TRAFFIC CRASH INJURIES AND DISABILITIES: THE BURDEN ON INDIAN SOCIETY MAHARASHTRA This state fact sheet highlights the impact of road crashes on people belonging to different social categories in the state. The fact sheet uses data from the 2021 study titled ““Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society””. The fact sheet depicts data on the average costs of road crashes, insurance compensation, disability status, and so on. Maharashtra is a western state in India, which is the third most populated state in the country. With 6 divisions and 36 districts, the state has a projected 2020 population of 12.31 crores5, with a nominal Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) in 2018-19 of INR 23,32,992 crore, which is 6 Divisions 13.9% of the total population3. The nominal per capita GSDP of Maharashtra was INR 1,91,736 in 2018-19. Maharashtra is a highly 36 Districts urbanised state, where as high as 45.2% of the population resides in urban areas. Maharashtra recorded 3,02,17,000 registered vehicles as of March, 2017, accounting for the largest share (11.93%) in the country1. The state also witnessed 27,286 road crashes and 14,6082 road crash deaths in 2019 alone, making it the state with the 2nd highest road crash deaths in 2019. Based on several factors like proportion of Population urban population, literacy rate, poverty rate and per capita net state GDP, Maharashtra 12.31 Crores has been categorised as a “High Capacity State” in this study. Maharashtra also has a relatively high female literacy rate. As of 2011, the female literacy rate in the state was 75.9%, while male literacy rate was 88.4%3. In terms of State performance on meeting the SDG goals, Maharashtra scores 64 on the index.This indicates that Maharashtra has met 64% of the SDG targets for 20304. Additionally, the state scores 47 on the poverty related SDG. 2017 3,02,17,000 Registered vehicles Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society 2019 27,286 2019 14,6082 2nd highest road road road crashes crash crashes deaths deaths in 2019 GDP 2011 2011 75.9% 88.4% High female male Capacity literacy literacy State rate rate 1. Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, “Road Site/upload/WhatsNew/ESM_2019_20_Eng_Book.pdf Transport Yearbook”, Ministry of Road Transport and 4. NITI Aayog, “SDG India Index & Dashboard, 2019-20”, Highways website, September 23, 2019, Accessed on NITI Aayog Website, December 20, 2019, Accessed on October 9, 2020, https://morth.nic.in/sites/default/ October 9, 2020, https://niti.gov.in/sites/default/files/ files/Road%20Transport%20Year%20Book%202016- SDG-India-Index-2.0_27-Dec.pdf 17.pdf 5. Unique Identification Authority of India, “State/ UT 2. National Crime Records Bureau, “Accidental Deaths wise AADHAR Saturation Data”, UIDAI website, May 31, and Suicides in India”, National Crime Records Bureau 2020, Accessed on October 9, 2020, https://uidai.gov. Website, August 28, 2020, Accessed on October 9, 2020, in/images/state-wise-aadhaar-saturation.pdf https://ncrb.gov.in/sites/default/files/ADSI_2019_ FULL%20REPORT_updated.pdf 3. Planning Department of Government of Maharashtra, “Maharashtra Economic Survey 2019-20”, Government of Maharashtra Website, March 5, 2020, Accessed on October 9, 2020, https://www.maharashtra.gov.in/ PROFILE OF THE SAMPLE IN (20.3%) of the victims were chief wage earners. 