scheme against accident under group insurance programme for the workers, and the benefits or money received from such accident insurance scheme shall be spent for the treatment of the workers. National Women Development Policy 2011 National Women Development Policy 2011 focuses on human rights of women and constitution. The Constitution was written for the newly formed state of Bangladesh in 1972 which stresses the need for ensuring human and fundamental rights of women. Human rights of women and constitution highlight the following aspects of gender equity which may facilitate women’s participation in water resource management, rehabilitation and resettlement of the PAPs, the poor and vulnerable people including the women during preparation and implementation of schemes under CSAWMP: In article 27 of the constitution has it that, “all citizens are equal before law and are entitled to equal protection of law�. The article 28(1) says, “The State shall not discriminate against any citizen on grounds religion, race, caste, sex and place of birth “The article 28(2) says, “Women shall have equal rights with men in all spheres of the state and public life. “The article 28(3) has it that, no citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth be subjected to any disability, liability, restriction or condition about access to any place of public entertainment or resort, or admission to any educational institution. “Article 28(4) says, “Nothing in this article shall prevent the state from making special provision in favor of women or children or for the advancement of any backward section of citizens. “Article 29(1) contains, `` there shall be equality of opportunity for all citizens in respect of employment or office in the service of the republic." Article29(2) has it that `` no citizen shall, on grounds only of religion, race, caste, sex or place of birth, be ineligible for, or discriminated against in respect of, any employment or office in the service of the republic. “In the article 65(3) there are 45 seats reserved for women and under article 9 the representation of women in the development of local government institutions. Participatory Water Management Rules 2014 Guidelines for Participatory Water Management (2001) have been adopted by the Ministry of Water Resources for implementation of projects and subsequent water management in flood control, drainage and irrigation schemes under Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). Participatory water management rules 2014 regulates identification, design and implementation of water management related projects for medium and large schemes. Water management schemes in Bangladesh have been categorized by sizes into small (up to 1000 ha) under the management of the Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), medium (1000 – 5000 ha) and large (above 5000 ha) under the management of the BWDB. Under the GPWM approach following the Rules 2014, beneficiaries within a water management schemes including farmers, fishers, local traders, laborers including men and women from different ethnic communities of the age of 18 years and more are eligible for membership in water management organizations (WMO) to participate in participatory scheme cycle management (PSM). The lowest tier of the WMOs will be the water management groups (WMG) at the hydrological unit level within a scheme area. For medium schemes, an apex body of the WMGs Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-27 within the scheme area will be formed titled water management association (WMA). Federation of the WMAs will be formed for large schemes. 3.2 Social Management: Institutional Experience Institutional capacity and experience of the executing agencies of the proposed project were assessed to understand the current practices of participatory project cycle management, use of land for infrastructures, management of involuntary resettlement, grievance management, and monitoring and evaluation. Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) will be leading the implementation of the project where Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) and Department of Fisheries (DOF) will be implementing their respective components on agriculture and fisheries within the scheme rehabilitated under the project. BWDB has long engagement with the World Bank, while DAE and DOF are also implementing projects with financing from the World Bank. All three agencies are aware of the World Bank requirements on social development and safeguards and are practicing compliance management with project specific social management framework documents. BWDB largely follows participatory scheme cycle management (PSM) in project cycle, while, DAE and DOF uses beneficiary group approach in implementation of the projects with financing from the World Bank. BWDB has recently completed implementation of the Water Management Improvement Project (WMIP) and is now on implementation of the Rehabilitation of Coastal Embankment under the Emergency 2007 Cyclone Recovery and Restoration Project (ECRRP) and the Coastal Embankment Improvement Project, Phase 1 (CEIP-1). DAE and DOF have completed implementation of the Integrated Agricultural Productivity Project (IAPP) and both DAE and DOF are jointly implementing the National Agricultural Technology Project (NATP). All these projects have specific social management frameworks developed and adopted following the relevant national laws and regulations, and in compliance with the World Bank guidelines for social development and safeguards. Implementation arrangement and practices of the project executing agencies have been summarized as follows: 1. Institutional arrangement for social management. Staff resources for social development and safeguards compliance management are included in the project management units. The design and supervision consultant teams also include relevant experts for social management support to the project management units. Project staff receive training on social development and safeguards management following the project specific social management framework. The consultants assist PMUs in social screening and social impact assessment and preparation of plans for addressing social risks and impacts. In cases of land acquisition, respective office of the Deputy Commissioners (DC) helps the executing agencies. However, implementation of resettlement plans is done by the executing agencies themselves with consultant assistance. 2. Community and beneficiary engagement. Participatory water management is a requirement by rules, while BWDB uses Participatory Scheme Cycle Management (PSM) in identification, design and implementation of subprojects for rehabilitation and Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-28 improvement of water management infrastructure. Beneficiaries are engaged through water management organizations (WMO) including water management groups (WMG) and water management associations (WMA), the scheme level apex body of the WMGs. Members of WMOs participate and contribute in project cycle including quality control of civil works. Farmers and fishers are engaged in agriculture and fisheries projects through groups including Farmers’ Group (FG), Farmers’ Field School (FFS), Common Interest Group (CIG), demonstration group, adaptation groups and the like, and all of them are also members of the WMOs. 3. Land acquisition. Rehabilitation and improvement of water management infrastructures like flood control embankments requires land where embankments need to be retired or new water control structures are constructed. Land acquisition is avoided in resectioning of existing embankments. In erosion-prone areas, embankment sections are sometimes eroded after final design and mobilization of civil works contractors. In situations of embankment breach, BWDB constructs a temporary dyke on informal alignment with the request from the community. Land acquisition is parallelly processed while the full section of the embankment is completed even before the payments for land are made. BWDB has acquired about 85 acres of land for rehabilitation of coastal embankments under ECRRP and is acquiring about 350 ha of land under CEIP-1. 4. Internal structures like irrigation and drainage canals through the schemes are largely on public land. However, in some cases, these canals are informally drawn on privately owned lands for common interest of the land owners. Voluntary donation of possession of private land is initiated by the community for such structures. Re-excavation of such canals sometimes face obstruction from the land owners. None of the DAE or DOF required land acquisition in IAPP and NATP projects. 5. Dumping of excavated soil is a challenge in the process of rehabilitation of existing irrigation/drainage canals. There is no or limited room for dumping the dredged earth on the bank of the canals, as in most cases, they are absent or too narrow. 6. Involuntary resettlement. The embankments are public lands and any encroachment or occupation by private people or entities are not legally allowed. However, in the erosion prone areas, these embankments are occupied by erosion displaced families and other landless poor families. Resectioning of existing embankments therefore involve displacement of squatters and encroachers. BWDB has resettled about 2,300 squatters for rehabilitation of coastal embankments of 29 schemes under ECRRP and is managing resettlement of about 14,000 squatters under CEIP-1. None of the DAE or DOF required managing resettlement in project process. 7. Small Ethnic Community. Small Ethnic Community are dispersed in the plain districts of the country and in some instances, beneficiaries include people from these communities. A Small Ethnic Community’ development plan has been developed under the CEIP-1. 8. Grievance redress mechanism. Grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is a common platform for all World Bank supported projects. BWDB has established GRM for both ECRRP and CEIP-1. However, grievances from communities under WMIP were redressed directly by BWDB division offices and the WMOs. GRM is more accessible in CEIP-1 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-29 while it is discontinued for a while in ECRRP due to absence of social specialist with the project management office. 9. Monitoring and evaluation. Social monitoring has been included in project management process. However, attention from the concern executing agencies in monitoring and reporting of social management activities need further enhancement. 3.3 World Bank Social Safeguard Policies World Bank’s Operational Policies and Bank Procedures (OP/BP) on social safeguards aim to promote inclusion of the most vulnerable groups and protect involuntarily displaced persons and indigenous peoples. OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement and OP 4.10 on Indigenous People, applied to Bank investments have the objectives and scope as discussed hereunder. Other social issues and corporate requirements of the World Bank like gender and citizen engagement for inclusive development and social accountability are also attended in project process. Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks. The overall objectives of the Policy are given below. • Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs. • Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. • Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs. • Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher. Indigenous People (OP 4.10) This policy uses the term “Indigenous Peoples� in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees: Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-30 • self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others; • collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories; customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and • an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region. The Small Ethnic Community living in the Chittagong Hill Tract districts (Bandarban, Khagrachari and Rangamati) and rural areas of the plain districts can be defined under these characteristics. The OP defines the process to be followed if the Small Ethnic Community are present in, or have collective attachment to, the project area. World Bank Corporate Priorities Gender. Operations under the World Bank financing are subject gender equity and equality in the context of national environment on gender for access to resources, voice, participation and leadership. Bank operations should be gender informed and require to (1) identify relevant gaps between women and men, boys and girls in gender analysis at project identification and design; (2) address these gaps through specific actions supported by the project, and (3) link them to indicators for monitoring and evaluation of gender mainstreaming in project process. Citizen engagement. Operations under the World Bank financing should engage with the wider community in all stages of project cycle to inform, consult, collaborate and empower them in a socially accountable manner. Citizen Engagement (CE) is the two-way interaction between citizens and governments (or the private sector) within WBG interventions that gives citizens a stake in decision-making, and therefore improves the development outcomes. The process requires to (i) inform the citizen on analysis, alternatives and decisions; (ii) obtain feedback on analysis, alternatives and decisions; (iii) engaging them in execution of some of the decisions; and (iv) create an environment for them to make final decisions. World Bank Requirements for Consultation and Disclosure The Bank reaffirms its recognition and endorsement of the fundamental importance of transparency and accountability to the development process. Accordingly, it is Bank’s policy to be open about its activities and to welcome and seek out opportunities to explain its work to the widest possible audience. Consultations under Environmental Assessment. The Environmental Assessment is considered an umbrella instrument in the Bank’s safeguard framework. It is important to agree on a specific consultation plan to address how consultation will take place before the Environmental Assessment is prepared, once the Environmental Assessment is ready and during implementation. There are points in the process of conducting Environmental Assessments where consultations should be carried out. Consultations under Involuntary Resettlement Management. The census of affected people and assets, and socioeconomic survey of affected groups and communities, that collectively form the Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-31 baseline information in a resettlement program, should be carried out based on a consultative process. Consultations with affected people and communities need to start soon after project design and impacts are known and continued during design of the resettlement plan, its implementation and monitoring and evaluation. Mechanisms for grievance redress are an important part of consultations as they provide people recourse in case the resettlement program is not implemented as planned. Consultations with Indigenous Peoples. OP 4.10 of the World Bank on Indigenous Peoples attaches special importance to consultation. In cases where projects are proposed for Bank financing and affect Indigenous Peoples either negatively or positively, the project proponent requires to engage in a process of free, prior, and informed consultation. 3.4 Application of Legal and Policy Framework Legal and Policy Framework provides the basis for community participation in project design and implementation commensurate to the World Bank policy for sustainable development and provisions of national laws and guidelines for community participation and management of land acquisition and resettlement. However, the national legislatives and regulatory framework is not adequate to deal with the adverse impacts associated with land acquisition and involuntary displacement of peoples for subproject/scheme purpose under CSAWMP. The law does not cover project-affected persons without title and does not ensure replacement cost of the property acquired. The law does not initiate any measure for restoration of livelihoods of the affected persons. Thus, land acquisition potentially diminishes productive bases of affected farm families which are against the spirit of the World Bank Policy on Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12). Specific to the subprojects/schemes under CSAWMP, no social safeguard compliance issues (land acquisition, resettlement and impact on Small Ethnic Community) are involved in the first-year construction. However, in subsequent construction phase(s), the subprojects/schemes may like to acquire private land and/or public land from private uses. The acts therefore, trigger the Bank OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement. Tribal people may existent in a few selected subprojects/schemes areas which will be identified during feasibility studies. The Bank OP 4.10 on indigenous peoples is therefore, triggered to the CSAWMP. However, collective attachment to the distinct habitats or ancestral territories of the Small Ethnic Community will, in no way, be affected by any subproject/scheme. Social screening and where required, social impact assessment will be carried out for subprojects/schemes for social safeguard compliance issues (land acquisition, population displacement and impact on Small Ethnic Community) and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP) will be prepared for implementation before award of civil works contract for any subproject. BWDB will be responsible for implementation of the SMF and any RAP and SECEP with assistance from DAE and DOF, where their components will include infrastructure construction on public or private land. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 3-32 4 SOCIOECONOMIC BRIEF OF PROJECT AREA A partial assessment of the social issues and implications of the activities under the proposed project has been carried out. Objectives of the social assessment were to document the potential social issues which may hinder or support various activities under the scheme areas proposed for rehabilitation under the Project. The social assessment includes both positive and adverse social effects of the proposed project those led to the preparation of the Social Management Framework (SMF) included in this ESMF providing guidance for social screening of subprojects, social impact assessment, and promoting citizen engagement and beneficiary participation, mitigation of adverse social impacts and institutional arrangements for social management and monitoring. 4.1 Demographic Profile 4.1.1 Beneficiary Population Rehabilitation/improvement and construction of water management infrastructure in the project area under CSAWMP in the 9 Zonal Offices of BWDB will benefit communities. Total population of the project area is 144.04 million where 72.11 million are males and 71.91 million females. The highest population is 47.42 million in Dhaka division and the lowest population 8.33 million in Barisal division. Table 4-1 shows the highest sex ratio is 103.96 in Dhaka Division (Central and Western zone) that more than national average sex ratio 100.3 while the lowest sex ratio 96.16 is in Chittagong Division (Southeastern & eastern zone). Sex ratio (100.31) in the Rajshahi Division is quite similar like the national average sex ratio (100.3). Sex ratios in all other Divisions are less to varying degrees compared to the national sex ratio. In Bangladesh, average household size is 4.48. The highest household size is 5.53 in Sylhet Division (Northeastern zone) is followed by 5.05 in Chittagong Division (Southeastern & eastern zone) while the lowest household size is 4.12 in Rajshahi Division (Northwestern zone). Average population density is 976 persons per square kilometer in Bangladesh. The highest population density per square is 1,751 in Dhaka Division followed by population density 1,007 in Rajshahi Division while the lowest population density is 613 in Barisal Division. Population density in Rangpur Division is almost like average population density of this country. Population densities in the remaining Divisions are less than that of average population density to varying degrees. The detailed data and information on household, male, female and total population, sex ratio, household size and population density per square kilometer are given in Table 4-1. Table 4-1 Household and Population (in Million) by Division 2011 Division Zonal Office Household Total Male Female Sex Ratio HH Size Population Population Population Population Density Dhaka Central & 10.85 47.42 24.17 23.25 103.96 1,751 Western 4.37 Sylhet Northeastern 1.79 9.91 4.93 4.98 99.13 5.53 779 Rajshahi Northwester 4.49 18.48 9.26 9.22 100.31 1,007 n 4.12 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-33 Division Zonal Office Household Total Male Female Sex Ratio HH Size Population Population Population Population Density Rangpur Northern 3.62 15.79 7.89 7.91 99.70 4.36 960 Khulna Southwester 3.74 15.69 7.84 7.85 99.97 699 n 4.19 Chittagong Southeastern 5.63 28.42 13.93 14.49 96.16 831 & eastern 5.05 Barisal Southern 1.86 8.33 4.09 4.24 96.54 4.47 613 Bangladesh 32.17 144.04 110.48 71.91 100.3 4.48 976 Source: BBS. Population and Housing Census-2011 National Volume-2: Union Statistics Note: Western zone Faridpur belongs to Dhaka Division and eastern zone Comilla belongs to Chittagong Division. 4.1.2 Project Area Population by Age Group Project area population constitutes infants up to 4 years of age, primary school goers between 5 and 9 years and senior citizens over the age of 64 years. The rest of the population is between 10 and 64 years in three age groups, such as (i) 10 to 24 years, (ii) 25 to 49 years and (iii) 50 to 64 years. Infants constitute 10.46% of the project area population ranging from 8.95% in Khulna Division to 12.82% in Sylhet Division. People in the old age group (65+) constitute 4.75% of the population which proportion is almost similar in Rangpur Division (4.74%), Barisal Division (4.73%), far bigger than average in Barisal Division (5.73%) and Khulna Division (5.45%) while slightly bigger in Rajshahi Division (4.85%). Proportion of old age people is slightly less than average in Dhaka Division (4.45%) and Sylhet Division (4.45%) followed by Chittagong Division (4.59%). Table 4-2 provides the details of the population distribution by age. Population between 20 years and 55 years belong to the above-mentioned the age groups (10-24) through (50-64) are the most potential in terms of their involvement in WMOs and utilization of water management infrastructures. They will be facilitated to be active participants-cum-members of the WMOs (e.g., WMGs, WMAs and WMFs) for effective operation of WMOs. Table 4-2 Project Area Population by Age Division Zonal Office Percentage of population in the age group (years) 0-4 5-9 10-24 25-49 50-64 65 + Dhaka Central& 10.15 12.19 24.81 34.58 8.80 4.45 Western Sylhet Northeastern 12.82 14.79 30.61 29.20 8.11 4.46 Rajshahi Northwestern 9.59 11.56 28.31 36.13 9.56 4.85 Rangpur Northern 10.63 12.91 27.79 34.44 9.50 4.74 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-34 Khulna Southwestern 8.95 11.00 28.54 36.13 9.94 5.45 Chittagong Southeastern 11.47 13.79 32.12 29.78 8.25 4.59 & Eastern Barisal Southern 10.36 13.31 28.91 31.63 10.05 5.73 Bangladesh 10.46 12.62 29.72 33.45 9.01 4.75 Source: BBS. Age-Sex Composition of Bangladesh Population, November 2015 4.1.3 Education in Project Area Education is the backbone of a nation and is also one of the basic human needs. Education has the direct bearing on overall human welfare of the individuals and households. Human skills are developed through education. Education is considered as human capital. Quality education catalyzes socioeconomic practice for poverty alleviation. The Poverty Monitoring Survey 2004 showed that poverty incidences of the literate were much lower than the illiterates. New generation, irrespective of gender is aware about it. In the project area, literacy among the population is 51.77%. Per the population and housing census 2011, literacy rate is the highest in Barisal Division (56.75%) followed by Dhaka Division (54.19%), Khulna Division (53.23%), Chittagong Division (52.69%), Rangpur Division (47.19%), Rajshahi Division (47.05%) and Sylhet Division (45.01%). Literacy rate remained below the average in Rajshahi, Rangpur and Sylhet Divisions. Literacy rate among male is still higher than the female populations. Although Bangladesh has advanced in female education through various incentive programs, there is still gender discrimination in literacy and educational attainments. Table 4 - 3 shows the details of literacy information in the project area. Table 4-3 Literacy Rate by Sex and Division 2011 Division Zonal Office Literacy Rate (%) (7 years and above) Both Sex Male Female Dhaka Central & Western 54.19 57.00 51.27 Sylhet Northeastern 45.01 46.96 43.10 Rajshahi Northwestern 47.05 50.50 45.60 Rangpur Northern 47.19 50.60 43.82 Khulna Southwestern 53.23 55.72 50.75 Chittagong Southeastern & Eastern 52.69 53.94 51.52 Barisal Southern 56.75 57.62 55.93 Bangladesh 51.77 54.11 49.44 Source: BBS. Population and Housing Census 2011 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-35 4.1.4 Distribution of Population by Religion Islam is the first major religion in Bangladesh. Slightly more than 90% of her population is Muslim. Hinduism is the religion for the second largest population and constitutes 7.05% of the total population. The rest are communities under Christianity (0.31%), Buddhism (0.62%) and other religions/faiths (0.14%). Compared to the national average, proportion of Muslims and Hindus in the project area is similar. Table 4-4 shows distribution of project area population by religion. Table 4-4 Population by Religion Division Zonal Office Percentage of population by religion Muslim Hindu Christian Buddhist Others Dhaka Central & 93.34 6.22 0.37 0.03 0.04 Western Sylhet Northeastern 85.59 14.05 0.23 0.01 0.12 Rajshahi Northwestern 93.31 5.88 0.38 0.02 0.42 Rangpur Northern 86.03 13.21 0.38 0.02 0.36 Khulna Southwestern 86.81 12.85 0.28 0.00 0.06 Chittagong Southeastern & 89.58 7.05 0.22 3.05 0.01 Eastern Barisal Southern 90.64 9.16 0.16 0.04 0.00 Bangladesh 90.33 8.54 0.31 0.62 0.14 Source: BBS. Age-Sex Composition of Bangladesh Population, November 2015 4.1.5 Small Ethnic Communities About 1.6 million of the national population in Bangladesh (144.04 million) belongs to the 45- different small ethnic groups officially recognized as tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities commonly known as Small Ethnic Community. These peoples are concentrated in the north and in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in the south - east of the country commonly known as Small Ethnic Community. However, Small Ethnic Community are also scattered in small proportion all over Bangladesh. About 0.14% of Bangladesh’s population are Small Ethnic Community (tribal people) living in Bangladesh. Detailed information on percentage of small ethnic population is given in Table 4-5. Table 4-5 Small Ethnic Population in the Project Area Division Zonal Office Small ethnic community Population in the Project Area Percentage (%) Ethnic groups with respect to total population Dhaka Central & 0.04 Garo, Bangshi, Hajong, Hodi, Western Kurmi, Koch and Mal Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-36 Sylhet Northeastern 0.12 Khasi (Khasia), Manipuri and Patra (Pathar), Garo and Hajong, Tripura and Halam tribal people Rajshahi Northwestern 0.42 Santal Mahato, Oraon, Munda, Pahan, Mahali, Kurmi Rabidas, Banua, Koch Bhuimali, Lahra, and Rajbangshi Rangpur Northern 0.36 Santal, Palia, Mahali, Oraon, Mahato Khulna Southwestern 0.06 Buno tribal people Chittagong Southeastern & 0.01 Chakma, Mogh, Jummo, Khasia, Eastern Tripura and Marma tribal people. Barisal Southern 0.00 Rakhaine Bangladesh 0.14 Source: Banglapedia 2003; Small Ethnic Community: Asiatic Society 2007& BBS 2011 4.2 Economic Profile 4.2.1 Ownership of farm land Total land surface in Bangladesh is about 12.31 million hectares (MOL & BARC 2001). In an average 52.91% of the total households in Bangladesh own farm land. There are 286.96 lakh households in Bangladesh. Of 286.96 lakh households, 151.83 lakh households are farm households. In Bangladesh (the project area) the highest number of farm households is 128.12 lakh which belongs to small holding (0.05 – 2.49 Acres) followed by 21.36 lakh medium holding households (2.50 – 7.49 Acres) and 2.34 lakh households belong to large holding households (7.50 Acres +). Detailed information on farm holding households under the five Divisions (Dhaka, Chittagong, Khulna, Sylhet and Barisal) and one greater Division (Rajshahi Division which was comprised of the 16 Districts, now there are two Divisions, namely Rajshahi and Rangpur Divisions) is given in Table 4-6. Table 4-6 Ownership of Farm Land in the Project Area Division Zonal Office Total HHs Farm HHs Small Medium Large (Lakh) (0.05-2.49 (2.50 – 7.49 (7.50 + Acres) Acres) Acres) No. (Lakh) % No. (Lakh) No. (Lakh) No. (Lakh) Dhaka Central & 94.57 41.58 43.96 35.92 5.21 0.44 Western Sylhet Northeastern 15.26 8.29 54.33 6.43 1.60 0.26 Rajshahi Northwestern 76.63 44.00 57.41 35.79 7.32 0.89 Rangpur Northern Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-37 Khulna Southwestern 34.35 21.05 61.27 17.62 3.13 0.29 Chittagong Southeastern 48.83 25.15 51.51 22.35 2.53 0.28 & Eastern Barisal Southern 17.31 11.77 67.98 10.01 1.58 0.18 Bangladesh 286.96 151.83 52.91 128.12 21.36 2.34 Source: BBS. Census of Agriculture 2008: National Series, Volume-1 4.2.2 Land Tenure-ship and Agri-Labor Households There are 256.04 lakh holdings in the project area. Out of 256.04 lakh holdings, 151.83 lakh holdings (59.30% of total holdings) are farm holdings. Thirty five percent (35%) of the total holdings in the project area are owner holdings, 20% are owner- cum-tenant holdings and about 2% are tenant holdings. Seventeen percent (17%) of the holdings are agriculture labor households. Table 5-7 shows the details of tenure ship and agriculture labor households in the project area. Table 4-7 : Land Tenure and Agri-labor Households Division Zonal Total Total Proportion of households (in lakh) by tenure ship and basic Office Holdin Farm occupation g Holding Owner Owner-cum- Tenant Agri. Labor Holding Tenant Holdings Households Holdings Dhaka Central & 94.57 41.58 59.00 17.50 18.07 22.82 Western Sylhet Northeaster 15.26 8.29 11.08 2.58 1.61 4.56 n Rajshahi* Northweste 76.63 44.00 48.82 19.52 8.30 30.11 rn Rangpur* Northern Khulna Southweste 3.44 21.05 21.77 9.41 3.17 13.46 rn Chittagon Southeaster 48.83 25.15 34.39 10.00 4.45 12.71 g n & Eastern Barisal Southern 17.31 11.77 12.29 3.78 1.24 4.80 Bangladesh 256.04 151.83 187.35 62.78 36.83 88.44 Note: Information on land tenure ship and agri-labour households under Rajshahi and Rangpur divisions are determined and calculated jointly. 