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ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648-0667-4 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-0668-1 DOI: 10.1596/978-1-4648-0667-4 ISSN: 1729-2638 Cover design: Corporate Visions, Inc. 13TH EDITION Doing Business 2016 Measuring Regulatory Quality and Efficiency COMPARING BUSINESS REGULATION FOR DOMESTIC FIRMS IN 189 ECONOMIES A World Bank Group Flagship Report Doing Business 2016 Resources on the Doing Business website CURRENT FEATURES HISTORICAL DATA News on the Doing Business project Customized data sets since DB2004 http://www.doingbusiness.org http://www.doingbusiness.org/custom-query RANKINGS LAW LIBRARY How economies rank—from 1 to 189 Online collection of business laws and http://www.doingbusiness.org/rankings regulations relating to business http://www.doingbusiness.org/law-library DATA All the data for 189 economies—topic CONTRIBUTORS rankings, indicator values, lists of More than 11,400 specialists in regulatory procedures and details 189 economies who participate underlying indicators in Doing Business http://www.doingbusiness.org/data http://www.doingbusiness.org /contributors/doing-business REPORTS Access to Doing Business reports as ENTREPRENEURSHIP DATA well as subnational and regional reports, Data on new business density (number case studies and customized economy of newly registered companies per 1,000 and regional profiles working-age people) for 136 economies http://www.doingbusiness.org/reports http://www.doingbusiness.org/data /exploretopics/entrepreneurship METHODOLOGY The methodologies and research DISTANCE TO FRONTIER papers underlying Doing Business Data benchmarking 189 economies to http://www.doingbusiness.org/methodology the frontier in regulatory practice and a distance to frontier calculator RESEARCH http://www.doingbusiness.org/data Abstracts of papers on Doing Business /distance-to-frontier topics and related policy issues http://www.doingbusiness.org/research INFORMATION ON GOOD PRACTICES DOING BUSINESS REFORMS Showing where the many good Short summaries of DB2016 business practices identified by Doing Business regulation reforms and lists of reforms have been adopted since DB2008 http://www.doingbusiness.org/data http://www.doingbusiness.org/reforms /good-practice Doing Business 2016 Contents iv Foreword 1 Overview 19 About Doing Business 27 What is changing in Doing Business? 34 Reforming the business environment in 2014/15 Case studies 54 Starting a business Third-party involvement in company formation 62 Dealing with construction permits Assessing quality control and safety mechanisms Doing Business 2016 is the 13th in a series of 70 Getting electricity annual reports investigating the regulations Measuring reliability, prices and transparency that enhance business activity and those that constrain it. Doing Business presents 78 Registering property quantitative indicators on business regulation The paths of digitization and the protection of property rights that can 83 Trading across borders be compared across 189 economies—from A new approach to measuring trade processes Afghanistan to Zimbabwe—and over time. 91 Enforcing contracts Doing Business measures aspects of regulation Measuring good practices in the judiciary affecting 11 areas of the life of a business. Ten of these areas are included in this year’s 99 Resolving insolvency ranking on the ease of doing business: starting New funding and business survival a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting 105 Legal research findings on business regulation and the law credit, protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing 113 References contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing 119 Data notes Business also measures features of labor market regulation, which is not included in this 163 Distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking year’s ranking. 169 Summaries of Doing Business reforms in 2014/15 Data in Doing Business 2016 are current as 183 Country tables of June 1, 2015. The indicators are used to analyze economic outcomes and identify what 247 Labor market regulation data reforms of business regulation have worked, 268 Acknowledgments where and why. Doing Business 2016 Foreword O ver the 13 years since its incep- tion the Doing Business report EVOLUTION OF THE has become one of the world’s METHODOLOGY most influential policy publications. It is an annual report on the state of health of Given the importance of Doing Business economies based on detailed diagnostics and the responsibility that comes with it, not of the relatively more visible features and also in the light of the 2013 report of (such as growth) and various macroeco- the Independent Panel on Doing Business, nomic parameters (such as the public chaired by Trevor Manuel, it was decided debt) but of underlying and embedded that we would use two years to revise and characteristics—such as the regulatory improve the measurement of the ease of system, the efficacy of the bureaucracy doing business in different economies. and the nature of business governance. This is the second and last year of this An economy’s scores on Doing Business major revision exercise and that gives this indicators are somewhat akin to a mea- year’s report a special significance. sure of concentrations of various proteins and minerals in the human blood. They The research on which regulatory con- may not seem important to the lay straints are most important for firms and observer, but they have huge long-run how to best measure them continues implications for an economy’s health, to evolve. Since the first Doing Business performance and growth. report was published in 2003, the team has implemented a number of method- Since 2003 Doing Business has been ological improvements, expanding the publishing annual quantitative data on coverage of regulatory areas measured the main regulatory constraints affecting and enhancing the relevance and the domestic small and medium-size enter- depth of the indicators. While initially the prises throughout their life cycle. This report was focused largely on measuring year’s report presents data for 189 econ- efficiency and the costs of compliance omies and aggregates information from with business regulations, over the past 10 areas of business regulation—starting two years there has been a systematic a business, dealing with construction effort to capture different dimensions of permits, getting electricity, register- quality in most indicator sets. This year’s ing property, getting credit, protecting report introduces new measures of minority investors, paying taxes, trading regulatory quality in the indicator sets across borders, enforcing contracts and on dealing with construction permits, resolving insolvency—to develop an getting electricity, registering property overall ease of doing business ranking. and enforcing contracts. It also presents Data are also collected on the regulation a significantly expanded data set for the of labor markets but these are not part of labor market regulation indicators to the overall ranking. cover certain dimensions of job quality, FOREWORD v such as the availability of paid sick leave, standardized case scenarios with well- Business as a starting point for identifying on-the-job training and unemployment specified assumptions. The report not necessary reforms but should by no means insurance for workers. In addition, the only highlights the extent of regulatory stop at what is measured by the report. methodology for the trading across obstacles to firms through the compilation borders indicators has been revamped to of quantitative data for more than 40 sub- There is indeed a risk in this, which is increase their relevance. indicators but also identifies the source of important to acknowledge. When we business environment constraints. This measure certain dimensions of the perfor- Studies show that creating a regula- helps governments identify well-defined mance of an agent, such as a government, tory milieu that enables private enterprises, areas of action and design reform agendas. that has to perform multiple tasks, there is a especially small firms, to function and be In addition, the majority of Doing Business risk of diverting a disproportionate amount creative has a large positive impact on indicators are based on a reading of the of effort to the tasks that are measured job creation and is therefore good for the law, which makes the indicators “action- while ignoring others that may be equally economy. Yet the growth and efficiency of able”—as the law is well within the sphere important. There is an important literature small firms have been constrained by many of influence of policy makers and is thus in economics that, while not dealing factors, including access to finance, lack of amenable to change. directly with this, formalizes and draws managerial and technological capacities our attention to this problem.1 We can see and, importantly for this report, the quality While this method has the advantage of this problem arise in other domains, such of the regulatory environment. transparency, it has one inevitable short- as when teachers’ salaries are indexed by coming. It is not feasible to design a case student evaluation scores; there is a risk Demographic projections of the ris- study that will be an equally good fit for all that this will dampen the incentive for cre- ing number of working-age people in the world’s economies. Because the report ativity, which is harder to measure. Ranking low-income and some middle-income aims to have a global coverage, the choice universities often leads them to try to game economies have given rise to both hope of indicators is partly constrained by the the system and move resources and effort and concern. The latter takes the form of data that can realistically be collected in away from some important but unmeasur- alarming accounts of how, because of this some of the least developed economies of able dimensions to the narrower tasks that “demographic dividend,” we will have to the world. are tracked and measured. create new jobs for all the new working- age youngsters. What is often forgotten Furthermore, Doing Business covers a This is a risk that we have to contend with is that there is no reason to presume that limited number of regulatory constraints. whenever we make an effort to rank agents they will all be supplying their labor. If we And it does not measure many aspects of who perform multiple tasks, or more tasks can provide a good regulatory environ- the business environment that matter to than can be measured. The hope is that ment and some entrepreneurial training, firms, investors and the overall economy. governments, like individual agents, are many of them will be on the other side For example, the report does not attempt inspired by more than narrowly focused of the market, demanding instead of to capture a number of dimensions of optimization.2 They can then treat these supplying labor. In other words, the same macroeconomic stability, the prevalence scores not as targets that ought to be new working-age population can create of corruption, antitrust policies or the skills maximized to the exclusion of all else, but new jobs and supply new labor. Hence, of the workforce, important as all these as indicative of how they are performing at this juncture the World Bank Group’s factors are for establishing a foundation for on an important dimension of economic Doing Business report can be viewed as a sustainable economic development. Even life—to wit, business governance—and small but serious intellectual contribution within the relatively small set of indica- use them to do better in ways that may or to this challenge. tors included in Doing Business the focus may not be possible to measure but that is deliberately narrow. The trading across lead to better lives for their citizens. borders indicators, for example, capture the A WORD OF CAUTION time and cost for document preparation and compliance with border procedures to WHAT DO THE DOING When using this report, it is important to export and import goods; they do not mea- BUSINESS DATA SHOW? understand its strengths and limitations. sure the costs associated with international A major advantage of Doing Business transport or tariff and nontariff barriers. A quick look at the list of economies at the is the comparability of data across the Therefore, policy makers wishing to imple- top of the ease of doing business ranking world’s economies thanks to the use of ment regulatory reforms can use Doing reveals that the best 30 performers are 1. See Holmstrom and Milgrom (1991); and Laffont and Martimort (2009, ch. 5). 2. This is discussed in the context of economic governance in Bowles (2004, ch. 14). vi DOING BUSINESS 2016 not those with little regulation but those that implemented at least one reform and areas measured by the report. Doing with good rules that allow efficient and accounts for 3 of the 10 top improvers. Business has been praised by some and transparent functioning of businesses and criticized by others. Indeed, there is no markets while protecting the public inter- Analysis of the Doing Business data for the unique way to measure one of the most est. Data in this year’s report also show past 12 years shows encouraging signs complex dimensions of the economy: that economies that have efficient regu- of convergence toward best practices, as the regulatory burden for firms. To latory processes as measured by Doing lower-income economies have improved ensure transparency, Doing Business Business have high regulatory quality. In more in the areas measured by the report publishes the methodology used for the addition, the economies that rank high on than high-income economies that started development of each indicator and the Doing Business indicators tend to perform with a fairly strong regulatory framework disaggregated data online. This allows well in other international data sets, such when Doing Business was first launched in users to apply their own judgment on as the Global Competitiveness Index and 2003. Among the areas measured by the how to best analyze the data, including Transparency International’s Corruption report, starting a business has seen the by constructing alternative rankings Perceptions Index. most improvements. In 2003 it took an using a different set of weights for the average of 51 days worldwide to start a individual indicators. OECD high-income economies have the business; by 2015 this number had been best scores on average, yet there are more than halved, to 20 days. As we continue our work on improving good practices in business regulation in the report’s methodology, we welcome every region. In 2014/15, 122 economies Since its launch in 2003 the Doing your ideas on how to strengthen the implemented at least one reform in the Business report has inspired hundreds diagnostics of business environment areas measured by Doing Business—for a of regulatory reforms worldwide. In the constraints and make Doing Business a total of 231 reforms. Europe and Central past 12 years more than 2,600 reforms more effective tool to promote better Asia has the largest share of economies have been recorded globally in the regulatory practices. Kaushik Basu Senior Vice President and Chief Economist The World Bank Washington, DC Doing Business 2016 Overview ƒ This year’s Doing Business report S ocieties need regulation—and others. Take the example of a business businesses, as part of society, that becomes insolvent. Without regula- continues a two-year process of are no exception. Without the tion, creditors each have an incentive to introducing improvements in 8 of rules that underpin their establishment, grab as much of the insolvent firm’s assets 10 Doing Business indicator sets—to operation and dissolution, modern busi- as they can, even if it is in their collective complement the emphasis on the nesses cannot exist. And where markets interest to see the firm restructured. efficiency of regulation with a greater left to themselves would produce poor focus on its quality. outcomes, well-designed regulation can Doing Business focuses on regulations ƒ New data show that efficiency and ensure outcomes that are socially optimal and regulatory processes involved in quality go hand in hand. Economies and likely to leave everyone better off. setting up and operating a business. It that have a faster and less costly analyzes those that address asymmetries process for connecting to the electrical Regulation can lead to fairer outcomes in information (such as credit market grid also tend to have a more reliable by correcting for imbalances in power regulations), those that balance asym- electricity supply. Property transfers between different players. For example, metries in bargaining power (such as are faster and less costly in economies an unregulated labor market is unlikely labor market regulations) and those that with a good land administration to produce socially optimal outcomes enable the provision of public goods or system. Commercial disputes are for both employers and employees; bal- services (such as business or property resolved more efficiently by courts anced regulation can allow flexibility for registration). using internationally recognized good practices. And economies where the employers while providing protections formalities to build a warehouse can for workers. Regulation can also address Countless transactions are required to be completed more simply, quickly asymmetries in information—such as set up and operate a business. When and inexpensively have on average those in the credit market, where borrow- starting a new business, entrepreneurs better-quality building regulation. ers are likely to have more information need to establish a legal entity separate about their ability to repay a loan than from themselves to limit their liability ƒ Information technology is part of lenders do. and to allow the business to live beyond good business regulation. In the past the life of its owners—a process requir- year alone Doing Business recorded In addition, regulation can enable the ing commercial registration. To operate 50 reforms establishing or improving online tools for regulatory processes. provision of public goods that markets their business, entrepreneurs may need cannot provide and without which a simple way to export and import; they ƒ Overall in the past year, 122 economies markets cannot operate. For example, may need to obtain a building permit or implemented at least one regulatory a well-designed land administration acquire property to expand their business; reform in the areas measured by Doing system, by providing reliable information they may need to resolve a commercial Business—231 reforms in total. on the ownership of property, makes it dispute through the courts; and they are ƒ Economies in all regions and income possible for the property market to exist very likely to need an inflow of funds groups have improved the quality and to operate. It is no surprise that land through credit or new equity. Regulation and efficiency of business regulation. markets barely function in countries with is at the heart of all these transactions. But lower-income economies no property registry, such as Libya and If well designed, regulation can facilitate have improved more in the areas Timor-Leste. these transactions and allow businesses measured by Doing Business than to operate effectively; if badly designed, it high-income economies have—there is And regulation can induce market players can make completing these transactions convergence. to consider the impact of their actions on difficult. 2 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Indeed, regulation can overburden busi- There are different ways to assess the building regulations; instead, it gauges nesses, making it virtually impossible for quality of regulation. One way is to evalu- whether an economy has the kind of them to operate. Consider business reg- ate the process leading to the creation building regulations and quality controls istration. If the process is too complex— of new regulations, by looking at such that enable well-constructed buildings. as in Equatorial Guinea, where complet- aspects as whether consultations take ing the formalities to start a business place with stakeholders or whether Doing Business continues to focus on takes 18 procedures and 135 days—it regulatory impact assessments are regulation that affects domestic small can deter entrepreneurs from even carried out. Another is to analyze the and medium-size enterprises, operat- starting a new business. And if resolv- perceptions of citizens or experts about a ing in the largest business city of an ing a commercial dispute takes too government’s ability to formulate sound economy, across 11 areas.1 Ten of these much time—such as the 1,402 days in policies and regulations and implement areas—starting a business, dealing with Guatemala—it can reduce the number of them in a predictable fashion. construction permits, getting electric- potential clients and suppliers for a com- ity, registering property, getting credit, pany. Where courts are inefficient, firms Doing Business uses a different approach protecting minority investors, paying are more likely to do business only with to measuring the quality of regulation. taxes, trading across borders, enforcing people they know. How regulations and It focuses on whether an economy has contracts and resolving insolvency—are regulatory processes are designed makes in place the rules and processes that included in the distance to frontier score all the difference. can lead to good outcomes, linked in and ease of doing business ranking. The each case to Doing Business measures distance to frontier score captures the By expanding the scope of the indicators— of efficiency. In the area of dealing with gap between an economy’s performance a process started in last year’s report construction permits, for example, Doing and a measure of best practice across the and continued in this year’s—Doing Business now measures the quality of entire sample of 36 indicators, where 100 Business provides further clarity on the building regulations and the qualification is the frontier and 0 is the furthest from differences between well-designed and requirements for the people reviewing the frontier. Doing Business also analyzes badly designed regulation. New data on building plans as well as the efficiency labor market regulation, which is not the quality of regulation make it easier (as measured by time and cost) of the included in the distance to frontier score to identify where regulation is enabling process for completing all the formali- or ease of doing business ranking.2 businesses to thrive and where it is ties to build a warehouse. Doing Business enabling rent seeking. does not assess the process for designing FIGURE 1.1 What Doing Business continues to cover and what it is adding and WHAT DOES DOING changing BUSINESS MEASURE—AND HOW IS IT CHANGING? s0ROCEDURES TIME COSTANDPAID INMINIMUMCAPITALTOSTARTABUSINESS s0ROCEDURES TIMEANDCOSTTOCOMPLETEALLFORMALITIESTOBUILDAWAREHOUSE Measuring the quality of regulation is not s0ROCEDURES TIMEANDCOSTTOGETCONNECTEDTOTHEELECTRICALGRID new for Doing Business; some indicator s0ROCEDURES TIMEANDCOSTTOTRANSFERAPROPERTY What Doing s-OVABLECOLLATERALLAWSANDCREDITINFORMATIONSYSTEMS sets have always addressed aspects Business s-INORITYSHAREHOLDERSRIGHTSINRELATED PARTYTRANSACTIONSANDINCORPORATE of regulatory quality, such as those on continues GOVERNANCE to cover s0AYMENTS TIMEANDTOTALTAXRATEFORAFIRMTOCOMPLYWITHALLTAX getting credit and protecting minority REGULATIONS investors. But the improvements being s4IMEANDCOSTTORESOLVEACOMMERCIALDISPUTE introduced in Doing Business indicators s4IME COST OUTCOMEANDRECOVERYRATEFORACOMMERCIALINSOLVENCYAND STRENGTHOFTHELEGALFRAMEWORKFORINSOLVENCY are increasing the emphasis on the quality of regulation as a complement to the initial emphasis on its efficiency. Additions s1UALITYOFBUILDINGREGULATIONANDITSIMPLEMENTATION Last year’s report expanded the indicator s2ELIABILITYOFELECTRICITYSUPPLY TRANSPARENCYOFTARIFFSANDPRICEOF sets for three topics to capture aspects What this ELECTRICITY year’s report s1UALITYOFTHELANDADMINISTRATIONSYSTEM of quality; this year’s report introduces adds and s1UALITYOFJUDICIALPROCESSES changes in the indicator sets for five changes Changes others, in most cases also by expanding s4IMEANDCOSTTOEXPORTTHEPRODUCTOFCOMPARATIVEADVANTAGEANDIMPORT them to measure quality as well as effi- AUTOPARTS ciency (figure 1.1). OVERVIEW 3 While Doing Business has always mea- the land administration system is of high the indicators measuring the time and sured some aspects of regulatory quality, quality. cost to export focus on the product that its original indicators have focused mainly is most relevant for each economy. For on measuring regulatory efficiency, such In Saudi Arabia transferring a commercial the import process Doing Business now as by recording the procedures, time and property from one company to another analyzes the import of auto parts by each cost to start a business or to register a takes less than a week and costs noth- economy from its largest trading partner property transfer. These are important ing in fees. But new data collected by for that product—a change based in part aspects to measure. Different research Doing Business this year on the quality of on the premise that while economies papers have shown the importance of land administration systems show that export only products in which they have these measures for economic outcomes.3 the Saudi system lacks transparency comparative advantage, every economy According to one study, for example, and the mechanisms for resolving land imports a little bit of everything. Auto a reform that simplified business disputes are complex. Information either parts were chosen for the import process registration in Mexican municipalities is not accessible to everyone or can be because they are a commonly traded increased registration by 5% and wage obtained only in person. And resolving a product that normally requires no special employment by 2.2%—and, as a result land dispute over tenure rights between inspections or licenses—and therefore of increased competition, reduced the two local businesses in Riyadh takes are typical of manufactured products. income of incumbent businesses by 3%.4 more than three years. Another important change is that the Other studies have analyzed the impor- mode of transport is no longer restricted tance of trade logistics costs. Research France has the opposite situation. Doing to sea transport. Instead, the most com- using World Bank Enterprise Survey data Business data show that the property mon mode of transport for the product shows that reductions over time in the transfer process is long and costly: trans- and partner is used. cost of importing lead to an increase in ferring a commercial property takes 49 the share of firms’ material inputs that days on average and costs 6.1% of the The expectation is that the new Doing are of foreign origin.5 property value. But the new data col- Business indicators will provide useful lected by Doing Business show that the information for researchers and policy Other research papers show the impor- land administration system has strong makers, just as the older indicators have tance of well-designed credit market standards of transparency and effec- done. According to one observer, “the regulations and well-functioning court tive mechanisms for dispute resolution. main achievement of the Doing Business systems for debt recovery. For example, Thanks to fully digital records at the project has been to shed light and create mandatory credit reporting systems mapping agency (cadastre), anyone can a more informed debate on a range of improve financial intermediation and consult maps and verify boundaries. differences in laws and regulations across access, particularly when used in con- Information about documents and fees countries in areas where little was known junction with credit information systems.6 for property transfers can be found online on a systematic basis before the project In India the establishment of debt recov- and on public boards. And resolving a began.”9 ery tribunals reduced nonperforming land dispute over tenure rights between loans by 28% and lowered interest rates two local businesses in Paris takes While the changes being introduced on larger loans, suggesting that faster between one and two years. this year are substantive, there is a processing of debt recovery cases cut strong correlation at the aggregate level the cost of credit.7 Research also shows Besides expanding the scope of indicator between this year’s data under the old that a badly designed tax system can sets to measure aspects of regulatory methodology and the same data under be a big deterrent for businesses. After quality, this year Doing Business is chang- the new one (figure 1.2). This is not sur- a tax reform in Brazil, business licensing ing the methodology for the trading across prising, since the changes are additions among retail firms rose by 13%.8 borders indicators to increase their policy or modifications within existing indicator relevance. The case study now reflects sets and there is a positive correlation But measuring quality in the same areas different assumptions about the traded between the old and new measures in where Doing Business previously mea- product. For the export process Doing Doing Business. But even with a high cor- sured only efficiency is also important. Business now focuses on the product of relation there can still be relatively large To see why, we can compare data for the comparative advantage for each econo- shifts in ranking in some cases. This is registering property indicators for two my and its natural trading partner for that particularly likely for economies in the countries: Saudi Arabia, where the prop- product. This allows consideration of a middle of the distribution, in part because erty transfer process is fast but opaque, large range of products while before only they are more closely bunched and small and France, where the process is slow but six were possible. It also ensures that shifts in their distance to frontier scores 4 DOING BUSINESS 2016 not those with no regulation but those FIGURE 1.2 Distance to frontier scores remain similar under the new methodology whose governments have managed to Distance to frontier score under create rules that facilitate interactions old methodology (0–100) in the marketplace without needlessly 100 hindering the development of the private sector. Moreover, even outside the top 90 20 economies there is a strong associa- 80 tion between performance in the ease of doing business ranking and performance 70 on measures of competitiveness and of 60 quality of government and governance. Economies that rank well on the ease of 50 doing business also score well on such measures as the Global Competitiveness 40 Index and Transparency International’s 30 Corruption Perceptions Index.10 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance to frontier score under new methodology (0–100) The distance to frontier scores underly- Source: Doing Business database. ing the ease of doing business rankings Note: The figure compares distance to frontier scores based on this year’s data computed using the old (Doing reveal some regional patterns. OECD Business 2015) methodology with scores based on the same data computed using the new methodology. The differences between the two series are in dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, high-income economies have the highest protecting minority investors, trading across borders and enforcing contracts. The 45-degree line shows where the scores under the old and new methodologies are equal. The correlation between the two scores is 0.97. distance to frontier scores on average, indicating that this regional group has the most business-friendly regulation overall will therefore tend to have a greater list, while 2 entered this year (Lithuania (figure 1.3). But good practices in busi- impact on their positions relative to other and the former Yugoslav Republic of ness regulation can be found in almost economies. Macedonia) and 2 were nudged out all regions. In six of the seven regions the (Georgia and Switzerland). Economies highest distance to frontier score is above The Doing Business website presents in the top 20 continued to improve their 70. The difference between the best and comparable data for this year and last, business regulatory environment in the worst scores in a region can be substan- making it possible to assess the extent past year. For example, Hong Kong SAR, tial, however, especially in Sub-Saharan to which there has been an improvement China, made four regulatory reforms in Africa, the Middle East and North Africa in business regulation in any economy. the areas measured by Doing Business. and East Asia and the Pacific. Moreover, because most of the changes One was implemented at the Companies in methodology involve adding new mea- Registry, which also serves as the main sures of quality within existing indicator collateral registry for movable property. WHAT IS THE sets rather than revising existing mea- The registry launched a full-scale elec- RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN sures of efficiency, data for two-thirds of tronic filing service on March 3, 2015, and EFFICIENCY AND QUALITY? the current indicators (24 of 36) remain now security interests can be registered, comparable over time. The full series are amended, renewed and canceled online. While measuring aspects of the quality of available on the website. New Zealand provides another example: regulation is not new for Doing Business, Vector, the electricity distribution util- the two-year process of introducing ity, cut six days from the time needed improvements that was launched in last WHERE IS REGULATION to provide external connection works to year’s report represents a systematic MORE BUSINESS-FRIENDLY? customers. effort to include measures of quality in most of the indicator sets. This year’s Singapore continues to be the economy The 20 economies at the top of the ease report introduces new measures of with the most business-friendly regula- of doing business ranking perform well regulatory quality in four indicator sets: tion (table 1.1). And while there was not only on the Doing Business indicators dealing with construction permits, get- some reordering of economies within but also in international data sets captur- ting electricity, registering property and the top 20 in the ease of doing business ing other dimensions of competitiveness. enforcing contracts. Last year’s report ranking, the list remains very similar to The economies performing best in the added a measure of regulatory quality to last year’s: 18 economies stayed on the Doing Business rankings therefore are the indicator set for resolving insolvency OVERVIEW 5 TABLE 1.1 Ease of doing business ranking Rank Economy DTF score Rank Economy DTF score Rank Economy DTF score 1 Singapore 87.34 64 Jamaica 67.27 Ï 127 Cambodia 55.22 Ï 2 New Zealand 86.79 Ï 65 Bahrain 66.81 Ï 128 Maldives 55.04 3 Denmark 84.40 Ï 66 Kosovo 66.22 Ï 129 West Bank and Gaza 54.83 Ï 4 Korea, Rep. 83.88 67 Kyrgyz Republic 66.01 Ï 130 India 54.68 Ï 5 Hong Kong SAR, China 83.67 Ï 68 Qatar 65.97 Ï 131 Egypt, Arab Rep. 54.43 Ï 6 United Kingdom 82.46 Ï 69 Panama 65.74 132 Tajikistan 54.19 Ï 7 United States 82.15 70 Oman 65.40 Ï 133 Mozambique 53.98 Ï 8 Sweden 81.72 Ï 71 Bhutan 65.21 Ï 134 Lao PDR 53.77 Ï 9 Norway 81.61 Ï 72 Botswana 64.98 Ï 135 Grenada 53.46 Ï 10 Finland 81.05 Ï 73 South Africa 64.89 136 Palau 53.43 11 Taiwan, China 80.55 Ï 74 Tunisia 64.88 Ï 137 Guyana 51.83 12 Macedonia, FYR 80.18 Ï 75 Morocco 64.51 Ï 138 Pakistan 51.69 Ï 13 Australia 80.08 76 San Marino 64.21 Ï 139 Tanzania 51.62 Ï 14 Canada 80.07 Ï 77 St. Lucia 64.20 Ï 140 Marshall Islands 51.58 15 Germany 79.87 Ï 78 Tonga 64.13 141 Malawi 51.03 Ï 16 Estonia 79.49 Ï 79 Bosnia and Herzegovina 63.71 Ï 142 Côte d’Ivoire 50.93 Ï 17 Ireland 79.15 Ï 80 Malta 63.70 Ï 143 Burkina Faso 50.81 Ï 18 Malaysia 79.13 Ï 81 Guatemala 63.49 Ï 143 Mali 50.81 Ï 19 Iceland 78.93 Ï 82 Saudi Arabia 63.17 Ï 145 Papua New Guinea 50.74 Ï 20 Lithuania 78.88 Ï 83 Ukraine 63.04 Ï 146 Ethiopia 49.73 Ï 21 Austria 78.38 Ï 84 Brunei Darussalam 62.93 Ï 147 Sierra Leone 49.69 Ï 22 Latvia 78.06 Ï 84 China 62.93 Ï 148 Micronesia, Fed. Sts. 49.67 23 Portugal 77.57 Ï 86 El Salvador 62.76 Ï 149 Kiribati 49.50 24 Georgia 77.45 Ï 87 Uzbekistan 62.60 Ï 150 Togo 49.03 Ï 25 Poland 76.45 Ï 88 Fiji 62.58 Ï 151 Gambia, The 48.99 Ï 26 Switzerland 76.04 Ï 88 Trinidad and Tobago 62.58 152 Burundi 48.82 Ï 27 France 75.96 Ï 90 Vietnam 62.10 Ï 153 Senegal 48.57 Ï 28 Netherlands 75.94 91 Dominica 61.44 Ï 154 Comoros 48.22 Ï 29 Slovak Republic 75.62 Ï 92 Uruguay 61.21 Ï 155 Zimbabwe 48.17 Ï 29 Slovenia 75.62 Ï 93 Dominican Republic 61.16 Ï 156 Suriname 47.69 Ï 31 United Arab Emirates 75.10 Ï 94 Vanuatu 61.08 Ï 157 Bolivia 47.47 Ï 32 Mauritius 75.05 Ï 95 Seychelles 61.05 Ï 158 Benin 47.15 Ï 33 Spain 74.86 Ï 96 Samoa 60.70 Ï 159 Sudan 46.97 Ï 34 Japan 74.72 97 Albania 60.50 160 Niger 46.37 Ï 35 Armenia 74.22 Ï 97 Zambia 60.50 161 Iraq 46.06 36 Czech Republic 73.95 Ï 99 Nepal 60.41 Ï 162 Gabon 45.99 37 Romania 73.78 Ï 100 Paraguay 60.19 163 Algeria 45.72 Ï 38 Bulgaria 73.72 Ï 101 Kuwait 60.17 Ï 164 Madagascar 45.68 Ï 38 Mexico 73.72 Ï 101 Namibia 60.17 Ï 165 Guinea 45.54 Ï 40 Croatia 72.71 Ï 103 Philippines 60.07 Ï 166 São Tomé and Príncipe 45.50 Ï 41 Kazakhstan 72.68 Ï 104 Antigua and Barbuda 59.70 167 Myanmar 45.27 Ï 42 Hungary 72.57 Ï 105 Swaziland 59.10 Ï 168 Mauritania 44.74 Ï 43 Belgium 72.50 Ï 106 Bahamas, The 59.00 Ï 169 Nigeria 44.69 Ï 44 Belarus 72.33 Ï 107 Sri Lanka 58.96 Ï 170 Yemen, Rep. 44.54 Ï 45 Italy 72.07 Ï 108 Kenya 58.24 Ï 171 Djibouti 44.25 Ï 46 Montenegro 71.85 Ï 109 Indonesia 58.12 Ï 172 Cameroon 44.11 Ï 47 Cyprus 71.78 Ï 110 Honduras 58.06 Ï 173 Timor-Leste 44.02 48 Chile 71.49 Ï 111 St. Vincent and the Grenadines 57.91 Ï 174 Bangladesh 43.10 Ï 49 Thailand 71.42 Ï 112 Solomon Islands 57.86 Ï 175 Syrian Arab Republic 42.56 50 Peru 71.33 113 Jordan 57.84 Ï 176 Congo, Rep. 41.88 Ï 51 Russian Federation 70.99 Ï 114 Ghana 57.69 Ï 177 Afghanistan 40.58 52 Moldova 70.97 Ï 114 Lesotho 57.69 Ï 178 Guinea-Bissau 40.56 Ï 53 Israel 70.56 116 Brazil 57.67 Ï 179 Liberia 40.19 Ï 54 Colombia 70.43 Ï 117 Ecuador 57.47 Ï 180 Equatorial Guinea 40.03 55 Turkey 69.16 118 Iran, Islamic Rep. 57.44 Ï 181 Angola 39.64 Ï 56 Mongolia 68.83 Ï 119 Barbados 56.85 182 Haiti 39.56 Ï 57 Puerto Rico (U.S.) 68.73 120 Belize 56.83 Ï 183 Chad 38.22 Ï 58 Costa Rica 68.55 Ï 121 Argentina 56.78 184 Congo, Dem. Rep. 38.14 Ï 59 Serbia 68.41 Ï 122 Uganda 56.64 Ï 185 Central African Republic 36.26 Ï 60 Greece 68.38 Ï 123 Lebanon 56.39 186 Venezuela, RB 35.51 61 Luxembourg 68.31 124 St. Kitts and Nevis 55.83 Ï 187 South Sudan 34.78 62 Rwanda 68.12 125 Nicaragua 55.78 Ï 188 Libya 31.77 63 Azerbaijan 67.80 Ï 126 Cabo Verde 55.54 Ï 189 Eritrea 27.61 Ï Source: Doing Business database. Note: The rankings are benchmarked to June 2015 and based on the average of each economy’s distance to frontier (DTF) scores for the 10 topics included in this year’s aggregate ranking. For the economies for which the data cover two cities, scores are a population-weighted average for the two cities. An arrow indicates an improvement in the score between 2014 and 2015 (and therefore an improvement in the overall business environment as measured by Doing Business), while the absence of one indicates either no improvement or a deterioration in the score. The score for both years is based on the new methodology. 6 DOING BUSINESS 2016 in a virtuous cycle. The country’s state- FIGURE 1.3 Big gaps between the highest and lowest distance to frontier scores in of-the-art land registry provides both some regions efficient registration of property transfers Distance to frontier score and valuable property titles, thanks to its 100 transparent, accurate information and complete geographic coverage. Because 80 the registration is so efficient (requiring 60 only three procedures and four days), people are more likely to register property 40 transfers—helping to maintain the accu- racy of the registry’s data and the quality 20 of land administration. And because the registry is therefore so reliable, the pro- 0 OECD high Europe & East Asia Latin America Middle East South Asia Sub-Saharan cess of registering a property transfer can income Central Asia & Pacific & Caribbean & North Africa Africa be kept simple, fast and inexpensive. Worst score Best score Average score By contrast, Greece exhibits a vicious Source: Doing Business database. cycle in its land administration system. To transfer property, a local buyer has and expanded those in the indicator sets have good regulatory quality (figure 1.4). to complete 10 different procedures—a for getting credit and protecting minority Economies can be broadly divided into process that takes 20 days and costs investors. four groups: 4.9% of the property value. Beyond the ƒ Economies able to achieve both efficiency issues, there are also quality Doing Business measures the quality of efficiency and quality in business issues. For example, there are no official regulation by analyzing whether the regulation. cadastral maps for the municipality of regulatory infrastructure needed for ƒ Economies where both efficiency and Athens, and very little of the privately a transaction to be successfully com- quality are far from ideal—with regula- owned land across the country is mapped pleted is in place. Doing Business does tory transactions that are complex and in the cadastre. Transparency is poor, not measure the quality of the outcome expensive and that in the end do not with no separate mechanism for filing a related to that regulation. For example, accomplish their objectives. In these complaint at the property registry and no Doing Business measures the quality of economies regulation is seen as a rent- up-to-date statistics about the number building regulations and controls by seeking activity rather than as some- of land transactions in Athens. And there assessing whether building plans are thing that provides a useful service to is no specific compensation mechanism approved by staff with the right quali- citizens and the business community. to cover for losses incurred by someone fications and whether the necessary ƒ Economies where regulatory pro- who engaged in good faith in a property inspections take place. It does not cesses are fast and inexpensive but transaction based on erroneous informa- assess whether the warehouse that lack quality. These are likely to be tion from the registry. gets constructed in the end is of good economies that started out in the sec- quality. The following discussion looks ond group and then improved regula- So the advantages of using the registry at the relationship between efficiency tory efficiency but have yet to improve are low and the costs (in both time and and quality through the lens of Doing regulatory quality. Most economies money) are high—a big deterrent to Business data. Doing Business focuses are in this group and the first one. formally registering property transfers. on specific case studies and measures ƒ Economies where the quality of And lack of formal registration reinforces particular aspects of business regula- regulation is high but the processes the poor quality of the information main- tion. The results should be interpreted for implementing it remain complex. tained at the registry, making it difficult with that framework in mind. Very few economies are currently in to complete property transfers simply, this group; those with low regulatory quickly and inexpensively. But there are Efficiency and quality linked at efficiency tend to also have low regu- prospects for breaking the vicious cycle: the aggregate level latory quality. cadastral maps are being developed Analysis shows that efficiency and by the National Cadastre and Mapping quality go hand in hand: economies that An example from Denmark illustrates Agency and should cover Athens have efficient regulatory processes as how regulatory efficiency and quality go by 2020. These may strengthen the measured by Doing Business also tend to together and in fact reinforce each other OVERVIEW 7 points and the difference between the FIGURE 1.4 Regulatory efficiency and regulatory quality go hand in hand two measures is as large as 39 points for Distance to frontier score Iraq and 30 for the Republic of Yemen for regulatory quality (figure 1.5). This evidence that regulatory 100 High quality, High quality, quality lags behind regulatory efficiency low efficiency high efficiency 90 is important—because both a higher level 80 of regulatory efficiency and a higher level 70 of regulatory quality are associated sepa- rately with a lower level of corruption.11 60 50 Patterns across indicator sets 40 While the efficiency and quality of regu- 30 lation go hand in hand at the aggregate 20 level, analyzing the data for individual 10 Low quality, Low quality, Doing Business topics reveals clearer pat- low efficiency high efficiency terns. Three case studies in this year’s 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 report (on dealing with construction Distance to frontier score for regulatory efficiency permits, getting electricity and enforcing Source: Doing Business database. contracts) and two in last year’s report Note: The distance to frontier score for regulatory efficiency is the aggregate score for the procedures (where (on registering property and resolving applicable), time and cost indicators from the following indicator sets: starting a business (also including the minimum capital requirement indicator), dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, insolvency) discuss in detail the link paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. The distance to frontier score between efficiency and quality in mixed for regulatory quality is the aggregate score for getting credit and protecting minority investors as well as the regulatory quality indices from the indicator sets on dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, indicator sets—those including both effi- registering property, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. The correlation between the two scores is 0.82. ciency measures and quality measures. certainty of property rights, benefiting to considerable delays. The improvement In getting electricity the main pattern is investors and citizens alike. in quality has yet to show results in mea- clear: economies with a simpler, faster sures of efficiency. and less costly process for connecting to Registering property is not the only area the electrical grid also tend to have a more where Greece lags; enforcing contracts is Greece faces similar challenges in resolv- reliable electricity supply. The Republic of another. Resolving a commercial dispute ing insolvency, where the efficiency of Korea, for example, has the simplest and through the courts takes longer in Greece regulation has yet to catch up with the fastest process worldwide for getting a than in any other European country— quality. Greece receives 12 of 16 pos- new electricity connection, and it is one about 1,580 days, or more than four years, sible points on the strength of insolvency of the few economies with the highest through the Athens First-Instance Single- framework index, indicating that its possible score on the new reliability of Member Court. Worldwide, only three insolvency law complies with most inter- supply and transparency of tariffs index. economies have a longer process: Guinea- nationally recognized good practices. Businesses in Seoul typically have less Bissau, Suriname and Afghanistan. In Nevertheless, creditors can expect to than an hour of power outages a year, and Greece litigants spend much of that time recover only 34.9% of the estate value of they can receive compensation if power simply waiting for the first hearing. In an insolvent firm, and the process takes isn’t restored within a certain amount of fact, a case filed before the competent three and half years. time. The utility uses automated systems court in October 2015 would not be for monitoring outages and restoring heard by a judge until 2018. Yet there has On average, economies perform bet- service. And an independent regulator been an effort to improve the quality of ter on measures of efficiency than on oversees the sector and makes sure that judicial processes (such as by introducing measures of quality. Less than 10% of changes in electricity tariffs are commu- electronic filing, as reported in last year’s the economies covered have a lower nicated ahead of time. report). Indeed, new data show that case distance to frontier score for efficiency management techniques are widely used than for quality. Most of these economies At the opposite end of the spectrum is in Greece; the country receives 4.5 of 6 are in Europe and Central Asia, which Liberia, which has the longest process for possible points on the case management has the smallest average gap between getting a new connection. Once connect- index, one of the components of the new efficiency and quality. The largest gaps ed, customers in Liberia typically experi- quality of judicial processes index. But are in the Middle East and North Africa, ence more than an hour of power outages adjournments remain common, leading where the average gap is more than 20 each week. In addition, the utility still uses 8 DOING BUSINESS 2016 the legal framework reflects good prac- FIGURE 1.5 The biggest gaps between regulatory efficiency and regulatory quality are tices for preventing and resolving land in the Middle East and North Africa disputes. For example, the law requires Average distance to frontier score verification of the identity of the parties 100 to a property transaction, and there is a national database that can be used for 80 this purpose. The law also requires a review of the documents for a property 60 transaction to verify that they are legally valid. 40 20 At the other extreme are land adminis- tration systems in which low efficiency 0 is coupled with low quality. In Haiti, for OECD high Europe & East Asia & Middle East Latin America & South Asia Sub-Saharan income Central Asia Pacific & North Africa Caribbean Africa example, completing a property transfer Regulatory efficiency Regulatory quality from one local entrepreneur to another takes more than 10 months and costs Source: Doing Business database. 7.1% of the property value. While proj- Note: The distance to frontier score for regulatory efficiency is the aggregate score for the procedures (where applicable), time and cost indicators from the following indicator sets: starting a business (also including the ects are under way to modernize the land minimum capital requirement indicator), dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. The distance to frontier score administration system, the country still for regulatory quality is the aggregate score for getting credit and protecting minority investors as well as lacks a geographic information system the regulatory quality indices from the indicator sets on dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. and a database to check for encum- brances. Databases on land ownership and maps are not linked, and there are manual systems to monitor outages and annual income per capita as the monthly no unique identifying numbers used for restore service, there is no independent bill for the case study warehouse). land plots. Most of the information at regulatory body, electricity tariffs are not Indeed, Liberia’s electricity price is the the land registry—such as on service published online, and there is no financial highest in Sub-Saharan Africa and among standards and the fees and documents incentive for the utility to minimize power the highest in the world. required in property transactions—is not cuts. As a result, Liberia receives 0 of 8 publicly available or must be requested possible points on the reliability of supply For the registering property topic, the in person. Haiti lacks a national database and transparency of tariffs index. data show that economies with simpler, to verify the identity of the parties to a faster and less costly processes for land transaction. It also lacks a specific Another aspect is revealed by data on the property transfers also have on average compensation mechanism to cover any price of electricity for commercial users— the highest-quality land administration losses incurred in a property transaction new data collected by Doing Business this systems. Along with Denmark, Lithuania because of errors by the property registry. year but not included in the distance to is among those that combine high frontier score or the ease of doing busi- efficiency and high quality. A property For the enforcing contracts topic, data ness ranking. Electricity tariffs for com- transfer from one local entrepreneur to show that court systems that are efficient mercial customers typically range from 10 another can be completed in less than are also likely to have high-quality judicial to 30 cents per kilowatt-hour, but prices three days at a cost of 0.8% of the prop- processes. For example, resolving a com- in some economies are much higher. erty value. Supporting this efficiency is a mercial dispute through the Singapore Tariffs need to strike a balance—remain- high-quality land administration system. District Court takes just 150 days, the ing affordable to customers while still Property records are fully digital and pro- shortest time recorded worldwide, and enabling the utility to recover costs and vide complete coverage of private land costs 25.8% of the value of the claim. make a profit. The data show that Korea in Lithuania. Entrepreneurs interested in Efficient dispute resolution is paired with has a relatively low electricity price, at 10 buying a property can use the electronic good institutions (such as specialized cents per kilowatt-hour (or 10% of annual database to check for encumbrances and courts), effective case management and income per capita as the monthly bill for the geographic information system to sophisticated court automation tools. the case study warehouse).12 In Liberia, verify the boundaries. They can also get And litigants can submit their claim by contrast, electricity supply is not only information online about land ownership, online, pay court fees online and serve the unreliable; it is also very expensive— fees for property transactions and statis- initial summons electronically. Singapore at 56 cents per kilowatt-hour (37 times tics about land transactions. In addition, receives the highest score worldwide OVERVIEW 9 on the new quality of judicial processes debtor’s estate and is most likely to end a warehouse takes only 74 days. The index, 15.5 of 18 possible points. with the company being sold piecemeal. country also has robust quality control The insolvency law lacks important good and safety mechanisms, earning it 14 of There are also examples of slow and practices: there are no judicial reorgani- 15 possible points on the building quality costly dispute resolution paired with low- zation proceedings, the legal framework control index. All documents required in quality judicial processes. Myanmar is does not establish the availability or construction permitting are specified and one such example. A local business trying priority of post-commencement finance, accessible online—along with the list of to enforce a contract through the courts in and creditors cannot participate in the agencies to visit, the fees to pay and the Myanmar would spend more than three appointment of the insolvency represen- preapprovals to obtain. A certified archi- years doing so, and pay fees amounting tative or the approval of asset sales. tect reviews and approves building permit to more than half the value in dispute. applications, and mandatory inspections Moreover, the country’s court system For dealing with construction permits, are carried out both during and after has no case management, no court auto- data show the same pattern as for construction. And clearly defined liability mation and no specialized commercial the other topics. Economies with a regimes and insurance requirements are courts or small claims courts—all aspects more efficient construction permitting in place. reflected in Myanmar’s low score on the system also have better quality control quality of judicial processes index (3). and safety mechanisms. Conversely, in But alternative dispute resolution is being some economies poor regulatory quality BUSINESS REGULATION developed: arbitration and mediation accompanies poor regulatory efficiency. AND THE INTERNET are both recognized ways of resolving a One example is Gabon, which receives commercial dispute, and arbitration in only 5 of 15 possible points on the new The proliferation of information and com- Myanmar is regulated through a dedi- building quality control index. Its building munication technologies has transformed cated law. regulations are not easily accessible, and how businesses operate and how they they stipulate only the list of documents are regulated in every region of the world. In resolving insolvency, quality and required for a building permit, not the The internet provides a new platform efficiency are again linked: where there fees or preapprovals needed. The country for delivering government information is a good legal framework for insolvency, has adequate mechanisms for quality and services—and new opportunities for creditors recover a larger share of their control before construction but not for enhancing the efficiency and transpar- credit at the end of the insolvency quality control during and after construc- ency of public administration. Indeed, the process. Finland is a good illustration. tion. While building permit applications internet is a tool that governments can Resolving insolvency there takes 11 are reviewed by a qualified architect use to support businesses at every stage months on average and costs 4% of or engineer, no inspections are legally in their life cycle, whether applying for the debtor’s estate, and the most likely required during construction—and final a business permit, registering property, outcome is that the company will be sold inspections, while required, do not occur paying taxes or trading internationally. as a going concern. The average recovery in practice. Moreover, none of the parties rate for creditors is 90.1 cents on the dol- involved in a construction project are held The potential of online lar. This high recovery rate is paired with legally liable for structural problems that regulatory solutions a high score on the strength of insolvency come to light once the building is occu- By simplifying regulatory processes such framework index. The Finnish insolvency pied, nor is anyone required to obtain as business incorporation, web-based law includes a range of good practices. insurance to cover potential problems. resources can promote private sec- For example, it allows debtors to avoid Data also show that Gabon has an inef- tor development. Cross-country data preferential and undervalued transac- ficient construction permitting process: analysis shows a strong positive asso- tions; it permits post-commencement completing all the formalities to build a ciation between new firm density and finance and grants such finance priority warehouse takes 329 days. the availability of electronic platforms for only over ordinary unsecured creditors; incorporation.13 and it allows all creditors to vote in judi- Some economies manage to achieve cial reorganization proceedings. the best of both worlds, designing and Beyond starting a business, the internet implementing a construction permitting offers many opportunities for efficiency In São Tomé and Príncipe, however, system that is both efficient and good gains in other areas of business regula- insolvent companies and their creditors quality. One of them is FYR Macedonia. tion measured by Doing Business. Among confront both poor efficiency and low Its administrative procedures for dealing the 189 economies covered by Doing quality. The insolvency process takes with construction permits are very effi- Business, more than 80% (152 in total) 6.2 years on average, costs 22% of the cient: completing the formalities to build use web-based applications to process 10 DOING BUSINESS 2016 export and import documents. Banks systems to streamline cross-border in Europe and Central Asia. Sub-Saharan in more than 75% of economies with a trade, and another 11 encouraged elec- Africa remains the region with the small- credit registry or bureau use online plat- tronic business registration. In addition, est share of economies using electronic forms to access credit information. And 6 economies established or improved filing or payment (figure 1.7). Worldwide, in more than 40% of economies the tax online tools for registering property, and less than 15 economies introduced or authorities allow businesses to file taxes 2 did the same for enforcing contracts. enhanced electronic systems for filing online—and the majority of businesses or paying taxes between 2008 and 2011. actually do it. Many governments use the internet for But an average of 15 economies a year tax collection and payment—with the have introduced such changes since These uses of the internet make a differ- aim of reducing the scope for bureau- 2012—with 19 doing so in 2013. ence for businesses. Where electronic cratic discretion and even corruption platforms are widely used in regulatory and increasing the tax system’s transpar- Introducing or enhancing web-based sys- processes, entrepreneurs spend less time ency, efficiency and cost-effectiveness. tems was a common feature of reforms on compliance. For example, there is a Electronic tax collection also helps making it easier to start a business in strong negative correlation between the simplify tax compliance.15 After Rwanda 2014/15. Uganda introduced an online time it takes to transfer property and the made the use of its electronic filing and system for obtaining a trading license. availability of online access to land infor- payment system compulsory in 2014/15, Belarus improved online services and mation.14 With the changes in methodol- the time required for a business to pre- expanded the geographic coverage of ogy introduced this year, the internet has pare, file and pay taxes fell by 10 hours, online registration. become a more integral part of the good from 119 hours a year to 109. Among practices measured by Doing Business. other economies introducing or enhanc- Several economies digitized procedures for ing electronic systems in 2014/15, trading across borders in 2014/15. Suriname But use of the internet to streamline Costa Rica facilitated online payment of implemented an automated customs data business regulation remains largely corporate income tax and Malaysia made management system—fully operational confined to more developed economies. electronic filing compulsory for contribu- by July 2015—that allows the electronic Data for nine Doing Business topics show tions to the Employees Provident Fund by submission of customs declarations and that OECD high-income economies and employers with 50 or more employees. supporting documents for exports and Europe and Central Asia make the great- imports. Other economies also introduced est use of online systems in regulatory Since 2006 the use of electronic tax fil- or improved systems allowing electronic processes (figure 1.6). In Sub-Saharan ing and payment systems has increased submission and processing of trade-related Africa, by contrast, very few economies substantially in several regions of the documents (for exports, imports or both), use electronic platforms in business world, with the most remarkable progress including The Bahamas, Benin, Brazil, Côte regulation. Of the nine possible regula- tory transactions included in the analysis, FIGURE 1.6 OECD high-income economies and Europe and Central Asia make the Australia, Denmark and Estonia enable greatest use of online systems in regulatory processes entrepreneurs to complete eight or more Average score for use of online online. The Central African Republic, the systems (0–9) Republic of Congo and Equatorial Guinea 6 are among the few economies where none of these transactions can be com- 5 pleted online. 4 Continued growth in electronic 3 services 2 Given the potential economic opportuni- ties from the use of electronic services, it 1 is no surprise that many of the reforms 0 OECD high Europe & East Asia & Latin America Middle East South Asia Sub-Saharan captured by Doing Business in 2014/15 income Central Asia Pacific & Caribbean & North Africa Africa focused on introducing or enhancing electronic platforms and services. In the Source: Doing Business database. Note: The score shows the average number of areas in which online systems are in use, out of a possible total of past year 18 economies established or nine areas: online business registration, online submission of construction plans, online submission of applications improved online tax payment systems, for an electricity connection, online information on land, online access to credit information for banks, electronic movable collateral registries, online tax payment, electronic submission of trade documents and electronic filing of 13 introduced or enhanced web-based court cases. OVERVIEW 11 of economies implementing at least FIGURE 1.7 Economies in Europe and Central Asia show the most progress in one reform—and it accounts for 3 of adopting electronic tax filing and payment the 10 top improvers. The region with Share of economies using online tax the second largest share of economies filing or payment systems (%) with at least one reform has typically 100 been Sub-Saharan Africa. But in the past 90 year, for the first time, it was South Asia. 80 Nevertheless, Sub-Saharan Africa is 70 still home to 5 of the 10 top improvers. 60 These 10—the economies showing the 50 most notable improvement in perfor- 40 mance on the Doing Business indicators 30 in 2014/15—are Costa Rica, Uganda, 20 Kenya, Cyprus, Mauritania, Uzbekistan, 10 Kazakhstan, Jamaica, Senegal and Benin. 0 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 OECD high income Middle East & North Africa The new data on the quality of regula- Europe & Central Asia South Asia tion make it possible to analyze whether Latin America & Caribbean Sub-Saharan Africa the regulatory reforms implemented in East Asia & Pacific the past year are more likely to improve Source: Doing Business database. regulatory efficiency, regulatory qual- ity or both (table 1.2). Analysis shows that in the areas where Doing Business d’Ivoire, Ghana, Guatemala, Madagascar, as a new platform for public disclosure indicators have traditionally measured Mauritania, Suriname, Tajikistan, Tanzania of regulatory reforms (and for soliciting the complexity and cost of regulatory and Togo. feedback on these reforms), the internet processes, reforms implemented in the has also transformed the process of craft- past year continued to focus on increas- Some economies explored the use of ing business regulations (box 1.1).16 ing efficiency. Doing Business registered web-based resources to make registering no reform improving regulatory quality property easier in 2014/15. Bhutan intro- Yet while the internet has the potential in the area of dealing with construction duced a computerized land information to promote inclusiveness, reduce corrup- permits. Only 2 of 22 economies with a system connecting each municipality tion and improve regulatory efficiency, reform in the area of registering property to the cadastre. Georgia and Italy used its impact on the quality of domestic improved regulatory quality: Switzerland online technology to improve contract governance is subject to political, infra- introduced a national electronic land enforcement. Both economies introduced structural, social and economic factors. information system, while Vanuatu an electronic filing system for commercial For example, the success of online solu- introduced a specific and separate com- cases, making it possible for attorneys to tions depends on an enabling political plaint mechanism for customers of the submit the initial summons online. environment that supports and protects Land Registry and Surveyor’s Office by free speech. Most importantly, the vast appointing a land ombudsman. And only A broader role in governance majority of the world’s population still 2 of 22 economies with a reform in the Beyond the applications in regula- lacks access to the internet and is thus area of getting electricity had an improve- tory processes, the internet serves as cut off from these tools and innovations. ment in quality: the utility in Oman an important tool for more participa- started fully recording the duration and tory democratic practices and inclusive frequency of outages, while Cambodia development. The internet has made WHERE DID BUSINESS increased power generation capacity. it easier for the general public to moni- REGULATION IMPROVE THE tor government budgets, projects and MOST IN 2014/15? In the areas where Doing Business indica- activities as well as to access different tors have traditionally measured the kinds of regulatory information. It can be In 2014/15, 122 economies implemented strength of legal institutions, reforms used to promote more direct interactions at least one regulatory reform in the were more likely to be aimed at improv- between governments and citizens as areas measured by Doing Business—231 ing regulatory quality. This was the case well as to empower citizens to influence reforms in total (figure 1.8). Europe and for the majority of reforms making it local governance in their community. And Central Asia again had the largest share easier to enforce contracts or resolve 12 DOING BUSINESS 2016 BOX 1.1 Business regulation and transparency in rulemaking The quality and efficiency of business regulation are linked to the level of consultation around new regulations and the extent to which their possible impacts—economic, social and environmental—are considered before their adoption. A new global data- base, Citizen Engagement in Rulemaking, tracks the extent to which governments publicize proposed regulations and invite input on their scope and language from a wide range of stakeholders. The database also tracks how governments analyze possible impacts of new regulations and whether they consider alternatives to regulation. Analysis of the data shows that greater trans- parency during the rulemaking process and stronger consultation practices are highly and significantly associated with greater regulatory quality and efficiency as measured by Doing Business (see figure). Good regulatory practices go hand in hand with regulatory quality and efficiency Distance to frontier score Distance to frontier score for regulatory quality (0–100) for regulatory efficiency (0–100) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 2 4 6 0 2 4 6 Citizen engagement in rulemaking score Citizen engagement in rulemaking score Sources: Doing Business database; Citizen Engagement in Rulemaking database (http://rulemaking.worldbank.org), World Bank Group. Note: The citizen engagement in rulemaking score is based on the following components: whether governments publish the text of proposed regulations publicly before their enactment; whether policy makers allow the general public to provide comments on proposed regulation; whether policy makers report publicly on the results of this consultation; whether governments conduct an impact assessment of proposed regulations; whether a specialized body is tasked with reviewing regulatory impact assessments conducted by other agencies; and whether regulatory impact assessments are made public. The correlation between the citizen engagement in rulemaking score and the distance to frontier score for regulatory quality is 0.60. The correlation between the citizen engagement in rulemaking score and the distance to frontier score for regulatory efficiency is 0.70. Relationships are significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. The transparency of rulemaking varies across regions and income levels. In 96% of OECD high-income economies the govern- ment publishes proposed regulations, conducts thorough consultations on the draft text and provides assessments of potential impacts before the regulations are adopted. In Poland, for example, all proposed regulations are published on the same website and consultations are held on the draft text. After the consultation process, rulemaking bodies provide a public report with responses to the comments received. Regulatory agencies and ministries assess the potential impacts of proposed regulations— including the economic, social and environmental impacts. The assessment is distributed with the proposed text of regulations and forms part of the consultation process. By contrast, only a third of low-income economies conduct public consultations on proposed regulations, and they typically use less technologically advanced methods to do so. In Mozambique, for example, government officials publish proposed regula- tions in a federal journal and distribute drafts directly to specific stakeholders. In Afghanistan, Ethiopia and Niger policy makers hold public meetings to discuss proposed regulatory changes. Very few low- or lower-middle-income economies have a dedi- cated website for public engagement on proposed regulations, and those that do have newly implemented systems, such as in Kenya, Myanmar and Vietnam. Among regions, the Middle East and North Africa has the lowest average level of transparency and engagement around rule- making, with Morocco being a notable exception. In Latin America and the Caribbean there is a clear divide between two groups: while Caribbean and Central American economies tend to consult only targeted stakeholders, larger economies such as Brazil, Colombia and Mexico have more open and systematic consultation processes. Source: Citizen Engagement in Rulemaking database (http://rulemaking.worldbank.org), World Bank Group. insolvency. In Côte d’Ivoire, for example, changes in alternative dispute resolution. was mandatory conciliation, regulated by a new law that entered into force on Before the new law, the only form of a law dating to 1993. The new law made June  20, 2014, introduced substantial alternative dispute resolution available OVERVIEW 13 FIGURE 1.8 Again in the past year, Europe and Central Asia had the largest share of economies making it easier to do business Reforms making it easier to do business, 2014/15 0 1 2 3 4 or more* Not in the Doing Business sample IBRD 41901 SEPTEMBER 2015 Source: Doing Business database. * Only 12 economies implemented 4 or more reforms: Kazakhstan (7); Rwanda (6); Cyprus (5); the Russian Federation (5); Vietnam (5); Hong Kong SAR, China (4); Jamaica (4); Kenya (4); Madagascar (4); Morocco (4); Senegal (4); and the United Arab Emirates (4). voluntary mediation available in both In Chile a new insolvency act that came jurisdiction over insolvency cases. The commercial and civil cases. into force on October  9, 2014, estab- new act also clarified and streamlined all lished specialized courts with exclusive provisions related to reorganization and liquidation. In addition, it emphasized the reorganization of viable businesses TABLE 1.2 More reforms recorded by Doing Business in 2014/15 were aimed at as a preferred alternative to liquidation. improving regulatory efficiency than regulatory quality Beyond these changes, Chile created a Reforms improving Reforms improving public office responsible for the general Topic regulatory efficiency regulatory quality administration of insolvency proceed- Dealing with construction permits 17 0 ings. The Superintendence of Insolvency Getting electricity 20 2 supervises all activities by insolvency Registering property 20 2 representatives and auctioneers during Enforcing contracts 2 9 insolvency proceedings and informs the Resolving insolvency 2 7 creditors and the court of any irregulari- Total 61 20 ties observed during the proceedings. Source: Doing Business database. Note: The analysis covers only the Doing Business topics for which there are indicators of both regulatory quality For a full discussion of the reform pat- and regulatory efficiency. terns and top improvers this year, see 14 DOING BUSINESS 2016 the chapter on reforming the business established a one-stop shop for con- FIGURE 1.9 Lower-income economies environment. struction permitting, reduced the fees have made bigger improvements over time in the quality and efficiency of for getting a new electricity connection, business regulation eliminated notarization requirements for HOW HAS BUSINESS registering property, improved its credit Average year-on-year REGULATION CHANGED improvement in distance information system by implementing a OVER THE PAST 12 YEARS? to frontier score new law on personal data protection, 15 introduced electronic systems for paying Among the trends revealed by Doing taxes, modernized its dispute resolu- Business data, one of the more encour- 12 tion system for enforcing contracts and aging ones is the steady improvement adopted an insolvency law introducing 9 in the areas tracked by the indicators. both reorganization and liquidation Economies in all income groups and in 6 proceedings—to name just a few of the all regions have improved the quality important changes. and efficiency of business regulation. But 3 lower-income economies have improved Among the most notable reforms are more in the areas measured by Doing 0 those strengthening minority inves- Low Lower Upper High Business than high-income economies income middle middle income tor protections. In June 2007 Georgia income income have—there is convergence (figure 1.9). amended its securities law to enhance DB2005 DB2011 DB2006 DB2012 approval and disclosure requirements There is a similar story of convergence DB2007 DB2013 for related-party transactions. In 2009 DB2008 DB2014 among regions. OECD high-income DB2009 DB2015 it introduced provisions allowing share- DB2010 DB2016 economies had the smallest average holders greater access to corporate improvement in the distance to frontier Source: Doing Business database. information during a trial. Finally, in 2011 score over the past 12 years because their Note: The red line shows the average global Georgia introduced new requirements improvement in the distance to frontier score scores were already quite high in 2004. since 2004. The measure is normalized to range relating to the approval of related-party Europe and Central Asia had the biggest from 0 to 100, with 100 representing the frontier. transactions. Georgia still has room to Because of changes over the years in methodology improvement, followed by Sub-Saharan and in the economies and indicators included, the improve, however, as it performs less well improvements are measured year on year using pairs Africa (figure 1.10). The Middle East of consecutive years with comparable data. on the new components of the protecting and North Africa had the third biggest minority investors indicators (introduced improvement. Most of the improvement in last year’s report) than on the older in that region took place before 2010, because reforming a judicial system can ones. however, while in recent years the pace be a long and complicated task. has been fairly slow. Who improved the most in each Who improved the most overall? region? Some areas of business regulation Globally, Georgia improved the most in Just as Georgia stands out in Europe measured by Doing Business saw more the areas measured by Doing Business and Central Asia for having made improvement than others. Starting a over the past 12 years, followed closely big strides toward better and more business clearly stands out as the area by Rwanda. During this period output efficient business regulation, at least with the biggest improvement (figure per capita in Georgia increased by one economy stands out in every other 1.11). In the past 12 years more economies 66% and business density more than region for its improvement in the areas implemented regulatory reforms in this tripled.17 Many factors contributed to this measured by Doing Business: Rwanda in area than in any other measured by Doing improvement in economic outcomes, Sub-Saharan Africa; Colombia in Latin Business. The second biggest improve- and the effort to make it easier for local America and the Caribbean; the Arab ment was in getting credit. Reforms in entrepreneurs to do business may Republic of Egypt in the Middle East and this area are not common, but when have been one of them. Georgia made North Africa; China in East Asia and the they do occur they are likely to introduce improvements in all 10 areas included in Pacific; India in South Asia; and Poland overarching changes, such as establish- the aggregate distance to frontier score, in the OECD high-income group (figure ing a new credit registry or bureau or through 39 regulatory reforms. 1.12). Still, while reforming in the areas developing a new secured transactions measured by Doing Business is important, system. The smallest improvement During this 12-year period Georgia doing so is not enough to guarantee was in the area of enforcing contracts, eliminated the paid-in minimum capital sound economic policies or to ensure where reforms are relatively uncommon requirement for starting a business, economic growth or development. While OVERVIEW 15 and implemented the web-based Land FIGURE 1.10 Europe and Central Asia has made a substantially bigger improvement Administration Information System for in business regulation over time than any other region processing land transactions—an effort Average year-on-year that also improved the quality of land improvement in distance to frontier score administration. 25 Rwanda made getting credit easier by 20 improving both its credit information sys- tem and its legal framework for secured 15 transactions. The country started reform- ing its credit information system as early 10 as 2004. That year it made a big invest- 5 ment in information technology systems to enable banks to transmit credit data 0 electronically—essential so that the Europe & Sub-Saharan Middle East East Asia & Latin America South Asia OECD Central Asia Africa & North Africa Pacific & Caribbean high income credit information system could actu- ally exist. In addition, the credit registry DB2005 DB2008 DB2011 DB2014 DB2006 DB2009 DB2012 DB2015 started to include microfinance institu- DB2007 DB2010 DB2013 DB2016 tions as a source of information. In 2010 Rwanda granted borrowers the right to Source: Doing Business database. Note: The red line shows the average global improvement in the distance to frontier score since 2004. The inspect their own credit report and began measure is normalized to range from 0 to 100, with 100 representing the frontier. Because of changes over the requiring loans of all sizes to be reported years in methodology and in the economies and indicators included, the improvements are measured year on year using pairs of consecutive years with comparable data. to the credit bureau and the central bank’s credit registry. In 2011 the credit bureau started to collect and distribute informa- Doing Business reforms have many poten- time required to transfer property. Finally, tion from utility companies, and both tial positive effects, these effects can be in June 2012 Rwanda eliminated the the credit bureau and the credit registry undermined by such factors as political requirement for a tax clearance certificate also started to distribute more than two instability, macroeconomic instability and civil conflict. Being recognized as a regional top improver does not mean that FIGURE 1.11 Worldwide, economies have improved regulatory processes the most in these economies have exemplary busi- the area of starting a business ness regulation; instead, it shows that Average year-on-year thanks to serious efforts in regulatory improvement in distance to frontier score reform over several years, they made the biggest advances toward the frontier in 25 regulatory practice. 20 Rwanda made reforms in all areas 15 measured by Doing Business. Two areas stand out: registering property and get- 10 ting credit. Rwanda made registering a 5 property transfer easier through three important steps. In January 2008 it 0 Starting a Getting Trading Registering Paying Dealing Resolving Protecting Getting Enforcing reduced both the cost and the time for business credit across property taxes with insolvency minority electricity contracts the process—by replacing the 6% reg- borders construction investors permits istration fee with a flat rate, regardless DB2005 DB2008 DB2011 DB2014 of the property value, and by creating a DB2006 DB2009 DB2012 DB2015 centralized service in the tax authority to DB2007 DB2010 DB2013 DB2016 speed up the issuance of the certificate of Source: Doing Business database. good standing. In August 2008 Rwanda Note: The red line shows the average global improvement in the distance to frontier score since 2004. The measure is normalized to range from 0 to 100, with 100 representing the frontier. Because of changes over the made further improvements in the reg- years in methodology and in the economies and indicators included, the improvements are measured year on year istration process that again reduced the using pairs of consecutive years with comparable data. 16 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 1.12 Economies in every region have made big strides in business regulation 2004 2015 37* Payments to pay taxes 9 China Hours to pay taxes 832* 261 10 Points on getting credit indices 19 Colombia 70* Payments to pay taxes 11 456* Hours to pay taxes 239 38 Days to start a business 8 Egypt, Arab Rep. Points on getting credit indices 3 10 Points on extent of conflict of interest 7.7 Georgia 4.3* regulation index India 127 Days to start a business 29 Poland 1,000 Days to enforce a contract 685 Rwanda 370 Days to transfer property 32 2 Points on getting credit indices 19 Source: Doing Business database. Note: The getting credit indices are the strength of legal rights and depth of credit information indices. The scores for 2004 on these indices are of a possible 16 points; those for 2015 are of a possible 20 points. * Data are for 2005. years of historical information. And in the America and the Caribbean over the past by secured creditors during reorganiza- past year the credit bureau introduced a 12 years. It has reformed in all areas mea- tion procedures and allows out-of-court credit scoring service, further improving sured by Doing Business, most notably enforcement of collateral. Thanks to Rwanda’s credit information system. in the areas of paying taxes and getting these changes, Colombia is now one credit. The milestone reforms making it of only three economies with a perfect Rwanda began strengthening its secured easier to pay taxes centered on making score on the strength of legal rights index. transactions system in 2009, when it electronic filing available and more useful introduced provisions allowing a wider to firms. In 2010, for example, Colombia In the Middle East and North Africa, Egypt range of assets to be used as collateral, established mandatory electronic filing had the biggest increase in the distance permitting a general description of debts and payment for some of the major taxes. to frontier score over the past 12 years, and obligations in a security agreement, Colombia improved access to credit last though most of the gains occurred in the allowing out-of-court enforcement of year by adopting a new secured trans- first half of that period, before 2009. The collateral and granting secured creditors actions law that takes a functional most dramatic improvements were made absolute priority within bankruptcy. It approach to secured transactions and by in the area of starting a business. In 2004 also created a new collateral registry. establishing a centralized, notice-based Egypt introduced computerized company More recently, in 2013 Rwanda provided collateral registry. The law broadens contract models for use in business incor- greater flexibility on the types of debts the range of assets that can be used as poration and created a single access point and obligations that can be secured collateral, allows a general description of for business registration with approval in through a collateral agreement. assets granted as collateral, establishes 24 hours. In 2007 Egypt lowered regis- clear priority rules inside bankruptcy for tration fees, improved the process at the Colombia made the biggest improvement secured creditors, sets out grounds for one-stop shop and reduced the minimum in the distance to frontier score in Latin relief from a stay of enforcement actions capital requirement. In 2009 Egypt OVERVIEW 17 further reduced the minimum capital India is the South Asian economy record- to the functioning of courts as reflected requirement in February, then abolished ing the biggest increase in the distance in the enforcing contracts and resolving it in April. Finally, in 2010 it reduced the to frontier score since 2004. One of the insolvency indicators. In 2007 Poland cost to start a business. Another area of areas of greatest improvement has been improved its insolvency process by big improvement is getting credit. The starting a business. In 2004 India cut time tightening professional requirements for credit bureau I-score was established from the process for obtaining a perma- administrators and introducing lower in 2007 and later improved. Borrowers’ nent account number (an identification limits on trustees’ pay. In 2009 an amend- right to inspect their own data in the number for firms), and in 2006 it speeded ment to its bankruptcy law introduced the credit bureau was guaranteed in 2008, up the process for obtaining a tax registra- option of a prebankruptcy reorganization and the credit bureau added retailers to tion number. In 2010 India established an procedure for financially distressed com- its database in 2009. online system for value added tax regis- panies. And in 2011 an amendment to its tration and replaced the physical stamp bankruptcy and reorganization law simpli- In East Asia and the Pacific, China stands previously required with an online version. fied court procedures and extended more out with the biggest improvement in the And in the past year India eliminated the rights to secured creditors. Poland started distance to frontier score over the past 12 paid-in minimum capital requirement reforms making it easier to enforce con- years. Business tax reform contributed a and streamlined the process for starting tracts as early as 2005, by amending its great deal to that accomplishment. In 2008 a business. More reforms are ongoing—in civil procedure code. In 2007 it introduced China made paying taxes easier and less starting a business and other areas mea- stricter rules of procedure to increase the costly for companies by unifying the criteria sured by Doing Business—though the full speed and efficiency of court proceedings. and accounting methods for tax deductions effects have yet to be felt (box 1.2). Finally, in 2012 Poland further amended its and by reducing the corporate income tax civil procedure code and appointed more rate. And in 2009 a new corporate income Among OECD high-income economies, judges to commercial courts. tax law unified the tax regimes for domestic Poland stands out as having made and foreign enterprises and clarified the substantial improvements over the past calculation of taxable income for corporate 12 years in areas measured by Doing income tax purposes. Business. The most notable ones relate BOX 1.2 Doing business in India—the path toward regulatory reform In 2014 the government of India launched an ambitious program of regulatory reform aimed at making it easier to do business. Spanning a range of areas measured by Doing Business, the program represents a great deal of effort to create a more business- friendly environment, particularly in Delhi and Mumbai. One important focus is to make starting a business easier. In May 2015 the government adopted amendments to the Companies Act that eliminated the minimum capital requirement. Now Indian entrepreneurs no longer need to deposit 100,000 Indian rupees ($1,629)—equivalent to 111% of income per capita—in order to start a local limited liability company. The amendments also ended the requirement to obtain a certificate to commence business operations, saving business founders an unnecessary step and five days. Several other initiatives to simplify the start-up process were still ongoing on June 1, 2015, the cutoff date for this year’s data collection. These include developing a single application form for new firms and introducing online registration for tax identification numbers. Another focus is to make the process for getting a new electricity connection simpler and faster. Toward that end the utility in Delhi eliminated an internal wiring inspection by the Electrical Inspectorate—and now instead of two inspections for the same purpose, there is only one. The utility also combined the external connection works and the final switching on of electricity in one procedure. The utility in Mumbai reduced the procedures and time for connecting to electricity by improving internal work processes and coor- dination. It combined several steps into one procedure—the inspection and installation of the meter, the external connection works and the final connection. Now companies can get connected to the grid, and get on with their business, 14 days sooner than before. Improvements have also been initiated in other areas measured by Doing Business. To make dealing with construction permits easier, for example, a single-window system for processing building permit applications is being started in Mumbai—with the promise of greatly reducing the associated bureaucratic burden once fully implemented. And online systems for filing and paying taxes are being further improved to simplify tax compliance. Fostering an environment more supportive of private sector activity will take time. But if the efforts are sustained over the next several years, they could lead to substantial benefits for Indian entrepreneurs—along with potential gains in economic growth and job creation. 18 DOING BUSINESS 2016 enforcing contracts case study presents 3. The papers cited here are just a few examples of research done in the areas measured by WHAT IS IN THIS YEAR’S the new data on the quality of judicial Doing Business. Since 2003, when the Doing REPORT? processes and discusses regional pat- Business report was first published, 2,182 terns and recent reforms in this area. research articles discussing how regulation in the areas measured by Doing Business This year’s report presents seven case influences economic outcomes have been studies. Five focus on legal and regulatory Beyond these five case studies covering published in peer-reviewed academic journals. features covered by new or expanded indi- new features, a case study on starting Another 6,296 working papers have been posted online. cators being introduced this year—in the a business analyzes the involvement of 4. Bruhn 2011. areas of dealing with construction permits, third parties such as lawyers and nota- 5. Amin and Islam 2014. getting electricity, registering property, ries in company formation. It finds that 6. Giannetti and Jentzsch 2013. 7. Visaria 2009. trading across borders and enforcing con- where third parties are involved the cost 8. Monteiro and Assunção 2012. tracts. The other two analyze other areas is higher. A case study on resolving insol- 9. Besley 2015, p. 106. of interest in the historical data set. vency focuses on post-commencement 10. Relationships are significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per finance—new funds obtained by a com- capita. The correlation between the ease The case study on dealing with construc- pany after it enters an insolvency process, of doing business ranking and the Global tion permits analyzes the new data for the when an inflow of funds can be crucial Competitiveness Index is 0.84. The correlation between the ease of doing business ranking building quality control index. The results in preserving the company’s viability. and the Corruption Perceptions Index is 0.75. show that high-income economies have Comparing legal provisions on post-com- 11. Relationships are significant at the 1% level on average better quality control and mencement finance around the world, the after controlling for income per capita. The correlation between the distance to frontier safety mechanisms. The case study also case study finds that businesses are more score for regulatory efficiency and the finds that economies with greater effi- likely to survive an insolvency process in Corruption Perceptions Index is 0.77. The ciency and quality in their construction economies where post-commencement correlation between the distance to frontier score for regulatory quality and the Corruption permitting system tend to have a lower finance is well regulated. Perceptions Index is 0.66. incidence of corruption. 12. This corresponds to a monthly consumption Finally, this year’s report presents a sum- of 26,880 kilowatt-hours. 13. The relationship is significant at the 1% level The case study on getting electric- mary of some of the research recently pub- after controlling for income per capita. New ity focuses on both the new reliability lished in academic law journals that relates firm density is the number of newly registered of electricity supply and transparency of to the four sets of Doing Business indicators limited liability companies per 1,000 working- age people (ages 15–64). tariffs index and the price of electricity whose focus is essentially on the law— 14. The relationship is significant at the 1% level consumption. It finds that economies that getting credit (legal rights of borrowers after controlling for income per capita. have a more reliable electricity supply and lenders), protecting minority investors, 15. UNPAN 2012. 16. UNPAN 2012. also tend to have a more efficient process enforcing contracts and resolving insol- 17. According to the World Bank’s World for getting a new electricity connection. vency. There are close links between these Development Indicators database, output indicators and the literature. For example, per capita in Georgia increased from $4,346 in 2004 to $7,233 in 2014 (in constant 2011 The registering property case study ana- the literature emphasizes the importance of international dollars) (http://data.worldbank lyzes one of the features covered by the having effective mechanisms of alternative .org/indicator). And according to the World new quality of land administration index: dispute resolution as a way to minimize the Bank Group’s Entrepreneurship Database, business density rose from 1.35 firms per the digital capabilities of the land registry case backlog in courts—and this inspired 1,000 adults in 2005 to 4.86 in 2012 and cadastre. The case study shows that the expansion of the enforcing contracts (http://www.doingbusiness.org/data property transfers have become more indicators to also cover arbitration and vol- /exploretopics/entrepreneurship). efficient in economies that introduced untary mediation this year. Doing Business digital systems in their land registry, their will continue to monitor the literature in cadastre or both. both law and economics to identify good practices and inform policy makers under- The case study on trading across borders taking legal and regulatory reform efforts. presents the new methodology for this indicator set. It analyzes the trade pat- terns captured in the indicators and dis- NOTES cusses the main patterns in the data on the time and cost to export and import. 1. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city (see table The case study finds that economies 13A.1 at the end of the data notes). in customs unions tend to have more 2. This year’s report also introduces an expanded streamlined trade processes. Finally, the methodology for the labor market regulation indicators, as discussed in the data notes. Doing Business 2016 About Doing Business ƒ Doing Business measures aspects of E conomic activity requires sensible Doing Business was designed with two rules that encourage firm start-up main types of users in mind: policy makers business regulation affecting domestic and growth and avoid creating and researchers.1 It is a tool that govern- small and medium-size firms in 11 distortions in the marketplace. Doing ments can use to design sound business areas across 189 economies. Ten of Business focuses on the rules and regula- regulatory policies. Nevertheless, the these areas—starting a business, tions that can help the private sector Doing Business data are limited in scope dealing with construction permits, thrive—because without a dynamic and should be complemented with other getting electricity, registering property, private sector, no economy can provide sources of information. Doing Business getting credit, protecting minority a good, and sustainable, standard of liv- focuses on a few specific rules relevant to investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and ing for people. Doing Business measures the specific case studies analyzed. These resolving insolvency—are included the presence of rules that establish and rules and case studies are chosen to be in the distance to frontier score and clarify property rights, minimize the cost illustrative of the business regulatory ease of doing business ranking. Doing of resolving disputes, increase the pre- environment, but they are not a compre- Business also measures features of dictability of economic interactions and hensive description of that environment. labor market regulation, which is not provide contractual partners with core Doing Business is also an important source included in these two measures. protections against abuse. of information for researchers. It provides a unique data set that enables analysis ƒ Doing Business does not capture other The Doing Business data highlight the aimed at better understanding the role aspects of the business environment, such as security, market size, important role of the government and of business regulation in economic macroeconomic stability and the government policies in the day-to-day development. prevalence of bribery and corruption. life of domestic small and medium-size firms. The objective is to encourage ƒ The Doing Business methodology is regulations that are designed to be effi- WHAT DOES DOING based on standardized case scenarios cient, accessible to all who use them and BUSINESS MEASURE? in the largest business city of each simple in their implementation. Where economy. In addition, for 11 economies regulation is burdensome, it diverts the Doing Business captures several impor- a second city is covered. energies of entrepreneurs away from tant dimensions of the regulatory ƒ The subnational Doing Business studies developing their businesses. But where environment as it applies to local firms. complement the global report by going regulation is efficient, transparent and It provides quantitative indicators on beyond the largest business city in implemented in a simple way, it becomes regulation for starting a business, deal- selected economies. easier for businesses to innovate and ing with construction permits, getting ƒ Doing Business relies on four main expand—and easier for aspiring entre- electricity, registering property, getting sources of information: the relevant preneurs to compete on an equal footing. credit, protecting minority investors, pay- laws and regulations, Doing Business Indeed, Doing Business values good rules ing taxes, trading across borders, enforc- respondents, the governments of the as a key to social inclusion. Enabling ing contracts and resolving insolvency economies covered and the World growth—and ensuring that all people, (table 2.1). Doing Business also measures Bank Group regional staff. regardless of income level, can participate features of labor market regulation. This in its benefits—requires an environment year’s report does not present rankings where new entrants with drive and good of economies on the labor market regula- ideas can get started in business and tion indicators or include the topic in the where good firms can invest and grow. aggregate distance to frontier score or 20 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ranking on the ease of doing business. It TABLE 2.1 What Doing Business measures—11 areas of business regulation does present the data for these indicators. Indicator set What is measured Four sets of indicators—dealing with Starting a business Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company construction permits, getting electric- ity, registering property and enforcing Dealing with construction permits Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality control and safety mechanisms in the contracts—have been expanded for this construction permitting system year’s report to measure aspects of regu- Getting electricity Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, latory quality. One indicator set—trading the reliability of the electricity supply and the cost of electricity consumption across borders—has been redesigned to increase the relevance of what is Registering property Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration system measured. (For details on what is new in Getting credit Movable collateral laws and credit information systems these indicator sets, see the chapter on what is changing in Doing Business.) Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance Paying taxes Payments, time and total tax rate for a firm to comply with all tax How the indicators are selected regulations The choice of the 11 sets of Doing Business Trading across borders Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and indicators has been guided by economic import auto parts research and firm-level data, particu- Enforcing contracts Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of larly data from the World Bank Enterprise judicial processes Surveys.2 These surveys provide data Resolving insolvency Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the legal framework for insolvency highlighting the main obstacles to business activity as reported by entre- Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality preneurs in more than 135 economies. For example, among the factors that the surveys have identified as important to score aids in assessing the absolute in business regulation relative to the businesses have been access to finance level of regulatory performance and performance of other economies as mea- and access to electricity—inspiring the how it improves over time. This measure sured by Doing Business. design of the Doing Business indicators on shows the distance of each economy to getting credit and getting electricity. the “frontier,” which represents the best For each topic covered and for all topics, performance observed on each of the Doing Business uses a simple averaging The design of the Doing Business indica- indicators across all economies in the approach for weighting component tors has also been informed by theoretical Doing Business sample since 2005 or the indicators, calculating rankings and insights gleaned from extensive research third year in which data were collected determining the distance to frontier and the literature on the role of institu- for the indicator. (For indicators calcu- score.4 Each topic covered by Doing tions in enabling economic development. lated as scores, such as the strength of Business relates to a different aspect of In addition, the background papers devel- legal rights index or the quality of land the business regulatory environment. oping the methodology for each of the administration index, the frontier is set at The distance to frontier scores and Doing Business indicator sets have estab- the highest possible value.) This allows rankings of each economy vary, often lished the importance of the rules and users both to see the gap between a substantially, across topics, indicating regulations that Doing Business focuses particular economy’s performance and that strong performance by an economy on for such economic outcomes as trade the best performance at any point in time in one area of regulation can coexist with volumes, foreign direct investment, mar- and to assess the absolute change in the weak performance in another (figure 2.1). ket capitalization in stock exchanges and private credit as a percentage of GDP.3 economy’s regulatory environment over A quick way to assess the variability of time as measured by Doing Business. The an economy’s regulatory performance is Two aggregate measures distance to frontier is first computed for to look at its distance to frontier scores Doing Business presents data both for each topic and then averaged across all across topics (see the country tables). individual indicators and for two aggre- topics to compute the aggregate distance The Kyrgyz Republic, for example, has an gate measures—the distance to frontier to frontier score. The ranking on the ease overall distance to frontier score of 66.01, score and the ease of doing business of doing business complements the dis- meaning that it is two-thirds of the way ranking—to provide different perspec- tance to frontier score by providing infor- from the worst to the best performance. tives on the data. The distance to frontier mation about an economy’s performance Its distance to frontier score is 92.94 for ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 21 FIGURE 2.1 An economy’s regulatory environment may be more business-friendly in some areas than in others Distance to frontier score Average of highest three topic scores Average of all topic scores 100 Average of lowest three topic scores 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. Israel Serbia Guyana Poland Malawi Austria France Spain Mexico Cyprus Thailand Panama Bhutan China Fiji Albania Nepal Kuwait Sri Lanka Indonesia Jordan Lesotho Barbados Argentina Lebanon Nicaragua Cambodia West Bank and Gaza Mozambique Grenada Tanzania Burkina Faso Papua New Guinea Sierra Leone Kiribati Gambia, The Senegal Zimbabwe Bolivia Sudan Iraq Algeria Guinea Nigeria Djibouti Liberia Angola Chad Singapore Norway Taiwan, China Australia Germany Ireland Iceland Portugal United Arab Emirates Armenia Romania Kazakhstan Belgium Italy Russian Federation Turkey Puerto Rico (U.S.) Luxembourg Azerbaijan Bahrain Kyrgyz Republic South Africa Morocco St. Lucia Bosnia and Herzegovina Guatemala Ukraine Philippines Swaziland Timor-Leste Syrian Arab Republic Afghanistan Central African Republic South Sudan Eritrea Denmark Hong Kong SAR, China United States Slovak Republic Vietnam Dominican Republic Seychelles St. Vincent and the Grenadines Ecuador Myanmar Source: Doing Business database. Note: The distance to frontier scores reflected are those for the 10 Doing Business topics included in this year’s aggregate distance to frontier score. The figure is illustrative only; it does not include all 189 economies covered by this year’s report. See the country tables for the distance to frontier scores for each Doing Business topic for all economies. starting a business, 90.59 for register- example, capture the time and cost and communications may add to firms’ ing property and 79.98 for dealing with required for the logistical process of costs and undermine competitiveness construction permits. At the same time, exporting and importing goods, but (except to the extent that the trading it has a distance to frontier score of they do not measure the cost of tariffs across borders indicators indirectly 34.66 for resolving insolvency, 43.95 for or of the international transport. Thus measure the quality of ports). Similar getting electricity and 49.49 for enforcing through these indicators Doing Business to the indicators on trading across contracts. provides a narrow perspective on the borders, those on starting a business infrastructure challenges that firms or protecting minority investors do not face, particularly in the developing cover all aspects of commercial legisla- WHAT DOES DOING world. It does not address the extent tion. And while Doing Business mea- BUSINESS NOT MEASURE? to which inadequate roads, rail, ports sures only a few aspects within each area that it covers, business regulation Doing Business does not cover many TABLE 2.2 What Doing Business does reforms should not focus just on these important policy areas, and even within not cover aspects, because those that it does not the areas it covers its scope is narrow measure are still important. Examples of areas not covered (table 2.2). Doing Business does not Macroeconomic stability Doing Business does not attempt to mea- measure the full range of factors, policies and institutions that affect the quality of State of the financial system sure all costs and benefits of a particular an economy’s business environment or Level of training and skills of the labor force law or regulation to society as a whole. its national competitiveness. It does not, Prevalence of bribery and corruption For example, the paying taxes indica- for example, capture aspects of security, Market size tors measure the total tax rate, which, market size, macroeconomic stability, the in isolation, is a cost to businesses. The Security state of the financial system, the preva- indicators do not measure, nor are they Examples of aspects not included within the lence of bribery and corruption or the level areas covered intended to measure, the benefits of the of training and skills of the labor force. social and economic programs funded In paying taxes, personal income tax rates through tax revenues. Measuring qual- In getting credit, the monetary policy stance Even within the relatively small set of and the associated ease or tightness of credit ity and efficiency in business regulation indicators included in Doing Business, conditions for firms provides one input into the debate on the focus is deliberately narrow. The In trading across borders, export or import tariffs the regulatory burden associated with trading across borders indicators, for and subsidies achieving regulatory objectives. These 22 DOING BUSINESS 2016 objectives can differ across economies. TABLE 2.3 Advantages and limitations of the Doing Business methodology Doing Business provides a starting point for this discussion and should be used in Feature Advantages Limitations conjunction with other data sources. Use of standardized Makes the data comparable across Reduces the scope of the data and case scenarios economies and the methodology means that only regulatory reforms transparent in the areas measured can be systematically tracked WHAT ARE THE STRENGTHS Focus on largest Makes the data collection manageable Reduces the representativeness of AND LIMITATIONS OF THE business citya (cost-effective) and the data the data for an economy if there are comparable significant differences across locations METHODOLOGY? Focus on domestic and Keeps the attention on where Fails to reflect reality for the informal formal sector regulations are relevant and firms are sector—important where that is The Doing Business methodology was most productive—the formal sector large—or for foreign firms where they face a different set of constraints designed to be an easily replicable way Reliance on expert Ensures that the data reflect the Results in indicators that do not to benchmark certain aspects of business respondents knowledge of those with the most measure the variation in experiences regulation. It has advantages and limita- experience in conducting the types of among entrepreneurs transactions measured tions that should be understood when Focus on the law Makes the indicators “actionable”— Fails to reflect the reality that where using the data (table 2.3). because the law is what policy makers systematic compliance with the law can change is lacking, regulatory changes will not achieve the full results desired A key consideration for the Doing Business indicators is that they should ensure com- a. In economies with a population of more than 100 million as of 2013, Doing Business covers business regulation in both the largest business city and the second largest one. parability of the data across a global set of economies. The indicators are therefore developed around standardized case Some Doing Business topics are complex, rules—an aspect that helps explain scenarios with specific assumptions. and so it is important that the standard- differences between the de jure data ized cases are carefully defined. For provided by Doing Business and the de One such assumption is the location of example, the standardized case scenario facto insights offered by World Bank a notional business—the subject of the usually involves a limited liability com- Enterprise Surveys.5 In economies with Doing Business case study—in the largest pany or its legal equivalent. There are particularly burdensome regulation, business city of the economy. The real- two reasons for this assumption. First, levels of informality tend to be higher. ity is that business regulations and their private, limited liability companies are Compared with their formal sector enforcement may differ within a country, the most prevalent business form for counterparts, firms in the informal particularly in federal states and large firms with more than one owner in many sector typically grow more slowly, have economies. But gathering data for every economies around the world. Second, poorer access to credit and employ few- relevant jurisdiction in each of the 189 this choice reflects the focus of Doing er workers—and these workers remain economies covered by Doing Business Business on expanding opportunities for outside the protections of labor law.6 would be infeasible. Nevertheless, where entrepreneurship: investors are encour- Firms in the informal sector are also policy makers are interested in generating aged to venture into business when less likely to pay taxes. Doing Business data at the local level, beyond the largest potential losses are limited to their measures one set of factors that help business city, Doing Business has comple- capital participation. explain the occurrence of informality mented its global indicators with subna- and give policy makers insights into tional studies (box 2.1). And starting in last Another assumption underlying potential areas of regulatory reform. year’s report, Doing Business has extended the Doing Business indicators is that its coverage to the second largest business entrepreneurs have knowledge of and Rules and regulations fall under the city in economies with a population of comply with applicable regulations. direct control of policy makers—and more than 100 million as of 2013. In practice, entrepreneurs may not they are often where policy makers know what needs to be done or how start when intending to change the set Doing Business recognizes the limitations to comply and may lose considerable of incentives under which businesses of the standardized case scenarios and time trying to find out. Alternatively, operate. Doing Business not only shows assumptions. But while such assump- they may deliberately avoid compli- where problems exist in the regulatory tions come at the expense of generality, ance altogether—by not registering framework; it also points to specific they also help ensure the comparability for social security, for example. Where regulations or regulatory procedures of data. For this reason it is common to regulation is particularly onerous, firms that may lend themselves to reform. see limiting assumptions of this kind in may opt for bribery and other informal And its quantitative measures enable economic indicators. arrangements intended to bypass the research on how specific regulations ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 23 BOX 2.1 Comparing regulation at the local level: subnational Doing Business studies The subnational Doing Business studies expand the Doing Business analysis beyond the largest business city of an economy. They measure variation in regulations or in the implementation of national laws across locations within an economy (as in South Africa) or a region (as in Central America). Projects are undertaken at the request of governments. Data collected by subnational studies over the past two years show that there can be substantial variation within an economy (see figure). In Mexico in 2013, for example, registering a property transfer took as few as 2 days in Colima and as many as 74 in Mexico City. Indeed, within the same economy one can find locations that perform as well as economies ranking in the top 20 on the ease of registering property and locations that perform as poorly as economies ranking in the bottom 40 on that indicator. Different locations, different regulatory processes, same economy Time to start a business (days) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. Mexico Nigeria Poland South Africa Least time Most time Average time Time to register property (days) 250 200 150 100 50 0 Egypt, Arab Rep. Mexico Nigeria Poland South Africa Least time Most time Average time Source: Subnational Doing Business database. Note: The average time shown for each economy is based on all locations covered by the data: 15 locations and governorates in the Arab Republic of Egypt in 2013, 31 states and Mexico City in Mexico in 2013, 36 cities in Nigeria in 2014, 18 cities in Poland in 2014 and 9 cities in South Africa in 2015. The subnational Doing Business studies create disaggregated data on business regulation. But they go beyond a data collection exercise. They have proved to be strong motivators for regulatory reform at the local level: • The data produced are comparable across locations within the economy and internationally, enabling locations to bench- mark their results both locally and globally. Comparisons of locations that are within the same economy and therefore share the same legal and regulatory framework can be revealing: local officials find it hard to explain why doing business is more difficult in their jurisdiction than in a neighboring one. (continued) 24 DOING BUSINESS 2016 BOX 2.1 Comparing regulation at the local level: subnational Doing Business studies (continued) • Pointing out good practices that exist in some locations but not others within an economy helps policy makers recognize the potential for replicating these good practices. This can prompt discussions of regulatory reform across different levels of government, providing opportunities for local governments and agencies to learn from one another and resulting in local ownership and capacity building. Since 2005 subnational reports have covered 437 locations in 65 economies, including Colombia, the Arab Republic of Egypt, Italy, the Philippines and Serbia. Fifteen economies—including Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria and the Russian Federation—have undertaken two or more rounds of subnational data collection to measure progress over time. This year subnational studies were completed in the Dominican Republic, Poland, South Africa, Spain and six countries in Central America. Ongoing studies include those in Afghanistan (5 cities), Kenya (10 cities), Mexico (31 states and Mexico City) and the United Arab Emirates (3 emirates). Subnational reports are available on the Doing Business website at http://www.doingbusiness.org/subnational. affect firm behavior and economic management of public finances, adequate outcomes. attention to education and training, adop- HOW ARE THE DATA tion of the latest technologies to boost COLLECTED? Many of the Doing Business indicators can economic productivity and the quality of be considered “actionable,” measuring public services, and appropriate regard for The Doing Business data are based on aspects over which governments have air and water quality to safeguard people’s a detailed reading of domestic laws direct control. For example, governments health. Governments have to decide what and regulations as well as administra- can reduce (or even eliminate) the mini- set of priorities best fits the needs they tive requirements. The data cover 189 mum capital requirement for new firms. face. To say that governments should work economies—including small economies They can invest in company and prop- toward a sensible set of rules for private and some of the poorest economies, for erty registries to increase the efficiency of sector activity does not suggest that they which little or no data are available in these public agencies. They can improve should be doing so at the expense of other other data sets. The data are collected the efficiency of tax administration by worthy economic and social goals. through several rounds of interaction with adopting the latest technologies to facili- expert respondents (both private sector tate the preparation, filing and payment practitioners and government officials)— of taxes by businesses. And they can through responses to questionnaires, undertake court reforms to shorten delays in the enforcement of contracts. On the other hand, some Doing Business indica- FIGURE 2.2 How Doing Business collects and verifies the data tors capture costs that involve private sec- Data sources: Steps included in the tor participants, such as lawyers, notaries, s4HERELEVANTLAWSANDREGULATIONS data verification process: s2ESPONSESTOQUESTIONNAIRESBY s#ONFERENCECALLSAND VIDEOCONFERENCESWITHPRIVATE architects, electricians or freight forward- PRIVATESECTORPRACTITIONERSAND GOVERNMENTOFFICIALS 4HEDoing BusinessTEAMDEVELOPS SECTORPRACTITIONERSAND QUESTIONNAIRESFOREACHTOPICAND GOVERNMENTOFFICIALS ers—costs over which governments may s'OVERNMENTS SENDSTHEMTOPRIVATESECTOR s4RAVELTOSELECTEDECONOMIES s7ORLD"ANK'ROUPREGIONALSTAFF have little influence in the short run. PRACTITIONERSANDGOVERNMENT OFFICIALS While many Doing Business indicators are 4HEDoing BusinessTEAMANALYZESTHE RELEVANTLAWSANDREGULATIONSALONGWITH actionable, this does not necessarily mean 4HEREPORTISPUBLISHED THEINFORMATIONINTHEQUESTIONNAIRES ANDDISSEMINATED 'OVERNMENTSAND7ORLD"ANK'ROUP that they are always “action-worthy” in REGIONALTEAMSSUBMITINFORMATIONON a particular context.7 And Doing Business REGULATORYCHANGESTHATCOULDPOTENTIALLY BEINCLUDEDINTHEGLOBALCOUNTOF data do not indicate which indicators REGULATORYREFORMS are more “action-worthy” than others. 4HEDoing BusinessTEAMSHARES Business regulation reforms are one 4HEDoing BusinessTEAMANALYZESTHE PRELIMINARYINFORMATIONONREFORMSWITH DATAANDWRITESTHEREPORT#OMMENTS GOVERNMENTSTHROUGHTHE7ORLD"ANK element of a strategy aimed at improv- ONTHEREPORTANDTHEDATAARERECEIVED 'ROUPS"OARDOF%XECUTIVE$IRECTORS AND FROMACROSSTHE7ORLD"ANK'ROUP 7ORLD"ANK'ROUPREGIONALTEAMSFOR ing competitiveness and establishing a THROUGHANINTERNALREVIEWPROCESS THEIRFEEDBACK solid foundation for sustainable economic growth. There are many other impor- tant goals to pursue—such as effective ABOUT DOING BUSINESS 25 conference calls, written correspondence cost component (where fee schedules transaction, such as starting a business and visits by the team. Doing Business are lacking) are based on actual prac- or registering a building, into separate relies on four main sources of information: tice rather than the law on the books. steps to ensure a better estimate of the relevant laws and regulations, Doing This introduces a degree of judgment time. The time estimate for each step Business respondents, the governments by respondents on what actual practice is given by practitioners with sig- of the economies covered and the World looks like. When respondents disagree, nificant and routine experience in the Bank Group regional staff (figure 2.2). the time indicators reported by Doing transaction. For a detailed explanation of the Doing Business represent the median values Business methodology, see the data notes. of several responses given under the Doing Business does not survey firms for assumptions of the standardized case. two main reasons. The first relates to Relevant laws and regulations the frequency with which firms engage Most of the Doing Business indicators Doing Business respondents in the transactions captured by the are based on laws and regulations. Over the past 13 years more than 33,000 indicators, which is generally low. For Indeed, around two-thirds of the data professionals in 189 economies have example, a firm goes through the start- embedded in the Doing Business indica- assisted in providing the data that inform up process once in its existence, while tors are based on a reading of the law. the Doing Business indicators.9 This year’s an incorporation lawyer may carry out Besides filling out written question- report draws on the inputs of more than 10 such transactions each month. The naires, Doing Business respondents 11,400 professionals.10 Table 13.2 in the incorporation lawyers and other experts provide references to the relevant laws, data notes lists the number of respon- providing information to Doing Business regulations and fee schedules. The dents for each indicator set. The Doing are therefore better able to assess the Doing Business team collects the texts Business website shows the number of process of starting a business than are of the relevant laws and regulations respondents for each economy and each individual firms. They also have access and checks questionnaire responses indicator set. to the latest regulations and practices, for accuracy. For example, the team while a firm may have faced a different will examine the commercial code to Respondents are professionals who set of rules when incorporating years confirm the paid-in minimum capital routinely administer or advise on the before. The second reason is that the requirement, look at the legislation to legal and regulatory requirements in the Doing Business questionnaires mostly see whether borrowers have the right specific areas covered by Doing Business, gather legal information, which firms to access their data at the credit bureau selected on the basis of their expertise are unlikely to be fully familiar with. For and read the tax code to find applicable in these areas. Because of the focus on example, few firms will know about all tax rates. (Doing Business makes these legal and regulatory arrangements, most the many legal procedures involved in and other types of laws available on the of the respondents are legal profession- resolving a commercial dispute through Doing Business law library website.)8 als such as lawyers, judges or notaries. the courts, even if they have gone Because of the extensive data checking, In addition, officials of the credit bureau through the process themselves. But a which involves an annual update of an or registry complete the credit informa- litigation lawyer should have little dif- established database, having very large tion questionnaire. Freight forwarders, ficulty in providing the requested infor- samples of respondents is not neces- accountants, architects, engineers mation on all the procedures. sary for these types of questions. In and other professionals answer the principle, the role of the contributors questionnaires related to trading across Governments and World Bank is largely advisory—helping the Doing borders, paying taxes and dealing with Group regional staff Business team in finding and under- construction permits. Certain public After receiving the completed ques- standing the laws and regulations—and officials (such as registrars from the tionnaires from the Doing Business there are quickly diminishing returns to company or property registry) also respondents, verifying the information an expanded number of contributors. provide information that is incorporated against the law and conducting follow-up into the indicators. inquiries to ensure that all relevant infor- For the rest of the data the team con- mation is captured, the Doing Business ducts extensive consultations with The Doing Business approach has been team shares the preliminary descriptions multiple contributors to minimize to work with legal practitioners or other of regulatory reforms with governments measurement error. For some indica- professionals who regularly undertake (through the World Bank Group’s Board tors—for example, those on dealing the transactions involved. Following of Executive Directors) and with regional with construction permits, enforcing the standard methodological approach staff of the World Bank Group. Through contracts and resolving insolvency— for time-and-motion studies, Doing this process government authorities the time component and part of the Business breaks down each process or and World Bank Group staff working on 26 DOING BUSINESS 2016 most of the economies covered can alert 7. One study using Doing Business indicators illustrates the difficulties in using highly the team about, for example, regulatory disaggregated indicators to identify reform reforms not picked up by the respondents priorities (Kraay and Tawara 2013). or additional achievements of regulatory 8. For the law library website, see http://www .doingbusiness.org/law-library. reforms already captured in the database. 