‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫‪30104‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﺴﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Sustainable‬‬ ‫�ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Groundwater‬‬ ‫‪Management:‬‬ ‫‪ Concepts and Tools‬�ﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ�ﻷﺩﻭ�ﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ‪12‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻛﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ‬ ‫‪2006-2002‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ )‪(GW•MATE Core Group‬‬ ‫‪Stephen Foster1 Héctor Garduño1 Albert Tuinhof 2 Karin Kemper Marcella Nanni‬‬ ‫)‪( 1lead author 2 main supporting author‬‬ ‫��ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ �ﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻛﻤﺎ� ﻋﻮﺩﺓ �ﺪﻳﻒ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ �ﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ – ﻣﺼﺮ“‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺮﺗﺒﻂ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫� ﻟﻘﺪ �ﺳﺘﻤﺮ �ﻟﺘﻮﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺪﻥ �ﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺘﻘﻄﻊ ﺧﻼ� �ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺩﺧﺎ� ﺃﻭ�‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺻ�ﻴﺮﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ �ﻟﻨﺼﻒ �ﻷﻭ� ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻘﺮﻥ �ﻟﻌﺸﺮﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﻟﺮ�ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺪﺑﻴﺮ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻳﺄﺗﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺘﺄﺧﺮ� ﹰ ﻭﺭ�ﺀ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻟﻨﻤﻮ �ﻟﺴﺮﻳﻊ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻄﻠ� ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﻧﺘﺎ� ﻣﺘﺰ�ﻳﺪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﻄﺮﺩ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ �ﻟﻤﺪﻥ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﺤﻔﺰ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺑﺄﻫﺪ�ﻑ ﺃﻟﻔﻴﺔ �ﻷﻣﻢ �ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ ﻟﺘﻌﺰﻳﺰ �ﻟﺼﺤﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬�ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺼﺮﻑ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺬ� ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻤﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺣﺪ ﺃﺩﻧﻰ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻗﻠﻴﻞ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻮﺳﻢ �ﻟﺠﺎﻑ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬ� ﻓﺈﻥ ’�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‘‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺮﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ �ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ )ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻊ( ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺑﻌﻴﺪ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺻﺮﻑ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺢ ﻭ�ﺿﺤﺎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﺃﻥ �ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺪﻭ� �ﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ )�ﻟﺘﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ� ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫�ﻴﺮ ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺔ ﻭﻣﺘﻌﺬﺭ �ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ( ﺗﹸﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﺴﺮ� ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺗﺤﺘﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ �ﻷﻗﺎﻟﻴﻢ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺧﻴﺔ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺟﻔﺎﻓﺎ‪ .‬ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﺘﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻌﺮﺿﻲ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻤﺜﻞ ’ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ�‘ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ �ﻟﺤﺠﻢ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ� ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻢ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﺣﺘﻰ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ �ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻑ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ‪ .‬ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮ�ﺀ ﺗﺤﺴﻦ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﹸﺨﺰﻧﻬﺎ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻲ‪ ،‬�ﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﺔ ﻹﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�‪ .‬ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮﻉ ﻟﻪ ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ �ﻟﻨﻈﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻛﺰ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺤﺪﺙ �ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑ�ﺾ �ﻟﻨﻈﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻛﻮﻥ �ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ �ﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻣﺨﺪﻭﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻷﺻﻞ ﺳﻮ�ﺀ ﺑﻮ�ﺳﻄﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﻣﺮ�ﻓﻖ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﻨﺘﺸﺮ ﻋﻦ ﻃﺮﻳﻖ ﺧﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﺼﺤﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺮ�ﺣﻴﺾ‬ ‫� ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﺼﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﺳﺎﻓﻠﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺰ �ﻟﺤﻀﺮﻱ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� ﻟﻠﺮﻱ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﻮﺿﻊ �ﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ .‬�ﻋﺘﺮ�ﻓﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﻲ ﻭﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻨﺼ� �ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻋﻮ�ﻗ� �ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺪﻥ �ﻟﻨﺎﻣﻴﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1‬ﺃ( ﻭﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻫﺞ �ﻟﻤﺘﺰ�ﻳﺪﺓ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺮﺑﺤﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1‬�(‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻳﺤﺪﺙ ﺗﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺮ�ﻓﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ �ﻟﻤﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺸﻜﻞ �ﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺮﻱ‬ ‫�ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﻲ �ﻟﻤﻔﺮ� ﻓﻲ ﺃﺭ�ﺿﻲ ﺿﻔﺎﻑ ﺳﺎﻓﻠﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ‪ .‬ﻟﻘﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻨﻔﻴﺬ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ ﻓﻲ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ ،(1‬ﻭﻳﻮﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻭ�ﺿﺢ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﻤﻌﺪﻻﺕ ﻭﺣﺪﺓ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1000‬ﻣﻢ‪/‬ﺳﻨﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ �ﻟﺪﻓﻊ ﺑﺄﻥ �ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻳﺠ� ﺩ�ﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﺗﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :1‬ﻣﺨﻄﻄﺎﺕ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻮﻟﻴﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� ﺑﺎﻹﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺘﺴﺮ� ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃ( �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ �ﻟﻌﺸﻮ�ﺋﻴﺔ �ﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ �ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺙ ﻭ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺬﺭ �ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ‬ ‫)�( �ﻟﺘﺪﺧﻼﺕ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻬﺪﻑ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫)ﺃ(‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫)�(‬ ‫ﻓﺼﻞ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺭﻱ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻙ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ‪ /‬ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻣﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻳﹸﺸﻴﺮ �ﳌﺮﺑﻊ �ﳌﻨﻘﻂ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﺮﺿﻴﺔ )ﻋﺸﻮ�ﺋﻴﺔ( ‪ = P‬ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ‪ = S‬ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ ‪ = T‬ﺛﻼﺛﻲ‬ ‫* ﻣﺤﻄﺔ ﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﹸ�ﻜﻦ ﺃﹶﻥ ﲢﻞ ﻣﺤﻞ �ﻟﺒﺮﻙ )ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ �ﻷﺭﺽ ﺫ�ﺕ ﻗﻴﻤﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ( ﺑﺸﺮ� ﺃﻧﻪ �ﻜﻦ ﻗﺒﻮ� ﺗﻜﻠﻔﺔ �ﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ ﻭﺗﺸ�ﻴﻞ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺰﻭﺩ ﲟﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﳉﺔ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫� ﺗﻌﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺷﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺟﺪ� ﹰ ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻟﻤﺰ�ﺭﻋﻴﻦ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻓﻘﺮ�ﹰ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒ� ﺗﻮﻓﺮﻫﺎ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺮ‪،‬ﻭﻛﺬ� ﺑﺴﺒ� �ﻟﺤﻤﻞ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ �ﻟﻜﺒﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣ�ﺬﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ‪ .‬�ﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻌﺸﻮ�ﺋﻴﺔ ﺫ�ﺕ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺷﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺼﺤﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ‬ ‫�ﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ �ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭﺯﺭ�ﻋﺔ ﻣﺤﺎﺻﻴﻞ ﺗﺆﻛﻞ ﻃﺎﺯﺟﺔ‪ .‬ﺭﺑﻤﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺃﻃﻮ� ﺃﺟﻼ ﹰ ﺇﺫ� ﻣﺎ ﻭﺟﺪﺕ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﺗﺮ�ﻛﻢ �ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ �ﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ )ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺧﺎﺹ �ﻟﺮﺻﺎﺹ‪ ،‬�ﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺒﻮﺭﻭﻥ‪ ،‬ﺇﻟﺦ‪ (.‬ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ�ﺣﺘﻤﺎ� �ﻣﺘﺼﺎﺻﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ �ﻟ�ﺬ�ﺋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺿﻴﻊ �ﻟﻤﺘﺪ�ﺧﻠﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ ﺗﻘﻊ ﺧﺎﺭ� ﻣﺠﺎ� ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻣﺪﻯ ﺗﻌﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺧﻄﺮ ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫� ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺽ‪ ،‬ﻣﻮ�ﺩ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣ�ﺬﻳﺔ ﺯ�ﺋﺪﺓ ﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺬ��‪ ،‬ﻭﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻮﺟﺪ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ‪،‬ﻓﻴﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻀﺎﻑ ﺇﻟﻴﻬﺎ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﺳﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻀﻮﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺣﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻟﺘﺄﺛﻴﺮ �ﻟﻔﻌﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭ�ﺳﻊ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ )ﻣﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻣﻮﺟﺰﺓ ‪(8‬‬ ‫� ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻣﻬﺎ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫� ﺃﺻﻞ )ﻣﺼﺪﺭ( ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﻮ�ﺟﺪ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺩ�ﺋﻤﺔ‬ ‫� ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫� ﻣﻘﺪ�ﺭ ﺗﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻣﻘﺪ�ﺭ �ﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺧﻼ� �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫� ﻧﻤﻂ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻷﺭﺽ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫� �ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻹﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪﻡ ﺧﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ ﺗﻮﺯﻳﻊ �ﻴﺮ ﻣﺒﻄﻨﺔ ﻭ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﺮﻱ ﺑﺎﻟ�ﻤﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫�ﻟﺤﻘﻞ‪ ،‬ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺗ�ﻠ�ﻞ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ ﻭ�ﻟﻔﻴﺮﻭﺳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺮﺽ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺧﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ �ﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ �ﻟﻤﺘﺸﻘﻘﺔ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺮ� ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ �ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ �ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻓﺈﻥ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺇﺯ�ﻟﺔ ﺃ�ﻠ� �ﻟﻜﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻤﺮﺿﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (2‬ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ �ﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ )ﺑﻬﺬ� �ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻰ( ﻓﻲ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﺜﻼﺛﻲ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻤﻔﺮﺩﻫﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻤﻜﻨﻬﺎ ﺗﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ� ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺤﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻫﺬ�‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻤﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﻳﺘﺠﺎﻭﺯ ﻣﺤﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻨﻴﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺣﺪ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ �ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻟﻨﺒﺎﺕ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺴﺮ� ﻣﻦ �ﻷﺭ�ﺿﻲ �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﻭ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ�ﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﺘﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ )‪ (NO3‬ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 45‬ﻣﻠﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﺗﻈﻬﺮ ﻓﻲ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪(1‬‬ ‫� ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﺗﺘﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮ ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ �ﻟﻨﺸﺎﺩﺭﻱ )‪ (NH4‬ﺑﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻫﻮ ﻧﻮﻉ �ﻟﻨﺘﺮﻭﺟﻴﻦ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻭﻣﻦ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﻞ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﺰﻋﺠﺔ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪(1‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ�ﺕ �ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ �ﻟﻤﺬ�� �ﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ )‪ ،(DOC‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺘﺮ�ﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬ﺇﻟﻲ ‪ 5‬ﻣﻠﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ ﻭﺗﺒﻠﻎ ﺫﺭﻭﺗﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ‪ 9-6‬ﻣﻠﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ‬ ‫)ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ ،(3‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﻞ ﻋﻦ ‪ 2-1‬ﻣﻠﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺗﹸﺴﺒ� ﻫﻤﻴﻦ ﻣﺘﻼﺯﻣﻴﻦ ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻤﺎ‪:‬‬‫� ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ�ﺕ �ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ �ﻟﺬ�ﺋ� )‪ (DOC‬ﹸ‬ ‫� �ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺮ�ﻱ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﻣﻴﺜﺎﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻀﺎﺭﺓ )‪ (THMs‬ﺇﺫ� ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﻢ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻹﻣﺪ�ﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺸﺮ� — ��ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ“ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ �ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻛﺎﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﺎ �ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻠﻴﺔ ‪ “DOC‬ﺗﺘﺮ�ﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ‪ 20‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 45‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺟﺮ�ﻣﺎ‪/‬ﻣﻠﺠﻢ ﻭﻗﺪ ﺳﺠﻠﺖ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﻌﻴﻨﺎﺕ �ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ‪ THM‬ﺑﻘﻴﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺟﺮ�ﻡ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻀﻤﻦ �ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ �ﻟﺬ�ﺋ� )‪ (DOC‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ )ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ �ﻷﺣﻤﺎﺽ �ﻟﺪﺑﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺇﻳﺠﺎﺑﻲ“( ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﺿﺌﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫�ﻻﺳﺘﻴﺮﻭﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﺜﺎﻻﺕ‪ ،‬ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ‪ ،‬�ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻔﺎﺕ ﻭ ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ ��ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ �ﻴﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺴﺮﻃﻨﺔ‪،‬‬‫�ﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﻼ ﹰ ﺿﺎﺭﺓ ﺑﺼﺤﺔ �ﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ — ﺑﺎﻟﺮ�ﻢ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻥ �ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﺴﺪ�ﺕ �ﻟﻬﺮﻣﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ �ﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺨﻄﺮﺓ �ﻷﺧﺮﻯ ﻧﺎﺩﺭ� ﻣﺎ ﺗﻢ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩﻫﺎ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :1‬�ﻟﺘﺮﻛﻴ� �ﻟﻤﺜﺎﻟﻲ† ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺿﺤﺎﻟﺔ �ﻟﻤﺘﺄﺛﺮﺓ ﺑﺘﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ �ﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻭﻗﺖ ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ �ﻟﺪﺭ�ﺳﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﻨﺎﺻﺮ ‪-‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺬ�ﺋﺒﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺨﺘﺎﺭﺓ )‪(mg/l‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺸﺤﻴﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪DOC‬‬ ‫‪DO2‬‬ ‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪NH4‬‬ ‫‪NO3‬‬ ‫‪Cl‬‬ ‫‪Na‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫‪n/a‬‬ ‫‪4/5‬‬ ‫‪n/a‬‬ ‫‪n/a‬‬ ‫‪0.8/3.2‬‬ ‫‪85/40‬‬ ‫‪168/182‬‬ ‫‪85/90‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫‪–Lima Suburb‬‬ ‫‪^^Peru‬‬ ‫ﺃﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺛﺎﻧﻮﻱ‬ ‫‪Mn, Zn‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪1.2‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬ ‫‪130‬‬ ‫‪*1190‬‬ ‫‪*570‬‬ ‫‪–Wadi Dhuleil‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎ�‬ ‫‪*Jordan‬‬ ‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0.8‬‬ ‫> ‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪60‬‬ ‫‪220‬‬ ‫‪240‬‬ ‫‪Mezquital‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘ�ﻴﺮ؛ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫‪Valley-Mexico‬‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻻ ﺷﻲﺀ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫‪,Mn, Ni‬‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪0.3‬‬ ‫> ‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪340‬‬ ‫‪210‬‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﺎ�‬ ‫ﻣﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﻟﻸﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫‪–(Leon (Gto‬‬ ‫‪Cr, Zn‬‬ ‫ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ‬ ‫‪**Mexico‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻮﺯﻳﻊ‬ ‫‪,Mn, Fe‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫>‪0.1‬‬ ‫‪6.2‬‬ ‫> ‪1‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬ ‫‪40‬‬ ‫‪-Hat Yai‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫‪As‬‬ ‫‪Thailand‬‬ ‫† ‪ BGS et al., 1998‬�ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻜﺘﺸﻔﺔ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ�ﺕ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ^^ ،‬ﺃﹸﻋﻄﻴﺖ ﻗﻴﻢ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻧ ﹸﻈﻢ ﺑﺮﻙ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ‪ /‬�ﻟﺤﻘﻮ� �ﻟﻤﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﹸﺸﻴﺮ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻠﻚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﻞ‬‫** �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻣﻜﻮﻥ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ‪ na ،‬�ﻴﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫*�ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹸ ﻳﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﺒﻌﺾ �ﻟﺘﺪ�ﺧﻞ �ﻟﻤﻠﺤﻲ‪،‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ )ﺗﻮﻫﻴﻦ( ﻧﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ �ﻷﻣﺮ�ﺽ �ﻟﺒﺮ�ﺯﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ ﻣﺠﻬﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﳌﺮﻭﻳﺔ‬ ‫‪) FC = 106/100 ml‬ﺣﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ(‬ ‫�ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﺮﻙ‬ ‫‪) FC = 108/100 ml‬ﺣﺪ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ(‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ )‪ (Foster et al., 1994‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻟﻘﻄﺎﻉ ﻋﻤﻴﻖ‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ �ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺮﻣﻞ �ﻟﻬﻮ�ﺋﻲ ﺑﻤﻮﻗﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻟﻴﻤﺎ ‪ -‬ﺑﻴﺮﻭ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﻤﻖ )ﻣﺘﺮ(‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺪﺙ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻖ ‪ 5‬ﺃﻣﺘﺎﺭ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﻜﺘﺮﻳﺎ �ﻟﺒﺮ�ﺯ �ﻟﻌﺼﻮﻳﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺑﺮﻙ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔﺗﺮﻳﺎ �ﻟﺒﺮ�ﺯ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺼﻮﻳﺔ ﲢﺖ ﺃﺭﺽ ﺯﺭ�ﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﻭﻳﺔ ﺑﺎﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ �ﻷﺭﺽ؛ ﺳﻴﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻨﻮﻉ �ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ‬ ‫ﰎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ �ﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺱ �ﻟﺮﻭﺗﺎ ﻭﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ �ﻟﺴﺎﳌﻮﻧﻴﻼ �ﳌﻤﺮﺿﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﺪ‬ ‫�ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻋﺮﺿﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺳﺘﻨﺸﺄ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ �ﻟﺤﺮ‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﻨﻤﻂ �ﻟﻌﺎﻡ �ﳌﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﺻﺨﻮﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺱ ﻣﺘﺸﻘﻘﺔ ﻋﻨﺪ ﻋﻤﻖ ﺃﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﰎ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ �ﺧﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻓﻴﺮﻭﺱ �ﻟﺮﻭﺗﺎ ﻭﺑﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ �ﻟﺴﺎﳌﻮﻧﻴﻼ �ﳌﻤﺮﺿﺔ ﻭﻭﺟﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ‪ 3‬ﺃﻣﺘﺎﺭ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺃﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺘﻄﺎﺑﻖ ﻣﻊ �ﻟﻨﻤﻂ �ﻟﻌﺎﻡ �ﳌﺒﲔ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ ﺃﻧﻮ�ﻉ �ﻹﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ �ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻭﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ؟