4.2.3 Housing status Housing pattern in Bangladesh is nationally categorized as pucca, semi-pucca, katcha and jhupri. Pucca houses are constructed with bricks, rods and cement. The richer households possess pucca houses while the poorest and vulnerable households possess Jhupri houses. Jhupri houses are made Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-38 with low-cost materials like straw, bamboo and others. Majority of the population in the project area are using kutcha structures made of corrugated iron (CI) sheets, wood and bamboo. The middle-class people are using semi-pucca houses constructed with CI sheet in roof and bricked walls. There are four types of housing structures in all the divisions of Bangladesh. The highest percentage of housing type is kutcha (66.2%) followed by semi-pucca (19.6%) further followed by pucca (11.3%) and jhupri (2.9%) in Bangladesh. The highest and lowest percentages of kutcha houses are 84.2% in Barisal Division and 55.9% in Khulna Division respectively. Average percentages of pucca and semi-pucca houses are 11.3% and 16.9% respectively. The highest and lowest percentages of pucca houses are 16.3% in Dhaka Division and 3.00% in Rangpur Division respectively while the highest and lowest percentages of semi-pucca houses are 23.2% in Sylhet Division and 8.3% in Barisal Division respectively. Table 4-8 shows the details of housing status of the project area population. Table 4-8 Housing Pattern in the Project Division Zonal Office Total Housing Structure (%) in the Project Pucca Semi- Kutcha Jhupri pucca Dhaka Central & 100 16.3 22.3 59.2 2.2 Western Sylhet Northeastern 100 12.7 23.2 61.2 3.0 Rajshahi Northwestern 100 7.0 21.6 68.6 2.9 Rangpur Northern 100 3.0 14.9 79.1 3.1 Khulna Southwestern 100 13.8 27.4 55.9 3.0 Chittagong Southeastern 100 13.1 14.2 68.7 4.0 & Eastern Barisal Southern 100 4.3 8.3 84.2 3.2 Bangladesh 100 11.3 19.6 66.2 2.9 Source: Housing Condition in Bangladesh Population Monograph: Volume 10 4.2.4 Households with possession of livestock and poultry Table 4-9 shows number of households (in lakh) with possession of livestock and poultry in the project areas. The highest number (in lakh) of households with possession of poultry is 1372.43 million followed by 262.19 million of cattle & buffalo that is further followed by 176.16 million of goats and sheep. Details information about number of households (in lakh) with possession of livestock and poultry under nine Zonal Offices belong to all the Divisions of Bangladesh are given in Table 4-9. Table 4-9 Households in Project Area with Possession of Livestock and Poultry 2011 Division Zonal Office No. of Households (in lakh) Reporting Cattle & Buffalo Goat & Sheep Fowls & Ducks Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-39 Dhaka Central & Western 62.02 35.62 297.67 Sylhet Northeastern 17.50 5.64 68.59 Rajshahi Northwestern 95.60 75.18 409.82 Rangpur Northern Khulna Southwestern 36.63 36.40 174.06 Chittagong Southeastern & Eastern 31.92 15.18 26.25 Barisal Southern 18.52 8.12 159.75 Bangladesh 262.19 176.16 1372.43 Source: 2016 Statistical Year Book Bangladesh, 36TH EDITION, published in May 2017. 4.2.5 Livestock and poultry resources Table 4-10 presents livestock and poultry resources over the years between 2009-10 and 2015-16 under the project districts of CSAWMP. Table 4-10 Number of the Livestock and Poultry (in Lakh) in Bangladesh Livestock/poultr 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 y Cattle 230.5 231.21 231.95 233.41 239.88 236.36 237.85 Buffalo 13.49 13.94 14.43 14.50 14.57 14.64 14.71 Goat 232.75 241.49 251.16 252.77 254.39 256.02 33.35 Sheep 29.77 30.02 30.82 31.43 32.06 32.70 257.66 Total Livestock 506.51 516.66 528.36 532.11 535.90 539.72 543.57 Chicken 2280.35 2346.86 2428.66 2490.11 258.11 2617.70 2683.93 Ducks 426.77 441.20 457.00 472.54 488.61 505.22 522.40 Total Poultry 2707.12 2788.06 2885.66 2962.64 3041.72 3122.93 3206.33 Source: Department of Livestock Services, Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock 4.3 Poverty, Gender and Vulnerability Bangladesh is one of the poor countries in the world approach towards middle-income country. Despite impressive economic growth and consistent reduction in the rate of poverty have been steadily sustained in Bangladesh, but still it has been struggling with the poor and the extreme poor. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-40 Matters with poverty1 were discussed during social assessment under the selected schemes of CSAWMP. To understand the state of poverty in the Project districts under the nine zones of BWDB, wealth ranking (a tool of PRA) (categories of people by wealth) were done by facilitating the participants during social assessment. Based on the income level it was appeared during people’s self-assessment exercises that there were four categories of people in the study scheme area, such as (i) rich, (ii) middle, (iii) poor and (iv) extreme poor. Gender2 issues were discussed during social assessment under selected schemes of CSAWMP. In the past, there had been significant gender disparity in income-poverty in Bangladesh. A considerable number of NGOs and government organizations had implemented projects for poverty alleviation for decades in these schemes’ areas like other areas in this country. It was known during social assessment that women under these selected schemes of the Project could manage to gradually come forward in their development endeavors getting pace in social sector in terms of equity and empowerment. However, still now extreme poverty had been comparatively more prevalent among the women headed, women-managed and women-supported households in these schemes areas. In the schemes areas about 20–30 per cent of households are headed by women, and 95 per cent of these female headed households are considered to fall below the poverty line. They could only manage lower average consumption due to persistent gender inequality and severe starvation. They had been suffering from malnutrition, mortality and morbidity. The women folks in the schemes areas had been fighting against poverty malnutrition, high maternal mortality rate, lack of access to resources, environmental degradation, lack of access to health, lack of paid employment, discriminatory wage rates, strict gender division of labor, and lack of scope to exercise political rights. It was revealed in social assessment that the existing patriarchy in the schemes areas might be one of the reasons for their above-mentioned worsen situation. Findings of social assessment conducted under the schemes areas show that the poor women suffer from poverty, hunger, malnutrition, economic crises, illiteracy, environmental degradation and disaster-related problems and become victims of violence and political instability compared to the men and better-off women as well. They had been exposed to exploitation and gender-based violence, excluded from decision making and education and deprived of their right to adequate health and nutrition to an extent over the years. They have been gradually mitigating their poverty to possible extent. However, still there is significant gender disparity in income-poverty in this country. Extreme poverty has been comparatively more prevalent among the women headed, women-managed and women-supported households. The main reasons behind it, as discussed 1 In general, meaning it may be considered that poverty is an economic condition in which one is unable to enjoy a minimum standard of living. In fact, poverty refers to various forms of economic, social and psychological deprivation among the people who lack adequate resources, control and/or access to power for achieving a minimum level of living. The concept of absolute poverty is the minimum level of income that is needed for physical survival. According to the HIES 2010, there are two types of poverty, one is moderate poverty while other is extreme poverty. Extreme poverty line is the minimum income to support basic foods while the moderate poverty line is the income to support basic food and non-food expenses. Government of Bangladesh and non-government organizations (NGOs) have been implementing a number of programs, such as, microfinance, vulnerable group development (VGD), and vulnerable group feeding (VGF), employment generation program, and other foods and cash transfers to combat poverty. Poverty in the national level has been reduced over the last 12 years since HIES 2005 from 40% in 2005 to 31% in 2017. 2 The World Bank defines gender as culturally based expectations of the roles and behaviors of males and females. Gender more often refers to cultural and social differences and sometimes encompasses a broader range of identities than the binary of male and female. Unlike the biology of sex, gender roles and behaviors can change historically, sometimes relatively quickly, even if aspects of these roles originated in the biological differences between the sexes. Because the religious or cultural traditions that define and justify the distinct roles and expected behaviors of males and females are strongly cherished and socially enforced, change in gender systems often is contested. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-41 during social assessment, include less earning opportunity of female workers compared to the male workers even where the workers of both sexes are engaged in the same type of wage works. 4.4 Potential Social Risks and Impacts Potential social impacts, concerns and risks may be arisen in insignificant scale in some of the schemes for rehabilitation and improvement under the Project. Social risks and impacts will vary by component and implementing agencies. 4.4.1 Likely Risks and Impacts The project resettlement impacts are likely to be associated with the investments for water management infrastructure rehabilitation including re-sectioning of embankment, construction of retired embankments, replacement and repair of water control structures, re-excavation of irrigation and drainage canals, and on farm small interventions for optimizing irrigation and drainage. These activities will largely remain limited within the lands already used for existing water management infrastructures and available BWDB owned lands for new constructions of the above-mentioned water management infrastructures. No significant social impacts emanating from land acquisition is expected. The social assessment highlighted some existing social challenges and potential risks of social impact those are mainly subject to inclusive project design and participation. Major social challenges existing in the subprojects/schemes areas under CSAWMP are as follows: • Poverty and population density; • Land and resource rights issues; • Gender disparity and social insecurity; • Exclusion of minority groups and backward populations; • Public health issues including HIV/AIDS; • Riverbank erosion, flood inundation and drainage congestions; • Inadequate communication networks; • Poor governance and services. Project activities in selected subprojects/schemes under CSAWMP may lead to involuntary resettlement impacts where there is a requirement of land acquisition for retirement of breached embankments due to riverbank erosion, resectioning of embankments and replacement of water control structures. Social assessment supports the approximation of potential impacts causing involuntary resettlement. Project interventions are not likely to affect any small ethnic communities or their collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories. However, subprojects/schemes may also be taken in areas inhabited by tribal peoples. There is risk of coercion, if appropriate disclosure and negotiation process as per Bank guidelines is not followed where land will be obtained through voluntary donation. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-42 4.4.2 Component Specific Potential Impacts Possible Social Impacts under Component A: Civil works under this component will largely remain limited to the lands already used for the embankments, no significant social impacts emanating from land acquisition is expected. Use of private lands, wherever needed, is generally expected to be in strips along the existing facilities. Land requirements are also likely to be limited where embankments, if any, are to be retired, and the associated impacts are unlikely to be severe because of the linearity of the embankments. There is also a possibility that works on the- existing embankments, especially on the sections passing through the villages, may temporarily displace households and businesses that may exist there. Although most of the civil works for these activities are expected to be carried out on Government of Bangladesh (GOB) owned land, it is assumed that works on some damaged embankments may require acquisition of privately owned lands and involve disruption of livelihoods to people already living on such land or deriving livelihoods from such land. In this case WB OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement will be triggered. BWDB will identify the beneficiaries in the scheme area as per the rules on participatory water management (2014) through participatory identification process (PIP) and mobilize them in water management organizations for engaging the communities in PSM process. Possible Social Impacts under Component B: Although no adverse social impacts are envisioned under this project component, the proper identification and targeting of project beneficiaries and developing a participatory and inclusive communication and consultation strategy is imperative; as in the absence of these there is significant risk of causing marginalization, especially with respect to women farmers and those with relatively smaller land holdings or belonging to minority groups, and landless fishers. Although land acquisition is not a major concern for the implementation of this component, there may be instances where small structures may have to be constructed in the public and/or private land holdings of individual farmers. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 4-43 5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION 5.1 Consultation Process Consultation with community and likely beneficiaries has been carried out using PRA tools including transect walk, spot consultation, focused group discussion, open meetings and key informant interviews. In addition to communities and beneficiaries in scheme areas, other key stakeholders were also covered including representatives of executing agencies: BWDB, DAE and DOF. An all-inclusive process was followed for involving stakeholders of all representative groups including the farmers, fishers, small traders, boatmen, acquaculturist, landless people, destitute women, likely affected persons, and small ethnic communities. A special consultation meeting was held with tribal peoples in Jaintiapur Upazila under Sylhet District. Annexure 5 of this SMF contains proceedings of this consultation meeting with the tribal communities. 5.2 Stakeholder Analysis The stakeholders under CSAWMP include the beneficiaries, Project Affected Persons (PAPs), members of Water Management Organizations (WMO), such as, Water Management Groups (WMGs) and Water Management Associations (WMAs), landless group, and member of Labor Contracting Society (LCS). The consultation process provides the stake of the communities, groups and agencies along with their interests concerned with the project activities as identified in the following table. Table 5-1 Stakeholder Analysis Stakeholder Category Interests Potential/Probable impacts Primary stakeholders Project affected people Access to the scheme Likely to loss lands, place of facility, compensation residence, income and livelihoods. entitlements, time-bound Also, benefits will be accrued from delivery of benefits, the project through resettlement, restoration of income and employment during construction in livelihoods addition to benefits from the improved schemes Beneficiaries Access to the improved Benefits will be accrued from the scheme facility, protection to project through employment in crops, fishery and livestock, construction in addition to benefits irrigation, drainage, access from the improved schemes in to local resources, access to agriculture, fisheries and employment, enhanced employment quality of life Secondary stakeholders Local bodies including Project implementation, Instrumental for advisory support Municipality, Union contracting; project and communications, grievance Parishad, Local management, grievances, redressal and conflict management Traders, Village Court monitoring and evaluation Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 5-44 NGOs, CSOs, Research Development, community Services for social mobilization, institutes, Consultants participation, and planning, design and supervision. community welfare The key stakeholders can be grouped into two categories viz., primary and secondary. Their respective roles are presented below: 5.2.1 Primary Stakeholders Project Affected Persons (PAPs) have the following roles: i. Participate in public meetings and identify alternatives to avoid or minimise displacement ii. Assist project in developing and choosing alternative options for relocation and income generation. iii. Participate in surveys. iv. Provide inputs to entitlement provisions, thus assisting in preparation of the resettlement action plan v. Participate in grievance redress as members of grievance redress cells (GRC) vi. Decide on relocation and management of common properties vii. Labour and other inputs in the project viii. Members of implementation committee Beneficiaries has the following roles: i. Participate in water management organizations and other beneficiary groups under crops and fisheries; ii. Identify and mobilize resources for sustainable water management organizations management and operation; iii. Assist project in planning, design and implementation of subprojects; iv. Assist BWDB in identification of members for LCS and support the LCS in participation of civil works employment; v. Participate in project civil works supervision under set guidelines vi. Participate in project sponsored training on IGA and scheme O&M; vii. Actively participate in scheme O&M; and viii. Assist BWDB, DAE and DOF in their process under the project. 5.2.2 Secondary Stakeholders Local Bodies i. Provide advisory assistance to the water management organizations in meaningful participation in project process and in O&M. ii. Participate in grievance resolutions under the project related to participation, resettlement and livelihood restoration. iii. Participate in design of social action plans including resettlement plan. iv. Coordinate with implementing agency / water management organizations. v. Participate in project related committees including resettlement and rehabilitation. vi. Participate in consultations with PAPs and beneficiaries vii. Coordinate with local community in identifying land for relocation of common property resources Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 5-45 viii. Coordinate with revenue department for facilitating disbursement of compensation and resettlement and rehabilitation assistances NGOs and Consultants i. Assist community in awareness building for contribution in the project process. ii. Identification and selection of schemes through screening by hydrological unit/sub-unit in each of the BWDB Zones. iii. Community mobilization at the finally selected schemes, assist in establishing WMOs and their capacity building. iv. Assist in preparation of scheme rehabilitation and improvement plan based feasibility assessment, discussed and agreed with the WMOs. v. Assist in finalization of land acquisition requirements and to prepare land Acquisition Proposals (LAPs) and later in the preparation of social action plans including Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). vi. Assist finalizing the handing over document/MOU between BWDB and WMO prior to the commencement of rehabilitation works indicating WMO’s contribution. vii. Mobilize WMOs in supervision of the rehabilitation works after providing training to the community supervision team members. viii. Assist the WMOs and BWDB to prepare draft scheme management plan. 5.3 Summary of Consultation Process Summary of the discussions on probable issues by the facilitators and participating stakeholders in consultation meetings include – (i) salinity intrusion, (ii) non-functional irrigation drainage/drainage channels, (iii) non-functional and broken condition of sluices and inlets, (iv) crop damage and sand deposition on agricultural land due to breach of embankment, (v) practical need for rehabilitation/improvement of schemes, construction of new scheme (if any) for the above- mentioned water resource infrastructures. The stakeholders including the beneficiaries had expressed their positive attitude towards the proposed project interventions. Some of the community members reflected their knowledge about objectives of schemes under CSAWMP like (i) improvement of national water resources management; (ii) expanded involvement of the stakeholders including local communities and their role in participatory scheme cycle management; and (ii) sharing operations and maintenance of schemes between BWDB and the WMOs. Local people had mentioned several problems relating to water resources management at the scheme level as under: (a) Problems regarding water resources include – • salinity of surface water, • fertility of lands inside FCDI schemes is diminishing due to regulated flow of monsoon water, • siltation in the riverbed due to non-flow of sediment mix water through polders, • increased areas under intrusion of saline water, • drainage congestion, • presence of salinity in underground water table, and Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 5-46 • water infrastructure management etc.) (b) Problems with land and agriculture resources include – • Increasing salinity in soil had impact on decrease in quality & fertility of soil, • Decrease in agriculture production & yield, • Crop damage due to natural disasters, (c) Fishery resources (open water fishing, brackish water fish culture, shrimp production & yield, virus infestation etc.) (d) Socio-economic resources (occupation & employment, migration, quality of life, communication, conflict of interest of shrimp rice farming, gender aspect etc.) 5.4 Community and Beneficiary Feedback In the consultation process, respective scheme related detailed information was disseminated among the stakeholders including beneficiaries and the likely affected perons. The process also gathered and understood demographic and socioeconomic information of the respective schemes. More specifically, feedback and suggestions of the stakeholders regarding the scheme were also sought through consultation. Feedback from the participating community members were recorded as follows: (a) Sustainable solution to water resources related problems and issues The community members participating in the consultation process emphasized need for sustainable solutions to the problems prevailing in the schemes they identified. They suggested that CSAWMP should cover the following aspects: • Water resources management, • Land and agriculture recourses management, • Fishery recourses management, • Socio-economic resources management, and • Disaster management, (b) The Khasia Ethnic people mentioned the following positive and beneficial aspects of the project: • Flood free agricultural and fishery practices, • Increased agricultural productions, • Diversification of indigenous people’s income sources, and • Improved and easy transportation and communication along the embankment of the project, and its positive impacts on business, education, health care, etc. (c) Anticipated and perceived problems and constraints in the scheme function for FCDI The communities participated in the consultation process had shared the following perceived issues and constraints prevailed under the project. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 5-47 • Multiple crises regarding irrigation water for agriculture practices, fresh/sweet water fish culture, growing other plants, etc., have been prevailed due to salinity intrusion, • The agricultural land is losing its normal productivity day by day because of salinity intrusion, • Riverbeds and khals have been silted up over the years, • Drainage congestion and/orwater logging hamper agriculture, fisheries, shrimp/prawn culture, • Over flow of water into the unprotected area during rainy/monsoon season. • Early floods due to storm surges in the coastal area affect agriculture, fisheries, shrimp/prawn culture and salt culture, • Weak WMO activities, and • Absence of LGI’s participation during implementation of project (d) Solutions/mitigations • Proper irrigation facilities are required for dry season crop production, • Initiatives should be taken for re-excavation of rivers and khals under the Project, • River training should be undertaken, • There should be initiatives for river bank protection along the more erosion prone side of the embankments, • The sluice gates and regulators remained in dilapidated condition should be rehabilitated/repaired, • New sluice gates and/regulators should be constructed where requires, • Raising the height of the embankments for withstanding more frequent devastated monsoon floods and storm surges, • The Khasia Ethnic people had mentioned that quality of rehabilitation works under Sari-Gowain FCDI project should be ensured, • There should be afforestation in the slope of embankments and in fallow land of BWDB/Government adjacent to the embankments, and • Ensure active participation of LGI during project implementation. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 5-48 6 SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PROCESS 6.1 Social Management Principles Project will ensure gender equity through conscious efforts to make sure women and other beneficiaries – inclusive of location, gender, ethnicity, economic status and leadership category – participate in all aspects of project cycle . The project will pay special attention to access of women, the poor and small ethnic communities to irrigation benefits, decision making at the farm level and participation in WMOs. Implementation of climate-smart practices will include consultation with women to make sure that their preferences and knowledge are captured and that these measures do not contribute to increasing work load for women. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) will cover all aspects of Project implementation and will be available to direct and indirect Project beneficiaries. The Citizen Engagement activities will be complemented by awareness raising activities and targeted information campaign directed to the small farm holders to ensure they know how to benefit from Project activities. Acquisition of private land, displacement of peoples and adverse impacts on Small Ethnic Community will be avoided to the extent feasible and resettlement plan and where required Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan will be prepared and implemented for unavoidable residual impacts following the local laws and the World Bank policy on social safeguards. 6.2 Social Development Guidelines 6.2.1 Beneficiary Participation in Project Cycle Subproject interventions will be identified through strategic approach of participation of the beneficiary communities to ensure that the vulnerable section of the communities in terms of proximity including the very poor, women, Small Ethnic Community, traditional minority communities, and marginalized, disabled etc., get equal access to the scheme facilities of flood control, drainage and irrigation. In accordance with the Participatory Water Management Rules 2014, the communities have been empowered with an opportunity to participate in identification, planning, design, implementation and monitor the development programs for water resources management. Accordingly, the focus will be to promote participatory processes through the sub- project cycles. The local government acts, Participatory Water Management Rules 2014 and the Right to Information Act (2009) recognize that beneficiaries and other stakeholders can exercise their rights to access information in context of development programs and the public institutions including the BWDB, DAE and DOF are obligated to place information in public domain. This creates an enabling environment to develop trust among implementing partners and builds in checks and balances to strengthen the system. Subproject information will be disclosed in public domain including the social screening/assessment report, social impact management plan (SIMP) , and where applicable Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) and or Small Ethnic Community’ Enhancement Plan (SECEP). The project will facilate operation of social accountability tools to improve citizen participation and transparency. Strengthened transparency and accountability includes display of information of all activities including cost, at prominent and public places in the catchment areas of schemes, participation of communities in monitoring and evaluation, and use simple formats for reporting findings at planning and implementation stages. Specific measures will be designed on (i) Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-49 consultation, feedback and grievance-redress mechanisms to alert project staff to problems identified by beneficiaries, affected people, and other stakeholders; (ii) participatory planning to ensure the project meets the needs of beneficiaries; and (iii) participatory monitoring and evaluation for identification of problems. 6.2.2 Social Development and Safeguards Management BWDB will prepare and implement social management plans including SIMP, RAP, SECEP with strategy for obtaining land for subproject interventions in consultation with the communities, local public administration and local government institutions. The contracted design and supervision consultant will assist the executing agencies in development of inclusive SIMPs. Subproject activities will be identified by the communities and consolidated for subproject design in agreement with them. Requirements and feasibility of voluntary donation, conditional dispossession and involuntary acquisition of land will be decided in agreement with the beneficiary communities and WMO. BWDB will share the social management plans with the Bank for review and concurrence for implementation before award of civil works contract. 