9. The annual data collection exercise is an In response to such feedback, the Doing update of the database. The Doing Business Business team turns to the local private team and the contributors examine the extent to which the regulatory framework sector experts for further consultation has changed in ways relevant for the features and, as needed, corroboration. In addi- captured by the indicators. The data collection tion, the team responds formally to the process should therefore be seen as adding each year to an existing stock of knowledge comments of governments or regional reflected in the previous year’s report, not as staff and provides explanations of the creating an entirely new data set. scoring decisions. 10. While more than 11,400 contributors provided data for this year’s report, many of them completed a questionnaire for more than Data adjustments one Doing Business indicator set. Indeed, the Information on data corrections is pro- total number of contributions received for this year’s report is more than 14,100 which vided in the data notes and on the Doing represents a true measure of the inputs Business website. A transparent complaint received. The average number of contributions procedure allows anyone to challenge the per indicator set and economy is just under seven. For more details, see http://www data. From November 2014 to October .doingbusiness.org/contributors/doing 2015 the team received and responded -business. to more than 170 queries on the data. If changes in data are confirmed, they are immediately reflected on the website. NOTES 1. The focus of the Doing Business indicators remains the regulatory regime faced by domestic firms engaging in economic activity in the largest business city of an economy. Doing Business was not initially designed to inform decisions by foreign investors, though investors may in practice find the data useful as a proxy for the quality of the national investment climate. Analysis done in the World Bank Group’s Global Indicators Group has shown that countries that have sensible rules for domestic economic activity also tend to have good rules for the activities of foreign subsidiaries engaged in the local economy. 2. For more on the World Bank Enterprise Surveys, see the website at http:/ /www .enterprisesurveys.org. 3. These papers are available on the Doing Business website at http:/ /www.doingbusiness .org/methodology. 4. For getting credit, indicators are weighted proportionally, according to their contribution to the total score, with a weight of 60% assigned to the strength of legal rights index and 40% to the depth of credit information index. In this way each point included in these indices has the same value independent of the component it belongs to. Indicators for all other topics are assigned equal weights. For more details, see the chapter on the distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking. 5. Hallward-Driemeier and Pritchett 2015. 6. Schneider 2005; La Porta and Shleifer 2008. Doing Business 2016 What is changing in  Doing Business? ƒ This year’s report introduces G ood practices in business regula- the focus is being expanded to include tion have evolved since the Doing additional good practices in the areas improvements in 5 of 10 Doing Business Business indicators were first covered. In addition, some changes are indicator sets. Part of an effort begun developed in 2003. Some changes have aimed at increasing the relevance of in last year’s report, the changes come, for example, as new technologies indicators (such as the trading across have two main goals. The first is to have transformed the ways governments borders indicators). expand the focus of indicator sets interact with citizens and the business that primarily measure the efficiency community. The new developments have of a transaction or service to also created a need to expand and update the INTRODUCING NEW cover aspects of the quality of that service. The second is to expand the Doing Business methodology. In addition, MEASURES OF QUALITY focus of indicator sets that already the original Doing Business indicators are measure some aspects of the quality by nature limited in scope, and expanding Efficiency in regulatory transactions is of regulation to include recent good the methodology allows opportunities to important. Many research papers have practices in the areas covered. reduce the limitations. While the Doing highlighted the positive effect of effi- Business report has introduced changes ciency improvements in areas measured ƒ This year’s report adds indicators in methodology of varying degrees every by Doing Business on such economic of quality to four indicator sets: year, this year’s report and last year’s outcomes as firm or job creation.2 But registering property, dealing with have implemented more substantive increasing efficiency may have little construction permits, getting electricity and enforcing contracts. improvements. These changes reflect impact if the service provided is of poor consultations that have taken place over quality. For example, the ability to com- ƒ In addition, the trading across the years with World Bank Group staff, plete a property transfer quickly and borders indicators have been revised country governments and the private sec- inexpensively is important, but if the land to increase their relevance. The tor and are being implemented against the underlying case study now focuses background of the findings presented in on the top export product for each 2013 by the Independent Panel on Doing TABLE 3.1 Timeline of the changes in economy, on auto parts as its import Business.1 Doing Business product and on its largest trading Doing Business 2015 partner for the export and import products. As part of these changes, 8 of 10 sets Broadening the scope of indicator sets of Doing Business indicators are being ƒ Getting credit improved over a two-year period (table ƒ Protecting minority investors 3.1). The improvements are aimed at ƒ Resolving insolvency addressing two main concerns. First, in indicator sets that primarily measure Doing Business 2016 the efficiency of a transaction or service Broadening the scope of indicator sets provided by a government agency (such ƒ Registering property as registering property), the focus is ƒ Dealing with construction permits being expanded to also cover aspects of ƒ Getting electricity the quality of that service. And second, ƒ Enforcing contracts in indicator sets that already measure Increasing the relevance of indicator sets some aspects of the quality of regulation (such as protecting minority investors), ƒ Trading across borders 28 DOING BUSINESS 2016 records are unreliable or other features of FIGURE 3.1 What is being added to registering property the property rights regime are flawed, the property title will have little value. Dispute Reliability Transparency Coverage resolution Yet measures of the quality of business regulation at the micro level are scarce. By Availability Accessibility of Geographic Legal framework expanding its focus on regulatory quality, coverage of of electronic information on for property Doing Business will thus open a new area database land ownership land registry registration for research. The aim is to help develop greater understanding of the importance of the quality of business regulation and Link between land Availability of fee Geographic Mechanisms to ownership registry schedules and prevent and its link to regulatory efficiency and eco- and mapping complaint coverage of resolve land mapping agency nomic outcomes. system mechanisms disputes In this year’s report four indicator sets are being expanded to also measure regula- processing information on land parcels The quality of land administration index tory quality: registering property, dealing and property titles. Higher scores are accounts for a quarter of the distance with construction permits, getting elec- given for practices that support data reli- to frontier score for registering property, tricity, and enforcing contracts. A similar ability, such as unifying, standardizing and and the distance to frontier scores under expansion for the paying taxes indicator synchronizing records across different the old and new methodologies are set is being considered for next year. The sources and putting in place the necessary significantly correlated (figure 3.2). For a new indicators being introduced empha- infrastructure to reduce the risk of errors. complete discussion of the methodology size the importance of having the right for the registering property indicators, type of regulation. In general, economies The indicator also measures the transpar- see the data notes. For an analysis of the with less regulation or none at all will have ency of information in land administra- data for the indicators, see the case study a lower score on the new indicators. tion systems around the world. New data on registering property. record whether land-related information Registering property is made publicly available, whether Dealing with construction The registering property indicator set procedures and property transactions permits assesses the efficiency of land admin- are transparent and whether informa- The indicator set on dealing with construc- istration systems by measuring the tion on fees for public services is easily tion permits measures the procedures, procedures, time and cost to transfer a accessible. time and cost to comply with the for- property from one company to another. malities to build a warehouse—including This year’s report adds a new indicator to In addition, the indicator measures the obtaining necessary licenses and permits, also encompass aspects of the quality of coverage levels attained by land regis- completing required notifications and these systems. The quality of land admin- tration and mapping systems. A land inspections, and obtaining utility connec- istration index measures the reliability, administration system that does not cov- tions. A new indicator added to the set transparency and geographic coverage er the country’s entire territory is unable in this year’s report—the building quality of land administration systems as well to guarantee the protection of property control index—expands the coverage to as aspects of dispute resolution for land rights in areas that lack institutionalized also encompass good practices in con- issues (figure 3.1). This new indicator is information on land. The result is a dual struction regulation (figure 3.3). This new included in the distance to frontier score system, with both formal and informal indicator is part of the distance to frontier and therefore affects the ease of doing land markets. To be enforceable, all score and therefore affects the ease of business ranking. transactions need to be publicly verified doing business ranking. and authenticated at the land registry. Ensuring the reliability of information The building quality control index looks on property titles is a crucial function of Finally, the indicator allows comparative at important issues facing the building land administration systems. To measure analysis of land dispute resolution across community. One is the need for clarity how well these systems are performing economies. It measures the accessibility in the rules, to ensure that regulation of this function, data for the quality of land of conflict resolution mechanisms and construction can fulfill the vital function administration index record the practices the extent of liability for the entities of helping to protect the public from used in collecting, recording, storing and or agents recording land transactions. faulty building practices. To assess this WHAT IS CHANGING IN DOING BUSINESS? 29 two points: whether a final inspection is FIGURE 3.2 Comparing the distance to frontier scores for registering property under required by law to verify that the build- the old and new methodologies ing was built in accordance with the Distance to frontier score for registering approved plans and the building regula- property under new methodology tions; and whether the final inspection 100 required by law is actually carried out (or, 90 if not required by law, commonly occurs 80 in practice). 70 60 The professionals who conduct the 50 inspections play a vital part in ensuring that buildings meet safety standards. 40 So it is important that these profession- 30 als be certified and that they have the 20 necessary technical qualifications. And 10 if safety violations or construction flaws 0 occur despite their efforts, it is important 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance to frontier score for registering to have a well-defined liability and insur- property under old methodology ance structure to cover losses resulting from any structural faults. Source: Doing Business database. Note: Both distance to frontier scores are based on data for 2014. The 45-degree line shows where the scores under the old and new methodologies are equal. The correlation between the two scores is 0.96. The building quality control index covers several points relating to these issues: characteristic, the indicator examines of structural failures later on. The indica- what the qualification requirements are how clearly the building code or building tor covers quality control at three stages: for the professionals responsible for regulations specify the requirements for before, during and after construction. reviewing and approving the architec- obtaining a building permit and how eas- tural plans and for those authorized to ily accessible the regulations are. A measure of quality control before con- supervise or inspect the construction; struction looks at one point: whether a which parties are held legally liable for Beyond measuring the clarity and acces- licensed engineer or architect must verify construction flaws or problems affecting sibility of regulations, the building quality that the architectural plans and drawings the structural safety of the building once control index assesses the effectiveness comply with the building regulations. occupied; and which parties are required of inspection systems. Good inspection Measures of quality control during con- by law to obtain an insurance policy to systems are critical to ensuring public struction examine two points: what types cover possible flaws or problems affect- safety. They can ensure that buildings of inspections (if any) are required by law ing the structural safety of the building comply with proper safety standards, during construction; and whether inspec- once occupied. reducing the chances of structural faults. tions required by law are actually carried And requirements that technical experts out (or, if not required by law, commonly The new index accounts for a quarter of review the proposed plans before con- occur in practice). Measures of quality the distance to frontier score for deal- struction even begins can reduce the risk control after construction also examine ing with construction permits, and the distance to frontier scores under the old FIGURE 3.3 What is being added to dealing with construction permits and new methodologies are significantly correlated (figure 3.4). For a complete discussion of the methodology for the s#LARITYANDACCESSIBILITYOFREGULATIONS indicators on dealing with construction s1UALITYCONTROLBEFORECONSTRUCTION permits, see the data notes. For a fuller s1UALITYCONTROLDURINGCONSTRUCTION discussion of the new indicator and an s1UALITYCONTROLAFTERCONSTRUCTION analysis of the associated data, see the s,IABILITYANDINSURANCEREGIMES case study on dealing with construction permits. s0ROFESSIONALCERTIFICATIONREQUIREMENTS 30 DOING BUSINESS 2016 power outages. To do so, it uses the sys- FIGURE 3.4 Comparing the distance to frontier scores for dealing with construction tem average interruption duration index permits under the old and new methodologies (SAIDI) and the system average inter- Distance to frontier score for dealing with ruption frequency index (SAIFI). SAIDI construction permits under new methodology measures the average total duration of 100 outages, and SAIFI the average number 90 of outages, experienced by a customer 80 over the course of a year. These two 70 measures are typically recorded by utility 60 companies, but collecting the data can 50 be challenging because their availability and quality depend on the utilities’ ability 40 (and resources) to collect the underlying 30 information. 20 10 The SAIDI and SAIFI measures are 0 used to highlight extreme cases of 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance to frontier score for dealing with power outages (as measured against construction permits under old methodology a threshold defined by Doing Business). For economies where power outages are Source: Doing Business database. not extreme, the quality of monitoring Note: Both distance to frontier scores are based on data for 2014. The 45-degree line shows where the scores and the role of the monitoring agency under the old and new methodologies are equal. The correlation between the two scores is 0.92. or regulator become the crucial factors being measured. Data for the reliability of Getting electricity also perceived as important constraints supply and transparency of tariffs index The indicator set on getting electricity on business activity, particularly in the record the methods used by electricity measures the efficiency of the process developing world. To offer a more com- distribution companies to monitor power for obtaining an electricity connection for plete view of the electricity distribution outages and restore power supply and a standardized warehouse—as reflected sector, this year’s report adds two new the role of the regulator in monitoring in the procedures, time and cost required. indicators, the reliability of supply and outages. Data also record the existence While the efficiency of the connection transparency of tariffs index and the price of financial deterrents to limit outages. process has proved to be a useful proxy of electricity (figure 3.5). While the first for the overall efficiency of the electric- indicator is included in the distance to Beyond a reliable electricity supply, trans- ity sector, these measures cover only a frontier score and ease of doing business parency around tariffs is also important small part of the sector’s performance. ranking, the second one is not. for customers, to enable them to forecast Beyond the complexity and high cost of the cost of their energy consumption and getting an electricity connection, inad- To assess the reliability of the electric- deal effectively with future price increas- equate or unreliable power supply and ity supply, Doing Business measures es. Thus the new index also measures the the price of electricity consumption are both the duration and the frequency of accessibility of tariffs to customers and the level of transparency around changes FIGURE 3.5 What is being added to getting electricity in tariff rates. To measure the price of electricity con- s$URATIONANDFREQUENCYOFPOWEROUTAGES sumption, Doing Business records the total s4OOLSTOMONITORPOWEROUTAGES monthly electricity bill for a standardized s4OOLSTORESTOREPOWERSUPPLY warehouse that stores goods and oper- s2EGULATORYMONITORINGOFUTILITIESPERFORMANCE ates in the largest business city of the s&INANCIALDETERRENTSAIMEDATLIMITINGOUTAGES economy (in 11 economies it also collects s4RANSPARENCYANDACCESSIBILITYOFTARIFFS data for the second largest business city). s0RICEOFELECTRICITYCONSUMPTION The price of electricity is presented in cents per kilowatt-hour. (The data on the price of electricity are available on the WHAT IS CHANGING IN DOING BUSINESS? 31 judicial efficiency that goes beyond the FIGURE 3.6 Comparing the distance to frontier scores for getting electricity under the time and cost associated with resolving old and new methodologies a dispute. Advances in technology and in mechanisms for alternative dispute Distance to frontier score for getting electricity under new methodology resolution have changed the face of judi- 100 ciaries worldwide and led to the evolution of new good practices. Expanding the 90 scope of the enforcing contracts indica- 80 tors to cover the use of such practices 70 ensures the continued relevance of these 60 indicators. 50 40 A new indicator, the quality of judicial 30 processes index, measures whether an 20 economy has adopted a series of good practices across four main areas: court 10 structure and proceedings, case manage- 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 ment, court automation and alternative Distance to frontier score for getting dispute resolution. For court structure electricity under old methodology and proceedings the indicator records several aspects, including whether there Source: Doing Business database. Note: Both distance to frontier scores are based on data for 2014. The 45-degree line shows where the scores is a specialized commercial court or divi- under the old and new methodologies are equal. The correlation between the two scores is 0.88. sion and whether a small claims court or simplified procedure for small claims is Doing Business website, at http://www The aim is to capture new and more available. For case management the indi- .doingbusiness.org.) actionable aspects of the judicial system cator records, for example, whether there in each economy, providing a picture of are regulations setting time standards for The reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index accounts for a quarter of the distance to frontier score for getting FIGURE 3.7 What is being added to enforcing contracts electricity, and the distance to frontier scores under the old and new meth- Court structure and Case Court Alternative dispute odologies are significantly correlated proceedings management automation resolution (figure 3.6). For a detailed discussion of Availability of Regulations the methodology for the getting electric- a specialized setting time Ability to file Availability and standards for key initial complaint regulation of ity indicators, see the data notes. For a commercial court electronically arbitration or division court events comprehensive presentation of the new indicators and an analysis of the data, see Availability of a Availability and small claims court Regulations on Ability to serve regulation of the case study on getting electricity. or simplified adjournments process voluntary procedure for and continuances electronically mediation or small claims conciliation Enforcing contracts The enforcing contracts indicators have Availability of Availability performance Ability to pay focused on the efficiency of the com- of pretrial measurement court fees attachment mechanisms electronically mercial court system, measuring the procedures, time and cost to resolve a Criteria used Use of pretrial Publication of commercial dispute between two firms. to assign cases conference judgments to judges This year’s report expands the indicator set to also cover aspects of the quality Availability of an of judicial processes, focusing on well- electronic case management established good practices that promote system quality and efficiency in the court system (figure 3.7). 32 DOING BUSINESS 2016 key court events and whether electronic discussion of the new indicator and an To increase the relevance of the trading case management is available. analysis of the underlying data. across borders indicators, this year’s report changes the standardized case study to For court automation the indicator covers assume different traded products for the such aspects as whether the initial com- INCREASING THE import and export process. In the new plaint can be filed electronically, whether RELEVANCE OF INDICATORS case study each economy imports a ship- process can be served electronically ment of 15 metric tons of containerized and whether the court fees can be paid Using feedback from academics, auto parts from its natural import part- electronically. And for alternative dispute policy makers and other data users, Doing ner—the economy from which it imports resolution the indicator records the avail- Business continually improves its indica- the largest value (price times quantity) of ability of arbitration and voluntary media- tors with the aim of maintaining their auto parts. And each economy exports tion or conciliation and aspects of the relevance. This year’s report introduces the product of its comparative advantage regulation of these methods of dispute substantial changes to the trading across (defined by the largest export value) to its resolution. borders indicators to increase their use- natural export partner—the economy that fulness for policy and research. is the largest purchaser of this product. To The quality of judicial processes index, identify the trading partners and export which replaces the indicator on the num- The trading across borders indicators product for each economy, Doing Business measure the time and cost (excluding collected data on trade flows for the most ber of procedures to enforce a contract, tariffs) associated with exporting and recent four-year period from international accounts for a third of the distance to importing a shipment of goods to and databases such as the United Nations frontier score for enforcing contracts. from the economy’s main trading partner. Commodity Trade Statistics Database Analysis shows significant correlation In past years’ reports the standardized (UN Comtrade). between the distance to frontier scores case study assumed that the goods were under the old and new methodologies one of six preselected products. This The new case study also reflects new (figure 3.8). The data notes provide a represented an important shortcom- assumptions about the mode of transport detailed discussion of the methodology ing, especially for the export process: used in trading across borders. In the for the enforcing contracts indicators, while economies tend to import a bit of previous case study, trade was assumed while the case study on enforcing everything, they export only products of to be conducted by sea, with the implica- contracts provides a more complete comparative advantage. tion that calculations of time and cost for landlocked economies included those associated with border processes in FIGURE 3.8 Comparing the distance to frontier scores for enforcing contracts under transit economies. In the new case study, the old and new methodologies natural trading partners may be neigh- boring economies that can be accessed Distance to frontier score for enforcing contracts under new methodology by land. Thus trade is assumed to be con- 100 ducted by the most widely used mode of 90 transport (whether sea, land, air or some combination of these), and any time and 80 cost attributed to an economy are those 70 incurred while the shipment is within that 60 economy’s geographic borders. 50 40 Because the new methodology also 30 allows for regional trade, it emphasizes 20 the importance of customs unions. One economy receiving a better score under 10 the new methodology is Croatia, which 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 is part of the European Union (figure Distance to frontier score for enforcing 3.9). In the new case study Croatia both contracts under old methodology exports to a fellow EU member (Austria) and imports from one (Germany), and Source: Doing Business database. Note: Both distance to frontier scores are based on data for 2014. The 45-degree line shows where the scores documentary and border compliance under the old and new methodologies are equal. The correlation between the two scores is 0.87. therefore take very little time and cost WHAT IS CHANGING IN DOING BUSINESS? 33 returns for correctness, which may involve FIGURE 3.9 Comparing the distance to frontier scores for trading across borders desk audits, field audits or inspections; under the old and new methodologies the process and time involved in claim- Distance to frontier score for trading ing refunds of value added taxes; and the across borders under new methodology Croatia administrative process and time related to 100 the first level of the tax appeal process. 90 80 For a complete discussion of the method- 70 ology for the paying taxes indicators, see 60 the data notes. 50 40 NOTES 30 20 1. For more information on the Independent Panel on Doing Business and its work, see its 10 website at http://www.dbrpanel.org. 0 2. For more details, see the chapter in Doing 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Business 2014 on research on the effects of Distance to frontier score for trading business regulations. across borders under old methodology Source: Doing Business database. Note: Both distance to frontier scores are based on data for 2014. The 45-degree line shows where the scores under the old and new methodologies are equal. The correlation between the two scores is 0.56. as measured by Doing Business. In the the trading across borders indicators, see old case study, by contrast, Croatia’s the data notes. For an analysis of the data export and import partners were outside for the indicators, see the case study on the European Union, resulting in much trading across borders. greater measures of the time and cost for documentary and border compliance. CHANGES UNDER This year’s report also introduces two CONSIDERATION other changes for the trading across borders indicators. First, it is no longer The paying taxes indicators measure the assumed that payment is made through taxes and mandatory contributions that a letter of credit. And second, while data a medium-size company must pay in a on the documents needed to export and given year as well as the administrative import are still collected, these data are burden of paying taxes and contributions. no longer included when calculating the The indicators now measure only the ranking on the ease of trading across bor- administrative burden associated with ders—because for traders, what matters preparing, filing and paying three major in the end is the time and cost to trade. types of taxes (profit taxes, consumption taxes and labor taxes). But the postfiling The time and cost for documentary and process—involving tax audits, tax refunds border compliance to export and import and tax appeals—can also impose a are part of the distance to frontier score substantial administrative burden on and therefore affect the ease of doing firms. An expansion of the paying taxes business ranking. The time and cost for indicator set to include measures of the domestic transport to export and import postfiling process is under consideration are not included in the distance to frontier for next year’s report. score, though the data for these indica- tors are published in this year’s report. For A new indicator would capture the a fuller discussion of the methodology for process and time related to auditing tax Doing Business 2016 Reforming the business environment in 2014/15 ƒ Doing Business has recorded more than E very year a growing number of Federation, for example, research found 2,600 regulatory reforms making it researchers provide new insights that streamlining licensing procedures easier to do business since 2004. into the relationship between and reducing the number of state inspec- ƒ In the year ending June  1, 2015, changes in domestic business regula- tions required for small businesses helped 122 economies implemented at least tion and important markers of economic these businesses increase annual sales in one such reform in areas measured by prosperity—such as the number of new regions with strong government institu- Doing Business—231 in total. businesses in an economy, the average tions.3 Simplifying licensing requirements size of companies, the productivity of in these regions is associated with a 4.5 ƒ Among reforms to reduce the those companies and average incomes percentage point increase in annual sales complexity and cost of regulatory processes, those in the area of starting nationwide. growth, while reducing the number of a business were the most common in state inspections per business led to a 12 2014/15, just as in the previous year. While there are many determinants of percentage point increase. The next most common were reforms economic growth, there is mounting in the areas of paying taxes, getting evidence that improving the regula- While there is clear evidence that stream- electricity and registering property. tory environment for domestic small lining regulatory procedures can encour- and medium-size businesses can make age business entry, business growth and ƒ Among reforms to strengthen legal a difference. Recent research shows rising incomes, it is just as important to institutions in 2014/15, the largest that moving from the lowest quartile of identify any obstacles that could prevent number was recorded in the area of getting credit and the smallest in the improvement in business regulation to regulatory reform from delivering these area of resolving insolvency. the highest one is associated with an benefits. Regulatory reform is only as increase of around 0.8 percentage points effective as its implementation. Without ƒ Members of the Organization for in an economy’s annual GDP per capita a robust and efficient judicial system, the Harmonization of Business Law growth rate.1 New research evidence entrepreneurs cannot trust that the rights in Africa were particularly active: 14 also suggests that an important determi- and responsibilities articulated in new of the 17 economies implemented nant of firm entry is the ease of paying laws and regulations will be respected business regulation reforms in the taxes, regardless of the corporate tax in practice. Not surprisingly, researchers past year—29 in total. Twenty-four of rate. A study of 118 economies over six have found that stronger legal systems these reforms reduced the complexity and cost of regulatory processes, years found that a 10% reduction in the are positively correlated with greater while the other five strengthened legal administrative burden of tax compliance creation, growth and productivity of institutions. —as measured by the number of tax pay- businesses. ments per year and the time required to ƒ Sub-Saharan Africa alone accounted pay taxes—led to a 3% increase in annual One way that a strong legal system for about 30% of the regulatory business entry rates.2 supports the creation and growth of busi- reforms making it easier to do business nesses is by improving contract enforce- in 2014/15, followed closely by Europe Clear regulations and simple bureaucratic ment. According to recent research in and Central Asia. processes are important in part because 38 European countries, legal systems they mitigate risks for entrepreneurs, that resolve incoming cases quickly are new and experienced alike. Research strongly correlated with confidence in evidence shows that reforms intended to contract enforcement.4 Where contract encourage new business entry also help enforcement is reliable, hiring new people existing businesses grow. In the Russian or purchasing new equipment is less REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 35 risky.5 In turn, acquiring new employees productive businesses—and it is estimat- and capital eases business entry and ed that the productivity gains associated WHO IMPROVED THE MOST facilitates business growth. with moving from worst to best practice IN 2014/15? in judicial quality would increase state The importance of a robust legal system to GDP by as much as 8%. In the year from June  1, 2014, to June  1, a thriving business environment is particu- 2015, Doing Business recorded 231 regula- larly evident at the subnational level, where Of course, the judicial system is not the tory reforms making it easier to do business varied implementation of national policies only public institution that can influ- —with 122 economies implementing at in different court jurisdictions can help ence the implementation of regulatory least one. About 71% of these reforms identify the effect of regulatory reforms. reform for small businesses. In Russia, were aimed at reducing the complexity For example, recent research in Spain found for example, evidence shows that regu- and cost of regulatory processes, while that provinces with more efficient judicial latory reform to encourage business the rest were focused on strengthening systems had larger firms as well as higher entry was most successful in regions legal institutions (table 4.1). This pattern, rates of firm entry.6 In fact, if the least effi- with greater government transparency, similar to that in previous years, reflects cient provincial court improved to the a more educated citizenry and greater the greater difficulty of implementing legal level of the most efficient one, its province fiscal autonomy.9 In a region meeting reforms and the time required to change would see a relative increase in firm size of these criteria, the probability of fully the way that legal institutions function. 0.6–2.8% and a relative increase in busi- implementing reforms was expected to ness entry rate of 8.8–9.5%. be 8 percentage points higher, and the Sub-Saharan Africa alone accounted for probability of meeting business entry about 30% of the regulatory reforms mak- These findings are supported by similar targets 11 percentage points higher. ing it easier to do business in 2014/15, research in other countries. One study Moreover, the share of new firms using followed closely by Europe and Central focused on Italy, where resolving a illegitimate business licenses was Asia. Moreover, Europe and Central Asia commercial dispute through the courts expected to be 52 percentage points had both the largest share of economies in 2013 took an average of 1,210 days lower in a good-governance region. implementing at least one reform and as measured by Doing Business—about the largest average number of regulatory three times as long as for a similar case Beyond high-quality government insti- reforms per economy, with 2.3 (figure 4.1). in Germany or the United Kingdom.7 So it tutions, this body of research underlines Nine economies in the region imple- is perhaps unsurprising that firms in Italy the importance of political will for the mented at least three reforms; Kazakhstan are 40% smaller on average than those success of reform efforts. In Tanzania, accounted for the largest number, with in other European countries. Research for example, the government’s Property seven. Latin America and the Caribbean found that halving the length of civil and Business Formalization Program and East Asia and the Pacific had the proceedings in Italian courts would lead was a landmark initiative aimed at smallest shares of economies implement- to an 8–12% increase in average firm size bringing street vendors into the formal ing regulatory reforms, and the OECD in the municipalities affected. Conversely, business sector.10 Because of conflict- high-income group the smallest average if the performance of the most efficient ing priorities, however, the program number of reforms per economy (only municipal court declined to the level of was never implemented. Its future suc- 0.7). The Middle East and North Africa the least efficient one, this would be likely cess will depend on renewed political was also among the regions with a small to reduce the average firm size in that commitment. number of reforms per economy (1.1). municipality by 23%. That said, Morocco and the United Arab Research has revealed many potential Emirates each implemented four. The relationship between judicial quality benefits of a business-friendly regulatory and firm size has also been established in environment, including greater business The 10 economies showing the most Mexico, where strong judicial systems are entry and stronger business growth notable improvement in performance on correlated with greater firm size in terms and productivity. Studies have also the Doing Business indicators in 2014/15 of output, employment and fixed assets.8 underlined the institutional and political were Costa Rica, Uganda, Kenya, Cyprus, Research shows that if the Mexican state obstacles that prevent promising regula- Mauritania, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, with the worst judicial quality improved tory reforms from fully materializing. Jamaica, Senegal and Benin (table 4.2). its performance to match that of the As researchers continue to probe the These countries together implemented 39 state with the best judicial quality, the relationship between regulatory reform business regulation reforms across 10 of the average firm size in that state would and its outcomes, the Doing Business areas measured by Doing Business. Senegal double. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Mexican indicators continue to contribute to this (with four reforms) and Benin (with three) states with better courts also have more area of analysis. join the list of top improvers for the second 36 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Among the 10 top improvers, Costa Rica TABLE 4.1 Reforms making it easier to do business in 2014/15 and in the past made the biggest advance toward the reg- five years ulatory frontier, thanks to three business Average annual Economy regulation reforms. The electricity utility in Number of number of improving the reforms in reforms in past most in area in Costa Rica made getting a new connection Area of reform 2014/15 five years 2014/15 easier by reducing the time required for Complexity and cost of regulatory processes preparing the design of the external con- Starting a business 45 46 Myanmar nection works and for installing the meter Dealing with construction permits 17 18 Serbia and starting the flow of electricity. In addi- Getting electricity 22 14 Oman tion, Costa Rica improved access to credit by adopting a new secured transactions Registering property 22 22 Saudi Arabia law that establishes a functional secured Paying taxes 40 33 Serbia transactions system and a modern, cen- Trading across borders 19 20 Armenia tralized, notice-based collateral registry. Strength of legal institutions The law also broadens the range of assets Getting credit—legal rights 10 11 Costa Rica that can be used as collateral, allows a Getting credit—credit information 22 21 Kenya and Uganda general description of assets granted as collateral and permits out-of-court Protecting minority investors 14 16 Honduras enforcement of collateral. Finally, Costa Enforcing contracts 11 12 Italy Rica made it easier to pay taxes by pro- Resolving insolvency 9 16 Cyprus moting the use of its electronic filing and Source: Doing Business database. payment system for corporate income tax and general sales tax. consecutive year. Senegal made starting a made property transfers less costly by business easier by reducing the minimum lowering the property transfer tax. Senegal Overall, the 10 top improvers imple- capital requirement. The electricity utility also made enforcing contracts easier, by mented the most regulatory reforms in in Senegal made getting a new connection introducing a law that regulates judicial and the area of starting a business, followed less time-consuming by streamlining the conventional voluntary mediation. Among by getting credit, getting electricity and review of applications and the process for other changes, Benin made dealing with registering property. Among the five that the final connection as well as by reducing construction permits less time-consuming are Sub-Saharan African economies, all the time needed to obtain an excavation by establishing a one-stop shop and reduc- implemented reforms aimed at improving permit. The utility also lowered the secu- ing the number of signatories required on company registration processes. Kenya rity deposit required. In addition, Senegal building permits. reduced the time it takes to assess and pay stamp duty. Mauritania eliminated FIGURE 4.1 Europe and Central Asia had the largest share of economies making it the minimum capital requirement, while easier to do business in 2014/15 Senegal lowered it. Uganda introduced an online system for obtaining trading Share of economies with at least one reform making it Average number of licenses. Benin and Uganda both reduced easier to do business (%) reforms per economy business incorporation fees. 100 5 These five Sub-Saharan African economies 80 4 also introduced changes in other areas. 60 3 Kenya made property transfers faster by 2.3 improving electronic document manage- 40 2 ment at the land registry and introducing 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 a unified form for registration. Kenya also 20 0.7 0.8 1 improved access to credit information, by 0 0 passing legislation that allows the sharing of Europe & South Asia Sub-Saharan OECD Middle East & East Asia Latin America positive information and by expanding bor- Central Asia Africa high income North Africa & Pacific & Caribbean rower coverage. In Uganda the electricity Share of economies with at least one reform Average number of reforms per economy utility reduced delays for new connections by deploying additional customer service Source: Doing Business database. engineers and reducing the time needed REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 37 TABLE 4.2 The 10 economies improving the most across three or more areas measured by Doing Business in 2014/15 Reforms making it easier to do business Ease of doing Dealing with Protecting Trading business Starting a construction Getting Registering Getting minority Paying across Enforcing Resolving Economy rank business permits electricity property credit investors taxes borders contracts insolvency Costa Rica 58 ✔ ✔ ✔ Uganda 122 ✔ ✔ ✔ Kenya 108 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Cyprus 47 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Mauritania 168 ✔ ✔ ✔ Uzbekistan 87 ✔ ✔ ✔ Kazakhstan 41 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Jamaica 64 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Senegal 153 ✔ ✔ ✔ ✔ Benin 158 ✔ ✔ ✔ Source: Doing Business database. Note: Economies are selected on the basis of the number of their reforms and ranked on how much their distance to frontier score improved. First, Doing Business selects the economies that implemented reforms making it easier to do business in 3 or more of the 10 areas included in this year’s aggregate distance to frontier score. Regulatory changes making it more difficult to do business are subtracted from the number of those making it easier. Second, Doing Business ranks these economies on the increase in their distance to frontier score from the previous year. The improvement in their score is calculated not by using the data published in 2014 but by using comparable data that capture data revisions and methodology changes. The choice of the most improved economies is determined by the largest improvements in the distance to frontier score among those with at least three reforms. for the inspection and meter installation. the debtor’s business during insolvency regulatory reform in the past year, they By eliminating inefficiencies, the utilities in proceedings and allow creditors greater made the biggest advances toward the Kenya and Senegal also reduced the time participation in important decisions dur- frontier in regulatory practice (figure 4.2). required for getting new connections. ing the proceedings; and establishing a By contrast, among the three economies public office responsible for the general worldwide that are closest to the frontier, Besides Costa Rica, Jamaica is the only administration of insolvency proceedings. Singapore implemented no reforms other economy in Latin America and the in 2014/15 in the areas measured by Caribbean that made it to the list of 10 Three of the 10 top improvers reformed Doing Business while New Zealand and top improvers. Jamaica made starting a their contract enforcement system. Denmark implemented one reform each. business easier by launching an electronic Both Cyprus and Kazakhstan introduced Conversely, three other economies that interface between the Companies Office fast-track simplified procedures for made substantial advances toward the and the Tax Administration. It made small claims. In addition, Kazakhstan frontier—Myanmar, Brunei Darussalam dealing with construction permits easier streamlined the rules for enforcement and the Democratic Republic of Congo— by implementing a new workflow for proceedings. Three of the top improvers are not considered top improvers processing building permit applications. implemented reforms aimed at improving because they implemented fewer than Jamaica made paying taxes both easier their insolvency framework in 2014/15, three reforms making it easier to do busi- and less costly by encouraging taxpayers up from only one in the previous year. ness, with two each. to pay their taxes online, introducing an Mauritania and Benin are the only top employment tax credit and increasing improvers that reformed their internation- the depreciation rate for industrial build- al trade practices. Mauritania reduced the HIGHLIGHTS OF REFORMS ings. At the same time, however, Jamaica time for documentary and border compli- REDUCING REGULATORY also introduced a minimum business ance for importing, while Benin reduced COMPLEXITY AND COST tax, raised the contribution rate for the the time for border compliance for both national insurance scheme and increased exporting and importing by further devel- In 2014/15, 106 economies imple- the rates for stamp duty, the property tax, oping its electronic single-window system. mented 165 reforms aimed at reducing the property transfer tax and the educa- the complexity and cost of regulatory tion tax. Finally, Jamaica made resolving Being recognized as top improvers does processes. Almost 30% of the reforms insolvency easier by introducing a formal not mean that these 10 economies have were in Sub-Saharan Africa. Among the reorganization procedure; introducing exemplary business regulation; instead, areas tracked by Doing Business indica- provisions to facilitate the continuation of it shows that thanks to serious efforts in tors, starting a business accounted for 38 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 4.2 How far have economies moved toward the frontier in regulatory practice since 2014? Distance to frontier score 100 Regulatory frontier Hong Kong SAR, China New Zealand Singapore United Kingdom Korea, Rep. United States Macedonia, FYR Denmark Taiwan, China United Arab Emirates Sweden Norway Finland Germany Australia Slovak Republic Canada Malaysia Lithuania Estonia Ireland Netherlands Czech Republic Iceland Austria Switzerland Portugal Russian Federation Georgia Latvia Mauritius Poland Slovenia France Kazakhstan Montenegro Armenia Puerto Rico (U.S.) Romania Bulgaria Japan Spain Mexico Bosnia and Herzegovina Hungary Belgium Croatia Thailand Belarus Moldova Colombia Cyprus Kyrgyz Republic Luxembourg Costa Rica Italy Chile Mongolia Azerbaijan Peru Brunei Darussalam 75 Trinidad and Tobago Israel Turkey Dominican Republic Rwanda Jamaica Greece Serbia South Africa Bahrain Kosovo San Marino Botswana Saudi Arabia Panama Morocco Guatemala Bhutan Qatar El Salvador Tunisia St. Lucia Oman Uzbekistan Ukraine Tonga Malta Dominica Vietnam China Uruguay Vanuatu Fiji 50 2015 2014 25 0 Source: Doing Business database. Note: The distance to frontier score shows how far on average an economy is at a point in time from the best performance achieved by any economy on each Doing Business indicator since 2005 or the third year in which data for the indicator were collected. The measure is normalized to range from 0 to 100, with 100 representing the frontier. The vertical bars show the change in the distance to frontier score from 2014 to 2015; for more details, see the note to table 1.1 in the overview. The 25 economies improving the most are highlighted in red. the largest number of these reforms, recorded by Doing Business, is the most to do business—such as Azerbaijan; followed by paying taxes, getting elec- likely to be paired with other areas. For Hong Kong SAR, China; and Kazakhstan. tricity and registering property. The few- example, more than half the economies And still others considerably reduced est were in trading across borders and with a reform in the area of dealing with the time required to register a company, dealing with construction permits. The construction permits also had a reform in including the former Yugoslav Republic of reforms in all these areas allow entre- the area of starting a business. So did more Macedonia, Mongolia and Sweden. preneurs to save on the time and cost than half the economies that had a reform of regulatory compliance—and these in the area of getting electricity. And more Myanmar made the biggest improve- time and cost savings translate directly than a third of economies that reformed ment in the ease of starting a business into greater profitability for private busi- in the area of registering property also in 2014/15. Besides eliminating its mini- nesses and greater fiscal productivity for reformed their company start-up process. mum capital requirement, it also lowered governments. incorporation fees and abolished the Streamlining business requirement to have separate temporary Moreover, economies that implemented incorporation and permanent certificates of incorpora- reforms reducing the complexity and Economies across all regions continue to tion. FYR Macedonia, another economy cost of regulatory processes in one area streamline the formalities for registering a that notably improved the ease of start- measured by Doing Business were also business. In 2014/15, 45 economies made ing a business, established an electronic likely to do so in at least one other. Indeed, starting a business easier by reducing the one-stop shop for registering all new more than 40% of these economies had procedures, time or cost associated with firms. The registration is done entirely on reforms reducing regulatory complexity the process. Some reduced or eliminated an electronic platform through a certified and cost in at least two areas, and more the minimum capital requirement— government agent, who is authorized to than 20% had such reforms in at least including Gabon, Guinea, Kuwait, prepare an application, draft and review three areas. Starting a business, as the Mauritania, Myanmar, Niger and Senegal. company deeds, and convert paper docu- area with the largest number of reforms Others stopped requiring a company seal ments into a digital format. Once all the REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 39 St. Vincent and the Grenadines Antigua and Barbuda Albania Iran, Islamic Rep. Solomon Islands Bahamas, The Seychelles West Bank and Gaza St. Kitts and Nevis Paraguay Philippines Samoa Namibia Zambia Swaziland Sri Lanka Kuwait Egypt, Arab Rep. Nepal Indonesia Honduras Argentina Ecuador Barbados Lesotho Cabo Verde Kenya Papua New Guinea Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Jordan Ghana Nicaragua Mozambique Brazil Cambodia Marshall Islands Uganda Lebanon Maldives Belize Tajikistan Lao PDR São Tomé and Príncipe Burkina Faso Côte d’Ivoire Grenada India Sierra Leone Tanzania Pakistan Guyana Palau Gambia, The Malawi Syrian Arab Republic Ethiopia Zimbabwe Kiribati Burundi Mali Comoros Senegal Suriname Madagascar Togo Yemen, Rep. Bolivia Mauritania Myanmar Timor-Leste Central African Republic Equatorial Guinea Benin Sudan Cameroon Algeria Bangladesh Gabon Guinea Niger Nigeria Congo, Rep. Guinea-Bissau Congo, Dem. Rep. Djibouti Iraq Afghanistan Liberia Venezuela, RB Angola Haiti South Sudan Chad Libya Eritrea information is prepared, the agent digital- the capital required (figure 4.3). The take time to change (for more on this, see ly signs the forms and submits the entire Democratic Republic of Congo reduced the case study on starting a business). registration packet to the Central Register its minimum capital requirement from on behalf of the company founders. The 500% of income per capita in 2014 Consolidating procedures for new process eliminated the requirement to 11%—and Burkina Faso reduced its building permits for notary services to register a business, requirement from 308% of income per In 2014/15, 17 economies reformed thereby reducing the number of proce- capita to 29%. their construction permitting process. dures, time and cost required for start-up. Several of them streamlined internal FYR Macedonia now ranks number two OHADA also recommends that national review processes for building permit on the ease of starting a business, after governments eliminate the requirement applications, making them faster and New Zealand. for the use of notary services in company more efficient. Benin created a one-stop registration. The majority of member shop for building permits that began In recent years substantial regulatory states have followed this recommenda- operating in January 2015 and reduced reform efforts have been undertaken by tion, allowing companies to register at a the number of signatories required on the 17 member states of the Organization one-stop shop either online or in person building permits from five to two. Sri for the Harmonization of Business Law without resorting to the use of notary Lanka created a working group of differ- in Africa, known by its French acronym services. But many entrepreneurs in ent agencies involved in issuing building OHADA (box 4.1). Among other things, OHADA economies still prefer to solicit permits so that applicants no longer need the organization has encouraged mem- notary services both out of habit and to to obtain approvals from them separately. ber states to reduce their minimum capi- ensure that the registration process runs The United Arab Emirates combined civil tal requirements. Four member states smoothly. As experience in other econo- defense approvals with the building per- passed national legislation to this effect mies shows, the practice of using notary mit application process. in 2013/14. Seven did so in 2014/15, services can be deeply rooted in the resulting in substantial reductions in start-up process and business habits can 40 DOING BUSINESS 2016 BOX 4.1 OHADA members continue to systematically improve their business environment OHADA is a supranational entity that governs certain aspects of doing business in 17 West and Central African countries.a Member states voluntarily sacrifice some sovereign authority in order to establish a homogeneous cross-border regulatory regime for business. The aim is to promote investment in West and Central Africa, particularly foreign investment.b Efforts by OHADA member states to streamline and standardize regulatory processes have helped make it easier to do business. In 2014/15 Doing Business recorded business regulation reforms in 14 of the 17 OHADA member states—29 in total. Twenty-four of these reforms reduced the complexity and cost of regulatory processes, while the other five strengthened legal institutions. Only Cameroon, the Central African Republic and Equatorial Guinea did not reform in any of the areas measured by Doing Business in the past year. Nearly a third of the business regulation reforms implemented by OHADA members in 2014/15 made it easier for entrepreneurs to start a business. Seven OHADA members reduced their minimum capital requirement—Burkina Faso, the Comoros, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabon, Guinea, Niger and Senegal. Benin made starting a business less costly by reducing the fees to file company documents at its one-stop shop. Togo reduced the fees to register with the tax authority. At the same time, six OHADA members implemented reforms making it less costly to register a property transfer. Chad, the Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon and Senegal lowered their property transfer tax rates. Guinea-Bissau lowered its proper- ty registration tax. Three other OHADA members implemented reforms making it easier to deal with construction permits. Benin established a one-stop shop and reduced the number of signatories required for a building permit. The Democratic Republic of Congo halved the cost of the permit itself. Niger reduced the time required to obtain a water connection for a business. These ongoing efforts have paid off. Since 2006 OHADA members have reduced the time to start a business by more than 60% on average, the time to register property by 25% and the time to deal with construction permits by 26% (see figure). The overall time to start a business, register property and deal with construction permits has fallen by 31% on average, and the overall cost by 68%. OHADA members have made big improvements in the average efficiency of some regulatory processes since 2006 67 93 231 days days days 26 70 172 Reduced the time it takes to Reduced the time it takes to Reduced the time it takes to start a business by register property by deal with construction permits by 61% 25% 26% Source: Doing Business database. Other regulatory reforms implemented in OHADA members in 2014/15 made it easier to get electricity or trade across borders. The utility in Senegal made getting an electricity connection easier by reducing the time needed to obtain an excavation permit. The utility in Togo streamlined the process for getting a new connection through several initiatives—including by establishing a single window where customers can pay all fees at once—and also reduced the size of the security deposit required. Côte d’Ivoire made it easier to trade across borders by streamlining the documentation required for certain imports. Among the reforms aimed at strengthening legal institutions in 2014/15, Mali and Niger improved access to credit information by formalizing the licensing process and role for domestic credit bureaus. Côte d’Ivoire and Senegal made contract enforcement more efficient by introducing laws regulating judicial and conventional voluntary mediation. Reforming legal institutions is not an easy undertaking and commonly takes years to yield noticeable results. But improving the quality, efficiency and reliability of courts and legal frameworks in the OHADA member states would boost investor confidence and thus help to accelerate growth and development. a. The 17 members of OHADA are Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, the Comoros, the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal and Togo. b. Dickerson 2005. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 41 Making access to electricity FIGURE 4.3 Seven OHADA member states reduced their minimum capital requirement in 2014/15 faster and more efficient Doing Business recorded 22 reforms Minimum capital requirement making it easier to get electricity in (% of income per capita) 500 2014/15. Most of the reforms reduced the number of days required to complete 400 a certain procedure, including those in Botswana; Cyprus; Taiwan, China; Togo; 300 and Vietnam. Togo undertook a range of initiatives to expedite new electricity 200 connections (figure 4.5). Among other 100 changes, its electricity utility, Compagnie Energie Electrique du Togo (CEET), 0 established a single window to process Congo, Niger Guinea Burkina Faso Comoros Gabon Senegal Dem. Rep. applications for commercial customers. 2014 2015 This new system fast-tracked document processing, substantially reducing the Source: Doing Business database. number of days required to get an elec- tricity connection. Azerbaijan was among those making the one-stop shop, seven procedures were biggest improvements in the ease of deal- consolidated into one (figure 4.4). To further reduce the time needed to get ing with construction permits. The country a new connection, Togo introduced legal initiated a series of changes in January Technical experts at the one-stop shop time requirements that CEET must meet 2013, when its new Urban Planning and have 30 days to examine all the appli- when processing new applications and Construction Code came into effect. The cation materials for a building permit. providing connection estimates. To meet new construction code consolidated pre- An application is normally reviewed the time objectives, the utility company vious construction legislation, streamlined within 20 days. If the review turns up any hired more engineers in 2014/15. It also procedures related to the issuance of shortcomings, the applicant is contacted improved communication with custom- building permits and established official directly to make any necessary changes ers. For example, the utility began to pub- time limits for certain procedures. A within 10 days. Otherwise, the building lish information online and to distribute decree adopted in November 2014 result- permit is issued within three months. pamphlets outlining all the requirements ed in the creation of a one-stop shop for for applying for a new connection. As a building permits, housed at the Ministry of result, the number of incomplete and Emergency Situations. unprocessed applications has decreased. Before the creation of the one-stop shop, applicants for a building permit FIGURE 4.4 Azerbaijan’s one-stop shop combined seven procedures into a single step in Azerbaijan had to obtain technical in 2014/15 approval for designs from six separate { agencies.11 Now they can obtain all the Architecture and city building approval preapprovals required through a single Fire safety clearance interaction at the Ministry of Emergency Baku City 2. Submission Sanitation and Situations. Representatives of different Executive of request epidemiology clearance Authority Ministry of agencies are located at the ministry and Emergency Water and sewerage Situations clearance able to issue all the required clearances, one-stop shop including ecology, sanitation and epide- Ecology and natural 3. Permit resources approval miology, and fire and seismic safety. In Construction safety expert addition, the newly streamlined process ! opinion eliminated the requirement to register 1. Preapproval Project registration with the approved project documentation construction safety agency with the State Supervision Agency for Construction Safety. As a result of the Source: Doing Business database. 42 DOING BUSINESS 2016 In Cambodia and Oman changes were FIGURE 4.5 Togo reduced the time required to obtain an electricity connection by a made to improve the reliability of power third supply. In January 2015 the utility in Oman began recording the duration and frequen- Time to get electricity (days) cy of outages to compute the annual sys- 80 tem average interruption duration index 70 (SAIDI) and system average interruption 60 Procedure 4 frequency index (SAIFI).12 This enabled 50 eliminated and total the utility to analyze outage data, identify 40 time cut from 74 days to 51 and eliminate inefficiencies and accurately 30 assess the impact of these initiatives on 20 the distribution network. 10 0 Integrating property Submit application, Receive external Receive external Receive meter registration systems await estimate and sign inspection by CEET connection works by CEET, installation, final contract with CEET meter installation, final connection and flow of Twenty-two economies made register- connection and flow of electricity (2014) electricity (2015) ing a property transfer easier in 2014/15. The most common improvements Procedures included reducing property transfer 2014 2015 taxes, combining or eliminating registra- Source: Doing Business database. tion procedures, integrating electronic platforms, introducing expedited pro- cedures and making general gains in In addition, regulatory changes have devices, thereby eliminating redundant administrative efficiency. reduced the number of interactions inspections. The utility in Senegal, by required between CEET and its custom- hiring more personnel, reduced the Kazakhstan and Bhutan were among ers when they apply for an electric- time needed to review applications and the economies that made the biggest ity connection. Customers can now pay issue technical studies. improvements in the ease of registering connection fees, security deposits and property in 2014/15. In December 2014 subscription contract fees all at once. In Another common feature of electricity Kazakhstan eliminated the need to obtain addition, the external connection works reforms in the past year was improve- an updated technical passport for a prop- and meter installation can now be com- ment in the efficiency of distribution erty transfer as well as the requirement to pleted through a single interaction with utilities’ internal processes. For example, get the seller’s and buyer’s incorporation the utility. in December 2014 the utility in Botswana documents notarized. These measures began to enforce service delivery time- eliminated one procedure and reduced Elsewhere, utilities in India and Russia lines for its customer services team, the time required for a property transfer reduced the time required to obtain an leading to a reduction in the time required by 6.5 days (figure 4.6). electricity connection by eliminating to connect to electricity from 121 days to redundant inspections, while utilities 77. The utility also started to maintain Bhutan launched an online land trans- in such countries as Senegal undertook a readily available stock of distribution action system, E-Saktor, in 2014. The commitments to process new applica- transformers. By eliminating the need new system connects the databases tions more quickly. The utility in Delhi to wait for transformers imported from of the Thimphu Municipality and the eliminated an inspection of internal overseas, this led to a further reduction in National Land Commission. This has wiring by the Electrical Inspectorate, the time required. helped streamline internal procedures by cutting out the need for additional allowing users to check information on customer interactions with other agen- Other economies made getting an property boundaries and ownership. In cies. Now the utility is the only agency electricity connection easier by eliminat- addition, the system allows land transac- certifying the safety standards of the ing redundant approval requirements. tions to be submitted electronically to the internal works. In Russia utility com- Myanmar substantially reduced the time National Land Commission for approval. panies in Moscow and St.  Petersburg for getting a new connection in Yangon Landowners can use the online platform signed cooperation agreements with by eliminating the need for the Ministry to see whether all transactions related electricity providers and became of Electric Power to issue national-level to their land are carried out in accor- the sole agencies checking metering approvals for each connection request. dance with legal requirements. Thanks REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 43 taxpayers to retrieve previous years’ FIGURE 4.6 Kazakhstan made registering a property transfer faster and easier VAT forms electronically and use them Time to register property (days) to automatically populate some of the 14 fields in the current year’s forms. In 12 addition, Spain extended and promoted One procedure the use of electronic invoicing beginning 10 eliminated, and total time reduced in January 2013,13 though the majority 8 by 6.5 days of companies started using electronic 6 invoices only in fiscal 2014. Altogether, these initiatives have made it easier to 4 comply with VAT obligations and file 2 VAT returns. 0 Obtain technical Obtain Get sale-purchase Register title at passport for the property nonencumbrance agreement notarized the Registration In line with its intention to reduce the tax certificate Service Committee burden on domestic enterprises, Spain Procedures reduced the corporate income tax rate 2014 2015 for new companies incorporated on or after January  1, 2013.14 Subsequently, Source: Doing Business database. it reduced the effective rate for capital gains tax from 24% to 8%. Spain also to improved communication between and tax arrears. The adoption of the reduced the environmental tax rate in the municipality and the National Land new form eliminated the requirement to 2014. These changes to the corporate tax Commission, the land registry was able obtain three separate nonencumbrance regime reduced the total tax rate (figure to enhance its services and reduce the certificates. 4.7). At the same time, however, other time required to transfer property by 15 measures limited the deductibility of days. Introducing electronic filing for certain expenses to broaden the tax base tax compliance for corporate income tax. Among regions, Sub-Saharan Africa Spain was among the economies accounted for the most reforms relating that made the greatest advances in The most common feature of reforms to the transfer of property in 2014/15. For tax payment systems in 2014/15. It in the area of paying taxes over the example, Nigeria reduced the consent fee implemented a comprehensive tax past year was the implementation and stamp duty paid during a property reform program in 2014 aimed at sup- or enhancement of electronic filing transfer. Cabo Verde, Chad, the Republic porting entrepreneurs and encouraging and payment systems. Besides Spain, of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Gabon, Guinea- investment. The objective was both to 17 other economies introduced or Bissau, Madagascar and Senegal made streamline and simplify tax compliance enhanced systems for filing and paying property transfers less costly by lowering and to reduce the effective tax burden taxes online (see table 4A.1 at the end of property transfer taxes. on businesses. In the same year Spain this chapter). Taxpayers in these econo- launched Cl@ve, an integrated online mies now file tax returns electronically, Six economies in Europe and Central Asia platform for the entire public adminis- spending less time to prepare, file and simplified property transfers by eliminat- trative sector. The new system made pay taxes. Beyond saving businesses ing unnecessary procedures and reducing accessing electronic services provided time, electronic filing also helps prevent the time required to complete separate by public agencies substantially easier. human errors in returns. And by increas- registration formalities. For example, ing transparency, electronic filing limits Belarus and Russia introduced effective Among other things, the new system opportunities for corruption and bribery. time limits for the state registration of a introduced a new way of submitting tax property transfer. Latvia introduced a new returns online and retrieving historical Four economies—The Gambia; Hong application form for the state registration, data electronically. It also provides Kong SAR, China; Maldives; and eliminating the requirement to submit a individualized information on tax Vietnam—took other measures to sim- statement of the buyer’s shareholders procedures. In addition, in 2014 Spain plify compliance with tax obligations. as a separate document. Uzbekistan simplified compliance with value added For example, The Gambia improved its introduced a new form for property tax (VAT) obligations by introducing a bookkeeping system for VAT accounts to records, which incorporated informa- single electronic form within the Cl@ve better track the input and output records tion on all encumbrances, restrictions system. The new system also enables required for filing VAT returns. 44 DOING BUSINESS 2016 in both São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro in FIGURE 4.7 Spain has made complying with tax obligations easier for companies 2014/15. The Bureau of Foreign Trade and Payments (number per year) Secretariat of the Federal Revenue began Total tax rate (% of profit) Time (hours per year) implementing the electronic system in 70 350 April 2014 to link customs, tax and admin- 60 300 istrative agencies involved in exporting. The 50 250 system now allows exporters to submit declarations and other related documents 40 200 electronically rather than in hard copy. 30 150 Although hard copies are still accepted 20 100 during this first year of the program, most 10 50 exporters have completely converted to the 0 0 new electronic system. 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Payments Total tax rate Time Yet the full potential of digitization and Source: Doing Business database. electronic data interchange systems is not realized immediately. Implementing the systems takes time and involves changes Other economies directed efforts at In most economies where the authorities in operational practices, in training and, reducing the financial burden of taxes on have opted to reduce the tax burden on in some cases, in the work habits of businesses and keeping tax rates at a rea- the business community, they have also staff. Benin successfully implemented an sonable level to encourage development attempted to broaden the tax base and electronic single-window system in 2012. of the private sector and formalization of protect government revenue. In a few cases In the past year, however, it consider- businesses. This is particularly important in recent years, particularly in economies ably expanded the digitization of trade for small and medium-size enterprises, where tax rates are very high, the motiva- procedures for both exports and imports which contribute to growth and job cre- tion has been more closely linked to reduc- through the single window. The customs ation but do not add significantly to tax ing distortions, such as high levels of tax authority is now required to accept only revenue.15 Seventeen economies reduced evasion or a sizable informal sector. electronic supporting documents for profit tax rates in fiscal 2014. Norway the single invoice and other documents reduced the corporate income tax rate Unleashing international trade submitted before the customs declaration. from 28% to 27%. Portugal made paying In the area of trading across borders, the This resulted in a substantial reduction of taxes less costly by both lowering the reforms recorded by Doing Business in time for customs procedures—three years corporate income tax rate and increasing 2014/15 span a wide range—from build- after the launch of the online platform. the allowable amount of the loss carried ing or improving hard or soft infrastruc- forward. Brunei Darussalam, Greece, ture for trade to joining customs unions, Tunisia also improved international trade Jamaica, Mozambique, the Slovak digitizing documentation and introducing practices in the past year. The country facil- Republic and Vietnam also reduced the risk-based inspection systems. These itated trade through the port of Rades by effective financial burden of profit taxes varied endeavors highlight the complex- increasing the efficiency of its state-owned on companies by introducing changes to ity of international trade. They also speak port handling company and by invest- tax depreciation rules or deductions. to changes introduced this year in the ing in port infrastructure. One important methodology used to measure the time structural improvement at the port was the The Bahamas, Greece, Malaysia, Russia and cost for trading across borders. extension of the dock to increase terminal and Spain reduced taxes other than profit Under the new methodology Doing capacity. The improvements in hard and and labor taxes. Malaysia reduced the Business also considers trade over land soft infrastructure at the port reduced property tax rate from 12% to 10% of the between neighboring economies, adding border compliance time for both exporting annual rental value for commercial prop- a new feature of reform: regional trade and importing, saving traders in Tunisia 48 erties for 2014. Greece made insurance facilitation agreements. hours per shipment (figure 4.8). premiums fully tax deductible in addition to reducing property tax rates. Finally, Brazil is among the economies investing in Guatemala and Tanzania are among econ- some economies eliminated smaller taxes. electronic systems to facilitate trade. An omies that improved soft infrastructure for Mexico abolished the business flat tax, and online platform has minimized bureaucracy trade by allowing electronic submission Kosovo abandoned the practice of levying and streamlined transactions, reducing and processing of documents as well as an annual business license fee. customs clearance time for exporters by using online platforms for the exchange REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 45 unified, online collateral registry. This kind FIGURE 4.8 Port improvements cut 48 hours from the time for importing auto parts of reform makes it easier for creditors to from Paris to Tunis provide loans to small and medium-size 2014 enterprises that lack real estate and can provide only movable assets as collateral. Customs clearance As a result of recent reforms, pledges over Handling and inspections and inspections movable assets in Costa Rica, El Salvador Paris at the port of Rades Tunis Domestic transport: 2 hours, $104 and Hong Kong SAR, China, can now be registered online by the contracting par- Border compliance: 128 hours, $596 ties or their representatives. In Costa Rica and El Salvador rights created under finan- Documentary compliance: 27 hours, $144 cial leases, factoring agreements and sales 2015 with retention of title are also documented in this registry. Customs clearance Handling and inspections and inspections In Madagascar a new law broadened Paris at the port of Rades Tunis the range of assets that can be used as Domestic transport: 2 hours, $104 collateral by including future assets. The Border compliance: 80 hours, $596 new law also allows a general descrip- tion of assets granted as collateral as Documentary compliance: 27 hours, $144 well as a general description of debts and obligations. Mexico and Russia also Source: Doing Business database. introduced new legislation allowing a general description of assets granted as of information between agencies involved amounting to 66 reforms in total. The larg- collateral. in international trade. On February 2014 est number of reforms was recorded in the Guatemala launched the “Customs with- area of getting credit. Of the 32 reforms Costa Rica improved the legal rights of out Paper” program to promote the elec- in this area, 14 were implemented in Sub- borrowers and lenders the most in the tronic submission of customs documents Saharan Africa. About 64% of the reforms past year. Public officials developed a through a web portal and to eliminate the in the area of enforcing contracts were sound legal framework to support the submission of hard copies. Online submis- implemented in Europe and Central Asia, implementation of a modern secured sion of customs declarations for exports along with 4 of the 9 reforms in the area transactions system. Thanks to a new law and imports has been compulsory for of resolving insolvency. No insolvency on movable property guarantees, all types Guatemalan traders since January 2015. reforms were recorded in the Middle East of movable assets, present and future, The program was rolled out gradually: and North Africa or South Asia in 2014/15. may now be used as collateral to secure it started at the Puerto Barrios customs Finally, 14 reforms were implemented in a loan.16 The law also regulates functional office in March 2014 and was fully imple- the area of protecting minority investors. equivalents to more traditional securities, mented in all customs offices by July 2015. such as assignments of receivables and Tanzania implemented an online system By contrast with the reforms reducing the sales with retention of title. In addition, it for processing trade-related documents complexity and cost of regulatory process- allows out-of-court enforcement of col- in July 2014. The Tanzania Customs es, those strengthening legal institutions lateral, through both public auction and Integrated System (TANCIS) links several reflect no clear pattern of pairing. Only 9 private sale (table 4.3). This means that if agencies, eliminating the need for traders of the 53 economies that strengthened a debtor should default, a secured creditor to visit these agencies in person. legal institutions in one area measured by can now recover the unpaid loan without Doing Business also did so in another. going to court. The creditor can do so through any type of asset sale, rather than HIGHLIGHTS OF REFORMS Strengthening frameworks for being restricted to cumbersome public STRENGTHENING LEGAL secured transactions auctions. Similar legislative changes were INSTITUTIONS Ten economies reformed secured transac- adopted by El Salvador. By approving their tions legislation or strengthened credi- new laws, Costa Rica and El Salvador In 2014/15, 53 economies implemented tors’ rights in bankruptcy procedures in joined Colombia, Honduras and Jamaica reforms aimed at strengthening legal insti- 2014/15. Most of these reforms were as pioneers of the modern secured tutions and streamlining legal frameworks, aimed at developing a geographically 46 DOING BUSINESS 2016 them by adopting regulations enabling TABLE 4.3 Costa Rica’s previous and new legal frameworks for secured transactions the creation of new credit bureaus. Latvia Previous framework New framework adopted a credit bureau law with the aim Is there a functional secured transactions system? of promoting responsible borrowing and No. Yes. lending while protecting the rights of bor- Is the collateral registry unified or centralized geographically for the entire economy? rowers. The law sets out a legal frame- No. Yes. work for establishing, organizing and supervising credit information bureaus. Is the collateral registry notice-based? Namibia improved access to credit No. Yes. information by legally guaranteeing bor- Does the registry have a modern online system (such as for registrations and amendments)? rowers’ right to inspect their own data. No. Yes. Peru fully implemented its new law on Can security rights in future assets be described in general terms? personal data protection, which requires No, detailed description of the Yes, general description allowed by law. stronger safeguards in the administration assets required by law. of borrowers’ personal data. Can security rights in a combined category of assets be described in general terms? No, detailed description of the Yes, general description allowed by law. Two member states of the Central Bank assets required by law. of West African States (BCEAO), Mali Can security rights in a single category of assets be described in general terms? and Niger, adopted the Uniform Law No, detailed description of the Yes, general description allowed by law. on the Regulation of Credit Information assets required by law. Bureaus—joining Côte d’Ivoire and Can parties agree to enforce the security rights out of court? Senegal, which did so in 2013/14. In addi- No, out-of-court enforcement Yes, out-of-court enforcement tion, in January 2015 BCEAO selected not permissible by law. of the collateral allowed. the joint venture Creditinfo VoLo as the Source: Doing Business database. accredited company to operate the new credit information bureau in the member transactions system in the Southern Similarly, the credit bureau or registry in countries. The bureau is expected to be Hemisphere. the Lao People’s Democratic Republic, fully operational very soon. Mauritania, Rwanda, Uganda and Costa Rica also launched a centralized, Vietnam expanded coverage to at least Sub-Saharan Africa was the region with web-based collateral registry in May 5% of the adult population. the largest number of reforms focused 2015. The registry allows online access on improving the availability of credit to register movable collateral as well Afghanistan, the Comoros, Guyana, information. In Rwanda, Zambia and as to modify, update or cancel existing Lesotho and the Seychelles all estab- Zimbabwe credit scoring was introduced registrations. It also allows the general lished a new credit bureau or registry as a value added service to banks and public to conduct online searches, thus in 2014/15. Afghanistan’s central bank other financial institutions, supporting promoting transparency in secured lend- launched the country’s first credit reg- their ability to assess the creditworthi- ing by alerting third parties to existing istry, which banks can consult before ness of potential borrowers. rights in assets. issuing new loans. The new registry in the Comoros began distributing information Elsewhere, credit bureaus in Cyprus and Advancing credit information on bank loans and outstanding payments the Kyrgyz Republic began distribut- systems in November 2014. The new credit ing both positive and negative credit Twenty-two economies implemented bureaus in Guyana and Lesotho—the first information on borrowers—and the one reforms improving their credit informa- for both countries—started full opera- in Cyprus began reporting five years of tion system in 2014/15. Kenya and tions in May 2015. The new registry in credit history on both borrowers and Uganda made the largest improvement the Seychelles facilitates the exchange guarantors to banks and other financial in credit reporting by expanding borrower of credit information by distributing both institutions. In Mongolia the credit reg- coverage. The credit reference bureau in positive and negative data on firms and istry started distributing credit data from Kenya started to collect positive credit individuals and by providing online access retailers and utility companies. Lao PDR information in addition to negative credit for banks and other financial institutions. began requiring loans of all sizes to be information in 2014 and expanded its included in the credit registry’s database. borrower coverage to 14.8% of the Five economies improved their regulatory adult population as of January 2015. framework for credit reporting, three of REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 47 Protecting rights of minority FIGURE 4.9 Honduras strengthened minority investor protections in 2014/15 for the shareholders first time in more than 10 years Honduras made the most noteworthy Index score improvement in minority investor protec- (0–10) tions in 2014/15. Five years ago sev- 10 eral pieces of legislation in Honduras were quite old; some had not been updated 8 since 1948.17 The June 2014 Law for the Creation of Jobs, Fostering of Private 6 Initiative, Formalization of Businesses 4 and Protection of Investor Rights there- fore marked an important milestone in 2 reforming the business environment in 0 Honduras. The 2014 law, which amends 0 Extent of Extent of Ease of Extent of Extent of Extent of several articles of the Honduran Code disclosure index director shareholder shareholder ownership corporate of Commerce, directly addresses the liability index suits index rights index and control transparency index index approval of related-party transactions, 2014 2015 shareholders’ right to initiate an action and sue directors, and their right to inspect Source: Doing Business database. certain internal company documents before initiating any formal legal action. corporate decisions—for example, requir- in the previous year, the implementation of ing shareholders’ approval for major sales electronic filing was a common feature of The new law introduces several other of company assets. Lithuania adopted the reforms. Two economies—Georgia and improvements in minority investor pro- amendments to its Stock Company Law Italy—made their courts more efficient by tections. It stipulates that transac- that prohibit subsidiaries from acquiring introducing electronic systems. As a result, tions representing more than 5% of a and owning shares issued by their par- litigants can now file initial complaints elec- company’s assets must be authorized ent company, resulting in greater clarity tronically. Besides expediting the filing and by its shareholders and that interested of ownership and interests. Kazakhstan service process, electronic filing systems directors must abstain from voting in this introduced amendments to its Joint in courts also increase transparency, limit case. It also prohibits shareholders who Stock Company law requiring disclosure opportunities for corruption and prevent have a self-interest contrary to that of the of information about transactions with the loss, destruction or concealment of company from voting on related resolu- related parties within 72 hours. court records. tions. In addition, the new law allows the court to declare a transaction involving Elsewhere, Madagascar amended its Law Overall, however, the implementation of a conflict of interest void if plaintiffs can on Commercial Companies to require alternative dispute resolution (ADR) mech- show that the transaction resulted in directors with a conflict of interest to fully anisms was the most common feature of a financial loss to the company and its disclose the nature of their interest to the reforms in contract enforcement in the past shareholders.18 As a result of these and board of directors. Nigeria introduced new year. The availability of ADR creates a better other amendments, Honduras improved rules requiring that related-party transac- environment for business.19 ADR processes its score on all three indices measuring tions be subject to external review and to lower the direct and indirect costs that the regulation of conflicts of interest approval by disinterested shareholders. businesses incur in enforcing contracts and inside companies (figure 4.9). Rwanda updated its company law to resolving disputes—and provide redress allow holders of 10% of a company’s more quickly and inexpensively than main- Thirteen other economies also strength- share capital to call for an extraordinary stream court processes, especially where ened minority investor protections in meeting of shareholders and to require cost is driven by formal procedures. ADR 2014/15. Among them, Albania intro- board members to disclose information can also improve the efficiency of court duced a requirement for immediate dis- about their other directorships and their systems by reducing the backlog of disputes closure of related-party transactions to primary employment. before the courts. Three economies—Côte the public. Spain adopted a law amend- d’Ivoire, Latvia and Senegal—increased the ing its Capital Companies Act with the Introducing mechanisms of efficiency of their judiciary in 2014/15 by aim of improving corporate governance. alternative dispute resolution introducing consolidated laws on specific The amendment directly addresses Doing Business recorded 11 reforms making ADR mechanisms. These initiatives led to shareholders’ rights and role in important it easier to enforce contracts in 2014/15. As higher scores on the new quality of judicial 48 DOING BUSINESS 2016 processes index for all three economies commercial arbitration or mediation in creditors. The filing of a proposal or of an (figure 4.10). one source makes these mechanisms intent to submit a proposal automatically more accessible, and increasing acces- puts on hold all other actions against the Côte d’Ivoire has made reforms in the sibility may lead to broader use of ADR. debtor. Among other improvements, judiciary a priority in recent years. By the new act follows international good 2012 Côte d’Ivoire had created special- Other reforms that improved the ease of practices on facilitating the continuous ized commercial courts to deal with enforcing contracts in 2014/15 focused operation of debtors during insolvency business disputes and appointed profes- on increasing access to justice and facili- proceedings. It also allows courts to sional judges to work with lay judges. tating the resolution of small disputes. invalidate undervalued transactions con- These measures reduced the time to Cyprus and Kazakhstan introduced cluded by debtors within a year before resolve a dispute as measured by Doing simplified procedures to handle small insolvency proceedings are commenced, Business from 770 days in 2011 to 585 claims, reducing backlog at the main permits the insolvency representative to days in 2013. By mid-2014 Côte d’Ivoire trial court and contributing to procedural request new financing after the proceed- had introduced further improvements by efficiency. These simplified procedures ings are commenced and grants priority adopting a law regulating conventional provide a mechanism for quick and to claims of post-commencement credi- and judicial mediation in both commer- inexpensive resolution of legal disputes tors. Adoption of the new act substan- cial and civil cases. It also established involving small sums of money. Small tially improved Jamaica’s score on the several institutions to provide mediation claims courts and procedures usually use strength of insolvency framework index services. informal hearings, simplified rules of evi- (table 4.4). dence and more streamlined rules of civil Latvia adopted a new law consolidat- procedure. They also typically allow the Most other insolvency reforms recorded ing provisions that regulate arbitration. parties to represent themselves, keeping by Doing Business in 2014/15 also focused Previously, arbitration had been regulated institutional litigators out of court. on introducing new reorganization by a few provisions scattered across differ- procedures or improving the existing ent legislative instruments and therefore Saving viable businesses reorganization framework. Chile and was scarcely used. Latvia also adopted a through reorganization Cyprus introduced court-supervised comprehensive new law on mediation. In 2014/15 Doing Business recorded reorganization procedures. Kazakhstan The law introduces incentives for parties 9 reforms making it easier to resolve began allowing creditors to commence to attempt mediation, including a partial insolvency. Caribbean economies con- reorganization proceedings, while refund of state fees if mediation is suc- tinued to make remarkable progress. In Rwanda introduced protections for credi- cessfully completed. Having all substan- the previous year Trinidad and Tobago tors who vote against a reorganization tial and procedural provisions regulating and St.  Kitts and Nevis had modern- plan. Romania introduced time limits on ized their insolvency frameworks. In the reorganization process. 2014/15 Jamaica and St.  Vincent and FIGURE 4.10 ADR initiatives in three the Grenadines adopted new insol- Several insolvency reforms recorded in countries helped improve their scores vency laws. A common feature of these 2014/15 were aimed at facilitating the on the new quality of judicial processes reforms was the introduction of in-court continuation of the debtor’s business index reorganization mechanisms as an alter- during insolvency proceedings. Cyprus Quality of judicial processes native to liquidation, so that insolvent and Rwanda introduced provisions allow- index (0–18) companies can continue to operate. All ing the invalidation of preferential and 18 four economies have also updated their undervalued transactions concluded by 16 liquidation proceedings, bringing them the debtor before the commencement 14 into closer conformity with international of insolvency proceedings. Chile prohib- 12 good practices. ited the termination of contracts on the 10 grounds of insolvency. 8 6 The new Insolvency Act of Jamaica, 4 adopted in October 2014, serves as a The change in Chile came as part of a new 2 good illustration of the Caribbean reform insolvency law that took effect in October 0 agenda. The new act introduced the 2014. The new law streamlined all provisions Côte Latvia Senegal d’Ivoire option of reorganization for commercial related to reorganization and liquidation pro- 2014 2015 entities. A debtor or an insolvency ceedings, emphasizing the reorganization of representative can present a reorganiza- viable businesses as a preferred alternative Source: Doing Business database. tion proposal to all or only some of the to liquidation. Following international good REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 49 wage regulation, labor arbitration, the TABLE 4.4 Jamaica’s previous and new legal frameworks for insolvency calculation of overtime pay and grounds for Previous framework New framework the termination of employment. It also lifted Can a debtor initiate reorganization proceedings? prohibitions on concurrent employment. No reorganization available. Yes. Italy adopted the Jobs Act in December Do creditors vote on the reorganization plan? 2014, which provides an overarching No reorganization available. Yes, and only creditors whose rights are framework for changes in unemploy- affected by the proposed plan vote on it. ment insurance, employment contracts, How do creditors vote on the reorganization plan? and maternity and paternity leave. FYR No reorganization available. Creditors are divided into classes Macedonia amended provisions governing and the plan is approved by a simple social contributions, employment con- majority of creditors in each class. tracts, annual leave, overtime work, health Can a debtor obtain credit after the commencement of insolvency proceedings? inspections and labor disputes. No specific provisions. New financing after the commencement of insolvency proceedings is available, and creditors providing post-commencement finance are granted priority over claims of existing creditors. NOTES Can a court invalidate undervalued transactions concluded before insolvency? 1. Divanbeigi and Ramalho 2015. No specific provisions. Yes. 2. Braunerhjelm and Eklund 2014. Source: Doing Business database. 3. Yakovlev and Zhuravskaya 2013. 4. Ippoliti, Melcarne and Ramello 2014. 5. Dougherty 2014. 6. Garcia-Posada and Mora-Sanguinetti 2015. practices, the new law improved creditors’ prohibited fixed-term contracts for 7. Giacomelli and Menon 2013. participation in the insolvency proceedings permanent tasks, while Lao PDR capped 8. Dougherty 2014. and introduced many new provisions on the duration of renewable fixed-term 9. Yakovlev and Zhuravskaya 2013. 10. Lyons 2013. reorganization, including minimum stan- contracts (previously unlimited) at 36 11. The six agencies are the State Examination dards and voting procedures. It also created months. Latvia continued to relax its Head Office, the State Fire Control Service, a public office responsible for the general labor market regulation by increasing the the State Supervision Agency for Construction Safety, the Engineering Geological Center, the administration of proceedings and estab- maximum duration of a single fixed-term Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources, lished specialized courts with exclusive contract from 36 months to 60. and the Hygiene and Epidemiology Center at jurisdiction over insolvency cases. the Ministry of Public Health. 12. SAIDI is the average total duration of outages Four economies changed rules governing over the course of a year for each customer Changing labor market dismissals. Italy adopted new legisla- served, while SAIFI is the average number regulation tion to simplify redundancy rules and of service interruptions experienced by a customer in a year. Doing Business records The Doing Business indicators on labor encourage out-of-court reconciliation of these measures for the largest business city market regulation have historically dismissals, reducing the time and cost of each economy and, in 11 economies, for the measured the flexibility of the regula- to resolve labor disputes. Lao PDR elimi- second largest business city as well. 13. See Royal Decree 1619/2012. tory framework as it relates to hiring, nated the requirement to seek third-party 14. The rate was reduced from the standard rate work scheduling and redundancy. Over approval when dismissing fewer than 10 of 30% to a special rate of 15% for the first the past two years the coverage of the employees and reduced severance pay- €300,000 and 20% thereafter. 15. Ayyagari, Demirguc-Kunt and Maksimovic indicators has been expanded to also ments for employees with 5 and 10 years 2011; Fox and Murray 2013. capture different aspects of job qual- of tenure. Croatia eliminated the require- 16. Ley de Garantías Mobiliarias was passed by ity. In 2014/15 Doing Business recorded ment to retrain or reassign employees the Costa Rican Congress on May 7, 2014, and entered into force on May 20, 2015. several reforms relating to workers’ before they can be made redundant. And 17. World Bank 2010, p. 50. eligibility for different benefits as well as Portugal introduced priority rules apply- 18. See articles 151, 210 and 222 of the Honduran workplace equality and social protection. ing to individual dismissals. These regu- Code of Commerce, as amended. 19. Rozdeiczer and Alvarez de la Campa 2006. For example, Morocco implemented an lations provide employers with several unemployment insurance scheme, while criteria to use when making decisions on Georgia and New Zealand increased the dismissals, with performance being the length of paid maternity leave. most important one. Four economies revised hiring rules in In addition, three economies made impor- 2014/15. Germany introduced a first- tant changes to their labor laws in 2014/15. ever national minimum wage. Ecuador Belarus amended provisions relating to 50 DOING BUSINESS 2016 TABLE 4A.1 Who reduced regulatory complexity and cost or strengthened legal institutions in 2014/15—and what did they do? Feature Economies Some highlights Making it easier to start a business Simplified preregistration and Algeria; Angola; Azerbaijan; Belarus; Benin; Brunei Angola reduced the fees to register a company. Estonia began allowing registration formalities (publication, Darussalam; Cambodia; Democratic Republic of minimum capital to be deposited at the time of company registration. notarization, inspection, other Congo; Ecuador; Estonia; Germany; India; Jamaica; Kenya launched government service centers offering company requirements) Kazakhstan; Kenya; Moldova; Mongolia; Morocco; preregistration services in major towns. Myanmar eliminated the need Myanmar; Slovak Republic; Sweden; Togo; Ukraine for separate temporary and permanent certificates of incorporation. Abolished or reduced minimum Burkina Faso; Comoros; Democratic Republic of India eliminated its minimum capital requirement. Kuwait reduced its capital requirement Congo; Gabon; Guinea; India; Kuwait; Mauritania; requirement. Myanmar; Niger; Senegal Introduced or improved online Belarus; Denmark; Indonesia; Lithuania; FYR Uganda introduced an online system for obtaining a trading license. procedures Macedonia; Norway; Russian Federation (Moscow); Belarus expanded the geographic coverage of online registration and San Marino; Uganda; Ukraine; Uzbekistan improved online services. Cut or simplified postregistration Cambodia; Hong Kong SAR, China; Indonesia Hong Kong SAR, China, eliminated the requirement for a company procedures (tax registration, social (Jakarta); Philippines; Rwanda; Sri Lanka; seal. Rwanda eliminated the need for new companies to open a bank security registration, licensing) Uzbekistan; Vietnam account in order to register for VAT. Created or improved one-stop shop Benin; Cambodia; Slovak Republic; Uzbekistan Benin reduced the fees for filing documents with the one-stop shop. Cambodia simplified company name checks at the one-stop shop. Making it easier to deal with construction permits Streamlined procedures Algeria; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Benin; Jamaica; Algeria eliminated the legal requirement to provide a certified Kazakhstan; Mauritius; Niger; Sri Lanka; Turkey; copy of a property title when applying for a building permit. Sri United Arab Emirates; West Bank and Gaza Lanka streamlined the internal review process for building permit applications. Reduced time for processing permit Benin; Georgia; Jamaica; Montenegro; Sri Lanka Georgia reduced the official time limit for issuing building permits from applications 10 days to 5. Montenegro finished implementing amendments to the Law on Spatial Planning and Construction, which established a 30-day time limit for issuing building permits. Adopted new building regulations Armenia; Azerbaijan; Rwanda; Serbia Rwanda adopted a new building code and new urban planning regulations in May 2015. Improved building quality control Armenia; Serbia Armenia exempted lower-risk projects from requirements for approval process by an independent expert and for technical supervision of construction. Introduced or improved one-stop Azerbaijan; Benin Azerbaijan established a one-stop shop for issuing preapprovals shop for project documentation. Benin established a one-stop shop and reduced the number of signatories required for a building permit. Reduced fees Democratic Republic of Congo; Serbia The Democratic Republic of Congo halved the cost to obtain a building permit. Serbia eliminated the land development tax for warehouses. Making it easier to get electricity Improved process efficiency Bhutan; Botswana; Costa Rica; Cyprus; Hong Kong The utility in Kenya reduced delays for new connections by enforcing SAR, China; Kenya; Lithuania; Malta; Morocco; service delivery timelines and hiring contractors for meter installation. Myanmar; New Zealand; Poland; Taiwan, China; The utility in Poland reduced delays in processing applications for new Uganda; United Arab Emirates; Vietnam connections by increasing human resources and enforcing the legal time limit to issue technical conditions. Improved regulation of connection Russian Federation; Senegal The tariff setting committees for Moscow and St. Petersburg revised processes and costs the connection fee structure, reducing the cost of getting a new connection. In Senegal the utility reduced the security deposit by revising the calculation formula. Facilitated more reliable power Cambodia; Oman The utility in Oman started fully recording the duration and frequency supply and transparency of tariffs of outages to compute annual SAIDI and SAIFI. Streamlined approval process India; Togo In Delhi the utility eliminated the internal wiring inspection by the Electrical Inspectorate. In Mumbai the utility improved internal work processes and coordination, reducing the procedures and time to connect to electricity. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 51 TABLE 4A.1 Who reduced regulatory complexity and cost or strengthened legal institutions in 2014/15—and what did they do? Feature Economies Some highlights Making it easier to register property Computerized procedures Belgium; Bhutan; Kenya; Kyrgyz Republic; Saudi Bhutan introduced a new computerized land information system Arabia; Switzerland connecting the municipality to the cadastre. Switzerland introduced a national database to check for encumbrances. Reduced taxes or fees Cabo Verde; Chad; Republic of Congo; Côte The Republic of Congo lowered the property transfer tax from 15% of d’Ivoire; Gabon; Guinea-Bissau; Madagascar; the property value to 7%. Senegal reduced the property transfer tax Nigeria; Senegal from 10% of the property value to 5%. Combined or eliminated procedures Kazakhstan; Latvia; Morocco; Uzbekistan Latvia introduced a new application form for property transfers. Kazakhstan eliminated the requirements to obtain a technical passport for a property transfer and to get the seller’s and buyer’s incorporation documents notarized. Morocco established electronic communication links between different tax authorities. Increased transparency Vanuatu Vanuatu introduced a specific and separate mechanism for complaints by appointing a land ombudsman. Introduced fast-track procedures Belarus Belarus introduced a fast-track procedure for property registration. Set effective time limits Russian Federation Russia passed a new law setting shorter time limits for property transfer procedures. Making it easier to pay taxes Introduced or enhanced electronic Costa Rica; Cyprus; Indonesia; Jamaica; Malaysia; Serbia introduced an online system for filing and paying VAT and social systems Montenegro; Morocco; Mozambique; Peru; Poland; security contributions in 2014. Indonesia introduced an online system Rwanda; Serbia; Slovak Republic; Spain; Tajikistan; for filing and paying social security contributions. Uruguay; Vietnam; Zambia Reduced profit tax rate Angola; Bangladesh; Brunei Darussalam; Finland; Norway reduced the corporate income tax rate from 28% to 27% France; The Gambia; Guatemala; Hong Kong SAR, for 2014. Tunisia reduced the corporate income tax rate from 30% to China; Jamaica; Norway; Portugal; Slovak Republic; 25% for the same year. Spain reduced the corporate income tax rate Spain; Swaziland; Tunisia; United Kingdom; Vietnam for companies incorporated after January 1, 2013, from the standard rate of 30% to 15% for the first €300,000 and 20% thereafter. Reduced labor taxes and China (Shanghai); Colombia; France; Greece; Romania reduced the social security contribution rate paid by mandatory contributions Indonesia; Mexico; Romania; United Kingdom employers from 20.8% to 15.8% from October 1, 2014. Allowed more deductible expenses Brunei Darussalam; Greece; Jamaica; Mozambique; Portugal allowed 100% of loss carried forward to be deducted for the or depreciation Portugal; Slovak Republic; Vietnam calculation of taxable profit from January 1, 2014. Brunei Darussalam increased the initial capital allowance for industrial buildings from 20% to 40% and the annual allowance from 4% to 20% for 2014. Reduced taxes other than profit tax The Bahamas; Greece; Malaysia; Russian Malaysia reduced the property tax rate from 12% to 10% of the and labor taxes Federation; Spain annual rental value for commercial properties for 2014. Merged or eliminated taxes other Brunei Darussalam; Kosovo; Mexico; Serbia Mexico abolished the business flat tax on January 1, 2014. Serbia than profit tax abolished the urban land usage fee starting January 1, 2014. Simplified tax compliance process The Gambia; Hong Kong SAR, China; Maldives; The Gambia improved its bookkeeping system for VAT accounts to Vietnam better track the requisite input and output records for filing VAT returns. Vietnam reduced the number of VAT filings for companies with an annual turnover of 50 billion dong (about $2.3 million) or less from monthly to quarterly. Making it easier to trade across borders Introduced or improved electronic The Bahamas; Benin; Brazil; Côte d’Ivoire; Ghana; Brazil implemented the electronic SISCOMEX Portal system, reducing submission and processing of Guatemala; Madagascar; Mali; Mauritania; the time required for customs clearance and document preparation documents Suriname; Tajikistan; Tanzania; Togo and submission for exports. Tajikistan made it possible to submit customs declarations electronically for both exports and imports. Introduced or improved risk-based Albania Albania implemented a risk-based inspection system at Port of Durres inspections and reduced border compliance time for exports. Strengthened transport or port Madagascar; Tunisia; Vanuatu Vanuatu invested in infrastructure at the port of Vila, increasing the infrastructure port’s efficiency for imports. Improved port procedures Oman; Qatar Oman reduced port handling time for exports and imports by transferring cargo operations from Sultan Qaboos Port to Sohar Port. Entered a customs union with Armenia Armenia joined the Eurasian Economic Union, leading to reductions in major trading partner the time and cost for document preparation, customs clearance and inspections in trade (export and import) with Russia. Reduced documentary burden Mauritania Mauritania eliminated requirements for two import documents. 52 DOING BUSINESS 2016 TABLE 4A.1 Who reduced regulatory complexity and cost or strengthened legal institutions in 2014/15—and what did they do? Feature Economies Some highlights Strengthening legal rights of borrowers and lenders Created a unified or modern Costa Rica; El Salvador; Hong Kong SAR, China; El Salvador established a registry for security interests in movable collateral registry for movable Indonesia; Liberia; Russian Federation; Uzbekistan property as part of its registry of commerce. property Allowed general description of El Salvador; Kazakhstan; Mexico; Russian Mexico implemented new laws allowing a general description of assets assets granted as collateral Federation; Uzbekistan granted as collateral. Expanded range of movable assets El Salvador; Madagascar; Mexico; Russian Madagascar introduced a new law broadening the range of assets that that can be used as collateral Federation; Uzbekistan can be used as collateral to secure a loan. Introduced a functional secured Costa Rica; El Salvador Costa Rica adopted a new law establishing a modern legal framework transactions system for secured transactions, including functional equivalents to loans secured with movable property. Allowed out-of-court enforcement Costa Rica; El Salvador El Salvador adopted a new law allowing secured creditors to enforce of security their security interest out of court, through a public or private auction. Improving the sharing of credit information Established a new credit bureau Afghanistan; Comoros; Guyana; Lesotho; Seychelles Afghanistan’s central bank established a new credit registry that or registry banks can consult to assess the creditworthiness of consumer and commercial borrowers. Expanded scope of information Cyprus; Kyrgyz Republic; Lao PDR; Mongolia; West In the Kyrgyz Republic the credit bureau Ishenim began distributing collected and reported by credit Bank and Gaza information related to on-time loan repayment patterns in its credit bureau or registry reports. Improved regulatory framework for Latvia; Mali; Namibia; Niger; Peru Latvia adopted a credit bureau law setting out a legal framework for credit reporting establishing, licensing and supervising credit information bureaus. Introduced bureau or registry credit Rwanda; Zambia; Zimbabwe Rwanda’s credit bureau implemented a credit scoring service in May scores as a value added service 2015. Expanded borrower coverage by Kenya; Lao PDR; Mauritania; Rwanda; Uganda; Kenya expanded the number of borrowers listed by its credit reference credit bureau or registry Vietnam bureau with information on their borrowing history from the past five years to more than 5% of the adult population. Strengthening minority investor protections Increased disclosure requirements Albania; Azerbaijan; Honduras; Kazakhstan; Albania introduced a requirement for immediate disclosure of the for related-party transactions Madagascar; Nigeria terms of related-party transactions as well as the nature and object of the conflict of interest. Nigeria introduced new rules requiring that related-party transactions be subject to external review and to approval by disinterested shareholders. Enhanced access to information in Honduras; Kazakhstan; Zimbabwe Kazakhstan introduced provisions making it easier for shareholders shareholder actions to compel broad categories of documents at trial without having to identify specific dates and titles. Increased director liability Honduras; Ireland; FYR Macedonia Honduras introduced a new law allowing shareholders representing at least 5% of a company’s share capital to bring an action for damages against its directors. Expanded shareholders’ role in Arab Republic of Egypt; Kazakhstan; Lithuania; Spain introduced provisions requiring a general meeting of company management Rwanda; Spain; United Arab Emirates shareholders to decide on the acquisition or disposal of assets representing more than a quarter of a company’s total assets. Making it easier to enforce contracts Expanded the framework for Côte d’Ivoire; Latvia; Senegal Côte d’Ivoire, Latvia and Senegal introduced laws regulating voluntary alternative dispute resolution mediation. Latvia also passed a new arbitration law. Expanded court automation Armenia; United Arab Emirates Armenia introduced a computerized system that randomly assigns cases to judges in the Yerevan Court of First Instance. The United Arab Emirates implemented an electronic notification system allowing the initial summons to be served electronically. Introduced a small claims court or Cyprus; Kazakhstan Cyprus and Kazakhstan both introduced a fast-track procedure for a dedicated procedure for small small claims and allow litigants to represent themselves during this claims procedure. Introduced electronic filing Georgia; Italy Georgia and Italy both introduced an electronic filing system for commercial cases, allowing attorneys to submit the initial summons online. Made enforcement of judgment Croatia; Romania Croatia introduced an electronic system to handle public sales. more efficient Romania expanded the role of the bailiff and made the use of an electronic auction registry mandatory. REFORMING THE BUSINESS ENVIRONMENT IN 2014/15 53 TABLE 4A.1 Who reduced regulatory complexity and cost or strengthened legal institutions in 2014/15—and what did they do? Feature Economies Some highlights Making it easier to resolve insolvency Improved provisions on treatment Chile; Jamaica; Romania; Rwanda; St. Vincent and Chile made continuation of the debtor’s business during insolvency of contracts during insolvency the Grenadines; Vietnam proceedings easier by prohibiting termination of contracts on the grounds of insolvency. Improved the likelihood of Chile; Cyprus; Jamaica; Kazakhstan; Romania; Kazakhstan introduced provisions allowing debtors to apply for post- successful reorganization St. Vincent and the Grenadines commencement finance with corresponding priority rules and allowing creditors to initiate reorganization proceedings. Regulated the profession of Jamaica; Moldova; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; Moldova created governing and supervisory bodies for the profession insolvency administrators Vietnam of insolvency administrators, introduced a licensing system and stricter admission rules and created a centralized registry of authorized insolvency administrators. Introduced a new restructuring Cyprus; Jamaica; St. Vincent and the Grenadines Cyprus established a reorganization procedure for insolvent but viable procedure companies. Streamlined and shortened time Chile; Romania; Vietnam Romania introduced shorter time frames for several stages of frames for insolvency proceedings reorganization proceedings as well as a three-year time limit for implementing the reorganization plan. Strengthened creditors’ rights Cyprus; Jamaica; St. Vincent and the Grenadines Jamaica granted individual creditors the right to request information from the insolvency representative on the debtor’s business and financial affairs. Changing labor legislation Altered hiring rules Ecuador; Germany; Lao PDR; Latvia Germany introduced a minimum wage. Latvia increased the maximum duration of a single fixed-term contract from 36 months to 60. Altered work scheduling rules Belarus; Hungary; FYR Macedonia Hungary adopted legislation limiting the operating hours for retail shops. Changed redundancy cost or Croatia; Italy; Lao PDR; Portugal Lao PDR eliminated the requirement for third-party approval before procedures an employer can dismiss one worker or a group of nine workers and reduced the severance payment for employees with 5 and 10 years of tenure. Reformed legislation regulating Belarus; Italy; FYR Macedonia; Morocco Morocco implemented an unemployment insurance scheme. worker protection and social benefits Source: Doing Business database. Note: Reforms affecting the labor market regulation indicators are included here but do not affect the ranking on the ease of doing business. Doing Business 2016 Starting a business Third-party involvement in company formation ƒ Most of the cost of starting a business S tarting a business in Haiti takes 12 whose services are either required by law or comes from the fees of third-party procedures and more than three desirable because of regulatory complexity professionals such as lawyers and months. Formal registration of a (figure 5.1).5 notaries. company is so complicated that the pro- ƒ Entrepreneurs use third-party services cess cannot be completed without using Even where the use of third parties is not in business start-up mostly because the services of third parties—lawyers and explicitly required, unnecessary bureau- the process is too complex. notaries. Company statutes are often cratic steps and long delays at government drafted by an attorney, then need to be agencies can create ample opportunities ƒ Economies with greater third-party certified by a notary before being submit- for corruption and bribery—and provide involvement in business incorporation tend to have more businesses ted for incorporation. The result is an an additional incentive for involving third operating in the informal sector. They additional cost burden for entrepreneurs parties early in the start-up process. While also tend to have less accessible laws trying to navigate the complex process to administrative delays at some govern- and regulations and less efficient enter the formal sector. In New Zealand, ment agencies may reflect meticulous due systems of civil justice. by contrast, an entrepreneur can complete diligence, research has found that entry the entire process of company formation regulation can serve as a mechanism for ƒ Notary services are used in business in just a few hours through a single online rent extraction, with heavier regulation start-up in 76 of the 189 economies procedure. There are many reasons why correlated with greater corruption and a covered by Doing Business. Haiti has far fewer registered limited larger informal sector.6 ƒ Latin America and the Caribbean has liability companies relative to population the largest share of economies where size—only 6 per 100,000 working-age By capturing the steps in the process legal services are used in the start-up people in 2012, compared with 1,507 of forming a legal enterprise, the Doing process. per 100,000 working-age people in New Business indicators on starting a business Zealand.1 But its burdensome entry regula- shed light on the necessity for and cost of tions are surely one of them. third-party involvement in this process. The indicators record all procedures officially Formalization has many benefits. Formally required—or commonly done in practice— registered companies tend to have greater for a local entrepreneur to start a limited profits, investments and productivity,2 while liability company, along with the time and their employees benefit from social secu- cost to complete those procedures and the rity and other legal protections.3 As more paid-in minimum capital requirement. Data businesses enter the formal sector, the show that the more cumbersome the pro- government’s tax base broadens, yielding cess is, the more likely it is for third-party additional revenue for social and economic professionals to be involved. policy priorities. Moreover, increases in the number of registered businesses have been linked to greater economic growth and job THE COSTS OF INVOLVING creation.4 Yet in many economies around THIRD PARTIES the world, entrepreneurs continue to face excessively burdensome entry regulations. The start-up process can vary consider- Formalizing a business may involve multi- ably in the number and complexity of ple interactions with government agencies procedures. Complying with the require- and with third-party private professionals ments often necessitates third-party STARTING A BUSINESS 55 FIGURE 5.1 What business start-up procedures may involve third parties? Legal Legal Advice s2EPRESENTCOMPANY Advice THROUGHOUTTHEREGISTRATION PROCESS s0REPARECOMPANYSTATUTES s$RAFTARTICLESOF ANDREGISTRATIONDOCUMENTS INCORPORATION s0REPAREANDLEGALIZETHE COMPANYSFOUNDING DOCUMENTS 2EGISTRATION s#HECKPROPOSED s2EGISTERWITHTAXAUTHORITIES COMPANYNAME s!PPLYFORINCORPORATION s/BTAINABUSINESSLICENSE s$EPOSITMINIMUM s0AYFEES s%NROLLEMPLOYEESIN CAPITALINABANKACCOUNT s#OMPLETEOTHERPROCEDURES SOCIALSECURITY UNDERTHEMANDATEOFTHE COMMERCIALREGISTRY 0REREGISTRATION 0OSTREGISTRATION s.OTARIZETHECOMPANYS s7ITNESSCOMPANYOFFICERS s#ERTIFYANDNOTARIZESTATE DEEDSANDARTICLESOF SIGNATUREOFTHEBYLAWS REGISTRATION LEGALACCOUNTING ASSOCIATIONBEFORE s.OTARIZETHEINCORPORATION BOOKSANDOTHER REGISTRATION DOCUMENTS POSTREGISTRATIONDOCUMENTS s.OTARIZEFOUNDINGACTS involvement, whether by law or in prac- procedures. First the company founders regulations.7 As evidenced by Doing tice. Entrepreneurs use legal or notary must deposit the memorandum and Business data, high costs for business services to start a business in 53% of the articles of association at the Companies incorporation, especially those incurred 189 economies covered by Doing Business. Registry. Then the registrar certifies that through third-party involvement, can Hiring a lawyer is most common in Latin the company is incorporated. And after drive entrepreneurs to choose to operate America and the Caribbean—while using that the founders must file information in the informal sector. Analysis shows a notary’s services is most common in on the directors, company secretary and a strong correlation between the cost Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the registered business office. of third-party involvement in business the Caribbean and the Middle East and start-up and the level of informality (fig- North Africa (figure 5.2). The need to involve third-party profes- ure 5.4). For example, there is a strong sionals not only adds to the bureaucratic positive association between the cost Where entrepreneurs employ third-party burden of the start-up process; it also incurred in using third-party services in professionals to assist in start-up, they imposes a cost that can be prohibitive to start-up and both the percentage of firms often do so for company incorporation entrepreneurship. Indeed, Doing Business competing against the informal sector and tax registration. Doing Business data data show that professional services and the percentage identifying informal- reveal that these formalities are the account for most of the cost to start a ity as a major constraint to their business major bottlenecks in the start-up process, business (figure 5.3). operations. In other words, the higher requiring more procedures than other the cost of third-party services because formalities such as business licensing Entrepreneurs often hire lawyers or of complicated rules and regulations, the and inspections. Company incorporation notaries simply because business reg- higher the level of informality. alone can involve multiple procedures. In istration formalities are so complex that Bhutan, for example, entrepreneurs want- complying with all the requirements Economies where the start-up process ing to set up a company must first submit is almost impossible without external necessitates third-party involvement a project proposal or business plan to help. Complex entry regulation can also also tend to do worse on indicators the Ministry of Economic Affairs before encourage businesses to remain informal. measuring regulatory transparency proceeding to the Office of the Registrar Studies show that informal businesses and the performance of the civil justice for incorporation. In the Seychelles are more common in economies where system. The characteristics of good incorporation requires several separate institutions foster complex rules and regulatory governance include clarity, 56 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 5.2 Where are legal or notary services used in starting a business? Legal services used Notary services used Both legal and notary services used Legal and notary services not commonly used Not in the Doing Business sample IBRD 41853 SEPTEMBER 2015 Source: Doing Business database. predictability, autonomy, accountability, can help make the process less costly, accessibility of laws and regulations and participation and open access to infor- encouraging entrepreneurship, eco- the efficiency of the civil justice system mation. Each of these aids in making a nomic development and growth.9 (figure 5.5). These relationships remain regulatory system transparent in the significant even after controlling for eyes of stakeholders, helping to attract Analysis shows a strong negative asso- income differences across economies. investment.8 And introducing online ciation between third-party involvement It is no surprise that where laws are solutions for regulatory compliance in business start-up and both the opaque and the justice system is inef- ficient, entrepreneurs need to engage FIGURE 5.3 Most of the cost of business start-up comes from professional services Average cost to start a business, Average cost to start a business by source (US$) (% of income per capita) 40 1,200 1,000 30 800 600 20 400 10 200 0 0 Legal Notary Business Licensing Publication Other No third-party Third-party services services registration of notices involvement involvement Source: Doing Business database. STARTING A BUSINESS 57 FIGURE 5.4 Economies with greater costs for third-party involvement in business start-up tend to have a higher level of informality Share of firms competing against informal sector (%) Share of firms identifying informality as a major constraint (%) 100 100 90 90 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 40 40 30 30 20 20 10 10 0 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Cost of third-party services (% of income per capita) Cost of third-party services (% of income per capita) Sources: Doing Business database; Enterprise Surveys database (http://www.enterprisesurveys.org), World Bank. Note: The cost of third-party services is based on the fees that an entrepreneur in each economy typically pays to lawyers or notaries to start a business. The correlation between the cost of third-party services and the share of firms competing against the informal sector is 0.31. The correlation between the cost of third-party services and the share of firms identifying informality as a major constraint is 0.34. The relationships are significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. the services of lawyers and notaries to maintain impartiality. But while there is Entrepreneurs use notary services in to get things done—an outcome that much commonality in what notaries do in business start-up in 76 of the 189 econo- in itself runs counter to the principles economies around the world, there is also mies covered by Doing Business—in more of good governance and regulatory much variation in the powers they have than 40 of them, at least in part because transparency. and in the use of notary services. Laws of legal requirements to do so. This in some economies empower notaries to practice of using notary services appears perform critical tasks and exercise higher to vary little with differences in income NOTARIES AT BUSINESS levels of authority and jurisprudence. The level (figure 5.6). It differs much more by START-UP law defining the role of notaries in Italy, region. The practice is most prevalent in for example, grants them the sole author- Sub-Saharan Africa and Latin America As public officers, notaries are appointed ity to authenticate property transactions and the Caribbean, where notaries play a by governments and public agencies to as well as the authority to draft and notably crucial role in legal transactions, certify documents and make them official. execute public deeds of incorporation, including the creation of legal entities, Among their most fundamental roles is including company bylaws.10 the transfer of land and the verification FIGURE 5.5 Greater third-party involvement in start-up is associated with less FIGURE 5.6 The practice of using regulatory transparency and less efficiency in the civil justice system notary services in the start-up process appears to follow similar patterns across The laws are publicized Civil justice is not subject to and accessible (score) unreasonable delays (score) income levels 0.6 0.6 Share of economies where notary services are used (%) 0.5 0.5 50 0.4 0.4 40 0.3 0.3 30 0.2 0.2 20 0.1 0.1 0 0 10 No third-party High third-party No third-party High third-party involvement involvement involvement involvement 0 Low Lower Upper High Sources: Doing Business database; World Justice Project 2014 database (http://worldjusticeproject.org). income middle middle income Note: The third-party involvement measure is computed based on the number of interactions an entrepreneur in income income each economy needs to have with lawyers or notaries to start a business. World Justice Project scores range from 0 to 1, with 1 being the best possible score. The relationships are significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. Source: Doing Business database. 