‬ ‫� ﻷﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻫﻲ �ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ �ﻟﻤﻔﻀﻞ ﻹﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ ﺗﹸﺴﺘ�ﻞ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭ�ﺳﻊ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻲ �ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺱ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻲ �ﻟﺨﺎﺹ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻳﻌﺪ ﻣﻮﺿﻮﻋﺎ ﺧﻄﻴﺮ�‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻊ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺇﺣﺪ�ﺙ ﺗﻘﺪﻡ ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ �ﻟﻨﺎﻣﻲ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﺑﺒﺴﺎﻃﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� �ﻟﺪﻋﻮﺓ ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﺻﺎﺭﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻊ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﺫ� ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓ�ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺗﻘﻮﺩ ﻭﻛﺎﻻﺕ �ﻟﺼﺤﺔ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ’ﻟ�ﺾ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﻈﺮ‘ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﻮﺿﻊ ﻭﺫﻟﻚ ﻷﻧﻬﻢ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻟﺪﻳﻬﻢ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻮﻇﻔﻴﻦ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ �ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺮﺩ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺣﺎﺟﺔ ﻣﻠﺤﺔ ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺟﻬﺔ ﺣﻘﻴﻘﺔ �ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺑﺮ�ﺟﻤﺎﺗﻲ‪ ،‬ﺑﺘﻤﻴﻴﺰ ﺃﻳﻨﻤﺎ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻷﻓﻀﻞ �ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺪﺧﻼﺕ �ﻟﻤﺮﺑﺤﺔ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﺜﻤﺎﺭ�ﺕ �ﻟﺘﺰ�ﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﻞ �ﻟﻤﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻤﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ 1‬�(‪ ،‬ﺑﺪﻻ ﹰ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻋﻤﻰ ﻷﻋﻤﺎ� ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﺘﻘﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺸﻜﻮﻙ ﻓﻲ �ﺳﺘﺪ�ﻣﺘﻬﺎ �ﻟﺘﺸ�ﻴﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻣﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎ� �ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ ﻫﺬﻩ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ )ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻦ ﺣﺰﻣﺔ ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻻ ﻣﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ ﻫﺎﻣﺔ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﻣﺜﻞ ﺿﻮ�ﺑﻂ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﺤﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﻭﺧﺼﻮﺑﺔ �ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻛﺔ ﻣﻤﺜﻠﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ ﺟﻤﻴﻊ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ�ﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﻴﻦ ﺫﻭﻱ �ﻟﺼﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ �ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺔ �ﻟﻘﺼﻮﻯ ﺩ�ﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻟﺘﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻭﺿﻊ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻛﺄﺩ�ﺓ ﻟﻠﻤﺴﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻥ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﺔ �ﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ �ﻟﺪ�ﺋﻤﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ� ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﺼﺒﺢ ﻭ�ﺿﺤﺔ )ﻣﺜﻞ �ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺣﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﻜﻴﻤﺎﻭﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﺴﺎﻣﺔ(‪ ،‬ﺇﻥ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻃﺮﻳﻘﺔ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻧﺸﺄﺗﻬﻢ ﺿﻤﻦ �ﻟﻨﻈﺎﻡ �ﻟﻜﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﺩﺭ�ﺳﺔ ﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺃﻭ ﺗﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻣﻨﻔﺼﻞ ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ �ﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺳﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺗﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻹﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻴﺲ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻀﺤﻞ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﻜﻦ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮ�ﻗﻌﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺃﻋﻤﺎﻕ ﻣﺂﺧﺬ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻭ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ ﺇﻧﺸﺎﺀ �ﻟﺒﺌﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻟﺘﺤﻜﻢ �ﻟﺪﻗﻴﻖ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻌﻮ�ﻣﻞ )ﻭﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻧﺎﺣﻴﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻭﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻟﺘﻮ�ﻓﻖ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﻧﺠﺎﺯﻩ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ�‪:‬‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ �ﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﻭﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ �ﻹ�ﻼﻕ �ﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻵﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺇﻗﺎﻣﺔ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﻟﻤﺜﻞ �ﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﺆﺷﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻢ ﻣﻨﺎﻗﺸﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫�‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﺮﻱ ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺗﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ’ﺣﺎﺟﺰ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‘ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :3‬ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ�ﺕ ﺃﻳﻮﻥ �ﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ )‪ (Cl‬ﻭ�ﻟﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺬ�� )‪ (DOC‬ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺑﺤﺚ ﺗﺴﺮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺪﻯ �ﻟﺰﻳﺎﺩ�ﺕ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻗﻴﻢ �ﻟﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ ﺗﻢ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺤﻪ ﻫﻨﺎ )�ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻦ ‪(BGS et al., 1998‬؛ ﺑﻌﺾ ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻌﺔ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺴﺮ�‬ ‫�ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻲ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎﺀ ﺗﺮﺑﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺎﻟﺢ ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﺴﺎﻫﻤﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺪﻓﻖ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ ﻣﻠﺤﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺗﺴﺮ� ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻲ ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ�ﺕ ﻟﻠﻜﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺗﺰﻳﺪ ﻋﻦ‬ ‫�ﳌﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪ 250‬ﻣﻠﺠﻢ‪/‬ﻟﺘﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﻴﻢ �ﳋﻠﻔﻴﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ �ﶈﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫"ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ"‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺴﻴﻦ ﻛﻔﺎﺀﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ ﻭﻫﻜﺬ� ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﺃﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬ ‫�‬ ‫�ﻹﺻﺮ�ﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺿﻊ ﻗﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ �ﻟﻀﺤﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻜﺎﻣﻞ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭ�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻲ؟‬ ‫� �ﻟﺴﺆ�� �ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ �ﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﺗﹸﺘﺨﺬ �ﻟﻘﺮ�ﺭ�ﺕ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺪ ﺗ�ﻄﻴﺔ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻲ �ﻟﻌﻮ�ﻣﻞ �ﻻﺟﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﻗﺪﺭﺓ �ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ �ﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻃﺒﻘﺎﺕ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ �ﻟﻨﻔﻮﺫﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻋﻄﻞ ﻭﺣﺪ�ﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻭﻃﻔﺤﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ �ﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻭ‪/‬ﺃﻭ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ �ﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﺮﺗﻔﻊ‪ ،‬ﹸ‬ ‫� ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ ﺳﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻭﺻﻮ� �ﻴﺮ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﻭ ﻧﻘﺺ �ﻟﻔﻀﺎﺀ �ﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻹﺯ�ﻟﺔ �ﻟﺒﻘﺎﻳﺎ �ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻣﻦ ﻭﺣﺪ�ﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ �ﻷﺻﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺇﻋﻄﺎﺀ �ﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻟﻠﻤﺸﺎﻛﻞ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ �ﻟﺠﺪﻳﺪﺓ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺳﺘﺤﺪﺙ ﺑﺈﻧﺘﺎ� ﻣﺨﻠﻔﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻮﺳﺎﺋﻞ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻮﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﺼﺤﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ �ﻷﺻﻠﻲ ﻭﺇﻣﻜﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺜﻬﺎ ﻟﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻢ ﻳﻮﺿﻊ ﺗﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻀﺎﻳﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻣﺜﻞ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺗﻘﺪﻳﻢ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻲ ﻷﺳﺒﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺘﻌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﺮﻱ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﻲ ﻣﻦ ﺧﻼ� ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫�ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﻫﻲ ﺫ�ﺕ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻣﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻮﺳﻴﻠﺔ ﻟﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�‬ ‫� ﺗﺨﻔﻴﺾ ﺩﺧﻮ� �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻠﺤﻴﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ �ﻟﻘﺎﺣﻠﺔ‬ ‫� ﺗﻘﻠﻴﻞ ﺧﻄﺮ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻟﻶﺑﺎﺭ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻌﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ �ﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫� ﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ �ﺣﺘﻴﺎﺟﺎﺕ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﺑﻮ�ﺳﻄﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻲ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺮﺟﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﺘﻢ �ﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺟﺰﺋﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫� ﺇﺩﺭ�ﻙ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺨﺰﻳﻦ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ �ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣﺎ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ �ﻟﺨﻴﺎﺭ �ﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻹﻃﻼﻕ ﺣﻴﺚ ﻳﹸﻈﻬﺮ‬ ‫�ﻟﻄﻠ� ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺮﻱ ﺗ�ﻴﺮ� ﻣﻮﺳﻤﻴﺎ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ�‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﺘﺴﺮ� ﺧﻼ� ﻧﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺜﻼﺛﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﻣﻨﻬﺞ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻜﺎﻣﻼ ﹰ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻳﺠ� ﻣﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﻤﺴﺎﺋﻞ �ﻟﻤﺆﺳﺴﻴﺔ �ﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺃﻳﺔ ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﻬﺎ �ﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻨﻬﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ؟‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻨﺘﺠﻴﻬﺎ ؟‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫� ﻣﺎ ﻫﻲ �ﻻﻟﺘﺰ�ﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻘﺎﻧﻮﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﻜﻞ ﻣﻦ ﹸ‬ ‫� ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺇﺩﺧﺎ� ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺃﻭﺳﻊ ﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺣﺴﻦ ﻭﺟﻪ؟‬ ‫� ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺮ�ﻋﻲ ﺭﺧﺺ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻋﻮ�ﻣﻞ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﻻﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ؟‬ ‫� ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻨﻔﺬ �ﻟﺘﺪﺭﻳ� ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻼﻗﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ؟‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫� �ﻟﺴﺆ�� �ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻖ ﻫﻮ ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻮﻟﻲ �ﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺎﻓﻴﺎ ﹰ ﺑﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺇﻥ‬ ‫ﺑﹸﻌﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻬﺬ� �ﻟﺤﺪ ﻣﺎ ﺯ�� ﻓﻲ ﺃ�ﻠ� �ﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﺪ ’�ﻟﺤﻠﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻔﻘﻮﺩﺓ‘‪ .‬ﻓﺎﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻌﺮﺿﻴﺔ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺧﻼ� ﻣﻌﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻭﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭ�ﺳﻌﺔ �ﻻﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ ﺟﺪ� ﹰ ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻳﺠ� �ﻟﺘﻔﻜﻴﺮ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺩ�ﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻛﺠﺰﺀ ﻣﻜﻤﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬ� ﻳﹸﺨﻄﻂ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻭﻓﻘﺎ ﻟﺬﻟﻚ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ� ﺇﻃﻼﻉ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ �ﻟﻤﺴﺌﻮﻟﻴﻦ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻭﺗﻮﻋﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﻤﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ ﻫﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﺘﺒﺎﻳﻦ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺎﺕ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪،‬‬ ‫ﻭﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﺘﻠﻚ �ﻷﻧﻤﺎ� ﻭﻧﺴ� �ﻟﺘﺤﻤﻴﻞ �ﻵﻣﻨﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‪ .‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺠﺎ� ﺃﻗﻮﻯ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻱ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺟﻬﺔ �ﻷﺳﻮﺃ )ﻭ�ﻷﻗﻞ �ﺳﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ( ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻔﺎﺩﻳﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪- BGS, CNA, SAPAL, WAJ, DMR and PSU. 1998. 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In AWWA Publication Navigating Rough Waters—Ethical Issues in the Water Industry.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ )‪ (GW•MATE‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭ�ﺷﻨﻄﻦ �ﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ – �ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ �ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ �ﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ �ﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ )‪ (www.worldbank.org/gwmate‬ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ �ﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪.(www.gwpforum.org‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺮ �ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ�ﺕ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻟﻮ�ﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ �ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ �ﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﻭﻳﺠ� ﺃﻻ ﺗﻨﺴ� ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﻪ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪ�ﻥ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ �ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ �ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫�ﻟﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪ� )‪ ،(BNWPP‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺌﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻬﻤﺎ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺘﺎﻥ �ﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