6.2.3 Communication and Participation Strategy Overall development objective of CSAWMP is to enhance climate resilience and productivity of irrigated agriculture through improved water management and increased market opportunities for small holder farmers, especially women, in selected schemes. When structural measures are the key interventions to achieve the objectives, the community is concerned about capturing the problems for entire scheme to function, quality construction and effective participation of community as well as the executing agencies. The communication and participation strategy encourages civic engagement, where the community is part of the planning and monitoring process of the subprojects. The strategy promotes a two-way communication, exchanging knowledge and skills for a sustainable disaster management consistent with facts on the ground. BWDB as well as DAE and DOF will share the project information with the communities and have meaningful consultation with them at all stages of site selection, obtaining lands, civil works design, and construction scheduling. Communication and participation process will include (i) disclosure and consultation meetings, (ii) distribution of leaflets and brochures on the sub-projects to be prepared as and when necessary and (iii) need based field visits during planning, design and implementation. Feedback from consultation process will be given due consideration for site selection, subproject design, and implementation. Community participation will be sought in the process of operation and maintenance in the management committees of shelter facilities under the demise of the water management organizations (WMO) at the scheme level. Beneficiary participation and their feedback through consultation will be the key to sustainability of the improved FCDI schemes in the project area. They will be mobilized, kept informed for design and construction quality control. 6.2.4 Grievance Response The project will establish a grievance response mechanism (GRM) to answer to queries, receive suggestions and address complaints and grievances about any irregularities in application of the guidelines adopted in this framework for inclusive project design, and assessment and mitigation of social and environmental impacts. Based on consensus, the procedure will help to resolve issues/conflicts amicably and quickly, saving the aggrieved persons from having to resort to expensive, time-consuming legal action. The procedure will however not pre-empt a person’s right to go to the courts of law. Grievance response focal points will be available at the scheme level and at the project level within BWDB. A Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) will be formed for each subproject and will be authorized to deal with all suggestions and complaints at the subproject level. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-50 6.3 Social Assessment Process 6.3.1 Social Screening The primary objective of this social screening is to identify potential safeguards compliance issues and social impacts associated with selection, preparation and implementation of subprojects and schemes under CSAWMP to determine applicability of the OP 4.12 and OP 4.10 and the required Social Management Plans. The screening of scheme is based on field work for collecting primary data and information on requirement of land acquisition for implementation of the scheme. A structured questionnaire is to be administered for obtaining necessary primary data relating to land acquisition requirements, land ownership, losses of land and other assets etc. Further information is obtained through field visits, interviews of relevant key informants and most importantly Focus Group Discussion (FGD) and Participatory Rapid Appraisal (PRA) to capture collective opinions and wisdom. The data will be analyzed using software. BWDB will undertake social screening of all subprojects/schemes under CSAWMP to identify potential social safeguard issues, and adopt and implement impact mitigation measures consistent with the Bank policy on social safeguards. 6.3.2 Subproject Exclusion Criteria Subproject/scheme exclusion criteria are pre-determined based on objectives of the Project, legal requirements and safeguards policy of the World Bank. When any subproject is screened, then whether it will be selected or not that will depend on its inclination towards selection criteria or exclusion criteria. Strictly applying exclusion criteria during social screening may ensure that the subprojects meet the main objectives of the project, legal and safeguards requirements can be selected. The followings are exclusion criteria: • Schemes requiring land acquisition or population displacement that cannot be compensated for or resettled under the project provisions; • Schemes affecting mosques, temples, graveyards and cremation grounds, and other places/objects of religious, cultural and historical significance; • Schemes threatening cultural tradition and way of life of Small Ethnic Community; severely restrict their access to common property resources and livelihood activities; • Schemes interventions with objections from communities on social and environmental issues that cannot be resolved through design alternatives. In addition to the planning level social screening for exclusion factors, a subproject would be dropped from investment at implementation level, if any social and environmental grievances raised from the community cannot be resolved to the satisfaction of the aggrieved persons or community groups. 6.3.3 Social Impact Assessment Social Impact Assessment (SIA) will be carried out during the subproject design stage when social screening at the planning stage will identify potential social safeguard issues. The principal opportunity of the SIA involves identifying viable alternatives; identifying potential social impacts, including direct or indirect; permanent or temporary; physical or economic, impact on small ethnic communities (SEC), assessing their significance; designing least-cost mitigation measures; developing RAP and Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP) and monitoring requirements; formulating institutional arrangements; and ensuring meaningful public consultation and information disclosure procedures. To ensure that social concerns are adequately addressed, Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-51 specific social analyses will include: (i) Socio-economic analysis; (ii) Stakeholder analysis, (iii) Gender analysis; (iv) SEC analysis, and (iii) Involuntary resettlement (including temporary or permanent compensation for loss of livelihood). The assessment will identify and estimate impacts, risks and opportunities and suggest measures to avoiding or minimizing, mitigating and managing, compensating adverse social impacts and enhancing community access to benefits. SIA will be carried out through census of affected persons and data will be gathered and analyzed disaggregated by gender and ethnic identity. Consultation will be carried out in the SIA process and the process will use free, prior and informed consultation with small ethnic communities present in the subproject influence area. RAP will be designed to ensure that impacts arising from land acquisition, displacement and relocation are mitigated, compensated for losses and loss of livelihoods and income and livelihoods of displaced and affected persons are restored. RAP will be prepared based on census including inventory of assets and socioeconomic survey. Census will include inventory of assets, income and sources of livelihood affected by subproject scheme interventions and their valuation to determine replacement cost for compensation. RAP focuses on people affected by land acquisition, relocation and restriction of access, and defines a strategy for formalizing arrangements and responsibilities for mitigating impacts caused due to physical and economic displacements. SECEP focuses enhancement of community access to benefits accruing from the project interventions and provides for priority in project led employment generation. 6.3.4 Consultation with Beneficiaries and Affected Persons Executing agencies (BWDB, DAE and DOF) will engage with communities and affected persons in the process of social screening, social impact assessment and design of social management plans through consultation and participation process. The consultation and participation process will be inclusive of social and economic groups present in the scheme area and ensure that feedback from all groups are recorded for analysis and consideration in the subproject design and implementation approach including the RAP and SECEP. Free, prior and informed consultation (FPIC) approach will be followed when a subproject influence area involves small ethnic communities having distinct language and culture different from the mainstream communities. The target communities will be notified in advance regarding the agenda, participants, venue and time of consultation. Consultation will be done through open meetings, focused group discussions (FGD) and individual interviews during census. 6.4 Selection of Social Management Plans Social management plans are action plans designed and implemented to ensure compliance of World Bank requirements on social development and safeguards including the corporate priorities of gender and citizen engagement, and safeguards operations policies on involuntary resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) and on indigenous peoples (OP/BP 4.10). The impacts associated with the subproject civil works may include partial loss of assets, physical and economic displacement, voluntary donation of private land, voluntary dispossession of BWDB or other public lands, citizen participation, project related grievances; and labor influx. Based on the type of impacts identified in subproject planning and design states, the number of issues and their management will be done through design, develop and implement various tools for social management ranging from (1) Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-52 Social Impact Management Plan (SIMP); (2) Resettlement Action Plan; Land Acquisition Plan (LAP); and (3) Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP). Table 6-1 Selection of Social Management Tools in Project Process Sl No. Results from social Applicable social Social management activities screening and impact management plans assessment (1) (2) (3) (4) 1. Subproject activities involve Resettlement action plan 1. Consultation and NO involuntary acquisition (RAP) will be developed and participation inclusive of of land BUT involuntary implemented in compliance gender and any vulnerability displacement of people, and with the SMF of beneficiaries, affected scheme area under the persons and their subproject involves NO community. beneficiaries or affected 2. Design and conduct census persons from the small ethnic of affected persons and communities inventory of lost assets; 3. Valuation of assets affected by the subprojects 4. Identify affected persons eligible for compensation, assess their losses, determine their compensation and R&R assistance; 5. Make payment of compensation and cash for resettlement assistance; 6. Establish and operate grievance redress mechanism at subproject level accessible to the communities and affected persons, 7. Beneficiaries satisfaction survey; 8. Labor influx management plan; and 9. Monitoring and evaluation. 2. Subproject activities involve Land acquisition plan (LAP) Same as under serial no. 1 involuntary acquisition of and Resettlement action plan Land acquisition will be land and involuntary (RAP) will be developed and undertaken with the assistance displacement of people, and implemented in compliance of the concern Deputy scheme area under the with the Bank Policy on Commissioner’s office as per subproject involves NO involuntary resettlement legal requirements and beneficiaries or affected peoples (OP/BP 4.12) and the procedures. relevant national laws. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-53 persons from the small ethnic communities 3. Whether, subproject Small Ethnic Community 1. Consultation and activities involve involuntary Enhancement Plan (SECEP) participation using free, acquisition of land and/or will be developed and prior and informed involuntary displacement of implemented in compliance consultation approach people; there are presence of with the Bank Policy on involving intergenerational Small Ethnic Community in indigenous peoples (OP/BP representation. the subproject influence area 4.10). 2. Design and implement community enhancement measures; 3. Compensation part will be as covered under serial no. 1. 4. Establish and operate grievance redress mechanism at subproject level commensurate to the traditional mechanism practiced by the small ethnic communities. 5. Beneficiaries satisfaction survey; 6. Labor influx management plan; and 7. Monitoring and evaluation. 4. No physical or economic Social impact management 1. All activities like SMP and displacement of people but plan (SIMP) RAP; compensation is paid for 2. Voluntary donation of partial loss of assets; private land and dispossession of public land Subproject uses private land will be guided by Bank or resumes public land using requirements of no threat or voluntary donation/ coercion, no physical dispossession method displacement and no livelihood impacts. 3. A third-party validation will be done and report produced to the Bank for review and acceptance before taking over the land for civil works. 5. Subproject activities involve Social Management Plan 1. Consultation and no involuntary acquisition of (SMP) included in the SMF participation inclusive of land and involuntary will be followed for gender and any vulnerability displacement of people, and management of social issues. of beneficiaries, affected scheme area under the Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-54 subproject involves no persons and their beneficiaries or affected community. persons from the tribal 2. Establish and operate communities grievance redress mechanism at subproject level accessible to the communities and affected persons, 3. Beneficiaries satisfaction survey; 4. Labor influx management plan; and 5. Monitoring and evaluation. The social management tools as applicable for subprojects, will be developed and shared with the Bank Task Team for review and clearance before mobilization of civil works contractors. 6.5 Social Management Plan for Subproject Cycle 6.5.1 Stages of Scheme Cycle BWDB will be responsible for ensuring community and beneficiaries engagement in subproject selection, design and implementation. The improved scheme infrastructures and water resources will be used for increased agriculture and fisheries through engagement of the beneficiary groups including WMOs covering the farmers and fishers’ groups, and other occupational groups and communities. Agriculture and aquaculture interventions for optimal use of the improved schemes will also follow similar approach and DAE and DOF will be engaged with the beneficiary farmers and fishers. Initial social screening will be carried out at the feasibility stage and as per results of social screening, social impact assessment (SIA) will be carried out at the preparation stage, where required. Based on the findings of SIA, adverse social impacts will be addressed through design and implementation of management plans prior to civil works construction. Social development and safeguards activities in subproject cycle will be mainstreamed as follows: (01) Identification of Schemes: Identification of candidate schemes has been done using the scheme selection criteria set for the project investment. In addition to the size of the schemes, BWDB has checked for social safeguards compliance issues including land acquisition, resettlement requirements and indigenous peoples. Communities within the scheme command area will approach BWDB for undertaking rehabilitation and improvement of the schemes. (02) Assessment of Schemes: Assessment of schemes is the second stage of scheme cycle which may commence immediately after identification of the schemes. Given that candidate schemes have been long-listed, a detail assessment of the schemes will be carried out at the project implementation level for qualifying project investment. Key criteria for selecting a scheme for project investment is the existence of water management organizations (WMO) or at least willingness of the beneficiary communities of engaging themselves in the scheme cycle management for preparation and implementation of subproject and taking charge of operations and maintenance of the improved schemes. The beneficiary communities and members of the WMOs will participate in identification of water related problems within the Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-55 scheme area and provide information to facilitate subproject interventions and design including embankment resectioning, construction of retired embankments, replacement of water control structures, repair of water control structures, re-excavation of irrigation and drainage canals, land acquiring, voluntary donation of land and resettlement of affected persons. It will be verified that any conflict between occupational groups are amicably resolved. More specifically, full range of alternative actions as potential solutions to identified problems and constraints and reconnaissance process are included in assessment of schemes. (03) Screening: Screening is the third Stage of Scheme Cycle management. The water resources problems associated with agriculture and fisheries practices within the scheme as identified in the assessment stage will be validated at this stage against the full range of scheme selection criteria. Aim of screening is to determine qualification of the scheme for investment under the project. Communities and members of WMOs will be kept informed in the process. Once a scheme is confirmed for project investment, preparation of land acquisition plans, resettlement plans and small ethnic community enhancement plans will be started through all- inclusive participatory process. (04) Mobilization: Once a scheme is approved by the PCU for investment, activities will be initiated for mobilization of the beneficiaries into the participatory scheme cycle management (PSM) process. Mobilization of the beneficiaries for preparation and implementation of the subproject schemes will include the following specific activities. 1. Identify the beneficiary villages under the scheme and boundaries of hydraulic unit and water management unit; 2. Carry out beneficiary census and identify existing and/or potential members of WMOs including WMGs for each WMU under a scheme; 3. Enroll households (at least 75%) as members of water management group (WMG); 4. Establish/reorganize WMOs and draft a set of scheme-specific bye-laws inter alia spell out the constitution of WMOs; 5. Carry out the participatory training needs assessment and prepare guidelines for capacity building of the BWDB field officials and WMO members; 6. Carry out the capacity building program including training in coordination with BWDB’s staff Development Unit; 7. Establish the Scheme (or Broader Area) Management Committee for duration of scheme to support the implementation of schemes’ activities; 8. Initiate registration of the WMOs with all documents relating to membership, formation of executive committees, half-yearly and annual physical and financial reports, and establish communication and correspondence mechanism; 9. Conduct introductory level training curriculum for WMGs/WMA in “Participatory Water Management’ and ‘Record Keeping and Accounting’ using participatory training methodologies; 10. Create financial management capacity through bank account for the newly formed WMGs; and Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-56 11. Assist the WMOs in the process of registration with the Chief Water Management Office of BWDB. Members of FFS and CIGs will also be identified under the DAE and DOF components in this stage of the PSM, who are also the members of WMOs. (05) Planning: The consultant will assist BWDB in assessing feasibility of the scheme rehabilitation and improvement subproject and develop a scheme rehabilitation and improvement plan (R&I Plan). Following are specific activities for subproject planning: 1. Carry out a modest feasibility study (25 pages) with all relevant information including environmental and social management plans. 2. Identify and list the engineering survey needed for each scheme. 3. Engage the WMOs and other community organizations to arrive at an agreed Rehabilitation and Improvement Plan (R&I) for the Scheme. 4. Submit feasibility study to to PCU for clearance with copy to the Zonal Chief Engineer, BWDB. 5. Submit the R&I plan to BWDB Design Office for detailed design. 6. Prepare an agreement which will be signed by WMOs & BWDB mentioning that the responsibilities of routine O&M of the scheme will be taken up by WMOs. 7. Conduct SIA and prepare SIMP, RAP, SECEP for mitigation of any subproject impacts associated with civil works and involvement of tribal peoples with the scheme. (06) Design: The design consultant will follow the R&I Plan concurred with the WMOs for preparation of scheme design and coordinate with BWDB’s design office to finalize the detailed design, specifications and drawings. The design will be shared with the WMOs along with the R&I cost. Any land acquisition and or resettlement action plans will be implemented before award of civil works contract. (07) Implementation: BWBD field office will float tender after necessary preparation including signing of R&I Plan for concurrence by the WMOs, and award contract after proper evaluation. WMOs will participate in construction supervision under a set guideline agreed with BWDB. (08) Management Plan: BWDB will prepare a Management Plan in consultation with the WMOs based on the environmental management plan of the scheme comprising i) Long- term O&M Plan, and ii) M & E Plan. The consultants will assist the community representatives to update the Management Plan for the following year. (09) Joint Trial Operation: Joint trial operation is based on interaction of the project level facilitators (Community Organizers/Extension Overseers), BWDB local offices and the WMOs. The facilitators introduce the WMO members with the water control structures, irrigation and drainage channels and embankment of the respective scheme. The facilitators will disseminate operation and maintenance details of those components to the members of the WMOs. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-57 The facilitators discuss and sort out minor O&M activities those are plausible/reasonable for the WMOs to implement during operation of the scheme. They will facilitate the WMOs in the operation and routine maintenance of the scheme and assist them for joint trial operation. It will offer them to learn about operation so that they can be able to take responsibility of operation of the water control structures, irrigation and drainage channels and embankment of the scheme. (10) Management Transfer: The facilitators are to document the process of operation and routine maintenance of the scheme to assist WMOs and gradually train them up to do all the activities designated for them. It is expected that the WMOs will spontaneously agree on long-term O&M responsibilities and take over the operation and routine minor maintenance of the scheme. 6.5.2 Timelines of Scheme Cycle The Project, following the experience and lessons learnt in the recently completed Water Management Improvement Project (WMIP), will seek to adhere to the national guidelines on participatory water management as per Participatory Water Management Rules 2014 and engage beneficiary communities in project process under participatory scheme cycle management (PSM) approach. The scheme cycle from identification to management transfer with the WMOs will take about 35 months. Steps and timeline of the PSM is presented in the Table below. Table 6-2 Timelines of Scheme Cycle Stages of Scheme Cycle Required time* (in month) No. Throughout Identification of Schemes 1 1st Assessment of Schemes 2 2nd to 3rd Screening 1 3rd Mobilization 6 3rd to 8th Planning 6 5th to 10th Design 4 8th to 11th Implementation 14 11th to 24th Management Plan 3 18th to 20th Joint Trial Operation 12 22ndto 33rd Management Transfer 3 33rd to 35th 6.5.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) The project will establish a grievance redress mechanism (GRM) at the project level with focal persons from each of the executing agencies (BWDB, DAE and DOF). Grievance Redress Committees (GRC) will be formed at the subproject level involving the WMOs, local bodies (rural or urban), and representatives from the project proponents. GRCs will be convened by the designated representative from BWDB PCU and members will be taken from the DAE and DOF. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-58 Consultant representative in the GRC will act as the Member Secretary. Project level GRCs will be headed by the respective Project Directors in BWDB, DAE and DOF. Other members in Project GRCs will be from the consultant teams on procurement, safeguards and engineering design. All complaints will be received at the GRCs facilitated by the consultants and WMOs. The aggrieved persons may opt to make complaints directly to the Project Director or Secretary of the MOWR or even to the court of law for resolution. The Member Secretary in the GRCs will review and sort the cases in terms of nature of grievance, urgency of resolution, and schedule hearings in consultation with the Convener. All cases will be heard within four weeks from the date of receiving the complaints. If the resolution attempt at the local level fails, the GRC will refer the complaint with the minutes of the hearings to the Project Director at PCU/PIU for further review. The Project Director will assign the Senior Social Development Specialist (SSDS) at PCU/PIU for review the grievance cases and assist Project Director in making decision. The SSDS will review the case records and pay field visits for cross examining and consult the GRC members and aggrieved persons, if required. If a decision at this level is again found unacceptable by the aggrieved person(s), BWDB can refer the case to the MOWR with the minutes of the hearings at local and headquarters levels. At the ministry level, decisions on unresolved cases, if any, will be made in no more than four weeks by an official designated by the Secretary, MOWR. A decision agreed with the aggrieved person(s) at any level of hearing will be binding upon BWDB. To ensure that grievance redress decisions are made in formal hearings and in a transparent manner, the Convener will apply the following guidelines: • Reject a grievance redress application with any recommendations written on it by a GRC member or others such as politicians and other influential persons. • Remove a recommendation by any person that may separately accompany the grievance redress application. • Disqualify a GRC member who has made a recommendation on the application separately before the formal hearing: • Where a GRC member is removed, appoint another person in consultation with the Project Director. The Convener will also ensure strict adherence to the impact mitigation policies and guidelines adopted in this SMF and the mitigation standards, such as compensation rates established through market price surveys. 6.5.4 GRM Disclosure, Documentation and Monitoring The affected persons and their communities will be informed of the project’s GRM in open meetings at important locations and in FGDs. Bangla translations of the SMF and the GRM process in the form of information brochures will be distributed among the project affected persons and placed in key focal points like U/P office, Municipalities, Upazila Nirbahi Office, Upazila DOF office and the like. The WMOs and affected persons will also be briefed on the scope of the GRC, the procedure for lodging grievances cases and the procedure of grievance resolution at the project level. To ensure impartiality and transparency, hearings on complaints will remain open to the public. The GRCs will record the details of the complaints and their resolution in a register, including intake details, resolution process and the closing procedures. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-59 The three executing agencies will maintain the following three Grievance Registers: Intake Register: (1) Case number, (2) Date of receipt, (3) Name of complainant, (4) Gender, (5) Father or husband, (6) Complete address, (7) Main grievance regarding social (loss of land/property or entitlements) or environmental, (8) Complainants‟ story and expectation with evidence, and (8) Previous records of similar grievances. Resolution Register: (1) Serial no., (2) Case no., (3) Name of complainant, (4) Complainant’s story and expectation, (5) Date of hearing, (6) Date of field investigation (if any), (7) Results of hearing and field investigation, (8) Decision of GRC, (9) Progress (pending, solved), and (10) Agreements or commitments. Closing Register: (1) Serial no., (2) Case no., (3) Name of complainant, (4) Decisions and response to complainants, (5) Mode and medium of communication, (6) Date of closing, (7) Confirmation of complainants‟ satisfaction, and (8) Management actions to avoid recurrence. Grievance resolution will be a continuous process in the identification, design and implementation of subprojects and the associated social management plans. The office of the Project Directors and respective field offices will keep records of all resolved and unresolved complaints and grievances (one file for each case record) and make them available for review as and when asked for by WBG and any other interested persons/entities. The PDs will also prepare periodic reports on the grievance resolution process and publish these on their websites. 