58 DOING BUSINESS 2016 of legal documents (figure 5.7). Indeed, d’Ivoire a notary usually drafts the com- certificate of state registration must be in most economies in these two regions, pany statutes and certifies the paid-in authenticated. legal transactions can rarely be complet- capital. ed without the involvement of a notary. Notarization not only represents an addi- Among OECD high-income economies, tional start-up formality often required by Practices vary among economies in Latin notarization is widely used in business regulators; it can also be a costly transac- America. In Argentina, for example, a start-up in Italy and Poland as well as tion. Globally on average, entrepreneurs company is not obligated to have its in the Netherlands, where a company’s incur notary fees amounting to 5.6% of bylaws notarized, but it must have the public deed of incorporation and bylaws income per capita when starting a busi- specimen signatures of its founding part- are often executed before a notary. The ness. Average rates are highest in OECD ners certified by a notary. In Guatemala notary profession in some high-income high-income economies, followed by company founders must present a letter economies has seen significant advances Latin America and the Caribbean (see from a notary to open a bank account, and thanks to reforms introducing electronic figure 5.7). In some economies, such as the notary also draws up the deed of con- systems. In Belgium the e-notariat sys- Chad and Costa Rica, notary fees for busi- stitution. In Sub-Saharan Africa there was tem enables notaries to file a company’s ness registration are fixed by regulation.11 a noteworthy change in 2014, when the deed of incorporation electronically with In others, they represent a percentage Council of Ministers of the Organization different institutions and obtain its enter- of the company’s start-up capital or are for the Harmonization of Business Law prise number within minutes. In Croatia negotiated on the basis of the services in Africa (known by its French acronym notaries can use an electronic system to provided. OHADA) adopted a revised Uniform submit documents to courts. Act on Commercial Companies and Economic Interest Groups. The new act Across Europe and Central Asia, 31% ATTORNEYS AT BUSINESS made the use of notary services in busi- of economies include notary services START-UP ness start-up optional in the 17 OHADA in business formalization. In Bosnia and member states. Yet the practice remains Herzegovina the 2002 Law on Notary The use of legal services in the company prevalent in OHADA countries. For requires that all documents needed for registration process also adds to the example, in Burkina Faso, where proof of registering a company be prepared and financial burden of starting a busi- capital deposit is required for incorpora- certified by a notary. In Turkey a com- ness—and even more so than the use of tion, a notary certifies the declaration of pany’s legal accounting books must be notary services. Around 17 economies start-up capital subscriptions. In Côte certified by a notary; in Kazakhstan the covered by Doing Business have laws mandating the use of legal services in company registration. One of these is The FIGURE 5.7 Notary services are most widely used at start-up in Sub-Saharan Africa Bahamas, where a lawyer must prepare a and Latin America and the Caribbean—while the fees are highest in OECD high-income company’s registration documents, such economies as the memorandum of association. Share of economies where Average cost of notary services are used (%) notary services (US$) But even in economies where the use 60 1,400 of legal services is not required by law, 50 some entrepreneurs seek legal guidance 1,120 to ensure that the registration process 40 840 goes smoothly—because the process 30 can be far too complex to navigate 560 without professional assistance. Local 20 entrepreneurs in St.  Kitts and Nevis, for 10 280 example, hire lawyers to prepare com- 0 0 pany documents even though this is not Sub-Saharan Latin America Middle East OECD Europe & East Asia required by law. Similarly, in Swaziland Africa & Caribbean & North Africa high income Central Asia & Pacific entrepreneurs can use the standard Share of economies where notary services are used forms available for the memorandum and Average cost of notary services articles of association, but most choose Source: Doing Business database. to hire a lawyer anyway, to facilitate the Note: Notary services are not used in business start-up in South Asia. The measure of cost also reflects the start-up process. Worldwide, the most frequency of interaction with notaries because it captures all costs associated with using notary services within each economy as well as across the economies in each region. common reasons for hiring a lawyer at STARTING A BUSINESS 59 start-up are to prepare and draft articles completing the entire registration process. company incorporation amounting to and memorandums of association, sign While drafting the articles of association around 42% of income per capita plus company documents, prepare company takes only one day, the overall cost of 2% of the company’s capital. statutes, conduct name searches and using legal services for start-up averages draft company deeds. about 19% of income per capita. In Sub-Saharan Africa, by contrast, legal services are rarely used in the com- Overall, entrepreneurs use legal services in Among regions, Latin America and the pany incorporation process. The prac- the start-up process in 15% of the econo- Caribbean has the largest share of econ- tice is most prevalent in South Sudan, mies covered by Doing Business, with the omies where entrepreneurs hire lawyers Swaziland and Uganda. Several other practice being most common among for company registration (figure 5.9). countries in the region implemented upper-middle-income and high-income It also has the highest average cost of reforms in recent years eliminating the economies (figure 5.8). Examples from doing so, with fees ranging from roughly need to use legal services when forming several economies illustrate the kinds of $70 in Guyana to more than $10,000 a company. For example, in 2009 Liberia services that lawyers provide. In República in República Bolivariana de Venezuela. introduced standard forms for articles Bolivariana de Venezuela lawyers are The legal services vary. In Antigua and of incorporation, making them avail- required to provide a legal assessment Barbuda the owners of a new company able at several government offices in as part of the process of preparing a must have a lawyer provide a declara- Monrovia. These enable entrepreneurs company’s incorporation documents—a tion attesting that they are not bankrupt, to register their business without an procedure that takes five days and costs are mentally sound and are over 18 years attorney. In the same year, the South more than 87% of income per capita. In old. In practice, they also have an attor- African government eliminated the need St.  Lucia entrepreneurs hire a lawyer to ney prepare all the incorporation docu- to submit documents through a legal conduct a company name search and get ments, including the notice of address professional.12 an approval for the proposed name, which and the articles of incorporation. In is rarely granted on the first attempt. Once Ecuador those starting a new company While the legal services used in the start- the Commercial Registry guarantees hire a lawyer to prepare the minutes of up process are most costly on average in the approval of the company name, an incorporation, and in Bolivia they engage Latin America and the Caribbean, they attorney prepares incorporation docu- an attorney to prepare the articles of are also quite costly in the Middle East ments, which takes about two days and incorporation, bylaws and constitution and North Africa. In Lebanon each newly costs 18% of income per capita. In Iraq acts. The fee schedule established by the formed company must retain an attorney. lawyers must draft a company’s articles of Bolivian lawyers association (Colegio de The annual retainer fee, increased in 2012 association and are often responsible for Abogados) sets out a minimum fee for by the Beirut Bar Association, can be as FIGURE 5.8 Entrepreneurs are most FIGURE 5.9 Legal services for business incorporation are most commonly used—and likely to use legal services for business most expensive—in Latin America and the Caribbean incorporation in upper-middle-income economies Share of economies where Average cost of legal services are used (%) legal services (US$) 60 1,500 Share of economies where legal services are used (%) 50 25 1,200 40 900 20 30 600 15 20 10 300 10 0 0 5 Latin America Middle East & South East Asia Europe & OECD Sub-Saharan & Caribbean North Africa Asia & Pacific Central Asia high income Africa 0 Share of economies where legal services are used Low Lower Upper High income middle middle income Average cost of legal services income income Source: Doing Business database. Note: The measure of cost also reflects the frequency of interaction with lawyers because it captures all costs Source: Doing Business database. associated with using legal services within each economy as well as across the economies in each region. 60 DOING BUSINESS 2016 high as 20% of income per capita. In days to complete, while those involving A number of countries have taken steps West Bank and Gaza a lawyer is hired to a notary’s services take more than twice to do just that. Burundi enacted a law in draft the articles of association and the as long. But in some cases the time 2011 that eliminated the need to have company bylaws. Once these documents requirements can be more burdensome. articles of association notarized.13 This are complete, they must be stamped by In Haiti preparation of the company alone reduced the cost to register a busi- the Lawyers Bar Association before being statutes, which must be done by a law- ness by 21% and the time by four days. filed at the company controller.  This yer, takes 10 days. In Nepal verifying Similarly, Albania adopted a law in 2007 procedure alone costs more than $1,000. and drafting memorandums and articles that made the notarization of incorpora- of association—a procedure for which tion documents optional.14 This led to Europe and Central Asia has the second entrepreneurs continue to use legal cost savings of 8% at business start-up. highest average cost of lawyers’ services in services even though they are no longer company registration. In Cyprus there is a required to—takes about 5 days. In Samoa a new Companies Act enacted statutory requirement to have a lawyer pre- in 2008 created a standard model of pare the memorandum and articles of asso- Where the start-up process entails incorporation forms and thus made the ciation, which costs a small or medium-size complex procedures and many bureau- use of lawyers optional. By eliminating company about $1,300. When starting a cratic hurdles, entrepreneurs are better the requirement to visit a lawyer, this business in Hungary, the first procedure is off using professional services. Hiring reduced the cost to start a business by to hire a lawyer to represent the company, a lawyer may be expensive, but it can 4% and the time by seven days. Hungary create the company deed and prepare all save time and help ensure that the not only made the use of notaries the other founding documents. The use of process goes smoothly. Better yet optional but also limited the role of attor- a lawyer is required throughout the regis- would be a business registration pro- neys by introducing standard articles of tration process, and while the cost varies cess designed so that the use of legal association and online incorporation. In depending on the complexity of the case, it services is unnecessary. Entrepreneurs, most cases company documents are still can end up close to $1,000—around 7% of especially those starting a small busi- prepared by a lawyer, but the time and income per capita. ness, should be able to complete the cost have been reduced.15 process without having to pay exorbi- Globally on average, it costs an entrepre- tant lawyers’ fees. Establishing and promoting the use of neur around 18% of income per capita to online registration platforms is a good hire a lawyer to assist in starting a busi- practice that can reduce opportunities ness, more than the average cost incurred REFORMS AND GOOD for bribery as well as cut costs associated for notary services. In OECD high-income PRACTICES with third-party services. Online incorpo- economies, by contrast, the average ration systems generally do not require notary fees for business start-up are Using the services of third parties in busi- the involvement of lawyers or notaries as almost four times the average legal fees. ness start-up is a common and estab- intermediaries to authenticate company lished practice. But governments have documents and complete the registra- While the cost of using incorporation the power to ease the burden that this tion process. Such platforms may also lawyers is high, the upside is that once a represents, saving entrepreneurs both enable digital forms of identification, lawyer is hired, incorporating a business time and money (box 5.1). One way to do such as electronic signatures, thereby usually does not take long. Globally on so is by making the use of such services replacing some of the functions of nota- average, procedures that involve the optional. ries. The Republic of Korea eliminated use of a lawyer’s services take only two the requirement to have a company’s BOX 5.1 Indonesia eases the burden of third-party involvement in incorporation The use of notary services throughout the business start-up process remains inevitable in Indonesia. But the country has intro- duced changes reducing the burden of third-party involvement. In 2007 Indonesia launched online services related to business start-up that enabled notaries to complete company name searches and reservations more quickly.a The following year it in- troduced standard business incorporation forms. And in 2009 Indonesia reduced notary fees—including the fees for notarizing company deeds—by amending the official fee schedule. These changes have led to time and cost savings for entrepreneurs. If Indonesia keeps up the pace in adopting international good practices in the business start-up process, entrepreneurs starting a simple business like the one in the Doing Business case study soon will no longer need to involve third parties. a. The online system (Sisminbakum) was introduced on January 31, 2001, by a decree of the minister of justice and human rights (decree M-01.HT.01.01 of October 4, 2000). STARTING A BUSINESS 61 articles of association and meeting 12. Corporate Law Amendment 63(3) of the Companies Act. minutes notarized through an amend- CONCLUSION 13. Law on Public and Private Companies, ment to its Commercial and Notary article 33. Public Acts in April 2008, then moved Local entrepreneurs seeking to formally 14. Law 9723/2007, on the National Registration Center, of May 2007. toward online incorporation a couple of register a new business may confront 15. Amendments to the Companies Act made years later. Portugal launched an online several bottlenecks along the way. Where the use of notaries optional by authorizing an registration portal in 2007 and Germany the business registration process does attorney who drafts a company’s corporate documents to also authenticate specimen did so in 2008, both after adopting the not follow good practices, the opportu- signatures and other relevant documents. necessary regulations to allow electronic nity costs can be high, especially for small 16. In Portugal a special system of online incorporation.16 Germany made elec- and medium-size businesses—because incorporation for civil and commercial companies was created by Decree- tronic registration compulsory in all its company founders may end up spending Law 125/2006 of June 29, 2006, and states and allowed online publication of far too much of their scarce resources on Administrative-Rule 657-C/2006. In Germany incorporation notices, reducing start-up third-party services. Moreover, frequent electronic registration and publication were enabled by the Act on the Maintenance of time by six days. use of third-party services in business Electronic Commercial Registers, Cooperative incorporation is associated with a higher Registers and the Companies Register, In 2013 the Chilean government made level of informality, less regulatory trans- effective January 1, 2007. 17. This change was introduced through Law starting a business simpler by allowing parency and a less efficient civil justice 20.659. entrepreneurs to register certain types system. Many economies have much 18. Decree 2013/279, issued May 22, 2013, sets of legal entities online free of charge.17 room for improvement in the regula- the notary fees for the formation of limited liability companies. These fees are 120,000 This change reduced the time it takes tory environment for business entry, CFA francs ($228) for companies with to have company statutes registered by particularly in making compliance with start-up capital of up to 1 million CFA francs notaries from two days to one. In the regulatory requirements less complicated ($1,900) and 3% of the share capital for companies with start-up capital between 3 past year the former Yugoslav Republic of and in limiting the need to use third-party million CFA francs ($5,700) and 9 million CFA Macedonia made electronic submission services. One way to do so is by making francs ($17,100). mandatory for registration applications the use of third-party services an option for new limited liability companies. The rather than a requirement. use of electronic signatures on company documents eliminates the need to get them notarized. NOTES Governments can also limit the burden This case study was written by Julia Brouillard- Soler, Baria Nabil Daye, Morgann Courtney Reeves, of third-party services in the start-up Julie Ryan, Valentina Saltane and Evgenia Ustinova. process by increasing the number of 1. Entrepreneurship Database (http:/ /www notaries available to provide services or .doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics by regulating the fees that notaries can /entrepreneurship), World Bank Group. 2. Sharma 2014. charge. In the Democratic Republic of 3. Rand and Torm 2012. Congo in 2011/12, new public notaries 4. Acs and others 2012. were appointed in the city of Kinshasa, 5. Businesses that are complex or that operate in medium- to high-risk sectors may where previously only one had been choose to seek the assistance of third-party available. This cut the time required to professionals. But the discussion here refers get incorporation documents notarized to a simple, “low-risk” business that conducts general commercial or industrial activities, as in half. In Côte d’Ivoire the government outlined in the Doing Business case study. issued a decree in May 2013 that low- 6. Djankov and others 2002. ered the notary fees in forming a limited 7. Elgin and Oyvat 2013; Bruhn and McKenzie 2014; Williams 2014. liability company by introducing a scale 8. Bertolini 2006. based on the start-up capital.18 The 9. Vallbé and Casellas 2014. notary fees for incorporation were also 10. Law 89 of February 16, 1913. 11. In Chad notary fees were fixed by Decree reduced in Guinea, through a 2012 agree- 004/PR/PM/MJ/2010 of January 5, 2010. ment between the one-stop shop and the In Costa Rica the fee structure established Chamber of Notaries. by Executive Order 36562-JP of January 31, 2011 (section 95 a), fixes the fee for notarizing articles of association at 150,000 colones ($288) for any corporation, though notaries may negotiate other fees. Doing Business 2016 Dealing with construction permits Assessing quality control and safety mechanisms ƒ This year Doing Business introduces a C onstruction regulations can help Moreover, the builders used substandard new indicator to measure the quality protect the public from faulty construction materials (which led to an of the construction permitting system. building practices.  But to do so overload of the building’s structure exac- The building quality control index they need to be clear as well as thor- erbated by vibrations from its genera- assesses different dimensions of ough. Where regulations lack clarity, tors).4 Since the collapse of Rana Plaza, quality in the regime underpinning there is a risk of confusion among both however, Bangladesh has sought the construction permitting in 189 builders and authorities, which can lead assistance of the World Bank Group in economies. to unnecessary delays, disputes and strengthening its construction permitting ƒ High-income economies tend to have uncertainty. And if regulatory procedures system, a process that is ongoing.5 better quality control and safety are too complicated or costly, builders mechanisms in place—both in their tend to proceed without a permit.1 By In short, quality matters a great deal in legal framework and in practice. some estimates 60–80% of building the construction permitting system. Until ƒ In 68% of economies the building projects in developing economies are this year Doing Business has measured the regulations are available online. undertaken without the proper permits efficiency of the system, independent of and approvals.2 its level of quality. Through the dealing ƒ Twenty-two economies have no legal with construction permits indicators, requirement for inspections of any Where informal construction is rampant, Doing Business has tracked the proce- type during construction, and 13 the public can suffer. Take the case of dures, time and cost to comply with the economies no legal requirement for a final inspection. Nigeria, which lacks an approved building formalities to build a warehouse—includ- code setting the standards for construc- ing permits, notifications, inspections ƒ In the majority of economies the tion. Without clear rules, enforcing and utility connections. It has not taken architect who designed the plans or even basic standards is a daunting task, into account the existence of any qual- the construction company will be held and many buildings fail to comply with ity control mechanisms or rewarded liable for any structural defects. But proper safety standards. Structural inci- economies for having the proper safety less than half of economies require any dents have multiplied. According to the mechanisms in place. Nor has it directly party to purchase insurance to cover Nigerian Institute of Building, 84 build- assessed the quality or clarity of building defects. ings collapsed in the past 20 years, killing regulations. ƒ Economies with a more efficient more than 400 people.3 construction permitting system tend to This year Doing Business continues to have better quality control and safety The collapse of Rana Plaza in Bangladesh measure efficiency in construction per- mechanisms in place. in April 2013, which claimed more than mitting while also adding a measure of 1,000 lives, also resulted from a lack of quality. The building quality control index the necessary quality control mecha- assesses both quality control and safety nisms. The building was constructed on mechanisms across 189 economies in a pond without authorization to be on six main areas: transparency and quality one, then converted without permission of building regulations; quality control from commercial to industrial use, then before, during and after construction; extended three floors beyond what was liability and insurance regimes; and pro- specified in the original building permit. fessional certifications (figure 6.1). DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS 63 regulations available at the relevant FIGURE 6.1 What the data for the building quality control index cover authority or distribute them through an official gazette. Quality of building Data on the quality of building regulations measure the accessibility of building regulations and the clarity of requirements for obtaining a building permit. But simply making building regulations regulations available is not enough if the require- ments for obtaining a building permit are Quality not clearly laid out in the regulations (or control before Data on quality control before construction assess whether licensed or technical experts are involved in approving building plans. on a website or in a pamphlet). Applicants construction need to have a list of the documents and preapprovals required before applying, so Quality as to avoid situations where the permit- Data on quality control during construction record the types of inspections that are control during legally mandated during construction and whether they are carried out in practice. issuing authority can arbitrarily impose construction additional requirements. And applicants need to be aware of the required fees and how they are calculated. While almost Quality control after Data on quality control after construction record whether final inspections are legally all economies specify the list of required construction mandated after construction and whether they are carried out in practice. documents, only three-quarters make the fee schedule accessible and even fewer provide a list of the required preapprovals Liability and Data on liability and insurance regimes record which parties are held legally liable or of the agencies to which documents insurance for structural defects and which are required to obtain insurance policies to cover must be submitted. damages caused by defects. regimes Azerbaijan is one economy that has taken serious steps to make its legislation more Professional Data on professional certifications assess the qualification requirements for the comprehensible—by adopting a new certifications professionals who approve building plans and for those who supervise construction. construction code that consolidates its previous building regulations into a single framework (box 6.1). the amenity value of the projects that HOW TRANSPARENT ARE are completed and therefore enhancing BUILDING REGULATIONS? property values. WHERE ARE QUALITY CONTROLS IN PLACE? Beyond causing confusion about how to To measure the quality and transparency proceed, construction regulations that of building regulations, Doing Business Beyond good regulations, an effective are unclear and overly complicated can looks at whether the regulations are avail- inspection system is also critical in also increase opportunities for corrup- able online, are available at the relevant protecting public safety. Without an tion. Analysis of World Bank Enterprise permit-issuing agency free of charge, are inspection system in place, there is no Survey data shows that the share of firms distributed through an official gazette mechanism to ensure that buildings com- expecting to give gifts in exchange for or must be purchased. The results show ply with proper safety standards, increas- construction approvals is correlated with that 68% of economies—ranging across ing the chances of structural defects. And the level of complexity and cost of deal- all regions and income levels—have as a first step, having technical experts ing with construction permits.6 And while put their regulations online. Only 16 review the proposed plans before con- Doing Business does not directly study economies require that the regulations struction even begins can reduce the risk urban planning systems across econo- be purchased—Barbados, Belarus, Fiji, of structural failures later on. mies, research studies have highlighted Ghana, Grenada, Honduras, Moldova, the importance of good regulations in the Samoa, Sierra Leone, St.  Kitts and Quality control before area of urban planning and construction, Nevis, St.  Vincent and the Grenadines, construction finding that regulations that restrict land Swaziland, the Syrian Arab Republic, In almost all economies (178 of 189) a use lead to higher housing costs.7 These Trinidad and Tobago, the United States government agency is required to verify higher housing costs reduce access to (Los Angeles) and Vanuatu. And in 18 that the building plans are in compliance housing, though the same regulations economies the regulations are not easily with the building regulations—and in 19 of that increase costs may also be improving accessible. The rest make their building these economies plans must be reviewed 64 DOING BUSINESS 2016 BOX 6.1 A new building code in Azerbaijan In September 2012 the government of Azerbaijan adopted a new Urban Planning and Construction Code. Most of the code’s provisions came into effect on January 1, 2013, and a series of implementing laws and regulations have followed. The new code consolidates construction regulations into a single framework covering everything from the issuance of building permits to inspections of construction, qualification requirements for construction professionals and the issuance of occupancy permits. Among the noteworthy features introduced by the code: a simplified administrative procedure for small projects, time limits and a list of required documents for the construction authorization process, and a registry for certified professionals along with a list of the functions they should perform. The code also classifies construction projects into four categories based on their risk and complexity, eliminating the need to obtain a building permit for low-risk projects. Finally, the code serves as the foundation for the new one-stop shop for building permits at the Ministry of Emergency Situations. both by a government agency and by Instead, the plans are simply reviewed by a Quality control during either the national association of architects civil servant who may not have the neces- construction or an independent expert (a firm or an sary technical qualifications or expertise. Quality control during construction is individual). In 9 economies plans may be vital to ensuring the safety of a building. It reviewed by the national association of While low-income economies rely almost also helps in identifying possible defects architects or an independent expert alone solely on government agencies for the as they occur. Economies use different without the involvement of a government review, high-income economies tend types of inspection systems. Forty-six agency. Ukraine is the only economy to involve independent experts in the economies do not involve a government where construction plans do not need to process (figure 6.2). And 13 economies, agency at all but instead allow a supervis- be reviewed before a building permit is all of them upper middle or high income, ing engineer or firm to take responsibility issued. For projects like the warehouse in require that plans be reviewed by both a for ensuring the safety of the building. the Doing Business case study, the builder government agency and an independent Twenty-three of them allow the building simply needs to submit a declaration of the expert—Australia; Bosnia and Herzegovina; company to rely on an in-house engineer commencement of construction works.8 Bulgaria; France; Germany; Hong Kong to supervise construction, 16 require the SAR, China; Latvia; Lebanon; Maldives; building company to hire an external In 32 of the economies where a govern- Montenegro; Serbia; Singapore; and Spain. supervisor or firm, and 7 require supervi- ment agency reviews and approves the sion by both an in-house engineer and an plans (13 of them in Sub-Saharan Africa), external engineer. Many other economies no licensed architect or engineer is part of have a mixed system, requiring the use the committee that approves the plans. of an in-house or external supervising engineer while also having a government FIGURE 6.2 Upper-middle-income and high-income economies are more likely than agency conduct its own inspections. others to require that independent experts review building plans The practice of having an in-house Share of economies with type of review for building plans (%) engineer conduct inspections during con- 100 struction is most common in Europe and Central Asia (used in 73% of economies) 80 and East Asia and the Pacific (56%) (fig- ure 6.3). Requirements to hire an external 60 supervising engineer or firm to conduct inspections are not common, including 40 among economies in Europe and Central 20 Asia and the OECD high-income group. However, in some OECD high-income 0 economies, such as Australia, Iceland and Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income New Zealand, an external firm generally Review by government agency Review by association of architects conducts certain types of inspections. No Review by independent expert economy in South Asia requires the use of an external firm to conduct inspec- Source: Doing Business database. Note: The percentages shown in the figure are based on data for 189 economies, though for economies in which tions, and very few do so in Latin America Doing Business collects data for two cities, the data for the two cities are considered separately. and the Caribbean. DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS 65 States (New York City). On the other FIGURE 6.3 Having in-house engineers conduct inspections is more common than hand, in 10 economies inspections rarely having external engineers or firms conduct them occur in practice even though they are Share of economies with type of engineer required by law. conducting inspections (%) 80 70 Quality control after 60 construction While inspections during construction 50 are an important element of qual- 40 ity control, verifying that the completed 30 building was built in accordance with 20 the approved plans and is safe for use is 10 equally important. Builders sometimes 0 deviate from the approved plans. This is Europe & East Asia South Asia OECD high Middle East Latin Sub-Saharan Central Asia & Pacific income & North Africa America Africa often done to save money, such as when & Caribbean it costs less to get a building permit for In-house engineer External engineer or firm a smaller building. But the consequences can be serious. For example, if structural Source: Doing Business database. Note: The percentages shown in the figure are based on data for 189 economies, though for economies in which calculations are done for a two-story Doing Business collects data for two cities, the data for the two cities are considered separately. building but the builder adds more lev- els, this can put excessive stress on the Inspections conducted by a government inspections are most common among foundation and lead to the collapse of agency are generally of three types: unan- OECD high-income economies, though the building (similar to the Rana Plaza nounced or unscheduled inspections (also used in only about a quarter of this group. case). While some of these issues can be known as random inspections), which detected through quality control during can occur at any time and at any stage of Twenty-two economies have no legal construction, requiring a final inspec- a construction project; phased inspections, requirement for inspections of any type tion allows a last check for issues that which occur at specific stages of con- during construction. But inspections are might have been overlooked earlier and struction, such as at excavation, founda- still conducted as a matter of practice in 9 is essential to ensuring the safety of the tion and so on; and risk-based inspections, of these economies—Angola, Brazil (Rio building. Once the building passes this which occur if warranted (for example, de Janeiro), Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, final inspection, a completion certificate, for buildings of a certain size, location the Marshall Islands, Panama, Samoa, certificate of conformity or occupancy or use). Sub-Saharan African economies São Tomé and Príncipe and the United permit is generally issued. tend to rely on random inspections, mostly because of a shortage of qualified staff. Random inspections are sometimes FIGURE 6.4 Risk-based inspections are more common in OECD high-income done simply to verify that a building economies than in other regions permit has been issued. But they can also Share of economies with type of become rent-seeking opportunities. In inspection (%) most cases, however, especially in low- 70 income Sub-Saharan African economies, 60 these random inspections do not take 50 place in practice, even if required by law.9 40 30 The majority of economies that rely on 20 a government agency for quality control 10 use either phased or risk-based inspec- 0 tions, though only a few of these opt South Asia East Asia Latin America Sub-Saharan OECD high Europe & Middle East & Pacific & Caribbean Africa income Central Asia & North Africa for risk-based inspections (figure 6.4). Phased inspections are most common in Phased inspections Risk-based inspections South Asia and East Asia and the Pacific, Source: Doing Business database. used in more than half the economies Note: The percentages shown in the figure are based on data for 189 economies, though for economies in which in each of these regions. Risk-based Doing Business collects data for two cities, the data for the two cities are considered separately. 66 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Economies use different approaches implement it in practice—the majority of to pay an additional premium to the insur- for the final inspection. Among the 189 them in Sub-Saharan Africa. ance company). In Belize, New Zealand economies covered by Doing Business, and the United Kingdom, for example, the 84% (159 economies) require one or Thirteen economies have no legal require- warranty period can range from one to more government agencies to conduct ment for a final inspection—Afghanistan, three years after the building is completed. the inspection. Where a joint inspection the Comoros, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, During this period the building contractor is required, it is often done by the permit- Guyana, Kiribati, Liberia, Maldives, the must repair any defects. Contractors com- issuing authority and the civil defense Marshall Islands, the Federated States of monly hold insurance to cover these costs department (or its equivalent). In the 100 Micronesia, Nicaragua, Samoa and the even if not required to do so by law. economies that allow either an in-house Republic of Yemen—almost all of them engineer or an external engineer or firm low- or lower-middle-income economies. In other economies, however, liability is to provide supervision during construc- But in two of these economies—the generally shared by the contractor and the tion, this engineer is often required to Comoros and Samoa—a final inspection architect, often for 10 years. In Australia, submit a final report to the permit-issuing still commonly occurs in practice. for example, both the contractor and the authority attesting that the building was architect must have insurance for 10 years. built in accordance with the approved But even among high-income economies, plans and regulations. Eleven economies WHO IS HELD LIABLE FOR very few make this insurance mandatory. require this report only from an in-house STRUCTURAL FLAWS? engineer, 5 require it only from an exter- In more than 60% of economies in all nal party, and only Greece requires it from When defects are discovered during con- regions except Sub-Saharan Africa, the both parties (without a final inspection by struction, they are more likely to be easily architect who designed the plans or the a government agency). Yet 50 economies remedied. But defects are often discovered construction company will be held liable for that require this final report from an in- only after the building has been occupied. any defects, but not the supervising engi- house or external engineer still require a Remedying defects at that stage can be neer or the agency that conducted inspec- final inspection by a government agency. both costly and time-consuming. So it is tions during construction (figure 6.6). In important that the responsible party be most cases, who is held liable depends on All economies in the OECD high-income held liable and that the parties involved the origin of the defect. For example, if the group and in Europe and Central Asia in the building design, supervision and defect was a result of an error at the design require a final inspection by law (figure construction obtain insurance to cover the stage, the architect is usually held liable. In 6.5). South Asia and East Asia and the costs of any structural defects. 22% of economies no party is held liable by Pacific have the smallest shares of econo- law. mies that do so—though the shares Under contract and tort laws there can be are still quite large, at 82% and 85%. a warranty period for the liability, a period Having insurance to cover costs that arise Among the 176 economies worldwide that can be extended for an additional cost from structural defects benefits all parties that require a final inspection, 15% rarely to the owner (because the builder will need involved, from clients to contractors. It ensures that damages will be covered if FIGURE 6.5 Almost all economies require a final inspection by law defects are detected once the building is occupied—and when parties know they Share of economies that require a final inspection by law (%) are protected, this can encourage more construction. Having insurance to protect 100 against the high costs from potential dam- 80 ages can be particularly important for small and medium-size construction companies. 60 More than half of economies (57%) do not 40 require any party to purchase insurance to cover structural defects, nor is insurance 20 commonly purchased as a matter of prac- 0 tice. While these economies may require OECD high Europe & Middle East Latin America Sub-Saharan East Asia South Asia income Central Asia & North Africa & Caribbean Africa & Pacific that companies purchase professional liability insurance or workers’ compensa- Source: Doing Business database. tion insurance, Doing Business looks only Note: The percentages shown in the figure are based on data for 189 economies, though for economies in which Doing Business collects data for two cities, the data for the two cities are considered separately. at whether insurance must be purchased DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS 67 FIGURE 6.6 In economies around the world, the architect or construction company is FIGURE 6.7 Most high-income most likely to be held liable for structural defects economies have at least two qualification requirements—including a Share of economies where party is held liable (%) university degree—for the professionals who supervise construction 100 Economies by type of qualification 80 requirements for the professionals who supervise construction (%) 60 100 40 80 20 60 0 40 Europe & OECD Middle East Latin America East Asia South Asia Sub-Saharan Central Asia high income & North Africa & Caribbean & Pacific Africa 20 Construction company Architect Supervising engineer 0 Source: Doing Business database. Low Lower Upper High income middle middle income Note: The percentages shown in the figure are based on data for 189 economies, though for economies in which income income Doing Business collects data for two cities, the data for the two cities are considered separately. University degree, minimum years of experience and certification to cover defects found after the building is construction on-site. The professionals University degree plus one other requirement completed. Among the 51 economies that reviewing building plans are required to No university degree required do require such insurance by law, 75% of have a university degree in architecture or them require the construction company engineering in 84% of economies—and Source: Doing Business database. to have the insurance. Only 15 economies must be a registered member of the nation- Note: The percentages shown in the figure are based require the supervising engineer or the al association of architects or engineers in on data for 189 economies, though for economies in which Doing Business collects data for two cities, the agency that conducts inspections to hold 62%. But only 46% of economies require data for the two cities are considered separately. insurance. And in 30 economies where these professionals to have a minimum insurance is not required by law, most number of years of practical experience, construction companies and architects and only 28% require them to pass a quali- or to pass a qualification exam. And in nevertheless purchase insurance as a fication exam. And 20 economies have no 28 economies they are subject to no matter of practice. qualification requirements for the profes- qualification requirements. sionals who review building plans. WHAT CERTIFICATIONS ARE The professionals who supervise con- WHY DOES THE QUALITY REQUIRED? struction on-site are required to have a MATTER FOR ALL? university degree in engineering, con- The professionals who conduct inspections struction or construction management The quality of a construction permitting ensure safety standards for buildings, so in 73% of economies—and required to system matters in ensuring the safety of it is important that they be certified and be a registered member of the national construction and consequently of citi- have the necessary technical qualifica- association of engineers in 53% of zens. In general, high-income economies tions. Similarly, the individuals who review economies, the majority of them high- have better quality control and safety and approve building plans need to have income economies. Most economies mechanisms (figure 6.8). Most of these a technical background in architecture or that have at least two qualification economies not only have put the neces- engineering to understand whether the requirements for the professionals who sary safety controls in their legislation but plans meet the necessary safety standards. supervise construction (one being a also have been able to effectively imple- university degree) are also high-income ment them in practice. Most economies have more stringent qual- economies (figure 6.7). Like the profes- ification requirements for the professionals sionals who review building plans, those The quality of a construction permitting responsible for verifying that building who supervise construction on-site system also matters in reducing corrup- plans are in compliance with the building are rarely required to have a minimum tion—something to which the construc- regulations than for those who supervise number of years of practical experience tion industry is particularly susceptible in 68 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 6.8 High-income economies have better quality control and safety mechanisms Average building quality Average building quality control index (0–15) control index (0–15) 15 15 12 12 9 9 6 6 3 3 0 0 Low Lower middle Upper High OECD Europe & South Asia Middle East East Asia Latin America Sub-Saharan income income middle income high income Central Asia & North Africa & Pacific & Caribbean Africa income Source: Doing Business database. economies around the world. Transparency construction permitting system tend to excessive documentation requirements and clarity in building regulations can have lower levels of perceived corruption while still ensuring the necessary reviews reduce opportunities for corruption. (figure 6.9). of building plans by qualified profes- Indeed, the findings show that economies sionals and the necessary safety checks with greater quality and efficiency in their Moreover, the data show that efficiency during construction. goes hand in hand with quality. Economies with a more efficient construction per- FIGURE 6.9 The greater the quality and mitting system also tend to have better CONCLUSION efficiency of the construction permitting quality control and safety mechanisms system, the lower the level of perceived (figure 6.10). Most of these economies Introducing the new building quality corruption in an economy have managed to put in place systems control index has expanded the coverage Corruption Perceptions Index that avoid burdensome procedures and of the dealing with construction permits (0–100) 70 FIGURE 6.10 Economies with a more efficient construction permitting system tend to 60 have better quality control and safety mechanisms 50 Distance to frontier score for 40 building quality control index 100 High quality, High quality, 30 low efficiency high efficiency 90 Bosnia and 20 Herzegovina Taiwan, China 80 10 70 0 0–25 26–50 51–75 76–100 60 Distance to frontier score for dealing with 50 construction permits (0–100) 40 Lao PDR Sources: Doing Business database; Transparency 30 International data (https://www.transparency.org /cpi2014/results). 20 Note: A higher score on the Corruption Perceptions 10 Low quality, Afghanistan Low quality, Index indicates a lower level of perceived corruption. low efficiency high efficiency Data for the Corruption Perceptions Index are for 0 2014. Economies for which no data are available for 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 the index are excluded from the sample. These are Distance to frontier score for efficiency of construction permitting Antigua and Barbuda, Belize, Brunei Darussalam, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Grenada, Kiribati, Maldives, the Marshall Islands, the Federated States of Source: Doing Business database. Micronesia, Palau, San Marino, the Solomon Islands, Note: The figure compares the average distance to frontier score for indicators of the efficiency of construction St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, Tonga, Vanuatu, and permitting (procedures, time and cost to comply with the formalities to build a warehouse) with the distance to West Bank and Gaza. The relationship is significant at frontier score for the building quality control index. The sample includes all 189 economies. The relationship is the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. significant at the 5% level after controlling for income per capita. DEALING WITH CONSTRUCTION PERMITS 69 indicators. Data for this index cover such key elements as the transparency and quality of building regulations, the qual- ity control mechanisms for supervising construction, and liability and insurance regimes. The findings show that having the necessary quality control and safety mechanisms in place matters in reduc- ing corruption and that economies with more efficient construction permitting systems also tend to have better quality control and safety mechanisms. NOTES This case study was written by Marie Lily Delion, Anushavan Hambardzumyan, Joyce Antone Ibrahim and Ana Maria Santillana Farakos. 1. Moullier 2009. 2. De Soto 2000.  3. Agence France Presse, “Nigeria Approves Building Code,” News24.com, August 3, 2006, http://www.news24.com/. Because many cases go unreported, the actual figure is probably higher. 4. Associated Press, “Bangladesh Official: Disaster Not ‘Really Serious,’” USA Today, May 3, 2013; “Nexus of Politics, Corruption Doomed Rana Plaza,” Dhaka Tribune, April 26, 2013. 5. Ali and Ahmed 2015. 6. World Bank 2009.  7. Glaeser, Gyourko and Saks 2003, 2005. 8. This applies to projects in categories I–III as defined in Ukraine’s Law on Regulation of Urban Development of March 12, 2011. 9. For the data on whether inspections during construction and the final inspection occur in practice, respondents were asked to assess whether these inspections occur in practice all the time, most of the time or not at all. In cases where respondents gave varied responses, the team conducted thorough follow-up with additional respondents to resolve the differences. Doing Business 2016 Getting electricity Measuring reliability, prices and transparency ƒ This year Doing Business collected new E lectricity plays a vital part in the of the power sector’s overall performance data in 189 economies on the price of modern economy. Yet merely hav- in each economy. For this reason Doing electricity and the overall quality of ing access to power is not enough. Business introduces two new indicators this electricity supply. The reliability of supply is also crucial. year (figure 7.1). The reliability of supply and ƒ High electricity prices and frequent According to 2013 World Bank Enterprise transparency of tariffs index encompasses power outages constrain the Survey data for 135 economies, business quantitative data on the duration and operations of businesses and affect owners perceive an unreliable supply of frequency of power outages as well as entrepreneurs’ decisions on whether electricity as one of the main obstacles to qualitative information on how utilities and to establish a business and on how to their activities. In both Sub-Saharan Africa regulators handle power outages and how operate it. and South Asia about 45% of firms identi- tariffs and tariff changes are communicated ƒ A sound regulatory environment can fied reliability of the power supply and to customers. The price of electricity pro- help ensure a stable electricity supply. connecting to the grid as among the key vides comparable data on electricity prices In 131 of the 189 economies covered constraints to doing business.1 Businesses for commercial customers (this indicator is by Doing Business, a national energy in Pakistan estimated losses due to power not included in the ranking on the ease of regulator monitors the frequency and outages at up to 34% of annual revenue, doing business, however). duration of power outages. In 66 of while respondents in the Central African these economies utilities compensate Republic reported losses of up to 25% of The new data broaden the coverage of customers or pay fines if outages revenue. Not surprisingly, research shows the getting electricity indicators, provid- exceed the limits set by the regulator. that capital (domestic and foreign) tends ing a more comprehensive picture. Yet ƒ Electricity tariffs for commercial to be attracted to countries that are able the data show that the efficiency of the customers typically range from 10 to to offer a reliable and competitively priced connection process and the reliability of 30 cents per kilowatt-hour, but prices supply of electricity.2 electricity supply appear to be correlated. in some economies are much higher. In other words, economies where it is Tariffs need to strike a balance— Since 2011 Doing Business, through its get- easy to connect to the grid tend to have a remaining affordable to customers ting electricity indicators, has measured well-developed and reliable network infra- while enabling the utility to recover one aspect of access to electricity—by structure characterized by few outages costs and make a profit. recording the time, cost and number of pro- (figure 7.2). The Republic of Korea, for ƒ Information about tariffs needs to cedures required for a small to medium-size example, has the fastest process for get- be clear and easily accessible to business to legally connect a commercial ting a new electricity connection (taking customers. Making tariffs readily warehouse to the electrical grid. Over the only 18 days) as well as a low cost to con- available and providing advance years the getting electricity indicators have nect (40% of income per capita). Korea notice of changes in tariffs can help served as a benchmarking tool, enabling also has the highest possible score on the businesses manage their costs. utilities and regulators to measure the effi- reliability of supply and transparency of ciency of the electricity connection service tariffs index. Businesses in Seoul typically and contributing to dialogue on regulatory experience power outages amounting to reforms and good practices. less than an hour a year and can receive compensation for an outage caused by the But the efficiency of the connection utility if power isn’t restored within five process—as measured by the time, cost minutes. The utility uses automated sys- and number of procedures to get a new tems for monitoring outages and restoring connection—relates to only a small part service. And the independent regulatory GETTING ELECTRICITY 71 uses manual systems to monitor outages. FIGURE 7.1 New measures have expanded the coverage of the getting electricity Moreover, there is no active regulatory indicators body, electricity tariffs are not published System average interruption duration index online, and customers receive no com- Getting a connection (SAIDI) to the electrical grid pensation when outages occur. System average interruption frequency Even so, an efficient connection process index (SAIFI) does not automatically translate into Reliability better reliability of supply. The ability of Time of supply and (calendar transparency Mechanisms for monitoring outages and a distribution utility to provide reliable days) of tariffs indexa restoring service supply depends on many factors along Cost Procedures the chain from generation through trans- (% of income (number) per capita) Regulatory monitoring mission to delivery of electricity to the customer. Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages Price of electricitya RELIABILITY OF SUPPLY Consumption price for commercial customers (cents per kilowatt-hour) Communication of tariffs and tariff changes Electricity outages can have serious effects on businesses. They can dam- a. New indicator added this year. The price of electricity is not included in the ranking on the ease of doing business. age assets (such as electronics) and inventory. And they can disrupt work by body that oversees the sector makes sure its supply and the power infrastructure is shutting down equipment and cutting off that changes in electricity tariffs are com- outdated and subject to huge transmis- lighting, heating or internet connections. municated ahead of time. sion and distribution losses. In Niamey “Our businesses are down because of getting a new connection takes 115 days these outages; without electricity we Businesses face a different situation in and costs more than 6,200% of income can’t work. We really can’t afford any Niger, where there is a substantial gap per capita. Customers experience power more of this,” said Mr. Ali, a businessman between the demand for electricity and outages almost daily, and the utility still who owned a dry-cleaning company in downtown Cairo. He was among the 20 million people affected by the city’s FIGURE 7.2 Economies with an efficient connection process tend to have a reliable frequent power outages in 2014.3 electricity network Constrained by outages, millions of Distance to frontier score for reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index businesses around the world need to 100 Low efficiency, High efficiency, alter their operations to avoid disrup- high reliability high reliability tions or resort to captive power options, 90 usually diesel generators. According to 80 the 2013 World Bank Enterprise Survey 70 data, more than 40% of firms located in 60 61 developing economies in the Middle 50 East and North Africa, South Asia and 40 Sub-Saharan Africa have their own gen- 30 erator even when they are connected to 20 the grid.4 Businesses in higher-income 10 Low efficiency, High efficiency, economies also contend with unreli- low reliability low reliability 0 able power supply. As a result of the 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 2000–01 rolling blackouts in the U.S. Distance to frontier score for efficiency of connection process state of California, a substantial number Source: Doing Business database. of businesses decided to install backup Note: The figure compares the average distance to frontier score for indicators of the efficiency of the connection generators,5 which typically cost tens of process (procedures, time and cost) with the distance to frontier score for the reliability of supply and transparency thousands of dollars and generate very of tariffs index. The correlation between the two scores is 0.49. The relationship is significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. expensive electricity. 72 DOING BUSINESS 2016 An unstable electricity supply can also total duration of outages, and SAIFI the whether electricity tariffs are transparent lead to lower employment and to lower average frequency of outages, experienced and easily available (with effective tariffs production for firms. Using data from by a customer in a year (excluding outages available online and customers notified Nigeria for 1970–2005, a study identi- due to natural disasters). The calculation of a change in tariff ahead of the billing fied the inadequate and unstable power of SAIDI and SAIFI values is based on a cycle). supply to the industrial sector as a major standardized approach that is the most cause of unemployment in the country. common one in use around the world. To What do the data on reliability Industry is a core sector for the genera- ensure the comparability of data across show? tion of national wealth and employment economies, Doing Business relies only on The data show that the occurrence of in Nigeria, but faced with an electricity SAIDI and SAIFI. The data are collected in outages is associated with several fac- sector hampered by poorly utilized gen- the largest business city of each economy tors. One is an economy’s income level. eration capacity, high transmission losses (and, in 11 economies, also in the second A typical firm operating in a low-income and frequent outages, companies turn to largest business city). economy faces nearly 250 outages a year, self-provision of electricity. This raises lasting close to 1,000 hours in total, while their production costs, reducing their The reliability of supply and transpar- a typical one in a high-income economy competitiveness and thus their demand ency of tariffs index also measures five experiences only 1.5 outages a year, for labor. The erratic and inadequate qualitative aspects: whether utilities use totaling around 3 hours. The frequency power supply in Nigeria has often been automated tools to monitor power out- and duration of outages also vary sub- cited as the main reason forcing mul- ages; whether they use automated tools stantially among regions. Sub-Saharan tinationals to relocate production lines to restore power supply; whether a regula- African economies have the longest total to other countries.6 Power outages also tor—that is, an entity separate from any duration of outages, averaging almost affect output levels. As a result of power utility—monitors utilities’ performance 700 hours a year for a customer—while supply interruptions in Bangladesh in on reliability of supply (through periodic OECD high-income economies have the 2001–03, utilities failed to meet an esti- or real-time reviews); whether utilities shortest, averaging only about 1 hour a mated 13.6% of the industrial sector’s face financial deterrents aimed at limiting year (figure 7.3). Economies in South demand. In 2000–01 the resulting eco- outages (such as a requirement to com- Asia have the highest frequency of out- nomic losses amounted to 1.7% of GDP.7 pensate customers or to pay fines); and ages, averaging more than 200 outages The effects go beyond economic costs. An unreliable electricity supply also has FIGURE 7.3 Electricity customers in Sub-Saharan Africa endure the most time without power supply on average consequences for a society’s well-being and living conditions. Only 25% of Average total duration of power health facilities in Kenya can count on outages in a year (hours) a reliable power supply. In India nearly 800 half of health facilities have no access to 700 electricity at all.8 Most public services 600 are compromised when power shuts 500 down. And outages can pose a threat 400 to personal safety—such as by putting out streetlights and traffic lights and by 300 disabling burglar alarms in homes. 200 100 How is the reliability of supply 0 Sub-Saharan South Asia Middle East & East Asia Latin America Europe & OECD measured? Africa North Africa & Pacific & Caribbean Central Asia high income The reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index provides a tool for benchmark- Source: Doing Business database. ing the performance of utilities in providing Note: The figure shows the average number of hours without electricity supply over the course of a year for a low- a reliable electricity supply. To assess the or medium-voltage customer in the largest business city of each economy, as measured by SAIDI. For 10 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. The data are for the most recent year available. reliability of supply, Doing Business uses two The sample comprises 147 economies. It excludes the following economies, for which no data were available: standard measures: the system average Angola; The Bahamas; Bangladesh; Benin; Botswana; the Central African Republic; Chad; the Republic of Congo; Djibouti; the Arab Republic of Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; The Gambia; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Iraq; interruption duration index (SAIDI) and Kiribati; the Kyrgyz Republic; Lao PDR; Lebanon; Lesotho; Madagascar; Malawi; Maldives; the Federated States of the system average interruption frequency Micronesia; Montenegro; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Qatar; Rwanda; São Tomé and Príncipe; Sierra Leone; South Africa; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; the Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Timor-Leste; index (SAIFI). SAIDI measures the average República Bolivariana de Venezuela; and the Republic of Yemen. GETTING ELECTRICITY 73 is to set minimum quality standards while FIGURE 7.4 Electricity customers in South Asia experience the greatest average also monitoring data on outages. Among frequency of power outages the economies with less than one hour of Average number of power cuts in 2014, 95% have a regulator power outages in a year that performs periodic or real-time moni- 250 toring of outages. Data for low- and lower- middle-income economies underscore 200 the importance of regulatory monitoring (figure 7.5). Regulatory oversight can lead 150 to stark differences in the duration of out- 100 ages even among economies with similar income levels. Guatemala City, where a 50 regulator monitors power cuts, registered 4 hours of outages in 2013. Tegucigalpa, 0 Honduras, where there is no regulatory South Asia Sub-Saharan Middle East East Asia Latin America Europe & OECD Africa & North Africa & Pacific & Caribbean Central Asia high income oversight of outages, had 257 hours of power interruptions that same year. Source: Doing Business database. Note: The figure shows the average number of power outages over the course of a year for a low- or medium- Another strategy often used by regula- voltage customer in the largest business city of each economy, as measured by SAIFI. For 10 economies the data tors is to set a limit on the frequency are also collected for the second largest business city. The data are for the most recent year available. The sample comprises 147 economies. It excludes the following economies, for which no data were available: Angola; The and duration of outages and then require Bahamas; Bangladesh; Benin; Botswana; the Central African Republic; Chad; the Republic of Congo; Djibouti; the Arab Republic of Egypt; Equatorial Guinea; Ethiopia; The Gambia; Ghana; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Iraq; Kiribati; the utilities to pay compensation to custom- Kyrgyz Republic; Lao PDR; Lebanon; Lesotho; Madagascar; Malawi; Maldives; the Federated States of Micronesia; ers if they exceed that limit. Alternatively, Montenegro; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Qatar; Rwanda; São Tomé and Príncipe; Sierra Leone; South Africa; St. Kitts and Nevis; St. Vincent and the Grenadines; the Syrian Arab Republic; Tajikistan; Timor-Leste; República regulators may impose a fine on utilities. Bolivariana de Venezuela; and the Republic of Yemen. The size of such penalties varies across economies. But those that use financial a year for a typical customer; OECD high- regulation should not compromise their deterrents to limit outages had 14 power income economies have the lowest, balance sheets. cuts on average in 2014, lasting around averaging 1 outage a year (figure 7.4). 30 hours in total, while those that don’t To create incentives to provide adequate use them had 5 times as many outages, Many issues affecting the quality of sup- service, one strategy used by regulators lasting almost 10 times as long. ply are beyond government control. In some economies the national electricity FIGURE 7.5 Among low- and lower-middle-income economies, customers endure far supply is undermined by frequent natural less time without power supply in those with regulatory monitoring of outages disasters coupled with limited natural Average total duration of power resources. Addressing issues of genera- outages in a year (hours) tion capacity and reliability of transmis- 1,200 sion and distribution grids may take a long-term approach. But in the shorter 1,000 term there are practical actions that 800 governments can take to ensure more 600 reliable service. One is to put in place a robust regulatory framework with the 400 right oversight and incentives. Electricity 200 supply is typically a natural monopoly, so customers dissatisfied with the qual- 0 Average for low- Global average for low- Average for low- ity or price of the service often have no and lower-middle-income and lower-middle-income and lower-middle-income economies with economies economies without alternatives to choose from. This makes regulatory monitoring regulatory monitoring it important for regulators to monitor Source: Doing Business database. utilities’ performance on matters relating Note: The figure shows the average number of hours without electricity supply over the course of a year for a low- to outages and tariffs. But to ensure that or medium-voltage customer in the largest business city of each economy, as measured by SAIDI. For four low- or utilities can make the necessary invest- lower-middle-income economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. The data are for the most recent year available. Regulatory monitoring refers to periodic or real-time monitoring of outages. The ments to maintain and improve service, sample comprises 51 economies. 74 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Like regulators, utilities can also take the sources of power failures—which in reasonable tariffs. At the same time, the action to improve the reliability of supply. economies with high SAIDI and SAIFI private sector takes into account the cost One way is to invest in the information values are usually faulty equipment, of electricity when making investment technology systems used to monitor inadequate generation capacity and decisions, and businesses often try to power interruptions and restore service. outdated power system infrastructure. curb their energy costs through energy Because of financial constraints and Tackling these issues requires consider- efficiency measures. But achieving effi- the cost of introducing such systems, able investments (box 7.1). But making cient power pricing is easier said than many utilities continue to rely on call these expenditures should not neces- done. The power sector is characterized centers to record outages, then send out sarily price out the majority of custom- by substantial up-front fixed costs, and maintenance crews to find the location ers—evidence suggests that expensive it takes many years for initial invest- of the fault and identify the cause. This electricity bills do not ensure efficient ments to pay off. Beyond that, costs vary process typically takes several hours. service. Indeed, an analysis covering 189 between different times of the day (peak, In 119 economies, however, utilities are economies that controls for income per off-peak), seasons (dry, rainy), types able to rely instead on an electronic capita shows that it is possible to have a of users (residential, commercial) and system, such as a Supervisory Control stable supply even with low tariffs. This geographic areas (urban, rural).10 and Data Acquisition (SCADA) system combination is most commonly found in or an Incidence Management System. A economies that are rich in fuel energy Tariffs, as well as any changes in them, SCADA system, for example, transfers resources. But there are exceptions. One need to be clearly communicated to data in real time between the substations of them is Turkey. Electricity customers customers—whether through the utility’s and the operator terminals. When an in Istanbul experience five outages a and regulator’s websites, the media, pub- outage occurs, information on the exact year on average, and tariffs amount to lic hearings or other means. Customers location and cause of the power cut can 14 cents per kilowatt-hour, considerably need this information so that they can immediately be sent to a dispatch crew.9 lower than the global average. plan their expenses, understand the util- A SCADA system can also automatically ity’s billing system and, if needed, contest restore power flow once it is safe to do so. the charges. Businesses want to know in This automation not only helps increase PRICE OF ELECTRICITY— advance of any change in expenditure reliability; by reducing damage to equip- AND TRANSPARENCY so that they can adjust their allocation ment, it also helps lower costs. of financial resources accordingly. In Efficient pricing is central to a well- some economies the law requires utili- Beyond investing in adequate tools to functioning power sector. Utilities need ties to announce changes several billing monitor and restore power outages, to be able to recover their costs and make cycles ahead. In others, the regulator utilities also need to directly address a profit by charging their customers helps ensure that tariffs are published in BOX 7.1 Improving the reliability of power supply in Mexico Mexico’s capital has had a big improvement in the reliability of electricity supply. In 2010 a typical customer living in the Mexico City metropolitan area experienced 7.33 hours of power outages. In 2014, just four years later, the same customer would have had to deal with outages totaling only 55 minutes. Power interruptions are often caused by aging infrastructure, faulty equipment, electricity supply shortages and even such factors as erratic weather or falling trees. The local utility in Mexico City, the Comisión Federal de Electricidad (CFE), has been tackling these problems. Between 2010 and 2014 the utility invested 3.76 billion Mexican pesos (about $244 million) in modern- izing electrical circuits and underground networks; improving the maintenance of substations, power plants and other assets; and pruning trees.a Besides investing in infrastructure, the utility also relies on a robust system for monitoring outages, to ensure a timely response in detecting power cuts and restoring supply. Thanks to its SCADA system, the utility can conduct real-time monitoring of power interruptions and electronically restore electricity supply in the city. At the national level too there is a sophisticated monitoring system in place. In 2012 Mexico’s Electric Research Institute devel- oped an electronic tool based on GIS (geographic information system) technology to forecast the effects of hurricanes on the country’s electricity infrastructure. This has helped improve the planning and preparation for weather-related power outages, reducing the total duration of supply interruptions in Mexico.b a. Comisión Federal de Electricidad 2015. b. Espinosa Reza, González Castro and Sierra Rodríguez 2011; Mena Hernández 2012. GETTING ELECTRICITY 75 different media outlets and that the infor- To assess the transparency of prices, population with access to electricity. mation is clear and detailed enough so Doing Business scores economies on Indeed, in the business sector high elec- that customers can calculate their prices. whether tariffs are made available tricity prices can discourage investments In Pakistan, for example, customers are online and communicated properly to and also raise questions about whether it informed if the regulator and the util- customers and whether tariff changes makes more sense to connect to the grid ity even have a consultation on potential are announced ahead of the billing cycle or to use a captive power option. tariff changes. through a means of communication reaching a majority of customers (televi- Interestingly, however, data for a sample How are prices and their sion, radio, courier, newspapers). This of 187 economies suggest that electricity transparency measured? score is part of the reliability of supply prices do not affect average electrifica- To measure the price of electricity, Doing and transparency of tariffs index. tion rates across income groups—except Business computes a monthly bill for a perhaps when prices exceed 40 cents small to medium-size business in the What do the data on prices per kilowatt-hour (figure 7.7). Indeed, in largest business city of each economy show? Liberia, where the price per kilowatt-hour (and, in 11 economies, in the second The price of electricity as measured is 56 cents—nearly four times the price in largest business city as well). To ensure by Doing Business varies widely among Finland—only 9.8% of the population has comparability of the data across econo- regions (figure 7.6). It is lowest on aver- access to electricity. Prices this high can mies, Doing Business uses a standardized age in the Middle East and North Africa be a strong deterrent to establishing a case study centered on a commercial (11 cents per kilowatt-hour) and highest formal connection to electricity—and this warehouse with a subscribed capacity on average in East Asia and the Pacific indirectly contributes to electricity theft and level of energy use typical of this kind (27 cents per kilowatt-hour). and to revenue losses for the utility,11 trig- of customer: the warehouse requires a gering a vicious cycle in which it struggles capacity of 140 kilovolt-amperes (kVA) Many factors drive the price of electric- to adequately serve its customers. Even and has an hourly consumption of 112 ity in an economy, with some of the so, utilities need to adopt prices that kilowatt-hours. The case study assumes important ones being the availability of allow them to maintain the necessary that the warehouse uses electricity domestic energy resources, the condi- power system infrastructure and provide 30 days a month, in March, and from tion of power sector infrastructure, the quality services. 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m. (which amounts adequacy of generation capacity and the to a monthly consumption of 26,880 existence and extent of subsidy regimes. The price of electricity has an important kilowatt-hours). When multiple electric- A combination of these factors typi- effect on power consumption. According ity suppliers exist, it is assumed that cally explains the differences in the prices to a report from the U.S. Department of the cheapest supplier is used. To allow observed, and these in turn may affect Energy, customers adjust their consump- comparison of the price of electricity for the electrification rate—the share of the tion patterns to changes in price as well as businesses around the world, the total price is then converted to U.S. dollars and expressed in cents per kilowatt-hour. FIGURE 7.6 The average price of electricity varies widely among regions Average price of electricity By compiling a standard electricity bill, (cents per kilowatt-hour) Doing Business adopts the perspective 30 of a local entrepreneur—measuring the 25 price and not the cost of electricity. Price is what final customers pay for electricity 20 supply. Cost is the expense incurred by 15 the utility company to produce, purchase, transport and distribute electricity. 10 There may be a considerable difference 5 between the price of electricity and its cost. In some economies, for example, 0 East Asia Latin America Sub-Saharan South Asia OECD Europe & Middle East & the government subsidizes the price & Pacific & Caribbean Africa high income Central Asia North Africa customers pay for electricity by paying a Source: Doing Business database. portion of the energy costs to the utility. Note: The price of electricity is derived from the monthly consumption cost for the commercial warehouse in the Doing Business case study. The sample comprises 188 economies. Excluded from the sample is República Bolivariana de Venezuela. 76 DOING BUSINESS 2016 p.m. Standard rates apply throughout FIGURE 7.7 Electrification rates vary among income groups, but the effect of the rest of the day, and off-peak rates at electricity prices is unclear night. On Saturdays the TOU periods are Average electrification rate different, and on Sundays only off-peak (% of population) rates apply. The tariffs for each TOU 100 period then vary according to the season, 80 with higher rates charged between June and August. The complexity of the tariff 60 schedule does not end there: volume charges also vary, depending on the 40 transmission zone (based on the trans- mission distance) and on voltage levels. 20 Finally, the utility charges customers sev- eral other fees each month—for capacity, 0 Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income administration, network access, service, Average price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour) reliability, reactive energy and other net- < 10 cents 20–30 cents > 40 cents work subsidies. Up to 10 different charges 10–20 cents 30–40 cents may apply, all of them varying according to the characteristics of a customer’s Sources: Doing Business database; World Development Indicators database (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator), connection.17 World Bank. Note: The price of electricity is derived from the monthly consumption cost for the commercial warehouse in the Doing Business case study. The sample comprises 187 economies. Excluded from the sample are Taiwan, China; and The complexity of tariff schedules makes República Bolivariana de Venezuela. it important for utilities to circulate clear information on tariffs. Some utilities go to changes in the structure of tariffs, such time of use, to adjust to differences in the a step further. With the aim of helping as the introduction of a time-of-use (TOU) level of energy consumption between customers, Malaysia’s largest electric tariff.12 Fluctuations in price can affect different times of day or between week- utility company, Tenaga Nasional Berhad, decision making by businesses, for which ends and weekdays. Where TOU tariffs set up a web page with a bill calculator electricity bills represent a considerable are used, lower tariffs typically apply for residential, commercial and industrial expense.13 Data for 152 economies show a during times when aggregate consump- connections—making it easy for custom- negative correlation between the price of tion is lower, such as at night and on ers to estimate their future electricity electricity and manufacturing value added the weekend, and higher tariffs during costs based on the voltage level and sub- as a percentage of GDP.14 An increase in “peak consumption” periods. Complex scribed capacity of their connection and electricity prices may lead to firms switch- tariffs like these are commonly used in their estimated monthly consumption ing to industries with fewer opportunities industrial economies—as in the United during peak and off-peak periods. The for enhancing productivity—and away States, for example, where nonresidential website also offers businesses advice on from manufacturing.15 Moving up the customers account for 60% of electricity how to boost their energy savings. And value chain becomes difficult where elec- consumption.16 it provides an “energy audit calculator” to tricity prices are high. estimate the electricity consumption of Among the 189 economies covered by different appliances.18 Such tools not only The structure of a tariff schedule is as Doing Business, 52% have a TOU tariff help customers understand their electric- important as the tariff itself in sending option for commercial or industrial cus- ity bills; they also allow them to analyze the right signals to customers. Pricing tomers. This time-based tariff schedule their electricity use and identify ways to for nonresidential customers tends to exists in 93% of OECD high-income increase efficiency. be complex. It is usually structured economies but only 35% of economies in as a three-part tariff consisting of a East Asia and the Pacific. In South Africa, monthly fixed charge (determined by the for example, the utility defines different CONCLUSION characteristics of the network), a capac- daily TOU periods for different types of ity charge (determined by the highest connections. For most commercial cus- Ensuring a reliable supply of electricity, recorded power demand over the billing tomers there are three daily TOU rates: under transparent and efficient pricing, period) and a volume charge (defined peak, standard and off-peak. Peak rates plays a key part in promoting investment by the energy consumption). In addition, apply on weekdays from 7:00 a.m. to opportunities and economic growth— volume charges may be differentiated by 10:00 a.m. and from 6:00 p.m. to 8:00 and thus represents a key challenge for GETTING ELECTRICITY 77 governments around the world. As Doing and refer to industries belonging to the International Standard Industrial Classification Business data suggest, governments can (ISIC) divisions 15–37. These data are from use regulatory measures to encourage the World Development Indicators database good practices in electricity supply (http://data.worldbank.org/indicator), World Bank. The data on the price of electricity are systems. These regulatory measures derived from the monthly consumption cost need to strike the right balance, ensur- for the commercial warehouse in the Doing ing that customers receive a reliable Business case study. The sample comprises 152 economies. and reasonably priced electricity supply 15. Abeberese 2013. without compromising utilities’ revenues. 16. Brief and Davids 2011. Utilities can also take practical measures 17. See Eskom’s website at http://www.eskom .co.za/. to increase the reliability of supply and 18. See Tenaga Nasional Berhad’s website at the accessibility of tariff information to http://www.tnb.com.my/. customers. NOTES This case study was written by Jean Arlet, Volha Hrytskevich, Haya Mortada, Tigran Parvanyan, Jayashree Srinivasan and Erick Tjong. 1. Enterprise Surveys database (http:/ /www .enterprisesurveys.org/), World Bank. 2. Audinet and Rodriguez Pardina 2010. 3. Arwa Ibrahim, “Egypt’s Power Outages Continue to Intensify,” Middle East Eye, September 5, 2014, http:/ /www .middleeasteye.net/news/egypts-power -outages-compound-559103879. 4. Enterprise Surveys database (http:/ /www .enterprisesurveys.org/), World Bank. These economies are Afghanistan; Algeria; Angola; Bangladesh; Benin; Bhutan; Botswana; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cabo Verde; Cameroon; the Central African Republic; Chad; the Democratic Republic of Congo; the Republic of Congo; Côte d’Ivoire; Djibouti; the Arab Republic of Egypt; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gabon; The Gambia; Ghana; Guinea; Guinea- Bissau; India; Iraq; Jordan; Kenya; Lebanon; Lesotho; Liberia; Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mauritius; Morocco; Mozambique; Namibia; Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Pakistan; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra Leone; South Africa; South Sudan; Sri Lanka; Sudan; the Syrian Arab Republic; Swaziland; Tanzania; Togo; Tunisia; Uganda; West Bank and Gaza; the Republic of Yemen; Zambia; and Zimbabwe. 5. Black, Larsen and Ryan 2002. 6. George and Oseni 2012. 7. Wijayatunga and Jayalath 2008. 8. Practical Action 2013. 9. Terezinho 2015. 10. Briceño-Garmendia and Shkaratan 2011. 11. According to a recent study, global losses due to electricity theft amount to $89.3 billion a year (Northeast Group 2014). 12. U.S. Department of Energy 2006. 13. Jewell 2006. 14. Doing Business finds that the correlation between manufacturing value added and the price of electricity is −0.21. The relationship is significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. The data on manufacturing are a three-year moving average for 2012–14 Doing Business 2016 Registering property The paths of digitization ƒ Over the past five years 37 economies T en years ago, transferring property database. It also optimizes processes by computerized their land registry. in Rwanda took more than a year. streamlining workflows and helps com- ƒ In the economies that digitized their Today, thanks to the web-based pile information in ways not possible with registry, the time required to transfer Land Administration Information System manual systems. Faster processes reduce property has fallen by 38% since 2011. implemented in Kigali, the process takes the time involved in transferring property In those that did not, the time has only a month. Rwanda’s case is not rights and speed up mortgage applica- decreased by only 7%. unique. Over the past five years 37 econ- tions, saving the land registry and appli- omies computerized their land registry. cants much time. Computerization also ƒ Before making the transition to a The average time required to register a allows a land registry to set up tracking digital land registry, policy makers need to take into account such property transfer in these economies fell mechanisms to assess its performance considerations as the legal framework, by 38%—from 47 days to 29—while the and improve its services to customers.1 technological capabilities, and human global average only decreased from 55 and social factors. days to 48 (figure 8.1). Data accuracy is another advantage. Because each transaction entered in a ƒ Going digital can be done in several Economies that invest in a digital land computerized system can be automati- steps—starting with computerization registration system benefit in several cally registered, information is up to date. of the registry and moving on to fully ways. One way is through greater effi- A computerized system also provides online registration of immovable ciency. Computerization helps reduce built-in mechanisms for quality control, property. duplication in the storage of information allowing land registry staff to perform ƒ Beyond going digital, land registries and makes it possible to consolidate consistency checks and verify data can develop new services—such a large amount of information in one instantly. as mobile applications and interconnection with other agencies. Computerization can increase security by allowing backup copies to be made. FIGURE 8.1 The time required to register a property transfer fell sharply The latest data can be saved in different in economies that digitized their land locations and protected from natural registry disasters such as floods or from events such as arson or civil war. Average time to register property (days) 60 Computerization also strengthens transparency by making land records 50 more accessible to all stakeholders. A 40 computerized system makes it easier for 30 different people to access data in differ- ent locations at the same time. By sharing 20 information online, it takes away discre- 10 tion and reduces opportunities for arbi- trary action. With simple and transparent 0 Economies with Economies with no rules, a digital system emboldens citizens digitization reforms digitization reforms and businesses to question unreason- 2011 2015 able procedures. When the Indian state Source: Doing Business database. of Karnataka digitized its land records, REGISTERING PROPERTY 79 BOX 8.1 How did one of the oldest land registration systems become a modern digital organization? Her Majesty’s Land Registry—covering England and Wales—is one of the oldest land registration authorities in existence today. Launched 153 years ago, it was modeled on a pilot project in South Australia that spread to most of the English-speaking world. In London the first land registry opened in 1862, with six staff. Land registration then gradually expanded across England and Wales. In recent decades digitization has transformed the land registration system of England and Wales. Computerization of the land registry was recommended by a study in 1968 and began in 1974; work on computerizing the index of property owners’ names began three years later. The conversion of paper land registers into computerized format began in 1986. Development of internal computerized casework systems also started in the 1980s. Each land registry office’s information technology network was con- nected to a main data processing center, which updated the land register in real time. The new system was rolled out over several years, and by 1992 the land registry had 10 million titles registered in its database. In 1997 the land registry began scanning the historical land records—272 volumes containing a mix of handwritten and typed pages made from parchment, waxed linen or paper along with printed documents. By 1998 the total number of titles registered in the database had reached 15 million, while the total number of stored deeds, kept on 80 miles of shelving, was estimated at almost 100 million. The next major step was the Land Registration Act of 2002, which introduced online registration to transfer property. The first internet service was launched in 2005, allowing any applicant to obtain information on any property by entering the identifica- tion data. Then it became possible to electronically update the land register in cases not affecting ownership. Finally, it became possible to actually transfer property online using electronic signatures. In January 2013 the British government gave itself 400 days to transform 25 major services—including land registration—by making them simpler, clearer and faster to use. In 2013/14 the land registry increased its productivity by 21% despite a 16% rise in applications. Some 76% of substantive applications were submitted electronically in 2014, and today about 24 million titles are registered. Additional improvements are planned in the future. During the Queen’s speech at the opening of Parliament in 2014, Queen Elizabeth II announced a new infrastructure bill to “help make the United Kingdom the most attractive place to start, finance and grow a business”—including by supporting the delivery of new digital services by the land registry. Sources: Cooke 2003; Mayer and Pemberton 2000. it also made the records more open—to still struggling with a paper-based land the legal framework, technological capa- empower citizens to challenge arbitrary registry. bilities, and human and social factors. actions.2 Land registries with robust inter- nal data recording, control and validation Digitization is not reserved for high- A necessary first step before going digital systems are more easily accessible and income economies; many developing is to review current laws and regulations more open for collaboration with external economies have also digitized their land relating to land registration. Out-of-date stakeholders. In several cases this has registry. Cabo Verde is one of them. In legislation can be an impediment. In had an impact on access to credit, such its two biggest cities, Praia and Sal, all Guinea-Bissau, for example, titles were as in urban areas of India.3 property titles have been fully scanned, required to be handwritten and so could and software to process registrations not be processed by computer. This Land registries need not go fully digital successfully implemented. In Kenya the requirement was removed in 2013. In all at once. They can start by shifting land registry of Nairobi has recently gone other cases new regulations were needed from paper to digital record keeping and through a full digitization of its records to support computerized systems. In then move to fully online registration. and is now developing new electronic Malaysia the National Land Code had Economies around the world have suc- services for its customers. Going digital to be amended in 1992 to introduce cessfully made the transition—including is a step-by-step process that can take new provisions relating to functions of England and Wales, where 24 million different paths (figure 8.2). the computerized land administration titles were digitized, and Ireland, where system, such as recording changes to about 1.7 million individual titles repre- land titles and extracting data from land senting 32,000 paper map sheets were BEFORE GOING DIGITAL records. In the United States the Uniform digitized (box 8.1). Their experiences offer Real Property Electronic Recording Act, information not only on the process of The transition from a paper-based land allowing electronic documents, was digitization but also on its benefits—and administration system to a digital one passed in 2004.4 can serve as an inspiration for economies involves several considerations, including 80 DOING BUSINESS 2016 processes and to the development of real FIGURE 8.2 What are the stages in projects for digitizing land records? estate products.8 Before going digital Reviewing the legal framework GOING DIGITAL— Going digital Conducting a cost-benefit IN SEVERAL WAYS analysis of the technology Computerizing the land involved registry Going beyond digital Scanning land ownership Once an appropriate legal framework Taking into account documents Offering online services and data system have been established, human, social and for land transactions organizational factors Having fully digital land Providing information on the land records can be converted into a records the real estate market digital format so that they are properly Connecting the registry stored and protected from the effects of to other agencies time (excessive use, moisture) or even natural disasters (floods, earthquakes).9 Another important first step is to review different land databases with no links One viable way to digitize historical existing practices at the land registry. between them can be one such obstacle. records is to scan or microfilm them Going digital does not mean computeriz- In several cases a preliminary step in (figure 8.3). After a flood affecting ing every process at the registry. Manual digitization was to consolidate all the dif- land records in 2000, Mozambique systems for land administration can be ferent databases into one—fundamental scanned most of its titles in Maputo in cumbersome. A review of the registry’s not only for strengthening the system’s 2013. Scanning land documents offers practices can identify procedures that organizational structure and efficiency several advantages. It allows a backup are redundant and processes that need but also for providing security of title. system for data and helps maintain the to be reengineered to enable electronic Belarus started its digitization program integrity of public records over time for submission of records. As successful land by unifying the land and building regis- a limited cost. And scanned archives can registry reforms have shown, the process tries’ databases. Denmark also began be easily shared with the parties to a land for obtaining approvals required for land by centralizing information. The country transaction. transfers can be simplified if a robust had a complex system with an archive registration system is in place. of 80 million paper documents man- But scanned records, while a big step aged by local district courts that were up from paper-based databases, do not Choosing appropriate technology is a key not connected to one another. Denmark allow users to extract information— step in designing a new digital system. centralized the information in the Land because by definition they are stored as Different stages of development require Registry Court, which now administers images. An alternative to scanning is to different technology solutions that take the registration of rights on all property input the information from land records into account any constraints and limita- in the country. into a digital database. This approach is tions. Ghana and Uganda each developed costlier and more time-consuming, but it a technology approach in line with their Investments in the land registry’s infra- has a much greater effect on efficiency. A capacity, objectives and resources. structure need to be complemented by digital database allows users to conduct Uganda opted for proprietary software well-prepared and well-trained staff. quick title searches and provides power- while Ghana relied on open-source Without buy-in and full understand- ful protection against double registration. software. The open-source solution is ing among the registry employees, no Digital records also make it easier to likely to save on annual software fees, new digital system will succeed. And access information about a property, but it requires Ghana to develop the adequate training is essential for achiev- including liens and encumbrances. local capacity to maintain the programs.5 ing top-quality services and efficient Developing such capacity is critical to management of land records. In Croatia Computerizing a land administration sys- ensuring that the system is sustainable. more than 2,000 land registry employ- tem takes time and yields results only in ees benefited from detailed training on the long run—as the example of Denmark Any successful plan for going digital the new information technology system illustrates (figure 8.4). Mauritius imple- also needs to take into account potential put in place throughout the country.6 In mented a new electronic system in 2011. obstacles in the overall land administra- India several thousand civil servants were The system allows automatic population tion system. This includes obstacles that trained in the states where digitization of information on registered properties the design of the new system might pose was initiated.7 Successful training policies dating back to 1978 and enables differ- for different stakeholders. Having many can contribute to innovative construction ent branches of the Registrar-General’s REGISTERING PROPERTY 81 cadastral plan images on the same web- the property transfer. In Portugal banks FIGURE 8.3 The type of land records site. In Azerbaijan notaries have been able can request that a registry employee varies widely across income groups to obtain nonencumbrance certificates come to their premises with a laptop Economies by type of online since 2014. Where electronic cer- and secure access to the registry’s data- land records (%) tificates are introduced, the law may need base to complete the property transfer 100 to be amended to make the certificates there. In other economies a customer legally binding—a critical step. can complete the registration using any 80 computer connected to the internet. The 60 Some digital land registries go further, United Arab Emirates has developed a allowing online registration of property mobile application to help customers 40 transfers—now possible in 40 econo- complete a property transfer using their mies. Some set very high standards. In mobile phone. 20 countries such as the Netherlands and 0 New Zealand customers file their appli- Online systems can do more than stream- Low Middle High cation through the land registry’s web line the process at the registry. Setting up income income income portal. In New Zealand a lawyer can pro- a single system or portal connecting all Fully digital Scanned cess the transfer immediately through the agencies involved in property transfers Paper registry’s portal. In Austria applications can ease the burden for firms or individu- Source: Doing Business database. for a property transfer must be submitted als in complying with requirements from electronically through a data exchange the different agencies. It can also aid Department to share information, system, an online communication system the government, by helping to eliminate increasing efficiency. The system also used by notaries, lawyers and the courts duplications of effort and inconsistencies allows users to copy information from (where the land registry is based) to in records. A single system or intercon- scanned deeds. In four years, thanks to submit claims, briefs and applications nected portal ensures that all agencies the new system, Mauritius was able to and deliver court transcripts, orders and are automatically updated once an appli- reduce the time for registration from 210 decisions. This system provides standard cation is processed. This is the case in days to 14. forms for different kinds of applications, Panama, for example. Colombia, Italy and such as for registration of ownership and Peru have developed portals that connect registration of mortgages. the notary to the land registry and the GOING BEYOND DIGITAL ministry of finance. RECORDS Some land registries are using their online systems to offer more mobile To ensure complete information about For a land registry, launching a fully digital services. In some economies the land property, mapping agencies in 89 econo- database is a crucial step in increasing registry offers to have a trained member mies have an electronic database to the reliability of its records and services. of staff come to the customer to register record property boundaries, check maps It is also a first step toward greater con- nectivity with other agencies involved in property transfers, such as the cadastre FIGURE 8.4 Denmark implemented a fully computerized system over several years, reducing the time and procedures to register property and tax authority. And it is a precondition for offering online services. Time (days) Procedures (number) 45 7 With a digital database in place, a land 40 6 administration system can start to offer 35 electronic certificates of nonencum- 5 30 brance, which guarantee that there is 25 4 no lien on the property. The system in 20 3 many economies allows users to conduct 15 2 title searches online and immediately 10 1 issues the certificate of nonencumbrance 5 through its web portal or sends the cer- 0 0 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 tificate to the user within minutes (figure Time Procedures 8.5). In Costa Rica, for example, users can obtain property certificates and certified Source: Doing Business database. 82 DOING BUSINESS 2016 substantially undermine the quality and FIGURE 8.5 Electronic databases to check for encumbrances are very common in efficiency of the land registry’s services. OECD high-income economies and Europe and Central Asia Share of economies with a Developing economies should not be dis- database for encumbrances (%) couraged by the magnitude of the changes 100 involved in going digital. Economies with 80 varied circumstances and income levels have been able to digitize their land regis- 60 try and substantially reorganize their land administration system—many through a 40 step-by-step approach. Digitizing a land registry offers benefits not only through 20 greater efficiency but also through safer 0 and more reliable records and a more 0 OECD Europe & Latin America Middle East East Asia Sub-Saharan South Asia high income Central Asia & Caribbean & North Africa & Pacific Africa transparent process. It also improves the functioning of property markets by mak- ing land information instantly available. Source: Doing Business database. And it benefits citizens by improving the security of title and the accessibility of and provide cadastral information. Some customer service. This is the case in information. have geographic information systems, Bangladesh, where technology is consid- which allow users to integrate, store, edit, ered critical to increasing the efficiency analyze, share and display  geograph- of the land administration system.10 NOTES ic information. Combining information on Several land registries use their electronic the location of the plot with information systems to share information about This case study was written by Laura Diniz, Frédéric Meunier, Haya Mortada, Parvina on liens and encumbrances streamlines their activities. Lithuania’s land registry Rakhimova and Joonas Taras. the due diligence process. publishes statistics on its performance 1. Whitman 1999. on its website. Panama’s publishes 2. Bhatnagar 2003. In addition to offering services online, monthly data on the number of transac- 3. Deininger and Goyal 2012. 4. Kampamba, Tembo and Nkwae 2014. making information readily available on a tions that it completes, broken down by 5. Cheremshynskyi and Byamugisha 2014. portal or website is also considered good type—mortgages, first registrations and 6. Croatia, Ministry of Justice 2010. practice. The land registry in Zambia transfers. The land registry in the United 7. Habibullah and Ahuja 2005. 8. UNECE 2012. displays a detailed list of procedures and Arab Emirates uses social media to keep 9. Barthel, Barnes and Stanfield 2000. documents required for the registration the public informed about its operations. 