42.4% of the victims live(d) in urban areas. MAHARASHTRA: • 136 of the households had a family member that died • A total of 528 respondents (victims and household as a result of the road crash (25.8%). About 16.3% of members) participated in the survey for the PSIA study. these victims died at the crash scene. In addition, 94 Among them, 113 respondents (21.4%) belonged to victims suffered from some disability (17.8%). Out High Income Households (HIH), and 415 respondents of these, 56 victims (59.6%) developed a long term (78.6%) belonged to Low Income Households (LIH). disability. The average monthly household income for HIH was INR 2.01 lakhs, and for LIH, the income was INR 17,422. • The average estimated Out of Pocket Expenses borne In addition, 113 truck drivers with an average income by victims/ household members across households of INR 17,013 were included in the survey. 83.5% of was INR 1,01,081. About 83% of the respondents the respondents were male road crash victims, and received some form of compensation. 16.5% were female road crash victims. As many as 107 TABLE 1: RESPONDENT PROFILE Particulars Maharashtra Participants (#, %) in HIH 113 (21.4) Average monthly household income for HIH (INR) 2,01,106 Participants (#, %) in LIH 415 (78.6) Average monthly household income for LIH (INR) 17,422 Participants (#) as truck drivers 113 Average monthly income from driving profession for truck drivers (INR) 17,013 % of female victims 16.5 #, % crash deaths (136) 25.8 #,% with major crash injury (392) 74.2 #,% recovered with some disability (94) 24.0* #,% have long term mobility disability (56) 59.6 % of victims who were chief wage earner 107 (20.3) *taken as a percentage figure of total major injuries. Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society PROFILE OF VICTIMS BASED ON THE for males, the proportion of victims that died was higher for LIH in both urban and rural areas, with LIH OUTCOME OF THE CRASH: comprising 70% of the male victims in urban areas, and 100% of the male victims in rural areas. 100% of • Based on the outcome of the crash, most of the victims the female victims that died in rural areas belonged to that died belonged to low income households. For LIH. urban areas, 54.2% of the victims that died belonged to LIH and in rural areas, 100% of the victims that died • Proportion of female victims that survived in both urban belonged to LIH. and rural areas was higher for LIH than for HIH. The proportion of male victims that survived was higher for • Further, it can be observed that 42.9% of the female LIH than HIH in rural areas. However, for urban areas, victims that died in urban areas were from LIH and the proportion of male victims that survived was higher 57.1% of the female victims were from HIH. Whereas, for HIH than LIH. CHART 1: HABITATION- WISE TRENDS OF ROAD CRASH OUTCOMES Chart 1a: % of victims that survived in urban areas Chart 1b: % of victims that survived in rural areas 60 57.4% 100 97.4% 98.2% Overall 92.3% 51.5% 49.7% 50.3% Male 50 48.5% 80 Female 42.6% 40 60 30 40 20 10 20 7.7% 2.6% 1.8% 0 0 LIH HIH LIH HIH Chart 1c: % of victims that died in urban areas Chart 1d: % of victims that died in rural areas 100% 100% 100% 80 100 70% 70 57.1% 80 60 54.2% 50 45.8% 60 42.9% 40 30% 40 30 20 20 10 0% 0% 0% 0 0 LIH HIH LIH HIH FINANCIAL IMPACT OF ROAD income of the household due to the road crash, while 51.3% of HIH admitted to the same. Further, a larger number of CRASHES IN MAHARASHTRA: cases of OOPE, property sale, money borrowing, and relocation were observed in LIH than in HIH. 76.9% of LIH admitted that there was a decline in total CHART 2: FINANCIAL IMPACT ON THE VICTIM HOUSEHOLD 80 76.9% LIH HIH 70 66.3% 59.3% 60 51.3% 50 44.1% 40 30 20 17.6% 14% 8% 9.6% 10 4.4% 0.9% 0.9% 0 Decline in Out of pocket Had to sell/ Had to Had to relocate Any household total income expenses mortgage family borrow money for treatement member had of household increased assets (from anyone) for more than to relocate 30 days permanently Out of pocket expenditure (OOPE) is the CHART 3: % OF VICTIMS/FAMILIES THAT FACED OOPE payment made directly by individuals at the LIH (% yes) point of