6.5.5 Labor Influx Management Civil works construction (construction, rehabilitation and repair of water management infrastructures) under respective schemes of the CSAWMP will require labor force and associated goods and services. Generally, there had been labor contracting societies (LCS) under some schemes while if there are no LCS in some other schemes, then LCS will be formed under schemes for engaging the poor and destitute laborers in small earth works. It may be mentioned here that WMAs will participate in mobilization of labor contracting societies (LCS) with the poor and destitute local peoples for small earth works contracts at the respective schemes under the Project. Requirement of labor forces for earth works in some schemes may not be met fully supplied locally. Reasons behind that include unavailability of adequate local workers and lack of technical skills and capacity. In such cases, the labor force (total or partial) may be brought in from outside the project area. In many cases, this influx is compounded by an influx of other people (“followers�) who follow the incoming workforce with the aim of selling their goods and services, or in pursuit of job or business opportunities. The rapid migration to and settlement of workers and followers in the respective scheme areas is referred to as labor influx, and under certain conditions, it can affect scheme areas negatively in terms of public infrastructure, utilities, housing, sustainable resource management and social dynamics. BWDB will look at the contractors’ labor and staff influx management to avoid any unintended incidents of social risks. The site specific social assessment and management plans will assess the risks associated with influx of outsiders in the scheme site. The contractors’ labor management should include plans to reduce influx (by using local labor as far as possible), mitigate risks and implement the plans. This will be mandatory for contractors to follow, if labor influx is assessed for civil works sites and will be specified as the contractor’s obligation in all bid documents. However, BWDB with the assistance of WMGs and WMAs will be vigilant on labor influx Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-60 management (LIM) in the ongoing civil works sites under schemes of water resource management infrastructures. 6.5.6 Consultation and Participation Communities and beneficiaries will be engaged in the projects process in all stages of scheme cycle management as discussed in Section 6.5.1. WMOs will be instrumental in the consultation and participation process as per requirement of the Participatory Water Management Rules 2014 and the World Bank priorities on Citizen Engagement and access to information policy. All consultation and participation will be designed and conducted throughout the project cycle following the Consultation and Participation Plan discussed in Section 10. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 6-61 7 RESETTLEMENT POLICY FRAMEWORK 7.1 Objectives and Scope The project has identified and designed few subprojects where no involuntary displacement of people has been involved. BWDB will identify specific sites and design physical works for other schemes during the implementation stage. This Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) is to clarify resettlement principles, organizational arrangements, and design criteria to be applied to the subprojects to be prepared during project implementation. Subproject Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) consistent with the policy framework subsequently will be submitted to the Bank for approval after specific planning information becomes available. BWDB and the other implementing agencies will screen subprojects to be financed under the project to ensure their consistency with this RPF. The framework also estimates potential impacts and a tentative land acquisition and resettlement cost. This RPF will be guiding social screening of subprojects to be undertaken at the implementation stage to carry out social impact assessment and preparation and implementation of RAPs. 7.2 Legal and Policy Framework Land for infrastructure construction will be acquired under the Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Act, 2017 (Act XXI of 2017) and other land laws and administrative manuals relevant to alluvion/diluvion land, char and khas land administration in Bangladesh. The 2017 new land, alike the previous law3, requires that compensation be paid for (i) land and assets permanently acquired (including standing crops, trees, houses); and (ii) any other damages caused by such acquisition. The DC determines (a) market value of acquired assets on the date of notice of acquisition under section 4 (based on the registered value of similar property bought and/or sold in the area over the preceding 12 months), and (b) 200% premium on the assessed value (other than crops) due to compulsory acquisition. However, it is well known in Bangladesh that people devalue land during transactions to pay lower registration fees. The Act, however, does not cover project-affected persons without title or ownership record, such as informal settler/squatters, encroachers, occupiers, and informal tenants and lease-holders (without legally constituted agreements) and does not ensure replacement market value of the property acquired. The act has no provisions for resettlement of the affected households/businesses or any assistance for restoration of livelihoods of the project affected persons. Since the land acquisition law falls short of the requirements of the World Bank safeguard policies, the project land acquisition and resettlement policy has been developed in compliance with the World Bank’s social safeguard requirements including OP 4.12. 7.2.1 Legal and Policy Principles The legal and policy principles have been devised upon analysis of gaps between the national laws on land acquisition and the World Bank OP/BP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement. The policy principles adopted for this project are the following key principles: 3 The Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance, 1982 (Ordinance II of 1982 with amendments up to 1994) Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-1 (1) All activities will be carried out within existing available land free from encumbrances what so ever; (2) Acquisition of private land and involuntary displacement of people will be avoided, where feasible; (3) Land for small infrastructure construction will be taken through voluntary donation or negotiated purchase; (4) Where acquisition of land and displacement of people are unavoidable, resettlement plan will be prepared with the subproject design and implemented before mobilization of the civil works contractor; (5) In case of emergency4, BWDB will access the land for civil works construction in response to community requests under a written consent from the land owners and start formal process of acquisition of the land. (6) Private land for emergency civil works will be taken on rental basis, if opted by the land owner, for a period until compensation is paid at full replacement cost. (7) Land for Civil works for embankment resectioning works and replacement of structures will be started only after completing resettlement of affected persons. (8) All land acquisition and resettlement activities will be completed in 18 months from the date of preparation of design of a subproject. (9) Absence of legal titles in cases of public land users will not be considered a bar to resettlement and rehabilitation assistance. (10) Vulnerability, in terms of gender, age, disability and social empowerment of the Project Affected Households (PAH) and persons, will be identified and mitigated per the provisions adopted in this SMF. (11) Homestead-losers, including the non-titled households on embankments and other public lands, will be compensated for their physical assets on the lands and assisted with physical relocation. (12) The non-titled PAHs will be encouraged for self-relocation and assisted in the process of finding out alternative lands, where necessary. In case, no alternative sites are available and feasible, landless non-titled PAHs -- having no alternative lands for homestead -- will be allowed back on the embankment slope. (13) Assets like equipment, machinery or parts/components thereof that can be dismantled and moved away intact will not be eligible for compensation, but the owners will be paid the actual costs of dismantling and moving them. (14) No compensation will be paid for temporary inconveniences faced by business operators and traders, unless they are required to stop completely their operations during the construction period. However, to ensure sustenance of their income streams, BWDB will undertake the following measures in consultation with the concerned communities and construction supervision consultant: 4 Emergency will be the situation when closing a breached section of embankment is inevitable to protect the crops and fisheries inside the scheme area and there is acute demand from the community demonstrated through written appeals and community support. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-2 • Plan and implement the construction works in a manner to avoid/minimize inconvenience and disruption to the embankment/road users, and to business/trading activities where applicable. • Ensure spaces for all temporarily displaced business/trading activities in the vicinities of their present locations, or allow them to relocate temporarily to spots they find suitable. (15) Where the project activities cause community-wide impacts affecting community facilities, access to common property resources, etc., BWDB will rebuild them with its own resources or provide alternatives in consultation with the user communities. 7.3 Acquisition of Land for Infrastructure Construction Potential resettlement issues are expected to be associated with (i) private land acquisition; (ii) displacement of squatters and encroachers from BWDB‟s own land including the existing embankment slopes and other public lands; and (iii) resumption of leased-out public lands from private citizens. Considering the potential impacts, BWDB proposes to obtain private and public lands, which may have been under authorized and unauthorized private uses, by using the following means: Private Lands: Wherever found necessary, BWDB will use the present Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Act, 2017 (Act 21 of 2017), and mitigate the associated adverse impacts in compliance with the Bank’s OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement. Public Lands (Including Embankment Slopes and BWDB’s Own Lands elsewhere) • Under Authorized Use: If the required lands are presently under lease from any government agency, BWDB may seek to use them by fulfilling the lease conditions. • Under Unauthorized Use: BWDB will take them back and vacate the embankment slopes by mitigating the associated adverse impacts consistent with the World Bank’s OP 4.12. Emergency Land Taking. With information to respective Deputy Commissioner, BWDB will determine emergency construction requirements at the request of the communities through their elected representatives (see section 7.5). BWDB will identify the alignment and site for emergency civil works and take the land immediately with a written agreement with the land owners containing compensation plan consistent with the World Bank OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement. 7.4 Voluntary donation of private land A thin strip or small parcel of land for construction of small irrigation and drainage infrastructures can be taken through voluntary donation. Voluntary donation is an act of informed consent, made with the prior knowledge of other options available and their consequences, including the right not to contribute or transfer the land. It must be obtained without coercion or duress. The voluntary land donation will require a declaration by the individual, household or group that they are donating either the land or the use of the land, for a specific purpose permanently or for a specific duration of time. If the land is required permanently, the owner must transfer the ownership following the locally active laws for free or on a negotiated price. Voluntary land donation will be executed by BWDB, DAE or DOF, if the following safeguards are in place: Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-3 1) Full consultation with landowners and any non-titled affected people at the time of site selection (including the consultation with both women and men) 2) Voluntary donations should not severely affect the living standards of affected people. 3) Voluntary donations/dispossessions should not force anybody to relocate physically. 4) Any voluntary donation will be confirmed through written record and verified by an independent third party such as customary tribunal, non-governmental organization (NGO) or legal authority. 5) Adequate grievance redress mechanism should be in place. The Voluntary Land Donation/dispossession form should be completed and records kept to document the agreement (Annexure-3). 7.5 Taking Private Land for Emergency Construction The situation of emergency will be considered when an embankment section will be breached due to riverbank erosion or the bankline shifted after detail design is finalized and civil works contractor mobilized on site. In such emergency where the community demonstrates demand for the works, BWDB will do the following: (1) Initiate formal acquisition process with the Deputy Commissioner’s (DC) office. (2) Negotiate rental for the parcel of land to be taken for construction of the retired embankment or replacement of a regulator for a period until the compensation is paid at full replacement cost. (3) In case of physical relocation of titled affected persons due to emergency works, arrange an alternative housing or a rental housing before full compensation for land and physical assets are paid at replacement cost. (4) Conduct or facilitate the DC to conduct joint verification of the land type and any physical structures, crops and trees, businesses on the proposed land. (5) Document the process and report to the Bank for concurrence on the land taking for the emergency construction. 7.6 Eligibility for Compensation and Assistance Regardless of their tenure status to the lands used for a subproject, the project affected persons/households will be eligible for compensation and assistance. Pending further investigations to identify other impacts and impacted persons, BWDB will mitigate impacts on the following: • Private Landowners. Persons who have legal rights to the affected lands and other assets, such as houses, other structures, trees, etc., built and grown on them. • Squatters and encroachers. Squatters of existing embankment and of any other public land under acquisition and encroachers of public and private land under acquisition or of the existing embankment (both without any legal title to the land but use them for residential, commercial or livelihood purpose) will not be compensated for land, but for the assets built and grown on the lands. • Owners of Displaced Businesses. Compensation for income loss from businesses that are: (i)displaced from private lands, embankment slopes, and those belonging to BWDB and other public agencies; and (ii) required to close temporarily during implementation of the civil works. In both cases, compensation/assistance will apply to the actual owners of the affected businesses. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-4 • Employees of Affected Businesses -who are employed in the above two types of affected businesses. • Rental Income Earners. Persons losing rental income from built premises situated on private lands and on public/BWDB land affected due to the project interventions. • VNR Owners/Users. Current users of the acquired lands and other properties designated VNR properties during acquisition for the current project. • Usufruct Rights Holders. Owners of affected business, agricultural, fisheries and other activities on formally leased-in government land, where lessees (formal or informal) stipulate compensatory conditions in cases where lands are taken back or acquired before lease expiration. • Community and Groups. Where local communities and groups are likely to lose, income earning opportunities or access to crucial common property resources used for livelihood purposes. 7.7 Compensation Principles and Standards The following principles and standards will be used to determine compensation and assistance for persons/households in the different impact categories. 7.7.1 Acquired Lands and Other Assets • Replacement costs for an equal amount of land of same use and quality, including the registration costs including stamp duties. • Replacement costs of houses/structures and other immovable built items (e.g. water supply, sanitation, drainage, etc.), at current market prices of the same building materials plus the current costs of labor to build them. • Current market prices of trees and other assets which are irreplaceable. Price of fruit trees will be determined considering the maturity and harvest price of fruits. • Current market prices of crops in the field or on trees, if the lands are used before harvest. • If the acquired land is agricultural and amounts to 20% or more of the total productive land owned by the affected household, a Transition Allowance (TA) at three times the value of the crops produced in a year on the acquired land. Valuation principles and methods to determine the replacement costs of lands, houses/structures and other replaceable assets, and market prices of trees, crops and other irreplaceable assets are suggested in Annex 6. 7.7.2 Displacement from Homesteads • Displaced from private lands: Relocation assistance to lands the affected households can personally arrange to buy, or to public lands arranged by BWDB. • Displaced from public lands: Relocation assistance` for displaced households due to acquisition of land to alternative public lands arranged by BWDB. Displaced informal settlers on existing embankments will be assisted for relocation to alternative sites they will buy or arrange with assistance from BWDB. At extreme circumstances of failure to find alternative sites, the displaced embankment settlers will be allowed back on the embankment after construction. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-5 • Displaced from VNR lands: Relocation assistance either to lands they can personally arrange to buy, or to public lands arranged by BWDB. • In case of group relocation outside the existing embankment, provision of pre- acquisition level basic utilities, such as water supply, sanitation, electricity, and other facilities e.g. school, medical facilities, religious centers, etc., if they are not located in the vicinity, may need to be provided. 7.7.3 Loss of Business, Employment and Rental Income Temporarily Closed Businesses: Where business activities come to a complete closure during construction, the owners will be paid for income loss at rates based on average daily net income for the smaller of the number of days needed to reopen the individual businesses, or to complete the civil works. Partially Affected Businesses: Where business premises are partially dismantled and the remainder is structurally safe and useable, compensation, calculated as above, for the smaller of the number of days needed to repair and reopen the individual businesses, or to complete the civil works. Businesses Completely Displaced from Present Premises: Owners of affected business will be compensated for loss of income for 45 days based on average daily net income from the business and assisted in relocating their business in new locations. Loss of Employment Income from Displaced and Temporarily Closed Businesses: Persons who have been continuously employed by the displaced and temporarily closed businesses for at least six months up to the day of the PAP census (cut-off date) will be compensated for the period until their employers restart their operations, or for a maximum of 30 days. The daily rates will be based on their monthly/daily salary paid by the employers. Loss of Income from Rented-out Premises: Three months’ rent at the current rates for loss of rental income from premises affected on private lands and on public/BWDB lands. 7.7.4 Vested and Non-Resident Property Lands and other properties that were not declared VNR – (previously ‘enemy properties’ under the Enemy Properties Act of 1965)5 through 1984, and are found to be VNR during acquisition for any subproject under the Project, the following guidelines will apply: Agricultural lands: 5 These properties have been left behind by the people of minority communities who migrated to other countries as a result of the independence and partition of India in 1947. An investigation through 1984 designated some of such properties as ‘vested and non-resident (VNR)’, which have since been leased to private citizens on an annual basis, or Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-6 • Present users/owners will qualify for compensation of three times the value of all crops grown in one year on the acquired lands; • Current market prices of crops in the field or on trees, if the lands are used before harvest; and • Where acquisitions affect the lands partially, the owners/users will be allowed to use the remainder. Acquired homesteads (including houses/structures): To deal with partial and full acquisitions, BWDB will consider the following alternatives in consultation with the present owners/users: • Partially acquired homesteads (including houses/structures): Assistance to the present owners/users to move and rebuild the houses/structures on the remaining land. • Fully acquired homesteads (including houses/structures): Relocation assistance either to lands they can personally arrange to buy, or to public lands arranged by BWDB; or • Six months’ rent for living accommodation, comparable to the affected one, in the nearby towns where such accommodation is available for rental purposes. 7.7.5 Leasehold Lands • Formally leased-in from any agencies of the Government: Compensation as stipulated in the lease agreement. • Formally leased-in khas land: Compensation, if any, stipulated in the lease agreement. 7.7.6 Unforeseen Impacts BWDB will adopt and implement policies, in consultation with the project affected people/ stakeholders and the WBG, to mitigate any adverse impacts that may have remained unknown and are not covered in this SMF. 7.8 Preparation of Resettlement Plan With this Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) in place, separate Resettlement Action Plans (RAP) will be prepared for each site-specific civil works program. A typical RAP will contain information, on the amount of lands required from private and public ownerships; details of the impacts/losses and the number of landowners and informal settlers being affected; the alternatives/measures considered to minimize displacement; review of the applicable mitigation measures (with new ones, if necessary); a detailed budget to implement the mitigation measures; and a time-schedule for RAP implementation. The process requires to generate RAP inputs seeking active participation of the project affected persons and other stakeholders identified during the screening and SIA process. allocated to various government agencies. There still remains an unknown amount of such properties, which are used by people claiming to be related to the original owners. If the legal documents possessed by the present users are found unsatisfactory during acquisition for the CEIP subprojects, DCs will declare them VNR property and disqualify them for the compensation-under-the-law. BWDB will however implement the proposed mitigation measures on the ground that without the proposed project the current users would still be using the properties. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-7 7.8.1 Preparation of Land Acquisition Proposals In cases, when scheme rehabilitation works includes acquisition of private or public land, the exact ground locations of the required lands are to be identified first. As such, following the selection of sites, the engineering consultants will carry out detailed engineering surveys and design the construction, rehabilitation and improvement works and lay them on the mouza maps. This will provide the basis to prepare the land acquisition proposals (LAP) which require administrative approval by the relevant Ministries before they are submitted to DCs for acquisition. The LAPs will be prepared for each subproject and will include • plot schedules, (with dag or plot numbers), • the amount of land to be acquisitioned from each plot, and • the ownership status, such as private and public lands. With the acquisition locations demarcated on the ground, work on the major process tasks, such as social screening and census, will begin to generate the RAP inputs. In absence of land acquisition, where subproject involves displacement of squatters and encroachers, RAP surveys will be carried within subproject boundary following the design layouts. 7.8.2 RAP Surveys These RAP surveys including census of affected persons, inventory of assets affected, consultation with affected persons, valuation of affected assets, and the like will begin as soon as the exact locations of the required lands are demarcated on the ground. The surveys will provide an estimate of the would-be affected landowners and squatters and establish the cut-off dates as to who and what assets would qualify for compensation. These censuses will identify the landowners and squatters, including those with usufruct rights to any private and public lands, by name and location and list the assets they have created on the lands targeted for acquisition at each site. These data will be used to determine the loss categories and, if needed, to adopt new measures to mitigate any impacts unique to any site, as well as to prepare the scheme specific resettlement budgets. 7.8.3 Determination of Replacement cost/Market Prices The DCs will determine the compensation under law (CUL) by using the legal method. However, in keeping with the proposed compensation principles, the project authority, assisted by Joint Verification Team (JVT), will determine the current market price and replacement cost of the affected assets. The coverage and the proposed survey methods are as follows: • Lands: Will include all kinds of lands, such as agricultural, homestead, fallow, etc. To ensure transparency and fairness, this will be done at two stages: (a) during site assessment and screening the consultants hired by the project authority will collect information on current market prices of different kinds of land that are likely to be needed (along and in the vicinity of the civil works) to carry out the anticipated construction, rehabilitation /improvement works, from a sample of the potential project beneficiaries; and (b) at mobilization, the relevant stakeholders will be consulted about the current market prices. The two sets of prices will be compared for each site and a rate for each type of land will be jointly worked out in consultation with the beneficiaries and would-be affected landowners. • Houses and Other Built Structures: The project authority and JVT will jointly determine the per unit replacement costs for different types of structures, based on the current market prices of different kinds of building materials in the local markets. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-8 • Trees, Seasonal and Perennial Crops, etc.: The project authority and JVT will jointly determine the compensation based on market prices in the local markets. • Temporary Income Losses (Business, Wage and Rental): The project authority and JVT will jointly determine the compensation, by using the relevant rates. • Unforeseen Losses: Compensation for any unforeseen losses will also be determined by the project authority and JVT by using methods that will be considered most appropriate. Joint verification of the affected properties will be conducted in the presence of their owners. The JVT could consist of the following four members or more, depending on arrangements and agreements reached through consultation with stakeholders: • Authorized representative from BWDB (and//or from DAE and DOF) • Consultants • PAP Representative • Representative of local government body • Local Land Officer • Revenue Surveyor The Consultants to be hired by the implementing agencies for SIA and preparation of the site- specific RAPs will also be responsible for conducting the market surveys to determine the replacement cost of all assets impacted/lost due to the project. The Consultant will work closely with the designated Resettlement specialist(s) from each implementing agency. The PAP representative may be identified through a consultative process involving PAPs, local authorities, voting or nominations. Reports, recording the replacement cost/current market prices of the different asset categories, will be produced by the project authority and discussed with the PAPs businesses including local government officials before finalization. These compensation data will be used to prepare the resettlement budgets. The project authority will share each RAP with the Bank for review and approval, before the civil works packages are accepted for Bank financing. At implementation, the implementing agency/project authority will ensure that all compensations/entitlements due to the PAPs are paid in full, before the civil works begin on the acquired lands, including the public lands resumed from private uses. 7.8.4 Consultation and Information Dissemination Consultation and communication will be used as a key tool to assess local demand for scheme rehabilitation in accordance with their socio-cultural needs and requirements. All consultations will be socially inclusive and participatory. Special attention will be given to issues of equal benefits from project activities for climate agriculture and fisheries. The feedback from such consultation will be reflected in not only the design of schemes, but also in the process of operations and maintenance of the schemes after rehabilitation. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-9 7.8.5 Grievance Redress A formal grievance redress procedure will be set up to answer queries and address complaints that the communities and affected persons may raise during project process including land acquisition, and RAP preparation and implementation. The grievances may include disputes over ownership and inheritance of the affected assets, distribution of compensation among the heirs, missing affected assets and persons in the census, etc. The procedure will seek to resolve an issue quickly and amicably to expedite the compensation process, and save the PAPs from resorting to expensive and time-consuming legal actions. The composition of the Grievance Redress Committees (GRC) will be done in a participatory manner after consultation with all stakeholders. The following is an example of a typical structure for these types of committees: • Convener from the Implementing Agencies • Consultant representative as member secretary • Union Parishad Chairman • Female Union Parishad Member • PAP representative (2) • WMO representative 7.8.6 Land Acquisition and Resettlement Plan Implementation BWDB will be responsible to initiate land acquisition and preparation of RAP with technical assistance from the design and construction supervision consultant. Each Agency will hire an international/national consultancy firm/research organization through competitive selection for design and supervision of their Components. These consultants will be responsible for the social assessments, baseline surveys, market-surveys, consultation and communication strategies and preparation of the site –specific RAPs. BWDB will also hire an NGO or specialized firms directly or through the design and supervision consultant for social mobilization, and resettlement and livelihood restoration of the affected persons. The Project Coordination Unit (PCU) under BWDB will be responsible for implementation of the land acquisition plans and RAPs and related activities on the ground and overseeing all process activities (such as, preparation of land acquisition proposals, PAP census, market price surveys, etc.) leading to land acquisition, and RAP preparation and implementation. The M&E consultant will provide general oversight. The design and supervision consultants will assist the PCU and PIUs implement the site-specific RAPs and ensure compliance of the works completed by the civil works contractors, among other responsibilities. 7.8.7 Monitoring and Evaluation An independent M&E consultancy will report to the PSC and is responsible for overall monitoring and supervision of the implementation and impact of various subcomponents for the whole project. They will also supervise implementation of the overall SMF and the site-specific RAPs, review and monitor for each sub-projects the specific social and environmental management plans and supervision of their implementation. The M&E will be carried out using latest technology such as satellite imagery and GIS systems, where necessary. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-10 Monitoring Land Acquisition 89. The following are the major tasks/actions which will be monitored in the land acquisition process: • Engineering designs of rehabilitation/improvement works completed • Land acquisition proposals (LAPs) prepared and landownership status sorted out • Land requirements demarcated on the ground • LAPs approved (administrative) by Ministry of Water Resources • LAPs submitted to DCs • LAPs approved by DCs/DLACs • Notice under Section-3 issued by DCs • Notice under Section-6 issued by DCs • Acquisition budgets prepared and sent to XENs • Superintending Engineers at Circles approved DCs' budget • Acquisition funds placed with DCs by XENs • Notice under Section-7 issued by DCs • CUL payment process started by DCs (Progress in CUL payment will be monitored on a continuing basis) Monitoring RAP Preparation and Implementation Other RAP preparation tasks will begin as soon as the LAPs, especially the plot schedules, are finalized and the acquisition locations are demarcated on the ground. The following major activities will be monitored to assess progress in RAP preparation and implementation: • Census of project-affected persons and assets • Cut-off dates established by FCD/I schemes • Census data processed • Mitigation policies reviewed (if necessary) • Replacement costs/market prices of land reconciled and reported to the Project Authority • JVT verified and assessed non-land losses for individual PAPs • Compensation budgets prepared and approved by Project Authority • GRCs established and made operational • Individual entitlement files prepared • Compensation/entitlement paid (Will be monitored on a continuing basis) • Homestead losers relocated (wherever necessary) • Lands handed over for civil works Civil works of any kind may only start once all compensation payments to all entitled PAPs have been paid. Contents and structures of a Resettlement Action Plan (full and abbreviated) is available with the World Bank OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-11 7.8.8 Budget and Sources of Finance The SMF provides for capacity development of the executing agencies in social management in subproject cycle. Based on experience of WMIP, ECRRP and CEIP-1 it is likely that the project, during implementation, may need to procure lands (either voluntary donation or through acquisition) and displace peoples permanently or temporarily. The project may also need to compensate for physical structure or replace them where affected to make available lands for infrastructure improvement works. The SMF, has therefore, includes a provision of US$ 21.00 million for compulsory acquisition of land, and capacity building of the executing agencies and resettlement/livelihood restoration of affected persons (Table 7.1). Table 7-1 Social Management Budget (Tentative) Estimated Budget Items of LA&R Activities BDT (Million) USD (Million) Land - acquisition (LS) 1780.79 21.4 Resettlement and livelihood restoration 308 3.7 Resettlement Consultant and Land 20 0.24 Acquisiton Consultant Total 2108.79 25.3 All funds for land acquisition and resettlement of displaced persons will be provided from the government counter fund to the project and spent through the PCU of BWDB. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 7-12 8 SMALL ETHNIC COMMUNITY DEVELOPEMNT FRAMEWORK 8.1 Background Bangladesh is a multi-cultural, multi-religious and multi-lingual country. Although majority of the country’s population belong to one ethnic and linguistic group, about 2 million of the national population (163 million) belongs to the 35-different small ethnic groups officially recognized as tribes, minor races, ethnic sects and communities9. The dialect spoken by those in Chittagong and Sylhet are particularly distinctive. The population is estimated at 163 million (2016). About 86% of Bangladeshis are Muslims, followed by Hindus (12%), Buddhists (1%) and Christians (0.5%) and others (0.5%) (Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demographics_of_Bangladesh). These peoples are concentrated in the north (North Bengal & Mymensingh - Sylhet region), and in the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) in the south-east of the country commonly known as Small Ethnic Community. The above-mentioned region wise list of Small Ethnic Community is given below. Table 8-1 Small Ethnic Communities in Bangladesh Chittagong & Chittagong Hill Mymensingh - Sylhet North Bengal Tracts Region Bawm Bhuimali Barman Chak Lahra Been Chakma Mahali Bhumij Kheyang Mahato Bonaj Khumi Munda Dalu Lushai Mushhor Garo Marma Noonia Pangan Mro & Murong Oraon Pangkhoa Pahan Rakhaine Palia Tanchanga Rabidas Tripura Rajbabgshi Rana Karmakar Ranjoarh Santal Source: Ref: http://www.ebbd.info/indigenous-communities.html However, Small Ethnic Community are also scattered in small proportion all over Bangladesh including the coastal areas. At present it is not known about Small Ethnic Communities’ populations living in all districts under the 9 (nine) Zonal Offices of BWDB under CSAWMP project. There may be negligible number of Small Ethnic Communities’ populations is present in the Project areas. These nine Zonal Offices are located at (i) Faridpur, (ii) Comilla, (iii) Chittagong, (iv) Dhaka, (v) Khulna, (vi) Sylhet, (vii) Rajshahi, (viii) Rangpur, and (ix) Barisal districts. There are about 35 smaller groups of Small Ethnic Community in Bangladesh covering about two percent of the total population have been living in different pockets of the hilly zones and some plain lands of the country (www. Banlaembassy.com.). On the other hand, per the Bangladesh Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 8-13 Adivasi Forum, there are 35 ethnic groups with approximately 2.5 million living side by side with the Bengali majority people. Per the government statistics the total number of Adivasi is 12,05,978 which is only 1.03 percent of the total population. However enough doubts remain about this number of Adivasis. The Small Ethnic Community along with the localities they live are mentioned here; Bawm, Chak, Chakma, Khyang, Khumi, Lushai, Marma, Mro. Pangkhoa, Rakhain, Tanchanga, Tripura in Chttagong Hill Tracts regions; Bhuimale, Lahra, Mahali, Monda, Noonia, Oraro, Pahan, Palia, Rabidas, Raybansi, Ranjoarh, Rana KIarmaker, Santal, in the North Bengal Region and Been, Bhumig, Boraj, Barman, Dalu, Garo, Hajongn, Halem, Kharia, Khari, Koch, Konda, Kurmi, Manipuri, Nayek, Pangan, Patra, Shabar in the Mymensingh and Sylhet region. (Cultural Survey of Bangladesh, Series- 5) Ref: http://www.ebbd.info/indigenous-communities.html 8.2 Objectives Objectives of Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Framework is that the Small Ethnic Community and their communities’ development framework is based on the World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.10 and is applicable to all subprojects/schemes under CSAWMP with the presence of small ethnic populations. The specific objectives of the TDF are given below: • Ensure that project activities and interventions uphold the social and cultural norms and practices of the small ethnic or other vulnerable communities • Ensure that the project engages with the small ethnic communities in a free, prior and informed consultation through processes that are appropriate to the local institutional context, ensuring that their participation is meaningful in the entire process of preparation, implementation and monitoring of the sub projects and related activities • Ascertain that the project does not inadvertently lead to or induce disempowerment, or increase disparities between the small ethnic/other small ethnic vulnerable and ‘mainstream’ communities • Avoid, minimize and/or mitigate any kind of adverse impacts on small ethnic households, including on their livelihoods; • Establish appropriate strategies for information sharing, communication, training and decision-making with the different small ethnic communities (women and men) at all stages of the project • Ensure that the project benefits and investments are equally accessible to the small ethnic and other vulnerable communities inhabiting the project area • Ensure free prior and informed consultations held with all small ethnic groups and that there is ownership over the project interventions If social screening finds any small ethnic community people in an around the scheme area, even if their number is small and they have been fully mainstreamed into the local social, cultural and economic institutions, the Small Ethnic Community Development Framework (SECDF) will be incorporated within the overall project design. The need for a Small Ethnic Community Ehnancement Plan will be established at the sub-project preparation stage based on screening using the following criteria: Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 8-14 • Presence of small ethnic and other vulnerable communities in the target sub-project area under CSAWMP, • Adverse impacts on customary rights of use and access to land and natural resources, including common area and grazing lands, • Negative impacts on socio-economic or cultural identity of small ethnic or other sub- groups, • Impacts that may undermine indigenous knowledge and customary institutions, and • Focused consultations with small ethnic and other vulnerable communities on interventions. 8.3 Identification of SECs in Subproject Area The above Tables 8.1 shows that there is a minor/insignificant possibility of presence of Small Ethnic Community in a very few subprojects/schemes areas only. It is may be suggested that screening for presence of Small Ethnic Community will be done during design stage subject to presence of Small Ethnic Community in the respective scheme area. Matrix will be prepared on socioeconomic characteristics of Small Ethnic Community based on data to be collected during screening for existence of the community in the subproject areas. Table 8-2 Sample of the matrix Name of Socioeconomic characteristic Small religion culture settlement occupational social conflict The Ethnic pattern profile structure resolution like Community Garo Hajong --- Somewhat detailed description of socioeconomic characteristics will be presented based on relevant information to be presented in the above sample matrix for offering qualitative data. Collective attachment to ancestral territories and natural resources are described here. The Small Ethnic Community in CSAWMP project districts do not possess any land area as ancestral territories and do not rely on natural resources anymore in the lands they are residing. They are scattered within the mainstream population and gradually being inducted and educated to mainstream livelihoods including business, agriculture and services. These Small Ethnic Community do not have collective land rights. They inherit from their parents’ holding, individually own and operate them like the mainstream peoples. Efforts will be made to know and understand whether any small ethnic people/minor race/ethnic sect under any subproject/scheme living in the forest area where they do not have land rights at all, but are using parcels of forest land for residence and agriculture (cultivation any crop grown in the land over there) for their livelihoods. Presumably, the plain district Small Ethnic Communities have Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 8-15 mostly left their traditional livelihood activities (fishing and collection of forestry resources) but entered occupations like those of the mainstream population. 8.4 Informed consultation for broader community support Free, prior and informed consultations will be held with small ethnic and other vulnerable communities, CBOs, NGOs, and small ethnic institutions (if any) where small ethnic populations are found to be in the sub-project/scheme areas of CSAWMP under the nine Zonal Offices of BWDB. These free, prior and informed consultations will take place during resource development planning process, and their broad community support will be documented. The following mechanism will be followed: • Separate consultations with small ethnic households and groups will be organized for every small ethnic community identified during the sub-project/scheme preparation stage, • Where small ethnic populations are in the minority, exclusive consultations with small ethnic women and men, leaders, small ethnic focused NGOs, and any relevant stakeholders to identify the priorities and strategies for ensuring small ethnic inclusion in project institutions, interventions and project benefits, • Fortnightly meetings in small ethnic areas for information sharing and conclusion during the planning stages, and • Monthly meetings during the implementation stages of the project. 8.5 Community needs assessment Community needs assessment may be done based on presence of Small Ethnic Community in the scheme area during design stage only. It may be mentioned here that there are no possibilities in most of the schemes’ areas of presence of Small Ethnic Community. Thus, community needs assessment may be carried out in the schemes’ areas where ther e are Small Ethnic Community present to be identified during design stage. 8.6 Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP) 8.6.1 Basic principles of SECEP Whenever a decision is made to build a physical facility for water resource management in schemes/subprojects areas inhabited by Small Ethnic Community and implementation of the civil works are likely to affect them adversely, MOWR will: • Ensure that SE communities in general and their organizations are fully included in the process leading to selection of facility site, as well as design and implementation of the physical works. • Screen the development and construction works, together with SEC, for a preliminary understanding of the nature and magnitude of potential adverse impacts, and explore alternatives to avoid or minimize them. • Where alternatives are found infeasible and adverse impacts unavoidable, immediately assess the key impact issues, together with SECs and others knowledgeable of SEC cultures and concerns. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 8-16 • Undertake the necessary tasks to identify the impact details and the most appropriate mitigation measures, through intensive consultations with the affected SE communities, SEC organizations, civil society organization like NGOs and CBOs, professionals, and the like. • Not undertake a development and construction activity where the SE communities remain unconvinced to offer broad support for the proposed facility. 8.7 Grievance Redress Mechanisms Wherever relevant and wherever traditional mechanisms are prevalent, grievance redress mechanisms will be customized for the needs of small ethnic people and to address the needs of small ethnic communities. In addition, wherever small ethnic people are in large numbers, there will be a small ethnic representative in the grievance committees. 8.8 Contents of SECEP When Small Ethnic Community Enhancement Plan (SECEP) will be prepared, the SECEP will primarily aim at mitigating adverse impacts, and reinforcing and promoting any existing development opportunities in the project areas, with emphasis on the SECs who would be directly affected or be benefited. The contents of the SECEP will generally consist of the following: Baseline data and impacts, including analysis of the above-mentioned cultural characteristics (to be documented in the matrix and narratives as well), such as social structure and economic activities; land tenure; customary and other rights to the use of natural resources; relationship with the local mainstream peoples; and other factors that have been suggested by IPs during consultation and are to be addressed in the SECEP and project design. Sub-project/scheme planning processes will include preparation of a baseline on the socio-economic profile and resource dependence of the small ethnic groups in CSAWMP project are, along with other relevant information on the small ethnic population in the sub-project/scheme area, such as their participation in community decision- making, participation within local institutions and customs, and language and cultural markers. Based on the consultations, key issues of the tribes and other marginalized groups with respect to CSAWMP interventions would be summarized and will form part of the baseline. Every sub- project/scheme plan will contain a separate section on the baseline small ethnic situation, if present. This baseline will be used in the preparation of the SECEP and will include the following: • List of villages with presence of small ethnic and other vulnerable communities and their identification (name of tribe, sub-tribes, other marginalized social groups, if any), • Village-wise listing of all the small ethnic and other marginalized households, • Village-wise socio-economic profile of tribes and marginalized groups/households vis-à- vis other social groups (occupations, land holdings, debt status, etc.), and • Details of any traditional forest usage rights of small ethnic sub-groups in the area. • Participatory assessment methods will be used during the planning stages, and the key issues of small ethnic groups and other vulnerable communities will be summarized in a Small Ethnic Community Situation Assessment Report. • Strategy for discourse and consultation, indicating timing of disclosure and consultation, and the participants, such as affected SE communities, SEC organizations, and individuals and entities who could provide useful feedback and inputs. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 8-17 • Mitigation measures and community enhancement activities, which will generally follow SEC preferences and priorities, including those agreed between the SE communities/SEC organizations and BWDB. • Institutional capacity, considering BWDB’s staff experience, consulting services, and SEC and civil society organizations in designing and implementing SECEP. • SECEP implementation schedule, taking into consideration minimizing disruption to the livelihood and other activities of SEC. • Monitoring and evaluation, with participation of SEC representatives and organizations, as well as other civil society organizations that may have been operating in these areas. • Financing the SECEP, Budgets and sources of funds needed to implement the mitigation measures and development activities agreed between the SEC and BWDB. 8.9 Publication and information dissemination CSAWMP will enhance awareness of the project’s interventions among local small ethnic populations through timely and routine publication and dissemination of information on the sub- project/scheme interventions in communication strategies that are locally acceptable and understandable to the target groups. 8.9.1 Culture-Sensitive Information Dissemination, Awareness and Outreach There will be added emphasis on adapting the information dissemination and communication activities to the local small ethnic languages. In this case, the PCU will engage the services of a development communication specialist for developing a strategy and tools for communication, community outreach and information dissemination in small ethnic areas where the national language is not spoken or where local customs or rituals would impact awareness. 8.9.2 Training Training and capacity building will take place for BWDB and PCU staff implementing the TDP in each sub project/scheme area. This will include: 1. Capacity building within BWDB and the PCU on Tribal Development Frameworks 2. Equal participation of small ethnic men and women in training and participation in the Water Management Organizations. 8.9.3 Procedure To prepare and SECEP, the following steps will be taken: • Social screening to establish the presence of tribes in each sub-project/scheme area under CSAWMP; • Based on the detailed social assessment, establish baseline data on the small ethnic communities and households in the project area, including but not limited to: • Socio-economic profile—land-holding, source/s of income, migration status, indebtedness, etc. These issues will be covered in the small ethnic development plan, • Livelihood strategies, including dependence on forests and other natural resources, • Dependence on any common lands (for grazing, housing, etc.), Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 8-18 • Existing participation in local governance institutions, as well as the role of any small ethnic institutions. • Review the relevant Acts, policies and guidelines applicable to the different small ethnic groups residing in the subproject/scheme areas under CSAWMP, • Identify the specific project impacts (both positive and negative) on the small ethnic groups and households, • Prepare and validate a list of affected households and groups and prepare a plan of activities, with clear time-lines, responsibilities and a budget, • Validate the list with the local administration (Upazilla) and all affected households, and • SECEP will be shared with the concerned community of the area for their information and participation. 8.9.4 Principles The major project principles will also be applicable in the TOVDP preparation and implementation, which include the following: • Focus on the marginalized and disadvantaged small ethnic and other vulnerable households, • Specific interventions to be identified and included to target and benefit the most vulnerable and poorest social groups in the village, including women, • Project implementation and activities will adhere and perpetuate principles of transparency and accountability, and • Planning and implementation of subproject/scheme activities under CSAWMP will be participatory and ensure appropriate inclusion of the members of the small ethnic households. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 8-19 9 INCLUSION AND GENDER ACTION PLAN 9.1 Social and Gender Issues This project will facilitate participation of local community in any subproject/scheme with emphasis on involvement of women and the excluded groups in the water management activities and structures. Social inclusion will be ensured through local stakeholders’ participation and analysis throughout preparation and implementation of schemes. The inhabitants of a subproject/scheme area under CSAWMP who are directly or indirectly affected by water management are the local stakeholders. Besides, any individual or group who, in one way or another is favorably influenced by a subproject/scheme under CSAWMP is a beneficiary. Any individual or group who is adversely affected by any subproject/scheme intervention under CSAWMP is the Project Affected Person (PAP). PAPs include women and men belong to the households of farmers, fishers, small traders, craftsmen, boatmen, landless people, destitute women, and any other member of the local community. BWDB and DAE and DOF will explicitly consider of social and gender concerns into project design and implementation. In this regard, extensive community consultations would be a key to understanding how the different community groups (in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, gender differentiation, ethnicity and other relevant attributes), perceive of climate change impacts and current state and use of existing water management infrastructures in their respective areas. However, women are now increasingly recognized to play an effective and critical role in the process for sustainable and equitable development for men and women in the country. The schemes under CSAWMP will therefore include social assessment and gender analysis for socially inclusive design, implementation and operation including beneficiary participation. They will be encouraged and facilitated to participate in the following activities to possible extent which will create an opportunity and enabling environment for them to ensure their social inclusion: • Rehabilitation works for re-sectioning of embankments; re-excavation of canal/khal; rehabilitation and construction of water control structures; and other protective works. • A series of capacity building and training activities will be arranged for strengthening the WMOs and advancing their capacity to effectively take responsibilities for O&M of transferred schemes. • To promote climate resilience and climate smart planning, schemes based adaptation plans will be prepared to be implemented by the WMOs for transferred irrigation schemes. • Replicating learnt lessons from WMIP by the BWDB staffs’ functions to work with farmers and WMOs. • Undertaking interventions that improve agricultural productivity, increase its resilience, improve market access. • Promoting use of high efficiency irrigation technologies, agriculture and horticulture production improvement technologies and inputs. • Strengthening institutional capacity and increase farmers’ adoption of climate -smart practices in selected rural landscapes associated with specific schemes being rehabilitated. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 9-1 • Community-based aquaculture interventions that improve its productivity, resilience and GHG emissions control including breed improvement, rice fish culture, year-round aquaculture, and cultivation of small indigenous species. • Enhancing farmers’ linkages to markets through post-harvest management and value addition activities by establishing commodity groups and farmer producer organizations/companies, integrating commercial value chains, and facilitating public- private partnerships. • Setting-up adequate fiduciary, governance, audits and accountability mechanisms; grievance redress mechanism, communication. • Introduction of interactive voice response (IVR) system to promote effective citizen engagement through disseminating information of project schemes and seeking feedback. 9.2 Social and Gender Issues This project will facilitate participation of local community in any subproject/scheme under this project with emphasis on involvement of women and the excluded groups in the water management activities and structures. Social inclusion will be ensured through local stakeholders’ participation and analysis throughout preparation and implementation of subprojects/schemes of the CSAWMP. The inhabitants of a subproject/scheme area under CSAWMP who are directly or indirectly affected by water management are the local stakeholders. They will be facilitated to participate in stakeholder analysis for the above-mentioned purposes. Besides, any individual or group who, in one way or another is favorably influenced by a subproject/scheme under CSAWMP is a beneficiary. Any individual or group who is adversely affected by any subproject/scheme intervention under CSAWMP is the Project Affected Person (PAP). PAPs include women and men belong to the households of farmers, fishers, small traders, craftsmen, boatmen, landless people, destitute women, and any other member of the local community. They will be compensated for their losses due to implementation of subproject/scheme under CSAWMP. BWDB will explicitly consider of social and gender concerns into project design and implementation. In this regard, extensive community consultations would be a key to understanding how the different community groups (in terms of socioeconomic characteristics, gender differentiation, ethnicity and other relevant attributes), perceive of climate change impacts and current state and use of existing water management infrastructures in their respective areas. However, women are now increasingly recognized to play an effective and critical role in the process for sustainable and equitable development for men and women in the country. The sub projects under CSAWMP in each phase will therefore include social assessment and gender analysis for socially inclusive design, implementation and operation including beneficiary participation. They will be encouraged and facilitated to participate in the following activities to possible extent which will create an opportunity and enabling environment for them to ensure their social inclusion: • Rehabilitation works for re-sectioning of embankments; re-excavation of canal/khal; rehabilitation and construction of water control structures; and other protective works. • A series of capacity building and training activities will be arranged for strengthening the WMOs and advancing their capacity to effectively take responsibilities for O&M of transferred schemes. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 9-2 • To promote climate resilience and climate smart planning, schemes based adaptation plans will be prepared to be implemented by the WMOs for transferred irrigation schemes. • Replicating learnt lessons from WMIP about process of the BWDB staffs’ functions to work with farmers and WMOs. • Undertaking interventions that improve agricultural productivity, increase its resilience, improve market access. • Promoting use of high efficiency irrigation technologies, agriculture and horticulture production improvement technologies and inputs. • Strengthening institutional capacity and increase farmers’ adoption of climate -smart practices in selected rural landscapes associated with specific schemes being rehabilitated. • Community-based aquaculture interventions that improve its productivity, resilience and GHG emissions control including breed improvement, rice fish culture, year-round aquaculture, and cultivation of small indigenous species. • Enhancing farmers’ linkages to markets through post-harvest management and value addition activities by establishing commodity groups and farmer producer organizations/companies, integrating commercial value chains, and facilitating public- private partnerships. • Setting-up adequate fiduciary, governance, audits and accountability mechanisms; grievance redress mechanism, communication. • Introduction of interactive voice response (IVR) system to promote effective citizen engagement through disseminating information of project schemes and seeking feedback. 9.3 Social and Gender Analysis It is evident that in Bangladesh lands and properties are generally registered in names of male persons in most of the cases. The main reason behind it is prevailing patriarchal and patrilineal dominance in the country. Presumably, all the subprojects/schemes areas in different districts under the 9 (nine) zones of BWDB under the CSAWMP are not exception of that predominant patriarchal social norms and values. In such background, different women may have very minimum/insignificant degree of legal rights to lands and properties. A considerable number or the poor and the destitute women do not have any legal rights to land and properties. But they may have enjoyed usufructuary rights or been dependent on them. It may happen in case of land acquisition for implementation of any subproject/scheme under the CSAWMP that most of the women of even the project affected households will not receive any CUL against acquired land of the respective affected households. It is anticipated that the project affected women including the poor and vulnerable women may have limited access to project benefits while they must suffer more compared to the affected male persons. Payment of compensation to those male affected persons with legal title predominantly is intrinsically gender biased. It is anticipated that if dislocation of the people in any subproject/scheme will happen, then there may be possibility of loss of livelihood which will cause the poor and destitute women to encounter economic hardships. It underscores the need to enumerate women’s economic activities in planning and executing resettlement program under the CSAWMP. The objective of social and gender analysis is to identify the differences and provide evidence for gender roles, activities, needs and available opportunities for men and women during preparation Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 9-3 and implementation of any subproject/scheme under the CSAWMP. This will provide the information necessary for effective integration of gender issues into project design and will be a key to promoting social inclusion. BWDB, during project implementation, will undertake an assessment of the target communities to gather gender-disaggregated views and preferences of the different stakeholder groups, including women, to improve project design and establish a participatory process for implementation and monitoring. This will require analysing the existing conditions that indicate vulnerability of the different community groups; their capacity to cope with and/or adapt to the climate changes; and their ability to share the benefits of the improved polders. Analysis may include, but not limited to, the following information: • Subproject/scheme location, describing physical characteristics (topography and other features) of the settlements in the subproject/scheme area. • Community profile, indicating population size, ethnicity, education, major economic activities, formal/informal institutions and rules and behaviour, and the scope of strengthening them to assume ownership of the project, and other aspects that may indicate effectiveness of the subproject/scheme design. • Vulnerability of landless, women, ethnic minorities to natural disasters, indicating equity and/or inequity in access to and control over land and other water management resources at the respective subproject/scheme areas. • Occupational groups among landless persons/households, including women • Existence of common property resources like rivers and other water bodies, forests, etc., that are used by the poor in general, and poor and destitute women. • Existing and potential gender issues and concerns related to the roles women play in the household and how they cope with the changes, as well as feedback on alternatives that would lessen their burden in the context of implementation of subproject/scheme. • Assess how women could be integrated into the decision-making process involving project screening, preparation and implementation. 9.4 Social Inclusion and Gender Actions In compliance with community feedback during consultation, BWDB’s gender strategy and Bank strategy on gender mainstreaming, the project proposes the following principles, guidelines and procedures to identify social and gender actions in respect of project interventions and include those actions SIA and RAP. • Ensure that selection, design, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation of the polder activities including land acquisition and resettlement are participatory and women are involved among others in the process. • Carefully screen the project to identify needs and expectations of, and potential adverse impacts on, women and any other groups and document them. • Identify the impact details and the most appropriate mitigation measures through intensive consultation with the affected women and their communities, RSs and civil society organizations, professionals, and the like. • Identify appropriate actions to ensure and maximize project benefits to women and vulnerable groups through the consultative process. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 9-4 • If women are involved in civil works construction, operation and maintenance of polder infrastructure, ensure: (i) equal pay for equal work; (ii) gender friendly work environment; and (iii) workplace safety for women and children. The project will target the following enhancement measures for gender equity in project process and benefit sharing out of it: Areas of Action Target Monitoring participation mechanism Consultation Encourage women and motivate 30% women Proceedings of meetings, workshop men to promote participation of attendance meetings and for policy decisions women in meetings attendance Membership in Encourage women and motivate 30% women Membership GRCs, WMOs, men to promote participation of participation in books CIGs, Leaf, FFS women in participatory bodies general council and POs in general and leadership and in executive positions committees Capacity building Women will be encouraged to 30% of the Training Report attend in skills training and participants in human development courses for each training capacity building event will be women Women provides Women are among the targeted 25% of the Survey reports their opinion and audiences for community interviews are feedback in project feedback and satisfaction survey women evaluation Direct employment Women are members of labor 80% are women Labor list in the in civil works in contracting societies (LCS) in LCS groups LCS documents project The project will facilitate socially inclusive design and ensure increased participation of women in project process, maximize project benefits for them and safeguard them against social vulnerability during implementation of subprojects. 9.5 Disability and Vulnerability Issues Social Development focuses on the need to “put people first� in development processes. Poverty is more than low income – it is also about vulnerability and exclusion. The World Bank, therefore requires that persons with disabilities, often some of the poorest and most vulnerable people in countries are systematically consulted and their opinions are considered in the planning and design of projects. Census survey will collect information on physical and mental disability of the household members for ensuring compliance of the World Bank requirements on disability inclusion. Representation of persons with disability will be ensured in all meetings and forums including WMO, CIG and FFS. Project design will be commensurate to include the disabled people in accessing the benefits to the extent feasible. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 9-5 Social vulnerability of women in the context of project under CSAWMP may include domestic violence, sexual harassment, vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections (STI) including Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), and human trafficking. Public awareness campaign will be conducted during implementation of the subprojects with focus to risks of STI and HIV/AIDS, trafficking in women and children, and public health. Contractors will implement a zero-tolerance policy against sexual harassment at work places. Labor influx management will be instrumented to safeguard the women in the subproject area from the lists of exploitation, violence and health risks. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 9-6 10 CONSULTATION AND PARTICIPATION PLAN 10.1 Objectives and Methodology The objectives of consultation and participation (C&P) are to inform, consult, engage and collaborate, and empower the communities and other local stakeholders in the subproject cycle. Consultation and beneficiary participation will be undertaken to achieve the following specific objectives at subproject identification, planning, design, implementation and evaluation stages: • Identification – to sensitize the community about the subproject and their role and identify inclusive ground needs; • Planning – to ensure transparency of the planning process, reflect community expectations in subproject design, acceptable work schedule and procedures; ensure identification of adverse impacts and measures to mitigate them; • Implementation – to ensure that benefit accrues to the targeted beneficiaries inclusive of all groups including the very poor and vulnerable groups and the quality of works are satisfactory to the communities. • Review and evaluation – to evaluate the beneficiary satisfaction and outcomes of the subprojects for intended benefits to targeted communities. Involvement of communities is not limited to interactions with them but also disclosing relevant information pertaining to the project tasks and targets. Consultation and participation involves communities and other stakeholders and will take place through interpersonal communications, focused group discussions and small and large community meetings. Additionally, media forms may be used to further disseminate information. The water management organizations (WMO) and farmers’ groups will be the platforms for disclosure and feedback from beneficiary communities and other stakeholders. 10.2 C&P at Identification Stage Candidate schemes have been long-listed by Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB). Beneficiary communities will be engaged in the identification of water related problems at the schemes level and selection of subproject activities. Dissemination of the project information to the community and relevant stakeholders is to be carried out by the field offices of BWDB, DAE and DOF at the identification stage. The communities shall be made aware of the scope of subproject interventions including guiding principles and policies and participation in the subproject cycle through necessary feedbacks. Intended beneficiaries and other stakeholders should be involved in the decision making to the extent possible. The WMOs will facilitate to inform and consult the communities for identification of subproject for added benefits to the diverse communities equitably. Information generated at this stage should be documented to feed into the subproject planning and engineering design. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 10-1 10.3 Subproject Planning and Design Stage Communities and key stakeholders including the farmers, fishers, local traders, destitute women, boat operators, traditional occupational groups, small ethnic communities and other vulnerable groups, infrastructure and service agencies of the GOB, NGOs, and CBOs in each scheme – inclusive of location, gender, race and social category - will sit in a planning workshop to discuss scheme level water related problems and consolidate infrastructure development options for preparation of a scheme rehabilitation and improvement plan (R&I Plan). Subprojects will be designed following the R&I Plan developed in agreement with the beneficiary communities engaged through the WMOs. Subproject information will be disseminated amongst the beneficiaries towards increasing their awareness and their roles and responsibilities. Planning stage is intended to be an interactive process with the intended beneficiaries at least in two stages. Initially while carrying out feasibility study and second at the finalization of the subproject. This would be the joint responsibility of the WMOs and the engineering and social consultants of the executing agencies facilitated by their local offices (upazila, district, division and zonal offices, as applicable). In case of voluntary land donation, negotiated purchase, displacement and involuntary land taking, consultation with the beneficiaries and affected persons and their profiling are mandatory as per the requirements of the SIA and preparation of RAP. This needs to be done as socioeconomic and census surveys as part of the RAP preparation. Consultation will respect to cultural aspects are to be carried out as part of the SIA for the subprojects, where small ethnic communities are present and SECEP is prepared. Any land acquisition and implementation of RAP should be undertaken and completed by completion of the design and bidding process but before award of civil works. 10.4 Subproject Implementation Stage Consultations as part of the implementation stage would be direct interactions of the EAs with the beneficiaries and affected persons, if any. These would comprise of consultations towards the role of beneficiaries in subproject implementation, operationalization of the WMOs, registration of the WMOs, management agreements, and grievance mechanism. All compensation for income or asset loss, relocation of project affected persons and/or cultural properties, and towards addressing impacts on common property resources will be completed before commencement of civil works. 10.5 Review and Evaluation Stage Beneficiaries and other stakeholders will participate in the subproject workshops at mid-term and at the end of the subproject implementation through WMOs. The M&E consultant will make use of the consultation and participation process and involve the communities in addition to the WMGs. Communities will be consulted for their views on implementation process, social management measures for inclusion, participation, transparency, and impacts of resettlement, livelihood restoration and grievance response. 10.6 Consultation Framework The project will follow a community engagement and consultation framework as laid down in the Table 10.1 to inform, consult, engage, collaborate and empower the beneficiary communities. This framework will be followed for engaging the beneficiary communities in the PSM cycle. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 10-2 Table 10-1 Community Engagement and Consultation Checklist INFORM CONSULT ENGAGE COLLABORATE EMPOWER Goal: Goal: Goal: Goal: Goal: Promote Obtain feedback on Work directly with Stakeholders Final stakeholder analysis stakeholders to become partners in decision- understanding alternatives and ensure that their each aspect of the making in of issues, decisions concerns and decision, including the hands of problems, aspirations are development of stakeholders alternatives, understood and alternatives and opportunities considered identification of and solutions preferred solutions through balanced and objective information Commitment Commitment Commitment Commitment Commitment Keep the Listen and Ensure stakeholders Value Implement stakeholders acknowledge concerns/aspirations stakeholders’ the project as informed stakeholders’ directly reflected in advice and decided by concerns and subproject design innovations in the expectations and appraise them devising solutions stakeholders how their input and incorporate influenced the their advice and decision recommendations to the maximum extent Techniques Techniques Techniques Techniques Techniques ✓ Fact sheets ✓ Public comment ✓ Meetings with ✓ Participatory ✓ Citizen ✓ Briefings ✓ Focus groups communities/CBOs decision making juries ✓ Open ✓ Surveys ✓ Workshops ✓ Citizen ✓ Delegated meetings ✓ Public meetings committees decisions ✓ Websites (WMOs) 10.7 Consultation and Feedback at PSM Steps Participation/consultation is a two-way communication process consisting of ‘feed-forward’ the information on the scheme’s goals, objectives, scope and social impact implications to the beneficiaries, and their ‘feedback’ on these issues. Participatory Scheme Cycle Management (PSM) contains activities in 10 stages over a period of 35 months from the day of identification of the scheme for investment under the project. The 10 PSM steps in the project cycle includes (1) Identification, (2) Assessment, (3) Screening, (4) Mobilization, (5) Planning, (6) Design, (7) Implementation, (8) Management Plan, (9) Joint O&M and (10) Management Transfer. The PSM encompasses the following steps and activities presented in Table 10.2. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 10-3 Table 10-2 Stages of Participatory Scheme Cycle Management PSM Steps (in order Activities and outcome Areas of participation Mode of of months over 35 and feedback participation months) 1. Identification BWDB has identified total list of Community will show Community will (1) schemes after reviewing the interest for project support request project selection criteria for investment and contribution in O&M support under the project. 2. Assessment of Carry out information campaign Provide social, institutional, Participate in Schemes (2) among the communities in the environmental, technical and identification of scheme command area. economic data water related problems within the Identify the infrastructural and scheme area and operational problems in water provide management at the scheme level; information to Asses their demand and project team. willingness to establish WMOs, There is no conflict participate in PSM cycle, and between their interest to take over feasible occupational O&M responsibilities. groups. Collect quantitative information on social, environmental, technical and economic aspects. Prepare the report which will be the benchmark for the planning and monitoring for the development of the scheme. 3. Screening (1) Carryout second-level screening Validation of data on phase 2 Confirm current based on scheme assessment factors scheme status in outcome following the scheme terms of phase 2 selection criteria. factors 4. Mobilization (3-8) Establish/strengthen WMOs and Be organized to participate Understand project draft a set of scheme-specific by- in PSM process and look for provisions laws which inter alia spell out the sustainability of the WMOs Understand scope constitution of WMO. Also, form Establish the Scheme and benefits of FFS under DAE and CIG under Coordination Committee to participation in DOF with members from support the implementation WMOs WMOs. of the project activities. Attend meetings Start registration procedure of WMOs with the Chief Water Establish WMOs Management in BWDB. (WMGs & WMAs) Carry out participatory training Attend training needs assessment and prepare a Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 10-4 PSM Steps (in order Activities and outcome Areas of participation Mode of of months over 35 and feedback participation months) program for capacity building of BWDB field officials and WMO members. Carry out the capacity building program including training in coordination with BWDB’s Staff Development Unit. 5. Planning (5 -10) Carry out a modest feasibility Contribute in scheme WMOs will study (25 pages) with all relevant planning including approve scheme information including preparation of R&I Plan, R&I plan jointly environmental and social EMP, SIMP, RAP and TPDP with BWDB management plans. as applicable Sign Agreement Identify and list the engineering between BWDB survey needed for each scheme. and WMOs. Engage the WMOs and other community organizations to arrive at an agreed Rehabilitation and Improvement Plan (R&I) for the Scheme. Submit feasibility study to Zonal Chief Engineer and finally to PCU for clearance. Submit the R&I plan to BWDB Design Office for detailed design. Prepare an agreement which will be signed by WMOs & BWDB mentioning that the responsibilities of routine O&M of the scheme will be taken up by WMOs. Conduct SIA, IEE or EIA prepare EMP, SIMP, RAP, TPDP for mitigation subproject impacts associated with civil works. 6. Design (8-11) Coordinate with BWDB’s design Contribute in scheme WMOs will office to finalize the detailed designing contribute in design design, specifications and and in R&I costing drawings. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 10-5 PSM Steps (in order Activities and outcome Areas of participation Mode of of months over 35 and feedback participation months) 7. Implementation (11- Assist BWDB’s Executive Participate in monitoring Close monitoring 24) Engineer’s office in preparation jointly with BWDB of tender document along with Ensure construction cost estimate, floating of tender, as per design evaluation and award of contract. Conduct participatory works supervision, quality control and progress monitoring. Conduct training to the supervision team on works supervision, quality control and progress monitoring and on their mandates and ways of coordination with BWDB division offices. Scheme Coordination Committee oversees technical, agricultural, livestock and fisheries development of feasibility study. 8. Management Plan Prepare a Management Plan Agree on transition period Participate in (18-20) based on the EMP comprising i) preparing annual Long-term O&M Plan, and ii) M management plan & E Plan. Assist the community representatives to update the Management Plan for the following year. 9. Operation and Facilitate gradual transfer of Operation and Maintenance Participate as per Maintenance (22-33) management responsibilities of annual the schemes to WMOs by management plan BWDB. Develop income generating activities for the WMOs and attach resources available in the scheme level. Assist the WMOs and BWDB’s field units to implement the Management Plan. Conduct training for O&M and prepare O&M manual (English, Bangla). Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 10-6 PSM Steps (in order Activities and outcome Areas of participation Mode of of months over 35 and feedback participation months) Develop budgeting procedure for O&M works Prepare a maintenance checklist for periodic maintenance. Organize training to LGIs and WMOs on environmental impact monitoring. 10. Evaluation and Registration of the WMGs and, if Take over management of Sign agreement Management Transfer possible, the WMAs must be O&M with BWDB and (33-35) completed. take over responsibility Jointly assess the outcome and effectiveness of the management of the schemes by WMOs at the end of transition period. Prepare handing over document. Facilitate handing over of responsibilities to WMOs through a formal transfer document. Carry out jointly the yearly O&M budget provision of both parties (BWDB, WMO). 10.8 Documentation and Reporting The PCU and PIUs will facilitate and mobilize communities and members of WMOs, who are also members of crop FFS and fishers CIGs, for participation in the PSM process. The processes and outcome of the activities at all stages of PSM will be documented focusing on three key areas – (i) planning, (ii) implementation, (iii) results/outcomes including strengths and weaknesses of every process activities. Reports will be prepared based on analysis of data and outcomes to be included in the regular progress report, mid-term review report and end-term evaluation report as part of the monitoring and evaluation framework. 10.8.1 National Workshop A national workshop will be held in Dhaka to present the detailed design including safeguard aspects of CSAWMP to the key stakeholders. In addition, workshops have been planned to disclose the SMF. Representatives of Executive Agency, BWDB, the study team, and the government officials from different concerned departments (DAE, DOF, DoE, etc.,), representatives from NGOs, local communities of different occupations, journalists, and local elite/civil society may attend the workshops. In the workshops, the participants will share their observations, views, and remarks with the study team. Appropriate suggestions and recommendations on different issues Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 10-7 from the stakeholders of the meeting would be incorporated in the SMF which can be followed during conducting social screening and social assessments of the schemes under the nine Zonal Offices of BWDB. The workshops will also help to resolve conflicting issues among stakeholders as far as social safeguards issues are concerned. Publication in electronic and print media: The information on program interventions and the findings of environmental assessment would also be disclosed through printed and electronic media. The report would be disclosed in Bengali language. 10.8.2 Availability of Documents Summary of the Social Assessment (SA) and Social Management Framework (SMF) will be translated into Bengali language and disseminated locally. The full report (in English) and the summary (in Bengali) will also be uploaded in the website of BWDB and World Bank Infoshop. Hard copy of the SA and SMF will also be available at the nine Zonal Offices of BWDB and O&M Division offices covered under the Project. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 10-8 11 SOCIAL MONITORING AND EVALUATION FRAMEWORK 11.1 Objectives Supervision and monitoring of SMF, SIMP, RAP and SECEP implementation and internal monitoring survey and necessary other monitoring activities (e.g., observing preparation and implementation activities) by the staff members will be carried out effectively and efficiently. BWDB/DAE and DOF will pay attention for effective supervision, monitoring and evaluation. Skill and capacity of the staff members should be promoted for conducting internal monitoring properly. A sound monitoring plan should be devised in social management plans to be prepared for the Project. Social monitoring plan should include (i) the organizational responsibilities, (ii) the methodology and (iii) the schedule for monitoring and reporting. There should be three components of monitoring plan to be developed, such as, (i) performance monitoring, (ii) impact monitoring and (iii) completion audit. BWDB and other two agencies will establish a monitoring system for collection, analysis, reporting and use of information about the progress of activities for social management associated with the project components. These stakeholders will be made responsible to monitor the progress of all aspects of social activities and livelihood restoration through income generation. The executing agencies will report to the WORLD BANK on implementation of SMF and any SIMP, RAP and SECEP in quarterly reports, including identification of significant issues. Besides, a mid-term review and a project completion report stipulating all efforts and outcome will be sought by the WORLD BANK from the BWDB, DAE and DOF. Monitoring of the social actions will be done internally to provide feedback to BWDB and other EAs upon M&E reports and other relevant data to identify problems and issues and recommend any action needed to improve resettlement performance or respond to the changing circumstances. Evaluation of the social activities will be undertaken during and after implementation of the social management plans to assess (i) whether the objectives of those plans were appropriate, (ii) whether the social management objectives are met, and (iii) more specifically, whether livelihoods and living standards of the PAPs have been restored or enhanced. A qualified independent monitor will be engaged as the third-party monitor during project implementation. The evaluation will also assess efficiency, effectiveness, impact and sustainability of the social management plans. More specifically evaluation will draw lessons from SMF implementation of this project as a guide to future resettlement planning. 11.2 Monitoring and Evaluation Responsibility Supervision will be closely linked to monitoring of SMPs implementation under the Project. BWDB will be lead in supervision, monitoring and evaluation of the SMP implementation. There will be a provision of conducting both the internal and the external monitoring in the Project. 11.2.1 Internal Monitoring Internal monitoring will be undertaken by the PCU and PIUs through the Field Offices and the design and supervision consultant. The consultant will gather information on SMP implementation covering relevant activities as per the schedule. All activities listed will be illustrated in Gantt Charts showing the target dates for completing resettlement activities. Monitoring reports on SMP implementation will be included in the Quarterly Project Progress Report (PPR). The report of the field office will contain: (i) accomplishment to-date, (ii) objectives attained and not attained during Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 11-1 the period, (iii) challenges encountered, and (iv) targets for the next quarter. The internal monitoring report will then be integrated by the PCU and the PIUs. 11.2.2 Independent and External Monitoring Independent and External monitoring under the CSAWMP will be done by the Monitoring and Evaluation Consultant engaged for monitoring and evaluation of the following: • Physical and financial progress, inputs, outputs, processes, outcomes and impacts under the Land Port Project; and • Environmental and social development and safeguard management aspects with respect to all project components of the Project. The M&E Consultant will have the following three primary responsibilities: • Conducting independent M&E of project progress, inputs, outputs, processes, outcomes and impacts in relation to the various project works and activities, • Carrying out independent monitoring of project specific operational risks and mitigation measures, and • More specifically, providing independent and regular feedback to the EAs and the concern Ministries, if requires on M&E Consultant’s evaluation of the above and on any other specific issue as directed by the EAs and the Ministries. 