10. Imtiaz and Rahman 2014. process on its website. In 104 economies Some governments have provided cus- people can find the land registry’s fee tomers with an online tool to track their schedule for the largest business city applications and file complaints about online. Some land registries have devel- land services. In Nicaragua applicants oped a fee calculator plug-in on their can use a tracking number to check the website so that customers can calculate status of their deed registration on the the expected cost for a particular prop- registry’s website. erty transfer. Publishing such information saves customers time in inquiring about the process. It also eliminates asym- CONCLUSION metries in information between users and officials, minimizing the possibilities While many economies have modernized for informal payments and abuses of the their land registry and are looking into the system. next steps, others still rely on archaic record-keeping systems. In 74 of the 189 Land registries have also been using their economies covered by Doing Business, online systems to enhance the transpar- property titles in the largest business city ency of their operations and improve are kept only in paper format. This can Doing Business 2016 Trading across borders A new approach to measuring trade processes ƒ Using a new methodology, Doing I n the past 10 years international trade a robust relationship between total factor patterns have been defined by the rise productivity and imports of knowledge Business measures the time and cost of developing economies, the expan- (measured by imports of patent-based for three sets of procedures needed for sion of global value chains, the increase technology). Indeed, the study found that exporting and importing: documentary in commodity prices (and the growing 93% of the increase in total factor pro- compliance, border compliance and importance of commodity exports) and ductivity over the past century in OECD domestic transport. the increasingly global nature of macro- countries was due solely to these tech- ƒ For the first time this year, Doing economic shocks. Each of these trends nology imports. These results suggest Business considers the product of has reshaped the role of trade in facilitat- that international trade is a critical chan- comparative advantage for each ing development.1 nel for the transmission of knowledge, economy when measuring export which in turn improves capital intensity procedures, while for import The restoration of more open trade follow- and economic growth. procedures it focuses on a single, very ing World War II involved major multilater- common manufactured product (auto al and preferential trade agreements aimed The relationship between trade and eco- parts). at lowering tariff and nontariff barriers to nomic growth can also be observed at the ƒ Among economies requiring trade. For the first time economic relations firm level. Substantial evidence suggests product-specific inspections for their and international trade were governed by a that knowledge flows from international exported agricultural product, border multilateral system of rules, including the buyers and competitors help improve compliance times range from 11 hours General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade the performance of exporting firms. A to 210. This variation suggests that it (GATT) and the Bretton Woods institu- review of 54 studies at the firm level is possible to protect consumers and tions. These trade agreements, combined in 34 countries reveals that firms that businesses without unduly delaying with tremendous advances in transport export are more productive than those trade. and communications technology, have that do not (though exporting does not ƒ For economies in a customs union led to unprecedented rates of growth necessarily improve productivity).5 This with their case study trading partner, in international trade. Between 1950 is in large part because firms participat- the time for documentary and border and 2007, for example, real world trade ing in international markets are exposed compliance is substantially lower on grew by 6.2% a year while real income to more intense competition and must average than for others. per capita grew by 2% a year.2 Greater improve faster than firms that sell their ƒ Economies that are less efficient international trade is strongly correlated products domestically. importers also tend to be less efficient with economic growth. A study using data exporters. from 118 countries over nearly 50 years While access to international markets (1950–98) found that those opening up is important for all economies, develop- their trade regimes experienced a boost in ing economies are uniquely affected by their average annual growth rates of about trade policy. Because they are skewed 1.5 percentage points.3 toward labor-intensive activities, their growth depends on their ability to import Evidence suggests that one important capital-intensive products.6 Without channel by which international trade access to international markets, develop- leads to economic growth is through ing economies must produce these goods imports of technology and associ- themselves and at a higher cost, which ated gains in productivity.4 A study of 16 pulls resources away from areas where they OECD countries over 135 years revealed hold a comparative advantage. In addition, 84 DOING BUSINESS 2016 low income per capita limits domestic time-consuming than exporting other requiring product-specific inspections for opportunities for economies of scale. A kinds of merchandise. New data collected agricultural exports, border compliance trade regime that permits low-cost produc- by Doing Business show that in economies times vary widely. ers to expand their output well beyond whose top export is an agricultural product, local demand can therefore boost business complying with border and documentary In many economies inefficient processes, opportunities. Thus while international requirements takes considerably longer unnecessary bureaucracy and redundant trade can benefit developed and develop- on average than in economies whose procedures add to the time and cost ing economies alike, trade policy is clearly top export is a nonagricultural product. for border and documentary compli- inseparable from development policy. The data also show that a much larger ance. Only recently has the relationship share of economies whose top export is between administrative controls and An important issue touching on both trade an agricultural product require product- trade volumes attracted the attention of and development policy is that exporting specific inspections and procedures for multilateral trade networks (see box 9.1 agricultural products is more costly and their export. That said, among economies for several explanations for this recent BOX 9.1 Why the renewed focus on trade facilitation? The recent interest in trade facilitation has come about for several reasons. First, tariff and quota barriers, particularly on general merchandise flows, are lower than in the past thanks to the success of multilateral and preferential trade agreements along with the global recognition of the benefits of international trade. This has sharpened the focus of policy makers and traders on the costs of international trade, which can pose a substantial barrier to trade. Second, the next major frontier for multilateral trade negotiations—as well as for poverty reduction programs—is the facilitation of global trade in agricultural products (broadly comprising animal and plant-based products). Three-quarters of the world’s poorest people depend, directly or indirectly, on agriculture as their main source of income,a so policies affecting agriculture af- fect poverty, inequality and overall economic growth.b And agricultural products are more regulated and controlled than general merchandise. While phytosanitary and other sanitary standards are widely, and justifiably, adhered to by both importers and ex- porters of these products, public officials attempting to protect domestic agriculture and mining from international competition can impose high costs on traders and, in some cases, discourage international trade through protectionist measures. For bulk agricultural commodities the costs of regulation are magnified by the long downward trend in prices as global supply outpaces global demand.c Third, as researchers have gained access to great quantities of microeconomic data in recent decades, certain stylized facts have emerged about firms and their participation in international markets that reveal the significant costs of trade.d Trading in- ternationally is certainly more expensive than engaging in domestic trade. For example, compared with other firms in the same industry, those that engage in international trade tend to be larger and more productive as well as capital and skill intensive—and they tend to pay higher wages. In addition, there is substantial evidence of fixed costs of entry into foreign markets—firms that engaged in international trade in the past are much more likely to do so again. Yet Doing Business indicators are best understood as measuring marginal rather than fixed costs of trading internationally. The trading across borders case study assumes that the exporter or importer has already established its business and is fully op- erational. The one-time cost to obtain a trade license or customs identification number is not measured. The data capture other costs that are not related to entry into the market but do not necessarily vary with the volume of trade (such as the costs of customs procedures, inspections by government agencies and obtaining, preparing and submitting documents). However, differences in marginal trade costs captured by Doing Business have a greater impact on the number of firms participating in international trade. Recent research has made progress in quantifying the effect of changes in marginal costs on trade volumes and participation. One study finds that a 7% reduction in the median number of days spent in Albanian customs leads to a 7% increase in the value of imports.e Another finds that a 10% increase in customs delays results in a 3.8% decline in exports in Uruguay.f Delays increase costs for exporters, forcing them to reduce their foreign sales. Buyers also experience higher costs and downsize (or eliminate) purchases from firms that experience such delays. a. World Bank 2007. b. World Bank Group and WTO 2015. c. World Bank 2007. d. See Tybout (2003) and Melitz and Redding (2014) for extensive reviews of the empirical and theoretical literature. e. Fernandes, Hillberry and Mendoza Alcantara 2015. f. Volpe Martincus, Carballo and Graziano 2015. TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 85 interest in trade facilitation). In 2013, the product.8 Time and cost are recorded stages, exchanging numerous pieces of for example, members of the World for border compliance (both handling and information at each level. Any technol- Trade Organization (WTO) concluded clearance and inspections), documentary ogy that makes this flow of information a Trade Facilitation Agreement aimed compliance and domestic transport. For faster and more efficient is likely to have at streamlining trade procedures. The imports, the case study follows the ship- a large effect on trade costs and on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation ment from the economy’s most widely time spent on different procedures. and Development (OECD) estimates used land border or port to a warehouse Acknowledging the already large number that fully implementing the WTO Trade in its largest business city. The shipment of economies that have adopted some Facilitation Agreement could reduce consists of 15 metric tons of container- version of an electronic data interchange, trade costs by 14.1% for low-income ized auto parts for all economies, and and anticipating more digitization in the economies, 15.1% for lower-middle- the trading partner is the main import future, Doing Business now measures the income economies and 12.9% for upper- partner for the product. time to trade in hours rather than in days. middle-income economies. Adopting even its simple (though often still costly) The basic premise of the new methodol- recommendations, such as automating ogy is that the case study should reflect EXPORTING A PRODUCT OF trade and customs processes, could the actual directions and volumes of COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE reduce costs for these income groups by international trade—and that the admin- 2.1–2.4%.7 In measuring the time and cost istrative and regulatory burdens faced by By selecting the top nonextractive associated with border and documentary traders differ greatly across different traded export product for the case study in compliance across 189 economies, Doing products and trading partners. Trade flows each economy, Doing Business ensures Business supports more efficient regula- are governed by comparative advantage, that it measures the time and cost to tory practices for trading across borders. by the preferences of consumers, by the export a product that is relevant to the international structure of production and economy as well as to policy makers. Of by the size and geographic location of an the 97 possible products at the two-digit A NEW APPROACH economy and its trading partners. The type level in the Harmonized System (1996) of traded product determines the standards of classification, 39 emerge as the top The Doing Business indicators on trading to which it is held (for example, food items export products for the 189 economies across borders were among the first glob- are subject to more safety inspections than covered by Doing Business. These range al measures of the administrative, regula- computer equipment). And along with the from dairy products to machinery and tory and logistical burdens that add to the type of product, the identity of the trading mechanical appliances. Grouping these time and cost for trading internationally. partner determines the probability of intru- products into broad categories shows This year’s report introduces important sive and nonintrusive inspections under risk that 37% of economies have an agricul- changes in the methodology for the management systems commonly used at tural product as their top export, 29% indicators. These changes are aimed ports and borders around the world. a heavy manufacturing product, 22% a at increasing the economic and policy light manufacturing product and 12% a relevance of the indicators, improving the In recent decades two additional forces metal-based product. Mapping these consistency and replicability of the data have shaped international trade flows. data reveals intuitive patterns (figure 9.1). and clarifying the context in which the The first is the emergence of multilateral For example, most economies whose top data should be interpreted as well as the trade agreements—and, increasingly, of export is an agricultural product are in caveats that should be kept in mind. regional ones—aimed at reducing the Africa or Oceania, while most whose top barriers to trade. The new methodology export is a heavy manufacturing product Under the new methodology Doing allows an economy to be in a customs are in North America or Europe. Business customizes the case study union with its case study trading partners. assumptions for exports and imports. Box 9.2 details several of the interest- Analysis of outcomes such as the time and For exports, it measures the time and ing findings from this year’s data on the cost for border compliance and documen- cost to export a shipment of 15 metric impact of customs union membership. tary compliance reveals some interesting tons of the economy’s top nonextractive trends. In economies whose top export is export product. The case study follows The second is the application of infor- an agricultural product, border compliance the shipment from a warehouse in the mation and communication technol- takes 70% more time (35 more hours) on economy’s largest business city to the ogy in international trade. The process average than in other economies, while most widely used land border or port of international trade is a long and documentary compliance takes twice as through which the shipment would be complicated one: multiple economic and much time (figure 9.2). The difference in exported to the main export partner for government agencies interact at many cost for documentary compliance is also 86 DOING BUSINESS 2016 BOX 9.2 Does customs union membership affect the time and cost for trading? Forty-seven years ago, while the rest of the international community was negotiating the levels of tariffs and quotas, the European Union embarked on a grand experiment—the launch of a customs union. There would be no customs duties at internal borders between the EU member states; there would be common customs duties on imports from outside the European Union as well as common rules of origin for products from outside; and there would be a common definition of customs value. While the EU customs union remains one of the best examples of trade facilitation between disparate nations, it is far from alone. More than half the 189 economies covered by Doing Business are in a customs union today. Moreover, 33 economies are in a customs union with their case study export partner, and 39 are in a customs union with their case study import partner. For these economies the time for documentary and border compliance is substantially lower on average than for others—as data for EU member economies illustrate (see figure). Being in the same customs union as an export or import partner tends to reduce the time to trade Average time for Average time for documentary compliance (hours) border compliance (hours) EU member economy exporting to EU member economy 0.8 3.5 EU member economy exporting to non-EU member economy 2.0 19.9 Source: Doing Business database. But not all customs unions are equal. Customs unions among OECD high-income economies (essentially the EU customs union) perform substantially better than others, followed by customs unions in Europe and Central Asia and then by those in Sub- Saharan Africa. In Latin America and the Caribbean membership in the same customs union as the top export partner does not significantly improve the border compliance time to export. But it does have an effect on documentary compliance time. For imports, customs unions reduce border compliance time in Latin America and the Caribbean as well as other regions. In Latin America and the Caribbean, however, documentary compliance time is actually greater if the import partner is within the same customs union. This may be due to the requirement for a certificate of origin to prove that products are being traded within the customs union. Note: A customs union is understood as the substitution of a single customs territory for two or more customs territories, where members apply a common external tariff. The analysis therefore excludes entities that began as a single customs territory, such as the U.S. customs territory (the United States and Puerto Rico [territory of the United States]) and the main customs territory of China (with Hong Kong SAR, China; and Taiwan, China) as well as treaties extended by the EU customs area (San Marino and Turkey). Because the data on the cost to export or import do not include customs duties and tariffs, the analysis also excludes free trade areas (such as NAFTA), where trade within the group is duty free but members set their own tariffs on imports from nonmembers. large: obtaining, preparing and submit- as fumigation or phytosanitary inspec- product-specific inspections and proce- ting documents for agricultural products tions) to export that product, while only dures for that export. is twice as costly as doing so for other 21% of other economies do so for their top product categories. export product. Differences that are even Yet even among economies whose more striking emerge when comparing top export is an agricultural product, The main reason for these differences is agricultural products with manufacturing documentary and border compliance times that 81% of economies whose top export products (excluding metal-based prod- vary widely. Border compliance times for is an agricultural product require product- ucts). Only 20% of economies whose top agricultural products subject to product- specific inspections and procedures (such export is a manufacturing product require specific inspections range from 11 hours TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 87 FIGURE 9.1 What are the trading patterns revealed by each economy’s top export product and partner? to United Kingdom to Belgium to the to Switzerland to Norway to United to Germany Netherlands to France to Italy Kingdom Top export product by type to Spain to India MONGOLIA Agricultural to G erm MALTA SYRIAN any Metal based TUNISIA A.R. LEBANON I.R. OF IRAN Light manufacturing MOROCCO WEST BANK & GAZA IRAQ JORDAN to Rep. Heavy manufacturing to India AFGHANISTAN C H I N A of Korea to Japan ALGERIA KUWAIT Economies not in South Asia or LIBYA ARAB BAHRAIN PAKISTAN BHUTAN REP. OF to NEPAL East Asia and the Pacific SAUDI Ch EGYPT QATAR in a ARABIA to Jap Not in the Doing Business sample an INDIA Taiwan, BANGLADESH China UNITED ARAB OMAN Hong Kong, s MYANMAR SAR, China to China EMIRATES ate to U n it e d St LAO MAURITANIA P. D. R. CABO VERDE SUDAN VIETNAM MALI to China NIGER THAILAND CHAD ERITREA REP. OF SENEGAL YEMEN to U CAMBODIA nite THE GAMBIA d St MARSHALL ates ISLANDS BURKINA FASO DJIBOUTI PHILIPPINES GUINEA-BISSAU GUINEA BENIN NIGERIA SRI FEDERATED STATES LANKA AYSI PALAU OF MICRONESIA ETHIOPIA to Singapore AL BRUNEI CÔTE GHANA SOUTH M A SIERRA LEONE CENTRAL DARUSSALAM D’IVOIRE SUDAN to Japan AFRICAN REP. SINGPORE LIBERIA TOGO CAMEROON SOMALIA MALDIVES EQUATORIAL GUINEA to India SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE I N D O N E S I A PAPUA K I R I B A T I to U REP. OF UGANDA KENYA NEW nite GABON d Stat CONGO to Germ GUINEA SO LO M O N es RWANDA any TIMOR-LESTE to Ne ISLAN DS DEM. REP. OF BURUNDI therla SAMOA CONGO nds SEYCHELLES to U nite d Kin TANZANIA gdom VANUATU FIJI COMOROS TONGA ANGOLA MALAWI to Australia Top export product by type ZAMBIA IBRD 41849 SEPTEMBER 2015 Agricultural ZIMBABWE MOZAMBIQUE MADAGASCAR Metal based NAMIBIA MAURITIUS Light manufacturing BOTSWANA Heavy manufacturing SWAZILAND Economies not in the Middle East and North Africa or LESOTHO Sub-Saharan Africa SOUTH AFRICA Not in the Doing Business sample CANADA IBRD 41850 EUROPE SEPTEMBER 2015 UNITED STATES JAPAN to China REP. OF ISRAEL KOREA to United States to Canada to Germany Kingdom to United THE BAHAMAS MEXICO ST. KITTS AND NEVIS AUSTRALIA ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA CHILE DOMINICAN HAITI REP. DOMINICA BELIZE ST. LUCIA JAMAICA Puerto Rico (US) BARBADOS NEW HONDURAS ZEALAND GUATEMALA ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES EL SALVADOR NICARAGUA g d om GRENADA to United Kin TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO COSTA RICA R. B. DE GUYANA PANAMA VENEZUELA SURINAME Top export product by type Agricultural Economies not in the OECD COLOMBIA high-income group Metal based Not in the Doing Business sample ECUADOR Light manufacturing to Chin a Heavy manufacturing IBRD 41803 na to Ch i SEPTEMBER 2015 PERU BRAZIL any erm to G IBRD 41828 SEPTEMBER 2015 Top export product by type BOLIVIA Agricultural Metal based PARAGUAY Light manufacturing Heavy manufacturing n tio Top export product by type era d Fe Economies not in Europe and ian Agricultural uss Central Asia to R Metal based URUGUAY to Sweden Not in the Doing Business sample RUSSIAN FEDERATION Light manufacturing ARGENTINA Heavy manufacturing LATVIA RUSSIAN Economies not in Latin America FED. LITHUANIA and the Caribbean to Germany Not in the Doing Business sample BELARUS azil to Chi to Br na to Austria KAZAKHSTAN UKRAINE IBRD 41832 SEPTEMBER 2015 SAN MOLDOVA to F MARINO CROATIA ROMANIA ran BOSNIA & KYRGYZ REP. ce MONTE- HERZ. SERBIA to Italy NEGRO KOSOVO FYR BULGARIA UZBEKISTAN MACEDONIA TAJIKISTAN ina GEORGIA to Ch ALBANIA to Greece ARMENIA AZERBAIJAN TURKEY CYPRUS to Iraq Source: Doing Business database. Note: The figure reflects World Bank regional classifications, which may differ from common geographic classifications, especially in the case of OECD high-income economies. to 210. This variation suggests that it is an economy’s own government authorities businesses—and thus within its control— possible to protect consumers and busi- in the time and cost for border compli- and those of procedures imposed from nesses while still facilitating (or at least ance, Doing Business is able to distinguish abroad. not impeding) trade. By including only the between the effects of policies imposed by product-specific procedures required by a government on its own consumers and 88 DOING BUSINESS 2016 cost). In fact, 40% of economies require FIGURE 9.2 Exporting agricultural products takes more time and cost than exporting inspections by other agencies in addition other products to customs when importing auto parts. Average time (hours) Yet why are the average time and cost to Average cost (US$) import auto parts almost in line with the 600 averages to export agricultural products? 500 One reason is that another 17% of 400 economies also require preshipment 300 inspections—inspections conducted in the economy of origin by third-party companies. 200 These economies have significantly greater 100 border and documentary compliance times and costs for importing auto parts (figure 0 Time Cost Time Cost 9.3). While the existence of protectionist Documentary compliance Border compliance measures cannot be denied, some import inspections are important in protecting con- Agricultural products Nonagricultural products sumers. Even so, there is potential to improve the efficiency of preshipment inspections Source: Doing Business database. and reduce costs for traders. Among the economies requiring such inspections Of 69 economies whose top export required—but whether they are carried for auto parts, border compliance times is an agricultural product, 56 have out efficiently. range from 56 hours to 1,330, revealing product-specific procedures for this much room for improvement. export—while among 118 economies whose top export is a metal-based, heavy IMPORTING AUTO PARTS While importing generally requires great- manufacturing or light manufacturing er time and cost than exporting, compar- product, only 25 have product-specific While top export products vary widely, all ing the data for economies shows that procedures for it. These economies 189 economies import similar products. those that perform well in the time and span all regions and income groups, The explanation for this is intraindustry cost to export their product of compara- from Norway among OECD high- trade, driven mostly by the global nature tive advantage often also perform well in income economies to Guinea-Bissau in of modern production techniques. Supply the time and cost to import auto parts. Sub-Saharan Africa. Both Grenada and chains (for raw materials, intermediate Of the top 10 performers in the border Australia, for example, require sanitary goods and final products) extend around compliance time to export (excluding the inspections and certificates for their top the globe in search of higher quality and European Union), 6 are also in the top 10 export product. Yet completing border lower prices—both benefiting from and in the border compliance time to import. compliance procedures takes 101 hours inducing reductions in the time and cost This pattern is repeated at the other end and $1,034 for an exporter of nutmeg in for international trade. This phenomenon of the spectrum, with 5 of the bottom 10 Grenada, while it takes only 36 hours and is represented in manufactured products, performers on this measure for exporting $749 for an exporter of meat in Australia. and it allows the selection of a single also being in the bottom 10 for importing. And completing documentary compli- import product—auto parts—for all 189 ance takes 10 times as many hours for economies. Focusing the case study on Similar patterns emerge across regions. the exporter in Grenada (77) as it does the import process for a single homoge- Importing takes substantially less for the exporter in Australia (7). The neous product makes the resulting data time on average in OECD high-income exporter in Grenada must contact the even more comparable. economies than in other economies, Ministry of Agriculture several days in and so does exporting. Take the example advance and wait to obtain a hard-copy Importing auto parts involves greater of Canada, where traders benefit from document to clear customs. In Australia, time and cost on average than export- a well-functioning electronic system by contrast, quarantine authorities work ing does. Intuitively, it makes sense that linking Canadian and U.S. customs. closely with both producers and customs imports face more inspections (increas- The entire border compliance process authorities throughout the production ing border compliance time and cost) between Canada and the United States process. What matters is not whether as well as more procedures (increasing can be completed in two hours. enhanced inspections and procedures are documentary compliance time and TRADING ACROSS BORDERS 89 a coastline and trade with their export FIGURE 9.3 Importing auto parts requires greater time and cost in economies partner through their port. While the requiring preshipment inspections export partner is an immediate geo- Average time (hours) graphic neighbor for 33% of landlocked Average cost (US$) economies, this is the case for only 22% 800 of economies with a coastline (excluding 700 islands). Most economies that trade with 600 their geographic neighbor are OECD high- 500 income economies in Europe. Among the 400 189 economies studied by Doing Business, 300 the most common export partners 200 are OECD high-income economies in Europe, followed by OECD high-income 100 economies outside of Europe, and then 0 Time Cost Time Cost Time Cost by economies in East Asia and the Pacific. Only customs inspections Customs and other inspections Preshipment inspections The second way in which the new Border compliance Documentary compliance methodology accounts for geography is through the domestic transport time Source: Doing Business database. and cost measures. Under the previous methodology Doing Business measured And completing border compliance The new methodology accounts for the the time and cost for transport to the procedures costs about the same for role of geography in two ways. The first main port, which meant transport across a Canadian importer ($172) as it does is by assuming, for each economy, that borders for landlocked economies. Under for a Canadian exporter ($167). In Sub- trade is with its natural trading partners the new methodology it considers only Saharan Africa, by contrast, border com- (the largest buyer of its export product domestic transport within the borders of pliance takes 160 hours on average for an and its largest source of auto parts), an economy, capturing the time and cost importer and 108 hours for an exporter. regardless of the mode or route of trans- associated with transporting a shipment In Cameroon, for example, exporting a port. In 97% of cases the natural trading between a warehouse in the largest busi- shipment of cocoa takes 202 hours and partner for the export product also hap- ness city and the economy’s most widely costs $983—in part because exports of pens to be the largest trading partner used seaport (or airport) or land border. cocoa undergo a phytosanitary inspec- overall. Thus the measures of time and The time and cost for domestic transport tion. But importing auto parts, which cost have broader applicability. also include the loading and unloading of requires a preshipment inspection, takes the shipment at the warehouse. 271 hours and costs $1,407. It seems safe Geography and distance play a role in to conclude that economies that are less determining export partners—large In this year’s report, however, the time and efficient importers also tend to be less economies and landlocked economies cost for domestic transport do not affect efficient exporters. tend to trade with regional neighbors. the ranking on the ease of doing business. Yet the distribution of import partners These measures are excluded from the for auto parts reveals much greater calculation of the ranking because they THE BIG ROLE OF geographic dispersion, with 57% of depend on predetermined factors such GEOGRAPHY economies importing auto parts from as topography and geographic distances. one of four economies: Germany, Japan, While infrastructure, traffic regulations For millennia, geography has determined the United States or France. This shows and transport industry regulations can whether economies trade with each that geography and distance play less mitigate the effects of geography, most other and what products are exchanged. of a role when it comes to choosing the such factors are beyond a government’s The Silk Road was so named because the most efficient, reliable and high-quality ability to change through reforms. long distances and extremely high trans- supplier of auto parts. port costs made trading only high-value Nevertheless, the speed of domestic products like silk worthwhile. Advances Of the 189 economies covered, 42 are transport and the cost per kilometer can in technology have increased the flow of landlocked, 28 have a coastline but trade provide a starting point in evaluating the information and goods, but geography with their case study export partner efficiency of infrastructure and relevant continues to play a very important role. through a land border, and the rest have transport and traffic regulations across 90 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 9.4 The cost and speed of domestic transport vary across income groups Average domestic transport speed Average domestic transport cost (kilometers per hour) (US$ per kilometer) 30 30 25 25 20 20 15 15 10 10 5 5 0 0 Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income High income Domestic transport speed Domestic transport cost Source: Doing Business database. economies. Data show that the cost and the time and cost for trading across speed vary by income group, region and borders is the efficiency of regulation type of geography, while there is a clear and its implementation. Exporting an pattern showing that domestic trans- agricultural product involves greater time port speed increases with the level of and cost than exporting a machine. But economic development (figure 9.4). among the economies whose top export is an agricultural product, the time and cost to export that product vary greatly. CONCLUSION This suggests that neither comparative advantage nor geography is destiny. The data collected under the new method- Smart regulations that are implemented ology for the trading across borders indica- well can protect national borders without tors reveal that economies’ top export unduly penalizing traders, consumers or products are quite region specific—for producers. example, OECD high-income economies tend to export manufactured products while Sub-Saharan African economies tend NOTES to export agricultural products. The identity of the top export partner also reveals the This case study was written by Cécile Ferro, Khrystyna Kushnir, Mathilde Lugger, Valentina importance of geography; economies tend Saltane, Brandon Thompson and Inés Zabalbeitia to export to those close to them. Trade in Múgica. auto parts, however, is highly concentrated, 1. WTO 2014. with just four economies being the major 2. WTO 2008. 3. Wacziarg and Welch 2008. suppliers to 57% of the world. This reflects 4. Madsen 2007. the nature of comparative advantage as 5. Wagner 2007. well as the global span of modern produc- 6. Krueger 1998. 7. OECD 2014. tion techniques. 8. For 11 economies the data are collected separately for both the largest business city The benchmark data collected for this and the second largest one. year’s report reveal that both the type of product being traded and the geographic location of trading partners affect trade costs. But one of the determinants of Doing Business 2016 Enforcing contracts Measuring good practices in the judiciary ƒ Doing Business introduces a new E fficient contract enforcement is 1998 found that reforms in corporate essential to economic development and bankruptcy laws had little effect measure in the enforcing contracts and sustained growth.1 Economic on the development of their financial indicator set this year, the quality of and social progress cannot be achieved institutions. Improvements began only judicial processes index. This indicator without respect for the rule of law and once their legal institutions became more tests whether each economy has effective protection of rights, both of efficient.10 implemented a series of good practices which require a well-functioning judiciary in the areas of court structure and that resolves cases in a reasonable time The efficiency of courts continues to proceedings, case management, court and is predictable and accessible to the vary greatly around the world. Enforcing automation and alternative dispute resolution. public.2 Economies with a more efficient a contract through the courts can take judiciary, in which courts can effectively less than 10 months in New Zealand, ƒ On average, OECD high-income enforce contractual obligations, have Norway and Rwanda but almost 4 years economies have the largest number more developed credit markets and a in Bangladesh. And the cost of doing so of judicial good practices in place as higher level of development overall.3 ranges from less than 10% of the value measured by the new index, while A stronger judiciary is also associated of the claim in Iceland, Luxembourg and Sub-Saharan African economies have with more rapid growth of small firms.4 Norway to more than 80% in Burkina the fewest. Overall, enhancing the efficiency of the Faso and Zimbabwe. In five economies, ƒ Economies that score well on the new judicial system can improve the busi- including Indonesia and Mozambique, index tend to have faster and less ness climate, foster innovation, attract the cost can exceed the value in dispute, costly dispute resolution as measured foreign direct investment and secure tax suggesting that litigation may not be a by the enforcing contracts indicators. revenues.5 cost-effective way to resolve disputes. ƒ None of the 189 economies covered by Doing Business receive full points on the A study examining court efficiency in dif- new index, showing that all economies ferent provinces in Argentina and Brazil AN EXPANDED FOCUS FOR still have room for improvement in found that firms located in provinces THE INDICATORS judicial efficiency. with more effective courts have greater access to credit.6 Another study, focusing Over the years the Doing Business on Mexico, found that states with bet- indicators on enforcing contracts have ter court systems have larger and more measured the time, cost and procedural efficient firms.7 Effective courts reduce complexity to resolve a standardized the risks faced by firms and increase their commercial dispute between two willingness to invest.8 Firms in Brazil, domestic businesses through local first- Peru and the Philippines report that they instance courts. The dispute involves the would be willing to invest more if they breach of a sales contract worth twice the had greater confidence in the courts.9 income per capita or $5,000, whichever is greater. The case study assumes that Where legal institutions are ineffective, a seller delivers custom-made goods to a improvements in the law may have lim- buyer who refuses delivery, alleging that ited impact. A study of the transitioning the goods are of inadequate quality. To economies of Eastern Europe and the enforce the sales agreement, the seller former Soviet Union between 1992 and files a claim with a local court, which 92 DOING BUSINESS 2016 hears arguments on the merits of the The quality of judicial processes index case. Before reaching a decision in favor covers a set of good practices across USING DEDICATED of the seller, the judge appoints an expert four areas, corresponding to the four SYSTEMS FOR COMMERCIAL to provide an opinion on the quality of the components of the index: court structure CASES AND SMALL CLAIMS goods in dispute, which distinguishes the and proceedings, case management, case from simple debt enforcement. court automation and alternative dispute Dedicated systems for commercial cases resolution (figure 10.1). These practices and small claims can make a big differ- This year Doing Business introduces can result in a more efficient and trans- ence in the effectiveness of a judiciary.11 an important change in methodology parent judiciary, greater access to justice, Having specialized commercial courts or for the enforcing contracts indicators. a smaller case backlog, faster and less divisions reduces the number of cases While it continues to measure the costly contract enforcement and, in some pending before the main first-instance time and cost to resolve a standardized cases, more qualitative judgments. court and thus can lead to shorter resolu- commercial dispute under the same tion times within the main trial court—one assumptions, it now also tests whether This case study discusses many of the reason that economies have sometimes each economy has adopted a series of good practices encompassed by the introduced specialized courts as a case good practices that promote quality and quality of judicial processes index. It management tool. But the benefits do efficiency in the commercial court sys- first looks at two aspects of the court not end there. Commercial courts and tem. For this purpose it has replaced the structure and proceedings index—the divisions tend to promote consistency in indicator on procedural complexity with availability of dedicated mechanisms the application of the law, increasing pre- a new indicator, the quality of judicial to resolve commercial disputes and the dictability for court users.12 And judges processes index. The aim is to capture availability of dedicated mechanisms to in such courts develop expertise in their new and more actionable aspects of the resolve small claims. It then moves on field, which likely leads to faster and more judicial system in each economy, provid- to case management and court automa- qualitative dispute resolution.13 ing a picture of judicial efficiency that tion, intertwined concepts often treated goes beyond the time and cost associ- together. Finally, it explores mechanisms The data show that 97 of the 189 econo- ated with resolving a dispute. of alternative dispute resolution. mies covered by Doing Business have a specialized commercial jurisdiction —established by setting up a dedicated stand-alone court, a specialized com- FIGURE 10.1 Areas covered by the quality of judicial processes index mercial section within an existing court or specialized judges within a general Court structure and Case Court Alternative dispute civil court. In the 16 Sub-Saharan African proceedings management automation resolution economies that have introduced com- mercial courts or sections over the Availability of Regulations setting time Ability to file Availability and past ten years—Benin, Burkina Faso, a specialized initial complaint regulation of commercial court standards for key Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Ghana, court events electronically arbitration or division Guinea-Bissau, Lesotho, Liberia, Malawi, Availability of a Availability and Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, small claims court Regulations on Ability to serve regulation of adjournments process Senegal, the Seychelles, Sierra Leone or simplified voluntary procedure for and continuances electronically mediation or and Togo—the average time to resolve small claims conciliation the standardized case measured by Doing Business was reduced by about 2.5 Availability of Availability performance Ability to pay months. In Côte d’Ivoire the reduction of pretrial measurement court fees attachment mechanisms electronically was more than 6 months. In 2011 resolv- ing a commercial dispute in Abidjan took Criteria used Use of pretrial Publication of 770 days. In 2013, after the creation of to assign cases conference judgments a specialized commercial court, it took to judges only 585 days. Availability of an electronic case Small claims courts or simplified pro- management system cedures for small claims, as the form of justice most likely to be encountered by the general public, play a special part in ENFORCING CONTRACTS 93 building public trust and confidence in When well implemented, case manage- availability of regulations setting time the judicial system.14 They help meet the ment techniques can enhance record- standards for key court events, the avail- modern objectives of efficiency and cost- keeping, reduce delays and case backlogs ability of regulations on adjournments effectiveness by providing a mechanism and provide information to support stra- and continuances, and the possibility of for quick and inexpensive resolution of tegic allocation of time and resources— holding a pretrial conference—a hearing legal disputes involving small sums of all of which encourage generally better to narrow down contentious issues and money.15 In addition, they tend to reduce services from courts.21 They can also evidentiary questions before the trial, backlogs and caseloads in higher courts. improve the predictability of court events, explore the complexity of the case and Small claims courts usually use informal which can ensure accountability, increase the projected length of the trial, create a hearings, simplified rules of evidence and public trust, reduce opportunities for cor- schedule for the proceedings and check more streamlined rules of civil procedure ruption and enhance the transparency of with the parties on the possibility of —and typically allow the parties to repre- court administration.22 settlement. When collecting data relat- sent themselves.16 ing to regulations on time standards and While the case management principles adjournments, Doing Business also sur- Faster and less costly dispute resolu- adopted by courts vary depending on their veys experts on whether these standards tion matters to small and medium-size needs and the local legal culture, some have are respected in practice. enterprises, which may not have the been applied so consistently worldwide as resources to stay in business during to have evolved into a set of core principles. The data show that having a pretrial con- long, costly litigation. If a claim could not These include early court intervention, ference is a common case management be enforced because the relative cost is establishing meaningful events such as tool, used in 87 economies (figure 10.3). prohibitive, there would be a denial of the filing of a plea or the submission of the Laws or regulations setting time standards justice.17 By providing a venue for resolv- final judgment, establishing time frames for for key court events exist in 111 economies, ing claims with costs and procedures that these events and for disposition, creating though these time standards are respected are realistic and proportionate to the size realistic schedules and expectations that in practice in only 76 of these economies. of the dispute, small claims courts and events will occur as scheduled, introducing Detailed rules regulating adjournments simplified procedures for small claims early options for settlement, establishing are available in only 50 economies. increase access to justice for businesses firm and realistic appearance dates and and individuals.18 developing mechanisms that control frivo- Another way to support effective lous adjournments.23 implementation of case management According to Doing Business data, 128 techniques is to use case management economies have either a stand-alone Doing Business collects data on three reports that compile and analyze case small claims court or a simplified pro- of the recognized core principles: the performance data.24 These can show cedure for small claims within the first- instance court.19 Of these 128 economies, FIGURE 10.2 Most economies in Latin America and the Caribbean have a court or 116 allow parties to represent themselves procedure for small claims in place during the proceedings. Across regions, Latin America and the Caribbean and the OECD high-income group have the Share of economies with a court largest shares of economies with a court or procedure for small claims (%) or simplified procedure for small claims in 100 place—91% in both cases (figure 10.2). 80 60 MANAGING THE FLOW OF CASES 40 Case management refers to a set of 20 principles and techniques intended to ensure the timely and organized flow of 0 Latin America OECD South Asia Middle East & East Asia Europe & Sub-Saharan cases through the court from initial filing & Caribbean high income North Africa & Pacific Central Asia Africa through disposition. Case management enhances processing efficiency and promotes early court control of cases.20 Source: Doing Business database. 94 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 10.3 Some of the features covered by the quality of judicial processes index exist in far more economies than others Number of economies with feature 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 ion ce s * nt ss re * * g en t * * * ort (jud ent (lawment filin nts ion n ds nts ) s) oce s edu me ren ges atio ase ivis hm yer dar rep me me rat em pay n fe f pr roc nic of c e rd tac cili tan it udg urn nag nag e ctro l co Arb rp anc eo to con fee l at es nt o of j ma ma rt o r vic adj tria orm Ele cou me tria tim nic or ser cou ase ase tion Pre ign on ctro Pre tion f ial on Per nic dc dc ass les lica ims erc Ele les dia ctro ate ate Ru mm Pub cla dom Ru Me tom tom Ele Co all Ran Sm Au Au Source: Doing Business database. Note: For features marked with an asterisk, an economy must have received a score of at least 0.5 to be included in the count. For details on the scoring, see the data notes. whether case management goals have of a hearing schedule; management of the availability of electronic filing of the been met in individual cases or at the electronic notifications; tracking of the initial summons. This year it began look- court level—such as through data on status of cases; management of case ing at two additional features: electronic the number of cases pending before the documents; electronic filing of briefs service of process and electronic payment court, the clearance rate, the average and motions; and access to court orders of court fees. Just as for electronic filing disposition time or the age of the pending and decisions. Such systems may be of the initial summons, Doing Business caseload. Such reports can show court available to a range of users, from judges tests only whether these features are administrators where inefficiencies and to lawyers, court administrators and in place, not whether they are used by bottlenecks lie and also help them track court users. Doing Business looks at their the majority of court users. For all these the progress of ongoing case manage- availability to judges and to lawyers. features the court of reference is the one ment initiatives. And by breaking data The data show that they are more com- that would have jurisdiction to hear the down at the judge level, they can serve monly available to judges: an electronic Doing Business standardized case. as a performance measurement tool—an case management system as defined by important use, since research shows that Doing Business is available to judges in 41 These features streamline and speed up many delays in litigation are attributable economies, while such a system is avail- the process of commencing a lawsuit. to lax case management by the judge.25 able to lawyers in only 37 economies.28 But they also have broader benefits. Data collected this year on the availabil- Electronic records tend to be more con- ity of four of the more common types of venient and reliable. Reducing in-person performance management reports show AUTOMATING PROCESSES interactions with court officers minimizes that at least two of these types are pub- the chances for corruption and results in licly available in 71 economies.26 As courts around the world have made speedier trials, better access to courts increasing use of electronic systems, and more reliable service of process. Some economies have introduced court users have seen the benefits—in These features also reduce the cost to electronic systems to support case greater judicial transparency as well as enforce a contract—court users save management by automating many of its greater court efficiency. in reproduction costs and courthouse components.27 Features available through visits, while courts save in storage costs, electronic case management systems Automation and judicial archiving costs and court officers’ costs. may include access to laws, regulations transparency And studies show that after electronic and case law; access to forms to be sub- Until this year Doing Business measured filing is introduced in courts, the acces- mitted to the court; automatic generation court automation only in connection with sibility of information increases and ENFORCING CONTRACTS 95 access to and delivery of justice improve how cases are assigned to judges within and South Asia also account for only two considerably.29 the competent court. A credible system each. for random assignment of cases mini- In the past five years Doing Business mizes the chances for corruption.30 While Automation and court efficiency recorded 13 reforms focused on intro- almost all economies (172) provide for Sophisticated court automation can ducing an electronic filing system for random assignment of cases, only 48 support effective case management. commercial cases and allowing attor- have a fully automated process. Courts that have automated processes neys to submit the initial complaint for actions such as serving documents online. Introducing electronic filing was The second relates to whether judgments or submitting a claim can more easily the most common feature of enforcing rendered in commercial cases at all levels implement electronic case management contracts reforms recorded in last year’s are made publicly available.31 Publishing systems. Even where case management report and is among the most common judgments contributes to transparency is not fully automated, some court in this year’s report. Today electronic and predictability, allowing litigants to automation can be an effective tool for filing of the initial complaint is allowed rely on existing case law and judges to court administrators, enabling them to in 24 economies. Electronic service of consistently build on it. Access to the more easily monitor the movement of process is slightly more common—the results of commercial cases benefits cases through the court. Economies in initial summons can be served by e-mail, companies that invest in a particular juris- the OECD high-income group and Europe fax or text messaging in 27 economies. diction, clarifying the scope of their rights and Central Asia tend to have both great- Electronic payment of court fees is the and duties.32 Making judgments available er court automation and more developed most commonly available feature of does not necessarily require substantial case management than those in any court automation measured by Doing resources, but it does require internal other region. Together, these two regions Business—allowed in 45 economies. organization. Case decisions must be account for 17 of the 24 economies Even so, these three features, along with accessible and catalogued efficiently so worldwide that make electronic filing electronic case management, remain the that they can be easily searched. available and for 23 of the 34 economies least common of the good practices cov- that offer an electronic case management ered by the quality of judicial processes In 42 economies courts publish virtu- system for both judges and lawyers. index (figure 10.4). ally all recent judgments in commercial Outside these regions, court automation cases either online or through publicly remains limited: 74 economies score a 0 Doing Business also explores two dimen- available gazettes. Sub-Saharan Africa on the court automation index. sions that are closely intertwined with accounts for only two of these econo- court automation and, ultimately, with mies; the Middle East and North Africa The Republic of Korea and Singapore are judicial transparency. The first relates to two of only four economies worldwide that receive full points on the court automation index; they also score points FIGURE 10.4 Court automation and case management are two areas where many for the availability of electronic case economies can improve management systems for both judges Average index score and lawyers. Unsurprisingly, both these as % of best score economies reformed in this area in the 100 past few years. Korea launched an elec- 80 tronic case filing system in 2010 that allows electronic document submission, 60 registration, service notification and access to court documents (box 10.1). 40 Singapore introduced a new electronic litigation system in 2014. The system 20 allows litigants to file cases online—and 0 it enables courts to keep litigants and OECD Latin America South Asia Europe & Middle East & East Asia Sub-Saharan lawyers informed about their cases high income & Caribbean Central Asia North Africa & Pacific Africa through e-mail, text alerts and text Alternative dispute resolution index Court structure and proceedings index messages; to manage hearing dates; Case management index Court automation index and even to hold certain hearings by videoconference. Source: Doing Business database. 96 DOING BUSINESS 2016 BOX 10.1 The computerization of Korean courts Today Korean courts are fully computerized, but this did not happen overnight. The process started in the late 1970s with the creation of a database of cases flowing through courts. In the early 1980s a word processing software was introduced to sup- port judges in writing judgments. In 1986 a case management system was launched, enabling clerks and judges to search all civil cases in the database and deal more efficiently with their caseloads. Soon after, a master plan for creating e-courts was conceived—and this was followed by steps to make the case management system accessible to external users, add electronic signatures and digital certificates to the system and make real-time national data on court activities available. Finally, in 2010 Korea launched an electronic case filing system. The system enables some judges to adjudicate up to 3,000 cases a year, man- age up to 400 a month and hear up to 100 pleas a month. Sources: Doing Business research; interview with Korean Judge Hoshin Won, Daegu District Court, Seoul. The data suggest a striking relationship ADR should be seen not as something Especially in smaller cases, having a between court automation and case that can replace traditional litigation but neutral mediator or arbitrator saves busi- management on the one hand and the as a tool that can assist courts in resolv- nesses time and money in resolving com- time and cost for dispute resolution on ing disputes in a timely, cost-effective mercial disputes and provides greater the other. Singapore has the shortest and transparent way. ADR mechanisms control over outcomes and confidential- resolution time worldwide—150 days for can improve efficiency in the court sys- ity.38 It also reduces the instances in the standardized commercial dispute. tem as a whole by helping to reduce case which a dispute leads to the termination Korea is a short step away, with a reso- backlogs and bottlenecks.33 They can of a commercial relationship.39 And with lution time of 230 days. Korea also has reduce delays where these are caused today’s increasingly complex business among the lowest costs worldwide to by complex formal procedures or inade- dealings, specialized ADR programs resolve a commercial dispute, at about quate court resources—and reduce high focusing on particular types of technical 10.3% of the value of the claim. And costs where these are driven by formal or complex disputes can be more effec- both Korea and Singapore are among the procedures, high filing fees and court tive and produce better settlements than economies that have been promoting delays. Economies with an integrated courts, increasing litigants’ satisfaction judicial transparency and the develop- system of courts and ADR tend to have with outcomes. ment of consistent case law through the a more reliable judiciary, benefiting the online publication of judgments rendered courts, the parties involved and the Almost all (183) of the economies sur- at all levels. economy as a whole.34 veyed recognize arbitration in one way or another as a mechanism for dispute When used as an alternative to the resolution. Most (171) also recognize USING ALTERNATIVE judicial process, ADR has its own set voluntary mediation or conciliation. To MEANS TO RESOLVE of benefits. It gives the parties more be effective, ADR mechanisms need DISPUTES control over the resolution of disputes to be accessible. They also need to be and in most cases increases their sat- comprehensively regulated, with all While the Doing Business indicators on isfaction with outcomes. A study in the substantive and procedural provisions enforcing contracts have traditionally Canadian province of Quebec has even available in a single source, such as a measured dispute resolution through shown that a form of ADR known as specific statute. The data show that this the local court system, this year the judge-presided settlement conference is more often the case for arbitration: focus has broadened to also cover promotes access to justice.35 while 179 economies have a dedicated mechanisms of alternative dispute law or chapter on arbitration, only 102 resolution (ADR)—in particular, arbi- Effective systems of domestic commer- have a similar instrument on voluntary tration, voluntary mediation and con- cial arbitration and mediation or concili- mediation or conciliation. ciliation. In commercial arbitration the ation matter to investors.36 Lawyers and parties agree to submit their dispute to business owners know that high litigation Economies worldwide have consis- an independent arbitrator or arbitral tri- costs and long delays make resolving tently focused on promoting and regu- bunal, which issues a final and binding commercial disputes in court difficult lating arbitration and mediation. Three decision. In a mediation or conciliation and expensive and may look elsewhere economies—Côte d’Ivoire, Latvia and process the parties ask a third person for dispute resolution—and businesses Senegal—have made such issues a prior- to assist them in reaching an amicable may pass the costs on to consumers or ity over the past year, introducing new settlement of their dispute. abstain from investing in a jurisdiction.37 laws that regulate mediation. ENFORCING CONTRACTS 97 TABLE 10.1 On average, OECD high-income economies have the highest number of judicial good practices in place as measured by the new indices Court structure and Alternative dispute Quality of judicial proceedings index Case management Court automation resolution index processes index Region (0–5) index (0–6) index (0–4) (0–3) (0–18) OECD high income 3.70 2.96 1.85 2.45 10.96 Europe & Central Asia 3.54 3.24 1.52 2.18 10.48 Latin America & Caribbean 3.48 1.84 0.75 2.30 8.37 East Asia & Pacific 2.74 1.91 0.94 2.02 7.61 South Asia 3.06 0.63 0.56 2.25 6.50 Middle East & North Africa 3.25 0.75 0.35 2.13 6.48 Sub-Saharan Africa 3.11 1.11 0.23 1.98 6.43 Source: Doing Business database. Note: The quality of judicial processes index is the sum of the four other indices shown here, with 18 being the highest possible score. For details on how the indices are constructed, see the data notes. processes index—Singapore, Australia A well-organized, reliable and stream- WHY DOES ALL THIS and the former Yugoslav Republic of lined judiciary plays an important part MATTER? Macedonia—only two are high-income in the efficient delivery of justice. The economies. And while some regions data for the enforcing contracts indica- OECD high-income economies tend to have relatively low average scores on the tors show that economies that have focus more consistently on implementing new index, top performers can be found more judicial good practices in place judicial good practices. On average, these in these regions as well. In Sub-Saharan also tend to have faster and less expen- economies have the largest number Africa, for example, Mauritius receives sive commercial dispute resolution of judicial good practices as measured 13 of 18 possible points, a higher score (figure 10.5). by Doing Business (table 10.1). But top than the average for OECD high-income performers can be found in all income economies. The availability of good practices making groups. Of the three economies with the contract enforcement easier and more highest scores on the quality of judicial efficient matters to businesses and, indeed, even plays a role in the level of FIGURE 10.5 Economies with more judicial good practices in place tend to have faster domestic credit provided by the financial and less costly contract enforcement sector to the economy. Economies that score well on the quality of judicial pro- Distance to frontier score for quality of judicial processes index cesses index have higher levels of credit 100 provided to the private sector by domes- 90 tic financial institutions (figure 10.6). 80 70 CONCLUSION 60 50 Data for the new quality of judicial pro- 40 cesses index highlight great variation in 30 the implementation of judicial good prac- 20 tices across the 189 economies covered. 10 Some practices—such as the availability 0 of arbitration or the availability of a small 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 claims court or procedure—are wide- Distance to frontier score for time and cost to enforce a contract spread; others still need attention in even the most sophisticated economies. One Source: Doing Business database. example is electronic case management, Note: The correlation between the distance to frontier score for the quality of judicial processes index and the available to judges in only 41 economies distance to frontier score for the time and cost to enforce a contract is 0.37. The relationship is significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. and to lawyers in only 37. 98 DOING BUSINESS 2016 if judges in the relevant court can use such FIGURE 10.6 Economies with more judicial good practices in place have higher levels a system for at least four of eight specified of domestic credit provided to the private sector purposes. An economy is considered to have an electronic case management system available to lawyers if lawyers can use such Domestic credit to private sector (% of GDP) a system for at least four of a different set of seven purposes. For more details, see the data 300 notes. 29. Berkman Center for Internet & Society at 250 Harvard University 2010; Zorza 2013. 30. USAID 2009. 31. An exclusion is made for very small cases and 200 cases in which privacy may be an issue. 32. Byfield 2011. 150 33. Love 2011. 34. World Bank Group, Investment Climate Advisory Services 2011. 100 35. Roberge 2014. 36. Pouget 2013. 37. National Arbitration Forum 2005. 50 38. Pouget 2013; Stipanowich 2004; Love 2011. 39. UNCITRAL 2004b. 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Distance to frontier score for quality of judicial processes index Sources: Doing Business database; World Development Indicators database (http://data.worldbank.org /indicator), World Bank. Note: Domestic credit to private sector refers to financial resources provided to the private sector by financial corporations, such as through loans, purchases of nonequity securities, and trade credits and other accounts receivable, that establish a claim for repayment. The data for this indicator are for 2014. The correlation between the distance to frontier score for the quality of judicial processes index and domestic credit to private sector as a percentage of GDP is 0.40. The relationship is significant at the 1% level after controlling for income per capita. None of the 189 economies covered by 14. Ramsay 1996. 15. Axworthy 1976; Ramsay 1998. Doing Business receive full points on the 16. HALT 2007; Baldwin 2000. quality of judicial processes index. By 17. Axworthy 1976. helping to identify specific areas needing 18. Baldwin 2000. 19. Throughout this case study, any economy attention, the index can be a useful tool for which Doing Business covers two cities for governments seeking to reform and is included in the count of economies with modernize their judiciary. a particular feature as long as the feature is available in at least one of the two cities. 20. Michigan State Court Administrative Office 2004; Gramckow and Nussenblatt 2013. NOTES 21. Michigan State Court Administrative Office 2004; Gramckow and Nussenblatt 2013; Rooze 2010; Steelman, Goerdt and McMillan This case study was written by Erica Bosio, Salima 2004. Daadouche, Christian De la Medina Soto and 22. USAID, Center for Democracy and Maksym Iavorskyi. Governance 2001; Gramckow and 1. Esposito, Lanau and Pompe 2014; Dakolias Nussenblatt 2013; Rooze 2010; Steelman, 1999; Ball and Kesan 2010; Klerman 2006; Goerdt and McMillan 2004. Dam 2006; Rosales-López 2008. 23. Michigan State Court Administrative Office 2. Dakolias 1999; Sherwood, Shepherd and 2004; Gramckow and Nussenblatt 2013; De Souza 1994. Rooze 2010; Steelman, Goerdt and McMillan 3. Dam 2006. 2004. 4. Islam 2003. 24. Gramckow and Nussenblatt 2013; Steelman, 5. Esposito, Lanau and Pompe 2014. Goerdt and McMillan 2004. 6. World Bank 2004. 25. Steelman 2008. 7. World Bank 2004. 26. The four types of reports are time to 8. World Bank 2004. disposition report, clearance rate report, age 9. Castelar-Pinheiro 1998; Sereno, de Dios and of pending caseload report and single case Capuano 2001; Herrero and Henderson 2001. progress report. 10. Pistor, Raiser and Gelfer 2000. 27. Rooze 2010. 11. Djankov and others 2003. 28. Under the Doing Business methodology, an 12. Zimmer 2009. economy is considered to have an electronic 13. Zimmer 2009. case management system available to judges Doing Business 2016 Resolving insolvency New funding and business survival ƒ New funding provided to an insolvent W hen Kodak filed for bankruptcy insolvent company will need access to in January  2012, few were additional funds.3 It is unlikely to be able company after the start of insolvency surprised. The company had to rely on internal sources to finance its proceedings—known as post- dominated the U.S. photographic film costs—including payments for the goods commencement finance—can enable industry for decades, but technology in the and services needed to continue the busi- the business to continue operating form of digital photography and camera- ness. So the company may need to seek during insolvency. equipped smartphones had advanced fast- external funding (figure 11.1). ƒ The authorization of post- er than its ability to adapt. Yet 20 months commencement finance and later Kodak emerged from a successful New funding provided to an insolvent the treatment of the claims of reorganization with a new business focus. company after the start of insol- post-commencement creditors are In between, Kodak had received $950 vency proceedings is known as post- two important areas that need to be million in new loans that were crucial for commencement finance.4 It can become addressed in insolvency law. But half paying vendors and suppliers and running necessary at different stages of insolvency the 189 economies covered by Doing its day-to-day business operations while it proceedings—immediately after the appli- Business have no provisions in these underwent reorganization.1 cation for insolvency, during the prepara- areas. tion and approval of a reorganization plan ƒ Clear and effective regulations on post- As the Kodak example shows, businesses or before the sale of assets in a liquidation. commencement finance may improve in financial distress may need new money Besides paying for goods and services the availability and terms of new to survive. Yet lending to companies that essential to continued operation, new funds funding for viable firms undergoing are finding it difficult to honor promises are often used to cover labor costs, insur- insolvency proceedings—funding made to existing creditors hardly seems ance, rent and other expenses necessary that can support their successful a profitable venture. A framework is to maintain the value of the assets.5 But reorganization or enable their sale as a needed that allows access to new funds it is important that post-commencement going concern in liquidation. for financially distressed but potentially finance mechanisms be used judiciously. To ƒ Financially distressed businesses are viable businesses while ensuring a high avoid restricting the availability of credit in more likely to pursue reorganization— probability of repayment. Creating such a regular commercial transactions, the use of and more likely to emerge from framework can be a challenge. post-commencement finance should be insolvency proceedings as a going limited to supporting the reorganization of concern—in economies that have When a company becomes insolvent— viable firms or enabling the sale of busi- provisions on post-commencement when it cannot pay its debts as they fall nesses as a going concern in liquidation— finance. due—either the company itself or its and only if new credit would lead to higher ƒ Many economies are introducing creditors may start insolvency proceedings. returns to existing stakeholders in the provisions on post-commencement In an efficient insolvency system these pro- distressed business (box 11.1). finance as part of an overall effort to ceedings will result in the reorganization of strengthen mechanisms for business the insolvent company if it is viable or in its rescue. liquidation if it is not. Continued operation of WHAT ARE SOME GOOD the debtor’s business during the insolvency PRACTICES? proceedings is imperative for successful reorganization. It can also be important in Insolvency law can create a predictable liquidation, where the goal is to maintain and enforceable framework for lending and maximize the value of the debtor’s to companies in insolvency proceedings assets.2 But to continue operating, the through provisions explicitly allowing 100 DOING BUSINESS 2016 will be paid. These concerns can be FIGURE 11.1 Post-commencement finance can be critical in helping a business go addressed through provisions in two from insolvency to recovery areas: explicit authorization of post- commencement finance and treatment of the claims of post-commencement creditors. Good practices in these areas have been recommended by a range of international institutions, including Business suffers Business or creditors Business attempts to the United Nations Commission on financial difficulties start insolvency restructure proceedings International Trade Law, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Asian Development Bank. $ $ $ As a first step, insolvency law needs to include clear provisions authorizing post-commencement finance as well as efficient mechanisms for obtaining such finance.7 The law can grant the power to In exchange, claims of Creditors offer Business needs new obtain new loans either to the debtor or to post-commencement post-commencement funds to continue creditors are given finance operating the insolvency representative managing priority the debtor’s assets. The law can address the form of the new money—loans and other forms of finance from new or exist- ing lenders. And to ensure that the power $ to take on new loans is used prudently, the law may require that the court or the creditors approve all new borrowing.8 Thanks to new funds, Business restructuring Business is rescued, business continues to is successful jobs are saved, In Serbia the law gives bankruptcy operate creditors get paid administrators the power to obtain new loans during insolvency proceedings.9 In Finland a debtor can take on new debt post-commencement borrowing and Several competing interests come without the approval of the insolvency providing some assurance of payment. into play: the insolvent debtor aims to representative as long as the debt is Without such provisions, lenders are continue its operations or maximize connected with the debtor’s regular unlikely to make new funds available the value of its assets (or both); exist- activities and the amount and terms are on acceptable terms—or indeed on any ing creditors want to have their rights not unusual; all other loans require the terms at all.6 recognized and preserved; and potential approval of the insolvency representa- new creditors need assurance that they tive.10 In Japan debtors in reorganization BOX 11.1 New funding comes to the rescue Marvel Entertainment Group—the company behind the Avengers, Spider-Man and the Fantastic Four—went through a tumultu- ous time in the late 1990s. A failed investment strategy and shrinking comic book market had left the company reeling, and its main investors could not agree on the best way forward. Unable to resolve its problems out of court, Marvel filed for reorganiza- tion in 1996. The proposed reorganization plan included large infusions of equity and credit to finance a new strategic invest- ment program. But the company needed immediate assistance to pay its suppliers and employees and to meet its operating and investment needs during reorganization. The court approved a $100 million loan from a bank group led by Chase Manhattan. This loan helped keep the company operating during the several months of negotiations that followed. Marvel proved that it was worth the investment: its latest film, Avengers: Age of Ultron, had pulled in more than $1 billion at the worldwide box office only 24 days after its release in May 2015. Sources: Marvel Entertainment Group 1996; Lambie 2015; Variety 1997; Pedersen 2015. RESOLVING INSOLVENCY 101 proceedings can seek the permission of the priority of existing secured creditors availability of credit for the debtor during the court to borrow money.11 In liquida- without these creditors receiving alterna- the reorganization proceedings. tion proceedings the power to request tive protection—or at least notice of the the court’s approval rests with the bank- change and an opportunity to be heard. ruptcy trustee.12 Second, the law needs to enable debtors CHANCES OF BUSINESS to obtain new funding without security. SURVIVAL Besides explicitly authorizing post- For this unsecured post-commencement commencement finance, insolvency finance, the law needs to grant the Economies around the world have law needs to establish clear rules for claims of post-commencement creditors undertaken reforms aimed at improv- ranking the claims of existing and post- priority over those of existing unsecured ing their insolvency systems (box 11.2). commencement creditors.13 Ranking creditors.16 As a general rule, granting The majority of those recorded by Doing rules determine which creditors get paid post-commencement finance “super- Business in the past five years focused on first, second or last from the proceeds priority” over all existing claims (secured introducing or strengthening reorganiza- received from the sale of the debtor’s and unsecured) is not recommended, tion mechanisms.21 Providing an effective assets. The higher a creditor’s ranking because this approach risks disrupting and efficient framework for saving viable priority, the greater the likelihood that the the extension of secured credit in regular businesses is at the heart of internation- creditor will be paid. So it is no surprise commercial transactions.17 ally established good practices in the area that the ranking priority that a debtor of insolvency.22 (or an insolvency representative acting In South Africa new financing may be for the debtor) can offer to potential either unsecured or secured by any asset Empirical evidence on how insolvency creditors is among the central issues in of the company that is not already subject reforms affect credit markets is clear— the regulation of post-commencement to existing claims. Post-commencement they lead to greater access to credit for finance.14 At the same time, the rights and finance receives preference over all unse- firms, at lower cost.23 Empirical evidence priorities of existing creditors, especially cured claims against the company except on how these reforms affect the chances secured creditors, must be upheld to the those related to employment and to costs of business survival is limited, however. extent possible. This ensures fairness and of bankruptcy proceedings.18 In Serbia Objective data on business rescue are predictability, important aspects of any post-commencement finance is treated difficult to establish, and elements credit system.15 as an expense of the bankruptcy estate contributing to successful results are and is paid first before other claims, difficult to isolate.24 But one vital factor Achieving a balance between provid- including claims of existing creditors. But appears to be the availability of post- ing incentives to potential lenders and it does not affect prior rights of secured commencement finance.25 Indeed, respecting the rights of existing creditors creditors unless these creditors agree adequate interim financing to ensure is not easy. Two main practices are gen- otherwise.19 In Belgium the law gives the continued operation of distressed erally recommended. First, the law needs debts arising during judicial reorganiza- businesses has been identified as one of to explicitly allow debtors to obtain new tion priority over all other unsecured debt four critical components of turnaround funding by pledging assets as collateral in the event of a subsequent liquidation.20 success—along with competent to secure the loans, as a way to provide The aim is to support continued opera- management, a viable core operation assurance of payment. But the provision tion of the debtor’s business and the and a motivated labor force.26 Real-life of this new security should not affect examples support this conclusion (box BOX 11.2 New provisions on post-commencement credit in Mexico Mexico initiated an important financial reform in 2013 with the aim of increasing the availability of credit for businesses and en- couraging economic growth. This effort culminated in the Financial Reform Act of 2014. Some of the changes targeted the coun- try’s Insolvency Law. Adopted in 2000, this law had been part of a series of measures aimed at modernizing Mexico’s insolvency framework—which had been in place for more than half a century—and promoting business rescue in the wake of the 1994 peso crisis. But its effects fell short of expectations: by 2013 less than a thousand insolvency cases had been filed under the new law.a It became apparent that if distressed businesses were to preserve their financial viability and the jobs they create, changes were needed to make insolvency proceedings more attractive to both debtors and creditors. Several new features were introduced. These include the possibility for a debtor to obtain new finance during reorganization proceedings, to enable continued opera- tion of its business. The new credit would have priority over existing credit, both secured and unsecured. a. De la Rosa 2014. 102 DOING BUSINESS 2016 BOX 11.3 New funding can save companies with viable operations Fruit of the Loom, a manufacturer of leisure clothing, was struggling in the late 1990s. The company filed for reorganization after suffering steep losses in 1999. This step allowed the company certain protections from creditors while it attempted to restructure the business. At the time, Fruit of the Loom was a Chicago-based company with operations in several countries and 40,000 employees. Although the company’s U.S. branch was going through insolvency proceedings, its Canadian and European subsidiaries continued operating. So it was imperative that the company receive interim financing to fund operations. A $625 million loan led by Bank of America was key in ensuring a successful resolution. The company was purchased in 2001 by Warren Buffett’s Berkshire Hathaway for $835 million in cash. Sources: Gamble 2003; Florida Times-Union 1999; Chicago Tribune 2001. 11.3). Research also provides support, finance. So it is possible that having a pre- encourage and facilitate the continued showing that constraints on external dictable and enforceable framework for operation of a business during insolvency financing—arising as a result of events post-commencement lending improves proceedings, which is particularly impor- such as a financial crisis—impede the availability and terms of new funding tant in reorganization. More than 90% successful restructuring.27 for viable businesses during insolvency of economies that have provisions on proceedings, thus allowing such busi- post-commencement finance also have Every year the Doing Business team col- nesses to successfully reorganize and specific provisions on corporate reorgani- lects data on the efficiency of insolvency continue operating. This reasoning zation as part of their insolvency law. proceedings in economies around the also applies to liquidation proceedings, world. One aspect captured by the data is where post-commencement finance can But the availability of a reorganization the type of proceeding that a distressed support the temporary continuation of mechanism does not guarantee that business is most likely to encounter in a business to enable its sale as a going it can or will be used in practice. The each economy. Another is the likelihood concern. German Insolvency Code, for example, that a distressed but potentially viable provides a mechanism for business business can survive insolvency and Of the 189 economies covered by Doing rescue, yet only a small percentage of continue operating as a going concern. Business, 84 have explicit provisions financially distressed businesses use The data are collected through question- authorizing post-commencement finance this mechanism with successful results.31 naires that ask insolvency experts in each in their laws while 84 do not. (The other What role might be played by the exis- economy to estimate the most likely type 21 economies have no recorded insol- tence of provisions on post-commence- of insolvency proceeding and the most vency practice and are therefore excluded ment finance? One way to look at this likely outcome of such proceeding based from the analysis.)29 Of the 84 economies on specific assumptions about the debtor that have provisions authorizing post- and the creditors. Starting with last year’s commencement finance, only 9 have no FIGURE 11.2 Half the economies report, the team has also collected data special provisions on how the claims of studied have no provisions on post- on certain aspects of insolvency laws and post-commencement creditors should commencement finance regulations in each economy, including be ranked relative to existing claims. The Economies by treatment of the availability and priority of post- other 75 economies establish priority in post-commencement finance commencement finance. The data are the applicable insolvency law: 36 rank the collected through readings of the law and claims of post-commencement creditors No practice through consultations with insolvency above those of existing unsecured credi- PCF authorized experts in each economy.28 with no priority tors only, and 39 rank such claims above of ranking 21 those of all existing creditors (figure 11.2). 9 PCF authorized 84 The Doing Business data show possible No PCF and ranked 36 provisions connections between the existence of Provisions on post-commencement above unsecured creditors only regulations on post-commencement finance are often part of a larger mecha- 39 finance and the likelihood of business nism of corporate reorganization. In survival. While these connections do not Finland, for example, the Restructuring of necessarily establish a causal relation- Enterprises Act includes such provisions PCF authorized and ranked above all creditors ship, they do show that business rescue while the Bankruptcy Act is silent on this is more likely in economies where the subject.30 The reason is that the purpose Source: Doing Business database. law provides for post-commencement of post-commencement finance is to Note: PCF = post-commencement finance. RESOLVING INSOLVENCY 103 question is to compare two sets of data Moreover, the Doing Business data show that this is the most common outcome in collected by Doing Business: the data on that survival of distressed businesses at the majority of economies with provisions which economies have provisions on the end of insolvency proceedings is more on post-commencement finance. Survival post-commencement finance and the likely in economies with provisions on of the business as a going concern is likely data on which insolvency proceeding is post-commencement finance. Survival in only 44% of economies with such most common in each economy. as a going concern is the most common provisions. Even so, this represents a outcome of insolvency proceedings in significantly higher probability of survival The results suggest that distressed only 47 of the 189 economies studied. than in economies without provisions on businesses are more likely to pursue This outcome can be a result of either post-commencement finance: survival reorganization in economies that have reorganization proceedings or the sale of as a going concern is the likely outcome provisions on post-commencement an existing business as a going concern of insolvency proceedings in only 12% finance. Successful reorganization is the to new owners at the end of liquidation of these economies. The positive cor- most common insolvency proceeding in or foreclosure proceedings.33 Of the 47 relation between post-commencement 19% of these economies, while attempted economies where survival is the most finance provisions and the outcome of but unsuccessful reorganization is common outcome, 37 have explicit pro- proceedings holds even after taking into the most common in 40% (figure visions on post-commencement lending account differences in the income level of 11.3). By contrast, among economies while the other 10 do not (figure 11.4). economies.35 with no explicit provisions on post- commencement finance, attempted but The existence of post-commencement unsuccessful reorganization is common in finance provisions does not guarantee CONCLUSION only 11%, and successful reorganization is business survival, however. In South unlikely (recorded in only one economy). Africa, for example, amendments to the Data collected by Doing Business The positive correlation between Companies Act in 2011 included detailed show that well-structured provisions provisions on post-commencement rules on post-commencement finance on post-commencement finance are finance and the likelihood of attempted and its priority.34 Yet the most common important. By establishing predictable or successful reorganization holds even outcome of insolvency proceedings in and enforceable rules on lending during after taking into account differences in the country continues to be liquidation of insolvency proceedings, these provisions the income level of economies.32 the distressed business and its piecemeal may encourage creditors to lend to viable sale. Indeed, the Doing Business data show businesses capable of reorganization— and to do so on better terms. They may FIGURE 11.3 Distressed businesses are FIGURE 11.4 Businesses are more likely also encourage creditors to provide the more likely to pursue reorganization in to emerge from insolvency proceedings necessary bridge financing to enable the economies with post-commencement as a going concern in economies with sale of businesses as a going concern in finance provisions post-commencement finance provisions liquidation. When financially distressed Economies in each group by most Number of economies in each group by most businesses have legally sanctioned common proceeding (%) likely outcome of insolvency proceedings access to new funds, they may be more 100 80 likely to attempt reorganization and to emerge from the process successfully. 80 60 The data validate the emphasis put on the continuation of business operations 60 40 during insolvency proceedings as a 40 way to facilitate reorganization and to preserve and maximize the value of the 20 20 debtor’s assets. 0 0 Economies with Economies with Economies with Economies with These results also explain why a growing no PCF provisions PCF provisions no PCF provisions PCF provisions number of economies are amending their Successful reorganization Survival as a going concern insolvency laws to include or improve Attempted but unsuccessful reorganization Piecemeal sale provisions on post-commencement Other proceedings finance. One of these is Mexico, whose Source: Doing Business database. Source: Doing Business database. Financial Reform Act of 2014 intro- Note: PCF = post-commencement finance. Other Note: PCF = post-commencement finance. duced the possibility of requesting proceedings include liquidation, foreclosure and receivership. post-commencement finance during 104 DOING BUSINESS 2016 reorganization proceedings and gave the 18. Companies Act 2008 (Act 71 of 2008), section 135. claims of post-commencement creditors 19. Law on Bankruptcy (Law 104/09 of priority over those of existing creditors. December 16, 2009), article 27. Similarly, in the past two years Cyprus, 20. Loi relative à la continuité des entreprises (law related to companies’ continuation), article 37. Jamaica, the Seychelles, and Trinidad and 21. In the five years from 2009 to 2014, 60 Tobago introduced provisions on post- economies implemented 87 reforms affecting commencement finance and its priority the Doing Business indicators on resolving insolvency. Reforms in the area of corporate as part of an overall effort to strengthen reorganization were the most common: 10 and modernize mechanisms for business economies introduced a new reorganization rescue. proceeding, and 21 promoted reorganization or made improvements to their existing reorganization framework. Nevertheless, half the economies cov- 22. See, for example, World Bank (2011) and ered by Doing Business have no provisions UNCITRAL (2004a). 23. Armour and others 2015. on post-commencement finance. And 24. Vriesendorp and Gramatikov 2010. even economies that do have such provi- 25. See comment to global principle 31 in sions often see little or no use of them American Law Institute (2012). 26. Bibeault 1982, p. 112. in practice. Doing Business data show 27. Vriesendorp and Gramatikov 2010. that focusing on post-commencement 28. For a detailed description of the methodology finance as part of the effort to facilitate for the resolving insolvency indicators, see the data notes. and promote business rescue can lead 29. For a definition of “no practice” economies to more attempts at reorganization and as recorded by the resolving insolvency higher rates of business survival. indicators, see the data notes. 30. Restructuring of Enterprises Act (Act 47/ 1993, as subsequently amended), sections 29, 32 and 34. NOTES 31. According to Germany’s Federal Statistical Office, 24,085 businesses filed for insolvency in the country in 2014. Doing Business This case study was written by Maksym Iavorskyi, respondents estimate that less than a quarter Klaus Koch Saldarriaga, Olena Koltko and María of businesses filing for insolvency successfully Antonia Quesada Gámez. undergo restructuring proceedings. 1. Kodak 2012. 32. The correlation between the score that 2. UNCITRAL 2004a, p. 113. economies receive on explicit authorization 3. Clift 2011. of post-commencement finance and the 4. Post-commencement finance as described most likely type of proceeding as measured in this case study differs from trade credit by Doing Business is 0.49. The relationship is extended by vendors that continue to trade significant at the 1% level after controlling for with a debtor during the insolvency process. income per capita. The rules and priorities for trade credit often 33. For a detailed explanation of the methodology differ from those for post-commencement used to determine the outcome of insolvency finance. proceedings, see the data notes. 5. UNCITRAL 2004a, pp. 113-14, and World 34. Companies Act 2008 (Act 71 of 2008), Bank 2011, principle C9. section 135. 6. See comment to global principle 31 in 35. The correlation between the score that American Law Institute (2012). economies receive on explicit authorization 7. UNCITRAL 2004a, p. 118. of post-commencement finance and the 8. UNCITRAL 2004a, pp. 113–15, 117–18. outcome of insolvency proceedings as 9. Law on Bankruptcy (Law 104/09 of measured by Doing Business is 0.36. The December 16, 2009), article 27(2). relationship is significant at the 1% level after 10. Restructuring of Enterprises Act (Act 47/ controlling for income per capita. 1993, as subsequently amended), section 29. 11. Civil Rehabilitation Act (Act 225 of December 22, 1999), article 41. 12. Bankruptcy Act (Act 75 of June 2, 2004), article 78(v). 13. See standard 5.6 in Asian Development Bank (2000, p. 35). 14. IMF, Legal Department 1999. 15. See principle C12 in World Bank (2011, pp. 18–19). 16. See recommendations 63–68 in UNCITRAL (2004a, pp. 113–19). 17. IMF, Legal Department 1999. Doing Business 2016 Legal research findings on business regulation and the law ƒ The legal research findings relevant H ow laws and regulations affect The review reveals four thematic axes the life of a local company is a (table 12.1). First, a number of articles to the Doing Business indicators cover complex question. The Doing study the impact of court efficiency and four main areas: court efficiency Business report has endeavored to pro- the role of alternative dispute resolution and alternative dispute resolution; vide a cross-country comparison of the (ADR) in countries’ development by ana- corporate governance; creditors’ rights regulatory environment for local small lyzing the symbiotic relationship between and collateral laws; and insolvency and medium-size businesses since its the two.3 Second, many articles examine rules and reorganization procedures. inception 13 years ago. Its analysis has the rights and obligations of different ƒ Alternative dispute resolution traditionally focused on two aspects of types of shareholders in a company and mechanisms tend to have a symbiotic the regulatory environment as it applies the rules of corporate governance that relationship with court efficiency. to the topics covered: the efficiency with can help ensure good corporate manage- Where available, these mechanisms which a regulatory goal is achieved and ment. Third, researchers have looked tend to be linked with faster dispute the quality of the rule itself. The data at how creditors’ rights affect access to resolution in courts. collected for the Doing Business indicators finance, often focusing on the importance ƒ The corporate governance literature over the years have served as a source of of a modern secured transactions system. highlights the need for a clear set of information for articles published in peer- Finally, studies have debated the impor- rules on who makes key decisions, reviewed academic journals and for work- tance of reorganization procedures in an who needs to be informed about those ing papers. In reviewing this research, insolvency framework, particularly in the decisions and how abuse from different past editions of the Doing Business report light of the U.S. reorganization model. stakeholders can be prevented. presented the economic perspective on ƒ The creditors’ rights literature focuses the findings.1 But the indicators are also on analyzing whether the legal part of a broader discussion on what con- COURT EFFICIENCY AND framework can help maximize the stitutes “business friendly” rule of law. ALTERNATIVE DISPUTE value of collateral held by small and RESOLUTION medium-size companies while giving This chapter reviews articles that were secured creditors the assurance that published in legal journals ranked among The Doing Business indicators on enforc- their rights will be protected. the top 70 and that focus on areas ing contracts have historically touched ƒ The main objective of insolvency covered by four sets of Doing Business on some of the issues of judicial efficien- legislation is to ensure the survival of indicators—including articles whose cy explored by legal research in recent viable businesses, on the one hand, core analysis centers either on the years, and a new indicator introduced and the most equitable return for adequacy of legislation as compared with this year—the quality of judicial pro- stakeholders in businesses that should internationally accepted standards or cesses index—broadens their coverage ultimately be liquidated, on the other. on the application of the law.2 The four to include several additional aspects. sets of indicators are those on enforcing One of these is the availability of arbitra- contracts, getting credit (legal rights), tion and voluntary mediation as ADR protecting minority investors and resolv- mechanisms. Several studies discuss ing insolvency. While most of these indi- aspects of ADR and its relationship cators are based primarily on a study of with court efficiency, including Dakolias substantive law, some also examine the (1999), Ryan (2000) and Drahozal and efficiency of the judiciary in dealing with O’Connor (2014). commercial disputes and insolvencies. 106 DOING BUSINESS 2016 TABLE 12.1 Four thematic axes in the literature Court efficiency Creditors’ rights and collateral Insolvency rules and and ADR Corporate governance laws reorganization procedures Performance of judicial Regulatory convergence in Importance of secured Good insolvency practices administration shareholder protection and transactions regimes x Azar (2008) x Dakolias (1999) corporate governance x Kozolchyk and Furnish (2006) x Katelouzou and Siems (2015) Deciding between liquidation and ADR mechanisms and procedural x Aytekin, Miles and Esen (2013) Legal and collateral registry reorganization proceedings safeguards reform in Malawi x Adams (1993) x Ryan (2000) Director versus shareholder x Dubovec and Kambili (2013) primacy Relationship between Scope of arbitration clauses x Bainbridge (2014) Secured transactions reform in reorganization law and the x Drahozal and O’Connor (2014) Ghana performance of reorganization Agency cost in principal-agent x Dubovec and Osei-Tutu (2013) systems Technology and access to justice relationship x Eisenberg and Sundgren (1997) x Cabral and others (2012) x Hill and McDonnell (2015) Statutory erosion of creditors’ x LoPucki and Triantis (1994) x Gilson and Gordon (2013) rights and the U.K. example x Walters (2014) Secured creditors’ rights in Company form and rights of reorganization proceedings shareholders x Segal (2007) x De Jong (forthcoming) Voting on reorganization plans Relationship between shareholder x Kordana and Posner (1999) and worker protection x Gahan, Ramsay and Welsh (2014) Another aspect measured by the new makers, as cross-country data on court on data provided by public sources on index is the use of technology in ways that efficiency are scarce and no other data the following metrics: number of cases can increase court efficiency and reduce set compares judicial efficiency in as filed per year, number of cases disposed corruption—such as electronic filing, elec- many as 189 economies. per year, number of cases pending at tronic delivery of legal documents to the year-end, clearance rate (ratio of cases parties to a case, electronic payment of Until recently there was also little quan- disposed to cases filed), congestion rate court fees, random assignment of cases to titative research on judicial efficiency. (pending and filed cases over resolved the judges, publication of judgments and Researchers preferred to focus instead cases), average duration of each case and electronic case management systems. on the qualitative aspect of comparative number of judges per 100,000 inhabit- As Cabral and others (2012) suggest, law. Dakolias (1999) was among the first ants (figure 12.1). technology can also improve access to to carry out a comparative analysis of the justice. Beyond these aspects, the index performance of judicial administration. The results show that in many of these also measures elements of the court Focusing on 11 economies in different economies the judiciary was able to meet structure (such as the availability of a regions, the author’s analysis was based demand at a specific point in time; as time specialized commercial court and a court or simplified procedure for small claims) FIGURE 12.1 The number of judges relative to the population varies widely across as well as the case management system economies (such as the existence of specific rules on adjournments or time limits for key court France events like delivery of the final judgment).4 Germany Brasília Panama Added to the traditional indicators on Hungary São Paulo the time and cost to enforce a contract, Peru the new index provides broader insights Ecuador into judicial efficiency and the quality of Chile Singapore judicial processes and can help policy Colombia makers around the world make more Ukraine informed decisions when undertaking 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 judicial reform. A review of the literature Number of judges per 100,000 inhabitants suggests that the enforcing contracts indicators are a unique tool for policy Source: Adapted from Dakolias (1999). LEGAL RESEARCH FINDINGS ON BUSINESS REGULATION AND THE LAW 107 passed, however, difficulties arose and (such as the adoption of standardized joint venture agreements) and find, reforms were needed to address deficien- forms or the use of incentives like grants) among other things, that almost all cies. Some of the solutions proposed to foster technology. franchise contracts include “carve-outs” by Dakolias involve introducing ADR in their arbitration clauses. In addition, mechanisms to address backlogs, increas- ADR mechanisms have long been recog- the authors argue that where there is ing the number of judges by establishing nized as an important tool for enhancing mistrust in the courts, parties will rely on temporary courts and using information court efficiency, either by helping to arbitration procedures. And they show technology to improve productivity—all alleviate court congestion or by provid- that contractual value is lost if parties areas addressed by Doing Business. ing a faster, less costly and more flexible cannot rely on courts to protect the value solution for litigants. Today ADR mecha- of their information and innovation. Researchers have studied some of these nisms are commonly incorporated into solutions more broadly. For example, the litigation process (such as through Cabral and others (2012) analyze how court-annexed arbitration),5 and even if CORPORATE GOVERNANCE— the use of technology by courts and there is criticism of these mechanisms, WHO SHOULD HAVE legal aid organizations can help improve models such as contractual arbitration CONTROL? access to justice for low-income litigants and mediation are undeniably popular in in the United States. While great strides the business community. Ryan (2000) The Doing Business indicators on protecting have been made through the use of argues that the widespread use of ADR minority investors measure the protection web-based delivery models (such as needs to be accompanied by procedural of minority shareholders from conflicts electronic filing and document assem- safeguards so as to ensure the rights of of interest as well as shareholders’ rights bly), accessibility and usability are still far the parties involved. The author suggests in corporate governance. To construct from ideal. Indeed, the authors argue that that among the most important develop- these indicators, Doing Business applies a to avoid penalizing the parties to a case, ments in judicial ADR has been the desig- consistent methodology and case study courts implementing new technologies nation of uniform standards of ethics and to assess whether each economy has should consider the barriers that some procedure. The author provides further implemented a set of good practices in litigants might face in accessing the recommendations in areas relating to litigation and corporate governance that technologies—such as self-represented confidentiality, evidence, public account- protect minority shareholders. As Aytekin, litigants, litigants located in rural areas ability, ethical issues and quality control. Miles and Esen (2013) illustrate, econo- and persons with disabilities or with mies can benefit from the lessons drawn limited English proficiency. The relationship between courts and ADR from comparisons with good practices mechanisms can be particularly complex worldwide. And the authors confirm ear- In addition, Cabral and his coauthors when a contractual relationship is agreed lier Doing Business findings that developing argue that mobile devices, for example, between sophisticated parties. Drahozal economies are closing the gap in regula- will become one of the primary means of and O’Connor (2014) argue that when tory frameworks. Indeed, Katelouzou accessing information and that the legal the parties to a contract choose between and Siems (2015) suggest that there is community needs to adapt accordingly. courts and arbitration, an ex ante proce- a pattern of global convergence toward And they emphasize the need to improve dural unbundling occurs when they select regulatory good practices as measured by well-accepted technological enhance- specific claims and remedies rather than Doing Business, regardless of legal origin or ments such as electronic filing systems. an “a la carte” choice of individual proce- tradition. The adoption of open technical standards dures. For example, it is common practice for electronic filing, the authors contend, for arbitration clauses to exclude certain Hill and McDonnell (2015) concur on could ensure universal access for liti- claims and remedies or for parties to agree the importance of measurements and gants. They also propose a triage system that even when going to court they will benchmarks, suggesting that they have that would recommend cost-efficient still rely on arbitration to resolve particular contributed to reducing the agency prob- choices for litigants. Finally, the authors matters.6 These practices, referred to as lem in modern company law in the past analyze different barriers to the adoption “carve-ins” and “carve-outs,” are used to decade. Gilson and Gordon (2013) also of effective technology strategies that ensure greater performance incentives reflect on the agency issue. Nevertheless, could improve access to justice. They and lower dispute resolution costs. as Bainbridge (2014) shows, whether identify eight sometimes overlapping shareholder-centric or board-centric barriers (for example, lack of funding, a The authors gather empirical data on company law is more beneficial depends lack of uniformity or standardization and procedural unbundling for different on myriad characteristics specific to a perception that using technology is not types of contracts (such as franchise each economy. In line with the updated full justice) as well as potential solutions agreements, technology contracts and methodology for the protecting minority 108 DOING BUSINESS 2016 investors indicators, De Jong (forthcom- faster progress in corporate governance prevented. Bainbridge (2014) discusses ing) attempts to shed further light on practices than Canada is. The authors whether shareholders or management differences between regulatory frame- find that Turkey has improved in many should ultimately have control in corpo- works applicable to listed and nonlisted aspects of modern corporate governance, rate decisions and whose interests should companies and on the consequences for though the development of effective and ultimately prevail. The author examines the rights of investors. efficient boards remains an area of slower the general assumption that shareholder progress. And they provide support for primacy is a defining characteristic of New Research on company law and corporate the claim that developing countries are Zealand company law and compares the governance models has generated three closing the corporate governance gap means and ends of corporate governance commonly accepted paradigms: First, with high-income countries. in that body of law with those in the this area of law may be path-dependent considerably more board-centric regime and thus not subject to many significant In another important finding, Aytekin, of the United States. He finds that New changes in a given jurisdiction. Second, Miles and Esen show that while there Zealand company law both establishes the influence of the U.S. corporate gov- was no change in Turkey’s positive trend shareholder wealth maximization as the ernance model has led to the dominance of corporate governance development objective of corporate governance and, of market-oriented company law. And during the 2008–09 financial crisis, despite assigning managerial authority to third, an economy’s legal origin and stage Canada’s corporate governance practices the board of directors, gives shareholders of economic development are important and reputation were adversely affected significant control rights. This contrasts factors in determining shareholder during this period. The authors conclude with the separation of ownership and con- protection. Yet Katelouzou and Siems that researchers and practitioners need trol mandated by the U.S. system. Arguing (2015), using leximetric data measuring to give special attention to the develop- that this separation of ownership and con- the strength of formal legal protections ment and functioning of company boards trol has significant efficiency advantages, in 30 countries over a 24-year period, in Canada as well as Turkey, because the author suggests that New Zealand demonstrate the weakening of these they find that this element of corporate has opted for a more shareholder-centric paradigms. To do so, they construct a governance is weaker than others in both model because there are only a small shareholder protection index by measur- these countries. number of New Zealand firms for which ing 10 aspects of shareholder protection, director primacy would be optimal. some of which are also covered by the For a corporation to flourish, a clear set of protecting minority investors indicators. rules is needed on who makes key deci- Transparency in the decision-making According to the authors’ findings, the sions, who needs to be informed about structure is also imperative to ensure the U.S. model of company law is not the those decisions and how abuse from performance of corporations—especially norm. In addition, since the financial cri- different company stakeholders can be since performance can be understood in sis, interest in reform has shifted to other areas of law. And countries with similar FIGURE 12.2 Shareholder protection increased between 1990 and 2013 in all 30 levels of shareholder protection do not countries in a study necessarily have the same legal origin Shareholder protection index (0–10) 2013 or stage of economic development. The 1990 10 authors also suggest that all 30 countries 9 in their study increased shareholder pro- 8 tection over the period covered (figure 7 12.2). 6 5 Comparisons of countries with different 4 legal traditions and levels of develop- 3 2 ment can help identify good practices 1 as well as weaknesses in law. Aytekin, 0 Miles and Esen (2013) use a comparative Lith Italy Ge ia Be any Arg lgium ina itze ey Po nd sia Pak land ede istan ion Cze M hile Rep o Lat ic Ne Cypr a the us Est ds Slo onia Ch ia ina Un Fra ia Un ited nce Kin tes m Can an ada Sou Bra a th A zil Sp a Sw ain n vi i fric ch exic ede ubl ven Ind uan s gdo Sw Turk rlan Jap rla lay ited Sta ent rat rm C approach to analyze the development of Ma nF corporate governance in Turkey, particu- Rus larly after 2006. They use a comparison with Canada to identify strengths and Source: Adapted from Katelouzou and Siems (2015, figure 1). weaknesses in the Turkish system and Note: Higher scores on the shareholder protection index (as defined in Katelouzou and Siems 2015) indicate stronger to determine whether Turkey is making protection of shareholders in the law. LEGAL RESEARCH FINDINGS ON BUSINESS REGULATION AND THE LAW 109 different ways. Hill and McDonnell (2015) law could relax certain mandatory provi- while Dubovec and Kambili (2013) and illustrate how corporate managers may sions for nonlisted public companies and Dubovec and Osei-Tutu (2013) reflect favor themselves at the cost of corpora- thus offer more flexibility to shareholders. on the experiences of different countries tions or shareholders and thus become bad In contrast with British law, under Dutch in implementing such systems. Going agents. They argue that the agency cost law a private company can make public in another direction, Walters (2014) paradigm, by emphasizing the maximiza- offers of its securities and become listed, looks at ways in which lenders are able tion of shareholder value as the duty of though there is no appropriate legislative to adjust to changes in bankruptcy law corporate managers, has had some good regime as there is for a public company. perceived as affecting their interests. effects, but also some bad effects and The author concludes with a discussion some ugly ones. The good is to provide a on several areas in which British or Dutch When thinking about secured transac- benchmark that can make it easy to identify company law distinguishes between tions reform, policy makers and research- bad management performance. The bad public and private companies, including ers tackle two main issues: What type effect extends to actions with ambiguous capital protection, resolutions and meet- of legal framework can help maximize consequences, such as takeovers aimed ings, rights attached to shares, the board, the value of collateral held by small and primarily at reducing development costs, accounting law and dispute resolution. medium-size companies while giving which may entail results worse even than secured creditors the assurance that their the self-gain of corporate managers. The Finally, Gahan, Ramsay and Welsh (2014) rights will be protected? And how does ugly effect emerges when managers, by use leximetric analysis to document the secured transactions system in place focusing on increasing shareholders’ value, changes in the level of worker protection affect the relative competitiveness of the boost their own first through questionably and shareholder protection in six coun- private sector through its impact on the defined performance payments. tries over the period 1970–2005. They cost of commercial credit? find that both worker and shareholder Gilson and Gordon (2013) analyze protection increased in five of the six Kozolchyk and Furnish (2006) examine the costs of ownership by institutional countries—France, Germany, India, the these issues through an analysis of the investment intermediaries—the agency United Kingdom and the United States. basic principles of modern secured trans- costs of agency capitalism in the United By contrast, in the sixth country, Australia, actions law. They explain that the main States and other jurisdictions. According shareholder protection increased while reason such laws are essential is that to the authors, such costs emerge from a the level of worker protection in 2005 they enable the use of movable assets as divergence of interests, not only between was similar to that in 1970. Statistical collateral, increasing access to affordable owners and managers but also between tests show that greater formal protection credit and thus promoting economic owners of record (institutional investors) for shareholders does not come at the development. The authors review the and beneficial owners. These costs can expense of formal protection for workers historical evolution of security interests be lessened with the aid of shareholder (figure 12.3). in Latin America and the development activists, serving as an additional set of by the Organization of American States specialists who can intervene and chal- of the Model Inter-American Law on lenge institutional investors. CREDITORS’ RIGHTS AND Secured Transactions, which can help COLLATERAL LAWS address shortcomings in the existing The form of a company is also rel- legislation of different countries in the evant in corporate governance. De Jong One of the Doing Business indicators on region. Finally, the authors compare (forthcoming) analyzes the distinction getting credit, the strength of legal rights Mexico’s amendments of secured trans- between public and private (limited) index, centers on the key stages in the actions laws in 2000 and 2003 with the companies and its relevance to company life cycle of a security interest in movable model law and the U.S. and Canadian law in the Netherlands and the United property: creation, publicity and enforce- paradigms and provide suggestions on Kingdom. In both jurisdictions the private ment. These are the pillars of a modern how the country could continue the company is of more recent origin than the secured transactions system. The index reform process. public company and currently the most also measures aspects of the interactions common company form. The author dis- between collateral law and bankruptcy Dubovec and Kambili (2013) examine the cusses the motives for choosing the pub- regimes, providing guidance on good ongoing legal and collateral registry reform lic company form over the more lightly practices according to internationally in Malawi and its potential for creating a regulated private company one as well as accepted standards. Recent articles look modern, efficient secured transactions the justifications for the more extensive at closely related issues. Kozolchyk and system. In Malawi, as in Sub-Saharan regulation of the public company. De Furnish (2006) highlight the importance Africa generally, getting access to credit Jong argues that both British and Dutch of modern secured transactions systems, has been a major challenge for small and 110 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 12.3 Greater shareholder protection did not come at the cost of worker protection in France and Germany between 1970 and 2005 France Germany Z -score for index Z -score for index 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 -1 -1 -2 -2 -3 -3 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 Worker protection index (Gahan, Ramsay and Welsh 2014) Shareholder protection index (Gahan, Ramsay and Welsh 2014) Source: Adapted from Gahan, Ramsay and Welsh (2014, figure 1). Note: Higher scores on the worker and shareholder protection indices (as defined in Gahan, Ramsay and Welsh 2014) indicate stronger worker and shareholder protection in the law. As noted in the source, the figure “graphs the z-score for each index, which measures the different indices in a standard (equivalent) way that enables comparison across the indices. The z-score represents the distance between the raw score and the population mean in units of the standard deviation and is calculated as z = (x-μ)/σ, where x is the raw index value for an individual year, μ is the mean value of the index number of all years, and σ is the standard deviation of the index number over all years for which data are observed. A negative z-score means the raw score is below the mean, positive when above” (Gahan, Ramsay and Welsh 2014, footnote 54). medium-size enterprises. The country’s Several other reform initiatives have Walters (2014) draws on his experience legal framework for secured transactions taken a similar approach. One such initia- in the jurisdiction of England and Wales consists of outdated laws whose applica- tive was in Ghana. According to Dubovec to describe two cases of secured lend- tion varies depending on many criteria, and Osei-Tutu (2013), the prereform ers successfully adjusting to statutory resulting in greater monitoring costs for legal framework in Ghana, based on erosion of their rights. Secured lenders lenders, unnecessary formalities and English law, was outdated. Ghana’s new responded to a redistribution of priority registration deficiencies that lead to the secured transactions law—the Borrowers rights between secured and unsecured voiding of transactions. These issues led to and Lenders Act of 2008—and new col- creditors by introducing transactional an inability to improve access to affordable lateral registry have the potential to serve innovations. And they adjusted to an credit for the private sector, prompting the as models for other African countries. abolition of administrative receivership decision to reform the legal framework. But these are not typical examples of a aimed at eroding their control rights by The suggested reform is the functional modern secured transactions law and exerting their remaining control rights in approach to secured transactions, which collateral registry, as they could still be new ways.7 simplifies the legal framework by bringing improved. The authors argue that the all security devices under a single law—in reforms did not meet all international Malawi, the Personal Property Security standards as set out in the UNCITRAL INSOLVENCY RULES Act signed by the president in 2013. The Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions AND REORGANIZATION authors argue in favor of taking a methodi- (UNCITRAL 2010) and the Secured PROCEDURES cal approach to secured transactions Transactions Systems and Collateral reform by using a model law—such as the Registries toolkit (World Bank Group, The Doing Business indicators on resolving New Zealand Personal Property Securities Investment Climate Advisory Services insolvency measure the recovery rate for Act, used as a model in Malawi—as well 2010). A drafting group that includes the secured creditors and the extent to which as the recommendations of the UNCITRAL authors suggested amendments to the domestic law has incorporated certain Legislative Guide on Secured Transactions law and steps to modernize the collateral internationally accepted legal principles (UNCITRAL 2010). The authors also note registry. These suggestions led to a rede- on liquidation and reorganization pro- the need to take into account the local sign of the collateral registry, making it ceedings. The indicators address several legal and socioeconomic context. the first modern one in Africa. themes discussed in the literature. One LEGAL RESEARCH FINDINGS ON BUSINESS REGULATION AND THE LAW 111 is key insolvency principles in the law, these violate the pari passu principle—the early screening of cases, while underlying a question explored by Azar (2008). principle according to which creditors will Chapter 11 is a de facto presumption that Another is the availability of reorganiza- be treated equally and creditors within a nearly all firms should be given a chance tion proceedings to enable insolvent but class will be repaid on a pro rata basis—to to reorganize. The authors find that viable businesses to continue operating. allow the trustee to bring important assets Finland’s more stringent initial screening Aspects of reorganization proceedings back to the estate. In addition, bank- leads to faster processing of cases; for are the focus of an important part of ruptcy law should provide mechanisms to U.S. firms, proceedings take almost three the literature, including Eisenberg and encourage post-commencement finance times as long. In addition, they find that Sundgren (1997), LoPucki and Triantis and should protect creditors whose claims Chapter 11, while perceived as being more (1994), Segal (2007) and Kordana and arose before the start of proceedings pro-debtor, does not lead to reorganiza- Posner (1999). A related theme is the without freezing the debtor’s access to the tion plans that leave creditors with only problem of making the right choice in new financing.10 the liquidation value of the assets while deciding whether to start liquidation pro- leaving the debtor’s owners with the reor- ceedings or reorganization proceedings, Finally, turning to the role of the court ganization surplus. The authors also find discussed by Adams (1993). and creditor participation, Azar argues that unsecured creditors receive more that the court’s role should be limited under the U.S. system than they do under The main objective of insolvency legisla- to guaranteeing the transparency of the the Finnish one. tion is to ensure the survival of viable collective proceeding and to providing businesses, on the one hand, and to a forum for the parties to negotiate and LoPucki and Triantis (1994) use a “sys- ensure the most equitable return for vote on a viable reorganization plan. tems” approach to compare the judicial stakeholders in businesses that should Creditors should participate in important reorganization systems of the United ultimately be liquidated, on the other. The decisions through a creditors’ committee, States and Canada. Although U.S. and question of which insolvency practices a principle promoted by Doing Business. Canadian lawmakers set out to create support this objective has been exten- very different systems, these systems sively debated. Azar (2008) looks at Reorganization procedures have came to function in very similar ways. this issue through a comparative analysis dominated the academic research on The authors suggest that this functional of seven key bankruptcy themes in 50 insolvency law. Chapter 11 of the U.S. convergence was bound to happen: given countries around the world. The author Bankruptcy Code is among the reorga- the countries’ broadly similar objectives argues that replacing the management nization models most discussed in the for reorganization and shared economic of a company undergoing reorganization comparative law literature. For example, background (market economy), there provides better protection for creditors Eisenberg and Sundgren (1997) compare was a limited range of alternative designs but is not without costs—and that the data on reorganizations in the United that could result in a functioning system. mechanisms for selling a debtor’s assets States and Finland to assess whether dif- They speculate that functional impera- in liquidation should be prompt, efficient, ferences between the two countries’ laws tives such as these may be the principal flexible and transparent. Assessing the affect the performance of their reorgani- determinant of any system that attempts importance of the stay of individual pro- zation systems. The two countries’ laws to effect court-supervised reorganization ceedings in bankruptcy, he argues that are alike in many important respects. through a coordinated plan. without it, recovery rates for creditors Under both systems, debtors can are lower.8 And on the fate of executory preserve pending contracts and obtain Many critiques of the Chapter 11 system contracts, the author argues that if the post-commencement credit on a priority have focused on firms’ attempting reor- debtor’s value is maximized through the basis, reorganization plans are permitted ganization when liquidation is the more continuous exploitation of its business, to affect the rights of secured creditors, efficient solution and the effects this bankruptcy should first preserve essen- and payments under a reorganization has on the costs of bankruptcy. Adams tial contractual relationships that arose plan must be at least equal to what credi- (1993) proposes a two-part revision to before the start of insolvency proceed- tors would receive in liquidation. the Chapter 11 system to reduce these ings and allow the bankruptcy estate to costs: First, establishing a bifurcated discard nonbeneficial ones.9 But the systems also differ in impor- debtor-in-possession structure in which tant ways. One main difference is that a bankruptcy trustee makes fundamental Azar also discusses the concept of Finland’s system routinely appoints bankruptcy decisions and the entity’s preference in bankruptcy. He argues administrators, while the U.S. system existing management makes business that preferences to creditors should be uses the debtor-in-possession model.11 activity decisions. Second, providing the objectively defined to include transactions Another difference is that Finland’s trustee with a methodology for determin- in the ordinary course of business when system provides more substantive ing whether reorganization or liquidation 112 DOING BUSINESS 2016 is the proper course of action. Under the constraints provided by a supervis- this methodology the trustee would first ing judge. Bargaining enables parties to NOTES determine the present value of the future agree to a reorganization when parties earnings of the reorganized firm and the have substantial interests arising after This chapter was written by Santiago Croci Downes, Magdalini Konidari and María Antonia liquidation value of the firm. Relying on the start of bankruptcy proceedings that Quesada Gámez. experience, the trustee would then adjust cannot be the object of a contract. The 1. See, for example, the chapter on research on the present value of the future earnings auction approach does not allow the the effects of business regulations in Doing upward to reflect intrinsic values of the confirmation of such plans unless parties Business 2014 (World Bank 2013). 2. The review relied on the rankings of legal reorganization. After making this adjust- with interests arising after bankruptcy journals produced by the Washington and Lee ment the trustee would consider the two proceedings can borrow enough to pur- University School of Law, available at http:/ / values and decide whether to reorganize chase the firm or can buy the claims of lawlib.wlu.edu/LJ/. A few exceptions were made for articles that were published in law or liquidate the entity. other parties. journals not in the top 70 but whose content was highly relevant to the areas covered by Segal (2007) presents a comparative the indicators. 3. ADR refers to mechanisms for settling perspective on the rights of secured cred- CONCLUSION disputes without litigation. Such mechanisms itors during reorganization proceedings. include negotiation, mediation and arbitration. The author does so in reference to the This literature review confirms the inter- 4. Adjournment is the act of a court to dissolve a session, temporarily or permanently, and operation and effect of both the English est in the areas of business regulation dismiss the business in hand, temporarily or (administration) and U.S. (Chapter 11) covered by Doing Business. The enforcing permanently. regimes, without seeking to address contracts, protecting minority investors, 5. In court-annexed arbitration, courts divert certain cases to arbitration rather than trial. the broader topic of secured creditors’ getting credit (legal rights) and resolving The cases are typically heard by experienced treatment in these regimes. He identifies insolvency indicators address the four lawyers rather than judges, under the general six core areas of comparison: secured thematic axes identified in the literature: supervision of the courts. 6. An arbitration clause in a contract requires the creditors’ enforcement rights, automatic court efficiency and the role of ADR; parties to resolve their disputes through an stay, the after-acquired property clause in corporate governance rules; creditors’ arbitration process. bankruptcy proceedings, debtors’ power rights and collateral laws ; and insolvency 7. Administrative receivership is a procedure in which an administrative receiver is appointed to use and sell the collateral free of securi- rules and reorganization procedures. in order to facilitate the repayment of creditors ty interests, costs that arise after the start Doing Business has benefited greatly from through secured debt. of the proceedings and the cram-down of academic discussion and has expanded 8. Under a stay of individual proceedings in bankruptcy, individual actions by creditors security interests in bankruptcy proceed- its methodology to keep abreast of devel- against a debtor (such as lawsuits or ings.12 The comparison reveals that the opments in academic research. foreclosures) must stop at the moment a English and U.S. approaches still differ, bankruptcy petition is filed. 9. An executory contract is one that has not with secured creditors having stronger Doing Business has also expanded its been fully performed by all the parties to the rights in reorganization proceedings in methodology to produce new data contract at the time bankruptcy proceedings the United Kingdom, yet legal evolution sets and indicators that quantify new are commenced. Bankruptcy estate refers to all interests of the debtor in property at the has brought the two jurisdictions closer aspects of regulation. Last year’s report time of the filing for bankruptcy. to each other. introduced new data sets on the rights 10. Post-commencement finance is new funding of shareholders in corporate governance, provided to an insolvent company after the start of insolvency proceedings. For further Kordana and Posner (1999) address on the adoption of a functional approach discussion of post-commencement finance, the debate about whether the voting to secured transactions, on additional see the resolving insolvency case study in this system in U.S. reorganizations is efficient aspects of collateral registries and extra- report. 11. A debtor-in-possession in U.S. bankruptcy law or whether it should be replaced with judicial enforcement, and on the quality of is an individual or corporation that has filed for a system that avoids voting and relies insolvency legislation. This year’s report reorganization (under Chapter 11 of the U.S. on a more market-driven valuation of includes new data sets on the quality of Bankruptcy Code) and remains in control of the property and retains the power to operate the bankruptcy firm, such as an auc- judicial processes. By introducing these the business while proceedings are ongoing, in tion system. The authors expand on changes, Doing Business provides empiri- lieu of a trustee. existing bargaining models to consider cal evidence to support the testing of 12. An after-acquired property clause defines whether an asset acquired after the bargaining with multiple creditors, paying existing legal theories and creates new commencement of bankruptcy proceedings is particular attention to difficulties posed empirical foundations to inform further considered to be collateral. 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Third, they measure the sure business regulation and the extent of legal protections of property, protection of property rights—and their for example, the protections of minor- effect on businesses, especially small and ity investors against looting by company medium-size domestic firms. First, the directors or the range of assets that can indicators document the complexity of be used as collateral according to secured regulation, such as the number of proce- transactions laws. Fourth, a set of indi- dures to start a business or to register a cators documents the tax burden on transfer of commercial property. Second, businesses. Finally, a set of data covers they gauge the time and cost to achieve a different aspects of employment regula- regulatory goal or comply with regulation, tion. The 11 sets of indicators measured such as the time and cost to enforce a in Doing Business were added over time, TABLE 13.1 Topics and economies covered by each Doing Business report DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB DB Topic 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Getting electricity Dealing with construction permits Trading across borders Paying taxes Protecting minority investors Registering property Getting credit Resolving insolvency Enforcing contracts Labor market regulation Starting a business Number of 133 145 155 175 178 181 183 183 183 185 189 189 189 economies Note: Data for the economies added to the sample each year are back-calculated to the previous year. The exceptions are Kosovo and Montenegro, which were added to the sample after they became members of the World Bank Group. Eleven cities (though no additional economies) were added to the sample starting in Doing Business 2015. 