service where the entire cost of the 100 HIH (% yes) 82.1% health good or service is not covered under any financial protection scheme. The OOPE 80 63.7% for LIH was about 1.6 times higher for LIH than for HIH. Total OOPE in Maharashtra 60 was INR 1,10,029 for LIH, and INR 68,221 for HIH. 82.1% of the LIH where the victim 40 29.6% survived admitted to paying OOPE, while 18.2% 63.7% of the of the HIH where victims had 20 survived admitted to paying OOPE. 0 Survived Died Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society LOSSES INCURRED DUE TO 1,62,907 respectively. As HIH have significantly higher income than LIH, the loss of income was higher for HIH than ROAD CRASHES: for LIH. Loss of property and legal expenses accounted for about 5.7% and 3.4% of LIH losses respectively, and 11.9% The total losses faced by 415 low income households and and 0.54% of HIH losses respectively. The breakup of the 113 high income households was INR 1,89,621, and INR losses is as follows: CHART 4: LOSSES INCURRED DUE TO ROAD CRASH (INR) LIH 120000 110,029 HIH 100000 80000 73885 68,221 60000 48381 40000 19,331 20000 10863 12,867 6,512 872 969 598 0 0 Loss of Loss of property/ Out of pocket Legal/ Amount paid to Others income during vehicle etc. expenses on administrative/ other vehicle/ (hospital visits, period of due to road treatment of compensation person involved loss of belongings, treatment crash victim expenses in crash food expenses, travel, etc.) MECHANISM TO COPE WITH FINANCIAL LOSSES: Interestingly, a larger proportion of HIH (96.5%) spent from family savings to cope with the losses than LIH (82.2%). About 44% of LIH had to arrange for a loan as opposed This can be attributed to the fact that savings will be larger to 8% of HIH. Further, a larger proportion of LIH had to for HIH than for LIH. resort to selling assets, and taking on extra work than HIH. CHART 5: MECHANISM TO COPE WITH THE FINANCIAL BURDEN OF ROAD CRASHES (%YES) LIH HIH 100 96.5% 82.2% 80 60 44.1% 40 31.9% 20 17.6% 12.3% 8% 7.2% 6.3% 5.3% 5.3% 4.4% 4.3% 3.5% 0.9% 0.9% 0.5% 0.9% 0 Arranged Sold/ Took on extra Compensation Received Received Dependent Reveived Spent from a loan mortgage work by from the compensation compensation was provided compensation family assets household insurance under for employer job by from other savings members company schemes employer/ party involved govt. (monthly in a road income) crash COMPENSATION AVAILED AND • Only 2.4% of LIH victims and 19.5% HIH victims/family members availed medical insurance compensation. RECEIVED UNDER MOTOR VEHICLE, Among those that availed compensation, 70% of the LIH MEDICAL, AND LIFE INSURANCE victims, and 81.8% of HIH victims received the eligible compensation. In terms of time taken, LIH victims SCHEMES: received their compensation in about 3.4 months while HIH victims received it in about 2.4 months. • As low as 9.2% of LIH victims and 38.1% HIH victims/family members availed motor vehicle • Only 2.7% of LIH victims/family members availed life insurance compensation. Among those that availed insurance compensation. Among those that availed compensation, just 55.3% of the LIH victims, and 76.7% compensation, 81.8% of the LIH victims received the of HIH victims received the eligible compensation. eligible compensation. In terms of time taken, LIH In terms of time taken, LIH victims received their victims received their compensation in about 4.1 compensation in about 10.5 months while HIH victims months. (*Note: none of the HIH availed life insurance). received it in about 3.1 months. Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society CHART 6: VICTIMS THAT AVAILED AND RECEIVED COMPENSATION FROM INSURANCE (% YES) 100 81.8% 81.8% 76.7% 80 70% 60 55.3% 38.1% 40 19.5% 20 9.2% 2.4% 2.7% 0 Availed (LIH) Received eligible Availed (HIH) Received eligible compensation (LIH) compensation (HIH) Motor vehicle insurance compensation Medical insurance compensation Life insurance compensation CHART 7: AVERAGE TIME TAKEN (MONTHS) TO RECEIVE COMPENSATION Motor vehicle 10.5 insurance compensation 3.1 Medical 3.4 insurance compensation 2.4 Average time taken (month) LIH Life insurance 4.1 compensation Average time 4.4 taken (month) HIH 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 DIFFICULTY IN AVAILING COMPENSATION: When asked about the difficulty in availing compensation, a larger proportion of LIH (14.7%) affirmatively responded than HIH (6.2%). CHART 8: RESPONSES WHETHER VICTIM/ HOUSEHOLD MEMBER FACED ANY DIFFICULTY WHILE AVAILING COMPENSATION (%) 100 LIH 84.1% HIH 80 73.5% 60 40 14.7% 20 9.4% 6.2% 8.8% 2.4% 0.9% 0 Yes No NA DK/CS A larger percentage of LIH (24.8%) also admitted to filing a case in the Motor Accidents Claims Tribunal (MACT), than HIH (20.4%). CHART 9: RESPONSES WHETHER VICTIM/ FAMILY FILED A CASE IN MACT (%) 80 69.9% 70 63.3% 60 50 40 30 24.8% 20.4% Yes 20 9.9% 9.7% No 10 0 DK/CS LIH HIH Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society TRUCK DRIVER’S AWARENESS under the motor third party liability insurance under the Motor Vehicles (Amendement) Act, 2019. 23% of the LEVELS ON MOTOR THIRD PARTY truck drivers were unaware about the time limit for filing LIABILITY INSURANCE: cases for compensation, which is 6 months from the crash occurrence. Further, as high as 27.4% of the drivers Among the 113 truck drivers surveyed in Maharashtra, a were unaware about the insurance company’s liability relatively high proportion of truck drivers (17.7%) were to designate an officer to assist claimants in the claim unaware that the attendant or khalasi is also covered settlement process. CHART 10: AWARENESS LEVEL OF TRUCK DRIVERS ON MOTOR THIRD PARTY LIABILITY INSURANCE Not Aware Fully Aware 79.6% Somewhat Aware 80 70 67.3% 58.4% 59.3% 60 54.9% 55.8% 51.3% 47.8% 50 39.8% 40 35.4% 31.9% 31% 37.2% 26.5% 27.4% 30 27.4% 19.5% 24.8% 23% 20 17.7% 17.7% 15% 13.3% 13.3% 10 9.7% 9.7% 5.3% 0 The purchase If the vehicle Motor third Motor third If someone The Along with The time In case of motor third is uninsured, party liability party liability else is at compensation driver, limitation of road party liability you/ owner insurance insurance fault for an you are truck, for filing of crash, insurance is may be provides does not crash & eligible to attendant cases for insurance compulsary personally compensation provide you incur receive may (Khalasi) compensation company is and you may liable to pay to other compensation injuries, be reduced is also for injuries liable to be fined by the for injuries people for for injuries you may be if you covered before the designate police if caused to their injuries you incur able to claim breach a for benefits claims an officer vehicle is others if you if the if the compensation traffic law under third tribunal to help you uninsured are at fault crash is crash from the party is 6 months with the for crash your fault is your fault insurer the insurance from the process of vehicle is under MVAA, date of the settlement insured with 2019 crash of your claim TYPE OF CAREGIVER FOR VICTIM: LIH and 79.7% for HIH). Interestingly, there was a greater proportion of male caregivers from LIH (23.9%) than HIH In the case of both LIH and HIH, the majority of the victims victims (17.7%). had a female family member as their caregiver (73.4% for CHART 11: TYPE OF FAMILY MEMBER THAT TOOK CARE OF THE ROAD CRASH VICTIM Self Male Female 80 79.7% 73.4% 70 60 50 6.8% 4.8% DK/CS 16.9% DK/CS 37% 40 No No Yes Yes 30 23.9% 17.7% 20 56.2% 78.3% 10 2.8% 2.5% 0 LIH HIH HEALTH IMPACT ON HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS WITH VICTIMS: 22% of the victims from LIH admitted that their family/ household members developed health problems post crash, and 24.1% of the HIH victim household members developed health problems post crash. CHART 12: RESPONSES ON WHETHER HEALTH PROBLEMS DEVELOPED IN HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS Chart 12a: 22% 24.1% Chart 12b: Household Household members of the members of the victim developed Yes victim developed health problems: health problems: LIH No HIH 78% 75.9% Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society 3.4% 10.8% DK/CS 21.7% DK/CS 41.8% No No Yes Yes 54.8% 67.5% FOOD CONSUMPTION STATUS OF HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS OF THE VICTIM: As high as 34.6% of the LIH victim’s household members admitted that their food consumption has decreased post crash, while 29.9% of the HIH victim’s household members admitted that their food consumption has decreased post crash. CHART 13: RESPONSES ON WHETHER FOOD CONSUMPTION FOR HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS DECREASED 1.6% 1.1% Chart 13a: 29.9% Chart 13b: Food 34.6% Food consumption of consumption of victim’s household Yes victim’s household members has members has decreased: LIH No decreased: HIH DK/CS 63.8% 69% PROPORTION OF VICTIMS THAT FACED ANY DISABILITY: In Maharashtra, a higher proportion of LIH victims faced disabilities than HIH victims. 88 (30.3%) of the respondents from LIH, and 6 (5.9%) of the respondents from HIH reported a disability. Among them, 42% of LIH reported a serious disability (*Note: HIH did not report serious disability). TABLE 2: RESPONSES ON WHETHER VICTIMS FACED A DISABILITY LIH HIH Particulars N %Yes N %Yes Maharashtra 290 30.30% 102 5.90% DK/CS 33.7% DK/CS 52.7% No No Yes Yes 45.2% 61.5% PROPORTION OF HOUSEHOLDS, In Maharashtra, 40.2% of LIH and 3.4% of HIH reported that the victim or a household member suffered from WHERE FAMILY MEMBERS FACED depression post the crash. 4.8% DEPRESSION 2.1% DK/CS 33.7% DK/CS 52.7% No No CHART 14: RESPONSES ON WHETHER THE VICTIM/ HOUSEHOLD MEMBER SUFFERED FROM DEPRESSION Yes Yes Chart 14a: 0.8% 3.4% Chart 14b: Responses on Responses on whether vctim/ 40.2% whether vctim/ household 45.2% Yes 61.5% household member suffered member suffered from depression: No from depression: LIH DK/CS HIH 59% 96.6% DIFFICULTY IN SLEEPING FOR THE HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS POST CRASH: In Maharashtra, as high as 24.4% of the household members from LIH faced difficulty in sleeping, while 6.9% of the household members from HIH faced the same. CHART 15: RESPONSES ON WHETHER HOUSEHOLD MEMBERS HAVE DIFFICULTY IN SLEEPING 6.9% Chart 15a: Chart 15b: Responses on 24.4% Responses on whether whether household household 39.4% Yes members have members have difficulty in difficulty in Sometimes sleeping (HIH) sleeping (LIH) No, sleep well 48.3% 44.8% 36.2% Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society EMPLOYMENT STATUS OF VICTIMS: RESPONSES ON WHETHER AN FIR WAS FILED FOR THE ROAD CRASH THAT THE In Maharashtra, LIH on an average, took 77 more days than HIH to return to their previous occupation, with VICTIM WAS INVOLVED IN: LIH taking an average of 122 days to return to their occupation and HIH taking 45 days for the same. Further, In Maharashtra, 52.5% of the LIH and 75.2% of the HIH claim on an average it took LIH 189 days, and HIH 84 days to that no FIR was filed for the road crash case that the victim find a new occupation. was involved in. CHART 16: WAS AN FIR FILED FOR THE ROAD CRASH THAT THE VICTIM WAS INVOLVED IN? 80 75.2% 70 60 52.5% 50 45.8% 40 30 24.8% 20 Yes 10 No 1.7% 0% 0 DK/CS LIH HIH Traffic Crash Injuries and Disabilities: The Burden on Indian Society