11.3 Monitoring Mechanism Monitoring mechanism typically includes several steps successively and/or concurrently covering preparation of social management plans and implementation of the plans by the Project Implementing Agency. The steps of monitoring of preparation and implementation of SMPs are (i) baseline survey; (ii) determining monitoring issues, indicators and variables, (iii) preparing monitoring questions, (iv) training of monitoring surveyors, (v) conducting periodical monitoring surveys, (vi) checking and validating collected monitoring data, (vii) entering data into computer, (viii) analyzing monitoring data and (ix) preparing monitoring reports. 11.4 Monitoring Issues, Indicators and Questions Monitoring issues, indicators and questions are important dimensions of monitoring of implementation of SMP. Monitoring issues for the Project include (i) budget and timeframe, (ii) delivery of PAP entitlements, (iii) consultation, grievances and special issues and (iv) benefit monitoring. Besides, there should also be compliance monitoring of the Project. Measurable set of indicators for monitoring with achievable targets will be developed and agreed with the World Bank during inception of the RAP implementation. Table 11.1 below shows the potential monitoring indicators that will be reported. Table 11-1 Potential Monitoring Indicators Monitoring Monitoring Indicators Monitoring questions Issues Budget and Allocation of funds for Are funds for resettlement being allocated to Timeframe resettlement resettlement agencies on time? Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 11-2 Receiving scheduled funds Have resettlement offices received the scheduled funds? Disbursement of funds Have funds been disbursed per RAP? Recruitment Appointment of Have all resettlement staff been appointed and and training resettlement staff & field mobilized for field and office work on schedule? and office work Have capacity building and training activities mobilization been completed on schedule? Training and capacity Are resettlement implementation activities being building achieved against agreed implementation plan? Target and achievement of RAP implementation Encumbrance Handing over encumbrance Has the land made encumbrance free and handed free land free land over to the contractor in time for project implementation? Delivery of Payment of entitlement Have all PAPs received entitlements per Entitlements numbers and categories of loss set out in the Relocation of households to the PAPs entitlement matrix? and construction of new structure How many affected households relocated and built their new structure at new location? Compensation for business income loss Have affected businesses received entitlements? Payment of compensation Have the squatters, encroachers of government to non-titled EPs land (land of the Land Port Project) displaced due to the project, been compensated? Payment of compensation for community structures Have the community structures (e.g. Mosque, etc.) been compensated for and rebuilt at new site? Livelihood Livelihood restoration Are income and livelihood restoration activities restoration being implemented as planned? Consultation, Preparation of resettlement Have resettlement information Grievances information brochure brochures/leaflets been prepared and and Special distributed? Participation and Issues consultation Have consultations taken place as scheduled including meetings, groups, community Utilization of grievance activities? redress procedure Have any PAPs used the grievance redress Resolving conflicts procedures? What are grievances were raised? Documentation of What were the outcomes? grievances and their Have conflicts been resolved? redressal Have grievances and resolutions been documented? Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 11-3 Process Allocation of budget, Have all the following processes been documentation documented quantitatively? Recruitment of staffs, Allocation of budget, Training of staffs, Recruitment of staffs, Payment of entitlements, Training of staffs, Relocation, Payment of entitlements, Livelihood restoration Relocation, Livelihood restoration Benefit Changes in occupations What changes have occurred in patterns of Monitoring occupation compared to the pre-project Changes in income & situation? expenditure What changes have occurred in income and Changing livelihoods and expenditure patterns compared to pre-project incomes situation? Changes for vulnerable Have PAPs income kept pace with these groups changes? Court cases What changes have occurred for vulnerable groups? Have any cases been taken to court? 11.5 Reporting Monitoring reports will present quantitative and qualitative information on (i) problems and issues relating to implementation of SMP, (ii) main reasons behind identified problems and issues and (iii) recommendations on pragmatic solutions to identified problems and issues. 11.6 Disclosure of Monitoring Reports Compliance monitoring of SMPs implementation will cover (i) project compensation and entitlement policies, (ii) adequacy of organizational mechanism for implementing the SMP, (iii) restoration of PAPs’ livelihood and incomes, (iv) settling and redressing complaints and grievances, and (v) provisions for adequate budgetary support by EAs for implementing the SMPs. Project Consultants will assess if the PAPs: (i) have been paid proper compensation, grants, resettlement benefits and assistance; (ii) have reconstructed their structures; (iii) have reestablished their business; and (iii) were extended assistance to restore their incomes could be earned and generated at pre-project levels. It will also appraise the accounting documents used in recording the payments of compensation to PAPs by the EA. 11.7 Assessment and Evaluation Evaluation of SMP implementation for the Project will depend on assessment at different stages of implementation of this SMF for social management issues and requirements. The M&E Consultant Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 11-4 will design a mid-term and end term evaluation of the social management issues associated with the project by components. Their approach will involve continuous monitoring using participatory evaluations, which will incorporate elements of developmental evaluation wherein implementers and beneficiaries will be at the center of feedback, learning and adaptation. The following areas will be covered under the above-mentioned final evaluation: • Performance evaluations, • Impact evaluation, 11.7.1 Performance Evaluation Performance evaluations will be quantitative and qualitative data to determine the effectiveness and efficiency of resettlement programme of the Project in terms of its implementation, management, and collaboration with the stakeholders. To collect quantitative data for the evaluation, the M&E Consultant will conduct extensive household-level surveys covering demographics, agriculture and non-agriculture production, housing quality, asset ownership and other measures of economic well- being, health and nutrition, social capital, and other measures of socio-economic conditions. The principles and guidelines as proposed in this SMF will apply to all subprojects under CSAWMP that will involve social issues including land acquisition and resettlement. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project 11-5 Appendix 1 Compensation and Entitlement Matrixes I. LOSS OF AGRICULTURAL, HOMESTEAD AND OTHER LANDS a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Legal owner(s), including mortgagors, as 1. Compensation under law (CUL), which determined by DC during CUL payment, or by includes 200% premium on current market price, court in cases of legal disputes. or replacement cost, whichever is higher. 2. Co-sharers to be determined by title 2. Transition allowance (TA) for income loss deeds/records and mortgage documents. from productive lands. c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Current market prices of land determined 1. PAPs to be informed of the details of by the JVT to be the basis for determining compensation policies after issuance of Notice u/s replacement cost and top-up payment. 3 (now u/s 4 of the new law). 2. Replacement cost includes current market 2. Landowners to be assisted to procure any price and applicable registration cost for titling. missing legal documents required to claim compensation from DCs. 3. Advance notice to be issued in time to harvest standing crops. If not possible, the value of 3. Mauza-wise current market prices of lands crop at full harvest value is to be paid. to be determined, considering their quality in terms of number and types of crops produced a year, 4. Top-up will be paid by BWDB and flooding, irrigation facilities, accessibility and calculated when CUL is less than Replacement other factors influencing market prices. cost. 4. The project will not be used to collect 5. TA for severity of loss will be paid to a outstanding dues or taxes on the acquired or other person losing more than 20% of his/her total lands. productive land area @ Bangladesh Taka (BDT) 1000 per decimal of acquired agriculture land. 5. In case a PAP losses his/her land in more than one plot, Top-up will be calculated based on 6. In case of advance taking of land for total CUL and total replacement cost for the total emergency embankment construction before land acquired from the owner. payment of compensation under law, the TA for emergency dispossession of land will be paid at the time of dispossession allowing construction. The rate will be 2.5 times the TA for severity of loss on agricultural land. e. Responsibility 1. BWDB is responsible for overall execution and coordination, ensuring GoB's support and timely financial disbursements. 2. DC will pay CUL to all legal owners, and those with the legal evidence of interest in the lands. 3. BWDB to inform PAPs of RAP policies, assist in updating records, pay Top-up and TA, and monitor and report progress on RAP implementation. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-1 4. DC will determine CUL and BWDB will determine replacement cost with assistance from the projects’ JVT. II. LOSS OF PONDS/GHER (SHRIMP CULTURE BED) AND FISH STOCK a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Legal owner of the pond to get compensation 1. Compensation under law (CUL) which for land area, while usufruct right holder (who rents includes 200% premium or replacement cost of or leases in), legal or socially recognized, to get pond, including cost of land and digging, compensation for fish stock. whichever is higher. 2. Market price of fish stock (PFS) and PAPs are allowed to harvest and take away the fish stock. 3. If the pond is under lease from any GoB agencies, compensation from DC as per lease conditions. c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Guidelines 1, 2 and 3 as indicated for Loss 1. Magnitude of fish stock and value to be Category I. determined by JVT per Fishery Dept. standards and market prices. 2. If the fishpond is on public land or on vested land and not under lease from GoB, the PAP is 2. JVT will assess the stake of the usufruct entitled to compensation for existing fish stock at rights holders in affected pond/gher. current market price, but is allowed to retain the entire fish stock. 3. Legal owner(s) will get compensation for fish stock if he/she operate the pond/gher by him/herself. 4. Usufruct right holders will receive compensation for fish stock and any other compensation as per agreement. e. Responsibility 1. BWDB is responsible for overall execution and coordination, ensuring GoB's support and timely financial disbursements. 2. BWDB to inform PAPs of RAP policies, assist in updating records, pay Top-up and PFS, and monitor and report progress on RAP implementation. 4. DC will determine CUL and BWDB will determine current market price of fish stock and replacement cost of pond with assistance from the projects’ JVT. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-2 III. LOSS OF HOUSES/STRUCTURES USED FOR LIVING & COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Titled affected persons losing structures on 1. Replacement cost of structures determined by acquired land identified by DC or by JVT. JVT . 2. Non-titled persons and squatters/encroachers 2. House transfer grant (HTG) for permanent those own houses/structures built on public house/structure. lands/embankment slopes as found during 3. Structure transfer grant (STG) for shifting of the PAP Census. temporary structures on legs. 3. Owner users of vested and non-resident 4. Homestead Development Allowance (HDA) property land without lease. for land development or house platforms. 5. Structure strengthening grant (SSG) for temporary relocation of landless squatters. 6. Alternative housing allowance for titled households physically relocated before payment of compensation under law. 7. Vulnerable and female headed households will get one time special subsistence allowance. 8. 9. All house/structure owners are permitted to retain the salvageable building materials. Tenants (those renting premises for residential Tenants will be given advance notice and assisted and/or commercial purposes). with finding alternative accommodation and be given shifting grant for goods and belongings (SGB). c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Legal owners of land losing structures will be eligible for 1. JVT to verify floor areas and compensation for structures displaced permanently for materials based on Census project purpose. data and recommend replacement cost assessed 2. Squatters/encroachers will be eligible for compensation for through market survey. all structures built on public lands/BWDB embankments displaced permanently for project purpose. 2. The PAP Census will establish the cut-off date for 3. HTG for (a) shiftable structures (constructed with bamboo, all structures not covered thatch or other non-breakable walls and GI sheet or under CUL. straw/leaf roofs and the like) will be @ 5% of the replacement cost of structures and HCG @ 10% of the 3. JVT, during joint assessment replacement cost of structures; and (b) non-shiftable of physical structures, will structures (constructed with expensive materials e.g., brick categorize affected structures walls with reinforced cement and concrete (RCC) roof, brick Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-3 walls with GI sheet roof, cemented floor, etc.), HTG @ 5% under non-shiftable, shiftable of replacement cost of the structure. and mobile structures. 4. Vulnerable households (very poor, physically handicapped 4. BWDB, in collaboration with and over aged headed households) and female headed local authorities will make households without any adult earning member will be best efforts to identify provided with additional one-time special subsistence alternative housing sites for allowance @ BDT 5,000 (five thousand). landless squatters. 5. Landless squatter households opting for permanent 5. All compensation will be relocation outside the embankment will be provided with based on replacement cost to HDA @ BDT 50 (fifty) per sq. ft. of floor areas of affected be determined through structures, if developed relocation sites are not available for market survey. them. 6. Small structures on wooden or bamboo legs (poles not fixed on ground) which can be shifted without dismantling (structures on legs) are not eligible for compensation (roadside small pan-bidi shops, groceries, tea stalls, etc.) but will be assisted in finding alternative location and given the STG at current market price to cover any damage and cost of shifting @ 5% of the replacement cost of structures. 7. Households relocated before payment of compensation under law for titled homestead and residential structures on it will be paid alternative housing allowance equivalent to the rental of similar housing in the locality for a period of minimum 6 months and maximum of 12 months until the payment of compensation under law. 8. Landless squatters failing permanent relocation will be allowed back on the embankment after full sectioning. 9. All compensation will be based on replacement cost to be determined through market surveys. e. Responsibility 1. BWDB to inform PAPs of RAP policies, assist in updating records, pay Top-up, HTG, HCG, STG, HDA and SGB, and monitor and report progress on RAP implementation. 3. DC will determine CUL and BWDB will determine replacement cost of structures with assistance from the projects’ JVT. IV. LOSS OF TIMBER AND FRUIT TREES (INCLUDING BAMBOO AND BANANA GROVES) a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Socially recognized owners, such as squatters 1. Current market price of trees at the time of and encroachers. dispossession. 2. People with valid lease from GoB agencies. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-4 4. Groups sponsored by public agencies/ RSs. c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Current market price of trees will be 1. Where ownership belongs to groups, the determined based on the following criteria project authority will ensure that the compensation is distributed among the a) Net Present Value (NPV) or members as per agreements. b) Current age, life span, productivity, current 2. JVT will identify the affected persons by the market price of outputs. existing usufructuary rights (lease holder, RS groups, etc.) e. Responsibility 1. DC will determine market price of trees and pay CUL to all legal owners, and those with the legal evidence of interest in the lands. 2. BWDB/RS to inform PAPs of RAP policies, assist in updating records, pay market price Top-up and monitor and report progress on RAP implementation. 3. DC will determine CUL and BWDB will determine replacement cost of structures with assistance from the projects’ JVT. V. LOSS OF STANDING CROPS a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Cultivator (person who planted the crop) 1. Compensation for standing crops affected at whether owner, lease holder, tenant, the time of dispossession of land. sharecropper, etc. (formal or informal 2. Cultivator will retain the crops and plants. arrangements) identified by JVT. c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Estimated market value at harvest, to be 1. Market value at harvest will be established determined by JVT. by JVT through on-site verification before dispossession of land. 2. Advance notice to be issued in time to harvest the standing crop. If not possible the value of the 2. Verify whether or not crop is in existence on crop at full harvest price is to be paid. the acquired lands at the time of dispossession. 3. Share-croppers may avail of livelihood restoration Program 3. JVT will verify owner and tenant cultivators. e. Responsibility 1. DC will determine market price of crops with assistance from District Agriculture Marketing and District Agriculture Extension and pay CUL to all legal owners, and those with the legal evidence of interest in the lands. 2. BWDB to inform PAPs of RAP policies assists in updating records, pay Top-up or market price, and monitor and report progress on RAP implementation. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-5 3. BWDB will determine market price of crops using data on yield and market price from the same sources used by DCs and compare with the actual market price available from local market places with assistance from the projects’ JVT. VI. LOSS OF BUSINESS INCOME FROM DISPLACED COMMERCIAL PREMISES a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Business operators in the affected permanent premises 1. Compensation for loss of (title-holders and squatters/encroachers without titles; business/trading income. whether owning or renting premises), identified at the 2. Compensation for loss of rental income time of issuance of Notice-3, or during PAP Census. from rented-out premises on the right of 2. Owner of the rented-out premises situated rented out way. premises on public/BWDB land. c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Compensation for loss of business income for fully 1. Eligible premises are permanently fixed displaced premises based on average daily net income to the ground with walls and roofs (not for 45 days as determined by JVT. shift able in intact condition). 2. Affected business squatters/encroachers opting for 2. Business type, floor area and capital temporary relocation will receive compensation for the investment to be recorded during PAP actual number of days the businesses remain closed or Census. needed to complete the civil works not exceeding 45 3. Eligibility of business owners, and days. premise owners and tenants to be verified 3. Partially affected business owners will receive by JVT. compensation for the number of days needed to repair and reopen the businesses not exceeding 45 days. 4. Three months' rent to owner of the premise on acquired land or on the existing embankment, as determined by JVT. 5. Affected households losing income permanently may avail of livelihood restoration program. e. Responsibility 1. DC may determine compensation for loss of business income based on onsite verification jointly with BWDB or only consider business structures. 2. BWDB will determine average net daily income from affected businesses with assistance from the projects’ JVT based on findings will determine compensation for loss of business/rental income. 3. BWDB to inform PAPs of RAP policies assists in updating records, pay Top-up or market price, and monitor and report progress on RAP implementation. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-6 VII. TEMPORARY LOSS OF INCOME (WAGE EARNERS IN COMMERCE & INDUSTRY) AND LOSS OF WORK DAYS a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Adult persons employed continuously for at least 1. Grant to cover temporary loss of income (GTL) six months in businesses displaced from public from wage employment. lands. 2. Grant to cover income from loss of workdays 2. Household heads losing workdays due to (GWL) during relocation of housing premises. relocation of housing premises. c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Length of employment to be counted backward 1. The JVT to verify this information in relation to from the cut-off date. the number of employees in the displaced business. 2. GTL will be equivalent to 90 days’ wage at the rate of daily wage at current market price 2. JVT will also assess the daily wage rates at the determined by JVT. time of dispossession and the number of days required for physical relocation of households. 3. GWL will be for actual number of days required for relocation of housing (minimum 10 days and maximum 30 days) at the rate of daily wage at current market price. 4. Minor children of the business owners, who assist on a part time basis, are not eligible for this grant. e. Responsibility 1. BWDB will determine average daily wage rate in the polder area with assistance from the projects’ JVT and based on findings will determine compensation for loss of business/rental income. 2. BWDB to inform PAPs of RAP policies assists in updating records, pay GTL and monitor and report progress on RAP implementation. VIII. LOSS OF USUFRUCT RIGHTS IN MORTGAGED-IN, LEASED-IN AND KHAI- KHALASHI LANDS a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Persons with legal agreements. Compensation as per Loss Categories I above, to be shared as per usufruct/mortgage contracts. 2. Persons with customary rights (verbal agreements or traditional rights). c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Legal Agreement: Legal owner and 1. JVT will verify the persons with interests in the mortgagee/leaseholder will be paid CUL by DC acquired assets due to mortgage, lease or khai- as per the law. khalashi right. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-7 2. Customary right: Legal owner will pay the 2. Any disputes over customary rights to be outstanding liabilities to the customary rights resolved through grievance redress procedure. holder upon receipt of CUL from the DCs. 3. In cases where CUL is smaller than replacement cost, legal owner will get the top- up from BWDB (i) if all liabilities are already paid up; (ii) if not, the legal owner will get the residual after all liabilities are paid up. If the liability exceeds the amount to be paid by the BWDB, the landowner will pay it. e. Responsibility 1. DC will determine and pay compensation to persons with legal agreement as per conditions laid down in the agreements. 2. BWDB with the help of implementing agency will determine and pay compensation to persons with verbal agreement as per agreed conditions. 3. BWDB will ensure that the liabilities to the lease holder are paid completely. IX. LOSS OF ACCESS TO VESTED AND NON-RESIDENT PROPERTY LANDS a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement 1. Present users of the VNR properties found 1. Agricultural Land: Three times the estimated during the PAP Census. or value of all crops produced in the acquired land in the year or preceding year of acquisition. 2. Identified during payment of compensation by DCs or at court of law. 2. Homestead Land: (a) If only a portion of the land is acquired, the user is allowed to live on the remaining land and assisted to relocate his/her houses with HTG and HCG as stipulated for Loss of Houses/structures. (b) if full land is acquired, the user will get six months’ Rental Allowance (RA) for comparable living accommodations to owner users of lands under vested property status without lease. c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues 1. Apply only to those cases that are identified by 1. JVT will verify whether the property was DCs during the acquisition for this project. designated Vested earlier (1984 or before), or designated during acquisition for CSAWMP. 2. Will not apply to those VNR cases which were identified through 1984. Leaseholders of such lands will be treated by DCs as per agreement, and the project authority will have no obligation to deal with them to avoid duplication of measures. e. Responsibility Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-8 BWDB will review VNR status of acquired property and determine eligibility for compensation and make payment of the same. X. OTHER/UNKNOWN LOSSES a. Entitled Person b. Entitlement Legal owners, squatters and others with an interest Other impacts that may have remained unknown on the lands. shall be mitigated based on the same principles applied for other impacts described in the Policy Matrix. The nature of entitlements and support mechanism shall be approved by GoB and WB. c. Application Guidelines d. Implementation Issues To be based on PAP Census and nature of the To be agreed upon by GoB and WB. impacts e. Responsibility As applicable. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-9 Appendix 2 Social Screening Format SOCIAL SCREENING FORMAT General 1. Name of Information village 2. Name of Union 3. Name of Upazila 4. Name of District 5. Name of sub-project 6. Location 7. Type of New Reconstruction sub-project Construction Rehabilitation Others (please specify) 8. Objective of the proposed scheme and brief description Please Tick mark (√) 9. Does the proposed subproject involves all Yes No Not types and classes of the people in the applicable influence area? B. Social 1. Is there any chance of resettlement of □ □ □ Impact people living in the land for the implementation of the subproject? 2. Is there any chance of land acquisition □ □ □ from private and public sources for the implementation of the subproject? 3. Is there any chance of physical relocation □ □ □ of housing? 4. Is there any chance of resettlement of □ □ □ people living in the public/BWDB land for the implementation of the subproject? 5. Is there any chance of destruction of □ □ □ religion and cultural place? 6. Is there any chance of loss of employment □ □ □ of the people of lower down the living standard for the implementation of the scheme? 7. Is there any chance of destruction of □ □ □ cultural tradition of people? 8. Mitigation measures Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-10 D. Small 1. Is the Scheme located in an area where Ethnic small ethnic communities live? Community Issues N.B. If yes, please answer the following question 2. Are the SECs involved in the planning and □ □ □ implementation of the scheme? 3. Is there any chance of SECs be affected? □ □ □ 4. What are the feeling of SECs to the □ □ □ schemes? Positive □ Negative □ Not any one □ If the answer of the question number 4 is negative, please briefly describe the reason and mitigation measure: Other Information (if any) Signature of the Social Safeguard Coordinator Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-11 Appendix 3 Agreement of Voluntary Dispossesssion of Land Voluntary Dispossession of Land 1. This deed of voluntary donation is made and executed on the ............................ day of ...................………. between Mr/Ms ...............................................S/o W/o……………………….. Age………… Occupation ……………………………………. resident of ......................................................................... herein after called the “Title holder� on one part. This expression shall mean and include his/her legal representatives, successors – in interest, heirs, assignees, nominees, and the like. AND Mr/Ms. ………………………………..……. S/o …………………………….. Aged………… Designation……………………………. herein after called the “Recipient� which term denotes to “for and on behalf of the …………….. ………………… BWDB/DAE/DOF� on the other part and shall mean and include his/her official successors –in-office, nominees and assignees, etc. 2. Whereas, the details of the Location of the, land are given below: Location Details Mauza Union Upazila District Title Holder Name of Title Holder Father/ Husband’s Name of Title Holder Age occupation Residence Gender Schedule -Land Details/Structure Land in Question Area (decimal) Plot No. Khatian No. Mauza Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-12 Physical Assets Hosue Structures Standing Crops Cropping Intensity in the land Household Size Note: Detailed Map to the scale is appended. 