120 DOING BUSINESS 2016 and the sample of economies and cities TABLE 13.2 How many experts does Doing Business consult? expanded (table 13.1). Economies with given number of respondents (%) The data for all sets of indicators in Doing Indicator set Respondents 1–2 3–5 5+ Business 2016 are for June 2015.1 Starting a business 1,857 11 26 63 Dealing with construction permits 1,136 15 44 41 METHODOLOGY Getting electricity 1,094 12 44 44 Registering property 1,295 18 35 47 The Doing Business data are collected in Getting credit 1,596 7 26 67 a standardized way. To start, the Doing Protecting minority investors 1,175 21 35 44 Business team, with academic advisers, Paying taxes 1,321 5 45 50 designs a questionnaire. The questionnaire uses a simple business case to ensure Trading across borders 933 20 47 33 comparability across economies and over Enforcing contracts 1,437 20 34 46 time—with assumptions about the legal Resolving insolvency 1,191 19 42 39 form of the business, its size, its location and Labor market regulation 1,198 17 43 40 the nature of its operations. Questionnaires Total 14,233 15 38 47 are administered to more than 11,400 local experts, including lawyers, business con- sultants, accountants, freight forwarders, are subjected to numerous rounds of verifi- samples of respondents is not an issue; government officials and other profession- cation, leading to revisions or expansions of Doing Business is not a statistical survey, als routinely administering or advising on the information collected. and the texts of the relevant laws and legal and regulatory requirements (table regulations are collected and answers 13.2). These experts have several rounds The Doing Business methodology offers checked for accuracy. The methodology of interaction with the Doing Business several advantages. It is transparent, is inexpensive and easily replicable, so team, involving conference calls, written using factual information about what data can be collected in a large sample of correspondence and visits by the team. For laws and regulations say and allowing economies. Because standard assump- Doing Business 2016 team members visited multiple interactions with local respon- tions are used in the data collection, 33 economies to verify data and recruit dents to clarify potential misinterpreta- comparisons and benchmarks are valid respondents. The data from questionnaires tions of questions. Having representative across economies. Finally, the data not Economy characteristics Gross national income per capita Doing Business 2016 reports 2014 income per capita as published in the World Bank’s World Development Indicators 2015. Income is calculated using the Atlas method (in current U.S. dollars). For cost indicators expressed as a percentage of income per capita, 2014 gross national income (GNI) per capita in current U.S. dollars is used as the denominator. GNI data based on the Atlas method were not available for Austria; Bahrain; Barbados; Belize; Brunei Darussalam; the Czech Republic; Djibouti; Finland; the Islamic Republic of Iran; Jamaica; Kuwait; Luxembourg; Malta; the Marshall Islands; the Federated States of Micronesia; New Zealand; Oman; Papua New Guinea; Puerto Rico (territory of the United States); San Marino; Saudi Arabia; the Slovak Republic; Slovenia; Spain; Suriname; Switzerland; the Syrian Arab Republic; Taiwan, China; Trinidad and Tobago; Tunisia; Vanuatu; West Bank and Gaza; and the Republic of Yemen. In these cases GDP or GNP per capita data and growth rates from other sources, such as the International Monetary Fund’s World Economic Outlook database and the Economist Intelligence Unit, were used. Region and income group Doing Business uses the World Bank regional and income group classifications, available at http://data.worldbank.org/about /country-and-lending-groups. Regional averages presented in figures and tables in the Doing Business report include economies from all income groups (low, lower middle, upper middle and high income), though high-income OECD economies are assigned the “regional” classification OECD high income. Population Doing Business 2016 reports midyear 2014 population statistics as published in World Development Indicators 2015. DATA NOTES 121 only highlight the extent of specific Finally, the methodology assumes that a of procedures and the time and cost to regulatory obstacles to business but also business has full information on what is transfer property. And for enforcing con- identify their source and point to what required and does not waste time when tracts an index of the quality and efficiency might be reformed. completing procedures. In practice, com- of judicial processes has been added while pleting a procedure may take longer if the the indicator on the number of procedures business lacks information or is unable to to enforce a contract has been dropped. LIMITS TO WHAT IS follow up promptly. Alternatively, the busi- MEASURED ness may choose to disregard some burden- The scope of the labor market regulation some procedures. For both reasons the time indicator set has also been expanded, to The Doing Business methodology has five delays reported in Doing Business 2016 would include more areas capturing aspects of limitations that should be considered when differ from the recollection of entrepreneurs job quality. The labor market regulation interpreting the data. First, for most econo- reported in the World Bank Enterprise indicators continue to be excluded from mies the collected data refer to businesses Surveys or other firm-level surveys. the aggregate distance to frontier score in the largest business city (which in some and ranking on the ease of doing business. economies differs from the capital) and may not be representative of regulation in CHANGES IN WHAT IS The case study underlying the trading other parts of the economy. (The excep- MEASURED across borders indicators has been tions are 11 economies with a population changed to increase its relevance. For of more than 100 million as of 2013, where As part of a two-year update in method- each economy the export product and Doing Business now also collects data for the ology, Doing Business 2016 expands the partner are now determined on the basis second largest business city.)2 To address focus of five indicator sets (dealing with of the economy’s comparative advan- this limitation, subnational Doing Business construction permits, getting electricity, tage, the import product is auto parts, indicators were created (box 13.1). Second, registering property, enforcing contracts and the import partner is selected on the the data often focus on a specific business and labor market regulation), substantially basis of which economy has the highest form—generally a limited liability com- revises the methodology for one indicator trade value in that product. The indicators pany (or its legal equivalent) of a specified set (trading across borders) and imple- continue to measure the time and cost to size—and may not be representative of the ments small updates to the methodology export and import. regulation on other businesses (for example, for another (protecting minority investors). sole proprietorships). Third, transactions Beyond these changes there is one other described in a standardized case scenario The indicators on dealing with construc- update in methodology, for the protect- refer to a specific set of issues and may not tion permits now include an index of ing minority investors indicators. A few represent the full set of issues that a business the quality of building regulation and its points for the extent of shareholder encounters. Fourth, the measures of time implementation. The getting electricity governance index have been fine-tuned, involve an element of judgment by the expert indicators now include a measure of the and the index now also measures aspects respondents. When sources indicate differ- price of electricity consumption and an of the regulations applicable to limited ent estimates, the time indicators reported in index of the reliability of electricity supply companies rather than privately held joint Doing Business represent the median values of and transparency of tariffs. Starting this stock companies. several responses given under the assump- year, the registering property indicators tions of the standardized case. include an index of the quality of the land Despite the changes in methodology administration system in each economy in introduced this year, the data under the addition to the indicators on the number old and new methodologies are highly BOX 13.1 Subnational Doing Business indicators Subnational Doing Business studies point to differences in business regulation and its implementation—as well as in the pace of regulatory reform—across cities in the same economy or region. For several economies subnational studies are now periodically updated to measure change over time or to expand geographic coverage to additional cities. This year subnational studies were completed in the Dominican Republic, Poland, South Africa, Spain and six Central American countries—Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua and Panama. In addition, a study was launched in Afghanistan, and ongoing studies updated data for locations in Kenya, Mexico and the United Arab Emirates. And for the first time subnational studies collected and analyzed data on industry-specific local business licenses—through pilot studies in the food industry in South Africa and the industrial sector in Spain. 122 DOING BUSINESS 2016 correlated. Comparing the ease of doing TABLE 13.3 Correlation between rankings under old and new methodologies after business rankings as calculated using the each set of changes in methodology Doing Business 2015 data and methodology DB2015 DB2014 DB2013 DB2012 DB2011 DB2010 DB2009 with the rankings as calculated using the Doing Business 2015 data but the Doing DB2015 0.974 Business 2016 methodology shows a cor- DB2014 0.980 relation of 0.97 (table 13.3). In previous DB2013 0.996 years the correlations between same-year DB2012 0.995 data under the methodology for that year DB2011 0.987 and the methodology for the subsequent DB2010 0.989 year were even stronger. DB2009 0.998 Source: Doing Business database. DATA CHALLENGES AND Note: The correlation in each case is based on data for the same year but methodologies for consecutive years (for the same year as for the data and for the subsequent year). REVISIONS Most laws and regulations underlying time series for research, the data set is and in-person meetings with government the Doing Business data are available back-calculated to adjust for changes in representatives in 20 economies. on the Doing Business website at http:/ / methodology and any revisions in data www.doingbusiness.org. All the sample due to corrections. This year, however, questionnaires and the details underlying the trading across borders indicators are STARTING A BUSINESS the indicators are also published on the back-calculated for only one year because website. Questions on the methodology of the significant changes in methodol- Doing Business records all procedures and challenges to data can be submitted ogy for this indicator set. The website also officially required, or commonly done in through email at rru@worldbank.org. makes available all original data sets used practice, for an entrepreneur to start up and for background papers. The correction rate formally operate an industrial or commer- Doing Business publishes 21,800 indicators between Doing Business 2015 and Doing cial business, as well as the time and cost to (109 indicators per economy) each year. Business 2016 is 6.1%.3 complete these procedures and the paid-in To create these indicators, the team mea- minimum capital requirement (figure sures more than 110,000 data points, each Governments submit queries on the data and 13.1). These procedures include obtaining of which is made available on the Doing provide new information to Doing Business. all necessary licenses and permits and Business website. Historical data for each During the Doing Business 2016 production completing any required notifications, veri- indicator and economy are available on cycle the team received 107 such queries fications or inscriptions for the company the website, beginning with the first year from governments. In addition, the team and employees with relevant authorities. the indicator or economy was included held multiple videoconferences with gov- The ranking of economies on the ease of in the report. To provide a comparable ernment representatives in 50 economies starting a business is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for starting a business. These scores are the simple FIGURE 13.1 What are the time, cost, paid-in minimum capital and number of average of the distance to frontier scores procedures to get a local limited liability company up and running? for each of the component indicators (figure 13.2). The distance to frontier score Cost (% of income per capita) shows the distance of an economy to the Formal operation “frontier,” which is derived from the most efficient practice or highest score achieved on each indicator. Paid-in $ Number of minimum procedures capital After a study of laws, regulations and publicly available information on busi- ness entry, a detailed list of procedures is developed, along with the time and Entrepreneur Time cost to comply with each procedure Preregistration Registration, Postregistration (days) under normal circumstances and the incorporation paid-in minimum capital requirement. DATA NOTES 123 data are also collected for the second counted as separate procedures. Each FIGURE 13.2 Starting a business: largest business city (see table 13A.1 electronic procedure is counted as a getting a local limited liability company up and running at the end of the data notes). separate procedure. ƒ Is 100% domestically owned and has Rankings are based on distance to five owners, none of whom is a legal Both pre- and postincorporation proce- frontier scores for four indicators entity. dures that are officially required for an Preregistration, ƒ Has start-up capital of 10 times entrepreneur to formally operate a busi- registration and As % of income postregistration per capita, no income per capita. ness are recorded (table 13.4). (in calendar days) bribes included ƒ Performs general industrial or com- mercial activities, such as the produc- Procedures required for official cor- tion or sale to the public of products respondence or transactions with public 25% 25% or services. The business does not agencies are also included. For example, Time Cost perform foreign trade activities and if a company seal or stamp is required 25% 25% Procedures Paid-in does not handle products subject to a on official documents, such as tax dec- minimum capital special tax regime, for example, liquor larations, obtaining the seal or stamp is or tobacco. It is not using heavily pol- counted. Similarly, if a company must Procedures are Funds deposited in a luting production processes. open a bank account in order to complete completed when bank or with a notary final document before registration (or ƒ Leases the commercial plant or offices any subsequent procedure—such as reg- is received up to three months after and is not a proprietor of real estate. istering for value added tax or showing incorporation), as % of income per capita ƒ Does not qualify for investment proof of minimum capital deposit—this incentives or any special benefits. transaction is included as a procedure. ƒ Has at least 10 and up to 50 employ- Shortcuts are counted only if they fulfill Subsequently, local incorporation law- ees one month after the commence- yers, notaries and government officials ment of operations, all of them TABLE 13.4 What do the starting complete and verify the data. domestic nationals. a business indicators measure? ƒ Has a turnover of at least 100 times Procedures to legally start and operate a Information is also collected on the income per capita. company (number) sequence in which procedures are to ƒ Has a company deed 10 pages long. Preregistration (for example, name verification or be completed and whether procedures reservation, notarization) may be carried out simultaneously. It is Procedures Registration in the economy’s largest business citya assumed that any required information A procedure is defined as any interac- Postregistration (for example, social security is readily available and that the entre- tion of the company founders with registration, company seal) preneur will pay no bribes. If answers external parties (for example, gov- Time required to complete each procedure (calendar days) by local experts differ, inquiries continue ernment agencies, lawyers, auditors until the data are reconciled. or notaries). Interactions between Does not include time spent gathering information company founders or company officers Each procedure starts on a separate day To make the data comparable across and employees are not counted as (two procedures cannot start on the same day)— economies, several assumptions about procedures. Procedures that must be though procedures that can be fully completed online are an exception to this rule the business and the procedures are used. completed in the same building but in different offices or at different counters Registration process considered completed once final incorporation document is received or Assumptions about the business are counted as separate procedures. If company can start operating The business: founders have to visit the same office No prior contact with officials takes place ƒ Is a limited liability company (or its several times for different sequential Cost required to complete each procedure legal equivalent). If there is more than procedures, each is counted separately. (% of income per capita) one type of limited liability company The founders are assumed to complete Official costs only, no bribes in the economy, the limited liability all procedures themselves, without No professional fees unless services required by form most common among domestic middlemen, facilitators, accountants or law or commonly used in practice firms is chosen. Information on the lawyers, unless the use of such a third Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per most common form is obtained from party is mandated by law or solicited capita) incorporation lawyers or the statisti- by the majority of entrepreneurs. If the Funds deposited in a bank or with a notary before registration (or up to three months after cal office. services of professionals are required, incorporation) ƒ Operates in the economy’s largest procedures conducted by such profes- a. For 11 economies the data are also collected for business city. For 11 economies the sionals on behalf of the company are the second largest business city. 124 DOING BUSINESS 2016 four criteria: they are legal, they are avail- Cost able to the general public, they are used Cost is recorded as a percentage of the DEALING WITH by the majority of companies, and avoid- economy’s income per capita. It includes CONSTRUCTION PERMITS ing them causes delays. all official fees and fees for legal or professional services if such services Doing Business records all procedures Only procedures required of all busi- are required by law or commonly used required for a business in the construc- nesses are covered. Industry-specific in practice. Fees for purchasing and tion industry to build a warehouse along procedures are excluded. For example, legalizing company books are included with the time and cost to complete each procedures to comply with environmental if these transactions are required by law. procedure. In addition, this year Doing regulations are included only when they Although value added tax registration Business introduces a new measure, the apply to all businesses conducting gen- can be counted as a separate procedure, building quality control index, evaluating eral commercial or industrial activities. value added tax is not part of the incor- the quality of building regulations, the Procedures that the company undergoes poration cost. The company law, the strength of quality control and safety to connect to electricity, water, gas and commercial code and specific regulations mechanisms, liability and insurance waste disposal services are not included and fee schedules are used as sources regimes, and professional certification in the starting a business indicators. for calculating costs. In the absence of requirements. Information is collected fee schedules, a government officer’s through a questionnaire administered Time estimate is taken as an official source. to experts in construction licensing, Time is recorded in calendar days. The In the absence of a government officer’s including architects, civil engineers, measure captures the median duration estimate, estimates by incorporation construction lawyers, construction firms, that incorporation lawyers or notaries lawyers are used. If several incorporation utility service providers and public offi- indicate is necessary in practice to com- lawyers provide different estimates, the cials who deal with building regulations, plete a procedure with minimum follow- median reported value is applied. In all including approvals, permit issuance and up with government agencies and no cases the cost excludes bribes. inspections. unofficial payments. It is assumed that the minimum time required for each pro- Paid-in minimum capital The ranking of economies on the ease cedure is one day, except for procedures The paid-in minimum capital require- of dealing with construction permits is that can be fully completed online, for ment reflects the amount that the determined by sorting their distance to which the time required is recorded as entrepreneur needs to deposit in a bank frontier scores for dealing with construc- half a day. Although procedures may take or with a notary before registration or up tion permits. These scores are the simple place simultaneously, they cannot start to three months after incorporation and average of the distance to frontier scores on the same day (that is, simultaneous is recorded as a percentage of the econ- procedures start on consecutive days), omy’s income per capita. The amount again with the exception of procedures is typically specified in the commercial FIGURE 13.3 Dealing with construction that can be fully completed online. A code or the company law. Many econo- permits: efficiency and quality of building registration process is considered com- mies require minimum capital but allow regulation pleted once the company has received businesses to pay only a part of it before Rankings are based on distance to the final incorporation document or can registration, with the rest to be paid after frontier scores for four indicators commence business operations. If a pro- the first year of operation. In Turkey in Days to comply Cost to comply cedure can be accelerated legally for an June 2015, for example, the minimum with formalities with formalities, to build a as % of additional cost, the fastest procedure is capital requirement was 10,000 Turkish warehouse warehouse value chosen if that option is more beneficial liras, of which one-fourth needed to be to the economy’s ranking. It is assumed paid before registration. The paid-in that the entrepreneur does not waste minimum capital recorded for Turkey is 25% 25% time and commits to completing each therefore 2,500 Turkish liras, or 11.0% of Time Cost remaining procedure without delay. income per capita. 25% 25% Procedures Building The time that the entrepreneur spends quality control on gathering information is ignored. The data details on starting a business can index It is assumed that the entrepreneur is be found for each economy at http://www Steps to comply Quality of building aware of all entry requirements and .doingbusiness.org. This methodology was with formalities; regulation and its their sequence from the beginning but completed when implementation developed by Djankov and others (2002) final document is has had no prior contact with any of the and is adopted here with minor changes. received officials involved. DATA NOTES 125 for each of the component indicators Assumptions about the ƒ Owns the land on which the ware- (figure 13.3). construction company house will be built and will sell the The construction company (BuildCo): warehouse upon its completion. EFFICIENCY OF ƒ Is a limited liability company (or its CONSTRUCTION PERMITTING legal equivalent). Assumptions about the Doing Business divides the process of ƒ Operates in the economy’s largest warehouse building a warehouse into distinct pro- business city. For 11 economies the The warehouse: cedures in the questionnaire and solicits data are also collected for the second ƒ Will be used for general storage data for calculating the time and cost to largest business city (see table 13A.1). activities, such as storage of books or complete each procedure (figure 13.4). ƒ Is 100% domestically and privately stationery. The warehouse will not be These procedures include obtaining and owned. used for any goods requiring special submitting all relevant project-specific ƒ Has five owners, none of whom is a conditions, such as food, chemicals or documents (for example, building plans, legal entity. pharmaceuticals. site maps and certificates of urbanism) to ƒ Is fully licensed and insured to carry ƒ Will have two stories, both above the authorities; hiring external third-party out construction projects, such as ground, with a total constructed area of supervisors, engineers or inspectors (if building warehouses. approximately 1,300.6 square meters necessary); obtaining all necessary clear- ƒ Has 60 builders and other employees, (14,000 square feet). Each floor will be ances, licenses, permits and certificates; all of them nationals with the techni- 3 meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high. submitting all required notifications; cal expertise and professional experi- ƒ Will have road access and be located and requesting and receiving all neces- ence necessary to obtain construction in the periurban area of the economy’s sary inspections (unless completed by permits and approvals. largest business city (that is, on the a private, third-party inspector). Doing ƒ Has at least one employee who is a fringes of the city but still within its Business also records procedures for licensed architect or engineer and official limits). For 11 economies the obtaining connections for water and sew- registered with the local association of data are also collected for the second erage. Procedures necessary to register architects or engineers. BuildCo is not largest business city. the warehouse so that it can be used as assumed to have any other employees ƒ Will not be located in a special eco- collateral or transferred to another entity who are technical or licensed experts, nomic or industrial zone. are also counted. such as geological or topographical ƒ Will be located on a land plot of experts. approximately 929 square meters To make the data comparable across ƒ Has paid all taxes and taken out all (10,000 square feet) that is 100% economies, several assumptions about necessary insurance applicable to its owned by BuildCo and is accurately the construction company, the ware- general business activity (for example, registered in the cadastre and land house project and the utility connections accidental insurance for construction registry. are used. workers and third-person liability). ƒ Is valued at 50 times income per capita. ƒ Will be a new construction (there was no previous construction on the land), FIGURE 13.4 What are the time, cost and number of procedures to comply with with no trees, natural water sources, formalities to build a warehouse? natural reserves or historical monu- Cost ments of any kind on the plot. (% of warehouse value) ƒ Will have complete architectural and Completed technical plans prepared by a licensed warehouse architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as obtaining fur- Number of ther documentation or getting prior procedures approvals from external agencies, these are counted as procedures. A business in the ƒ Will include all technical equipment construction required to be fully operational. industry Time ƒ Will take 30 weeks to construct Preconstruction Construction Postconstruction (days) and utilities (excluding all delays due to adminis- trative and regulatory requirements). 126 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Assumptions about the utility external parties, are counted as pro- legally for an additional cost and the accel- connections cedures. Procedures that the company erated procedure is used by the majority of The water and sewerage connections: undergoes to connect the warehouse companies, the fastest procedure is cho- ƒ Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from to water and sewerage are included. All sen. It is assumed that BuildCo does not the existing water source and sewer procedures that are legally required, or waste time and commits to completing tap. If there is no water delivery infra- that are done in practice by the majority each remaining procedure without delay. structure in the economy, a borehole of companies, to build a warehouse are The time that BuildCo spends on gather- will be dug. If there is no sewerage counted, even if they may be avoided in ing information is not taken into account. infrastructure, a septic tank in the exceptional cases (table 13.5). It is assumed that BuildCo is aware of all smallest size available will be installed building requirements and their sequence or built. Time from the beginning. ƒ Will not require water for fire protection Time is recorded in calendar days. The reasons; a fire extinguishing system measure captures the median duration Cost (dry system) will be used instead. If a that local experts indicate is necessary Cost is recorded as a percentage of the wet fire protection system is required to complete a procedure in practice. It is warehouse value (assumed to be 50 by law, it is assumed that the water assumed that the minimum time required times income per capita). Only official demand specified below also covers for each procedure is one day, except for costs are recorded. All the fees associated the water needed for fire protection. procedures that can be fully completed with completing the procedures to legally ƒ Will have an average water use of online, for which the time required is build a warehouse are recorded, including 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an recorded as half a day. Although proce- those associated with obtaining land use average wastewater flow of 568 liters dures may take place simultaneously, approvals and preconstruction design (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak they cannot start on the same day (that clearances; receiving inspections before, water use of 1,325 liters (350 gallons) is, simultaneous procedures start on con- during and after construction; obtain- a day and a peak wastewater flow of secutive days), again with the exception ing utility connections; and registering 1,136 liters (300 gallons) a day. of procedures that can be fully completed the warehouse property. Nonrecurring ƒ Will have a constant level of water online. If a procedure can be accelerated taxes required for the completion of the demand and wastewater flow warehouse project are also recorded. throughout the year. TABLE 13.5 What do the indicators on Sales taxes (such as value added tax) ƒ Will be 1 inch in diameter for the water the efficiency of construction permitting or capital gains taxes are not recorded. connection and 4 inches in diameter measure? Nor are deposits that must be paid up for the sewerage connection. front and are later refunded. The building Procedures to legally build a warehouse (number) code, information from local experts, and Procedures Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining specific regulations and fee schedules are A procedure is any interaction of the all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and used as sources for costs. If several local certificates company’s employees or managers, partners provide different estimates, the Submitting all required notifications and receiving median reported value is used. or any party acting on behalf of the all necessary inspections company, with external parties, includ- Obtaining utility connections for water and ing government agencies, notaries, sewerage BUILDING QUALITY CONTROL the land registry, the cadastre, utility Registering the warehouse after its completion The building quality control index is based companies and public inspectors—or (if required for use as collateral or for transfer of on six other indices—the quality of build- the warehouse) the hiring of private inspectors and ing regulations, quality control before technical experts apart from in-house Time required to complete each procedure construction, quality control during con- (calendar days) architects and engineers. Interactions struction, quality control after construc- Does not include time spent gathering between company employees, such as information tion, liability and insurance regimes, and development of the warehouse plans professional certifications indices (table Each procedure starts on a separate day— and inspections conducted by employ- though procedures that can be fully completed 13.6). The indicator is based on the same ees, are not counted as procedures. online are an exception to this rule case study assumptions as the measures However, interactions with external Procedure considered completed once final of efficiency. document is received parties that are required for the archi- No prior contact with officials tect to prepare the plans and drawings (such as obtaining topographic or Cost required to complete each procedure (% of warehouse value) geological surveys), or to have such Official costs only, no bribes documents approved or stamped by DATA NOTES 127 are distributed to building profession- architect or engineer is part of the TABLE 13.6 What do the indicators on building quality control measure? als through an official gazette free of committee or team that approves the charge (or for a nominal fee), if they plans at the relevant permit-issuing Quality of building regulations index (0–2) must be purchased or if they are not authority; 0 if no licensed architect or Accessibility of building regulations made easily accessible anywhere. engineer is involved in the review of Clarity of requirements for obtaining a building ƒ How clearly specified the require- the plans to ensure their compliance permit ments for obtaining a building permit with building regulations. Quality control before construction index are. A score of 1 is assigned if the (0–1) building regulations (including the The index ranges from 0 to 1, with higher Whether licensed or technical experts approve building plans building code) or any accessible values indicating better quality control website, brochure or pamphlet clearly in the review of the building plans. In Quality control during construction index (0–3) specifies the list of required docu- Rwanda, for example, the City Hall in Types of inspections legally mandated during ments to submit, the fees to be paid Kigali must review the building permit construction and all required preapprovals of the application, including the plans and draw- Implementation of legally mandated inspections drawings or plans by the relevant ings, and both a licensed architect and a in practice agencies; 0 if none of these sources licensed engineer are part of the team Quality control after construction index specify any of these requirements or if that reviews the plans and drawings. (0–3) these sources specify fewer than the Rwanda therefore receives a score of 1 Final inspection legally mandated after construction three requirements. on the quality control before construction index. Implementation of legally mandated final inspection in practice The index ranges from 0 to 2, with Liability and insurance regimes index (0–2) higher values indicating clearer and more Quality control during Parties held legally liable for structural flaws after transparent building regulations. In the construction index building occupancy United Kingdom, for example, all relevant The quality control during construction Parties legally mandated to obtain insurance to legislation can be found on an official index has two components: cover structural flaws after building occupancy or government website (a score of 1). The ƒ Whether inspections are mandated insurance is commonly obtained in practice legislation specifies the list of required by law during the construction pro- Professional certifications index (0–4) documents to submit, the fees to be paid cess. A score of 2 is assigned if both Qualification requirements for individual who and all required preapprovals of the draw- of the following conditions are met: approves building plans ings or plans by the relevant agencies (a first, an in-house supervising engineer Qualification requirements for individual who supervises construction or conducts inspections score of 1). Adding these numbers gives (that is, an employee of the building the United Kingdom a score of 2 on the company), an external supervising Building quality control index (0–15) quality of building regulations index. engineer or an external inspections Sum of the quality of building regulations, quality control before construction, quality control during firm is legally mandated to oversee construction, quality control after construction, Quality control before the construction of the building liability and insurance regimes, and professional certifications indices construction index throughout the entire construction The quality control before construction period, or a government agency is index has one component: legally mandated to conduct phased Quality of building regulations ƒ Whether a licensed architect or inspections; and second, at least one index licensed engineer is part of the com- party is legally mandated to conduct The quality of building regulations index mittee or team that reviews and risk-based inspections. A score of 1 has two components: approves building permit applications. is assigned if an in-house supervis- ƒ How easily accessible the building A score of 1 is assigned if the national ing engineer (that is, an employee of regulations are. A score of 1 is assigned association of architects or engineers the building company), an external if any building regulations (including (or its equivalent) must review the supervising engineer or an external the building code) or any regulations building plans, if an independent firm inspections firm is legally mandated dealing with construction permits are or expert who is a licensed architect or to oversee the construction of the available on a website that is updated engineer must review the plans, if the building throughout the entire con- as soon as the regulations change; 0.5 architect or engineer who prepared struction period, or if a government if the building regulations are avail- the plans must submit an attestation agency is legally mandated to con- able free of charge (or for a nominal to the permit-issuing authority stating duct phased or risk-based inspections fee) at the relevant permit-issuing that the plans are in compliance with alone, with no mandate for having authority; 0 if the building regulations the building regulations or if a licensed risk-based inspections with another 128 DOING BUSINESS 2016 type of inspection as well. A score of 0 building has been built in accordance problems in the building once it is is assigned if a government agency is with the approved plans and existing occupied: the architect or engineer legally mandated to conduct unsched- building regulations or if a government who designed the plans for the build- uled inspections, if legally mandated agency is legally mandated to conduct ing, the professional in charge of inspections are to inspect only the a final inspection upon completion of supervising the construction, the pro- safety of the construction site and not the building; 0 if no final inspection is fessional or agency that conducted the safety of the building itself, or if mandated by law after construction the inspections or the construction no inspections are mandated by law and no third party is required to take company; 0.5 if one of the parties is during construction. responsibility for verifying that the held legally liable for structural flaws ƒ Whether inspections during con- building has been built in accordance or problems in the building once it is struction are implemented in practice. with the approved plans and existing occupied; 0 if no party is held legally A score of 1 is assigned if the legally building regulations. liable for structural flaws or problems mandated inspections during con- ƒ Whether the final inspection is imple- in the building once it is occupied, if struction always occur in practice mented in practice. A score of 1 is the project owner or investor is the (including if a supervising engineer assigned if the legally mandated final only party held liable, if the liability or firm must be hired); 0 if the legally inspection after construction always must be determined by the court or mandated inspections do not occur in occurs in practice or if a supervising if the liability must be stipulated in a practice, if the inspections occur most engineer or firm takes responsibil- contract. of the time but not always, if inspec- ity for verifying that the building has ƒ Whether any parties involved in tions commonly occur in practice been built in accordance with the the construction process are legally even if not mandated by law or if the approved plans and existing building required to obtain an insurance policy inspections that occur in practice are regulations; 0 if the legally mandated to cover possible structural flaws or unscheduled inspections. final inspection does not occur in problems in the building once it is practice, if the legally mandated final occupied. A score of 1 is assigned The index ranges from 0 to 3, with higher inspection occurs most of the time if the architect or engineer who values indicating better quality control but not always or if a final inspection designed the plans for the building, during the construction process. In commonly occurs in practice even if the professional in charge of supervis- Antigua and Barbuda, for example, the not mandated by law. ing the construction, the professional Development Control Authority is legally or agency that conducted the inspec- mandated to conduct phased inspections The index ranges from 0 to 3, with tions, the construction company, under the Physical Planning Act of 2003 higher values indicating better quality or the project owner or investor is (a score of 1). However, the Development control after the construction process. required by law to obtain an insurance Control Authority rarely conducts these In Belize, for example, the Central policy to cover possible structural inspections in practice (a score of 0). Building Authority is legally mandated flaws or problems in the building once Adding these numbers gives Antigua and to conduct a final inspection under the it is occupied or if an insurance policy Barbuda a score of 1 on the quality control Belize Building Act of 2003 (a score of is commonly obtained in practice by during construction index. 2). However, most of the time the final the majority of any of these parties inspection does not occur in practice (a even if not required by law; 0 if no Quality control after score of 0). Adding these numbers gives party is required by law to obtain construction index Belize a score of 2 on the quality control insurance and insurance is not com- The quality control after construction after construction index. monly obtained in practice by any index has two components: party, if the requirement to obtain an ƒ Whether a final inspection is man- Liability and insurance regimes insurance policy is stipulated in a con- dated by law in order to verify that index tract and not in the law, if any party the building was built in accordance The liability and insurance regimes index must obtain workers’ safety insurance with the approved plans and existing has two components: to cover the safety of workers during building regulations. A score of 2 is ƒ Whether any parties involved in the construction but not insurance that assigned if an in-house supervising construction process are held legally would cover defects after building engineer (that is, an employee of the liable for structural flaws or problems occupancy or if any party is required building company), an external super- in the building once it is occupied. to pay for any damages caused on vising engineer or an external inspec- A score of 1 is assigned if at least their own without having to obtain an tions firm is legally mandated to take two of the following parties are held insurance policy. responsibility for verifying that the legally liable for structural flaws or DATA NOTES 129 The index ranges from 0 to 2, with higher have a minimum number of years of If an economy issued no building permits values indicating more stringent liability practical experience, must have a uni- between June 2014 and June 2015 or if and insurance regimes. In Madagascar, versity degree (a minimum of a bach- the applicable building legislation in the for example, under article 1792 of the Civil elor’s) in architecture or engineering economy is not being implemented, the Code both the architect who designed the and must also either be a registered economy receives a “no practice” mark plans and the construction company are member of the national order (asso- on the procedures, time and cost indica- held liable for 10 years after the comple- ciation) of architects or engineers or tors. In addition, a “no practice” economy tion of the building (a score of 1). However, pass a qualification exam. A score of receives a score of 0 on the building there is no legal requirement for any party 1 is assigned if the professional must quality control index even if its legal to obtain an insurance policy, nor do most have a university degree (a minimum framework includes provisions related parties obtain insurance in practice (a of a bachelor’s) in architecture or to building quality control and safety score of 0). Adding these numbers gives engineering and must also either mechanisms. Madagascar a score of 1 on the liability have a minimum number of years of and insurance regimes index. practical experience or be a registered The data details on dealing with construc- member of the national order (asso- tion permits can be found for each economy Professional certifications index ciation) of architects or engineers or at http://www.doingbusiness.org. The professional certifications index has pass a qualification exam. A score of two components: 0 is assigned if the professional must ƒ What the qualification requirements meet only one of the requirements, if GETTING ELECTRICITY are for the professional responsible for the professional must meet two of the verifying that the architectural plans requirements but neither of the two is Doing Business records all procedures or drawings are in compliance with to have a university degree, or if the required for a business to obtain a perma- the building regulations. A score of 2 professional is subject to no qualifica- nent electricity connection and supply for is assigned if this professional must tion requirements. a standardized warehouse (figure 13.5). have a minimum number of years of These procedures include applications practical experience, must have a uni- The index ranges from 0 to 4, with higher and contracts with electricity utilities, versity degree (a minimum of a bach- values indicating greater professional all necessary inspections and clearances elor’s) in architecture or engineering certification requirements. In Cambodia, from the distribution utility and other and must also either be a registered for example, the professional responsible agencies, and the external and final con- member of the national order (asso- for verifying that the architectural plans nection works. The questionnaire divides ciation) of architects or engineers or or drawings are in compliance with the the process of getting an electricity pass a qualification exam. A score of building regulations must have a relevant connection into distinct procedures and 1 is assigned if the professional must university degree and must pass a quali- solicits data for calculating the time and have a university degree (a minimum fication exam (a score of 1). However, the cost to complete each procedure. of a bachelor’s) in architecture or professional supervising construction engineering and must also either must only have a university degree (a In addition, this year Doing Business have a minimum number of years of score of 0). Adding these numbers gives adds two new measures: the reli- practical experience or be a registered Cambodia a score of 1 on the professional ability of supply and transparency of member of the national order (asso- certifications index. tariffs index (included in the aggregate ciation) of architects or engineers or distance to frontier score and ranking pass a qualification exam. A score of Building quality control index on the ease of doing business) and the 0 is assigned if the professional must The building quality control index is the price of electricity (omitted from these meet only one of the requirements, if sum of the scores on the quality of build- aggregate measures). The reliability of the professional must meet two of the ing regulations, quality control before supply and transparency of tariffs index requirements but neither of the two is encompasses quantitative data on the construction, quality control during con- to have a university degree, or if the duration and frequency of power out- struction, quality control after construc- professional is subject to no qualifica- ages as well as qualitative information tion, liability and insurance regimes, and tion requirements. on the mechanisms put in place by the ƒ What the qualification require- professional certifications indices. The utility for monitoring power outages ments are for the professional who index ranges from 0 to 15, with higher and restoring power supply, the report- supervises the construction on-site values indicating better quality control ing relationship between the utility and or conducts inspections. A score of and safety mechanisms in the construc- the regulator for power outages, the 2 is assigned if this professional must tion permitting system. transparency and accessibility of tariffs 130 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 13.5 Doing Business measures the connection process at the level of FIGURE 13.6 Getting electricity: distribution utilities efficiency, reliability and transparency Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for four indicators Days to obtain Cost to obtain a an electricity connection, as % of connection income per capita Generation Transmission 25% 25% Time Cost 25% 25% Distribution Procedures Reliability of supply and XNew connections transparency of tariffs Network operation and maintenance Metering and billing Steps to file a connection Power outages Customer application, prepare and regulatory a design, complete mechanisms in works, obtain approvals, place to monitor go through inspections, and reduce them; install a meter and transparency of and whether the utility faces a financial Assumptions about the sign a supply tariffs contract deterrent aimed at limiting outages warehouse (such as a requirement to compensate The warehouse: customers or pay fines when outages ƒ Is owned by a local entrepreneur. Note: The price of electricity is measured but does not count for the rankings. exceed a certain cap). ƒ Is located in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies the The ranking of economies on the ease of data are also collected for the second capacity) connection (where the volt- getting electricity is determined by sort- largest business city (see table 13A.1). age is 120/208 V, the current would ing their distance to frontier scores for ƒ Is located in an area where similar be 400 amperes; where it is 230/400 getting electricity. These scores are the warehouses are typically located. In B, the current would be nearly 200 simple average of the distance to frontier this area a new electricity connection amperes). scores for all the component indicators is not eligible for a special investment ƒ Is 150 meters long. The connection except the price of electricity (figure promotion regime (offering special is to either the low-voltage or the 13.6). subsidization or faster service, for medium-voltage distribution network example). and either overhead or underground, Data are collected from the electricity ƒ Is located in an area with no physical whichever is more common in the distribution utility, then completed and constraints. For example, the property area where the warehouse is located. verified by electricity regulatory agencies is not near a railway. ƒ Requires works that involve the cross- and independent professionals such as ƒ Is a new construction and is being ing of a 10-meter road (such as by electrical engineers, electrical contrac- connected to electricity for the first excavation or overhead lines) but are tors and construction companies. The time. all carried out on public land. There is electricity distribution utility consulted ƒ Has two stories, both above no crossing of other owners’ private is the one serving the area (or areas) ground, with a total surface area of property because the warehouse has where warehouses are located. If there is approximately 1,300.6 square meters access to a road. a choice of distribution utilities, the one (14,000 square feet). The plot of ƒ Includes only a negligible length in the serving the largest number of customers land on which it is built is 929 square customer’s private domain. is selected. meters (10,000 square feet). ƒ Will supply monthly electricity con- ƒ Is used for storage of goods. sumption of 26,880 kilowatt-hours To make the data comparable across (kWh). economies, several assumptions about Assumptions about the ƒ Does not involve work to install the the warehouse, the electricity connection electricity connection internal electrical wiring. This has and the monthly consumption are used. The electricity connection: already been completed, up to and ƒ Is a permanent one. including the customer’s service panel ƒ Is a three-phase, four-wire Y, 140-kilo- or switchboard and installation of the volt-ampere (kVA) (subscribed meter base. DATA NOTES 131 Assumptions about the monthly procedure with minimum follow-up and TABLE 13.7 What do the getting consumption electricity indicators measure? no extra payments. It is assumed that ƒ It is assumed that the warehouse the minimum time required for each Procedures to obtain an electricity operates 8 hours a day for 30 days connection (number) procedure is one day. Although proce- a month, with equipment utilized at dures may take place simultaneously, Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining 80% of capacity on average, and that all necessary clearances and permits they cannot start on the same day (that there are no electricity cuts (assumed Completing all required notifications and is, simultaneous procedures start on for simplicity). The subscribed capac- receiving all necessary inspections consecutive days). It is assumed that ity of the warehouse is 140 kVA, with Obtaining external installation works and the company does not waste time and a power factor of 1 (1 kVA = 1 kW). possibly purchasing material for these works commits to completing each remaining The monthly energy consumption Concluding any necessary supply contract and procedure without delay. The time that obtaining final supply is therefore 26,880 kWh, and the the company spends on gathering infor- Time required to complete each procedure mation is not taken into account. It is hourly consumption 112 kWh (26,880 (calendar days) kWh/30 days/8 hours). assumed that the company is aware of Is at least one calendar day ƒ If multiple electricity suppliers exist, all electricity connection requirements the warehouse is served by the Each procedure starts on a separate day and their sequence from the beginning. cheapest supplier. Does not include time spent gathering information ƒ Tariffs effective in March of the cur- Cost rent year are used for calculation Reflects the time spent in practice, with little follow-up and no prior contact with officials Cost is recorded as a percentage of the of the price of electricity for the economy’s income per capita. Costs are Cost required to complete each procedure warehouse. (% of income per capita) recorded exclusive of value added tax. Official costs only, no bribes All the fees and costs associated with Procedures completing the procedures to connect Value added tax excluded A procedure is defined as any interac- a warehouse to electricity are recorded, Reliability of supply and transparency of tion of the company’s employees or its tariffs index (0–8) including those related to obtaining main electrician or electrical engineer clearances from government agencies, Duration and frequency of power outages (that is, the one who may have done applying for the connection, receiving Tools to monitor power outages the internal wiring) with external par- inspections of both the site and the inter- ties, such as the electricity distribution Tools to restore power supply nal wiring, purchasing material, getting utility, electricity supply utilities, gov- Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance the actual connection works and paying ernment agencies, electrical contrac- Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages a security deposit. Information from local tors and electrical firms. Interactions Transparency and accessibility of tariffs experts and specific regulations and fee between company employees and steps Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour) schedules are used as sources for costs. related to the internal electrical wiring, If several local partners provide different Price based on monthly bill for commercial such as the design and execution of the warehouse in case study estimates, the median reported value is internal electrical installation plans, are Note: While Doing Business measures the price used. In all cases the cost excludes bribes. not counted as procedures. Procedures of electricity, it does not include these data when calculating the distance to frontier score for getting that must be completed with the same electricity or the ranking on the ease of getting Security deposit utility but with different departments electricity. Utilities require security deposits as a are counted as separate procedures guarantee against the possible failure of (table 13.7). For all procedures only the most likely customers to pay their consumption bills. cases (for example, more than 50% of For this reason the security deposit for a The company’s employees are assumed the time the utility has the material) new customer is most often calculated to complete all procedures themselves and those followed in practice for con- as a function of the customer’s estimated unless the use of a third party is man- necting a warehouse to electricity are consumption. dated (for example, if only an electrician counted. registered with the utility is allowed to Doing Business does not record the full submit an application). If the company Time amount of the security deposit. If the can, but is not required to, request the Time is recorded in calendar days. The deposit is based on the customer’s services of professionals (such as a pri- measure captures the median duration actual consumption, this basis is the one vate firm rather than the utility for the that the electricity utility and experts assumed in the case study. Rather than external works), these procedures are indicate is necessary in practice, rather the full amount of the security deposit, recorded if they are commonly done. than required by law, to complete a Doing Business records the present value 132 DOING BUSINESS 2016 of the losses in interest earnings expe- lempiras ($3,664). In contrast, if the cus- For all economies that meet the criteria rienced by the customer because the tomer chose to settle the deposit with a as determined by Doing Business, a utility holds the security deposit over a bank guarantee at an annual rate of 2.5%, score on the reliability of supply and prolonged period, in most cases until the the amount lost over the five years would transparency of tariffs index is calcu- end of the contract (assumed to be after be just 15,861.75 lempiras ($753). lated on the basis of the following six five years). In cases where the security components: deposit is used to cover the first monthly Reliability of supply and consumption bills, it is not recorded. To transparency of tariffs index ƒ What the SAIDI and SAIFI values are. calculate the present value of the lost Doing Business uses the system average If SAIDI and SAIFI are 12 (equivalent interest earnings, the end-2014 lending interruption duration index (SAIDI) to an outage of one hour each month) rates from the International Monetary and the system average interruption or below, a score of 1 is assigned. If Fund’s International Financial Statistics are frequency index (SAIFI) to measure the SAIDI and SAIFI are 4 (equivalent used. In cases where the security deposit duration and frequency of power out- to an outage of one hour each quar- is returned with interest, the difference ages in the largest business city of each ter) or below, 1 additional point is between the lending rate and the interest economy (for 11 economies the data are assigned. Finally, if SAIDI and SAIFI paid by the utility is used to calculate the also collected for the second largest busi- are 1 (equivalent to an outage of one present value. ness city; see table 13A.1). SAIDI is the hour per year) or below, 1 more point average total duration of outages over is assigned. In some economies the security deposit the course of a year for each customer ƒ What tools are used by the distribu- can be put up in the form of a bond: the served, while SAIFI is the average number tion utility to monitor power out- company can obtain from a bank or an of service interruptions experienced by a ages. A score of 1 is assigned if the insurance company a guarantee issued customer in a year. Annual data (covering utility uses automated tools, such on the assets it holds with that financial the calendar year) are collected from dis- as the Supervisory Control and Data institution. In contrast to the scenario tribution utility companies and national Acquisition (SCADA) system; 0 if it in which the customer pays the deposit regulators on SAIDI and SAIFI. Both relies solely on calls from customers in cash to the utility, in this scenario the SAIDI and SAIFI estimates include load and records and monitors outages company does not lose ownership con- shedding. manually. trol over the full amount and can continue ƒ What tools are used by the distribu- using it. In return the company will pay An economy is eligible to obtain a score tion utility to restore power supply. A the bank a commission for obtaining on the reliability of supply and transpar- score of 1 is assigned if the utility uses the bond. The commission charged may ency of tariffs index if the utility collects automated tools, such as the SCADA vary depending on the credit standing of data on electricity outages (measuring system; 0 if it relies solely on manual the company. The best possible credit the average total duration of outages resources for service restoration, standing and thus the lowest possible per customer and the average number such as field crews or maintenance commission are assumed. Where a bond of outages per customer) and the SAIDI personnel. can be put up, the value recorded for the value is below a threshold of 100 hours ƒ Whether a regulator—that is, an deposit is the annual commission times and the SAIFI value below a threshold of entity separate from the utility— the five years assumed to be the length 100 outages. monitors the utility’s performance of the contract. If both options exist, the on reliability of supply. A score of 1 cheaper alternative is recorded. Because the focus is on measuring the is assigned if the regulator performs reliability of the electricity supply in each periodic or real-time reviews; 0 if it In Honduras in June 2015 a customer economy’s largest business city (and, in does not monitor power outages and requesting a 140-kVA electricity con- 11 economies, also in the second largest does not require the utility to report nection would have had to put up a business city), an economy is not eligible on reliability of supply. security deposit of 126,894 Honduran to obtain a score on the index if data on ƒ Whether financial deterrents exist to lempiras ($6,025) in cash or check, and power outages are not collected. Nor is limit outages. A score of 1 is assigned the deposit would have been returned an economy eligible to obtain a score if if the utility compensates customers only at the end of the contract. The outages are too frequent or long-lasting when outages exceed a certain cap, customer could instead have invested for the electricity supply to be consid- if the utility is fined by the regulator this money at the prevailing lending ered reliable—that is, if the SAIDI value when outages exceed a certain cap or rate of 20.61%. Over the five years of exceeds the threshold of 100 hours or the if both these conditions are met; 0 if the contract this would imply a present SAIFI value exceeds the threshold of 100 no compensation mechanism of any value of lost interest earnings of 77,174.76 outages.4 kind is available. DATA NOTES 133 ƒ Whether electricity tariffs are trans- the SAIDI value (168) exceeds the It also measures the time and cost to parent and easily available. A score threshold. Based on the criteria estab- complete each of these procedures. of 1 is assigned if effective tariffs are lished, Mali cannot receive a score on available online and customers are the index even though the country has In addition, this year Doing Business adds notified of a change in tariff ahead of regulatory monitoring of outages and a new measure to the set of registering the next billing cycle; 0 if not. there is a compensation mechanism for property indicators, an index of the qual- customers. ity of the land administration system The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher in each economy. The quality of land values indicating greater reliability of Price of electricity administration index has four dimensions: electricity supply and greater transpar- Doing Business measures the price of reliability of infrastructure, transparency ency of tariffs. In the Czech Republic, electricity but does not include these data of information, geographic coverage and for example, the distribution utility com- when calculating the distance to frontier land dispute resolution. pany PREdistribuce uses SAIDI and SAIFI score for getting electricity or the ranking metrics to monitor and collect data on on the ease of getting electricity. (The The ranking of economies on the ease power outages. In 2014 the average total data are available on the Doing Business of registering property is determined by duration of power outages in Prague was website, at http://www.doingbusiness.org). sorting their distance to frontier scores 0.53 hours per customer and the average The data on electricity prices are based for registering property. These scores number of outages experienced by a on standardized assumptions to ensure are the simple average of the distance to customer was 0.27. Both SAIDI and SAIFI comparability across economies. frontier scores for each of the component are below the threshold and indicate that indicators (figure 13.7). there was less than one outage a year per The price of electricity is measured in customer, for a total duration of less than cents per kilowatt-hour. On the basis of EFFICIENCY OF TRANSFERRING one hour. So the economy not only meets the assumptions about monthly con- PROPERTY the eligibility criteria for obtaining a score sumption, a monthly bill for a commercial As recorded by Doing Business, the pro- on the index, it also receives a score of warehouse in the largest business city of cess of transferring property starts with 3 on the first component of the index. the economy is computed for the month obtaining the necessary documents, such The utility uses an automated system of March (for 11 economies the data are as a copy of the seller’s title if necessary, (SCADA) to identify faults in the network also collected for the second largest and conducting due diligence if required. (a score of 1) and restore electricity ser- business city; see table 13A.1). As noted, The transaction is considered complete vice (a score of 1). The national regulator the warehouse uses electricity 30 days a when it is opposable to third parties and actively reviews the utility’s performance month, from 9:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., so when the buyer can use the property, use in providing reliable electricity service different tariff schedules may apply if a it as collateral for a bank loan or resell it (a score of 1) and requires the utility to time-of-use tariff is available. compensate customers if outages last longer than a maximum period defined The data details on getting electricity FIGURE 13.7 Registering property: efficiency and quality of land by the regulator (a score of 1). Customers can be found for each economy at http:// administration system are notified of a change in tariffs ahead of www.doingbusiness.org. The initial meth- the next billing cycle and can easily check odology was developed by Geginat and Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for four indicators effective tariffs online (a score of 1). Ramalho (2015) and is adopted here with Adding these numbers gives the Czech minor changes. Days to transfer Cost to transfer property between two property, as % of Republic a score of 8 on the reliability of local companies property value supply and transparency of tariffs index. REGISTERING PROPERTY On the other hand, several economies 25% 25% Time Cost receive a score of 0 on the reliability of Doing Business records the full sequence 25% 25% supply and transparency of tariffs index. of procedures necessary for a business Procedures Quality of land The reason may be that outages occur (the buyer) to purchase a property from administration index more than once a month and none of the another business (the seller) and to trans- mechanisms and tools measured by the fer the property title to the buyer’s name Steps to transfer Reliability, index are in place. An economy may also so that the buyer can use the property for property so that it transparency and can be sold or used coverage of land receive a score of 0 if either the SAIDI expanding its business, use the property as as collateral administration system; protection or SAIFI value (or both) exceeds the collateral in taking new loans or, if neces- against land disputes threshold of 100. For Mali, for example, sary, sell the property to another business. 134 DOING BUSINESS 2016 between company officers and employees FIGURE 13.8 What are the time, cost and number of procedures required to transfer are not considered. All procedures that property between two local companies? are legally or in practice required for Cost registering property are recorded, even if (% of property value) Buyer can use they may be avoided in exceptional cases the property, (table 13.8). It is assumed that the buyer resell it or use it as follows the fastest legal option available collateral Number of and used by the majority of property own- Land & two-story procedures ers. Although the buyer may use lawyers warehouse or other professionals where necessary Seller with property in the registration process, it is assumed registered and no title disputes Time that the buyer does not employ an outside Pr Preregistration Registration Postregistration (days) facilitator in the registration process unless legally or in practice required to do so. (figure 13.8). Every procedure required by ƒ Is registered in the land registry or Time law or necessary in practice is included, cadastre, or both, and is free of title Time is recorded in calendar days. The whether it is the responsibility of the sell- disputes. measure captures the median duration er or the buyer or must be completed by a ƒ Is located in a periurban commercial that property lawyers, notaries or registry third party on their behalf. Local property zone, and no rezoning is required. officials indicate is necessary to complete lawyers, notaries and property registries ƒ Consists of land and a building. The a procedure. It is assumed that the mini- provide information on procedures as land area is 557.4 square meters mum time required for each procedure is well as the time and cost to complete (6,000 square feet). A two-story one day, except for procedures that can each of them. warehouse of 929 square meters be fully completed online, for which the (10,000 square feet) is located on the time required is recorded as half a day. To make the data comparable across land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is Although procedures may take place economies, several assumptions about in good condition and complies with the parties to the transaction, the prop- all safety standards, building codes TABLE 13.8 What do the indicators on erty and the procedures are used. and other legal requirements. It has the efficiency of transferring property no heating system. The property of measure? Assumptions about the parties land and building will be transferred in Procedures to legally transfer title on The parties (buyer and seller): its entirety. immovable property (number) ƒ Are limited liability companies (or the ƒ Will not be subject to renovations Preregistration procedures (for example, checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement, paying legal equivalent). or additional building following the property transfer taxes) ƒ Are located in the periurban area of purchase. Registration procedures in the economy’s largest the economy’s largest business city. ƒ Has no trees, natural water sources, business citya For 11 economies the data are also col- natural reserves or historical monu- Postregistration procedures (for example, filing lected for the second largest business ments of any kind. title with municipality) city (see table 13A.1). ƒ Will not be used for special purposes, Time required to complete each procedure ƒ Are 100% domestically and privately and no special permits, such as for (calendar days) owned. residential use, industrial plants, Does not include time spent gathering information ƒ Have 50 employees each, all of whom waste storage or certain types of agri- are nationals. cultural activities, are required. Each procedure starts on a separate day— though procedures that can be fully completed ƒ Perform general commercial activities. ƒ Has no occupants, and no other party online are an exception to this rule holds a legal interest in it. Procedure considered completed once final Assumptions about the property document is received The property: Procedures No prior contact with officials ƒ Has a value of 50 times income per A procedure is defined as any interaction Cost required to complete each procedure capita. The sale price equals the value. of the buyer or the seller, their agents (if (% of property value) ƒ Is fully owned by the seller. an agent is legally or in practice required) Official costs only, no bribes ƒ Has no mortgages attached and has or the property with external parties, No value added or capital gains taxes included been under the same ownership for including government agencies, inspec- a. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the past 10 years. tors, notaries and lawyers. Interactions the second largest business city. DATA NOTES 135 simultaneously, they cannot start on the economy. A score of 2 is assigned kept in a single database or in linked same day, again with the exception of if the majority of land titles are fully databases; 0 if there is no connection procedures that can be fully completed digital; 1 if the majority are scanned; between the different databases. online. It is assumed that the buyer does 0 if the majority are kept in paper ƒ How immovable property is identified. not waste time and commits to complet- format. A score of 1 is assigned if there is a ing each remaining procedure without ƒ Whether there is an electronic data- unique number to identify properties; delay. If a procedure can be accelerated base for checking for encumbrances. 0 if there are multiple identifiers. for an additional cost, the fastest legal A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. procedure available and used by the ƒ How maps of land plots are kept at The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher majority of property owners is chosen. the mapping agency of the largest values indicating a higher quality of If procedures can be undertaken simul- business city of the economy. A score infrastructure for ensuring the reliabil- taneously, it is assumed that they are. of 2 is assigned if the majority of maps ity of information on property titles and It is assumed that the parties involved are fully digital; 1 if the majority are boundaries. In Turkey, for example, the are aware of all requirements and their scanned; 0 if the majority are kept in land registry offices in Istanbul maintain sequence from the beginning. Time paper format. titles in a fully digital format (a score of spent on gathering information is not ƒ Whether there is a geographic 2) and have a fully electronic database considered. information system—an electronic to check for encumbrances (a score of database for recording boundar- 1). The Cadastral Directorate offices in Cost ies, checking plans and providing Istanbul have digital maps (a score of Cost is recorded as a percentage of the cadastral information. A score of 1 is 2), and the Geographical Information property value, assumed to be equivalent assigned if yes; 0 if no. Directorate has a public portal allowing to 50 times income per capita. Only offi- ƒ How the land ownership registry users to check the plans and cadastral cial costs required by law are recorded, and mapping agency are linked. A information on parcels along with satel- including fees, transfer taxes, stamp score of 1 is assigned if information lite images (a score of 1). Databases duties and any other payment to the about land ownership and maps are about land ownership and maps are property registry, notaries, public agen- cies or lawyers. Other taxes, such as capital gains tax or value added tax, are TABLE 13.9 What do the indicators on the quality of land administration measure? excluded from the cost measure. Both Reliability of infrastructure index (0–8) costs borne by the buyer and those borne Type of system for archiving information on land ownership by the seller are included. If cost esti- Availability of electronic database to check for encumbrances mates differ among sources, the median reported value is used. Type of system for archiving maps Availability of geographic information system QUALITY OF LAND Link between property ownership registry and mapping system ADMINISTRATION Transparency of information index (0–6) The quality of land administration index Accessibility of information on land ownership is measured as the sum of the scores on Accessibility of maps of land plots four other indices: the reliability of infra- Publication of fee schedules, lists of registration documents, service standards structure, transparency of information, geographic coverage and land dispute Availability of a specific and separate mechanism for complaints resolution indices (table 13.9). Data are Publication of statistics about the number of property transactions collected for each economy’s largest Geographic coverage index (0–8) business city. For 11 economies the data Coverage of land registry at the level of the largest business city and the economya are also collected for the second largest Coverage of mapping agency at the level of the largest business city and the economya business city. Land dispute resolution index (0–8) Reliability of infrastructure Legal framework for immovable property registration index Mechanisms to prevent and resolve land disputes The reliability of infrastructure index has Quality of land administration index (0–30) six components: Sum of the reliability of infrastructure, transparency of information, geographic coverage and land dispute ƒ How land titles are kept at the registry resolution indices of the largest business city of the a. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city. 136 DOING BUSINESS 2016 linked to each other through the TAKBIS ƒ Whether there are publicly available or report an error by filling in a specific system, an integrated information system official statistics tracking the number form online (a score of 1). In addition, for the land registry offices and cadastral of transactions at the immovable the Kadaster makes statistics about offices (a score of 1). Finally, there is a property registration agency. A score land transactions available to the public, unique identifying number for properties of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are reporting a total of 110,094 property (a score of 1). Adding these numbers published about property transfers in transfers in Amsterdam in 2014 (a score gives Turkey a score of 8 on the reliability the largest business city in the past of 0.5). Moreover, anyone who pays a of infrastructure index. calendar year; 0 if no such statistics fee can consult online cadastral maps are made publicly available. (a score of 0.5). It is also possible to Transparency of information ƒ Whether maps of land plots are made get public access to the fee schedule index publicly available. A score of 0.5 is for map consultation (a score of 0.5), The transparency of information index assigned if maps are accessible by the service standards for delivery of an has 10 components: anyone; 0 if access is restricted. updated plan (a score of 0.5) and a spe- ƒ Whether information on land owner- ƒ Whether the fee schedule for access- cific mechanism for filing a complaint ship is made publicly available. A ing maps is made publicly available. about a map (a score of 0.5). Adding score of 1 is assigned if information A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee these numbers gives the Netherlands a on land ownership is accessible by schedule is accessible online or on a score of 6 on the transparency of infor- anyone; 0 if access is restricted. public board or free of charge; 0 if it is mation index. ƒ Whether the list of documents not made available to the public or if it required for completing any type of can be obtained only in person. Geographic coverage index property transaction is made publicly ƒ Whether the mapping agency com- The geographic coverage index has four available. A score of 0.5 is assigned mits to delivering an updated map components: if the list of documents is accessible within a specific time frame. A score ƒ How complete the coverage of the online or on a public board; 0 if it is of 0.5 is assigned if the service stan- land registry is at the level of the not made available to the public or if it dard is accessible online or on a public largest business city. A score of 2 is can be obtained only in person. board; 0 if it is not made available to assigned if all privately held land plots ƒ Whether the fee schedule for the public or if it can be obtained only in the city are formally registered at completing any type of property in person. the land registry; 0 if not. transaction is made publicly available. ƒ Whether there is a specific and sepa- ƒ How complete the coverage of the A score of 0.5 is assigned if the fee rate mechanism for filing complaints land registry is at the level of the schedule is accessible online or on a about a problem that occurred at economy. A score of 2 is assigned public board or is free of charge; 0 if the mapping agency. A score of if all privately held land plots in the it is not made available to the public 0.5 is assigned if there is a specific economy are formally registered at or if it can be obtained only in person. and separate mechanism for filing a the land registry; 0 if not. ƒ Whether the agency in charge of complaint; 0 if there is only a general ƒ How complete the coverage of the immovable property registration mechanism or no mechanism. mapping agency is at the level of the commits to delivering a legally largest business city. A score of 2 is binding document that proves prop- The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher assigned if all privately held land plots erty ownership within a specific time values indicating greater transparency in in the city are mapped; 0 if not. frame. A score of 0.5 is assigned if the the land administration system. In the ƒ How complete the coverage of the service standard is accessible online Netherlands, for example, anyone who mapping agency is at the level of the or on a public board; 0 if it is not made pays a fee can consult the land owner- economy. A score of 2 is assigned available to the public or if it can be ship database (a score of 1). Information if all privately held land plots in the obtained only in person. can be obtained at the office, by mail economy are mapped; 0 if not. ƒ Whether there is a specific and sepa- or online using the Kadaster website rate mechanism for filing complaints (http://www.kadaster.nl). Anyone can The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher about a problem that occurred at also get information online about the values indicating greater geographic the agency in charge of immovable list of documents to submit for prop- coverage in land ownership registration property registration. A score of 1 erty registration (a score of 0.5), the and cadastral mapping. In the Republic is assigned if there is a specific and fee schedule for registration (a score of of Korea, for example, all privately held separate mechanism for filing a 0.5) and the service standards (a score land plots are formally registered at the complaint; 0 if there is only a general of 0.5). And anyone facing a problem land registry in Seoul (a score of 2) and mechanism or no mechanism. at the land registry can file a complaint in the economy as a whole (a score of 2). DATA NOTES 137 In addition, all privately held land plots such a national database is available; total of 71 land disputes in the country are mapped in Seoul (a score of 2) and 0 if not. in 2014 (a score of 0.5). Adding these in the economy as a whole (a score of ƒ How much time it takes to obtain a numbers gives Lithuania a score of 8 on 2). Adding these numbers gives Korea decision from a court of first instance the land dispute resolution index. a score of 8 on the geographic coverage (without appeal) in a standard land index. dispute between two local businesses Quality of land administration over tenure rights worth 50 times index Land dispute resolution index income per capita and located in the The quality of land administration index The land dispute resolution index assess- largest business city. A score of 3 is is the sum of the scores on the reliability es the legal framework for immovable assigned if it takes less than one year; of infrastructure, transparency of infor- property registration and the accessibility 2 if it takes between one and two mation, geographic coverage and land of dispute resolution mechanisms. The years; 1 if it takes between two and dispute resolution indices. The index index has eight components: three years; 0 if it takes more than ranges from 0 to 30, with higher values ƒ Whether the law requires that all three years. indicating better quality of the land property sale transactions be reg- ƒ Whether there are publicly available administration system. istered at the immovable property statistics on the number of land registry to make them opposable to disputes in the first instance. A score If private sector entities were unable to third parties. A score of 1.5 is assigned of 0.5 is assigned if statistics are register property transfers in an economy if yes; 0 if no. published about land disputes in the between June 2014 and June 2015, the ƒ Whether the formal system of economy in the past calendar year; 0 economy receives a “no practice” mark on immovable property registration is if no such statistics are made publicly the procedures, time and cost indicators. subject to a guarantee. A score of 0.5 available. A “no practice” economy receives a score is assigned if either a state or private of 0 on the quality of land administration guarantee over immovable property The index ranges from 0 to 8, with index even if its legal framework includes registration is required by law; 0 if no higher values indicating greater protec- provisions related to land administration. such guarantee is required. tion against land disputes. In Lithuania, ƒ Whether there is a specific compen- for example, according to the Civil The data details on registering property sation mechanism to cover for losses Code and the Law on the Real Property can be found for each economy at http:// incurred by parties who engaged in Register, property transactions must www.doingbusiness.org. good faith in a property transaction be registered at the land registry to based on erroneous information make them opposable to third parties certified by the immovable property (a score of 1.5). The property transfer GETTING CREDIT registry. A score of 0.5 is assigned if system is guaranteed by the state (a yes; 0 if no. score of 0.5) and has a compensation Doing Business measures the legal rights ƒ Whether the legal system requires mechanism to cover for losses incurred of borrowers and lenders with respect verification of the legal validity of the by parties who engaged in good faith to secured transactions through one documents necessary for a property in a property transaction based on an set of indicators and the reporting of transaction. A score of 0.5 is assigned error by the registry (a score of 0.5). A credit information through another. The if there is a review of legal validity, notary verifies the legal validity of the first set of indicators measures whether either by the registrar or by a profes- documents in a property transaction certain features that facilitate lending sional (such as a notary or lawyer); 0 (a score of 0.5) and the identity of the exist within the applicable collateral if there is no review. parties (a score of 0.5), in accordance and bankruptcy laws. The second set ƒ Whether the legal system requires with the Law on the Notary Office measures the coverage, scope and verification of the identity of the (Law I-2882). Lithuania has a national accessibility of credit information avail- parties to a property transaction. A database to verify the accuracy of able through credit reporting service score of 0.5 is assigned if there is identity documents (a score of 1). In a providers such as credit bureaus or verification of identity, either by the land dispute between two Lithuanian credit registries (figure 13.9). The rank- registrar or by a professional (such as companies over the tenure rights of a ing of economies on the ease of getting a notary or lawyer); 0 if there is no property worth $745,000, the Vilnius credit is determined by sorting their verification. District Court gives a decision in less distance to frontier scores for getting ƒ Whether there is a national database than one year (a score of 3). Finally, credit. These scores are the distance to verify the accuracy of identity statistics about land disputes are col- to frontier score for the sum of the documents. A score of 1 is assigned if lected and published; there were a strength of legal rights index and the 138 DOING BUSINESS 2016 case A or case B (not both) to apply. FIGURE 13.9 Do lenders have credit information on entrepreneurs seeking credit? Is Both cases examine the same set of legal the law favorable to borrowers and lenders using movable assets as collateral? provisions relating to the use of movable Credit inf collateral. ormat ion Potential Can movable assets be Several assumptions about the secured borrower used as collateral? borrower (ABC) and lender (BizBank) are Movable Collateral Credit bureaus used: Lender asset registry and registries ƒ ABC is a domestic limited liability What types can be Can lenders company (or its legal equivalent). used as collateral? access credit ƒ ABC has up to 50 employees. information on borrowers? ƒ ABC has its headquarters and only base of operations in the economy’s largest business city. For 11 economies depth of credit information index (fig- Strength of legal rights index the data are also collected for the sec- ure 13.10). The strength of legal rights index mea- ond largest business city (see table sures the degree to which collateral and 13A.1). LEGAL RIGHTS OF BORROWERS bankruptcy laws protect the rights of ƒ Both ABC and BizBank are 100% AND LENDERS borrowers and lenders and thus facilitate domestically owned. The data on the legal rights of borrow- lending (table 13.10). For each economy ers and lenders are gathered through a it is first determined whether a unitary The case scenarios also involve assump- questionnaire administered to financial secured transactions system exists. Then tions. In case A, as collateral for the loan, lawyers and verified through analysis of two case scenarios, case A and case B, ABC grants BizBank a nonpossessory laws and regulations as well as public are used to determine how a nonpos- security interest in one category of mov- sources of information on collateral and sessory security interest is created, able assets, for example, its machinery bankruptcy laws. Questionnaire respons- publicized and enforced according to the or its inventory. ABC wants to keep es are verified through several rounds of law. Special emphasis is given to how the both possession and ownership of the follow-up communication with respon- collateral registry operates (if registration collateral. In economies where the law dents as well as by contacting third par- of security interests is possible). The case does not allow nonpossessory security ties and consulting public sources. The scenarios involve a secured borrower, interests in movable property, ABC and questionnaire data are confirmed through company ABC, and a secured lender, BizBank use a fiduciary transfer-of-title teleconference calls or on-site visits in all BizBank. arrangement (or a similar substitute for economies. nonpossessory security interests). In some economies the legal framework for secured transactions will allow only In case B, ABC grants BizBank a busi- FIGURE 13.10 Getting credit: collateral ness charge, enterprise charge, floating rules and credit information TABLE 13.10 What do the getting charge or any charge that gives BizBank Rankings are based on distance to frontier credit indicators measure? a security interest over ABC’s combined scores for the sum of two indicators movable assets (or as much of ABC’s Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Regulations on nonpossessory security movable assets as possible). ABC keeps interests in movable property Protection of rights of borrowers and lenders through collateral laws ownership and possession of the assets. Protection of secured creditors’ rights through 100% bankruptcy laws The strength of legal rights index covers Sum of strength of functional equivalents to security inter- legal rights index (0–12) Depth of credit information index (0–8) and ests in movable assets (such as financial Scope and accessibility of credit information depth of credit distributed by credit bureaus and credit registries leases and sales with retention of title) information index (0–8) Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) only in its first component, to assess how Number of individuals and firms listed in the integrated or unified the economy’s legal Scope, quality and accessibility of credit largest credit bureau as percentage of adult framework for secured transactions is. information through credit bureaus and registries population Credit registry coverage (% of adults) The strength of legal rights index includes Note: Credit bureau coverage and credit registry Number of individuals and firms listed in a credit coverage are measured but do not count for the 10 aspects related to legal rights in col- registry as percentage of adult population rankings. lateral law and 2 aspects in bankruptcy DATA NOTES 139 law. A score of 1 is assigned for each of secured creditors (or their represen- teleconference calls or on-site visits in the following features of the laws: tatives) to register, search, amend or all economies. ƒ The economy has an integrated or cancel security interests online. unified legal framework for secured ƒ Secured creditors are paid first Depth of credit information transactions that extends to the (for example, before tax claims index creation, publicity and enforcement of and employee claims) when a The depth of credit information index four functional equivalents to security debtor defaults outside an insolvency measures rules and practices affecting interests in movable assets: fiduciary procedure. the coverage, scope and accessibility transfers of title; financial leases; ƒ Secured creditors are paid first (for of credit information available through assignments or transfers of receiv- example, before tax claims and either a credit bureau or a credit registry. ables; and sales with retention of title. employee claims) when a business is A score of 1 is assigned for each of the fol- ƒ The law allows a business to grant liquidated. lowing eight features of the credit bureau a nonpossessory security right in a ƒ Secured creditors are subject to or credit registry (or both): single category of movable assets an automatic stay on enforcement ƒ Data on both firms and individuals are (such as machinery or inventory), procedures when a debtor enters a distributed. without requiring a specific descrip- court-supervised reorganization pro- ƒ Both positive credit information (for tion of the collateral. cedure, but the law protects secured example, original loan amounts, out- ƒ The law allows a business to grant creditors’ rights by providing clear standing loan amounts and a pattern a nonpossessory security right in grounds for relief from the automatic of on-time repayments) and negative substantially all its movable assets, stay (for example, if the movable information (for example, late pay- without requiring a specific descrip- property is in danger) or setting a ments and the number and amount of tion of the collateral. time limit for it. defaults) are distributed. ƒ A security right can be given over ƒ The law allows parties to agree in the ƒ Data from retailers or utility compa- future or after-acquired assets and collateral agreement that the lender nies are distributed in addition to data extends automatically to the prod- may enforce its security right out from financial institutions. ucts, proceeds or replacements of the of court; the law allows public and ƒ At least two years of historical data original assets. private auctions and also permits the are distributed. Credit bureaus ƒ A general description of debts and secured creditor to take the asset in and registries that erase data on obligations is permitted in the col- satisfaction of the debt. defaults as soon as they are repaid lateral agreement and in registration or distribute negative information documents, all types of debts and The index ranges from 0 to 12, with more than 10 years after defaults are obligations can be secured between higher scores indicating that collateral repaid receive a score of 0 for this the parties, and the collateral and bankruptcy laws are better designed component. agreement can include a maximum to expand access to credit. ƒ Data on loan amounts below 1% of amount for which the assets are income per capita are distributed. encumbered. CREDIT INFORMATION ƒ By law, borrowers have the right to ƒ A collateral registry or registration The data on the reporting of credit access their data in the largest credit institution for security interests information are built in two stages. First, bureau or registry in the economy. granted over movable property by banking supervision authorities and Credit bureaus and registries that incorporated and nonincorporated public information sources are surveyed charge more than 1% of income per entities is in operation, unified geo- to confirm the presence of a credit capita for borrowers to inspect their graphically and with an electronic reporting service provider, such as a data receive a score of 0 for this database indexed by debtors’ names. credit bureau or credit registry. Second, component. ƒ The collateral registry is a notice- when applicable, a detailed question- ƒ Banks and other financial institu- based registry—a registry that files naire on the credit bureau’s or credit tions have online access to the credit only a notice of the existence of a registry’s structure, laws and associated information (for example, through a security interest (not the underlying rules is administered to the entity itself. web interface, a system-to-system documents) and does not perform a Questionnaire responses are verified connection or both). legal review of the transaction. The through several rounds of follow-up ƒ Bureau or registry credit scores are registry also publicizes functional communication with respondents as offered as a value added service to equivalents to security interests. well as by contacting third parties and help banks and other financial institu- ƒ The collateral registry has modern consulting public sources. The ques- tions assess the creditworthiness of features such as those that allow tionnaire data are confirmed through borrowers. 140 DOING BUSINESS 2016 The index ranges from 0 to 8, with higher of borrowers (individuals or firms) in Development Indicators). A credit registry values indicating the availability of more the financial system and facilitates the is defined as a database managed by the credit information, from either a credit exchange of credit information among public sector, usually by the central bank bureau or a credit registry, to facilitate creditors. (Many credit bureaus support or the superintendent of banks, that col- lending decisions. If the credit bureau banking and overall financial supervision lects information on the creditworthiness or registry is not operational or covers activities in practice, though this is not of borrowers (individuals or firms) in less than 5% of the adult population, the their primary objective.) Credit investiga- the financial system and facilitates the score on the depth of credit information tive bureaus that do not directly facilitate exchange of credit information among index is 0. information exchange among banks and banks and other regulated financial insti- other financial institutions are not con- tutions (while their primary objective is In Lithuania, for example, both a credit sidered. If no credit bureau operates, the to assist banking supervision). If no credit bureau and a credit registry operate. Both coverage value is 0.0%. registry operates, the coverage value is distribute data on firms and individuals 0.0%. (a score of 1). Both distribute positive Credit registry coverage and negative information (a score of 1). Credit registry coverage reports the The data details on getting credit can be Although the credit registry does not number of individuals and firms listed in a found for each economy at http://www distribute data from retailers or utilities, credit registry’s database as of January 1, .doingbusiness.org. The initial methodology the credit bureau does (a score of 1). Both 2015, with information on their borrowing was developed by Djankov, McLiesh and distribute at least two years of historical history within the past five years, plus the Shleifer (2007) and is adopted here with data (a score of 1). Although the credit number of individuals and firms that have minor changes. registry has a threshold of €290, the had no borrowing history in the past five credit bureau distributes data on loans years but for which a lender requested of any value (a score of 1). Borrowers a credit report from the registry in the PROTECTING MINORITY have the right to access their data in both period between January 1, 2014, and INVESTORS the credit bureau and the credit registry January 1, 2015. The number is expressed free of charge once a year (a score of 1). as a percentage of the adult population Doing Business measures the protection Both entities provide data users access (the population age 15 and above in 2014 of minority investors from conflicts of to databases through a web interface (a according to the World Bank’s World interest through one set of indicators and score of 1). Although the credit registry does not provide credit scores, the credit TABLE 13.11 What do the protecting minority investors indicators measure? bureau does (a score of 1). Adding these numbers gives Lithuania a score of 8 on Extent of disclosure index (0–10) Extent of shareholder rights index (0–10) the depth of credit information index. Review and approval requirements for related-party Shareholders’ rights and role in major corporate transactions decisions Credit bureau coverage Internal, immediate and periodic disclosure requirements for related-party transactions Credit bureau coverage reports the Extent of director liability index (0–10) Extent of ownership and control index (0–10) number of individuals and firms listed in a credit bureau’s database as of January Minority shareholders’ ability to sue and hold Governance safeguards protecting shareholders interested directors liable for prejudicial related- from undue board control and entrenchment 1, 2015, with information on their bor- party transactions rowing history within the past five years, Available legal remedies (damages, disgorgement plus the number of individuals and firms of profits, fines, imprisonment, rescission of transactions) that have had no borrowing history in the past five years but for which a lender Ease of shareholder suits index (0–10) Extent of corporate transparency index (0–10) requested a credit report from the bureau Access to internal corporate documents Corporate transparency on ownership stakes, compensation, audits and financial prospects in the period between January 1, 2014, Evidence obtainable during trial and January 1, 2015. The number is Allocation of legal expenses expressed as a percentage of the adult Extent of conflict of interest regulation index Extent of shareholder governance index population (the population age 15 and (0–10) (0–10) above in 2014 according to the World Simple average of the extent of disclosure, extent Simple average of the extent of shareholder rights, Bank’s World Development Indicators). A of director liability and ease of shareholder suits extent of ownership and control and extent of indices corporate transparency indices credit bureau is defined as a private firm Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) or nonprofit organization that maintains a database on the creditworthiness Simple average of the extent of conflict of interest regulation and extent of shareholder governance indices DATA NOTES 141 shareholders’ rights in corporate gover- FIGURE 13.12 How well are minority shareholders protected from conflicts of nance through another (table 13.11). The interest? data come from a questionnaire adminis- tered to corporate and securities lawyers Extent of disclosure Mr. James and are based on securities regulations, Disclosure and approval requirements suit Law 60% 90% company laws, civil procedure codes Extent of director liability ownership, ownership, Ability to sue directors for damages sits on board sits on board and court rules of evidence. The ranking of directors of directors of economies on the strength of minor- Ease of shareholder suits Company A Company B Access by shareholders to documents (buyer) (seller) ity investor protections is determined by plus other evidence for trial Transaction sorting their distance to frontier scores involving Minority conflict of interest for protecting minority investors. These shareholders scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for the extent of conflict of interest regulation index and the extent of shareholder governance Assumptions about the business ƒ Mr. James also owns 90% of Seller, index (figure 13.11). The business (Buyer): a company that operates a chain of ƒ Is a publicly traded corporation listed retail hardware stores. Seller recently PROTECTION OF on the economy’s most important closed a large number of its stores. SHAREHOLDERS FROM stock exchange. If the number of ƒ Mr. James proposes that Buyer pur- CONFLICTS OF INTEREST publicly traded companies listed chase Seller’s unused fleet of trucks to The extent of conflict of interest regula- on that exchange is less than 10, or expand Buyer’s distribution of its food tion index measures the protection of if there is no stock exchange in the products, a proposal to which Buyer shareholders against directors’ misuse economy, it is assumed that Buyer is agrees. The price is equal to 10% of of corporate assets for personal gain a large private company with multiple Buyer’s assets and is higher than the by distinguishing three dimensions shareholders. market value. of regulation that address conflicts of ƒ Has a board of directors and a chief ƒ The proposed transaction is part interest: transparency of related-party executive officer (CEO) who may of the company’s ordinary course transactions (extent of disclosure index), legally act on behalf of Buyer where of business and is not outside the shareholders’ ability to sue and hold permitted, even if this is not specifi- authority of the company. directors liable for self-dealing (extent cally required by law. ƒ Buyer enters into the transaction. All of director liability index) and access to ƒ Has a supervisory board (applicable required approvals are obtained, and evidence and allocation of legal expenses to economies with a two-tier board all required disclosures made (that is, in shareholder litigation (ease of share- system) on which 60% of the the transaction is not fraudulent). holder suits index). To make the data shareholder-elected members have ƒ The transaction causes damages to comparable across economies, several been appointed by Mr. James, who Buyer. Shareholders sue Mr. James assumptions about the business and the is Buyer’s controlling shareholder and the other parties that approved transaction are used (figure 13.12). and a member of Buyer’s board of the transaction. directors. ƒ Has not adopted any bylaws or Extent of disclosure index FIGURE 13.11 Protecting minority The extent of disclosure index has five articles of association that differ investors: shareholders’ rights in conflicts from default minimum standards and components: of interest and corporate governance does not follow any nonmandatory ƒ Which corporate body can provide Rankings are based on distance to codes, principles, recommendations legally sufficient approval for the frontier scores for two indicators or guidelines relating to corporate transaction. A score of 0 is assigned if governance. it is the CEO or the managing director ƒ Is a manufacturing company with its alone; 1 if the board of directors, the 50% 50% own distribution network. supervisory board or shareholders Extent of Extent of conflict of shareholder must vote and Mr. James is permitted interest governance to vote; 2 if the board of directors or regulation index Assumptions about the index transaction the supervisory board must vote and ƒ Mr. James owns 60% of Buyer and Mr. James is not permitted to vote; elected two directors to Buyer’s five- 3 if shareholders must vote and Mr. member board. James is not permitted to vote. 142 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ƒ Whether it is required that an external Extent of director liability index successful claim by the shareholder body, for example, an external auditor, The extent of director liability index has plaintiff. A score of 0 is assigned if review the transaction before it takes seven components:6 no; 1 if he is fined and imprisoned or if place. A score of 0 is assigned if no; ƒ Whether shareholder plaintiffs are he is disqualified—that is, disallowed 1 if yes. able to sue directly or derivatively for from representing or holding a mana- ƒ Whether disclosure by Mr. James to the damage the transaction causes to gerial position in any company for a the board of directors or the super- the company. A score of 0 is assigned year or more. visory board is required. A score if suits are unavailable or are available ƒ Whether a court can void the trans- of 0 is assigned if no disclosure is only for shareholders holding more action upon a successful claim by a required; 1 if a general disclosure of than 10% of the company’s share shareholder plaintiff. A score of 0 is the existence of a conflict of interest is capital; 1 if direct or derivative suits assigned if rescission is unavailable or required without any specifics; 2 if full are available for shareholders holding is available only in case of fraud, bad disclosure of all material facts relating 10% of share capital. faith or gross negligence; 1 if rescis- to Mr. James’s interest in the Buyer- ƒ Whether a shareholder plaintiff is sion is available when the transaction Seller transaction is required. able to hold Mr. James liable for the is oppressive or prejudicial to the ƒ Whether immediate disclosure of the damage the Buyer-Seller transaction other shareholders; 2 if rescission transaction to the public, the regula- causes to the company. A score of 0 is is available when the transaction is tor or the shareholders is required.5 A assigned if Mr. James cannot be held unfair or entails a conflict of interest. score of 0 is assigned if no disclosure liable or can be held liable only for is required; 1 if disclosure on the terms fraud, bad faith or gross negligence; The index ranges from 0 to 10, with of the transaction is required but not 1 if Mr. James can be held liable only higher values indicating greater liabil- on Mr. James’s conflict of interest; 2 if if he influenced the approval of the ity of directors. In Panama, for example, disclosure on both the terms and Mr. transaction or was negligent; 2 if Mr. direct or derivative suits are available James’s conflict of interest is required. James can be held liable when the for shareholders holding 10% of share ƒ Whether disclosure in the annual transaction is unfair or prejudicial to capital (a score of 1). Assuming that the report is required. A score of 0 is the other shareholders. prejudicial transaction was duly approved assigned if no disclosure on the ƒ Whether a shareholder plaintiff is and disclosed, in order to hold Mr. James transaction is required; 1 if disclosure able to hold the approving body liable a plaintiff must prove that Mr. on the terms of the transaction is (the CEO, members of the board of James influenced the approving body or required but not on Mr. James’s con- directors or members of the super- acted negligently (a score of 1). To hold flict of interest; 2 if disclosure on both visory board) liable for the damage the other directors liable, a plaintiff must the terms and Mr. James’s conflict of the transaction causes to the com- prove that they acted negligently (a score interest is required. pany. A score of 0 is assigned if the of 1). If Mr. James is found liable, he must approving body cannot be held liable pay damages (a score of 1) but he is not The index ranges from 0 to 10, with higher or can be held liable only for fraud, required to disgorge his profits (a score values indicating greater disclosure. In bad faith or gross negligence; 1 if the of 0). Mr. James can be neither fined and Poland, for example, the board of directors approving body can be held liable for imprisoned nor disqualified (a score of must approve the transaction and Mr. negligence; 2 if the approving body 0). The prejudicial transaction cannot James is not allowed to vote (a score of 2). can be held liable when the transac- be voided (a score of 0). Adding these Poland does not require an external body to tion is unfair or prejudicial to the numbers gives Panama a score of 4 on review the transaction (a score of 0). Before other shareholders. the extent of director liability index. the transaction Mr. James must disclose his ƒ Whether Mr. James pays damages for conflict of interest to the other directors, the harm caused to the company upon Ease of shareholder suits index but he is not required to provide specific a successful claim by the shareholder The ease of shareholder suits index has information about it (a score of 1). Buyer is plaintiff. A score of 0 is assigned if no; six components: required to disclose immediately all infor- 1 if yes. ƒ Whether shareholders owning 10% of mation affecting the stock price, including ƒ Whether Mr. James repays profits the company’s share capital have the the conflict of interest (a score of 2). In its made from the transaction upon a right to inspect the transaction docu- annual report Buyer must also disclose the successful claim by the shareholder ments before filing suit or request that terms of the transaction and Mr. James’s plaintiff. A score of 0 is assigned if no; a government inspector investigate ownership in Buyer and Seller (a score of 1 if yes. the Buyer-Seller transaction without 2). Adding these numbers gives Poland a ƒ Whether Mr. James is fined and filing suit. A score of 0 is assigned if score of 7 on the extent of disclosure index. imprisoned or disqualified upon a no; 1 if yes. DATA NOTES 143 ƒ What range of documents is available categories (for example, all documents 10% of Buyer’s share capital have the to the shareholder plaintiff from the related to the transaction) (a score of 0). right to call for an extraordinary meet- defendant and witnesses during trial. The plaintiff can examine the defendant ing of shareholders. A score of 1 is assigned for each of the and witnesses during trial, without prior ƒ Whether Buyer must obtain its share- following types of documents avail- approval of the questions by the court (a holders’ approval every time it issues able: information that the defendant score of 2). The standard of proof for civil new shares. has indicated he intends to rely on for suits is preponderance of the evidence, ƒ Whether shareholders automatically his defense; information that directly while the standard for a criminal case is receive preemption or subscription proves specific facts in the plaintiff’s beyond a reasonable doubt (a score of 1). rights every time Buyer issues new claim; and any information relevant to The plaintiff can recover legal expenses shares. the subject matter of the claim. from the company only upon a successful ƒ Whether the election and dismissal of ƒ Whether the plaintiff can obtain cat- outcome of the legal action (a score of the external auditor must be approved egories of relevant documents from 1). Adding these numbers gives Croatia by the shareholders. the defendant without identifying a score of 6 on the ease of shareholder ƒ Whether changes to the voting rights each document specifically. A score suits index. of a class of shares must be approved of 0 is assigned if no; 1 if yes. only by the holders of the affected ƒ Whether the plaintiff can directly Extent of conflict of interest shares. examine the defendant and witnesses regulation index ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited during trial. A score of 0 is assigned The extent of conflict of interest regula- company, whether the sale of 51% of if no; 1 if yes, with prior approval of tion index is the average of the extent of Buyer’s assets requires shareholder the questions by the judge; 2 if yes, disclosure index, the extent of director approval.8 without prior approval. liability index and the ease of shareholder ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited ƒ Whether the standard of proof for suits index. The index ranges from 0 to company, whether shareholders rep- civil suits is lower than that for a 10, with higher values indicating stronger resenting 10% of Buyer’s share capital criminal case. A score of 0 is assigned regulation of conflicts of interest. have the right to call for an extraordi- if no; 1 if yes. nary meeting of shareholders. ƒ Whether shareholder plaintiffs can SHAREHOLDERS’ RIGHTS IN ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited recover their legal expenses from the CORPORATE GOVERNANCE company, whether Buyer must obtain company. A score of 0 is assigned The extent of shareholder governance its shareholders’ approval every time if no; 1 if plaintiffs can recover their index measures shareholders’ rights in it issues new shares. legal expenses from the company corporate governance by distinguishing ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited only upon a successful outcome of three dimensions of good governance: company, whether shareholders auto- their legal action or if payment of shareholders’ rights and role in major cor- matically receive preemption or their attorney fees is contingent on a porate decisions (extent of shareholder subscription rights every time Buyer successful outcome; 2 if plaintiffs can rights index), governance safeguards issues new shares. recover their legal expenses from the protecting shareholders from undue company regardless of the outcome board control and entrenchment (extent Extent of ownership and control of their legal action. of ownership and control index) and cor- index porate transparency on ownership stakes, For each component of the extent of The index ranges from 0 to 10, with higher compensation, audits and financial pros- ownership and control index, a score of values indicating greater powers of share- pects (extent of corporate transparency 0 is assigned if the answer is no; 1 if yes. holders to challenge the transaction. In index). The index also measures whether The index has 10 components: Croatia, for example, a shareholder hold- a subset of relevant rights and safeguards ƒ Whether the CEO is prohibited from ing 10% of Buyer’s shares can request are available in limited companies. also being chair of the board of directors. that a government inspector review ƒ Whether the board of directors must suspected mismanagement by Mr. James Extent of shareholder rights include independent and nonexecu- and the CEO without filing suit in court index tive board members. (a score of 1). The plaintiff can access For each component of the extent of ƒ Whether members of Buyer’s board documents that the defendant intends shareholder rights index, a score of 0 is of directors can be removed without to rely on for his defense (a score of 1). assigned if the answer is no; 1 if yes. The cause by shareholders before the end The plaintiff must specifically identify the index has 10 components: of their term. documents being sought (for example, ƒ Whether the sale of 51% of Buyer’s ƒ Whether Buyer’s board of direc- the Buyer-Seller purchase agreement of assets requires shareholder approval.7 tors must include a separate audit July 15, 2014) and cannot simply request ƒ Whether shareholders representing committee. 144 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ƒ Whether a potential acquirer must ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited The data details on protecting minority make a tender offer to all shareholders company, whether a detailed notice investors can be found for each economy at upon acquiring 50% of Buyer. of general meeting must be sent 30 http://www.doingbusiness.org. The initial ƒ Whether Buyer must pay dividends days before the meeting.14 methodology was developed by Djankov, La within a maximum period set by law ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited Porta and others (2008). after the declaration date.9 company, whether shareholders rep- ƒ Whether a subsidiary is prohibited resenting 5% of Buyer’s share capital from acquiring shares issued by its can put items on the agenda for the PAYING TAXES parent company. general meeting.15 ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited com- ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited com- Doing Business records the taxes and pany, whether members of Buyer’s pany, whether Buyer must have its mandatory contributions that a medium- board of directors can be removed annual financial statements audited size company must pay in a given year as without cause by shareholders before by an external auditor. well as measures of the administrative the end of their term. burden of paying taxes and contributions ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a lim- Extent of shareholder (figure 13.13). The project was developed ited company, whether a potential governance index and implemented in cooperation with acquirer must make a tender offer The extent of shareholder governance PwC.16 Taxes and contributions measured to all shareholders upon acquiring index is the average of the extent of include the profit or corporate income tax, 50% of Buyer. shareholder rights index, the extent of social contributions and labor taxes paid ƒ Assuming that Buyer is a limited ownership and control index and the by the employer, property taxes, property company, whether Buyer must pay extent of corporate transparency index. transfer taxes, dividend tax, capital gains dividends within a maximum period The index ranges from 0 to 10, with tax, financial transactions tax, waste col- set by law after the declaration higher values indicating stronger rights lection taxes, vehicle and road taxes, and date.10 of shareholders in corporate governance. any other small taxes or fees. Extent of corporate Strength of minority investor The ranking of economies on the ease transparency index protection index of paying taxes is determined by sorting For each component of the extent of The strength of minority investor protec- their distance to frontier scores for pay- corporate transparency index, a score of tion index is the average of the extent of ing taxes. These scores are the simple 0 is assigned if the answer is no; 1 if yes. conflict of interest regulation index and average of the distance to frontier scores The index has 10 components: the extent of shareholder governance for each of the component indicators ƒ Whether Buyer must disclose direct index. The index ranges from 0 to 10, (figure 13.14), with a threshold and a and indirect beneficial ownership rounded to the nearest decimal place, nonlinear transformation applied to one stakes representing 5%.11 with higher values indicating stronger of the component indicators, the total ƒ Whether Buyer must disclose infor- minority investor protections. tax rate.17 The threshold is defined as mation about board members’ other the total tax rate at the 15th percentile directorships as well as basic informa- of the overall distribution for all years tion on their primary employment. ƒ Whether Buyer must disclose the FIGURE 13.13 What are the time, total tax rate and number of payments necessary compensation of individual managers. for a local medium-size company to pay all taxes? ƒ Whether a detailed notice of general Total tax rate Time meeting must be sent 30 days before the meeting.12 ƒ Whether shareholders representing Hours per year To prepare, file and 5% of Buyer’s share capital can put pay value added or items on the agenda for the general sales tax, profit tax % of profit and labor taxes and meeting.13 before all taxes contributions ƒ Whether Buyer must have its annual financial statements audited by an external auditor. ƒ Whether Buyer must disclose its Number of payments audit reports to the public. (per year) DATA NOTES 145 standardized business and have an Assumptions about the business FIGURE 13.14 Paying taxes: tax impact in its financial statements. In The business: compliance for a local manufacturing company doing so, Doing Business goes beyond ƒ Is a limited liability, taxable com- the traditional definition of a tax. As pany. If there is more than one type Rankings are based on distance to frontier scores for three indicators defined for the purposes of government of limited liability company in the national accounts, taxes include only economy, the limited liability form Number of hours Firm tax liability per year to prepare, as % of profits compulsory, unrequited payments to most common among domestic firms file returns and before all taxes general government. Doing Business is chosen. The most common form is pay taxes borne departs from this definition because it reported by incorporation lawyers or measures imposed charges that affect the statistical office. 33.3% 33.3% Time Total tax business accounts, not government ƒ Started operations on January 1, 2013. rate accounts. One main difference relates At that time the company purchased 33.3% to labor contributions. The Doing all the assets shown in its balance Payments Business measure includes government- sheet and hired all its workers. mandated contributions paid by the ƒ Operates in the economy’s largest employer to a requited private pension business city. For 11 economies the Number of tax payments per year fund or workers’ insurance fund. It data are also collected for the second includes, for example, Australia’s com- largest business city (see table 13A.1). Note: All economies below the threshold receive the pulsory superannuation guarantee and ƒ Is 100% domestically owned and has same score in the total tax rate component as the economies at the threshold. workers’ compensation insurance. For five owners, all of whom are natural the purpose of calculating the total tax persons. rate (defined below), only taxes borne ƒ At the end of 2013, has a start-up included in the analysis up to and includ- are included. For example, value added capital of 102 times income per capita. ing Doing Business 2015, which is 26.1%. taxes are generally excluded (provided ƒ Performs general industrial or All economies with a total tax rate below that they are not irrecoverable) because commercial activities. Specifically, this threshold receive the same score as they do not affect the accounting prof- it produces ceramic flowerpots the economy at the threshold. its of the business—that is, they are not and sells them at retail. It does reflected in the income statement. They not participate in foreign trade (no The threshold is not based on any eco- are, however, included for the purpose import or export) and does not nomic theory of an “optimal tax rate” of the compliance measures (time and handle products subject to a special that minimizes distortions or maximizes payments), as they add to the burden of tax regime, for example, liquor or efficiency in an economy’s overall tax complying with the tax system. tobacco. system. Instead, it is mainly empirical in ƒ At the beginning of 2014, owns two nature, set at the lower end of the distri- Doing Business uses a case scenario to plots of land, one building, machinery, bution of tax rates levied on medium-size measure the taxes and contributions office equipment, computers and one enterprises in the manufacturing sector paid by a standardized business and the truck and leases one truck. as observed through the paying taxes complexity of an economy’s tax compli- ƒ Does not qualify for investment indicators. This reduces the bias in the ance system. This case scenario uses a incentives or any benefits apart from total tax rate indicator toward economies set of financial statements and assump- those related to the age or size of the that do not need to levy significant taxes tions about transactions made over the company. on companies like the Doing Business course of the year. In each economy ƒ Has 60 employees—4 managers, standardized case study company tax experts from a number of different 8 assistants and 48 workers. All because they raise public revenue in firms (in many economies these include are nationals, and one manager is other ways—for example, through taxes PwC) compute the taxes and manda- also an owner. The company pays on foreign companies, through taxes tory contributions due in their jurisdiction for additional medical insurance on sectors other than manufacturing or based on the standardized case study for employees (not mandated by from natural resources (all of which are facts. Information is also compiled on any law) as an additional ben- outside the scope of the methodology). the frequency of filing and payments as efit. In addition, in some economies well as the time taken to comply with tax reimbursable business travel and Doing Business measures all taxes and laws in an economy. To make the data client entertainment expenses are contributions that are government comparable across economies, several considered fringe benefits. When mandated (at any level—federal, assumptions about the business and the applicable, it is assumed that the state or local) and that apply to the taxes and contributions are used. company pays the fringe benefit 146 DOING BUSINESS 2016 tax on this expense or that the ben- 2014). A tax or contribution is consid- operation (table 13.12). It includes taxes efit becomes taxable income for the ered distinct if it has a different name withheld by the company, such as sales employee. The case study assumes or is collected by a different agency. tax, value added tax and employee-borne no additional salary additions for Taxes and contributions with the labor taxes. These taxes are tradition- meals, transportation, education or same name and agency, but charged ally collected by the company from the others. Therefore, even when such at different rates depending on the consumer or employee on behalf of the benefits are frequent, they are not business, are counted as the same tax tax agencies. Although they do not affect added to or removed from the tax- or contribution. the income statements of the company, able gross salaries to arrive at the ƒ The number of times the company they add to the administrative burden of labor tax or contribution calculation. pays taxes and contributions in a complying with the tax system and so are ƒ Has a turnover of 1,050 times income year is the number of different taxes included in the tax payments measure. per capita. or contributions multiplied by the ƒ Makes a loss in the first year of frequency of payment (or withhold- The number of payments takes into operation. ing) for each tax. The frequency of account electronic filing. Where full elec- ƒ Has a gross margin (pretax) of 20% payment includes advance payments tronic filing and payment is allowed and (that is, sales are 120% of the cost of (or withholding) as well as regular it is used by the majority of medium-size goods sold). payments (or withholding). businesses, the tax is counted as paid ƒ Distributes 50% of its net profits as once a year even if filings and payments dividends to the owners at the end of Tax payments are more frequent. For payments made the second year. The tax payments indicator reflects the through third parties, such as tax on ƒ Sells one of its plots of land at a profit total number of taxes and contribu- interest paid by a financial institution or at the beginning of the second year. tions paid, the method of payment, the fuel tax paid by a fuel distributor, only one ƒ Is subject to a series of detailed frequency of payment, the frequency payment is included even if payments are assumptions on expenses and of filing and the number of agencies more frequent. transactions to further standardize involved for the standardized case study the case. For example, the owner company during the second year of Where two or more taxes or contributions who is also a manager spends 10% are filed for and paid jointly using the of income per capita on traveling for same form, each of these joint payments the company (20% of this owner’s TABLE 13.12 What do the paying is counted once. For example, if manda- expenses are purely private, 20% taxes indicators measure? tory health insurance contributions and are for entertaining customers, and Tax payments for a manufacturing company mandatory pension contributions are 60% are for business travel). All in 2014 (number per year adjusted for filed for and paid together, only one of electronic and joint filing and payment) financial statement variables are these contributions would be included in Total number of taxes and contributions paid, proportional to 2012 income per including consumption taxes (value added tax, the number of payments. capita (this is an update from Doing sales tax or goods and service tax) Business 2013 and previous years’ Method and frequency of filing and payment Time reports, where the variables were Time required to comply with three major Time is recorded in hours per year. The proportional to 2005 income per taxes (hours per year) indicator measures the time taken to capita). For some economies a mul- Collecting information and computing the tax prepare, file and pay three major types payable tiple of two or three times income of taxes and contributions: the corporate per capita has been used to estimate Completing tax return forms, filing with proper income tax, value added or sales tax, and agencies the financial statement variables.18 labor taxes, including payroll taxes and Arranging payment or withholding The 2012 income per capita was not social contributions. Preparation time sufficient to bring the salaries of all Preparing separate mandatory tax accounting includes the time to collect all information books, if required the case study employees up to the necessary to compute the tax payable Total tax rate (% of profit before all taxes) minimum wage thresholds that exist and to calculate the amount payable. If in these economies. Profit or corporate income tax separate accounting books must be kept Social contributions and labor taxes paid by the for tax purposes—or separate calculations employer Assumptions about the taxes made—the time associated with these Property and property transfer taxes and contributions processes is included. This extra time ƒ All the taxes and contributions Dividend, capital gains and financial transactions is included only if the regular account- taxes recorded are those paid in the second ing work is not enough to fulfill the tax Waste collection, vehicle, road and other taxes year of operation (calendar year accounting requirements. Filing time DATA NOTES 147 includes the time to complete all neces- complicated because they depend on office equipment, 20% for the truck and sary tax return forms and file the relevant fuel consumption. Fuel taxes continue to 10% for business development expenses. returns at the tax authority. Payment time be counted in the number of payments. Commercial profit amounts to 59.4 times considers the hours needed to make the income per capita. payment online or in person. Where taxes The total tax rate is designed to provide and contributions are paid in person, the a comprehensive measure of the cost of The methodology for calculating the time includes delays while waiting. all the taxes a business bears. It differs total tax rate is broadly consistent with from the statutory tax rate, which merely the Total Tax Contribution framework Total tax rate provides the factor to be applied to the developed by PwC and the calculation The total tax rate measures the amount of tax base. In computing the total tax rate, within this framework for taxes borne. taxes and mandatory contributions borne the actual tax payable is divided by com- But while the work undertaken by PwC is by the business in the second year of oper- mercial profit. Data for Iraq are provided usually based on data received from the ation, expressed as a share of commercial as an example (table 13.13). largest companies in the economy, Doing profit. Doing Business 2016 reports the total Business focuses on a case study for a tax rate for calendar year 2014. The total Commercial profit is essentially net profit standardized medium-size company. amount of taxes borne is the sum of all before all taxes borne. It differs from the the different taxes and contributions conventional profit before tax, reported in The data details on paying taxes can be payable after accounting for allowable financial statements. In computing profit found for each economy at http://www deductions and exemptions. The taxes before tax, many of the taxes borne by a .doingbusiness.org. This methodology was withheld (such as personal income tax) firm are deductible. In computing com- developed by Djankov and others (2010). or collected by the company and remit- mercial profit, these taxes are not deduct- ted to the tax authorities (such as value ible. Commercial profit therefore presents added tax, sales tax or goods and service a clear picture of the actual profit of a TRADING ACROSS BORDERS tax) but not borne by the company are business before any of the taxes it bears in excluded. The taxes included can be the course of the fiscal year. Doing Business records the time and divided into five categories: profit or cor- cost associated with the logistical porate income tax, social contributions Commercial profit is computed as process of exporting and importing and labor taxes paid by the employer (for sales minus cost of goods sold, minus goods. Under the new methodol- which all mandatory contributions are gross salaries, minus administrative ogy introduced this year, Doing Business included, even if paid to a private entity expenses, minus other expenses, minus measures the time and cost (excluding such as a requited pension fund), prop- provisions, plus capital gains (from the tariffs) associated with three sets of erty taxes, turnover taxes and other taxes property sale) minus interest expense, procedures—documentary compliance, (such as municipal fees and vehicle tax- plus interest income and minus com- border compliance and domestic es). Fuel taxes are no longer included in mercial depreciation. To compute the transport—within the overall process the total tax rate because of the difficulty commercial depreciation, a straight-line of exporting or importing a shipment of of computing these taxes in a consistent depreciation method is applied, with goods. Figure 13.15, using the example way for all economies covered. The fuel the following rates: 0% for the land, 5% of Brazil (as exporter) and China (as tax amounts are in most cases very small, for the building, 10% for the machinery, importer), shows the process of export- and measuring these amounts is often 33% for the computers, 20% for the ing a shipment from a warehouse in the origin economy to a warehouse in an overseas trading partner through a port. TABLE 13.13 Computing the total tax rate for Iraq Figure 13.16, using the example of Kenya Statutory Statutory tax Actual tax Commercial Total tax (as exporter) and Uganda (as importer), rate base payable profit* rate r b a=r×b c t = a/c shows the process of exporting a ship- Type of tax (tax base) (%) (ID) (ID) (ID) (%) ment from a warehouse in the origin Corporate income tax 15 432,461,855 64,869,278 453,188,210 14.3 economy to a warehouse in a regional (taxable income) trading partner through a land border. Employer-paid social 12 511,191,307 61,342,957 453,188,210 13.5 The ranking of economies on the ease of security contributions (taxable wages) trading across borders is determined by Total 126,212,235 27.8 sorting their distance to frontier scores for trading across borders. These scores Source: Doing Business database. Note: Commercial profit is assumed to be 59.4 times income per capita. ID is Iraqi dinar. are the simple average of the distance * Profit before all taxes borne. to frontier scores for the time and cost 148 DOING BUSINESS 2016 FIGURE 13.15 What makes up the time and cost to export to an overseas trading FIGURE 13.17 Trading across borders: partner? time and cost to export and import Export declaration submission through Port handling and customs clearance Rankings are based on distance to SISCOMEX online system: 2 hours at Port Santos: 47 hours, $959 frontier scores for eight indicators Time for documentary Cost for documentary compliance and border compliance and border Rio de Janeiro compliance when compliance when Domestic transport: 16 hours, $1,779 exporting the product exporting the product of comparative of comparative advantage advantage Border compliance: 49 hours, $959 Shanghai Documentary compliance: 42 hours, $226 25% 25% Time Cost to export to export Source: Doing Business database. 25% 25% Time Cost FIGURE 13.16 What makes up the time and cost to export to a regional trading to import to import partner? Time for documentary Cost for documentary Handling and inspections compliance and border compliance and border at Malaba border crossing: compliance when compliance when 9 hours, $140 importing auto parts importing auto parts Nairobi I II Note: The time and cost for domestic transport and I II I Domestic transport: 9 hours, $967 the number of documents to export and import are I II measured but do not count for the rankings. Border compliance: 21 hours, $143 Kampala place as a result of government restric- Documentary compliance: 19 hours, $191 tions, armed conflict or a natural disaster, it is considered a “no practice” economy. Source: Doing Business database. A “no practice” economy receives a distance to frontier score of 0 for all the for documentary compliance and border at http://www.doingbusiness.org). Unlike trading across borders indicators. compliance to export and import (figure in previous years, however, these data 13.17). too are excluded from the calculation of Assumptions of the case study the distance to frontier score and rank- To make the data comparable across Although Doing Business collects and ing. The time and cost for documentary economies, a few assumptions are publishes data on the time and cost compliance serve as better measures of made about the traded goods and the for domestic transport, it does not use the overall cost and complexity of com- transactions: these data in calculating the distance to pliance with documentary requirements ƒ For each of the 189 economies cov- frontier score for trading across borders than does the number of documents ered by Doing Business, it is assumed or the ranking on the ease of trading required. that a shipment travels from a across borders. The main reason for this warehouse in the largest business is that the time and cost for domestic The data on trading across borders are city of the exporting economy to a transport are affected by many external gathered through a questionnaire admin- warehouse in the largest business factors—such as the geography and istered to local freight forwarders, cus- city of the importing economy. For 11 topography of the transit territory, road toms brokers and traders. Questionnaire economies the data are also collected, capacity and general infrastructure, responses are verified through several under the same case study assump- proximity to the nearest port or border, rounds of follow-up communication with tions, for the second largest business and the location of warehouses where respondents as well as by contacting city (see table 13A.1). the traded goods are stored—and so are third parties and consulting public sourc- ƒ The import and export case studies not directly influenced by an economy’s es. The questionnaire data are confirmed assume different traded products. It is trade policies and reforms. In addition, through teleconference calls or on-site assumed that each economy imports Doing Business continues to collect data visits in all economies. a standardized shipment of 15 metric on the number of documents needed tons of containerized auto parts (HS to trade internationally (these data are If an economy has no formal, large-scale, 8708) from its natural import partner— available on the Doing Business website, private sector cross-border trade taking the economy from which it imports DATA NOTES 149 the largest value (price times quantity) or industry, national security agencies and are informed about exchange rates of auto parts. It is assumed that each and any other government authorities. and their movements. economy exports the product of its comparative advantage (defined by Time Documentary compliance the largest export value) to its natural Time is measured in hours, and 1 day Documentary compliance captures the export partner—the economy that is is 24 hours (for example, 22 days are time and cost associated with compli- the largest purchaser of this product. recorded as 22 × 24 = 528 hours). If cus- ance with the documentary requirements Precious metal and gems, live animals toms clearance takes 7.5 hours, the data of all government agencies of the origin and pharmaceuticals are excluded from are recorded as is. Alternatively, suppose economy, the destination economy and the list of possible export products, that documents are submitted to a cus- any transit economies (table 13.14). The however, and the second largest prod- toms agency at 8:00 a.m., are processed aim is to measure the total burden of pre- uct category is considered as needed.19 overnight and can be picked up at 8:00 paring the bundle of documents that will ƒ A shipment is a unit of trade. Export a.m. the next day. In this case the time for enable completion of the international shipments do not necessarily need to customs clearance would be recorded as trade for the product and partner pair be containerized, while import ship- 24 hours because the actual procedure assumed in the case study. As a ship- ments of auto parts are assumed to took 24 hours. ment moves from Mumbai to New York be containerized. City, for example, the freight forwarder ƒ Shipping cost based on weight is Cost must prepare and submit documents to assumed to be greater than shipping Insurance cost and informal payments for the customs agency in India, to the port cost based on volume. which no receipt is issued are excluded authorities in Mumbai and to the cus- ƒ If government fees are determined by from the costs recorded. Costs are toms agency in New York City. the value of the shipment, the value is reported in U.S. dollars. Contributors are assumed to be $50,000. asked to convert local currency into U.S. The time and cost for documentary ƒ The product is new, not secondhand dollars based on the exchange rate pre- compliance include the time and cost or used merchandise.  vailing on the day they answer the ques- for obtaining documents (such as time ƒ The exporting firm hires and pays for a tionnaire. Contributors are private sector spent undergoing inspections to obtain freight forwarder or customs broker (or experts in international trade logistics a certificate of conformity or certificate both) and pays  for all costs related to of origin); preparing documents (such international shipping, domestic trans- port, clearance and mandatory inspec- tions by customs and other government TABLE 13.14 What do the indicators on the time and cost to export and import agencies, port or border handling, docu- cover? mentary compliance fees and the like. Documentary compliance ƒ The mode of transport is the one most Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during transport, clearance, inspections and port or border widely used for the chosen export or handling in origin economy import product and the trading part- Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents required by destination economy and any transit ner, as is the seaport, airport or land economies border crossing. Covers all documents required by law and in practice, including electronic submissions of information as ƒ well as non-shipment-specific documents necessary to complete the trade All electronic submissions of informa- tion requested by any government Border compliance agency in connection with the ship- Customs clearance and inspections by customs ment are considered to be documents Inspections by other agencies (if applied to more than 10% of shipments) obtained, prepared and submitted Port or border handling at most widely used port or border of economy during the export or import process. Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during clearance, inspections and port or border handling ƒ A port or border is defined as a place Domestic transport (seaport, airport or land border cross- Loading and unloading of shipment at warehouse, dry port or border ing) where merchandise can enter or leave an economy. Transport by most widely used mode between warehouse and terminal or dry port for clearance and inspections ƒ Government agencies considered Transport by most widely used mode between terminal or dry port and most widely used border or port of relevant are agencies such as customs, economy port authorities, road police, border Obtaining, preparing and submitting documents during domestic transport guards, standardization agencies, min- Traffic delays and road police checks while shipment is en route istries or departments of agriculture 150 DOING BUSINESS 2016 as time spent gathering information to Doing Business includes all documents that and cost could be negligible or zero, as complete the customs declaration or are sufficient to complete the international in the case of trade between members certificate of origin); processing docu- trade. This distinction is important in of the European Union or other customs ments (such as time spent waiting for the cases where there are different versions of unions. relevant authority to issue a phytosani- documents. In Uruguay, for example, meat tary certificate); presenting documents exporters are required to obtain a sanitary If some or all customs or other inspec- (such as time spent showing a customs certificate. Obtaining a provisional cer- tions take place at other locations, the declaration to road police or showing a tificate, which will allow the goods to be time and cost for these procedures are port terminal receipt to port authorities); exported, takes 72 hours. Obtaining the added to the time and cost for those and submitting documents (such as time definitive certificate (procured for tax or that take place at the port or border. In spent submitting a customs declara- other purposes) takes longer. In this case Kazakhstan, for example, all customs tion to the customs agency in person or Doing Business counts only the provisional clearance and inspections take place at electronically). certificate, because that is sufficient to a customs post in Almaty that is not at export the product. the land border between Kazakhstan and All electronic or paper submissions of China. In this case border compliance information requested by any govern- The set of procedures for documentary time is the sum of the time spent at the ment agency in connection with the compliance is potentially simultaneous terminal in Almaty and the handling time shipment are considered to be docu- with those for domestic transport and is at the border. ments obtained, prepared and submit- highly likely to be simultaneous with port ted during the export or import process. or border handling, with customs clear- Doing Business asks contributors to All documents prepared by the freight ance and with inspections. In Uruguay, estimate the time and cost for clearance forwarder or customs broker for the for example, the sanitary inspection (tak- and inspections by customs agencies— product and partner pair assumed in ing 72 hours) leads to the firm obtaining defined as documentary and physical the case study are included regardless the sanitary certificate. inspections for the purpose of calculating of whether they are required by law or duties by verifying product classification, in practice. Any documents prepared Border compliance confirming quantity, determining origin and submitted so as to get access to Border compliance captures the time and and checking the veracity of other infor- preferential treatment—for example, cost associated with compliance with mation on the customs declaration. (This a certificate of origin—are included in the economy’s customs regulations and category includes all inspections aimed the calculation of the time and cost with regulations relating to other inspec- at preventing smuggling.) These are for documentary compliance. Any tions that are mandatory in order for the clearance and inspection procedures that documents prepared and submitted shipment to cross the economy’s border, take place in the majority of cases and because of a perception that they ease as well as the time and cost for handling thus are considered the “standard” case. the passage of the shipment are also that takes place at its port or border. The The time and cost estimates capture the included (for example, freight forward- time and cost for this segment include efficiency of the customs agency of the ers may prepare a packing list because time and cost for obtaining, preparing economy. in their experience this reduces the and submitting documents during port probability of physical or other intrusive or border handling, customs clearance Doing Business also asks contributors to inspections). and inspection procedures. For example, estimate the total time and cost for clear- the time and cost for obtaining the port ance and inspections by customs and all In addition, any documents that are terminal receipt would be included here. other government agencies for the speci- mandatory for exporting or importing fied product. These estimates account are included in the calculation of time The computation of border compliance for inspections related to health, safety, and cost. Documents that need to be time and cost depends on where the phytosanitary standards, conformity and obtained only once are not counted, border compliance procedures take the like, and thus capture the efficiency of however. And Doing Business does not place, who requires and conducts the agencies that require and conduct these include documents needed to produce procedures and what the probability is additional inspections. and sell in the domestic market—such that inspections will be conducted. If all as certificates of third-party safety stan- customs clearance and other inspections If inspections by agencies other than dards testing that may be required to sell take place at the port or border, the time customs are conducted in 10% or fewer toys domestically—unless a government estimate for border compliance takes this cases, the border compliance time and agency needs to see these documents simultaneity into account. It is entirely cost measures take into account only during the export process. possible that the border compliance time clearance and inspections by customs DATA NOTES 151 (the standard case). If inspections by Domestic transport the overwhelming majority of cases all other agencies take place in more than Domestic transport captures the time contributors in an economy agree on the 10% of cases, the time and cost mea- and cost associated with transporting the mode and route. In the few remaining sures account for clearance and inspec- shipment from a warehouse in the larg- cases Doing Business consulted additional tions by all agencies. Different types of est business city of the economy to the contributors to get a sense of why there inspections may take place with different most widely used seaport, airport or land was disagreement. In these cases time probabilities—for example, scanning may border of the economy. For 11 economies and cost estimates are based on the take place in 100% of cases while physi- the data are also collected for the second mode and route chosen by the majority cal inspection occurs in 5%. In situations largest business city (see table 13A.1). of contributors. For the 11 economies for like this, Doing Business would count the This set of procedures captures the time which data are collected for both the larg- time only for scanning because it hap- for (and cost of) the actual transport; any est and the second largest business city, pens in more than 10% of cases while traffic delays and road police checks; as Doing Business allows the most widely physical inspection does not. well as time spent on loading or unload- used route and the most widely used ing at the warehouse or border. The time mode of transport to be different for the The border compliance time and cost for included in this segment includes time two cities, if so reported by private sector an economy do not include the time and spent on obtaining, preparing and sub- contributors. For example, shipments cost for compliance with the regulations mitting documents during the transport from Delhi are transported by train to of any other economy. Consider Israel, process. Mundra port for export, while shipments whose main export partner in the Doing from Mumbai travel by truck to Nhava Business case study is the United States. For a coastal economy with an overseas Sheva port to be exported. For the export shipment to be loaded trading partner, domestic transport cap- onto the ship, the shipment must clear tures the time and cost from the loading In the export case study, as noted, Doing Israeli customs and inspections (1.5 of the shipment at the warehouse until Business does not assume a containerized hours) and be handled in the Haifa port the shipment reaches the economy’s port shipment, and time and cost estimates (36 hours). In addition, the United States (see figure 13.15). may be based on the transport of 15 tons requires all shipments to be inspected by of noncontainerized products. In the a private company (located in the Haifa For an economy trading through a land import case study auto parts are assumed port) before being loaded onto the ship, a border, domestic transport captures the to be containerized, and the shipment process that takes up to 72 hours during time and cost from the loading of the may consist of more than one container. which the shipment is at the Haifa port. shipment at the warehouse until the In the cases where cargo is containerized, But because this inspection is required shipment reaches the economy’s land the time and cost for transport and other by U.S. authorities, it is not counted in border (see figure 13.16). In some cases procedures are based on a shipment con- the border compliance time and cost for the cost within the economy’s territory sisting of homogeneous cargo belonging Israel even though it takes place in 100% is interpolated from the total cost from to a single Harmonized System (HS) of cases and adds considerably to the warehouse to warehouse. For Belgium, classification code. This assumption is time for exports. for example, the main export partner in particularly important for inspections, the Doing Business case study is Germany, because shipments of homogeneous A counterexample relates to imports and transporting a shipment weighing 15 products are often subject to fewer and of auto parts into Rwanda from China. tons the 760 kilometers from Brussels shorter inspections than shipments of Rwandan authorities require a certificate to Berlin costs $1,400. The shipment products belonging to various HS codes. of conformity for all import shipments. travels 125 kilometers within Belgium, so For the shipment of auto parts in the the domestic transport cost attributed to In some cases the shipment travels from Doing Business case study, this certificate Belgium is $265. These calculations are the warehouse to a customs post or would be issued by a private company based on the distance traveled along the terminal for clearance or inspections and after inspections at the warehouse or most widely used route (as reported by then travels onward to the port or border. factory in China. The 245 hours that contributors). In these cases the domestic transport it takes to obtain this certificate are time (cost) is the sum of the time (cost) included in the border compliance time The time and cost estimates are based on for both transport segments. The time for Rwanda because this time is spent in the most widely used mode of transport and cost for clearance or inspections fulfilling the requirements of Rwandan (truck, train, riverboat) and the most are included in the measures for border authorities and because such inspec- widely used route (road, port, border compliance, however, not in those for tions are imposed on more than 10% of posts) as reported by contributors. In domestic transport. import shipments. 152 DOING BUSINESS 2016 The data details on trading across borders FIGURE 13.18 Enforcing contracts: TABLE 13.15 What do the indicators can be found for each economy at http:// on the efficiency of resolving a efficiency and quality of commercial www.doingbusiness.org. dispute resolution commercial dispute measure? Rankings are based on distance to Time required to enforce a contract through frontier scores for three indicators the courts (calendar days) ENFORCING CONTRACTS Time to file and serve the case Days to resolve Attorney, court and commercial sale dispute enforcement costs as Time for trial and to obtain the judgment Doing Business measures the time and through the courts % of claim value Time to enforce the judgment cost for resolving a commercial dispute through a local first-instance court. In Cost required to enforce a contract through the courts (% of claim) addition, this year it introduces a new 33.3% 33.3% Time Cost Average attorney fees measure, the quality of judicial processes index, evaluating whether each economy 33.3% Court costs Quality of judicial has adopted a series of good practices processes Enforcement costs index that promote quality and efficiency in the court system. This new index replaces the indicator on procedures, which was Use of good practices promoting to Buyer, Buyer refuses to pay the con- quality and efficiency eliminated this year. The data are col- tract price, alleging that the goods are lected through study of the codes of civil not of adequate quality. Because they procedure and other court regulations as Assumptions about the case were custom-made, Seller is unable to well as questionnaires completed by local ƒ The value of the claim is equal to sell them to anyone else. litigation lawyers and judges. The ranking 200% of the economy’s income per ƒ Seller (the plaintiff) sues Buyer (the of economies on the ease of enforcing capita or $5,000, whichever is greater. defendant) to recover the amount contracts is determined by sorting their ƒ The dispute concerns a lawful transac- under the sales agreement. The distance to frontier scores for enforcing tion between two businesses (Seller dispute is brought before the court contracts. These scores are the simple and Buyer), both located in the located in the economy’s largest busi- average of the distance to frontier scores economy’s largest business city. For 11 ness city with jurisdiction over com- for each of the component indicators economies the data are also collected mercial cases worth 200% of income (figure 13.18). for the second largest business city per capita or $5,000, whichever is (see table 13A.1). Pursuant to a contract greater. As noted, for 11 economies EFFICIENCY OF RESOLVING A between the businesses, Seller sells the data are also collected for the COMMERCIAL DISPUTE some custom-made furniture to Buyer second largest business city. The data on time and cost are built by worth 200% of the economy’s income ƒ At the outset of the dispute, Seller following the step-by-step evolution of per capita or $5,000, whichever is decides to attach Buyer’s movable a commercial sale dispute (figure 13.19). greater. After Seller delivers the goods assets (for example, office equipment The data are collected for a specific court and vehicles) because Seller fears that for each city covered, under the assump- Buyer may hide its assets or otherwise tions about the case described below FIGURE 13.19 What are the time and become insolvent. (table 13.15). The court is the one with cost to resolve a commercial dispute ƒ The claim is disputed on the merits through the courts? because of Buyer’s allegation that the jurisdiction over disputes worth 200% of income per capita or $5,000, whichever quality of the goods was not adequate. Court is greater. The name of the relevant court Because the court cannot decide the in each economy is published on the case on the basis of documentary Doing Business website at http://www Time evidence or legal title alone, an expert .doingbusiness.org/data/exploretopics Cost opinion is given on the quality of the /enforcing-contracts. For the 11 econo- goods. If it is standard practice in the mies for which the data are also collected economy for each party to call its own Company A Company B for the second largest business city, the (seller & Commercial (buyer & expert witness, the parties each call plaintiff) dispute defendant) name of the relevant court in that city is one expert witness. If it is standard given as well. Filing & Trial & Enforcement practice for the judge to appoint an service judgment independent expert, the judge does so. In this case the judge does not allow opposing expert testimony. DATA NOTES 153 ƒ Following the expert opinion, the must advance to a local attorney to is in place. A score of 1 is assigned if judge decides that the goods deliv- represent Seller in the standardized case. such a court or procedure is in place, ered by Seller were of adequate Bribes are not taken into account. it is applicable to all civil cases and the quality and that Buyer must pay the law sets a cap on the value of cases contract price. The judge thus renders QUALITY OF JUDICIAL that can be handled through this court a final judgment that is 100% in favor PROCESSES or procedure. If small claims are han- of Seller. The quality of judicial processes index dled by a stand-alone court, the point ƒ Buyer does not appeal the judgment. measures whether each economy has is assigned only if this court applies Seller decides to start enforcing the adopted a series of good practices in its a simplified procedure. An additional judgment as soon as the time allo- court system in four areas: court struc- score of 0.5 is assigned if parties cated by law for appeal lapses. ture and proceedings, case management, can represent themselves before ƒ Seller takes all required steps for court automation and alternative dispute this court or during this procedure. prompt enforcement of the judgment. resolution (table 13.16). If no small claims court or simplified The money is successfully collected procedure is in place, a score of 0 is through a public sale of Buyer’s mov- Court structure and proceedings assigned. able assets (for example, office equip- index ƒ Whether plaintiffs can obtain pretrial ment and vehicles). The court structure and proceedings attachment of the defendant’s mov- index has four components: able assets if they fear the assets may Time ƒ Whether a specialized commercial be moved out of the jurisdiction or Time is recorded in calendar days, court or a section dedicated solely to otherwise dissipated. A score of 1 is counted from the moment the plaintiff hearing commercial cases is in place. assigned if yes; 0 if no. decides to file the lawsuit in court until A score of 1.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. ƒ Whether cases are assigned randomly payment. This includes both the days ƒ Whether a small claims court or a and automatically to judges through- when actions take place and the waiting fast-track procedure for small claims out the competent court. A score of 1 periods in between. The average dura- tion of three different stages of dispute TABLE 13.16 What do the indicators on the quality of judicial processes measure? resolution is recorded: the completion of service of process (time to file and serve Court structure and proceedings index (0–5) the case), the issuance of judgment (time Availability of specialized commercial court, division or section for trial and to obtain the judgment) and Availability of small claims court or simplified procedure for small claims the recovery of the claim value through a Availability of pretrial attachment public sale (time for enforcement of the Criteria used to assign cases to judges judgment). Case management index (0–6) Cost Regulations setting time standards for key court events Cost is recorded as a percentage of the Regulations on adjournments and continuances claim, assumed to be equivalent to 200% Availability of performance measurement mechanisms of income per capita or $5,000, which- Use of pretrial conference ever is greater. Three types of costs are Availability of electronic case management system for judges recorded: court costs, enforcement costs Availability of electronic case management system for lawyers and average attorney fees. Court automation index (0–4) Court costs include all costs that Seller Ability to file initial complaint electronically (plaintiff) must advance to the court, Ability to serve process electronically regardless of the final cost borne by Ability to pay court fees electronically Seller. Court costs include the fees that Publication of judgments must be paid to obtain an expert opinion. Alternative dispute resolution index (0–3) Enforcement costs are all costs that Seller Arbitration (plaintiff) must advance to enforce the Voluntary mediation or conciliation judgment through a public sale of Buyer’s movable assets, regardless of the final Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) cost borne by Seller. Average attorney Sum of the court structure and proceedings, case management, court automation and alternative dispute resolution indices fees are the fees that Seller (plaintiff) 154 DOING BUSINESS 2016 is assigned if the assignment of cases ƒ Whether there are any performance case management system is available is random and automated; 0.5 if it is measurement reports that can be that judges can use for at least four of random but not automated; 0 if it is generated about the competent court these purposes; 0 if not. neither random nor automated. to monitor the court’s performance, to ƒ Whether lawyers can use an elec- monitor the progress of cases through tronic case management system for The index ranges from 0 to 5, with higher the court and to ensure compliance at least four of the following pur- values indicating a more sophisticated with established time standards. A poses: (i) to access laws, regulations and streamlined court structure. In Bosnia score of 1 is assigned if at least two and case law; (ii) to access forms and Herzegovina, for example, a special- of the following four reports are made to be submitted to the court; (iii) to ized commercial court is in place (a score publicly available: (i) time to disposi- receive notifications (for example, of 1.5), and small claims can be resolved tion report; (ii) clearance rate report; e-mails); (iv) to track the status of a through a dedicated court in which self- (iii) age of pending cases report; and case; (v) to view and manage case representation is allowed (a score of 1.5). (iv) single case progress report. A documents (briefs, motions); (vi) to Plaintiffs can obtain pretrial attachment score of 0 is assigned if only one of file briefs and documents with the of the defendant’s movable assets if they these reports is available or if none court; and (vii) to view court orders fear dissipation during trial (a score of 1). are. and decisions in a particular case. A Cases are assigned randomly through an ƒ Whether a pretrial conference is score of 1 is assigned if an electronic electronic case management system (a among the case management tech- case management system is available score of 1). Adding these numbers gives niques used before the competent that lawyers can use for at least four Bosnia and Herzegovina a score of 5 court and at least three of the follow- of these purposes; 0 if not. on the court structure and proceedings ing issues are discussed during the index. pretrial conference: (i) scheduling The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher (including the time frame for filing values indicating a more qualitative and Case management index motions and other documents with efficient case management system. In The case management index has six the court); (ii) case complexity and Croatia, for example, time standards for at components: projected length of trial; (iii) possibil- least three key court events are contained ƒ Whether any of the applicable laws or ity of settlement or alternative dispute in applicable civil procedure instruments regulations on civil procedure contain resolution; (iv) exchange of witness and are respected in more than 50% of time standards for at least three of the lists; (v) evidence; (vi) jurisdiction cases (a score of 1). The law stipulates following key court events: (i) service and other procedural issues; and (vii) that adjournments can be granted of process; (ii) first hearing; (iii) filing the narrowing down of contentious only for unforeseen and exceptional of the statement of defense; (iv) com- issues. A score of 1 is assigned if a circumstances and this rule is respected pletion of the evidence period; and pretrial conference in which at least in more than 50% of cases (a score of (v) submission of the final judgment. three of these events are discussed is 0.5). A time to disposition report and a A score of 1 is assigned if such time held within the competent court; 0 if clearance rate report can be generated standards are available and respected not. about the competent court (a score of 1). in more than 50% of cases; 0.5 if they ƒ Whether judges within the compe- A pretrial conference is among the case are available but not respected in tent court can use an electronic case management techniques used before the more than 50% of cases; 0 if there are management system for at least Zagreb Commercial Court (a score of 1). time standards for less than three of four of the following purposes: (i) to An electronic case management system these key court events. access laws, regulations and case satisfying the criteria outlined above ƒ Whether there are any laws regulat- law; (ii) to automatically generate a is available to judges (a score of 1) and ing the maximum number of adjourn- hearing schedule for all cases on their to lawyers (a score of 1). Adding these ments or continuances that can docket; (iii) to send notifications (for numbers gives Croatia a score of 5.5 on be granted, whether adjournments example, e-mails) to lawyers; (iv) the case management index, the highest are limited by law to unforeseen to track the status of a case on their score attained by any economy on this and exceptional circumstances and docket; (v) to view and manage case index. whether these rules are respected documents (briefs, motions); (vi) to in more than 50% of cases. A score assist in writing judgments; (vii) to Court automation index of 1 is assigned if all three conditions semiautomatically generate court The court automation index has four are met; 0.5 if only two of the three orders; and (viii) to view court orders components: conditions are met; 0 if only one of the and judgments in a particular case. A ƒ Whether the initial complaint can conditions is met or if none are. score of 1 is assigned if an electronic be filed electronically through a DATA NOTES 155 dedicated platform (not e-mail or fax) public order, public policy, bankruptcy, resolution indices. The index ranges from within the relevant court. A score of 1 consumer rights, employment issues 0 to 18, with higher values indicating bet- is assigned if yes; 0 if no. or intellectual property—can be sub- ter and more efficient judicial processes. ƒ Whether the initial complaint can be mitted to arbitration. A score of 0.5 is served on the defendant electroni- assigned if yes; 0 if no. The data details on enforcing contracts can cally, through a dedicated system or ƒ Whether valid arbitration clauses be found for each economy at http://www by e-mail, fax or SMS (short message or agreements are enforced by local .doingbusiness.org. This methodology was service). A score of 1 is assigned if yes; courts in more than 50% of cases. A initially developed by Djankov and others 0 if no. score of 0.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. (2003) and is adopted here with several ƒ Whether court fees can be paid elec- ƒ Whether voluntary mediation, con- changes. The quality of judicial processes tronically, either through a dedicated ciliation or both are a recognized way index was introduced in Doing Business platform or through online banking. A of resolving commercial disputes. A 2016. The good practices tested in this index score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. score of 0.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. were developed on the basis of internation- ƒ Whether judgments rendered by ƒ Whether voluntary mediation, con- ally recognized good practices promoting local courts are made available to the ciliation or both are governed by a judicial efficiency. general public through publication in consolidated law or consolidated official gazettes, in newspapers or on chapter or section of the applicable the internet. A score of 1 is assigned code of civil procedure encompassing RESOLVING INSOLVENCY if judgments rendered in commercial substantially all their aspects. A score cases at all levels are made avail- of 0.5 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. Doing Business studies the time, cost and able to the general public; 0.5 if only ƒ Whether there are any financial incen- outcome of insolvency proceedings involv- judgments rendered at the appeal tives for parties to attempt mediation ing domestic entities as well as the strength and supreme court level are made or conciliation (for example, if media- of the legal framework applicable to liqui- available to the general public; 0 in all tion or conciliation is successful, a dation and reorganization proceedings. The other instances. refund of court filing fees, an income data for the resolving insolvency indicators tax credit or the like). A score of 0.5 is are derived from questionnaire responses The index ranges from 0 to 4, with higher assigned if yes; 0 if no. by local insolvency practitioners and veri- values indicating a more automated, fied through a study of laws and regulations efficient and transparent court system. In The index ranges from 0 to 3, with as well as public information on insolvency Korea, for example, the initial summons higher values associated with greater systems. The ranking of economies on the can be filed online (a score of 1), it can availability of mechanisms of alternative ease of resolving insolvency is determined be served on the defendant electroni- dispute resolution. In Israel, for example, by sorting their distance to frontier scores cally (a score of 1), and court fees can arbitration is regulated through a dedi- for resolving insolvency. These scores be paid electronically as well (a score of cated statute (a score of 0.5), all relevant are the simple average of the distance to 1). In addition, judgments in commercial commercial disputes can be submitted frontier scores for the recovery rate and cases at all levels are made publicly to arbitration (a score of 0.5), and valid the strength of insolvency framework index available through the internet (a score of arbitration clauses are usually enforced (figure 13.20). 1). Adding these numbers gives Korea a by the courts (a score of 0.5). Voluntary score of 4 on the court automation index. mediation is a recognized way of resolv- RECOVERY OF DEBT IN ing commercial disputes (a score of 0.5), INSOLVENCY Alternative dispute resolution it is regulated through a dedicated statute To make the data on the time, cost and index (a score of 0.5), and part of the filing fees outcome of insolvency proceedings The alternative dispute resolution index is reimbursed if the process is successful comparable across economies, several has six components: (a score of 0.5). Adding these numbers assumptions about the business and the ƒ Whether domestic commercial arbi- gives Israel a score of 3 on the alternative case are used. tration is governed by a consolidated dispute resolution index. law or consolidated chapter or section Assumptions about the business of the applicable code of civil proce- Quality of judicial processes The business: dure encompassing substantially all index ƒ Is a limited liability company. its aspects. A score of 0.5 is assigned The quality of judicial processes index is ƒ Operates in the economy’s largest if yes; 0 if no. the sum of the scores on the court struc- business city. For 11 economies the ƒ Whether commercial disputes of all ture and proceedings, case management, data are also collected for the second kinds—aside from those dealing with court automation and alternative dispute largest business city (see table 13A.1). 156 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ƒ Is 100% domestically owned, with the pay the bank interest or principal in full, of dilatory appeals or requests for exten- founder, who is also chairman of the due the next day, January 2. The busi- sion, are taken into consideration. supervisory board, owning 51% (no ness will therefore default on its loan. other shareholder holds more than Management believes that losses will Cost 5% of shares). be incurred in 2015 and 2016 as well. The cost of the proceedings is recorded as ƒ Has downtown real estate, where it But it expects 2015 cash flow to cover all a percentage of the value of the debtor’s runs a hotel, as its major asset. operating expenses, including supplier estate. The cost is calculated on the basis ƒ Has a professional general manager. payments, salaries, maintenance costs of questionnaire responses and includes ƒ Has 201 employees and 50 suppliers, and taxes, though not principal or interest court fees and government levies; fees of each of which is owed money for the payments to the bank. insolvency administrators, auctioneers, last delivery. assessors and lawyers; and all other fees ƒ Has a 10-year loan agreement with a The amount outstanding under the and costs. domestic bank secured by a mortgage loan agreement is exactly equal to the over the hotel’s real estate prop- market value of the hotel business and Outcome erty. A universal business charge (an represents 74% of the company’s total Recovery by creditors depends on enterprise charge) is also assumed debt. The other 26% of its debt is held by whether the hotel business emerges from in economies where such collat- unsecured creditors (suppliers, employ- the proceedings as a going concern or the eral is recognized. If the laws of the ees, tax authorities). company’s assets are sold piecemeal. If economy do not specifically provide the business continues operating, 100% for an enterprise charge but contracts The company has too many creditors of the hotel value is preserved. If the commonly use some other provision to negotiate an informal out-of-court assets are sold piecemeal, the maximum to that effect, this provision is speci- workout. The following options are amount that can be recovered is 70% of fied in the loan agreement. available: a judicial procedure aimed at the value of the hotel. ƒ Has observed the payment schedule the rehabilitation or reorganization of and all other conditions of the loan up the company to permit its continued TABLE 13.17 What do the indicators to now. operation; a judicial procedure aimed on debt recovery in insolvency ƒ Has a market value, operating as a at the liquidation or winding-up of the measure? going concern, of 100 times income company; or a judicial debt enforcement Time required to recover debt (years) per capita or $200,000, whichever is procedure (foreclosure or receivership) Measured in calendar years greater. The market value of the com- against the company. pany’s assets, if sold piecemeal, is 70% Appeals and requests for extension are included of the market value of the business. Assumptions about the parties Cost required to recover debt (% of debtor’s estate) The bank wants to recover as much as Assumptions about the case possible of its loan, as quickly and cheap- Measured as percentage of estate value The business is experiencing liquidity ly as possible. The unsecured creditors Court fees problems. The company’s loss in 2014 will do everything permitted under the Fees of insolvency administrators reduced its net worth to a negative figure. applicable laws to avoid a piecemeal sale Lawyers’ fees It is January 1, 2015. There is no cash to of the assets. The majority shareholder Assessors’ and auctioneers’ fees wants to keep the company operating Other related fees and under his control. Management FIGURE 13.20 Resolving insolvency: Outcome wants to keep the company operating recovery rate and strength of insolvency and preserve its employees’ jobs. All the Whether the business continues operating as framework a going concern or whether its assets are sold parties are local entities or citizens; no piecemeal Rankings are based on distance to foreign parties are involved. Recovery rate for secured creditors (cents frontier scores for two indicators on the dollar) Time Measures the cents on the dollar recovered by Time for creditors to recover their credit secured creditors is recorded in calendar years (table 13.17). Present value of debt recovered 50% 50% Recovery Strength of The period of time measured by Doing Official costs of the insolvency proceedings are rate insolvency deducted framework Business is from the company’s default index Depreciation of furniture is taken into account until the payment of some or all of the money owed to the bank. Potential delay Outcome for the business (survival or not) affects tactics by the parties, such as the filing the maximum value that can be recovered DATA NOTES 157 Recovery rate index even if its legal framework includes FIGURE 13.22 Strength of insolvency The recovery rate is recorded as cents on provisions related to insolvency proceed- framework index measures the quality the dollar recovered by secured creditors ings (liquidation or reorganization). of insolvency laws that govern relations through reorganization, liquidation or debt between debtors, creditors and the court enforcement (foreclosure or receiver- STRENGTH OF INSOLVENCY Commencement Management of ship) proceedings (figure 13.21). The cal- FRAMEWORK of proceedings debtor’s assets culation takes into account the outcome: The strength of insolvency framework index Court index whether the business emerges from the index is based on four other indices: proceedings as a going concern or the commencement of proceedings index, assets are sold piecemeal. Then the costs management of debtor’s assets index, of the proceedings are deducted (1 cent reorganization proceedings index and for each percentage point of the value of creditor participation index (figure 13.22; the debtor’s estate). Finally, the value lost table 13.18). Creditors Debtor as a result of the time the money remains tied up in insolvency proceedings is taken Commencement of proceedings index Creditor Reorganization into account, including the loss of value participation proceedings index due to depreciation of the hotel furniture. The commencement of proceedings index Consistent with international accounting index has three components: practice, the annual depreciation rate for ƒ Whether debtors can initiate both furniture is taken to be 20%. The furniture liquidation and reorganization pro- one is required to initiate insolvency is assumed to account for a quarter of the ceedings. A score of 1 is assigned if proceedings; 0.5 if both tests are total value of assets. The recovery rate is debtors can initiate both types of pro- required; 0 if a different test is used. the present value of the remaining pro- ceedings; 0.5 if they can initiate only ceeds, based on end-2014 lending rates one of these types (either liquidation The index ranges from 0 to 3, with from the International Monetary Fund’s or reorganization); 0 if they cannot higher values indicating greater access International Financial Statistics, supple- initiate insolvency proceedings. to insolvency proceedings. In Bulgaria, for mented with data from central banks and ƒ Whether creditors can initiate both example, debtors can initiate both liqui- the Economist Intelligence Unit. liquidation and reorganization pro- dation and reorganization proceedings (a ceedings. A score of 1 is assigned if If an economy had zero cases a year over creditors can initiate both types of TABLE 13.18 What do the indicators the past five years involving a judicial proceedings; 0.5 if they can initiate on the strength of the insolvency reorganization, judicial liquidation or debt only one of these types (either liquida- framework measure? enforcement procedure (foreclosure or tion or reorganization); 0 if they can- Commencement of proceedings index (0–3) receivership), the economy receives a not initiate insolvency proceedings. ƒ What standard is used for commence- Availability of liquidation and reorganization to “no practice” mark on the time, cost and debtors and creditors outcome indicators. This means that ment of insolvency proceedings. A Standards for commencement of insolvency creditors are unlikely to recover their score of 1 is assigned if a liquidity test proceedings money through a formal legal process. (the debtor is generally unable to pay Management of debtor’s assets index (0–6) The recovery rate for “no practice” its debts as they mature) is used; 0.5 Continuation and rejection of contracts during economies is zero. In addition, a “no if the balance sheet test (the liabilities insolvency practice” economy receives a score of 0 of the debtor exceed its assets) is Avoidance of preferential and undervalued on the strength of insolvency framework used; 1 if both the liquidity and bal- transactions ance sheet tests are available but only Post-commencement finance Reorganization proceedings index (0–3) FIGURE 13.21 Recovery rate is a function of the time, cost and outcome of insolvency Approval and content of reorganization plan proceedings against a local company Creditor participation index (0–4) Creditors’ participation in and rights during Secured creditor liquidation and reorganization proceedings Time Cost Outcome Recovery rate with unpaid claim Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) Sum of the commencement of proceedings, Reorganization, liquidation management of debtor’s assets, reorganization or foreclosure proceedings proceedings and creditor participation indices 158 DOING BUSINESS 2016 score of 1), but creditors can initiate only unsecured creditors during distribu- if yes; 0 if no such provisions exist or if liquidation proceedings (a score of 0.5). tion of assets. A score of 1 is assigned reorganization is not available. Either the liquidity test or the balance if yes; 0.5 if post-commencement sheet test can be used to commence finance is granted superpriority over The index ranges from 0 to 3, with higher insolvency proceedings (a score of 1). all creditors, secured and unsecured; values indicating greater compliance Adding these numbers gives Bulgaria a 0 if no priority is granted to post- with internationally accepted practices. score of 2.5 on the commencement of commencement finance. Nicaragua, for example, has no judicial proceedings index. reorganization proceedings and therefore The index ranges from 0 to 6, with higher receives a score of 0 on the reorganiza- Management of debtor’s assets values indicating more advantageous tion proceedings index. In Estonia, index treatment of the debtor’s assets from the another example, only creditors whose The management of debtor’s assets index perspective of the company’s stakehold- rights are affected by the reorganization has six components: ers. In Mozambique, for example, debtors plan are allowed to vote (a score of 1). ƒ Whether the debtor (or an insolvency can continue essential contracts (a score The reorganization plan divides creditors representative on its behalf) can con- of 1) and reject burdensome ones (a into classes, each class votes separately tinue performing contracts essential score of 1) during insolvency proceed- and creditors within the same class are to the debtor’s survival. A score of 1 ings. The insolvency framework allows treated equally (a score of 1). But there is assigned if yes; 0 if continuation of avoidance of preferential transactions are no provisions requiring that the return contracts is not possible or if the law (a score of 1) and undervalued ones (a to dissenting creditors be equal to what contains no provisions on this subject. score of 1). But the insolvency framework they would have received in liquidation (a ƒ Whether the debtor (or an insolvency contains no provisions allowing post- score of 0). Adding these numbers gives representative on its behalf) can reject commencement finance (a score of 0) Estonia a score of 2 on the reorganization overly burdensome contracts. A score or granting priority to such finance (a proceedings index. of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if rejection of score of 0). Adding these numbers gives contracts is not possible. Mozambique a score of 4 on the man- Creditor participation index ƒ Whether transactions entered into agement of debtor’s assets index. The creditor participation index has four before commencement of insolvency components: proceedings that give preference Reorganization proceedings ƒ Whether creditors participate in the to one or several creditors can be index selection of an insolvency representa- avoided after proceedings are initi- The reorganization proceedings index has tive. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 ated. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; three components: if no. 0 if avoidance of such transactions is ƒ Whether the reorganization plan is ƒ Whether creditors are required not possible. voted on only by the creditors whose to approve the sale of substantial ƒ Whether undervalued transactions rights are modified or affected by the assets of the debtor in the course of entered into before commencement plan. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0.5 insolvency proceedings. A score of 1 is of insolvency proceedings can be if all creditors vote on the plan, regard- assigned if yes; 0 if no. avoided after proceedings are initi- less of its impact on their interests; 0 ƒ Whether an individual creditor has the ated. A score of 1 is assigned if yes; if creditors do not vote on the plan or right to access financial information 0 if avoidance of such transactions is if reorganization is not available. about the debtor during insolvency not possible. ƒ Whether creditors entitled to vote proceedings, either by requesting it ƒ Whether the insolvency framework on the plan are divided into classes, from an insolvency representative or includes specific provisions that allow each class votes separately and the by reviewing the official records. A the debtor (or an insolvency represen- creditors within each class are treated score of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if no. tative on its behalf), after commence- equally. A score of 1 is assigned if ƒ Whether an individual creditor can ment of insolvency proceedings, to the voting procedure has these three object to a decision of the court or obtain financing necessary to func- features; 0 if the voting procedure of the insolvency representative to tion during the proceedings. A score does not have these three features or approve or reject claims against the of 1 is assigned if yes; 0 if obtaining if reorganization is not available. debtor brought by the creditor itself post-commencement finance is not ƒ Whether the insolvency framework and by other creditors. A score of 1 is possible or if the law contains no requires that dissenting creditors assigned if yes; 0 if no. provisions on this subject. receive as much under the reorganiza- ƒ Whether post-commencement finance tion plan as they would have received The index ranges from 0 to 4, with receives priority over ordinary in liquidation. A score of 1 is assigned higher values indicating greater DATA NOTES 159 participation of creditors. In Iceland, for most of which focus on measuring job website at http://www.doingbusiness.org example, the court appoints the insol- quality (figure 13.23). /methodology/labor-market-regulation. vency representative, without creditors’ approval (a score of 0). The insolvency Over the period from 2007 to 2011 Doing Business 2016 presents the data for representative decides unilaterally on improvements were made to align the labor market regulation indicators in the sale of the debtor’s assets (a score of the methodology for the labor market an annex. The report does not present 0). Any creditor can inspect the records regulation indicators (formerly the rankings of economies on these indica- kept by the insolvency representative (a employing workers indicators) with the tors or include the topic in the aggregate score of 1). And any creditor is allowed letter and spirit of the International Labour distance to frontier score or ranking on to challenge a decision of the insolvency Organization (ILO) conventions. Ten of the ease of doing business. Detailed representative to approve all claims if the 189 ILO conventions cover areas now data collected on labor market regula- this decision affects the creditor’s rights measured by Doing Business (up from tion are available on the Doing Business (a score of 1). Adding these numbers four previously): employee termination, website (http://www.doingbusiness. gives Iceland a score of 2 on the creditor weekend work, holiday with pay, night org). The data on labor market regula- participation index. work, protection against unemployment, tion are based on a detailed question- sickness benefits, maternity protection, naire on employment regulations that is Strength of insolvency working hours, equal remuneration and completed by local lawyers and public framework index labor inspections. officials. Employment laws and regula- The strength of insolvency framework tions as well as secondary sources are index is the sum of the scores on the Between 2009 and 2011 the World reviewed to ensure accuracy. commencement of proceedings index, Bank Group worked with a consultative management of debtor’s assets index, group—including labor lawyers, employ- To make the data comparable across reorganization proceedings index and er and employee representatives, and economies, several assumptions about creditor participation index. The index experts from the ILO, the Organisation the worker and the business are used. ranges from 0 to 16, with higher values for Economic Co-operation and indicating insolvency legislation that is Development (OECD), civil society Assumptions about the worker better designed for rehabilitating viable and the private sector—to review the The worker: firms and liquidating nonviable ones. methodology for the labor market ƒ Is a cashier in a supermarket or gro- regulation indicators and explore future cery store, age 19, with one year of This methodology was developed by Djankov, areas of research.20 A full report with the work experience. Hart and others (2008) and is adopted here conclusions of the consultative group, ƒ Is a full-time employee. with several changes. The strength of insol- along with the methodology it pro- ƒ Is not a member of the labor union, vency framework index was introduced in posed, is available on the Doing Business unless membership is mandatory. Doing Business 2015. The good practices tested in this index were developed on the basis of the World Bank’s Principles for Effective Insolvency and Creditor/Debtor FIGURE 13.23 What do the labor market regulation indicators cover? Regimes (World Bank 2011) and the United 2. Working Nations Commission on International Trade hours Law’s Legislative Guide on Insolvency Law (UNCITRAL 2004a). 1. Hiring 3. Redundancy LABOR MARKET REGULATION Doing Business has historically studied the flexibility of regulation of employment, specifically as it relates to the areas of 4. Job hiring, working hours and redundancy. quality This year Doing Business has expanded the scope of the labor market regulation indicators by adding 16 new questions, 160 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Assumptions about the business paid annual leave for workers with 1 year notify a third party (such as a government The business: of tenure, 5 years of tenure and 10 years agency) to terminate one redundant ƒ Is a limited liability company (or the of tenure. worker; (iv) whether the employer needs equivalent in the economy). to notify a third party to terminate a group ƒ Operates a supermarket or grocery Data on redundancy cover nine questions: of nine redundant workers; (v) whether store in the economy’s largest busi- (i) the length of the maximum probation- the employer needs approval from a ness city. For 11 economies the data ary period (in months) for permanent third party to terminate one redundant are also collected for the second larg- employees; (ii) whether redundancy is worker; (vi) whether the employer needs est business city (see table 13A.1). allowed as a basis for terminating work- approval from a third party to terminate ƒ Has 60 employees. ers; (iii) whether the employer needs to a group of nine redundant workers; (vii) ƒ Is subject to collective bargaining agreements if such agreements cover TABLE 13.19 What do the labor market regulation indicators include? more than 50% of the food retail sec- Employment tor and they apply even to firms that Hiring are not party to them. Whether fixed-term contracts are prohibited for permanent tasks ƒ Abides by every law and regulation but does not grant workers more Maximum duration of fixed-term contracts (in months), including renewals benefits than those mandated by law, Minimum wage for a cashier, age 19, with one year of work experience (US$/month) regulation or (if applicable) collective Ratio of minimum wage to value added per worker bargaining agreements. Availability of incentives for employers to hire employees under the age of 25 Working hours Employment Maximum number of working days per week Data on employment cover three areas: Premium for night work, work on weekly rest day and overtime work (% of hourly pay) hiring, working hours and redundancy (table 13.19). Whether there are restrictions on night work, weekly holiday work and overtime work Whether nonpregnant and nonnursing women can work the same night hours as men Data on hiring cover five questions: (i) Paid annual vacation days for workers with 1 year of tenure, 5 years of tenure and 10 years of tenure whether fixed-term contracts are prohib- Redundancy ited for permanent tasks; (ii) the maxi- Length of maximum probationary period (in months) for permanent employees mum cumulative duration of fixed-term Whether redundancy is allowed as grounds for termination contracts; (iii) the minimum wage for Whether third-party notification is required for termination of a redundant worker or group of workers a cashier, age 19, with one year of work experience; (iv) the ratio of the minimum Whether third-party approval is required for termination of a redundant worker or group of workers wage to the average value added per Whether employer is obligated to reassign or retrain and to follow priority rules for redundancy and reemployment worker;21 and (v) the availability of incen- tives for employers to hire employees Redundancy cost under the age of 25.22 Notice requirements and severance payments due when terminating a redundant worker, expressed in weeks of salary Data on working hours cover nine Job quality questions: (i) the maximum number of Whether the law mandates equal remuneration for work of equal value working days allowed per week; (ii) the Whether the law mandates nondiscrimination based on gender in hiring premium for night work (as a percentage Whether the law mandates paid or unpaid maternity leave of hourly pay); (iii) the premium for work Minimum length of paid maternity leave (calendar days) on a weekly rest day (as a percentage Whether employees on maternity leave receive 100% of wages of hourly pay); (iv) the premium for Availability of five fully paid days of sick leave a year overtime work (as a percentage of hourly pay);23 (v) whether there are restrictions Availability of on-the-job training at no cost to employee on night work; (vi) whether nonpregnant Whether unemployment protection is available after one year of employment and nonnursing women can work the Minimum duration of contribution period (in months) required for unemployment protection same night hours as men;24 (vii) whether Whether an employee can create or join a union there are restrictions on weekly holiday Availability of administrative or judicial relief in case of infringement of employees’ rights work; (viii) whether there are restrictions Availability of labor inspection system on overtime work;25 and (ix) the average DATA NOTES 161 whether the law requires the employer to Business 2016 does not present rankings 18. The economies for which a multiple of three times income per capita has been used are reassign or retrain a worker before mak- of economies on the labor market regula- Honduras, Mozambique, West Bank and ing the worker redundant; (viii) whether tion indicators. Gaza, and Zimbabwe. Those for which a priority rules apply for redundancies; multiple of two times income per capita has been used are Belize, Benin, Bosnia and and (ix) whether priority rules apply for Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, the Central African reemployment. NOTES Republic, Chad, Fiji, Guatemala, Haiti, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, the Federated States of 1. The data for paying taxes refer to January– Micronesia, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Redundancy cost Nigeria, the Philippines, the Solomon Islands, December 2014. Redundancy cost measures the cost of 2. These are Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, South Africa, South Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, advance notice requirements and sever- Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Vanuatu and Zambia. the Russian Federation and the United States. 19. To identify the trading partners and export ance payments due when terminating a 3. This correction rate reflects changes that product for each economy, Doing Business redundant worker, expressed in weeks exceed 5% up or down. collected data on trade flows for the most of salary. The average value of notice 4. According to a study by Chakravorty, Pelli and recent four-year period from international Marchand (2014) based on evidence from databases such as the United Nations requirements and severance payments India between 1994 and 2005, a higher- Commodity Trade Statistics Database (UN applicable to a worker with 1 year of ten- quality electricity supply, with no more than Comtrade). For economies for which trade ure, a worker with 5 years and a worker two outages a week (or no more than about flow data were not available, data from 100 a year), leads to higher nonagricultural ancillary government sources (various with 10 years is considered. One month is incomes. ministries and departments) and World recorded as 4 and 1/3 weeks. 5. This matter is usually regulated by stock Bank Group country offices were used to exchange or securities laws. Points are identify the export product and natural trading awarded only to economies with more than partners. Job quality 10 listed firms in their most important stock 20. For the terms of reference and composition This year Doing Business introduces new exchange. of the consultative group, see World Bank, 6. When evaluating the regime of liability for “Doing Business Employing Workers Indicator data on job quality that cover 12 ques- Consultative Group,” http://www company directors for a prejudicial related- tions: (i) whether the law mandates party transaction, Doing Business assumes .doingbusiness.org. equal remuneration for work of equal that the transaction was duly disclosed and 21. The average value added per worker is the approved. Doing Business does not measure ratio of an economy’s GNI per capita to the value; (ii) whether the law mandates working-age population as a percentage of the director liability in the event of fraud. nondiscrimination based on gender in 7. This component is revised in Doing Business total population. hiring; (iii) whether the law mandates 2016 to capture the sale of 51% of Buyer’s 22. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. assets. 23. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. paid or unpaid maternity leave;26 (iv) 24. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. 8. This component is revised in Doing Business the minimum length of paid maternity 2016 to capture the sale of 51% of Buyer’s 25. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. leave (in calendar days);27 (v) whether assets in a limited company. 26. If no maternity leave is mandated by law, 9. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. parental leave is measured if applicable. employees on maternity leave receive 27. The minimum number of days that legally 10. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. 100% of wages;28 (vi) the availability of 11. This component is revised in Doing Business have to be paid by the government, the five fully paid days of sick leave a year; 2016 to capture the disclosure of indirect employer or both. If no maternity leave is ownership stakes representing 5%. mandated by law, parental leave is measured (vii) the availability of on-the-job train- if applicable. 12. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. ing at no cost to the employee; (viii) 13. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. 28. If no maternity leave is mandated by law, whether a worker is eligible for an 14. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. parental leave is measured if applicable. 15. This component is new in Doing Business 2016. unemployment protection scheme after 16. PwC refers to the network of member firms of one year of service; (ix) the minimum PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited duration of the contribution period (in (PwCIL) or, as the context requires, individual member firms of the PwC network. Each months) required for unemployment member firm is a separate legal entity and protection; (x) whether an employee does not act as agent of PwCIL or any other can create or join a union; (xi) the avail- member firm. PwCIL does not provide any services to clients. PwCIL is not responsible ability of administrative or judicial relief or liable for the acts or omissions of any of its in case of infringement of employees’ member firms nor can it control the exercise rights; and (xii) the availability of a labor of their professional judgment or bind them in any way. No member firm is responsible or inspection system. liable for the acts or omissions of any other member firm nor can it control the exercise of The data details on labor market regula- another member firm’s professional judgment or bind another member firm or PwCIL in any tion can be found for each economy at way. http://www.doingbusiness.org. The Doing 17. The nonlinear distance to frontier score for Business website also provides historical the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier score for the total tax rate to the data sets. The methodology was developed power of 0.8. by Botero and others (2004). Doing 162 DOING BUSINESS 2016 TABLE 13A.1 Cities covered in each economy by the Doing Business report Economy City or cities Economy City or cities Economy City or cities Afghanistan Kabul Greece Athens Pakistan Karachi, Lahore Albania Tirana Grenada St. George’s Palau Koror Algeria Algiers Guatemala Guatemala City Panama Panama City Angola Luanda Guinea Conakry Papua New Guinea Port Moresby Antigua and Barbuda St. John’s Guinea-Bissau Bissau Paraguay Asunción Argentina Buenos Aires Guyana Georgetown Peru Lima Armenia Yerevan Haiti Port-au-Prince Philippines Quezon City Australia Sydney Honduras Tegucigalpa Poland Warsaw Austria Vienna Hong Kong SAR, China Hong Kong SAR Portugal Lisbon Azerbaijan Baku Hungary Budapest Puerto Rico (U.S.) San Juan Bahamas, The Nassau Iceland Reykjavik Qatar Doha Bahrain Manama India Mumbai, Delhi Romania Bucharest Bangladesh Dhaka, Chittagong Indonesia Jakarta, Surabaya Russian Federation Moscow, St. Petersburg Barbados Bridgetown Iran, Islamic Rep. Tehran Rwanda Kigali Belarus Minsk Iraq Baghdad Samoa Apia Belgium Brussels Ireland Dublin San Marino San Marino Belize Belize City Israel Tel Aviv São Tomé and Príncipe São Tomé Benin Cotonou Italy Rome Saudi Arabia Riyadh Bhutan Thimphu Jamaica Kingston Senegal Dakar Bolivia La Paz Japan Tokyo, Osaka Serbia Belgrade Bosnia and Herzegovina Sarajevo Jordan Amman Seychelles Victoria Botswana Gaborone Kazakhstan Almaty Sierra Leone Freetown Brazil São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro Kenya Nairobi Singapore Singapore Brunei Darussalam Bandar Seri Begawan Kiribati Tarawa Slovak Republic Bratislava Bulgaria Sofia Korea, Rep. Seoul Slovenia Ljubljana Burkina Faso Ouagadougou Kosovo Pristina Solomon Islands Honiara Burundi Bujumbura Kuwait Kuwait City South Africa Johannesburg Cabo Verde Praia Kyrgyz Republic Bishkek South Sudan Juba Cambodia Phnom Penh Lao PDR Vientiane Spain Madrid Cameroon Douala Latvia Riga Sri Lanka Colombo Canada Toronto Lebanon Beirut St. Kitts and Nevis Basseterre Central African Republic Bangui Lesotho Maseru St. Lucia Castries Chad N’Djamena Liberia Monrovia St. Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown Chile Santiago Libya Tripoli Sudan Khartoum China Shanghai, Beijing Lithuania Vilnius Suriname Paramaribo Colombia Bogotá Luxembourg Luxembourg Swaziland Mbabane Comoros Moroni Macedonia, FYR Skopje Sweden Stockholm Congo, Dem. Rep. Kinshasa Madagascar Antananarivo Switzerland Zurich Congo, Rep. Brazzaville Malawi Blantyre Syrian Arab Republic Damascus Costa Rica San José Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Taiwan, China Taipei Côte d’Ivoire Abidjan Maldives Malé Tajikistan Dushanbe Croatia Zagreb Mali Bamako Tanzania Dar es Salaam Cyprus Nicosia Malta Valletta Thailand Bangkok Czech Republic Prague Marshall Islands Majuro Timor-Leste Dili Denmark Copenhagen Mauritania Nouakchott Togo Lomé Djibouti Djibouti Ville Mauritius Port Louis Tonga Nuku’alofa Dominica Roseau Mexico Mexico City, Monterrey Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain Dominican Republic Santo Domingo Micronesia, Fed. Sts. Island of Pohnpei Tunisia Tunis Ecuador Quito Moldova Chi¸sin˘au Turkey Istanbul Egypt, Arab Rep. Cairo Mongolia Ulaanbaatar Uganda Kampala El Salvador San Salvador Montenegro Podgorica Ukraine Kiev Equatorial Guinea Malabo Morocco Casablanca United Arab Emirates Dubai Eritrea Asmara Mozambique Maputo United Kingdom London Estonia Tallinn Myanmar Yangon United States New York City, Los Angeles Ethiopia Addis Ababa Namibia Windhoek Uruguay Montevideo Fiji Suva Nepal Kathmandu Uzbekistan Tashkent Finland Helsinki Netherlands Amsterdam Vanuatu Port-Vila France Paris New Zealand Auckland Venezuela, RB Caracas Gabon Libreville Nicaragua Managua Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Gambia, The Banjul Niger Niamey West Bank and Gaza Ramallah Georgia Tbilisi Nigeria Lagos, Kano Yemen, Rep. Sana’a Germany Berlin Norway Oslo Zambia Lusaka Ghana Accra Oman Muscat Zimbabwe Harare Doing Business 2016 Distance to frontier and ease of doing business ranking T he Doing Business report presents Calculation of the distance to results for two aggregate mea- frontier score sures: the distance to frontier Calculating the distance to frontier score and the ease of doing business score for each economy involves two ranking, which is based on the distance main steps. In the first step individual to frontier score. The ease of doing busi- component indicators are normalized ness ranking compares economies with to a common unit where each of the 36 one another; the distance to frontier component indicators y (except for the score benchmarks economies with total tax rate) is rescaled using the linear respect to regulatory best practice, transformation (worst − y)/(worst − showing the absolute distance to the frontier). In this formulation the frontier best performance on each Doing Business represents the best performance on the indicator. When compared across years, indicator across all economies since the distance to frontier score shows how 2005 or the third year in which data for much the regulatory environment for the indicator were collected. Both the best local entrepreneurs in an economy has performance and the worst performance changed over time in absolute terms, are established every five years based while the ease of doing business ranking on the Doing Business data for the year in can show only how much the regulatory which they are established, and remain environment has changed relative to at that level for the five years regardless that in other economies. of any changes in data in interim years. Thus an economy may set the frontier for an indicator even though it is no longer at DISTANCE TO FRONTIER the frontier in a subsequent year. The distance to frontier score captures For scores such as those on the strength the gap between an economy’s perfor- of legal rights index or the quality of land mance and a measure of best practice administration index, the frontier is set across the entire sample of 36 indica- at the highest possible value. For the tors for 10 Doing Business topics (the total tax rate, consistent with the use of labor market regulation indicators are a threshold in calculating the rankings on excluded). For starting a business, for this indicator, the frontier is defined as the example, the former Yugoslav Republic total tax rate at the 15th percentile of the of Macedonia and New Zealand have overall distribution for all years included the smallest number of procedures in the analysis up to and including Doing required (1), and New Zealand the Business 2015. For the time to pay taxes shortest time to fulfill them (0.5 days). the frontier is defined as the lowest time Slovenia has the lowest cost (0.0), recorded among all economies that levy and Australia, Colombia and 103 other the three major taxes: profit tax, labor economies have no paid-in minimum taxes and mandatory contributions, capital requirement (table 14.1). and value added tax (VAT) or sales tax. 164 DOING BUSINESS 2016 TABLE 14.1 What is the frontier in regulatory practice? Topic and indicator Who set the frontier Frontier Worst performance Starting a business Procedures (number) FYR Macedonia; New Zealand 1 18a Time (days) New Zealand 0.5 100b Cost (% of income per capita) Slovenia 0.0 200.0b Minimum capital (% of income per capita) Australia; Colombiac 0.0 400.0b Dealing with construction permits Procedures (number) No economy was at the frontier as of 5 30a June 1, 2015. Time (days) Singapore 26 373b Cost (% of warehouse value) Qatar 0.0 20.0b Building quality control index (0–15) New Zealand 15 0d Getting electricity Procedures (number) Germany; Republic of Koreae 3 9a Time (days) Republic of Korea; St. Kitts and Nevis 18 248b Cost (% of income per capita) Japan 0.0 8,100.0b f Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) Belgium; Ireland; Malaysia 8 0d Registering property Procedures (number) Georgia; Norway; Portugal; Sweden 1 13a Time (days) Georgia; New Zealand; Portugal 1 210b Cost (% of property value) Saudi Arabia 0.0 15.0b Quality of land administration index (0–30) No economy has attained the frontier yet. 30 0d Getting credit Strength of legal rights index (0–12) Colombia; Montenegro; New Zealand 12 0d Depth of credit information index (0–8) Ecuador; United Kingdomg 8 0d Protecting minority investors Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) No economy has attained the frontier yet. 10 0d Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) No economy has attained the frontier yet. 10 0d Paying taxes Payments (number per year) Hong Kong SAR, China; Saudi Arabia 3 63b Time (hours per year) Qatar; United Arab Emirates 49h 696b i j Total tax rate (% of profit) Singapore 26.1 84.0b Trading across borders Time to export Documentary compliance (hours) Canada; Poland; Spaink 1l 170b Border compliance (hours) Austria; Belgium; Denmarkm 1l 160b Cost to export Documentary compliance (US$) Luxembourg; Norway; Swedenn 0.0 400.0b o Border compliance (US$) France; Netherlands; Portugal 0.0 1,060.0b Time to import Documentary compliance (hours) Republic of Korea; New Zealand; Singaporep 1l 240b q l Border compliance (hours) Estonia; France; Germany 1 280b Cost to import Documentary compliance (US$) Iceland; Latvia; United Kingdomr 0.0 700.0b s Border compliance (US$) Belgium; Denmark; Estonia 0.0 1,200.0b (continued) DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING 165 TABLE 14.1 What is the frontier in regulatory practice? (continued) Topic and indicator Who set the frontier Frontier Worst performance Enforcing contracts Time (days) Singapore 120 1,340b Cost (% of claim) Bhutan 0.1 89.0b Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) No economy has attained the frontier yet. 18 0d Resolving insolvency Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) Japan 92.9 0d Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) No economy has attained the frontier yet. 16 0d Source: Doing Business database. a. Worst performance is defined as the 99th percentile among all economies in the Doing Business sample. b. Worst performance is defined as the 95th percentile among all economies in the Doing Business sample. c. Another 103 economies also have a paid-in minimum capital requirement of 0. d. Worst performance is the worst value recorded. e. In 12 other economies it also takes only 3 procedures to get an electricity connection. f. Another 15 economies also have a score of 8 on the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index. g. Another 24 economies also have a score of 8 on the depth of credit information index. h. Defined as the lowest time recorded among all economies in the Doing Business sample that levy the three major taxes: profit tax, labor taxes and mandatory contributions, and VAT or sales tax. i. Another 32 economies also have a total tax rate equal to or lower than 26.1% of profit. j. Defined as the highest total tax rate among the 15% of economies with the lowest total tax rate in the Doing Business sample for all years included in the analysis up to and including Doing Business 2015. k. Another 21 economies also have a documentary compliance time to export of no more than 1 hour. l. Defined as 1 hour even though in many economies the time is less than that. m. Another 15 economies also have a border compliance time to export of no more than 1 hour. n. Another 17 economies also have a documentary compliance cost to export of 0.0. o. Another 15 economies also have a border compliance cost to export of 0.0. p. Another 27 economies also have a documentary compliance time to import of no more than 1 hour. q. Another 22 economies also have a border compliance time to import of no more than 1 hour. r. Another 27 economies also have a documentary compliance cost to import of 0.0. s. Another 25 economies also have a border compliance cost to import of 0.0. For the different times to trade across outlier is removed for component indica- components—yield a ranking nearly borders, the frontier is defined as 1 hour tors bound by definition or construction, identical to the simple average used even though in many economies the time including legal index scores (such as the by Doing Business.1 Thus Doing Business is less than that. depth of credit information index, extent uses the simplest method: weighting all of conflict of interest regulation index and topics equally and, within each topic, In the same formulation, to mitigate the strength of insolvency framework index) giving equal weight to each of the topic effects of extreme outliers in the distribu- and the recovery rate (figure 14.1). components.2 tions of the rescaled data for most compo- nent indicators (very few economies need In the second step for calculating the An economy’s distance to frontier score is 700 days to complete the procedures to distance to frontier score, the scores indicated on a scale from 0 to 100, where start a business, but many need 9 days), obtained for individual indicators for each 0 represents the worst performance and the worst performance is calculated after economy are aggregated through simple 100 the frontier. All distance to frontier the removal of outliers. The definition of averaging into one distance to frontier calculations are based on a maximum of outliers is based on the distribution for score, first for each topic and then across five decimals. However, indicator ranking each component indicator. To simplify all 10 topics: starting a business, dealing calculations and the ease of doing busi- the process two rules were defined: the with construction permits, getting elec- ness ranking calculations are based on 95th percentile is used for the indicators tricity, registering property, getting credit, two decimals. with the most dispersed distributions protecting minority investors, paying (including minimum capital, number of taxes, trading across borders, enforcing The difference between an economy’s payments to pay taxes, and the time and contracts and resolving insolvency. More distance to frontier score in any previous cost indicators), and the 99th percentile complex aggregation methods—such as year and its score in 2015 illustrates the is used for number of procedures. No principal components and unobserved extent to which the economy has closed 166 DOING BUSINESS 2016 the distance to frontier score for the total FIGURE 14.1 How are distance to frontier scores calculated for indicators? tax rate—and therefore on the distance Two examples to frontier score for paying taxes—for A time-and-motion topic: dealing with construction permits economies with a below-average total Distance to frontier tax rate than it would have had before score for procedures Regulatory frontier this approach was adopted in Doing 100 Business 2015 (line B is smaller than line Best performance A in figure 14.2). And for economies with (frontier): 80 5 procedures an extreme total tax rate (a rate that is very high relative to the average), an increase has a greater impact on both 60 these distance to frontier scores than it would have had before (line D is bigger than line C in figure 14.2). 40 The nonlinear transformation is not based Worst on any economic theory of an “optimal tax performance 20 (99th percentile): rate” that minimizes distortions or maxi- 30 procedures mizes efficiency in an economy’s overall tax system. Instead, it is mainly empirical 0 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 in nature. The nonlinear transformation Procedures (number) along with the threshold reduces the bias in the indicator toward economies that A legal topic: protecting minority investors do not need to levy significant taxes on Distance to frontier score for extent companies like the Doing Business stan- of shareholder governance index dardized case study company because 100 Regulatory frontier they raise public revenue in other ways— for example, through taxes on foreign companies, through taxes on sectors 80 other than manufacturing or from natural resources (all of which are outside the scope of the methodology). In addition, it 60 acknowledges the need of economies to Best performance (frontier): collect taxes from firms. 10 points 40 Calculation of scores for economies with two cities 20 covered Worst performance: For each of the 11 economies in which 0 points Doing Business collects data for the sec- 0 ond largest business city as well as the 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) largest one, the distance to frontier score is calculated as the population-weighted Source: Doing Business database. average of the distance to frontier scores for these two cities (table 14.2). This is the gap to the regulatory frontier over to frontier calculation in a different way done for the aggregate score, the scores time. And in any given year the score than any other indicator. The distance to for each topic and the scores for all the measures how far an economy is from frontier score obtained for the total tax component indicators for each topic. the best performance at that time. rate is transformed in a nonlinear fashion before it enters the distance to frontier Variability of economies’ scores Treatment of the total tax rate score for paying taxes. As a result of the across topics The total tax rate component of the pay- nonlinear transformation, an increase in Each indicator set measures a different aspect ing taxes indicator set enters the distance the total tax rate has a smaller impact on of the business regulatory environment. The DISTANCE TO FRONTIER AND EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING 167 the ease of doing business the most. First, FIGURE 14.2 How the nonlinear transformation affects the distance to frontier score it selects the economies that in 2014/15 for the total tax rate implemented regulatory reforms making Distance to frontier score it easier to do business in 3 or more of the for total tax rate 10 topics included in this year’s aggregate 100 Regulatory frontier distance to frontier score.3 Twenty-four economies meet this criterion: Armenia; 80 Azerbaijan; Benin; Costa Rica; Côte B A d’Ivoire; Cyprus; Hong Kong SAR, China; 60 Indonesia; Jamaica; Kazakhstan; Kenya; Lithuania; Madagascar; Mauritania; Morocco; Romania; the Russian 40 D Federation; Rwanda; Senegal; Togo; C Uganda; the United Arab Emirates; 20 Uzbekistan; and Vietnam. Second, Doing Business sorts these economies on the 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Total tax rate (%) Linear distance to frontier Nonlinear distance to frontier score for total tax rate score for total tax rate TABLE 14.2 Weights used in calculating the distance to frontier scores for Source: Doing Business database. economies with two cities covered Note: The nonlinear distance to frontier score for the total tax rate is equal to the distance to frontier score for the Weight total tax rate to the power of 0.8. Economy City (%) Bangladesh Dhaka 78 distance to frontier scores and associ- a particularly uneven performance by Chittagong 22 ated rankings of an economy can vary, showing, for each economy, the distance sometimes significantly, across indicator between the average of its highest three Brazil São Paulo 61 sets. The average correlation coefficient distance to frontier scores and the aver- Rio de Janeiro 39 between the 10 indicator sets included in age of its lowest three across the 10 topics China Shanghai 55 the aggregate distance to frontier score is included in this year’s aggregate distance Beijing 45 0.44, and the coefficients between 2 sets to frontier score. While a relatively small India Mumbai 47 of indicators range from 0.28 (between distance between these two averages Delhi 53 getting credit and paying taxes) to 0.62 suggests a broadly consistent approach across the areas of business regulation Indonesia Jakarta 78 (between registering property and enforc- ing contracts). These correlations suggest measured by Doing Business, a relatively Surabaya 22 that economies rarely score universally large distance suggests a more uneven Japan Tokyo 65 well or universally badly on the indicators approach, with greater room for improve- Osaka 35 (table 14.3). ment in some areas than in others. Mexico Mexico City 83 Monterrey 17 Consider the example of Portugal. Its Variation in performance across the indi- cator sets is not at all unusual. It reflects Nigeria Lagos 77 aggregate distance to frontier score is 77.57. Its score is 96.28 for starting a differences in the degree of priority that Kano 23 business and 100.00 for trading across government authorities give to particular Pakistan Karachi 65 borders. But its score is only 56.67 for areas of business regulation reform and Lahore 35 in the ability of different government protecting minority investors and 45.00 Russian Moscow 70 agencies to deliver tangible results in Federation for getting credit. St. Petersburg 30 their area of responsibility. United States New York City 60 Figure 2.1 in the chapter “About Doing Business” illustrates the degree of vari- Economies improving the most Los Angeles 40 ability for each economy’s performance across three or more Doing Source: United Nations, Department of Economic and across the different areas of business Business topics in 2014/15 Social Affairs, Population Division, World Urbanization Prospects, 2014 Revision, “File 12: Population of regulation covered by Doing Business. The Doing Business 2016 uses a simple method Urban Agglomerations with 300,000 Inhabitants or More in 2014, by Country, 1950–2030 (thousands),” figure draws attention to economies with to calculate which economies improved http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/Default.aspx. 168 DOING BUSINESS 2016 TABLE 14.3 Correlations between economy distance to frontier scores for Doing Business topics Dealing with Protecting Trading construction Getting Registering Getting minority across Enforcing Resolving permits electricity property credit investors Paying taxes borders contracts insolvency Starting a business 0.39 0.40 0.45 0.39 0.48 0.50 0.42 0.43 0.46 Dealing with 0.41 0.48 0.30 0.32 0.41 0.38 0.35 0.35 construction permits Getting electricity 0.50 0.38 0.42 0.47 0.55 0.54 0.54 Registering property 0.48 0.50 0.47 0.46 0.62 0.52 Getting credit 0.51 0.28 0.42 0.37 0.54 Protecting minority 0.36 0.42 0.43 0.58 investors Paying taxes 0.50 0.37 0.35 Trading across 0.44 0.56 borders Enforcing contracts 0.45 Source: Doing Business database. increase in their distance to frontier score from the previous year using comparable NOTES data. 1. See Djankov, Manraj and others (2005). Principal components and unobserved Selecting the economies that imple- components methods yield a ranking nearly mented regulatory reforms in at least identical to that from the simple average three topics and had the biggest improve- method because both these methods assign roughly equal weights to the topics, since the ments in their distance to frontier scores pairwise correlations among indicators do is intended to highlight economies with not differ much. An alternative to the simple ongoing, broad-based reform programs. average method is to give different weights to the topics, depending on which are considered The improvement in the distance to of more or less importance in the context of a frontier score is used to identify the top specific economy. improvers because this allows a focus on 2. For getting credit, indicators are weighted proportionally, according to their contribution the absolute improvement—in contrast to the total score, with a weight of 60% with the relative improvement shown by assigned to the strength of legal rights index a change in rankings—that economies and 40% to the depth of credit information index. Indicators for all other topics are have made in their regulatory environ- assigned equal weights. ment for business. 3. Changes making it more difficult to do business are subtracted from the total number of those making it easier to do business. EASE OF DOING BUSINESS RANKING The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 189. The ranking of economies is determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to two decimals. Doing Business 2016 Summaries of Doing Business reforms in 2014/15 Doing Business reforms affecting all sets Algeria of indicators included in this year’s report, implemented from June 2014 to June ✔ Starting a business 2015. Algeria made starting a business easier by eliminating the requirement ✔ Reform making it easier to do business to obtain managers’ criminal records. ✘ Change making it more difficult to do ✔ Dealing with construction permits business Algeria made dealing with construc- tion permits easier by eliminating the Afghanistan legal requirement to provide a certified ✘ Starting a business copy of a property title when applying Afghanistan made starting a business for a building permit. more costly by increasing the registra- tion and publication fees. Angola ✔ Getting credit ✔ Starting a business Afghanistan improved access to credit Angola made starting a business information by launching a credit easier by improving registration proce- registry. dures and reducing the fees to register a company. Albania ✔ Paying taxes ✘ Dealing with construction permits Angola made paying taxes less costly Albania made dealing with construc- for companies by reducing the corpo- tion permits more difficult by suspend- rate income tax rate. ing the issuance of building permits. Armenia ✔ Protecting minority investors Albania strengthened minority inves- ✔ Dealing with construction permits tor protections by introducing legal Armenia made dealing with construc- requirements for immediate disclosure tion permits easier by exempting lower- of related-party transactions to the risk projects from requirements for public. approval of the architectural drawings by an independent expert and for technical ✔ Trading across borders supervision of the construction. Albania made exporting easier by implementing an electronic risk-based ✔ Trading across borders inspection system, which reduced the Armenia reduced the time and cost for time for border compliance. documentary and border compliance for trade with the Russian Federation Reforms affecting the labor market regulation indicators are included here but do not affect the ranking on the ease of doing business. 170 DOING BUSINESS 2016 by joining the Eurasian Economic Bangladesh establishing a one-stop shop and by Union. reducing the number of signatories ✔ Paying taxes required on building permits. ✔ Enforcing contracts Bangladesh made paying taxes less Armenia made enforcing contracts ✔ Trading across borders costly for companies by reducing the easier through a new law requiring that corporate income tax rate. This reform Benin made trading across borders cases be assigned to judges randomly, applies to both Chittagong and Dhaka. easier by further developing its elec- and through a fully automated system, tronic single-window system, which in courts throughout the country. reduced the time for border compli- Barbados ance for both exporting and importing. Azerbaijan ✘ Paying taxes Barbados made paying taxes more Bhutan ✔ Starting a business costly for companies by raising the Azerbaijan made starting a business ✔ Getting electricity ceiling for social security contributions easier by abolishing the requirement to and introducing a new municipal solid Bhutan made getting electricity easier use a corporate seal. waste tax. by speeding up the process for obtain- ing a new connection. ✔ Dealing with construction permits Azerbaijan made dealing with con- Belarus ✔ Registering property struction permits easier by establishing Bhutan made transferring property ✔ Starting a business a one-stop shop for issuing preapprov- easier by introducing a computerized Belarus made starting a business als for project documentation. land information system. simpler by expanding the geographic ✔ Protecting minority investors coverage of online registration and Azerbaijan strengthened minor- improving online services. Botswana ity investor protections by introduc- ✔ Getting electricity ✔ Registering property ing requirements that related-party The utility in Botswana made getting Belarus made transferring property transactions undergo external review electricity easier by enforcing service easier by introducing a new expedited and be voted on by disinterested delivery timelines for new connections procedure. shareholders. and improving the stock of materials Labor market regulation for connection works. Bahamas, The Belarus amended the provisions of its Labor Code relating to wage regula- Brazil ✘ Starting a business tion, labor arbitration, calculation of The Bahamas made starting a business overtime pay and grounds for termina- ✘ Registering property more difficult by adding a requirement tion of employment. It also lifted pro- Brazil made transferring property in for value added tax (VAT) registration. hibitions on concurrent employment. São Paulo more expensive by increas- ✔ Paying taxes ing the property transfer tax. The Bahamas made paying taxes less Belgium ✔ Trading across borders costly for companies by reducing the ✔ Registering property Brazil reduced the time for documen- business license tax—though it also tary and border compliance for export- Belgium made transferring property raised the wage ceiling used in calcu- ing by implementing the electronic easier by introducing electronic prop- lating social security contributions. SISCOMEX Portal system. This reform erty registration. ✔ Trading across borders applies to both Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. The Bahamas made trading across Benin borders easier by fully implementing ✔ Starting a business Brunei Darussalam an electronic data interchange system, Benin made starting a business less which reduced the time for preparation ✔ Starting a business costly by reducing the fees for filing and submission of trade documents Brunei Darussalam made starting a company documents at the one-stop for both exporting and importing. business easier by improving online shop. procedures and simplifying registration ✔ Dealing with construction permits and postregistration requirements. Benin made dealing with construc- tion permits less time-consuming by SUMMARIES OF DOING BUSINESS REFORMS IN 2014/15 171 ✔ Paying taxes Chile ✔ Dealing with construction permits Brunei Darussalam made paying The Democratic Republic of Congo taxes easier and less costly for com- ✘ Paying taxes made dealing with construction per- panies by merging contributions for Chile made paying taxes more costly mits less expensive by halving the cost the Employee Provident Fund and for companies by increasing the cor- to obtain a building permit. the Supplemental Pension Fund and porate income tax rate. ✘ Paying taxes increasing the capital allowance for ✔ Resolving insolvency The Democratic Republic of Congo industrial buildings. In addition, it Chile made resolving insolvency easier made paying taxes more complicated reduced the corporate income tax rate, by clarifying and simplifying provisions for companies by introducing a new though it also abolished the partial on liquidation and reorganization, social security contribution paid by exemption of income and introduced introducing provisions to facilitate employers, though it subsequently a flat rate. the continuation of the debtor’s busi- reduced the rate of the contribution. ness during insolvency, establishing Burkina Faso a public office responsible for the ✘ Trading across borders general administration of insolvency The Democratic Republic of Congo ✔ Starting a business proceedings and creating specialized made trading across borders more Burkina Faso made starting a business insolvency courts. difficult by increasing the port han- easier by reducing the minimum capi- dling time and cost for exporting and tal requirement. importing. China Cabo Verde ✔ Paying taxes Congo, Rep. ✔ Registering property China made paying taxes less costly for companies in Shanghai by reducing ✔ Registering property Cabo Verde made transferring proper- the social security contribution rate The Republic of Congo made transfer- ty less costly by lowering the property paid by employers. ring property less costly by lowering registration tax. the property transfer tax rate. Cambodia Colombia Costa Rica ✔ Starting a business ✔ Paying taxes Colombia made paying taxes less ✔ Getting electricity Cambodia made starting a business costly for companies by reducing The utility in Costa Rica made getting easier by simplifying company name the payroll tax rate and introducing electricity easier by reducing the time checks, streamlining tax registration exemptions for health care contribu- required for preparing the design of and eliminating the requirement tions paid by employers. the external connection works and for to publish information on the new installing the meter and initiating the company’s incorporation in the official electricity supply. gazette. Comoros ✔ Getting credit ✔ Getting electricity ✔ Starting a business Costa Rica improved access to credit Cambodia reduced the average fre- The Comoros made starting a busi- by adopting a new secured transac- quency and duration of power outages ness easier by reducing the minimum tions law that establishes a functional experienced by a customer over the capital requirement. secured transactions system and a course of a year in Phnom Penh by ✔ Getting credit modern, centralized, notice-based col- increasing power generation capacity. The Comoros improved access to lateral registry. The law broadens the credit information by establishing a range of assets that can be used as col- Chad new credit registry. lateral, allows a general description of ✔ Registering property assets granted as collateral and allows Chad made transferring property less Congo, Dem. Rep. out-of-court enforcement of collateral. costly by lowering the property trans- ✔ Starting a business ✔ Paying taxes fer tax. The Democratic Republic of Congo Costa Rica made paying taxes easier made starting a business easier by for companies by promoting the use simplifying registration procedures of its electronic filing and payment and reducing the minimum capital system for corporate income tax and requirement. general sales tax. 172 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Côte d’Ivoire contribution fund, raised the rate on transactions; establishing a modern, interest income and increased the centralized, notice-based collateral ✔ Registering property vehicle tax. registry; allowing a general description Côte d’Ivoire made transferring of a single category of assets granted ✔ Enforcing contracts property less costly by lowering the as collateral; permitting a security right property transfer tax rate. Cyprus made enforcing contracts to extend to future assets and after- easier by introducing a fast-track sim- ✔ Trading across borders acquired property, including proceeds, plified procedure for claims worth less products and replacements; and allow- Côte d’Ivoire made trading across than €3,000. ing out-of-court enforcement. borders easier by implementing a ✔ Resolving insolvency single-window platform for importing, ✘ Trading across borders which reduced the time required for Cyprus made resolving insolvency El Salvador increased the border com- documentary compliance. easier by introducing a reorganiza- pliance time for exporting and import- tion procedure as well as provisions ✔ Enforcing contracts ing by adding an extra, nonintrusive to facilitate the continuation of the inspection at the Anguiatú border Côte d’Ivoire made enforcing contracts debtor’s business during insolvency crossing with Guatemala. easier by introducing new provisions proceedings and allow creditors great- on voluntary mediation. er participation in important decisions during the proceedings. Estonia Croatia ✔ Starting a business ✔ Enforcing contracts Denmark Estonia made starting a business sim- pler by allowing minimum capital to Croatia made enforcing contracts ✔ Starting a business be deposited at the time of company easier by introducing an electronic Denmark made starting a business registration. system to handle public sales of mov- easier by introducing an online plat- able assets and by streamlining the form allowing simultaneous comple- enforcement process as a whole. tion of business and tax registration. Finland Labor market regulation ✔ Paying taxes Croatia eliminated the requirement to Ecuador Finland made paying taxes less costly retrain or reassign employees before for companies by reducing the corpo- ✔ Starting a business they can be made redundant. rate income tax rate—though it also Ecuador made starting a business increased the total rate for social secu- easier by simplifying the registration Cyprus rity contributions paid by employers, process and by eliminating the need to and reduced the allowed deductible ✔ Getting electricity deposit 50% of the minimum capital in amount for owners’ expenses. The utility in Cyprus made getting a special account. electricity easier by reducing the Labor market regulation France time required for obtaining a new Ecuador eliminated fixed-term con- connection. ✔ Paying taxes tracts for permanent tasks. France made paying taxes less costly ✔ Getting credit for companies by introducing a credit Cyprus improved access to credit Egypt, Arab Rep. against corporate income tax and information by allowing credit bureaus ✔ Protecting minority investors reducing labor tax rates paid by to collect and report positive credit The Arab Republic of Egypt strength- employers. information and to report credit histo- ened minority investor protections by ries for both borrowers and guarantors. barring subsidiaries from acquiring Gabon ✔ Paying taxes shares issued by their parent company. ✔ Starting a business Cyprus made paying taxes easier Gabon made starting a business easier for companies by facilitating online El Salvador by reducing the paid-in minimum capi- payment of corporate income tax. ✔ Getting credit tal requirement. At the same time, Cyprus raised the El Salvador improved access to credit by contribution rate for social insur- ✘ Dealing with construction permits adopting the Law on Movable Property, ance paid by employers, lowered Gabon made dealing with construc- which includes provisions allowing the tax brackets for the social tion permits more complicated by a functional approach to secured SUMMARIES OF DOING BUSINESS REFORMS IN 2014/15 173 increasing the time required for obtain- by developing electronic channels for Honduras ing a building permit. submitting and collecting the final classification and valuation report. ✔ Protecting minority investors ✔ Registering property Honduras strengthened minor- Gabon made transferring property ity investor protections by introducing less costly by lowering the property Greece provisions requiring greater disclosure registration tax. ✔ Paying taxes of related-party transactions, prohibit- ✘ Paying taxes Greece made paying taxes less costly ing interested parties from voting on for companies by reducing the rates a related-party transaction, allowing Gabon made paying taxes more costly for social security contributions paid shareholders representing at least 5% for companies by reducing the depre- by employers, making insurance of a company’s share capital to bring ciation rates for some types of fixed premiums fully tax deductible and a direct action for damages against assets. lowering property tax rates. At the its directors and giving any share- same time, it defined entertainment holder the right to inspect company Gambia, The expenses as nondeductible, reduced documents. ✔ Paying taxes the depreciation rates for some types of fixed assets and increased the tax on ✘ Paying taxes The Gambia made paying taxes easier for companies by introducing a VAT interest income. Honduras made paying taxes more system that is less complicated than costly for companies by introducing an the previous sales tax system—and alternative minimum income tax. Guatemala made paying taxes less costly by ✔ Paying taxes Hong Kong SAR, China reducing the corporate income tax Guatemala made paying taxes less rate. ✔ Starting a business costly for companies by reducing the corporate income tax rate. Hong Kong SAR, China, made starting Georgia a business easier by eliminating the ✔ Trading across borders requirement for a company seal. ✔ Dealing with construction permits Guatemala reduced the documen- Georgia made dealing with construc- ✔ Getting electricity tary and border compliance time for tion permits easier by reducing the The utility in Hong Kong SAR, China, importing by making electronic sub- time needed for issuing building made getting electricity easier by mission of documents compulsory and permits. streamlining the process for review- eliminating the need for many hard- ✔ Enforcing contracts copy documents. ing connection applications and for Georgia made enforcing contracts completing the connection works and easier by introducing an electronic fil- meter installation. In addition, the time Guinea ing system for court users. needed to issue an excavation permit ✔ Starting a business was reduced. Guinea made starting a business Germany ✔ Getting credit easier by reducing the minimum capi- Starting a business Hong Kong SAR, China, improved ✔ tal requirement. access to credit by implementing a Germany made starting a business modern collateral registry. easier by making the process more Guinea-Bissau efficient and less costly. ✔ Paying taxes ✔ Registering property Labor market regulation Hong Kong SAR, China, made pay- Guinea-Bissau made transferring Germany introduced a minimum ing taxes easier and less costly for property easier by lowering the prop- wage of €8.50 an hour in accordance companies by simplifying compliance erty registration tax. with the Act on Minimum Wages with the mandatory provident fund (Mindestlohngesetz), which took obligations and increasing the allow- Guyana ance for profit tax. At the same time, effect on January 1, 2015. ✔ Getting credit it increased the maximum contribution Guyana improved access to credit to the mandatory provident fund and Ghana information by establishing a new reduced the property tax waiver. ✔ Trading across borders credit bureau. Ghana reduced the documentary and border compliance time for importing 174 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Hungary stipulating that directors can be held encouraging taxpayers to pay their liable for breach of their fiduciary taxes online, introducing an employ- Labor market regulation duties. ment tax credit and increasing the Hungary adopted legislation limiting ✘ Paying taxes depreciation rate for industrial build- the operating hours for retail shops. Ireland made paying taxes more costly ings. At the same time, Jamaica intro- and complicated for companies by duced a minimum business tax, raised India the contribution rate for the national increasing landfill levies and by requir- ✔ Starting a business ing additional financial statements insurance scheme paid by employers India made starting a business easier to be submitted with the income tax and increased the rates for stamp duty, by eliminating the minimum capital return. the property tax, the property transfer requirement and the need to obtain tax and the education tax. a certificate to commence business Israel ✔ Resolving insolvency operations. This reform applies to both Jamaica made resolving insolvency Delhi and Mumbai. ✘ Paying taxes easier by introducing a reorganization Israel made paying taxes more costly ✔ Getting electricity procedure; introducing provisions for companies by increasing the cor- The utility in Delhi made the process to facilitate the continuation of the porate income tax rate, the rate for for getting an electricity connection debtor’s business during insolvency social security contributions paid by simpler and faster by eliminating proceedings and allow creditors great- employers for the upper wage bracket the internal wiring inspection by the er participation in important decisions and municipal taxes. Electrical Inspectorate. The utility in during the proceedings; and establish- Mumbai reduced the procedures and ing a public office responsible for the Italy general administration of insolvency time required to connect to electricity by improving internal work processes ✔ Enforcing contracts proceedings. and coordination. Italy made enforcing contracts easier by introducing a mandatory electronic Kazakhstan Indonesia filing system for court users, simplify- ✔ Starting a business ing the rules for electronic service of ✔ Starting a business Kazakhstan made starting a business process and automating the enforce- Indonesia made starting a business simpler by eliminating registration ment process. in Jakarta easier by reducing the time fees for small and medium-size firms, needed to register with the Ministry of Labor market regulation shortening registration times and Manpower. Italy adopted the Jobs Act, which eliminating the legal requirement to simplifies redundancy rules and use a company seal. ✔ Getting credit encourages out-of-court recon- Indonesia improved access to credit by ✔ Dealing with construction permits ciliation, reducing the time and cost enabling searches of the collateral reg- Kazakhstan made dealing with for resolving labor disputes. The new istry by the debtor’s name. This reform construction permits easier by legislation also broadens the coverage applies to both Jakarta and Surabaya. eliminating the requirement to obtain of unemployment insurance. a topographic survey of the land plot. ✔ Paying taxes Indonesia made paying taxes easier and Jamaica ✔ Registering property less costly for companies by introduc- Kazakhstan made transferring prop- ✔ Starting a business ing an online system for paying social erty easier by eliminating the require- Jamaica made starting a business eas- security contributions and by reduc- ment to obtain a technical passport ier by streamlining internal procedures. ing both the rate and the ceiling for for the transfer and to have the seller’s the contributions paid by employers. ✔ Dealing with construction permits and buyer’s incorporation documents This reform applies to both Jakarta and Jamaica made dealing with construc- notarized. Surabaya. tion permits easier by implementing a ✔ Getting credit new workflow for processing building Kazakhstan improved access to credit Ireland permit applications. by adopting a new law on secured ✔ Protecting minority investors ✔ Paying taxes transactions allowing a general Ireland strengthened minority investor Jamaica made paying taxes easier description of a combined category of protections by introducing provisions and less costly for companies by assets granted as collateral. SUMMARIES OF DOING BUSINESS REFORMS IN 2014/15 175 ✔ Protecting minority investors delivery timelines and hiring contrac- Lao PDR Kazakhstan strengthened minority tors for meter installation. investor protections through new ✔ Getting credit ✔ Registering property provisions requiring both immediate The Lao People’s Democratic Republic Kenya made property transfers faster improved access to credit information disclosure of related-party transactions by improving electronic document by eliminating the threshold for the and detailed disclosure in annual management at the land registry minimum size of loans to be included financial statements; expanding the and introducing a unified form for in the credit registry’s database and by way evidence can be obtained at trial; registration. expanding borrower coverage. requiring that a change in the rights associated with shares be subject to ✔ Getting credit Labor market regulation approval by a vote of two-thirds of the Kenya improved access to credit Lao PDR capped the duration of renew- affected shares; prohibiting subsidiaries information by passing legislation that able fixed-term contracts (previously from acquiring shares issued by allows the sharing of positive infor- unlimited) at 36 months and reduced their parent company; and requiring mation and by expanding borrower the maximum length of a probation- disclosure of information about board coverage. ary period from 3 months to 2. It also members’ other directorships as well eliminated the requirement for third- as their primary employment. Korea, Rep. party approval before an employer can ✔ Enforcing contracts ✘ Paying taxes dismiss one worker or a group of nine Kazakhstan made enforcing contracts The Republic of Korea made paying workers and reduced the severance easier by introducing a simplified fast- taxes more complicated and costly payment for employees with 5 and 10 track procedure for small claims and by for companies by requiring separate years of tenure.  