3. Whereas the Title Holder is presently holding the transferable right of the above- mentioned piece of land at the location mentioned above. 4. Whereas the Title Holder testifies that the land is free of encumbrances and not subject to other claims/ claimants. 5. Whereas the Title Holder hereby voluntarily surrenders the land/structure without any type of pressure, influence or coercion whatsoever directly or indirectly and hereby surrender all his/her subsisting rights in the said land with free will and intention. The title to the land so donated will be transferred to the ULB in due course before award of civil works contract. 6. Whereas the Recipient shall construct retired embankment/replace existing regulator and take all possible precautions to avoid damage to adjacent land/structure/other assets and compensate any physical assets on the subject land at full replacement cost to the owner of the physical assets and take liability to rehabilitate the incumbent for livelihood restoration. 7. Whereas both the parties agree that the infrastructure so constructed/developed shall be for the public purpose. 8. Whereage both parties have agreed on the compensation plan attached to this agreement including rental/crop compensation and/or alternation housing allowance before full payment of compensation for the land and physical assets in course of the land acquisition process. 9. Whereas the provisions of this agreement will come into force from the date of signing of this agreement. Signature of Title Holder Signature of Local Revenue Collector Name of Title Holder Name of the Local Revenue Collector Date Date Identified by 1. 2. Witnesses Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-13 Signature of WMA President Name of the WMA President Signature (representative of BWDB/ DAE/ DOF) Name of the Signature of Union Chairman/Ward Councilor Name of the Signature of Local NGO Representative Name of the NGO Representative Attachement: The recipient will pay to the dispossessor the full amount before dispossession of the land for emergency civil works as determined in the schedule A below and take measures to make payment as per Schedule B. Schedule A: Advance Compensation for crop/income loss: BDT xxxxxx Advance allowance for alternative housing: BDT xxxxxx Total allowance for advance dispossession: BDT xxxxxxxx In words: Schedule B: Full payment of compensation under law and as per Resettlement Action Plan will be made by the recipient in favour of the dispossessor in 14 months from the date of signing this Agreement. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-14 Appendix 4 Labor Influx Management Strategy The Executing Agencies, Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) and Department of Fisheries (DOF) with assistance from the Consultant will assess labor influx risks for subproject sites and include the labor influx risks assessment in the social screening report and management strategy in the social management and safeguards plansusing the following screening checklist and make the contractor(s) prepare labor influx management plan before site mobilization: 1. Situations of Labor Influx at Subproject Site • Will the subproject potentially involve migrant workers and will the influx be significant for the local community? • How many workers needed and for how long? • Opportunities for local workers at the site? • How will influx be accommodated? • Size of local population? • Frequented by outsiders? • Social and environmental sensitivity? • Socio-economic, cultural, religious and demographic considerations? • How similar are local and migrant labors by culture and practices? • Will there be increased competition for resources (e.g. accommodation, water, food, fuel)? • Given local community characteristics, any specific adverse impacts like matrimony, drug addiction/ drug trading/ drug trafficking, sexual abuse, woman or child trafficking and STD/ HIVanticipated? 2. Impacts and Risks of Labor Influx • Subproject and civil works factors • Size and type of subproject (embankment rehabilitation, retirement, replacement of sluices, rehabilitation of canals, and construction duration) • Community experience with similar subprojects • Number of contractors and sub-contractors • Number of regular and daily based workers • Incoming labor force and migrants • Availability of local labor • Numbers and origin of migrant labor (non-local, national, foreign, urban, rural) • Likelihood of family members accompanying (visiting, resident) Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-15 • Accommodation options • Labor issues and condition • National employment legislation—and enforcement at the site level • Client (EAs and DSM Consultant) capacity to manage influx • Contractor track record • Local Community • Working age population and capacity (education, skills, experience) • Local capacity for infrastructure, services, utilities, health • Availability of accommodation, food, water and consumables • Recreation and security considerations • Marginalized, vulnerable, ethnic minorities, indigenous communities • BWDB/DAE/DOF • Capacity to implement the subproject • Capacity to assess and manage social and environmental risks 3. Risk mitigation strategies • Minimize labor influx and use local labor as much as feasible • Effective community engagement and grievance redress mechanism • Monitorable contractual provisions • Close supervision and • Community feedback surveys Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-16 Appendix 5 Consultation Meeting with Khasia Tribal People Name of Scheme : Sari-Gowain FCDI project under Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project (CSAWMP) Venue of Consultation : Residence of Prodip Lanong, Retired School Teacher Meeting Punji (Village) : Nizpat Union : Nizpat Upazila : Jaintiapur District : Sylhet Date : 19-12-2017 Consultation meeting with Khasia6 tribal people was held on 19-12-2017 at Nizpat Punji (village) under Nizpat Union of Jaintiapur Upazila under Sylhet district (attendance sheet of consultation meeting is attached). Both terms Khasi and Khasia stand for one tribal community that is found in different documents (BANGLAPEDIA, 2003 & INDIGENOUS COMMUNITIES, ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BANGLADESH, 2007). The participants of this consultation meeting have preferred ‘Khasia� to “Khasi� during this consultation meeting. As a result, name of this tribal people will be mentioned as Khasia hereafter. The Khasia tribal people have agricultural land under “Sari-Gowain FCDI project�. Individual Consultant- Technical (Senior) of CSAWMP & Chief Engineer (Retired), BWDB had started consultation meeting with a very brief introduction of all the participants of this consultation meeting. He had also discussed briefly the following information related to this scheme at the beginning of this consultation meeting. Type of scheme is Flood Control Drainage & Irrigation (FCDI) (map of this scheme is attached). Present condition of the scheme includes – (i) 17.10 km. embankment, (ii) 9.69 km. drainage khal, (iii) 20 km. irrigation canal and (iv) 20-vent sluice/regulator. On the other hand, proposed rehabilitation/O&M includes – (i) 4.80 km. embankment (28.07% of embankment), (ii) 7 km. drainage khal (72.24% of drainage khal), (iii) 13.80 km. irrigation canals (69% of 6 The word Khasia means matrigorbhojat (born of the womb of mother); Kha = birth, si = mother (BANGLAPEDIA, 2003) . Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-17 irrigation canals) and (iv) 11 vent sluice/regulator and 5 irrigation inlets. Detailed information on this scheme is presented in Table 1. Table 1: Present Condition and Proposed Rehabilitation/O&M of Sari-Gowain FCDI Project SL No. Elements of Work Type Present Rehabilitation Rehabilitation Scheme Condition /O&M coverage (in percentage of present condition) 1. Embankment (km) Re-sectioning 17.10 4.80 28.07 2. Drainage khal Repair 9.69 7.00 72.24 3. Irrigation canals Re-excavation 20.00 13.80 69.00 4. Sluice/regulator Re-excavation 20-Vent 11-Vent & 5 - irrigation inlet The following selection criteria were considered during selection of this scheme under Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project (CSAWMP). Table 2: Selection Criteria/Indicators Sl No. Selection Criteria/Indicators Yes/No/Status 1. Requirement of land acquisition No 2. Any intervention for the structure situated on public land No 3. Existence of Water Management Organizations (WMOs) No 4. Scheme included for rehabilitation under any other ongoing project No (GOB or Aided funds) 5. Scheme proposed for rehabilitation under any other project for future No implementation (GOB or Aided funds) 6. Status of required rehabilitation/repair works Medium This scheme is situated under two unions, namely, Nizpat union (55% of the project area) and Jaintiapur union (45% of the project area) under Jaintiapur7 Upazila. This scheme area covers seven mouzas/villages, namely Luxmi Prasad, Rupchyang, Pakhi Beel, Digharai, Dupi, Doudik and Noyakel under Nizpat union while this scheme also covers five mouzas/villages, viz, Lamni, Baur Bandh Haor, Birakhai, Agfaud and Kanya Khai) under Jaintiapur union. Land Acquisition: In this consultation meeting, it was discussed that there is no requirement of land acquisition for implementation of this scheme. The above-mentioned components of this scheme will 7 Jaintiapur Than, now an Upazila, was established in 1903. Archaeological heritage of Jaintiapur includes Meghalith Movement, remnants of Jaintiaswari Temple, remnants of Jaintia Rajbari, Sarighat Temple, etc BANGLAPEDIA, 2003). Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-18 be implemented under the existing BWDB’s land and other public lands. As a result, no Khasia tribal people are displaced from their residential and agricultural lands. There is also no requirement of economic displacement of the Khasia people. Social Impacts and Issues: In the consultation meeting, the Khasia tribal people had said that this project was implemented between 1974 and 1977. Embankment of the project had controlled floods including flash floods inside the project area for couple of decades. As a result, IRRI/BORO, Aman and Aus paddy cultivation had been secured and protected from floods including flash floods since completion of the project in 1977. The Khasia tribal people have lands inside the scheme area where Aman and Aus paddy are cultivated. However, embankment was breached or broken during flood in June 1995 which caused damage to Aus paddy. Then sand deposition was caused to large extent on the lands located adjacent to the embankment. More specifically, the tribal people also argued that embankment of this project had protected lands inside the project area from sand deposition for couple of decades. The following matters were considered to avoid or mitigate social impacts. (i) Avoiding adverse social impacts in scheme selection, design and implementation have been ensured. Consequently, nobody will be displaced for implementation of the proposed rehabilitation works under this scheme. (ii) Inclusion, particularly of the poor and vulnerable sections including women and ethnic minorities are also ensured. (i) There is no requirement of identifying unavoidable adverse social impacts and mitigation due to implementation of this scheme. (ii) If any social conflicts and grievances will be arisen during civil works for rehabilitation/improvement of FCDI infrastructures, then social conflicts and grievance redress mechanism/management will be placed. (iii) No cultural heritage or archaeological site will be affected for this scheme. Similarly, there are no affected common property resources under this scheme. Nobody will be vulnerable due to implementation of rehabilitation works for this scheme. (iv) Capacity building of key stakeholders including members of Water Management Organizations (WMOs); and (v) Addressing gender issues and community needs and communication to address these issues. Socioeconomic Information: Population: There are approximately 9600 persons under this scheme. There are 33 Khasia tribal families in Nizpat Punji (village). These tribal people have agricultural land inside of this scheme area. As reported that average household size may be about 7 persons among the Khasia tribal people. But Union Statistics, BBS-2011 shows household size is 5.5 among the total population in Nizpat union (Union Statistics, BBS-2011). Household size of the Khasia tribal people may be adjusted at about 7 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-19 persons or less. Khasia tribal population of Nizpat village may be about 230 persons. Actual Khasia population in Nizpat village may be slightly less than 200 if the best judgment is used. Education: In Khasia tribal community in Nizpat village, at present the parents prefer their children (boys and girls) to send at mainstream schools for education. They have realized importance of education for their children. They are aware that educated persons get better jobs/employments and also can operate and manage different businesses for secured livelihoods. That is, they believe that better education will also enhance capacity of their children for operating business for livelihoods. According to the participants of this consultancy meeting, embankment-cum-road of this project had positive impact on increase literacy rate among the Khasia tribal people like the mainstream people in Nizpat village. There is no statistical information on education and literacy rate of the Khasia tribal people of Nizpat union. However, literacy rate of the entire population of Nizpat union is 40.6% while literacy rates among the males and females are 42.9% and 38.3% respectively (National Series, Union Statistics, BBS-2011). It is expected that embankment-cum-road of this scheme will have positive impact on increasing rate of education of the Khasia tribal school goers’. Occupation: The Khasia men are involved in betel leaf and nut business at Srimangl and other places. The Khasia male persons cultivate betel-leaf and nut in Nizpat village. The male ancestors of the Khasia were given lease of hilly land from government and/or local Khasia administration for the 99 years for growing betel leaf and nut plants. They have said that betel leaf and nut grow well in their village. Betel nut has also been grown by the Khasia people in inner hilly region. The male Khasia people harvest betel leaves by climbing trees while the female Khasia people do post-harvest activities. One of the participants has said that sometimes he is engaged in import business. He has relatives and friends living nearby Tamabil land port area. For him those relatives and friends have been working as social capital which entices him in importing coal and stone through land port from India. Religion: Out of 33 Khasia families, the 28 Khasia families belong to Sanatan religion while the remaining 5 Khasia families are Christian families. Every year the Sanatan Khasia families worship for their ancestors in the month of January. However, they also do worship at the wake of breaking out of diseases, occurrences of accidents, losses in business and also for different special occasions. Culture: Culture of the Khasia tribal people in Nizpatpur union is way of their life and shared patterns of behaviors and interactions, cognitive constructs and understanding are learned by members of their society through matriarchal socialization. Thus, it can be seen as the growth of Khasia tribal peoples’ group identity fostered by social patterns unique to the group. "Khasi tribal peoples’ culture encompasses their sanatan dharmo (religion of a very ancient form of Hinduism), their food-habit, what clothes they wear, how they wear their clothes, their Khasia language has been used among them only, Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-20 they use local Bangla language with mainstream people, their existing practice of marriage and divorce, their traditional music they use during their annual worship, what they believe is right or wrong, how they sit at the table, how they greet visitors, how they behave with loved ones, and a million other things," It is understandable that this scheme will not have any negative impact on their culture, rather it will have positive impact on their culture to some extent. Cultivation of Betel Leaf and nuts: It is important to regularly look after the betel-leaf plants and nut plants. They keep jhum neat and clean for preventing from attack by pestilence. Peak season of betel leaf is the late rainy season. If any betel leaf plant seen to be attacked by pestilence, then they use to uproot the affected plant without delay as remedial measure. Menstruating woman is not allowed to enter the garden during those days as per their belief system. Language: In Nizpat Punji (village) the Khasia people speak the Khasia language among their community peoples. But they use Bangla language in communicating with other mainstream people in their locality. According to the participants, the Khasia language has its own alphabet that contains 23 letters, which resembles with somewhat the English Alphabet that contains 26 letters. They said that there is difference between pronunciation of similar looking letter between Khasia alphabet and English alphabet. For example, ‘A’ letter in the Khasia alphabet is pronounced as ‘aa/Av’, while ‘A’ letter in the English alphabet is pronounced as ‘e or ǣ’. On the other hand, Subhash Jengcham presents, “The ethnic Khasia group speaks the language of the Mon-khem. There are no written alphabets in the Khasia language. The Khasias of this country use the Bangla alphabet in writing, and their children attend mainstream schools where the medium of instruction is Bangla. The adults use Bangla as their means of communication with people of other communities. However, when communicating among themselves, they use the Khasia language.� Monogamous Marriage: The Khasia matrilineal and matriarchal community is monogamy. Monogamy is the norm of the Khasia community as far as marriage practice is concerned. Husband moves to his wife’s parental home to live there permanently through their marriage. They strictly follow inter-clan monogamous marriage. Intra-clan marriage is completely forbidden. Divorce: As discussed in the consultation meeting that there is provision of divorce with mutual understanding is a vogue among the Khasia. According to the participants, different factors lead to a divorce such as, adultery, barrenness, or sterility, inability to maintain family, etc. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-21 Social Structure: (i) tribal identity, (ii) sub-groups/clans. The clans are named mainly after totem of the clans. The Khasia people give prominence to mothers in their community; and thus they have developed a matriarchal culture. The social justice system of the Khasia in Nizpat Punjis (village) is well-ordered. To ensure social justice, there is a council or darbar in Nizpat punjis (village). The chief of the darbar/council is known as minister. The minister is elected by the members of the council or darbar. The ministers are highly influential in the community. The main duties of the minister are to look after the interest of the people of the punjis and to maintain liaisons with the government administration. Punji minister in Nizpat village generally take lead in salish (arbitration). They take part in social and administrative activities and resolve different social problems and ensure law and order in society. The plaintiff seeks justice against the accused regarding stealing of assets, illicit sexual abuses, etc. They chose their own divers and present them in front of the arbitration council. More specifically, it was discussed that apart from inter-communal conflicts or murder cases, all other social problems are solved through the intervention of ministers. He plays role in distribution of relief goods after getting allocation from Nispat Union Parishad. Besides, he provides his assistance to immunization team (NGOs and government health service providers) in organizing immunization camps. The minister does not have any scope of earning money using his position of ministry. Rather, he has to entertain members of the council/darbar under Nizpat Punji/village. Inheritance: Khasia tribal community is matrilineal and matriarchal community. Accordingly everybody in Khasia family is named after the mother’s name and becomes known in society. The daughters receive the entire share of the inheritance while the sons are deprived of it. Father or husband works just as a manager in the family. The Khasia men can purchase agricultural and commercial land in their names. If they give their sons their purchased agricultural and commercial lands, then their sons will get their lands only. Otherwise their sons will not inherit their purchased land; rather their mothers and sisters will inherit their purchased land. Advisory Role: The maternal grandfathers and uncles take the advisory role and enjoy privilege of decision-making. In important family matters, wife, her brothers or maternal uncles plays important roles. In most cases in resolving familial and social problems, wife’s maternal grandfathers and uncles take the leading role. Clothes: In this punji (village) Khasia men and women wore clothe made of cotton in the past. Men used dhoti (loincloths) while at present Khasia men wear lungi, pants and shirts. It was reported that women used two pieces of clothes. On the other hand, one piece of clothe was Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-22 upper garment which was used to cover the upper part of their body while another piece of clothe was used to wrap their lower part of the body from over navel up to above their ankles. At present women wear Food-habit: The Khasias are carnivorous. Rice is their staple food. With rice they prefer to take various types of vegetables, egg, fish and meat. Apart from boiled fish, they also take fish kebab. The embankment-cum-road: In consultation meeting, Mr. Pradip Lanong, a retired school teacher has said that LGED had constructed road on embankment of the project (now scheme under CSAWMP). The embankment-cum-road had also been using by the local people including the tribal people. It had been contributing positively on social, political and economic lives of the locality including people of the Khasia tribal people in Nizpat village. Water Management Status: Farmers are willing to form Water Management Organizations under this scheme. As reported, that would be WMOs are willing to take up management responsibilities. The participants of consultation meeting have said that this scheme is under two Unions namely Nizpat and Jaintipur Upazila. The scheme is under Sylhet O&M Division and Circle, BWDB under North Eastern Zone Sylhet. Area of Scheme is 5385 hectors. The state of geo-physical condition of the Project: At present, improper embankment section of the Project causes inundation during monsoon season. On the other hand, drainage congestion is a regular phenomenon during post-monsoon period. As a result, only one crop is produced in a section of project area. Priority works for making the Project functional: The priority works will be done under this scheme include (i) re-sectioning of embankment, (ii) re-excavation of drainage and irrigation khals, (iii) rehabilitation of sluice/regulators, and (iv) new works for the 5 (five) irrigation inlets. Overall project benefit: The Project benefits include (i) the Project will be flood free, (ii) the Project will be fully operational or functional, (iii) locally irrigation may be possible from water storage in khals (iv) crop production will be substantially increased. Scope of project benefit for the Khasia tribal people: The followings are the scope of Project benefits: Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-23 (i) Agricultural lands (Aman and Aus paddies can be grown) of the Khasia tribal people will be flood free, (ii) Lands of the Khasia people have been sharecropped out for Aman and Aus paddies cultivation. The Khasia people do not cultivate their lands by themselves due to somewhat long distance (about 2 km) between their residences and lands. As reported that cattle, goats, sheep, etc., of local people may damage standing crops in their lands. Using family labor in agricultural activities from 2 km. distance is not cost effective while wage labor cost has been increased over the years. Meanwhile enabling environment for operating businesses such as, betel leaf and nut, sand, coal and stones chips (through import from neighboring India) had been created due to construction of embankment-cum-road of the Project. They prefer to be engaged in the above-mentioned different businesses. (iii) As Aman and Aus paddies are cultivated during rainy/monsoon season, so these paddies require comparatively less irrigation. However, irrigation is possible from water in khals during Aman and Aus season. (iv) Increased crop production after implementation of this scheme will benefit them through increased demand of sharecropping out their lands. The gaps in receiving the benefits of the project by the Khasia people: Identifying gaps in receiving the benefits of the project by the Khasia tribal people is one of the important aspects of safeguard compliance for the tribal people (OP 4.10) on Indigenous Peoples. (i) Flood free project: Aman and Aus paddy lands of the Khasia tribal people have been protected from floods and also from sand deposition. Implementation of this scheme will ensure flood protection to large extent. Consequently, there are no gaps in receiving project benefits by the Khasia tribal people. (ii) Functional project: As expected that the Project will be functional (operational) after implementation of this scheme. According to participants, crop production will be increased after implementation of the scheme. (iii) The Khasia peoples’ preference for sharecropping out land: Project will enhance increasing production of Aman and Aus paddies in the scheme areas. The Khasia tribal people prefer to sharecrop out their land to the sharecroppers live in village/mouza where their lands are located. In Nizpat village land owners and sharecroppers get one-third and two-third shares of produced crop respectively as per the sharecropping contract. At present they are satisfied with receiving one-third share of total Aman and Aus paddies produced in their land. They had been quite sure that cultivating their lands in two km. distance by themselves could not be cost effective. Cultivation involves costs for seeds or seedling, tilling lands, transplanting seedlings, using chemical fertilizer, weeding, irrigating, harvesting, etc. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-24 (iv) Diversification of income sources: More specifically, they have been diversifying their income sources for making profits (a) growing betel leaf and nut in their leased in lands, (b) operating betel leaf and nut business, (c) a very few Khasia tribal families are involved in coal and stone chips business and/or importing coal/stone through Tamabil Land Port from India, (d) sand business, etc. (v) Ensured irrigation: Locally irrigation may be possible from water storage in khals after implementation of this scheme. There are no gaps in receiving project benefits indirectly through the above-mentioned irrigation facility by the Khasia tribal people. (vi) Increased crop production: After implementation of the scheme crop production will be substantially increased. They will also be benefited through sharecropping out their land due to increased crop production by the sharecroppers due to the Project. Khasia community’s options to maximize the project benefits The Khasia people have expressed the following options to maximize the Project (Scheme) benefits: a) Rehabilitation of embankment cum-road or re-sectioning of embankment will offer the local people including the Khasia tribal people improved and easy transportation and communication for the following purposes: i. Shopping of daily necessary goods and marketing of betel leaf and nut and also surplus of the produced crops, if any for some families, ii. Transporting of sand (collect in this locality), importing coal and stone from India, stone chips from Bangladesh, iii. The serious patients can be rushed to health clinic and/or hospitals, iv. The students can commute between their residences and schools/colleges v. Transport owners, businessmen and drivers have been benefited through their livelihoods. b) Strong embankment with expected level of height will protect the scheme areas from flash flood and monsoon season flood. Participatory Scheme Cycle Management (PSM) • At present there are no WMOs in the Project. • In the consultation meeting, Participatory Scheme Cycle Management (PSM) was not shared with the tribal people due to time constrain. • It would not be practical to share very complex PSM process in a short duration consultation meeting, even a day long training on Participatory Scheme Cycle Management (PSM) using participatory approach may not enough to make the Khasia tribal people understand the PSM. Consequently, it could not be possible to solicit their view on the gaps in receiving benefits of the scheme, options for maximize benefits from PSM. Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-25 • Hypothetical sharing of PSM and benefits of PSM under the proposed scheme may not generate any concrete outcome unless consultation meetings would be held more than one time using participatory approach. Community demand, concern and recommendations Particulars Descriptions Community demand • Strong embankment, • Re-excavation of drainage and irrigation khals, • Construction of irrigation inlets Concern • If quality is not ensured in rehabilitation and civil works, then embankment can be broken which will cause sand deposition (as happened in 1995) on land adjacent to the khals. Recommendations • The Khasia tribal people have said that rehabilitation works should be implemented with ensuring expected good quality. Photographs: Partial views of consultation meeting with the Khasia tribal people held at residence of retired school teacher Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-26 Photographs: Partial views of consultation meeting with the Khasia tribal people held at residence of retired school teacher Photographs: Partial views of consultation meeting with the Khasia tribal people held at residence of retired school teacher Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-27 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-28 Climate Smart Agricultural Water Management Project A-29