streamlining the rules for enforcement filing and payment of the local income proceedings. tax and by increasing the rates for Latvia ✔ Resolving insolvency unemployment insurance and national ✘ Dealing with construction permits health insurance paid by employers. Kazakhstan made resolving insolvency Latvia made dealing with construction easier by allowing creditors to initi- permits more time-consuming by ate reorganization proceedings and Kosovo increasing the time required to obtain encouraging sales of assets as a going ✔ Paying taxes a building permit—despite having concern. Kazakhstan also improved its Kosovo made paying taxes easier for streamlined the process by having the bankruptcy regime, by explicitly autho- companies by abolishing the annual building permit issued together with rizing post-commencement finance business license fee. the architectural planning conditions. and granting it priority over existing ✔ Registering property unsecured claims. Kuwait Latvia made transferring property ✔ Starting a business easier by introducing a new application Kenya form for transfers. Kuwait made starting a business ✔ Starting a business easier by reducing the minimum capi- ✔ Getting credit Kenya made starting a business easier tal requirement. Latvia improved its credit information by reducing the time it takes to assess system through a new law governing and pay stamp duty. Kyrgyz Republic the licensing and functioning of credit ✘ Dealing with construction permits bureaus. ✔ Registering property Kenya made dealing with construction The Kyrgyz Republic made transfer- ✘ Paying taxes permits more difficult by requiring an ring property easier by introducing Latvia made paying taxes more com- additional approval before issuance of an online procedure for obtaining the plicated for companies by eliminating the building permit and by increasing nonencumbrance certificates. the possibility of deducting bad debt the costs for both water and sewerage provisions. On the other hand, Latvia connections. ✔ Getting credit reduced the rate for social security In the Kyrgyz Republic the credit bureau ✔ Getting electricity contributions paid by employers. improved access to credit information The utility in Kenya reduced delays for by beginning to distribute both positive ✔ Enforcing contracts new connections by enforcing service and negative credit information. Latvia made enforcing contracts easier by restructuring its courts and 176 DOING BUSINESS 2016 by introducing comprehensive special- Macedonia, FYR infrastructure—and also reduced the ized laws regulating domestic arbitra- time for documentary compliance for tion and voluntary mediation. ✔ Starting a business importing. The former Yugoslav Republic of Labor market regulation Macedonia made starting a business Malaysia Latvia increased the maximum dura- simpler by introducing compulsory tion of a single fixed-term contract ✔ Paying taxes from 36 months to 60. online registration carried out by certi- fied agents. Malaysia made paying taxes easier and less costly for companies by mak- Lebanon ✔ Protecting minority investors ing electronic filing mandatory and ✘ Registering property FYR Macedonia strengthened minority reducing the property tax rate. At the investor protections by providing for same time, it also increased the capital Lebanon made transferring property both fines and imprisonment of inter- gains tax. more complex by increasing the time ested directors in prejudicial related- required for property registration. party transactions. Maldives Lesotho Labor market regulation ✘ Dealing with construction permits FYR Macedonia introduced amend- ✔ Getting credit Maldives made dealing with construc- ments to its Labor Relations Act Lesotho improved access to credit tion permits more difficult by requiring relating to social contributions, information by establishing its first that building plans be stamped and employment contracts, independent credit bureau. approved by private structural and contractors, annual leave, overtime architectural experts before the request work, health inspections and labor Liberia for a building permit is submitted. disputes. ✔ Getting credit ✔ Paying taxes Liberia improved access to credit by Madagascar Maldives made paying taxes easier adopting new laws on secured transac- for companies by introducing more ✘ Starting a business tions that establish a modern, unified payment counters at the tax authority Madagascar made starting a business and express counters at peak periods. and notice-based collateral registry. more difficult by requiring a bank- At the same time, Maldives introduced ✘ Paying taxes certified check to pay the tax authority. additional disclosure requirements for Liberia made paying taxes more costly ✔ Registering property filing corporate income tax returns. for companies by introducing a mini- Madagascar made transferring mum corporate income tax. property less costly by lowering the Mali property transfer tax. ✔ Getting credit Lithuania ✔ Getting credit Mali improved its credit information ✔ Starting a business Madagascar improved access to credit system by introducing regulations that Lithuania made starting a business by broadening the range of assets that govern the licensing and functioning of easier by introducing online VAT can be used as collateral (including credit bureaus in the member states registration. future assets), by allowing a general of the West African Economic and ✔ Getting electricity description of assets granted as collat- Monetary Union (UEMOA). The utility in Lithuania reduced the eral and by allowing a general descrip- ✔ Trading across borders time required to get an electricity tion of debts and obligations. Mali reduced the time for documen- connection by enforcing the legal time ✔ Protecting minority investors tary compliance for both exporting and limit for completing the external con- Madagascar strengthened minority importing by introducing an electronic nection works. investor protections by requiring that data interchange system. ✔ Protecting minority investors directors with a conflict of interest fully Lithuania strengthened minority inves- disclose the nature of their interest to Malta tor protections by prohibiting subsid- the board of directors. ✔ Getting electricity iaries from acquiring shares issued by ✔ Trading across borders The utility in Malta reduced the time their parent company. Madagascar reduced the time for required for getting an electricity con- border compliance for both export- nection by improving its supervision of ing and importing by upgrading port trenching works. SUMMARIES OF DOING BUSINESS REFORMS IN 2014/15 177 Mauritania Moldova ✘ Dealing with construction permits Morocco made dealing with construc- ✔ Starting a business ✔ Starting a business tion permits more difficult by requiring Mauritania made starting a business Moldova made starting a business architects to submit the building easier by eliminating the minimum easier by eliminating an inspection by permit request online, along with sup- capital requirement. the Territorial State Fiscal Inspectorate. porting documents, and to follow up ✔ Getting credit ✔ Resolving insolvency with a hard-copy submission. On the Mauritania improved access to credit Moldova improved its insolvency other hand, Morocco reduced the time information by lowering the threshold system by introducing a licensing sys- required to obtain an urban certificate. for the minimum size of loans to tem for insolvency administrators, by ✔ Getting electricity be included in the credit registry’s increasing qualification requirements The utility in Morocco reduced the database and by expanding borrower to include a professional exam as well time required for getting an electricity coverage. as training and by establishing supervi- connection by providing fee estimates sory bodies to regulate the profession more quickly. ✔ Trading across borders of insolvency administrators. Mauritania reduced the documen- ✔ Registering property tary and border compliance time for Morocco made property transfers importing by eliminating the preimport Mongolia faster by establishing electronic com- declaration and value attestation and ✔ Starting a business munication links between different tax making the manifest electronic. Mongolia made starting a business authorities. easier by reducing the number of days ✔ Paying taxes Mauritius required to register a new company. Morocco made paying taxes easier for ✔ Dealing with construction permits ✔ Getting credit companies by improving the electronic In Mauritius the time required for In Mongolia the credit registry platform for filing and paying corporate dealing with construction permits began distributing data from a utility income tax, VAT and labor taxes. On was reduced by the hiring of a more company, improving access to credit the other hand, Morocco increased efficient subcontractor to establish information. the rate of the social charge paid by sewerage connections. employers. Montenegro Labor market regulation Mexico Morocco implemented an unemploy- ✔ Dealing with construction permits ✔ Getting credit Montenegro made dealing with con- ment insurance scheme. Mexico improved access to credit by struction permits easier by reducing implementing a decree allowing a gen- the time needed to issue building Mozambique eral description of assets granted as permits. ✔ Paying taxes collateral. This reform applies to both ✔ Paying taxes Mozambique made paying taxes Mexico City and Monterrey. Montenegro made paying taxes easier and less costly for companies ✔ Paying taxes easier for companies by introducing an by implementing an online system for Mexico made paying taxes easier for electronic system for filing and paying filing social security contributions and companies by abolishing the business labor taxes—though it also extended by increasing the depreciation rate for flat tax—though it also made paying the application of the “crisis tax” for an copying machines. taxes more costly by allowing only a indefinite period on income exceeding portion of salaries to be deductible. €720 a month. Myanmar These changes apply to both Mexico ✔ Starting a business City and Monterrey. In addition, the Morocco payroll tax rate paid by employers was Myanmar made starting a business ✔ Starting a business easier by eliminating the minimum increased for Mexico City. Morocco made starting a business capital requirement for local compa- easier by eliminating the need to file a nies and streamlining incorporation declaration of business incorporation procedures. with the Ministry of Labor. 178 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Getting electricity ✔ Dealing with construction permits ✔ Trading across borders Myanmar made getting an electric- Niger made dealing with construction Oman reduced the time for border ity connection easier by reducing the permits easier by reducing the time compliance for both exporting and number of approvals required. required for companies to obtain a importing by transferring cargo opera- water connection. tions from Sultan Qaboos Port to Sohar ✘ Paying taxes Port. Myanmar made paying taxes more ✔ Getting credit costly and complicated for com- Niger improved its credit information panies by increasing the rate paid system by introducing regulations that Peru by employers and ceiling for social govern the licensing and functioning of ✔ Getting credit security contributions, requiring credit bureaus in the member states Peru improved its credit information additional documents for commercial of the West African Economic and system by implementing a new law on tax returns and introducing quarterly Monetary Union (UEMOA). personal data protection. preparation, filing and payment of cor- ✘ Trading across borders ✔ Paying taxes porate income tax. At the same time, Niger increased the time and cost for Peru made paying taxes easier for Myanmar increased the rate of allow- documentary and border compliance companies by creating an advanced able depreciation. for importing by making a preshipment online registry with up-to-date infor- inspection mandatory. mation on employees. Namibia ✘ Dealing with construction permits Nigeria Philippines In Namibia the process of dealing with ✔ Registering property ✔ Starting a business construction permits became more Nigeria made transferring property in The Philippines made starting a busi- time-consuming as a result of inef- Lagos less costly by reducing fees for ness easier by streamlining commu- ficiency at the municipality. property transactions. nications between the Securities and ✔ Getting credit Exchange Commission and the Social ✔ Protecting minority investors Namibia improved access to credit Security System and thereby expedit- Nigeria strengthened minority inves- information by guaranteeing by law ing the process of issuing an employer tor protections by requiring that borrowers’ right to inspect their own registration number. related-party transactions be subject data. to external review and to approval by disinterested shareholders. This Poland Netherlands reform applies to both Kano and Lagos. ✔ Getting electricity ✘ Paying taxes The utility in Poland reduced delays The Netherlands made paying taxes Norway in processing applications for new more costly for companies by increas- electricity connections by increasing ✔ Starting a business ing employer-paid labor contributions human and capital resources and by Norway made starting a business as well as road taxes, property taxes enforcing service delivery timelines. easier by offering online government and polder board taxes. registration and online bank account ✔ Paying taxes registration. Poland made paying taxes easier for New Zealand ✔ Paying taxes companies by introducing an electron- ✔ Getting electricity ic system for filing and paying VAT and Norway made paying taxes less costly The utility in New Zealand reduced the transport tax—though it also made for companies by reducing the corpo- time required for getting an electricity paying taxes more costly by increasing rate income tax rate. connection by improving its payment transport tax rates and contributions monitoring and confirmation process to the National Disabled Fund paid by Oman for the connection works. employers. ✔ Getting electricity Niger Oman improved the regulation of Portugal outages by beginning to record data ✔ Starting a business ✔ Paying taxes for the annual system average inter- Niger made starting a business eas- Portugal made paying taxes less costly ruption duration index (SAIDI) and ier by reducing the minimum capital for companies by reducing the corpo- system average interruption frequency requirement. rate income tax rate and increasing the index (SAIFI). SUMMARIES OF DOING BUSINESS REFORMS IN 2014/15 179 allowable amount of the loss carried Russian Federation ✔ Dealing with construction permits forward. At the same time, Portugal Rwanda made dealing with construc- slightly increased the vehicle tax. ✔ Starting a business tion permits easier by adopting a new The Russian Federation made starting building code and new urban planning Labor market regulation a business in Moscow easier by reduc- regulations. Portugal introduced priority rules ing the number of days required to for redundancy dismissals and new ✔ Getting credit open a corporate bank account. regulations for collective bargaining In Rwanda the credit bureau started agreements. ✔ Getting electricity to provide credit scores to banks and Russia made the process of obtain- other financial institutions while the Qatar ing an electricity connection simpler, credit registry expanded borrower faster and less costly by eliminating a coverage, strengthening the credit ✔ Trading across borders meter inspection by electricity provid- reporting system. Qatar reduced the time for border ers and revising connection tariffs. This compliance for importing by reducing reform applies to both Moscow and St. ✔ Protecting minority investors the number of days of free storage at Petersburg. Rwanda strengthened minority inves- the port and thus the time required for tor protections by introducing provi- port handling. ✔ Registering property sions allowing holders of 10% of Russia made transferring property a company’s shares to call for an Romania easier by reducing the time required extraordinary meeting of shareholders, for property registration. This reform requiring holders of special classes of ✔ Paying taxes applies to both Moscow and St. shares to vote on decisions affecting Romania made paying taxes less costly Petersburg. their shares, requiring board members for companies by reducing the rate for ✔ Getting credit to disclose information about their social security contributions and the Russia improved access to credit by directorships and primary employ- rate for acccident risk fund contribu- adopting a new law on secured trans- ment and requiring that audit reports tions paid by employers. actions that established a centralized for listed companies be published in a ✔ Enforcing contracts collateral registry and allows a general newspaper. Romania made enforcing contracts description of a combined category ✔ Paying taxes easier by transferring some enforce- of assets granted as collateral. This Rwanda made paying taxes easier for ment responsibilities from the court reform applies to both Moscow and St. companies by introducing electronic to the bailiff, by making it easier for Petersburg. filing and making its use compulsory. the bailiff to obtain information from ✔ Paying taxes ✘ Trading across borders third parties and by making use of the electronic auction registry mandatory. Russia made paying taxes less costly Rwanda increased the time and cost for for companies by excluding movable documentary and border compliance ✔ Resolving insolvency property from the corporate prop- for importing by making preshipment Romania improved its insolvency erty tax base—though it also raised the inspection mandatory for all imported system by introducing time limits for wage ceiling used in calculating social products. the observation period (during which contributions. These changes apply to a reorganization plan must be con- both Moscow and St. Petersburg. In ✔ Resolving insolvency firmed or a declaration of bankruptcy addition, the cadastral value of land in Rwanda improved its insolvency sys- made) and for the implementation Moscow was updated. tem by introducing provisions on void- of the reorganization plan; by intro- able transactions and the approval of ducing additional minimum voting reorganization plans and by establish- Rwanda requirements for the approval of the ing additional safeguards for creditors reorganization plan; and by clarifying ✔ Starting a business in reorganization proceedings. rules on voidable transactions and on Rwanda made starting a business payment priority for claims of post- easier by eliminating the need for new San Marino commencement creditors. companies to open a bank account in ✔ Starting a business order to register for VAT. San Marino made starting a business easier by encouraging the use of the online system for obtaining the opera- tor code and business license. 180 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Saudi Arabia Seychelles ✔ Dealing with construction permits Sri Lanka made dealing with construc- ✔ Registering property ✔ Getting credit tion permits less time-consuming by Saudi Arabia made property transfers The Seychelles improved access to streamlining the internal review pro- faster by introducing a new computer- credit information by establishing a cess for building permit applications. ized system at the land registry. credit registry. St. Vincent and the Grenadines Senegal Slovak Republic ✔ Resolving insolvency ✔ Starting a business ✔ Starting a business St. Vincent and the Grenadines made Senegal made starting a business The Slovak Republic simplified the resolving insolvency easier by intro- easier by reducing the minimum capi- process of starting a business by ducing a rehabilitation procedure; tal requirement. introducing court registration at the introducing provisions to facilitate the one-stop shop. continuation of the debtor’s business ✔ Getting electricity The utility in Senegal made getting ✔ Paying taxes during insolvency proceedings and an electricity connection less time- The Slovak Republic made paying taxes allow creditors greater participation consuming by streamlining the review easier for companies by introducing an in important decisions during the of applications and the process for the electronic filing and payment system proceedings; and establishing a public final connection as well as by reducing for VAT—and made paying taxes office responsible for the general the time needed to issue an excavation less costly by reducing the corporate administration of insolvency cases. permit. It also made getting electric- income tax rate and making medical ity less costly by reducing the security health insurance tax deductible. At Suriname deposit. the same time, the Slovak Republic ✔ Trading across borders reduced the limit on losses carried Suriname reduced the time for ✔ Registering property forward. documentary and border compliance Senegal made transferring property less costly by lowering the property for exporting and importing by transfer tax. Spain implementing an automated customs ✔ Protecting minority investors data management system, ASYCUDA ✔ Enforcing contracts Spain strengthened minority investor (Automated System for Customs Senegal made enforcing contracts Data) World. protections by requiring that major easier by introducing a law regulating sales of company assets be subject to voluntary mediation. shareholder approval. Swaziland Serbia ✔ Paying taxes ✔ Paying taxes Spain made paying taxes less costly Swaziland made paying taxes less ✔ Dealing with construction permits for companies by reducing rates for costly for companies by reducing the Serbia made dealing with construction corporate income tax rate. On the corporate income, capital gains and permits less costly by eliminating the other hand, Swaziland raised the ceil- environment taxes—and made it land development tax for warehouses. ing for the National Provident Fund easier by introducing the online Cl@ve On the other hand, it also introduced contribution. system for filing VAT returns. At the a mandatory inspection of foundation same time, Spain reduced the amount works. allowable for depreciation of fixed Sweden ✔ Paying taxes assets and raised the ceiling for social ✔ Starting a business Serbia made paying taxes easier for security contributions. Sweden made starting a business companies by introducing an electron- easier by requiring the company regis- ic system for filing and paying VAT and Sri Lanka try to register a company in five days. social security contributions as well as ✔ Starting a business by abolishing the urban land usage fee. Sri Lanka made starting a business Switzerland On the other hand, Serbia increased easier by eliminating the requirement the property tax and environmental ✔ Registering property to notify the Registrar of Companies tax rates. Switzerland made transferring prop- of the payment of stamp duty for the erty easier by introducing a national initial issuance of shares. database to check for encumbrances. SUMMARIES OF DOING BUSINESS REFORMS IN 2014/15 181 Taiwan, China Tonga Ukraine ✔ Getting electricity ✘ Paying taxes ✔ Starting a business The utility in Taiwan, China, reduced Tonga made paying taxes more compli- Ukraine made starting a business the time required for getting an elec- cated for companies by reintroducing easier by reducing the time required tricity connection through a simplified the annual fee for a business license. for VAT registration and by eliminating procedure for obtaining excavation business registration fees. permits from the municipality. Trinidad and Tobago United Arab Emirates ✘ Getting electricity Tajikistan Trinidad and Tobago made getting ✔ Dealing with construction permits ✔ Paying taxes electricity more costly by introducing a The United Arab Emirates made deal- Tajikistan made paying taxes easier capital contribution toward connection ing with construction permits easier by for companies by introducing an elec- costs. streamlining the process for obtaining tronic filing and payment system for the civil defense approval. corporate income tax, VAT and labor Tunisia ✔ Getting electricity taxes. On the other hand, it increased ✔ Paying taxes The United Arab Emirates made get- real estate tax fees. Tunisia made paying taxes less costly ting electricity easier by reducing the ✔ Trading across borders for companies by reducing the corpo- time needed to provide a connection Tajikistan made trading across borders rate income tax rate. cost estimate. easier by making it possible to submit ✔ Trading across borders ✔ Protecting minority investors customs declarations electronically. Tunisia reduced border compliance The United Arab Emirates strength- time for both exporting and importing ened minority investor protections by Tanzania barring a subsidiary from acquiring by improving the efficiency of its state- ✔ Trading across borders owned port handling company and shares in its parent company and by Tanzania reduced the time for both investing in port infrastructure at the requiring that a potential acquirer, exporting and importing by imple- port of Rades. upon reaching 50% or more of the menting the Tanzania Customs capital of a company, make a purchase Integrated System (TANCIS), an online Turkey offer to all shareholders. system for downloading and process- ✔ Enforcing contracts ✔ Dealing with construction permits ing customs documents. Turkey made dealing with construction The United Arab Emirates made permits easier by streamlining the pro- enforcing contracts easier by imple- Togo menting electronic service of process, cess for obtaining the fire clearance. ✔ Starting a business by introducing a new case manage- Togo made starting a business less ment office within the competent court Uganda costly by reducing the fees to register and by further developing the “Smart ✔ Starting a business Petitions” service allowing litigants to with the tax authority. Uganda made starting a business file and track motions online. ✔ Getting electricity easier by introducing an online system The utility in Togo reduced the time for obtaining a trading license and by United Kingdom and procedures for getting an electric- reducing business incorporation fees. ity connection through several initia- ✔ Paying taxes ✔ Getting electricity The United Kingdom made paying tives, including by creating a single window enabling customers to pay all The utility in Uganda reduced delays taxes less costly for companies by fees at once. for new electricity connections by reducing the corporate income tax rate deploying more customer service engi- and increasing the wage amount per ✔ Trading across borders neers and reducing the time needed for employee that is exempted from social Togo reduced the time for documen- the inspection and meter installation. security contributions paid by employ- tary and border compliance for import- ers. On the other hand, the United ✔ Getting credit ing by implementing an electronic Kingdom increased municipal tax rates platform connecting several agencies In Uganda the credit bureau expanded borrower coverage, improving access and environment taxes. for import procedures and payments. to credit information. 182 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✘ Enforcing contracts Venezuela, RB West Bank and Gaza The United Kingdom made enforcing contracts more costly by increasing ✘ Starting a business ✔ Dealing with construction permits the court fees for filing a claim. República Bolivariana de Venezuela West Bank and Gaza made dealing made starting a business more difficult with construction permits easier by Uruguay by increasing incorporation costs. streamlining the process for obtaining the civil defense permit and for sub- ✘ Starting a business Vietnam mitting the stamped concrete casting Uruguay made starting a business permit to the municipality. more difficult by increasing incorpora- ✔ Starting a business Vietnam made starting a business ✔ Getting credit tion costs. easier by reducing the time required The credit registry in West Bank and ✔ Paying taxes to get the company seal engraved and Gaza began to distribute credit data Uruguay made paying taxes easier for registered. from retailers and utility companies. companies by continually upgrading and improving the electronic system ✔ Getting electricity Zambia for filing and paying the major taxes. The utility in Vietnam reduced the time required for getting an electric- ✘ Starting a business Uzbekistan ity connection by reducing delays and Zambia made starting a business more increasing efficiency in approving con- difficult by increasing the registration ✔ Starting a business nection applications and designs for fees. Uzbekistan made starting a business connection works. ✔ Getting credit easier by introducing an online one- ✔ Getting credit In Zambia the credit bureau began to stop shop and streamlining registra- tion procedures. Vietnam guaranteed borrowers’ right provide credit scores. to inspect their credit data while the ✔ Registering property ✔ Paying taxes new credit bureau expanded borrower Uzbekistan made transferring property Zambia made paying taxes easier for coverage, improving the credit infor- easier by eliminating the requirement companies by implementing electronic mation system. to provide several different nonen- filing and payment for VAT. At the ✔ Paying taxes same time, Zambia made paying taxes cumbrance certificates, though it also increased the costs associated with Vietnam made paying taxes less more costly by increasing the property property transfers. costly for companies by reducing the transfer tax rate. corporate income tax rate—and made ✔ Getting credit ✘ Trading across borders it easier by reducing the number of Uzbekistan improved access to credit Zambia increased the documentary procedures and documents for filing by adopting new laws on secured and border compliance time for both VAT and social security contributions, transactions that allow a general exporting and importing by shifting introducing electronic filing, reduc- description of assets granted as col- all clearance authority to a central ing the number of filings for VAT and lateral and establish a modern, unified, processing center at the initial stage of replacing quarterly filings of corporate notice-based collateral registry. implementing a web-based customs income tax with quarterly advance platform (ASYCUDA World). payments. On the other hand, Vietnam Vanuatu increased the rate for social security contributions paid by employers. Zimbabwe ✔ Registering property Resolving insolvency ✔ Getting credit Vanuatu improved the quality of land ✔ administration by appointing a land Vietnam made resolving insolvency In Zimbabwe the credit bureau began ombudsman to deal with complaints easier by clarifying and simplifying to provide credit scores. relating to the land registry. provisions on liquidation and reor- ✔ Protecting minority investors ganization, modifying the standard Zimbabwe strengthened minor- ✔ Trading across borders for commencement of insolvency ity investor protections by introducing Vanuatu reduced the border compli- proceedings, changing provisions on provisions allowing legal practitioners ance time for importing by improving voidable transactions, regulating the to enter into contingency fee agree- infrastructure at the port of Vila. profession of insolvency trustees and ments with clients. establishing the rules for enterprise asset managers. Country tables ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business AFGHANISTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 680 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 177 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 40.58 Population (m) 31.3 ✘ Starting a business (rank) 34 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 174 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 93.05 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 28.90 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 243 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.5 Domestic transport (hours) 14 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 185 Protecting minority investors (rank) 189 Documentary compliance (US$) 344 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 22.94 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 10.00 Border compliance (US$) 511 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 1.7 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Time (days) 353 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 0.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 76.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 1.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 336 Building quality control index (0–15) 1.5 Border compliance (hours) 96 Paying taxes (rank) 89 Domestic transport (hours) 24 Getting electricity (rank) 156 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 74.14 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 45.52 Payments (number per year) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 900 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 275 Border compliance (US$) 850 Time (days) 114 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.3 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,469.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 172 Resolving insolvency (rank) 160 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 35.11 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 23.62 Registering property (rank) 184 Time (days) 1,642 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 27.50 Cost (% of claim) 25.0 Cost (% of estate) 25 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.5 Time (days) 250 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 3 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3 ALBANIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,460 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 97 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.50 Population (m) 2.9 Starting a business (rank) 58 Getting credit (rank) 42 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 37 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 90.09 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 91.61 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 18 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 27.1 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export ✘ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 189 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 57 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 73.33 Border compliance (US$) 181 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.7 Domestic transport (US$) 143 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) NO PRACTICE Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 8 Building quality control index (0–15) 0 Border compliance (hours) 9 Paying taxes (rank) 142 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 162 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 62.01 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 43.70 Payments (number per year) 34 Documentary compliance (US$) 56 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 357 Border compliance (US$) 101 Time (days) 177 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.5 Domestic transport (US$) 336 Cost (% of income per capita) 491.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 96 Resolving insolvency (rank) 42 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 57.37 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 63.42 Registering property (rank) 107 Time (days) 525 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 58.47 Cost (% of claim) 34.9 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.3 Time (days) 22 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13 Cost (% of property value) 10.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 184 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business ALGERIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,340 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 163 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 45.72 Population (m) 39.9 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 145 Getting credit (rank) 174 Trading across borders (rank) 176 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 76.08 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 10.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 24.15 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 20 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 149 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 118 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 23.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.9 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 122 Protecting minority investors (rank) 174 Documentary compliance (US$) 374 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 64.05 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 33.33 Border compliance (US$) 593 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.0 Domestic transport (US$) 283 Time (days) 204 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 249 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 327 Paying taxes (rank) 169 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 130 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 45.03 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 57.56 Payments (number per year) 27 Documentary compliance (US$) 400 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 385 Border compliance (US$) 466 Time (days) 180 Total tax rate (% of profit) 72.7 Domestic transport (US$) 264 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,295.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 106 Resolving insolvency (rank) 73 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 55.49 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 47.67 Registering property (rank) 163 Time (days) 630 Time (years) 1.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 43.83 Cost (% of claim) 19.9 Cost (% of estate) 7 Procedures (number) 10 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 50.8 Time (days) 55 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.5 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 ANGOLA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,300 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 181 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 39.64 Population (m) 22.1 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 141 Getting credit (rank) 181 Trading across borders (rank) 181 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 76.79 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 5.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 19.27 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 36 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 169 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 240 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 18.9 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 3.3 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 108 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 240 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 66.65 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 735 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 850 Time (days) 203 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 180 Building quality control index (0–15) 6 Border compliance (hours) 276 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 141 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 166 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 62.25 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 42.63 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) 460 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 282 Border compliance (US$) 935 Time (days) 145 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.4 Domestic transport (US$) 850 Cost (% of income per capita) 615.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 185 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 26.26 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 169 Time (days) 1,296 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 40.87 Cost (% of claim) 44.4 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 190 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 2.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 13,360 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 104 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 59.70 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 107 Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 114 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.37 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 62.01 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 21 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 51 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 85 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 95 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 121 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 68.24 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 546 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 210 Time (days) 110 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 109 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 85 Paying taxes (rank) 161 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 33 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 54.35 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 83.48 Payments (number per year) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 132 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 207 Border compliance (US$) 546 Time (days) 42 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.9 Domestic transport (US$) 210 Cost (% of income per capita) 118.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 19 Resolving insolvency (rank) 125 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 73.18 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 35.00 Registering property (rank) 118 Time (days) 351 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 55.75 Cost (% of claim) 22.7 Cost (% of estate) 7 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.0 Time (days) 39 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 10.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 19 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 185 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business ARGENTINA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 14,560 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 121 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.78 Population (m) 41.8 Starting a business (rank) 157 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 143 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 73.36 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 53.00 Procedures (number) 14 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 25 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 30 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 21 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 42.6 Domestic transport (hours) 22 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 173 Protecting minority investors (rank) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 49.67 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 60.00 Border compliance (US$) 150 Procedures (number) 21 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,700 Time (days) 341 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 336 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 300 Paying taxes (rank) 170 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 85 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 44.99 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 70.00 Payments (number per year) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 120 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 405 Border compliance (US$) 1,200 Time (days) 92 Total tax rate (% of profit) 137.4 Domestic transport (US$) 600 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 38 Resolving insolvency (rank) 95 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 67.65 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 42.87 Registering property (rank) 116 Time (days) 590 Time (years) 2.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 56.31 Cost (% of claim) 22.5 Cost (% of estate) 12 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.5 Time (days) 51.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 6.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13 ARMENIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,810 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 35 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 74.22 Population (m) 3.0 Starting a business (rank) 5 Getting credit (rank) 42 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 29 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 97.78 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 93.23 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 3 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 94.1 Border compliance (hours) 3 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 62 Protecting minority investors (rank) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.43 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 60.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 371 Time (days) 84 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Border compliance (hours) 3 Paying taxes (rank) 41 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 99 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 82.51 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 65.46 Payments (number per year) 10 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 313 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 180 Total tax rate (% of profit) 19.9 Domestic transport (US$) 371 Cost (% of income per capita) 87.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 28 Resolving insolvency (rank) 71 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 70.46 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 48.00 Registering property (rank) 14 Time (days) 570 Time (years) 1.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 87.29 Cost (% of claim) 14.0 Cost (% of estate) 11 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.9 Time (days) 7 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21 AUSTRALIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 64,680 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 13 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 80.08 Population (m) 23.5 Starting a business (rank) 11 Getting credit (rank) 5 Trading across borders (rank) 89 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 96.47 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 90.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 70.82 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 Time to export Time (days) 2.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 7 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 4 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 264 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 86.56 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 749 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 525 Time (days) 112 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 37 Paying taxes (rank) 42 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 39 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 82.35 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 82.32 Payments (number per year) 11 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 105 Border compliance (US$) 525 Time (days) 75 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.6 Domestic transport (US$) 525 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 4 Resolving insolvency (rank) 14 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 79.72 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 81.69 Registering property (rank) 47 Time (days) 395 Time (years) 1.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 74.24 Cost (% of claim) 21.8 Cost (% of estate) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 82.1 Time (days) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 20 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 186 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business AUSTRIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 49,366 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 21 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 78.38 Population (m) 8.5 Starting a business (rank) 106 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.45 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 22 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 52.8 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.2 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 47 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 74.86 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 188 Time (days) 223 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 74 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 17 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 76.53 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 87.70 Payments (number per year) 12 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 166 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 23 Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.7 Domestic transport (US$) 188 Cost (% of income per capita) 97.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 6 Resolving insolvency (rank) 18 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 78.24 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 78.89 Registering property (rank) 26 Time (days) 397 Time (years) 1.1 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 80.81 Cost (% of claim) 18.2 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 82.7 Time (days) 20.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24 AZERBAIJAN Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,590 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 63 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 67.80 Population (m) 9.5 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 7 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 94 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 97.75 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 69.59 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 3 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 35 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 34 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 33.6 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 114 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 300 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 65.79 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 375 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.7 Domestic transport (US$) 500 Time (days) 203 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 41 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 32 Paying taxes (rank) 34 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Getting electricity (rank) 110 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 83.77 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 63.01 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 195 Border compliance (US$) 423 Time (days) 87 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.8 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 103.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 40 Resolving insolvency (rank) 84 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 67.51 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 44.68 Registering property (rank) 22 Time (days) 277 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 82.55 Cost (% of claim) 18.5 Cost (% of estate) 12 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.5 Time (days) 8.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15.5 BAHAMAS, THE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 21,010 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 106 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 59.00 Population (m) 0.4 ✘ Starting a business (rank) 118 Getting credit (rank) 133 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 97 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 81.31 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 68.74 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 28.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 94 Protecting minority investors (rank) 111 Documentary compliance (US$) 260 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 68.25 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 48.33 Border compliance (US$) 175 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 245 Time (days) 180 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 51 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 24 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 114 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 87.09 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 60.88 Payments (number per year) 19 Documentary compliance (US$) 140 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 58 Border compliance (US$) 1,385 Time (days) 67 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.7 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Cost (% of income per capita) 148.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 60 Resolving insolvency (rank) 61 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 62.29 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 52.93 Registering property (rank) 183 Time (days) 427 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 30.21 Cost (% of claim) 28.9 Cost (% of estate) 12 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.5 Time (days) 122 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 12.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 187 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business BAHRAIN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 28,272 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 65 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 66.81 Population (m) 1.3 Starting a business (rank) 140 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 85 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 77.09 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 72.06 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 80 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 29.0 Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 189.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 9 Protecting minority investors (rank) 111 Documentary compliance (US$) 211 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 83.24 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 48.33 Border compliance (US$) 47 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Time (days) 145 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 84 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 54 Paying taxes (rank) 8 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 77 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 93.88 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 71.74 Payments (number per year) 13 Documentary compliance (US$) 130 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 60 Border compliance (US$) 397 Time (days) 85 Total tax rate (% of profit) 13.5 Domestic transport (US$) 145 Cost (% of income per capita) 46.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 101 Resolving insolvency (rank) 85 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 56.38 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 44.28 Registering property (rank) 25 Time (days) 635 Time (years) 2.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 81.07 Cost (% of claim) 14.7 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 2 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.6 Time (days) 31 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 1.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.5 BANGLADESH South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,080 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 174 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 43.10 Population (m) 158.5 Starting a business (rank) 117 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 172 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 81.72 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 34.86 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 19.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 147 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 99.7 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.9 Domestic transport (hours) 20 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 118 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 225 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 65.27 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 408.2 Procedures (number) 13.4 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 196.9 Time (days) 269 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 183 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 86 Domestic transport (hours) 20 Getting electricity (rank) 189 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 74.42 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 15.31 Payments (number per year) 21 Documentary compliance (US$) 370 Procedures (number) 9 Time (hours per year) 302 Border compliance (US$) 1,293.8 Time (days) 428.9 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.6 Domestic transport (US$) 196.9 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,140.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 188 Resolving insolvency (rank) 155 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 22.21 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 26.36 Registering property (rank) 185 Time (days) 1,442 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 27.48 Cost (% of claim) 66.8 Cost (% of estate) 8 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.8 Time (days) 244 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 BARBADOS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 15,579 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 119 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.85 Population (m) 0.3 Starting a business (rank) 100 Getting credit (rank) 126 Trading across borders (rank) 127 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 84.43 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 35.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 58.84 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 18 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 54 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 41 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 158 Protecting minority investors (rank) 166 Documentary compliance (US$) 109 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 54.98 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 35.00 Border compliance (US$) 350 Procedures (number) 9 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 215 Time (days) 442 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 98 Building quality control index (0–15) 5.5 Border compliance (hours) 104 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 99 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 87 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 72.42 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 69.40 Payments (number per year) 28 Documentary compliance (US$) 246 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 237 Border compliance (US$) 1,585 Time (days) 87 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.7 Domestic transport (US$) 217 Cost (% of income per capita) 59.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 164 Resolving insolvency (rank) 34 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 38.02 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 69.59 Registering property (rank) 134 Time (days) 1,340 Time (years) 1.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 50.81 Cost (% of claim) 19.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 65.4 Time (days) 118 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 5.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 188 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business BELARUS Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,340 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 44 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.33 Population (m) 9.5 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 12 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 25 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 96.32 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 94.88 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 3 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 5 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 66.9 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 34 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 87 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 76.64 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 148 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 175 Time (days) 115 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 1 Paying taxes (rank) 63 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 89 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 78.74 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 69.08 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 176 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 112 Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.8 Domestic transport (US$) 229 Cost (% of income per capita) 296.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 29 Resolving insolvency (rank) 69 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 70.36 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 48.38 ✔ Registering property (rank) 7 Time (days) 275 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 90.53 Cost (% of claim) 23.4 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 2 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.6 Time (days) 3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.5 BELGIUM OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 47,030 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 43 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.50 Population (m) 11.2 Starting a business (rank) 20 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.50 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 17.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 96.3 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 54 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 73.66 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 265 Time (days) 212 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 90 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 53 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 73.80 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 79.58 Payments (number per year) 11 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 161 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 88 Total tax rate (% of profit) 58.4 Domestic transport (US$) 265 Cost (% of income per capita) 102.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 53 Resolving insolvency (rank) 10 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 64.25 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 84.00 ✔ Registering property (rank) 132 Time (days) 505 Time (years) 0.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 51.84 Cost (% of claim) 18.0 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 89.3 Time (days) 56 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 12.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23 BELIZE Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,760 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 120 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.83 Population (m) 0.3 Starting a business (rank) 159 Getting credit (rank) 162 Trading across borders (rank) 117 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 72.47 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 20.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 61.53 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 43 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 86 Cost (% of income per capita) 40.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 81 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 125 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.96 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 710 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) 425 Time (days) 109 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 48 Paying taxes (rank) 69 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 73 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 78.17 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 73.01 Payments (number per year) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 147 Border compliance (US$) 688 Time (days) 66 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.1 Domestic transport (US$) 425 Cost (% of income per capita) 304.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 133 Resolving insolvency (rank) 81 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 50.11 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 45.21 Registering property (rank) 128 Time (days) 892 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 52.82 Cost (% of claim) 27.5 Cost (% of estate) 23 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 55.0 Time (days) 60 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 189 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business BENIN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 810 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 158 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 47.15 Population (m) 10.6 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 115 Getting credit (rank) 133 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 116 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 82.24 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 61.54 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 57 Cost (% of income per capita) 45.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 6.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.6 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 82 Protecting minority investors (rank) 150 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.95 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 40.00 Border compliance (US$) 387 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) 178 Time (days) 88 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 59 Building quality control index (0–15) 7 Border compliance (hours) 72 Paying taxes (rank) 179 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 179 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 39.91 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 33.84 Payments (number per year) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 529 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 270 Border compliance (US$) 579 Time (days) 90 Total tax rate (% of profit) 63.3 Domestic transport (US$) 261 Cost (% of income per capita) 14,287.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 168 Resolving insolvency (rank) 112 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 36.34 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 38.08 Registering property (rank) 172 Time (days) 750 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 39.56 Cost (% of claim) 64.7 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.5 Time (days) 120 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 11.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 BHUTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,390 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 71 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.21 Population (m) 0.8 Starting a business (rank) 91 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 21 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.57 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 95.49 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 23.2 Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 79 Protecting minority investors (rank) 115 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 70.07 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 46.67 Border compliance (US$) 59 Procedures (number) 21 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 287 Time (days) 151 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 2 Paying taxes (rank) 28 Domestic transport (hours) 8 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 50 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 85.50 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 80.09 Payments (number per year) 18 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 85 Border compliance (US$) 110 Time (days) 61 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.3 Domestic transport (US$) 287 Cost (% of income per capita) 550.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 50 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 65.36 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 ✔ Registering property (rank) 51 Time (days) 225 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 73.40 Cost (% of claim) 23.1 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 77 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24 BOLIVIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 2,830 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 157 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 47.47 Population (m) 10.8 Starting a business (rank) 178 Getting credit (rank) 126 Trading across borders (rank) 124 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 59.74 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 35.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 59.60 Procedures (number) 15 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 Time to export Time (days) 50 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 192 Cost (% of income per capita) 57.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 43.2 Border compliance (hours) 216 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 15.0 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 150 Protecting minority investors (rank) 144 Documentary compliance (US$) 25 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 58.87 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 41.67 Border compliance (US$) 65 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 750 Time (days) 275 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Building quality control index (0–15) 6 Border compliance (hours) 114 Paying taxes (rank) 189 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Getting electricity (rank) 101 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 12.18 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 64.88 Payments (number per year) 42 Documentary compliance (US$) 30 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 1,025 Border compliance (US$) 315 Time (days) 42 Total tax rate (% of profit) 83.7 Domestic transport (US$) 750 Cost (% of income per capita) 747.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 136 Resolving insolvency (rank) 92 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.72 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 43.27 Registering property (rank) 143 Time (days) 591 Time (years) 1.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 49.78 Cost (% of claim) 33.2 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.8 Time (days) 91 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 4.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 190 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,770 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 79 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.71 Population (m) 3.8 Starting a business (rank) 175 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 28 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 63.52 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 93.59 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 67 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 9.9 Border compliance (hours) 5 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 28.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 38.0 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 171 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 67 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 51.54 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 106 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 296 Time (days) 179 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 19.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 8 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 6 Paying taxes (rank) 154 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 119 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 57.55 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 60.0 Payments (number per year) 45 Documentary compliance (US$) 57 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 420 Border compliance (US$) 87 Time (days) 125 Total tax rate (% of profit) 23.3 Domestic transport (US$) 296 Cost (% of income per capita) 418.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 66 Resolving insolvency (rank) 38 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 61.35 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 66.42 Registering property (rank) 97 Time (days) 595 Time (years) 3.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 61.52 Cost (% of claim) 34.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.3 Time (days) 24 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15 Cost (% of property value) 5.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 BOTSWANA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 7,880 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 72 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.98 Population (m) 2.0 Starting a business (rank) 143 Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 51 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 76.21 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 85.93 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 48 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 51.1 Border compliance (hours) 8 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 13 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 97 Protecting minority investors (rank) 81 Documentary compliance (US$) 179 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.95 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 55.00 Border compliance (US$) 317 Procedures (number) 19 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 421 Time (days) 110 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 4 Paying taxes (rank) 71 Domestic transport (hours) 6 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 122 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 77.47 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 59.34 Payments (number per year) 34 Documentary compliance (US$) 67 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 152 Border compliance (US$) 98 Time (days) 77 Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.1 Domestic transport (US$) 89 Cost (% of income per capita) 297.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 128 Resolving insolvency (rank) 56 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 50.95 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 54.66 Registering property (rank) 70 Time (days) 625 Time (years) 1.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 67.25 Cost (% of claim) 39.8 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.8 Time (days) 12 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10 BRAZIL Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 11,760 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 116 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.67 Population (m) 202.0 Starting a business (rank) 174 Getting credit (rank) 97 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 145 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 64.33 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 52.43 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 83 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 42 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 79.0 Border compliance (hours) 49 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 55.1 Domestic transport (hours) 11.4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 169 Protecting minority investors (rank) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 226.4 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 51.92 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 65.00 Border compliance (US$) 958.7 Procedures (number) 18.2 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,159 Time (days) 425.7 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 146.1 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.4 Border compliance (hours) 63.1 Paying taxes (rank) 178 Domestic transport (hours) 13.4 Getting electricity (rank) 22 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 40.85 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 85.50 Payments (number per year) 9.6 Documentary compliance (US$) 106.9 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 2,600 Border compliance (US$) 969.6 Time (days) 43.6 Total tax rate (% of profit) 69.2 Domestic transport (US$) 1,159 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5.6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 45 Resolving insolvency (rank) 62 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 66.48 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 52.68 ✘ Registering property (rank) 130 Time (days) 731 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 52.48 Cost (% of claim) 20.7 Cost (% of estate) 12 Procedures (number) 13.6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.4 Time (days) 31.7 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13 Cost (% of property value) 3.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.6 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 191 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business BRUNEI DARUSSALAM East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 36,607 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 84 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.93 Population (m) 0.4 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 74 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 121 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 87.63 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 60.65 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 61.2 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 21 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 79.07 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 340 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Time (days) 119 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 48 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 16 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 68 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 89.61 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 74.91 Payments (number per year) 18 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 89 Border compliance (US$) 395 Time (days) 56 Total tax rate (% of profit) 8.7 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Cost (% of income per capita) 40.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 113 Resolving insolvency (rank) 98 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 54.47 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 41.05 Registering property (rank) 148 Time (days) 540 Time (years) 2.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 48.57 Cost (% of claim) 36.6 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 47.2 Time (days) 298 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.5 BULGARIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,420 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 38 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.72 Population (m) 7.2 Starting a business (rank) 52 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 20 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.10 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 97.45 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 Time to export Time (days) 18 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 64.7 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 51 Protecting minority investors (rank) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 52 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 74.45 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 71.67 Border compliance (US$) 52 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Time (days) 110 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 8.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 1 Paying taxes (rank) 88 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 100 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 74.19 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 64.97 Payments (number per year) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 423 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 130 Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.0 Domestic transport (US$) 115 Cost (% of income per capita) 317.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 52 Resolving insolvency (rank) 48 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 65.09 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 58.93 Registering property (rank) 63 Time (days) 564 Time (years) 3.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 69.34 Cost (% of claim) 23.8 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.0 Time (days) 11 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13 Cost (% of property value) 2.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18 BURKINA FASO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 710 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 143 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 50.81 Population (m) 17.4 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 78 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 103 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.69 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 65.31 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 108 Cost (% of income per capita) 43.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 75 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 28.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 Domestic transport (hours) 17 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 76 Protecting minority investors (rank) 144 Documentary compliance (US$) 86 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 70.87 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 41.67 Border compliance (US$) 111 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 408 Time (days) 129 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 102 Paying taxes (rank) 153 Domestic transport (hours) 17 Getting electricity (rank) 183 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 58.08 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 30.62 Payments (number per year) 45 Documentary compliance (US$) 197 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 270 Border compliance (US$) 265 Time (days) 158 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.3 Domestic transport (US$) 635 Cost (% of income per capita) 10,217.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 163 Resolving insolvency (rank) 112 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 38.27 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 38.08 Registering property (rank) 149 Time (days) 446 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 48.55 Cost (% of claim) 81.7 Cost (% of estate) 21 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.5 Time (days) 67 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 12.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 192 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business BURUNDI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 270 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 152 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.82 Population (m) 10.5 Starting a business (rank) 19 Getting credit (rank) 174 Trading across borders (rank) 154 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.51 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 10.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 47.38 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 59 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 4.4 Domestic transport (hours) 20 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 165 Protecting minority investors (rank) 115 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 53.16 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 46.67 Border compliance (US$) 106 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 261 Time (days) 99 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 10.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 180 Building quality control index (0–15) 3 Border compliance (hours) 154 Paying taxes (rank) 111 Domestic transport (hours) 26 Getting electricity (rank) 185 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 69.45 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 26.45 Payments (number per year) 25 Documentary compliance (US$) 1,025 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 274 Border compliance (US$) 444 Time (days) 158 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.3 Domestic transport (US$) 361 Cost (% of income per capita) 16,315.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 146 Resolving insolvency (rank) 145 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 47.59 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 30.46 Registering property (rank) 94 Time (days) 832 Time (years) 5.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 62.53 Cost (% of claim) 38.6 Cost (% of estate) 30 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 7.2 Time (days) 23 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 CABO VERDE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,520 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 126 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.54 Population (m) 0.5 Starting a business (rank) 75 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 106 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.93 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 64.74 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 90 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 17.8 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 104 Protecting minority investors (rank) 163 Documentary compliance (US$) 125 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.26 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 36.67 Border compliance (US$) 630 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 413 Time (days) 140 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 60 Paying taxes (rank) 94 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 140 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 73.36 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 54.01 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) 125 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 180 Border compliance (US$) 588 Time (days) 88 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.5 Domestic transport (US$) 188 Cost (% of income per capita) 961.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 47 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 65.76 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 ✔ Registering property (rank) 74 Time (days) 425 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.66 Cost (% of claim) 19.8 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 22 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 2.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10 CAMBODIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,010 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 127 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.22 Population (m) 15.4 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 180 Getting credit (rank) 15 Trading across borders (rank) 98 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 58.10 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 80.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 67.63 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 Time to export Time (days) 87 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 132 Cost (% of income per capita) 78.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 37.0 Border compliance (hours) 45 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 24.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 181 Protecting minority investors (rank) 111 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 38.12 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 48.33 Border compliance (US$) 375 Procedures (number) 20 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Time (days) 652 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 132 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 4 Paying taxes (rank) 95 Domestic transport (hours) 11 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 145 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 73.06 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 52.37 Payments (number per year) 40 Documentary compliance (US$) 120 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 173 Border compliance (US$) 240 Time (days) 179 Total tax rate (% of profit) 21.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,125 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,336.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 174 Resolving insolvency (rank) 82 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 34.53 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 45.11 Registering property (rank) 121 Time (days) 483 Time (years) 6.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 54.92 Cost (% of claim) 103.4 Cost (% of estate) 28 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.3 Time (days) 56 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 193 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business CAMEROON Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,350 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 172 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.11 Population (m) 22.8 Starting a business (rank) 137 Getting credit (rank) 126 Trading across borders (rank) 185 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 77.41 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 35.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 15.99 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 1 Documentary compliance (hours) 66 Cost (% of income per capita) 32.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 202 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 143.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 6.5 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 159 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 306 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 54.79 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 983 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 283 Time (days) 150 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 14.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 163 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 271 Paying taxes (rank) 180 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 113 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 36.34 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 60.95 Payments (number per year) 44 Documentary compliance (US$) 849 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 630 Border compliance (US$) 1,407 Time (days) 64 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.8 Domestic transport (US$) 283 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,582.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 159 Resolving insolvency (rank) 118 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 42.69 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 36.46 Registering property (rank) 175 Time (days) 800 Time (years) 2.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 38.17 Cost (% of claim) 46.6 Cost (% of estate) 34 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.5 Time (days) 86 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 18.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8 CANADA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 51,690 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 14 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 80.07 Population (m) 35.5 Starting a business (rank) 3 Getting credit (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 44 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 98.23 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 85.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 88.36 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 Time to export Time (days) 1.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 53 Protecting minority investors (rank) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 156 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 73.70 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 76.67 Border compliance (US$) 167 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 8.7 Domestic transport (US$) 324 Time (days) 249 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 2 Paying taxes (rank) 9 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 105 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 93.00 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 63.76 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 163 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 131 Border compliance (US$) 172 Time (days) 137 Total tax rate (% of profit) 21.1 Domestic transport (US$) 268 Cost (% of income per capita) 126.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 49 Resolving insolvency (rank) 16 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 65.49 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 81.36 Registering property (rank) 42 Time (days) 570 Time (years) 0.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 75.09 Cost (% of claim) 22.3 Cost (% of estate) 7 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 87.3 Time (days) 16.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.5 CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 330 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 185 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 36.26 Population (m) 4.7 Starting a business (rank) 189 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 144 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 31.36 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 52.88 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 22 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 204.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 161 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 540.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 3.3 Domestic transport (hours) 70 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 155 Protecting minority investors (rank) 150 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 57.04 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 40.00 Border compliance (US$) 280 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) 2,106 Time (days) 200 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Building quality control index (0–15) 6 Border compliance (hours) 74 Paying taxes (rank) 185 Domestic transport (hours) 65 Getting electricity (rank) 186 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 23.47 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 24.64 Payments (number per year) 56 Documentary compliance (US$) 500 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 483 Border compliance (US$) 726 Time (days) 98 Total tax rate (% of profit) 73.3 Domestic transport (US$) 2,057 Cost (% of income per capita) 15,326.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 177 Resolving insolvency (rank) 149 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 33.24 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 28.13 Registering property (rank) 167 Time (days) 660 Time (years) 4.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 41.88 Cost (% of claim) 82.0 Cost (% of estate) 76 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 75 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 11.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 194 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business CHAD Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,010 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 183 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 38.22 Population (m) 13.2 Starting a business (rank) 185 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 168 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 41.92 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 38.19 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 60 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 87 Cost (% of income per capita) 150.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 99 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 201.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.4 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 133 Protecting minority investors (rank) 155 Documentary compliance (US$) 188 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.23 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 38.33 Border compliance (US$) 319 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 377 Time (days) 221 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 338 Building quality control index (0–15) 11.5 Border compliance (hours) 218 Paying taxes (rank) 186 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 181 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 19.54 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 33.53 Payments (number per year) 54 Documentary compliance (US$) 500 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 732 Border compliance (US$) 669 Time (days) 67 Total tax rate (% of profit) 63.5 Domestic transport (US$) 253 Cost (% of income per capita) 7,660.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 156 Resolving insolvency (rank) 149 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 44.58 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 28.13 ✔ Registering property (rank) 155 Time (days) 743 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 45.73 Cost (% of claim) 45.7 Cost (% of estate) 60 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 44 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 12.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9 CHILE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 14,900 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 48 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.49 Population (m) 17.8 Starting a business (rank) 62 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 63 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 89.84 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 80.56 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 11.2 Border compliance (hours) 60 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 45.1 Domestic transport (hours) 9 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 24 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 78.78 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 290 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 345 Time (days) 152 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 54 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 33 Domestic transport (hours) 9 Getting electricity (rank) 51 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 84.00 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 79.71 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 291 Border compliance (US$) 290 Time (days) 30 Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.9 Domestic transport (US$) 345 Cost (% of income per capita) 76.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 56 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 58 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 62.81 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 54.18 Registering property (rank) 56 Time (days) 480 Time (years) 3.2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 71.72 Cost (% of claim) 28.6 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.0 Time (days) 28.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 1.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15 CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 7,380 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 84 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.93 Population (m) 1,364.3 Starting a business (rank) 136 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 96 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 77.46 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 69.13 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 31.4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 21.2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 25.9 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 89.5 Domestic transport (hours) 6.7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 176 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 84.6 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 48.29 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 522.4 Procedures (number) 22 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 306 Time (days) 244.3 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 65.7 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 92.3 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 132 Domestic transport (hours) 6.7 Getting electricity (rank) 92 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 64.46 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 68.66 Payments (number per year) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 170.9 Procedures (number) 5.5 Time (hours per year) 261 Border compliance (US$) 776.6 Time (days) 143.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) 67.8 Domestic transport (US$) 319.6 Cost (% of income per capita) 413.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 7 Resolving insolvency (rank) 55 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 77.56 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 55.43 Registering property (rank) 43 Time (days) 452.8 Time (years) 1.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 75.02 Cost (% of claim) 16.2 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.1 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.2 Time (days) 19.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 195 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business COLOMBIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,780 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 54 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 70.43 Population (m) 48.9 Starting a business (rank) 84 Getting credit (rank) 2 Trading across borders (rank) 110 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.13 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 95.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 62.83 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 12 Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 88.7 Border compliance (hours) 112 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 44 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 38 Protecting minority investors (rank) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 75.99 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 71.67 Border compliance (US$) 545 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 8.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,525 Time (days) 73 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 64 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 112 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 136 Domestic transport (hours) 44 Getting electricity (rank) 69 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 63.32 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 74.82 Payments (number per year) 11 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 239 Border compliance (US$) 545 Time (days) 102 Total tax rate (% of profit) 69.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,900 Cost (% of income per capita) 475.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 180 Resolving insolvency (rank) 30 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 29.66 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 72.06 Registering property (rank) 54 Time (days) 1,288 Time (years) 1.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 72.85 Cost (% of claim) 45.8 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 70.0 Time (days) 16 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16 COMOROS Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 840 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 154 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.22 Population (m) 0.8 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 163 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 80 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 69.33 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 75.30 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 57 Cost (% of income per capita) 118.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 51 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 31.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 7.4 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 116 Protecting minority investors (rank) 144 Documentary compliance (US$) 124 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 65.73 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 41.67 Border compliance (US$) 290 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 189 Time (days) 108 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 29 Building quality control index (0–15) 2 Border compliance (hours) 70 Paying taxes (rank) 167 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 132 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 47.37 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 57.10 Payments (number per year) 33 Documentary compliance (US$) 38 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 100 Border compliance (US$) 392 Time (days) 120 Total tax rate (% of profit) 216.5 Domestic transport (US$) 179 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,206.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 179 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 32.05 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 123 Time (days) 506 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 53.67 Cost (% of claim) 89.4 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 30 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 CONGO, DEM. REP. Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 410 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 184 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 38.14 Population (m) 69.4 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 89 Getting credit (rank) 133 ✘ Trading across borders (rank) 187 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.69 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 1.26 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 698 Cost (% of income per capita) 29.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 515 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 10.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 131 Protecting minority investors (rank) 174 Documentary compliance (US$) 2,500 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.43 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 33.33 Border compliance (US$) 1,323 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.0 Domestic transport (US$) 781 Time (days) 150 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 216 Building quality control index (0–15) 5.5 Border compliance (hours) 588 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 173 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Getting electricity (rank) 174 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 43.50 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 36.49 Payments (number per year) 52 Documentary compliance (US$) 875 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 346 Border compliance (US$) 2,089 Time (days) 56 Total tax rate (% of profit) 54.6 Domestic transport (US$) 1,500 Cost (% of income per capita) 15,247.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 1 Enforcing contracts (rank) 165 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 37.91 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 135 Time (days) 610 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 50.77 Cost (% of claim) 80.6 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 44 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 9.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 196 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business CONGO, REP. Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,680 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 176 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 41.88 Population (m) 4.6 Starting a business (rank) 177 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 177 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 60.63 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 23.79 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 53 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of income per capita) 52.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 276 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 78.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 10.9 Domestic transport (hours) 120 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 120 Protecting minority investors (rank) 150 Documentary compliance (US$) 165 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 64.74 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 40.00 Border compliance (US$) 1,975 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) 1,694 Time (days) 164 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 208 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 397 Paying taxes (rank) 182 Domestic transport (hours) 136 Getting electricity (rank) 176 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 30.68 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 35.35 Payments (number per year) 50 Documentary compliance (US$) 310 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 602 Border compliance (US$) 806 Time (days) 135 Total tax rate (% of profit) 56.0 Domestic transport (US$) 2,033 Cost (% of income per capita) 4,677.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 158 Resolving insolvency (rank) 115 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 43.99 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 37.75 ✔ Registering property (rank) 166 Time (days) 560 Time (years) 3.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 41.90 Cost (% of claim) 53.2 Cost (% of estate) 25 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.9 Time (days) 55 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 12.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 COSTA RICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,750 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 58 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.55 Population (m) 4.9 Starting a business (rank) 121 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 67 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 80.95 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 85.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 79.86 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 24 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 20 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 27.5 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 49 Protecting minority investors (rank) 166 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 74.61 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 35.00 Border compliance (US$) 347 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 600 Time (days) 118 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 80 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 80 Domestic transport (hours) 6 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 23 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 75.67 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 85.01 Payments (number per year) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 151 Border compliance (US$) 400 Time (days) 45 Total tax rate (% of profit) 58.0 Domestic transport (US$) 600 Cost (% of income per capita) 191.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 124 Resolving insolvency (rank) 87 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 52.41 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 44.06 Registering property (rank) 53 Time (days) 852 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 72.97 Cost (% of claim) 24.3 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.7 Time (days) 19 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17 CÔTE D’IVOIRE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,550 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 142 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 50.93 Population (m) 20.8 Starting a business (rank) 46 Getting credit (rank) 133 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 142 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.44 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 54.42 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Cost (% of income per capita) 18.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 110 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 3.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 180 Protecting minority investors (rank) 155 Documentary compliance (US$) 136 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 42.72 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 38.33 Border compliance (US$) 364 Procedures (number) 23 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 132 Time (days) 347 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 89 Building quality control index (0–15) 6 Border compliance (hours) 125 Paying taxes (rank) 176 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 146 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 42.73 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 51.54 Payments (number per year) 63 Documentary compliance (US$) 267 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 270 Border compliance (US$) 456 Time (days) 55 Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.9 Domestic transport (US$) 206 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,583.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 120 Resolving insolvency (rank) 76 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 52.97 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 47.03 ✔ Registering property (rank) 109 Time (days) 525 Time (years) 2.2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 58.12 Cost (% of claim) 41.7 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.1 Time (days) 30 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 7.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 197 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business CROATIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 13,020 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 40 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.71 Population (m) 4.2 Starting a business (rank) 83 Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.21 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 26.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 129 Protecting minority investors (rank) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.65 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 65.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 19 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 135 Time (days) 128 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 8.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 8.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 38 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 66 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 83.02 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 75.66 Payments (number per year) 19 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 206 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 70 Total tax rate (% of profit) 20.0 Domestic transport (US$) 135 Cost (% of income per capita) 317.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 10 Resolving insolvency (rank) 59 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 75.87 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 53.92 Registering property (rank) 60 Time (days) 572 Time (years) 3.1 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 69.77 Cost (% of claim) 16.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.5 Time (days) 62 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.5 CYPRUS Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 26,370 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 47 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.78 Population (m) 1.2 Starting a business (rank) 64 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 43 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 89.23 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 88.44 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 67.3 Border compliance (hours) 18 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 145 Protecting minority investors (rank) 25 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 60.59 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 66.67 Border compliance (US$) 300 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 195 Time (days) 617 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 15 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 44 Domestic transport (hours) 2 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 67 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.70 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 75.18 Payments (number per year) 27 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 145.5 Border compliance (US$) 335 Time (days) 137 Total tax rate (% of profit) 24.4 Domestic transport (US$) 195 Cost (% of income per capita) 137.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 143 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 17 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 48.59 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 79.04 Registering property (rank) 92 Time (days) 1,100 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 63.39 Cost (% of claim) 16.4 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 71.4 Time (days) 9 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13 Cost (% of property value) 10.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23 CZECH REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 17,795 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 36 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.95 Population (m) 10.5 Starting a business (rank) 93 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.23 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 78.7 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 6.7 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 127 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.73 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 21 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 208 Time (days) 247 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 122 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 42 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 67.09 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 81.58 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 405 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 110 Total tax rate (% of profit) 50.4 Domestic transport (US$) 208 Cost (% of income per capita) 27.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 72 Resolving insolvency (rank) 22 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.36 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 77.73 Registering property (rank) 37 Time (days) 611 Time (years) 2.1 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 76.40 Cost (% of claim) 33.0 Cost (% of estate) 17 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 66.0 Time (days) 31 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 198 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business DENMARK OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 61,310 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 3 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 84.40 Population (m) 5.6 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 29 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.04 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 3 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 7.7 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 14.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 5 Protecting minority investors (rank) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 86.30 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 68.33 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 930 Time (days) 64 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 12 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 12 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 91.94 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 90.19 Payments (number per year) 10 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 130 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 38 Total tax rate (% of profit) 24.5 Domestic transport (US$) 930 Cost (% of income per capita) 112.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 37 Resolving insolvency (rank) 9 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 68.56 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 84.78 Registering property (rank) 9 Time (days) 410 Time (years) 1.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 89.88 Cost (% of claim) 23.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 87.8 Time (days) 4 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.5 DJIBOUTI Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,692 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 171 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.25 Population (m) 0.9 Starting a business (rank) 171 Getting credit (rank) 181 Trading across borders (rank) 162 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 66.77 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 5.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 42.64 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 168.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 109 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.4 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 124 Protecting minority investors (rank) 174 Documentary compliance (US$) 1,717 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 63.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 33.33 Border compliance (US$) 444 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.3 Domestic transport (US$) 163 Time (days) 111 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 50 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 78 Paying taxes (rank) 85 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 172 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 74.56 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 38.90 Payments (number per year) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 1,737 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 82 Border compliance (US$) 709 Time (days) 125 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.6 Domestic transport (US$) 165 Cost (% of income per capita) 6,579.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 183 Resolving insolvency (rank) 68 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 28.39 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 48.65 Registering property (rank) 168 Time (days) 1,225 Time (years) 2.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 41.30 Cost (% of claim) 34.0 Cost (% of estate) 11 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 2.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.1 Time (days) 39 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 12.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3 DOMINICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,070 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 91 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.44 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 63 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 61 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 89.35 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 81.04 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 12 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 19 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 115 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 65.76 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 450 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 50 Time (days) 175 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Building quality control index (0–15) 4 Border compliance (hours) 39 Paying taxes (rank) 98 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 37 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 72.49 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 82.44 Payments (number per year) 37 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 117 Border compliance (US$) 583 Time (days) 61 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.0 Domestic transport (US$) 50 Cost (% of income per capita) 461.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 83 Resolving insolvency (rank) 129 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.17 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 34.03 Registering property (rank) 165 Time (days) 681 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 43.41 Cost (% of claim) 36.0 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.4 Time (days) 42 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 13.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 199 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business DOMINICAN REPUBLIC Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,950 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 93 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.16 Population (m) 10.5 Starting a business (rank) 110 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 57 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.12 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 83.51 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 14.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 74.6 Border compliance (hours) 16 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 39.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 23.2 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 44 Protecting minority investors (rank) 81 Documentary compliance (US$) 15 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 75.01 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 55.00 Border compliance (US$) 488 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 296 Time (days) 184 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 14 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 24 Paying taxes (rank) 77 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 149 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 76.29 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 50.58 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 316 Border compliance (US$) 579 Time (days) 82 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.4 Domestic transport (US$) 296 Cost (% of income per capita) 257.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 115 Resolving insolvency (rank) 159 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 54.12 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 23.70 Registering property (rank) 82 Time (days) 460 Time (years) 3.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.24 Cost (% of claim) 40.9 Cost (% of estate) 38 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 9.2 Time (days) 45 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 3.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.5 ECUADOR Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,040 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 117 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.47 Population (m) 16.0 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 166 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 120 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 68.51 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 61.38 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 50.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 52.9 Border compliance (hours) 108 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 74 Protecting minority investors (rank) 115 Documentary compliance (US$) 140 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.03 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 46.67 Border compliance (US$) 645 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) 675 Time (days) 114 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 24 Paying taxes (rank) 139 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Getting electricity (rank) 97 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 62.84 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 66.02 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 654 Border compliance (US$) 250 Time (days) 74 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.0 Domestic transport (US$) 388 Cost (% of income per capita) 601.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 99 Resolving insolvency (rank) 148 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 56.68 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 28.40 Registering property (rank) 69 Time (days) 588 Time (years) 5.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 68.20 Cost (% of claim) 27.2 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.9 Time (days) 38 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 1.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16 EGYPT, ARAB REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,280 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 131 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.43 Population (m) 83.4 Starting a business (rank) 73 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 157 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.24 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 44.92 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 88 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 20.9 Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 6.6 Domestic transport (hours) 10 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 113 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 65.97 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.0 Border compliance (US$) 203 Procedures (number) 20 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 227 Time (days) 179 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 192 Building quality control index (0–15) 11.5 Border compliance (hours) 120 Paying taxes (rank) 151 Domestic transport (hours) 10 Getting electricity (rank) 144 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 58.87 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 52.49 Payments (number per year) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 650 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 392 Border compliance (US$) 1,383 Time (days) 64 Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.0 Domestic transport (US$) 283 Cost (% of income per capita) 272.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 155 Resolving insolvency (rank) 119 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 44.60 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 36.36 Registering property (rank) 111 Time (days) 1,010 Time (years) 2.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 57.84 Cost (% of claim) 26.2 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 26.9 Time (days) 63 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 200 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business EL SALVADOR Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,780 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 86 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.76 Population (m) 6.4 Starting a business (rank) 125 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 15 ✘ Trading across borders (rank) 46 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 80.19 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 80.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 87.78 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 Time to export Time (days) 16.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 42.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 34.4 Border compliance (hours) 38 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 27.6 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 156 Protecting minority investors (rank) 155 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 56.85 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 38.33 Border compliance (US$) 160 Procedures (number) 25 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Time (days) 108 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 13 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 40 Paying taxes (rank) 162 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 107 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 52.73 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 63.46 Payments (number per year) 53 Documentary compliance (US$) 67 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 312 Border compliance (US$) 160 Time (days) 61 Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.7 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 536.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 109 Resolving insolvency (rank) 79 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 55.20 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 45.90 Registering property (rank) 71 Time (days) 786 Time (years) 3.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 67.13 Cost (% of claim) 19.2 Cost (% of estate) 12 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.0 Time (days) 31 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 EQUATORIAL GUINEA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 13,340 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 180 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 40.03 Population (m) 0.8 Starting a business (rank) 187 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 175 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 36.59 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 28.05 Procedures (number) 18 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 135 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 154 Cost (% of income per capita) 99.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 228 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 15.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 7.5 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 157 Protecting minority investors (rank) 144 Documentary compliance (US$) 85 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 55.06 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 41.67 Border compliance (US$) 760 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 345 Time (days) 144 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 240 Building quality control index (0–15) 1 Border compliance (hours) 336 Paying taxes (rank) 175 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 135 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 43.21 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 55.20 Payments (number per year) 46 Documentary compliance (US$) 70 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 492 Border compliance (US$) 985 Time (days) 106 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.1 Domestic transport (US$) 345 Cost (% of income per capita) 616.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 108 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 55.25 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 156 Time (days) 475 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 45.28 Cost (% of claim) 19.5 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 23 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 12.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5 ERITREA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 530 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 189 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 27.61 Population (m) 6.5 Starting a business (rank) 184 Getting credit (rank) 185 Trading across borders (rank) 189 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 46.16 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 Time to export Time (days) 84 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) NO PRACTICE Cost (% of income per capita) 38.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) NO PRACTICE Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 167.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) NO PRACTICE Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 189 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) NO PRACTICE DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) NO PRACTICE Time (days) NO PRACTICE Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) NO PRACTICE Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) NO PRACTICE Building quality control index (0–15) 0 Border compliance (hours) NO PRACTICE Paying taxes (rank) 174 Domestic transport (hours) NO PRACTICE Getting electricity (rank) 142 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 43.49 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 53.43 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 216 Border compliance (US$) NO PRACTICE Time (days) 59 Total tax rate (% of profit) 83.7 Domestic transport (US$) NO PRACTICE Cost (% of income per capita) 2,846.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 121 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 52.75 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 177 Time (days) 490 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 35.26 Cost (% of claim) 22.6 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 11 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 2.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 78 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 9.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 201 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business ESTONIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 18,530 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 16 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.49 Population (m) 1.3 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 15 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 24 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 95.06 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 94.89 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 3.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 34.7 Border compliance (hours) 4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 17.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 16 Protecting minority investors (rank) 81 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 80.88 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 55.00 Border compliance (US$) 280 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 229 Time (days) 102 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 30 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 34 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 84.33 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 83.25 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 81 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 91 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.4 Domestic transport (US$) 265 Cost (% of income per capita) 157.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 11 Resolving insolvency (rank) 40 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 75.16 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 65.28 Registering property (rank) 4 Time (days) 425 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 91.01 Cost (% of claim) 21.9 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 40.0 Time (days) 17.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27.5 ETHIOPIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 550 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 146 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 49.73 Population (m) 96.5 Starting a business (rank) 176 Getting credit (rank) 167 Trading across borders (rank) 166 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 62.45 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 15.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 39.80 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 19 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 126 Cost (% of income per capita) 76.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 57 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 138.9 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.2 Domestic transport (hours) 48 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 73 Protecting minority investors (rank) 166 Documentary compliance (US$) 175 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.05 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 35.00 Border compliance (US$) 144 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.3 Domestic transport (US$) 550 Time (days) 129 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 209 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 203 Paying taxes (rank) 113 Domestic transport (hours) 48 Getting electricity (rank) 129 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 68.95 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 58.10 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) 750 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 306 Border compliance (US$) 668 Time (days) 95 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.1 Domestic transport (US$) 529 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,414.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 84 Resolving insolvency (rank) 114 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.06 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 37.81 Registering property (rank) 141 Time (days) 530 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 50.04 Cost (% of claim) 15.2 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.6 Time (days) 52 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 FIJI East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,540 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 88 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.58 Population (m) 0.9 Starting a business (rank) 167 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 73 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 68.18 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 77.57 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 58 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 56 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 82.4 Border compliance (hours) 56 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 111 Protecting minority investors (rank) 111 Documentary compliance (US$) 76 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 66.18 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 48.33 Border compliance (US$) 317 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 179 Time (days) 141 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 34 Building quality control index (0–15) 6 Border compliance (hours) 42 Paying taxes (rank) 108 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 78 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 70.17 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 71.26 Payments (number per year) 39 Documentary compliance (US$) 58 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 195 Border compliance (US$) 320 Time (days) 81 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.1 Domestic transport (US$) 179 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,692.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 88 Resolving insolvency (rank) 89 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 58.44 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 43.76 Registering property (rank) 55 Time (days) 397 Time (years) 1.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 71.86 Cost (% of claim) 38.9 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 46.5 Time (days) 69 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 19.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 202 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business FINLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 47,380 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 10 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 81.05 Population (m) 5.5 Starting a business (rank) 33 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 32 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 93.11 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 92.44 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 20.5 Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 6.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 27 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 70 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 77.90 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 213 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 183 Time (days) 64 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 2 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 17 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 16 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 89.38 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 88.97 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 93 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 42 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.9 Domestic transport (US$) 183 Cost (% of income per capita) 29.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 30 Resolving insolvency (rank) 1 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 70.33 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 93.81 Registering property (rank) 20 Time (days) 375 Time (years) 0.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 82.94 Cost (% of claim) 16.2 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 90.1 Time (days) 32 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27 FRANCE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 43,080 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 27 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.96 Population (m) 66.2 Starting a business (rank) 32 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 93.14 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 45.1 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 40 Protecting minority investors (rank) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 75.46 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 65.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 9 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 738 Time (days) 183 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 0 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 87 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 20 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 74.31 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 85.78 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 137 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 71 Total tax rate (% of profit) 62.7 Domestic transport (US$) 738 Cost (% of income per capita) 41.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 14 Resolving insolvency (rank) 24 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 74.89 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 76.09 Registering property (rank) 85 Time (days) 395 Time (years) 1.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 64.94 Cost (% of claim) 17.4 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 77.5 Time (days) 49 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.5 GABON Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 9,320 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 162 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 45.99 Population (m) 1.7 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 144 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 165 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 76.14 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 39.84 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 50 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 52.0 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export ✘ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 164 Protecting minority investors (rank) 155 Documentary compliance (US$) 328 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 53.31 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 38.33 Border compliance (US$) 1,375 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 340 Time (days) 329 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Building quality control index (0–15) 5 Border compliance (hours) 84 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 158 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 154 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 55.23 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 46.88 Payments (number per year) 26 Documentary compliance (US$) 273 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 488 Border compliance (US$) 950 Time (days) 148 Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.7 Domestic transport (US$) 340 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,158.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 171 Resolving insolvency (rank) 120 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 35.29 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 36.29 ✔ Registering property (rank) 173 Time (days) 1,070 Time (years) 5.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 38.63 Cost (% of claim) 34.3 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 15.2 Time (days) 103 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 203 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business GAMBIA, THE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 450 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 151 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.99 Population (m) 1.9 Starting a business (rank) 169 Getting credit (rank) 162 Trading across borders (rank) 104 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 67.32 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 20.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 65.27 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 25 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 61 Cost (% of income per capita) 141.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 109 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 117 Protecting minority investors (rank) 163 Documentary compliance (US$) 183 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 65.55 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 36.67 Border compliance (US$) 381 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 156 Time (days) 144 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 32 Building quality control index (0–15) 5.5 Border compliance (hours) 87 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 177 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 153 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 40.94 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 47.40 Payments (number per year) 50 Documentary compliance (US$) 152 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 326 Border compliance (US$) 326 Time (days) 78 Total tax rate (% of profit) 63.3 Domestic transport (US$) 163 Cost (% of income per capita) 4,129.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 110 Resolving insolvency (rank) 111 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 54.84 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 38.27 Registering property (rank) 124 Time (days) 407 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 53.66 Cost (% of claim) 37.9 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.6 Time (days) 66 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9 GEORGIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,720 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 24 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 77.45 Population (m) 4.5 Starting a business (rank) 6 Getting credit (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 78 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 97.76 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 85.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 75.31 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 Time to export Time (days) 2 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 74.5 Border compliance (hours) 14 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 11 Protecting minority investors (rank) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 82.77 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 68.33 Border compliance (US$) 383 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.7 Domestic transport (US$) 460 Time (days) 48 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Building quality control index (0–15) 7 Border compliance (hours) 14 Paying taxes (rank) 40 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Getting electricity (rank) 62 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 82.76 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 76.15 Payments (number per year) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 362 Border compliance (US$) 396 Time (days) 71 Total tax rate (% of profit) 16.4 Domestic transport (US$) 464 Cost (% of income per capita) 461.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 13 Resolving insolvency (rank) 101 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 75.06 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 40.24 Registering property (rank) 3 Time (days) 285 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 91.16 Cost (% of claim) 29.9 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 1 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.9 Time (days) 1 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 19.5 GERMANY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 47,640 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 15 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.87 Population (m) 80.9 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 107 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 35 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.37 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 91.77 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 10.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 33.9 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.6 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 13 Protecting minority investors (rank) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 45 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 81.42 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 60.00 Border compliance (US$) 345 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 500 Time (days) 96 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 72 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 3 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 77.00 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 98.78 Payments (number per year) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 218 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 28 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.8 Domestic transport (US$) 520 Cost (% of income per capita) 42.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 12 Resolving insolvency (rank) 3 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 75.08 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 91.93 Registering property (rank) 62 Time (days) 429 Time (years) 1.2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 69.35 Cost (% of claim) 14.4 Cost (% of estate) 8 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 83.7 Time (days) 39 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15 Cost (% of property value) 6.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 204 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business GHANA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,620 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 114 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.69 Population (m) 26.4 Starting a business (rank) 102 Getting credit (rank) 42 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 171 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.73 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 36.48 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 89 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 16.3 Border compliance (hours) 108 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 2.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 132 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 155 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.32 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 490 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 487 Time (days) 216 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 282 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 282 Paying taxes (rank) 106 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 121 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 71.24 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 59.48 Payments (number per year) 33 Documentary compliance (US$) 302 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 224 Border compliance (US$) 725 Time (days) 79 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.7 Domestic transport (US$) 480 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,530.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 116 Resolving insolvency (rank) 161 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 54.00 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 21.88 Registering property (rank) 77 Time (days) 710 Time (years) 1.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.12 Cost (% of claim) 23.0 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.2 Time (days) 46 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 3 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8 GREECE OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 22,090 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 60 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.38 Population (m) 11.0 Starting a business (rank) 54 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 27 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 90.70 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 93.72 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 81.2 Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 60 Protecting minority investors (rank) 47 Documentary compliance (US$) 30 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.63 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 61.67 Border compliance (US$) 300 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 350 Time (days) 124 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 1 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 66 Domestic transport (hours) 23 Getting electricity (rank) 47 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 78.45 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 80.57 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 193 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 51 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.6 Domestic transport (US$) 808 Cost (% of income per capita) 70.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 132 Resolving insolvency (rank) 54 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 50.19 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 56.28 Registering property (rank) 144 Time (days) 1,580 Time (years) 3.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 49.62 Cost (% of claim) 14.4 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 10 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.9 Time (days) 20 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 4.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 GRENADA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,850 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 135 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 53.46 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 76 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 138 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.84 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 55.76 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 77 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 101 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 100 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 40 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.61 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 1,034 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 214 Time (days) 128 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 2.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Building quality control index (0–15) 5 Border compliance (hours) 37 Paying taxes (rank) 132 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 58 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 64.46 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 76.39 Payments (number per year) 42 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 140 Border compliance (US$) 1,745 Time (days) 38 Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.3 Domestic transport (US$) 214 Cost (% of income per capita) 196.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 89 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 58.41 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.0 Registering property (rank) 139 Time (days) 688 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 50.16 Cost (% of claim) 32.6 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 32 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 7.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 205 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business GUATEMALA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,440 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 81 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.49 Population (m) 15.9 Starting a business (rank) 101 Getting credit (rank) 15 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 78 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.87 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 80.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 75.31 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 Time to export Time (days) 18.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 25.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 8.8 Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 18.1 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 19.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 106 Protecting minority investors (rank) 174 Documentary compliance (US$) 105 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.17 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 33.33 Border compliance (US$) 310 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 750 Time (days) 158 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 32 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 72 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 50 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 21 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.18 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 85.76 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 140 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 256 Border compliance (US$) 405 Time (days) 39 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.5 Domestic transport (US$) 750 Cost (% of income per capita) 499.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 173 Resolving insolvency (rank) 153 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 34.55 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 27.30 Registering property (rank) 75 Time (days) 1,402 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.42 Cost (% of claim) 26.5 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.5 Time (days) 24 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4 Cost (% of property value) 3.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13 GUINEA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 480 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 165 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 45.54 Population (m) 12.0 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 126 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 161 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 80.02 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 43.02 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 152 Cost (% of income per capita) 79.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.9 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 166 Protecting minority investors (rank) 166 Documentary compliance (US$) 178 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 53.03 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 35.00 Border compliance (US$) 778 Procedures (number) 27 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 321 Time (days) 173 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Building quality control index (0–15) 7.5 Border compliance (hours) 91 Paying taxes (rank) 184 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 159 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 28.27 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 44.41 Payments (number per year) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 300 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 440 Border compliance (US$) 709 Time (days) 69 Total tax rate (% of profit) 68.3 Domestic transport (US$) 333 Cost (% of income per capita) 6,766.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 118 Resolving insolvency (rank) 108 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 53.87 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 38.84 Registering property (rank) 146 Time (days) 311 Time (years) 3.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 48.95 Cost (% of claim) 45.0 Cost (% of estate) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.9 Time (days) 44 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 8.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 GUINEA-BISSAU Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 570 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 178 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 40.56 Population (m) 1.7 Starting a business (rank) 179 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 148 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 59.11 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 50.58 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 43.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 91 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 345.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 163 Protecting minority investors (rank) 155 Documentary compliance (US$) 316 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 53.72 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 38.33 Border compliance (US$) 710 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Time (days) 116 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 15.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Paying taxes (rank) 152 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 184 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 58.65 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 27.86 Payments (number per year) 46 Documentary compliance (US$) 384 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 208 Border compliance (US$) 755 Time (days) 455 Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.5 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,772.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 162 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 38.81 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 ✔ Registering property (rank) 150 Time (days) 1,715 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 48.51 Cost (% of claim) 25.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 51 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 5.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 206 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business GUYANA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 3,970 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 137 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.83 Population (m) 0.8 Starting a business (rank) 92 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 167 Trading across borders (rank) 139 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.42 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 15.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 55.60 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 18 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 200 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 2.4 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 138 Protecting minority investors (rank) 99 Documentary compliance (US$) 178 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 61.76 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 51.67 Border compliance (US$) 278 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 244 Time (days) 195 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 156 Building quality control index (0–15) 1 Border compliance (hours) 84 Paying taxes (rank) 117 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 165 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 68.69 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 43.00 Payments (number per year) 35 Documentary compliance (US$) 163 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 256 Border compliance (US$) 265 Time (days) 109 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.3 Domestic transport (US$) 175 Cost (% of income per capita) 411.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 87 Resolving insolvency (rank) 156 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 58.55 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 25.55 Registering property (rank) 125 Time (days) 581 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 53.06 Cost (% of claim) 25.2 Cost (% of estate) 29 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.4 Time (days) 75 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6 HAITI Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 830 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 182 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 39.56 Population (m) 10.5 Starting a business (rank) 188 Getting credit (rank) 174 Trading across borders (rank) 76 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 33.53 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 10.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 77.01 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 97 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 235.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 30 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 16.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.6 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 167 Protecting minority investors (rank) 187 Documentary compliance (US$) 48 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 52.86 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 20.00 Border compliance (US$) 268 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.0 Domestic transport (US$) 220 Time (days) 80 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 1.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 15.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 2.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Building quality control index (0–15) 5 Border compliance (hours) 91 Paying taxes (rank) 143 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 136 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 61.87 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 55.04 Payments (number per year) 47 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 184 Border compliance (US$) 583 Time (days) 60 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.3 Domestic transport (US$) 265 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,639.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 123 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 52.49 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 179 Time (days) 530 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 32.83 Cost (% of claim) 42.6 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 312 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.5 HONDURAS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 2,190 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 110 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.06 Population (m) 8.3 Starting a business (rank) 150 Getting credit (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 136 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 74.92 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 85.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 55.98 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 38.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 36.2 Border compliance (hours) 88 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 10.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 22.2 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 87 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 345 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.24 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 594 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 900 Time (days) 82 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 56 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 155 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Getting electricity (rank) 143 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 57.28 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 53.39 Payments (number per year) 48 Documentary compliance (US$) 70 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 224 Border compliance (US$) 475 Time (days) 39 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.3 Domestic transport (US$) 900 Cost (% of income per capita) 861.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 150 Resolving insolvency (rank) 139 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 45.54 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 31.67 Registering property (rank) 88 Time (days) 920 Time (years) 3.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 64.24 Cost (% of claim) 35.2 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.2 Time (days) 22 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 5.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 207 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business HONG KONG SAR, CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 40,320 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 5 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 83.67 Population (m) 7.2 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 4 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 47 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 98.12 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 87.76 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 1.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 96.0 Border compliance (hours) 19 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 7 Protecting minority investors (rank) 1 Documentary compliance (US$) 52 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 84.78 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 83.33 Border compliance (US$) 282 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 9.0 Domestic transport (US$) 223 Time (days) 72 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 8.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 19 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 4 Domestic transport (hours) 2 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 9 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 98.71 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 91.62 Payments (number per year) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 130 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 74 Border compliance (US$) 266 Time (days) 28 Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.8 Domestic transport (US$) 223 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 22 Resolving insolvency (rank) 26 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 72.57 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 75.06 Registering property (rank) 59 Time (days) 360 Time (years) 0.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 69.78 Cost (% of claim) 21.2 Cost (% of estate) 5 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 87.2 Time (days) 27.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 7.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23 HUNGARY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 13,470 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 42 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.57 Population (m) 9.9 Starting a business (rank) 55 Getting credit (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 90.56 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 88.6 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 47.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 88 Protecting minority investors (rank) 81 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.06 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 55.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 23 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Time (days) 179 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 95 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 117 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 73.06 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 60.11 Payments (number per year) 11 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 277 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 252 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.4 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 98.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 23 Resolving insolvency (rank) 65 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 72.08 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 50.58 Registering property (rank) 29 Time (days) 395 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 80.20 Cost (% of claim) 15.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.7 Time (days) 16.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26 ICELAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 47,640 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 19 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 78.93 Population (m) 0.3 Starting a business (rank) 40 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 64 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.44 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 80.27 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 8.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 45 Protecting minority investors (rank) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 40 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 74.95 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 68.33 Border compliance (US$) 655 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 310 Time (days) 84 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 24 Paying taxes (rank) 36 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 8 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 83.67 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 92.24 Payments (number per year) 21 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 140 Border compliance (US$) 655 Time (days) 22 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.6 Domestic transport (US$) 310 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 35 Resolving insolvency (rank) 15 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 69.10 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 81.65 Registering property (rank) 15 Time (days) 417 Time (years) 1.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 86.61 Cost (% of claim) 9.0 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 84.9 Time (days) 3.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 208 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business INDIA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,610 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 130 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.68 Population (m) 1,267.4 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 155 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 133 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 73.59 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 56.45 Procedures (number) 12.9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 29 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 41.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 22.0 Border compliance (hours) 109.3 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 27.8 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 183 Protecting minority investors (rank) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 101.7 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 32.47 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 73.33 Border compliance (US$) 413.1 Procedures (number) 33.6 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 435.5 Time (days) 191.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 8.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 26.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 63.3 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 287.4 Paying taxes (rank) 157 Domestic transport (hours) 55.5 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 70 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 56.14 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 74.56 Payments (number per year) 33 Documentary compliance (US$) 144.7 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 243 Border compliance (US$) 574 Time (days) 90.1 Total tax rate (% of profit) 60.6 Domestic transport (US$) 535.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 442.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5.5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 178 Resolving insolvency (rank) 136 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 32.41 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 32.59 Registering property (rank) 138 Time (days) 1,420 Time (years) 4.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 50.29 Cost (% of claim) 39.6 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 25.7 Time (days) 47 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 7.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 INDONESIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,650 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 109 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.12 Population (m) 252.8 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 173 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 105 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 66.04 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 64.75 Procedures (number) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 47.8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 38.7 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 31.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 48.5 Domestic transport (hours) 6.2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 107 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 170 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 66.68 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 253.7 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 185 Time (days) 210.2 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 99.4 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 148 Domestic transport (hours) 6.2 Getting electricity (rank) 46 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 60.46 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 80.73 Payments (number per year) 54 Documentary compliance (US$) 160 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 234 Border compliance (US$) 382.6 Time (days) 79 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.7 Domestic transport (US$) 185 Cost (% of income per capita) 383.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 170 Resolving insolvency (rank) 77 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 35.37 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 46.48 Registering property (rank) 131 Time (days) 471 Time (years) 1.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 52.41 Cost (% of claim) 115.7 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.2 Time (days) 27.4 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.3 IRAN, ISLAMIC REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,063 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 118 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.44 Population (m) 78.5 Starting a business (rank) 87 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 167 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.73 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 39.38 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 159 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 46.6 Border compliance (hours) 107 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 49.1 Domestic transport (hours) 42 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 69 Protecting minority investors (rank) 150 Documentary compliance (US$) 143 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.38 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 40.00 Border compliance (US$) 565 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 558 Time (days) 97 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 284 Building quality control index (0–15) 8.5 Border compliance (hours) 148 Paying taxes (rank) 123 Domestic transport (hours) 53 Getting electricity (rank) 88 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 66.78 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 69.17 Payments (number per year) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 197 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 344 Border compliance (US$) 660 Time (days) 77 Total tax rate (% of profit) 44.1 Domestic transport (US$) 600 Cost (% of income per capita) 823.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 62 Resolving insolvency (rank) 140 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 61.85 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 31.57 Registering property (rank) 91 Time (days) 505 Time (years) 4.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 63.50 Cost (% of claim) 17.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.0 Time (days) 12 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 209 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business IRAQ Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,410 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 161 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 46.06 Population (m) 34.3 Starting a business (rank) 154 Getting credit (rank) 181 Trading across borders (rank) 178 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 73.80 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 5.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 23.51 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 29 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 504 Cost (% of income per capita) 39.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 69 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 24 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 147 Protecting minority investors (rank) 115 Documentary compliance (US$) 1,800 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 59.98 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 46.67 Border compliance (US$) 1,018 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,379 Time (days) 249 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 176 Building quality control index (0–15) 5 Border compliance (hours) 131 Paying taxes (rank) 59 Domestic transport (hours) 72 Getting electricity (rank) 106 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 79.53 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 63.68 Payments (number per year) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 900 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 312 Border compliance (US$) 644 Time (days) 77 Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.8 Domestic transport (US$) 2,000 Cost (% of income per capita) 239.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 122 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 52.65 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 117 Time (days) 520 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 55.77 Cost (% of claim) 28.1 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 51 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 8.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.5 IRELAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 44,660 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 17 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.15 Population (m) 4.6 Starting a business (rank) 25 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 48 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.18 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 87.25 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 43 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 75.03 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 73.33 Border compliance (US$) 305 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 8.7 Domestic transport (US$) 360 Time (days) 149.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 24 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 6 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 30 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 94.97 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 84.17 Payments (number per year) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 82 Border compliance (US$) 253 Time (days) 85 Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.9 Domestic transport (US$) 459 Cost (% of income per capita) 70.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 93 Resolving insolvency (rank) 20 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 57.88 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 78.44 Registering property (rank) 39 Time (days) 650 Time (years) 0.4 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 76.27 Cost (% of claim) 26.9 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 87.7 Time (days) 31.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10 Cost (% of property value) 2.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21 ISRAEL OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 34,990 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 53 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 70.56 Population (m) 8.2 Starting a business (rank) 56 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 58 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 90.55 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 82.85 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 13 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 67.5 Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 96 Protecting minority investors (rank) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 73 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 68.20 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 73.33 Border compliance (US$) 150 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 8.3 Domestic transport (US$) 224 Time (days) 209 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 64 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 103 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 91 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 71.65 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 68.96 Payments (number per year) 33 Documentary compliance (US$) 70 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 235 Border compliance (US$) 307 Time (days) 102 Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.6 Domestic transport (US$) 199 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 77 Resolving insolvency (rank) 29 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.78 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 72.47 Registering property (rank) 127 Time (days) 975 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 52.84 Cost (% of claim) 25.3 Cost (% of estate) 23 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 62.1 Time (days) 81 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.5 Cost (% of property value) 8.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 210 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business ITALY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 34,280 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 45 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.07 Population (m) 61.3 Starting a business (rank) 50 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.13 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 13.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 27.3 Domestic transport (hours) 12 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 86 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.31 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,225 Time (days) 227.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 137 Domestic transport (hours) 12 Getting electricity (rank) 59 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 62.98 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 76.37 Payments (number per year) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 269 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 124 Total tax rate (% of profit) 64.8 Domestic transport (US$) 1,225 Cost (% of income per capita) 209.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 111 Resolving insolvency (rank) 23 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 54.79 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 76.14 Registering property (rank) 24 Time (days) 1,120 Time (years) 1.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 81.67 Cost (% of claim) 23.1 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 63.1 Time (days) 16 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 JAMAICA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 5,042 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 64 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 67.27 Population (m) 2.7 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 9 Getting credit (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 146 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 97.28 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 85.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 50.84 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 3 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 62 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 22.4 Border compliance (hours) 82 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 72 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 314 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.10 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 599 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 385 Time (days) 129.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 87 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 106 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 146 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 80 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 60.95 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 71.09 Payments (number per year) 37 Documentary compliance (US$) 331 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 358 Border compliance (US$) 606 Time (days) 95 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.2 Domestic transport (US$) 387 Cost (% of income per capita) 242.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 107 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 35 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 55.36 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 69.08 Registering property (rank) 122 Time (days) 655 Time (years) 1.1 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 53.70 Cost (% of claim) 45.6 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 64.5 Time (days) 18 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 9.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14 JAPAN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 42,000 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 34 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 74.72 Population (m) 127.1 Starting a business (rank) 81 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 52 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.34 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 85.90 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 10.2 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 3.4 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.00 Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2.3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 68 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 15 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.65 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 306.1 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 307.9 Time (days) 197 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 3.4 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 48 Paying taxes (rank) 121 Domestic transport (hours) 2.3 Getting electricity (rank) 14 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 67.16 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 89.88 Payments (number per year) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 22.8 Procedures (number) 3.4 Time (hours per year) 330 Border compliance (US$) 337.4 Time (days) 97.7 Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.3 Domestic transport (US$) 307.9 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 51 Resolving insolvency (rank) 2 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 65.26 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 93.75 Registering property (rank) 48 Time (days) 360 Time (years) 0.6 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 73.91 Cost (% of claim) 23.4 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 92.9 Time (days) 13 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14 Cost (% of property value) 5.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 211 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business JORDAN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,160 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 113 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.84 Population (m) 6.6 Starting a business (rank) 88 Getting credit (rank) 185 Trading across borders (rank) 50 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.70 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 86.73 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 0 Cost (% of income per capita) 20.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 29 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 2.4 Domestic transport (hours) 9 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 103 Protecting minority investors (rank) 163 Documentary compliance (US$) 25 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.49 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 36.67 Border compliance (US$) 131 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 421 Time (days) 63 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 9.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 55 Building quality control index (0–15) 10.5 Border compliance (hours) 79 Paying taxes (rank) 52 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Getting electricity (rank) 56 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 80.96 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 77.88 Payments (number per year) 25 Documentary compliance (US$) 30 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 151 Border compliance (US$) 181 Time (days) 50 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.5 Domestic transport (US$) 395 Cost (% of income per capita) 303.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 126 Resolving insolvency (rank) 146 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 51.50 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 30.17 Registering property (rank) 98 Time (days) 689 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 61.34 Cost (% of claim) 31.2 Cost (% of estate) 20 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.0 Time (days) 21 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 9.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 19.5 KAZAKHSTAN Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 11,670 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 41 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 72.68 Population (m) 17.3 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 21 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 122 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.44 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 60.39 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 132 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 81.4 Border compliance (hours) 133 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 48 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 92 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 25 Documentary compliance (US$) 430 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 68.38 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 66.67 Border compliance (US$) 574 Procedures (number) 24 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.7 Domestic transport (US$) 281 Time (days) 154 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 2 Paying taxes (rank) 18 Domestic transport (hours) 84 Getting electricity (rank) 71 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 89.18 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 74.03 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 188 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 83 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.2 Domestic transport (US$) 1,595 Cost (% of income per capita) 51.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 9 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 47 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 76.62 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 58.97 ✔ Registering property (rank) 19 Time (days) 370 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 83.17 Cost (% of claim) 22.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.8 Time (days) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15.5 KENYA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,280 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 108 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.24 Population (m) 45.5 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 151 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 131 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 74.47 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 57.83 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 26 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 35.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.3 Border compliance (hours) 21 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 9 Cost to export ✘ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 149 Protecting minority investors (rank) 115 Documentary compliance (US$) 191 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 59.37 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 46.67 Border compliance (US$) 143 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 967 Time (days) 146 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 84 Building quality control index (0–15) 7 Border compliance (hours) 180 Paying taxes (rank) 101 Domestic transport (hours) 11 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 127 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 71.96 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 58.57 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) 550 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 201.5 Border compliance (US$) 908 Time (days) 110 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.1 Domestic transport (US$) 1,100 Cost (% of income per capita) 732.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 102 Resolving insolvency (rank) 144 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 56.25 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 30.64 ✔ Registering property (rank) 115 Time (days) 465 Time (years) 4.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 56.63 Cost (% of claim) 47.2 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.9 Time (days) 61 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 4.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 212 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business KIRIBATI East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,280 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 149 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 49.50 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 142 Getting credit (rank) 162 Trading across borders (rank) 112 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 76.46 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 20.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 62.08 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 31 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 46.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 20.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 137 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 310 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 61.78 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 420 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Time (days) 149 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 2.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Building quality control index (0–15) 3 Border compliance (hours) 96 Paying taxes (rank) 23 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 173 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 87.51 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 37.96 Payments (number per year) 10 Documentary compliance (US$) 120 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 156 Border compliance (US$) 685 Time (days) 97 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.7 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,169.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 114 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 54.31 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 142 Time (days) 660 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 49.94 Cost (% of claim) 25.8 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 513 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10 KOREA, REP. OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 27,090 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 4 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 83.88 Population (m) 50.4 Starting a business (rank) 23 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 31 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.36 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 92.48 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 14 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 28 Protecting minority investors (rank) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 11 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 77.83 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 73.33 Border compliance (US$) 185 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 216 Time (days) 28 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 6 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 29 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Getting electricity (rank) 1 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 84.53 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 99.88 Payments (number per year) 12 Documentary compliance (US$) 27 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 188 Border compliance (US$) 315 Time (days) 18 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.2 Domestic transport (US$) 568 Cost (% of income per capita) 39.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 2 Resolving insolvency (rank) 4 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 84.84 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 90.31 Registering property (rank) 40 Time (days) 230 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 76.22 Cost (% of claim) 10.3 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 83.6 Time (days) 6.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27.5 KOSOVO Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 4,000 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 66 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 66.22 Population (m) 1.8 Starting a business (rank) 47 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 71 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.34 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 78.97 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 62 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 56 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 95.2 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 136 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 227 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.04 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 137 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 182 Time (days) 152 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Building quality control index (0–15) 8.5 Border compliance (hours) 16 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 67 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 124 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 78.43 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 59.11 Payments (number per year) 32 Documentary compliance (US$) 92 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 155 Border compliance (US$) 83 Time (days) 46 Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.2 Domestic transport (US$) 118 Cost (% of income per capita) 788.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 48 Resolving insolvency (rank) 163 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 65.66 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 20.30 Registering property (rank) 32 Time (days) 330 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 78.08 Cost (% of claim) 34.4 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.7 Time (days) 27 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 20.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 213 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business KUWAIT Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 43,103 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 101 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.17 Population (m) 3.5 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 148 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 149 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 75.37 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 49.85 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 31 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 32 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 34.2 Border compliance (hours) 74 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 8.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 15.3 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 133 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 191 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.23 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 602 Procedures (number) 22 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 153 Time (days) 216 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 148 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 215 Paying taxes (rank) 11 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 128 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 92.48 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 58.38 Payments (number per year) 12 Documentary compliance (US$) 332 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 98 Border compliance (US$) 555 Time (days) 64 Total tax rate (% of profit) 13.0 Domestic transport (US$) 178 Cost (% of income per capita) 52.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 58 Resolving insolvency (rank) 122 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 62.36 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 35.95 Registering property (rank) 68 Time (days) 566 Time (years) 4.2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 68.42 Cost (% of claim) 18.6 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.0 Time (days) 49 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 0.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.5 KYRGYZ REPUBLIC Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,250 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 67 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 66.01 Population (m) 5.8 Starting a business (rank) 35 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 83 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.94 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 72.25 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 35.3 Border compliance (hours) 27 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 20 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 190 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 79.98 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 485 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 110 Time (days) 142 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 37 Paying taxes (rank) 138 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 160 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 62.94 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 43.95 Payments (number per year) 51 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 225 Border compliance (US$) 512 Time (days) 125 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.0 Domestic transport (US$) 80 Cost (% of income per capita) 891.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 137 Resolving insolvency (rank) 126 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.49 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 34.66 ✔ Registering property (rank) 6 Time (days) 410 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 90.59 Cost (% of claim) 47.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.3 Time (days) 3.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24.5 LAO PDR East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,600 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 134 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 53.77 Population (m) 6.9 Starting a business (rank) 153 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 108 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 73.81 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 64.09 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 73 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 216 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 3 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 5.1 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 42 Protecting minority investors (rank) 178 Documentary compliance (US$) 235 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 75.06 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 31.67 Border compliance (US$) 73 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 150 Time (days) 83 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 216 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 5 Paying taxes (rank) 127 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 158 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 66.10 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 45.19 Payments (number per year) 35 Documentary compliance (US$) 115 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 362 Border compliance (US$) 153 Time (days) 134 Total tax rate (% of profit) 25.3 Domestic transport (US$) 150 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,522.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 92 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 58.07 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 66 Time (days) 443 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 68.70 Cost (% of claim) 31.6 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 53 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 1.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 214 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business LATVIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 15,660 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 22 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 78.06 Population (m) 2.0 Starting a business (rank) 27 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 22 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.15 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 95.26 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 9 Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 80.8 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export ✘ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 30 Protecting minority investors (rank) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 35 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 77.64 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 60.00 Border compliance (US$) 150 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 150 Time (days) 165 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 0 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 27 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 65 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 85.76 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 75.87 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 193 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 107 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.9 Domestic transport (US$) 115 Cost (% of income per capita) 296.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 25 Resolving insolvency (rank) 43 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 71.66 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 63.39 ✔ Registering property (rank) 23 Time (days) 469 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 81.87 Cost (% of claim) 23.1 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 48.1 Time (days) 16.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22 LEBANON Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 9,880 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 123 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.39 Population (m) 4.5 Starting a business (rank) 114 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 147 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 82.68 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 50.61 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 34.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 33.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 23.9 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 130 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.44 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 410 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Time (days) 244 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 180 Paying taxes (rank) 45 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 116 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.69 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 60.18 Payments (number per year) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 300 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 183 Border compliance (US$) 695 Time (days) 75 Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.3 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Cost (% of income per capita) 93.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 135 Resolving insolvency (rank) 134 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.85 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.07 ✘ Registering property (rank) 103 Time (days) 721 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 60.02 Cost (% of claim) 30.8 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.4 Time (days) 34 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 5.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16 LESOTHO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,350 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 114 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.69 Population (m) 2.1 Starting a business (rank) 112 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 36 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 82.85 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 91.69 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 29 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 1.0 Border compliance (hours) 4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 172 Protecting minority investors (rank) 99 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 50.23 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 51.67 Border compliance (US$) 150 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 8 Time (days) 179 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 13.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Building quality control index (0–15) 5.5 Border compliance (hours) 4 Paying taxes (rank) 109 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 147 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 69.72 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 51.21 Payments (number per year) 32 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 324 Border compliance (US$) 150 Time (days) 114 Total tax rate (% of profit) 13.6 Domestic transport (US$) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,628.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 85 Resolving insolvency (rank) 117 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.04 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 37.35 Registering property (rank) 108 Time (days) 615 Time (years) 2.6 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 58.13 Cost (% of claim) 31.3 Cost (% of estate) 20 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.8 Time (days) 43 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 8.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 215 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business LIBERIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 400 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 179 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 40.19 Population (m) 4.4 Starting a business (rank) 37 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 183 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.49 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 17.75 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 4.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 186 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 193 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.8 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 174 Protecting minority investors (rank) 182 Documentary compliance (US$) 628 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 49.64 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 28.33 Border compliance (US$) 750 Procedures (number) 22 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.7 Domestic transport (US$) 225 Time (days) 74 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 2.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 2.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 192 Building quality control index (0–15) 2 Border compliance (hours) 217 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 118 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Getting electricity (rank) 180 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 68.21 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 33.81 Payments (number per year) 33 Documentary compliance (US$) 528 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 139.5 Border compliance (US$) 655 Time (days) 465 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.8 Domestic transport (US$) 225 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,897.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 176 Resolving insolvency (rank) 168 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 33.92 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 4.54 Registering property (rank) 178 Time (days) 1,280 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 33.24 Cost (% of claim) 35.0 Cost (% of estate) 43 Procedures (number) 10 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.4 Time (days) 44 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 13.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 LIBYA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 7,920 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 188 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 31.77 Population (m) 6.3 Starting a business (rank) 158 Getting credit (rank) 185 Trading across borders (rank) 107 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 72.58 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 64.66 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 Time to export Time (days) 35 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 26.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 34.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.5 Domestic transport (hours) 12 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 189 Protecting minority investors (rank) 188 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 16.67 Border compliance (US$) 575 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.0 Domestic transport (US$) 314 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 1.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) NO PRACTICE Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 1.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Building quality control index (0–15) 0 Border compliance (hours) 79 Paying taxes (rank) 160 Domestic transport (hours) 12 Getting electricity (rank) 126 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 54.68 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 58.88 Payments (number per year) 19 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 889 Border compliance (US$) 637 Time (days) 118 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.8 Domestic transport (US$) 331 Cost (% of income per capita) 351.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 131 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 50.27 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 189 Time (days) 690 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 0.00 Cost (% of claim) 27.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Quality of land administration index (0–30) 0 LITHUANIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 15,380 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 20 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 78.88 Population (m) 2.9 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 8 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 19 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 97.70 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 97.70 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 3.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 79.3 Border compliance (hours) 9 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 33.9 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 18 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 47 Documentary compliance (US$) 28 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 80.43 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 61.67 Border compliance (US$) 58 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 73 Time (days) 103 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 49 Domestic transport (hours) 4 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 54 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.42 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 78.97 Payments (number per year) 11 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 171 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 95 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.6 Domestic transport (US$) 290 Cost (% of income per capita) 52.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 3 Resolving insolvency (rank) 70 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 79.79 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 48.06 Registering property (rank) 2 Time (days) 300 Time (years) 2.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 93.04 Cost (% of claim) 23.6 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 14.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.8 Time (days) 2.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8 Cost (% of property value) 0.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 28.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 216 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business LUXEMBOURG OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 72,728 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 61 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.31 Population (m) 0.6 Starting a business (rank) 80 Getting credit (rank) 167 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.46 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 15.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 18.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 22.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 14 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 81.16 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) 60 Time (days) 157 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 13.5 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 21 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 28 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 88.58 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 84.29 Payments (number per year) 23 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 55 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 56 Total tax rate (% of profit) 20.1 Domestic transport (US$) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 40.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 17 Resolving insolvency (rank) 80 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 73.32 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 45.45 Registering property (rank) 89 Time (days) 321 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 63.81 Cost (% of claim) 9.7 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 43.8 Time (days) 26.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 10.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25.5 MACEDONIA, FYR Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,070 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 12 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 80.18 Population (m) 2.1 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 2 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 26 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 99.86 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 93.87 Procedures (number) 1 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 1 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 89.3 Border compliance (hours) 9 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 38.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 10 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 45 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 83.14 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 71.67 Border compliance (US$) 103 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Time (days) 74 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 8 Paying taxes (rank) 7 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 45 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 94.17 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 81.33 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 119 Border compliance (US$) 150 Time (days) 97 Total tax rate (% of profit) 12.9 Domestic transport (US$) 150 Cost (% of income per capita) 229.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 26 Resolving insolvency (rank) 37 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 71.39 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 67.73 Registering property (rank) 50 Time (days) 604 Time (years) 1.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 73.61 Cost (% of claim) 28.8 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 44.6 Time (days) 30 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24 MADAGASCAR Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 440 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 164 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 45.68 Population (m) 23.6 ✘ Starting a business (rank) 128 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 167 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 125 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 79.63 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 15.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 59.42 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 59 Cost (% of income per capita) 43.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 70 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 3.0 Domestic transport (hours) 13 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 182 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 105 Documentary compliance (US$) 117 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 35.21 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 50.00 Border compliance (US$) 868 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 610 Time (days) 185 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 30.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 68 Building quality control index (0–15) 4 Border compliance (hours) 105 Paying taxes (rank) 76 Domestic transport (hours) 14 Getting electricity (rank) 188 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 76.32 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 18.27 Payments (number per year) 23 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 183 Border compliance (US$) 595 Time (days) 450 Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.1 Domestic transport (US$) 680 Cost (% of income per capita) 6,229.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 153 Resolving insolvency (rank) 127 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 44.70 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 34.24 ✔ Registering property (rank) 161 Time (days) 871 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 44.04 Cost (% of claim) 33.6 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 11.4 Time (days) 100 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 9.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 217 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business MALAWI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 250 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 141 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.03 Population (m) 16.8 Starting a business (rank) 161 Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 123 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 69.71 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 59.77 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 38 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 131 Cost (% of income per capita) 84.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 85 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 65 Protecting minority investors (rank) 115 Documentary compliance (US$) 342 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.28 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 46.67 Border compliance (US$) 243 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 197 Time (days) 153 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 63 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Border compliance (hours) 64 Paying taxes (rank) 102 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 175 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 71.82 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 36.15 Payments (number per year) 35 Documentary compliance (US$) 162 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 174.5 Border compliance (US$) 143 Time (days) 127 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.5 Domestic transport (US$) 276 Cost (% of income per capita) 4,698.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 147 Resolving insolvency (rank) 164 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 47.09 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 19.20 Registering property (rank) 93 Time (days) 432 Time (years) 2.6 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 62.62 Cost (% of claim) 69.1 Cost (% of estate) 25 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 12.4 Time (days) 69 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4 Cost (% of property value) 1.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11 MALAYSIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 10,660 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 18 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 79.13 Population (m) 30.2 Starting a business (rank) 14 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 49 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 95.34 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 86.74 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 77.1 Border compliance (hours) 20 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 57.0 Domestic transport (hours) 12 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 15 Protecting minority investors (rank) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 45 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 81.10 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 78.33 Border compliance (US$) 321 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 8.7 Domestic transport (US$) 255 Time (days) 79 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 24 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 31 Domestic transport (hours) 12 Getting electricity (rank) 13 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 84.31 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 90.05 Payments (number per year) 13 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 118 Border compliance (US$) 321 Time (days) 32 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.0 Domestic transport (US$) 255 Cost (% of income per capita) 30.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 44 Resolving insolvency (rank) 45 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 66.61 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 62.49 Registering property (rank) 38 Time (days) 425 Time (years) 1.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 76.32 Cost (% of claim) 37.3 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 81.3 Time (days) 13 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27.5 MALDIVES South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,290 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 128 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.04 Population (m) 0.4 Starting a business (rank) 48 Getting credit (rank) 126 Trading across borders (rank) 137 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.26 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 35.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 55.87 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 42 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 15.6 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export ✘ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 41 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 300 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 75.36 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 596 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 165 Time (days) 140 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 61 Building quality control index (0–15) 8.5 Border compliance (hours) 100 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 128 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 141 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 65.31 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 53.65 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) 180 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 394.5 Border compliance (US$) 981 Time (days) 91 Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.2 Domestic transport (US$) 161 Cost (% of income per capita) 296.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 95 Resolving insolvency (rank) 135 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 57.66 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.02 Registering property (rank) 171 Time (days) 665 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 39.97 Cost (% of claim) 16.5 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 49.7 Time (days) 57 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 2 Cost (% of property value) 15.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 218 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business MALI Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 720 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 143 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 50.81 Population (m) 15.8 Starting a business (rank) 172 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 133 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 82 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 66.05 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 73.98 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 8.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 71.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 274.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 Domestic transport (hours) 29 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 152 Protecting minority investors (rank) 166 Documentary compliance (US$) 33 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 57.98 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 35.00 Border compliance (US$) 17 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 429 Time (days) 124 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 77 Building quality control index (0–15) 4.5 Border compliance (hours) 86 Paying taxes (rank) 149 Domestic transport (hours) 32 Getting electricity (rank) 151 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 60.16 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 48.95 Payments (number per year) 35 Documentary compliance (US$) 375 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 270 Border compliance (US$) 298 Time (days) 120 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.3 Domestic transport (US$) 932 Cost (% of income per capita) 3,498.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 149 Resolving insolvency (rank) 100 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 45.58 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 40.35 Registering property (rank) 140 Time (days) 620 Time (years) 3.6 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 50.08 Cost (% of claim) 52.0 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 22.7 Time (days) 29 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 11.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8 MALTA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 21,869 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 80 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.70 Population (m) 0.4 Starting a business (rank) 132 Getting credit (rank) 174 Trading across borders (rank) 39 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 78.43 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 10.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 90.72 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 28 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 10.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 1.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 83 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.75 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 325 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 233 Time (days) 167 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 2 Paying taxes (rank) 25 Domestic transport (hours) 1 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 86 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 85.91 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 69.78 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 139 Border compliance (US$) 230 Time (days) 121 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.3 Domestic transport (US$) 150 Cost (% of income per capita) 425.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 61 Resolving insolvency (rank) 83 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 62.17 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 44.78 Registering property (rank) 96 Time (days) 505 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 62.12 Cost (% of claim) 35.9 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.6 Time (days) 15 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 MARSHALL ISLANDS East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,161 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 140 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.58 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 71 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 75 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.38 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 77.22 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 17 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 60 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 63 Protecting minority investors (rank) 178 Documentary compliance (US$) 43 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.38 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 31.67 Border compliance (US$) 220 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 350 Time (days) 38 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Building quality control index (0–15) 2 Border compliance (hours) 84 Paying taxes (rank) 125 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 125 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 66.38 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 59.10 Payments (number per year) 21 Documentary compliance (US$) 43 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 128 Border compliance (US$) 220 Time (days) 67 Total tax rate (% of profit) 64.8 Domestic transport (US$) 350 Cost (% of income per capita) 725.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 65 Resolving insolvency (rank) 167 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 61.52 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 9.19 Registering property (rank) 189 Time (days) 476 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 0.00 Cost (% of claim) 27.4 Cost (% of estate) 38 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.1 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Quality of land administration index (0–30) 0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 219 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business MAURITANIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,260 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 168 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.74 Population (m) 4.0 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 70 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 162 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 160 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.45 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 20.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 43.08 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 59 Cost (% of income per capita) 18.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 6.1 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 112 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 392 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 66.01 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 749 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 185 Time (days) 104 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Building quality control index (0–15) 6 Border compliance (hours) 84 Paying taxes (rank) 187 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Getting electricity (rank) 152 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 17.71 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 47.56 Payments (number per year) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 700 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 734 Border compliance (US$) 582 Time (days) 70 Total tax rate (% of profit) 71.3 Domestic transport (US$) 194 Cost (% of income per capita) 6,384.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 71 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.43 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 100 Time (days) 370 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 60.81 Cost (% of claim) 23.2 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 49 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.5 MAURITIUS Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 9,710 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 32 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.05 Population (m) 1.3 Starting a business (rank) 37 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 66 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.49 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 80.05 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 9 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 82.6 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 35 Protecting minority investors (rank) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 128 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 76.51 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 65.00 Border compliance (US$) 269 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.7 Domestic transport (US$) 196 Time (days) 156 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 9 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 48 Paying taxes (rank) 13 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 41 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 91.92 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 81.93 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 166 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 152 Border compliance (US$) 294 Time (days) 81 Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.4 Domestic transport (US$) 196 Cost (% of income per capita) 260.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 27 Resolving insolvency (rank) 39 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 70.50 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 65.94 Registering property (rank) 99 Time (days) 519 Time (years) 1.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 61.18 Cost (% of claim) 25.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 67.4 Time (days) 14 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 10.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14 MEXICO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,980 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 38 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.72 Population (m) 123.8 Starting a business (rank) 65 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 5 Trading across borders (rank) 59 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.94 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 90.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 82.09 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 6.3 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 8 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 20.4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 27.3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 67 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.76 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 400 Procedures (number) 10.5 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,217.1 Time (days) 86.4 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 10.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 17.6 Building quality control index (0–15) 11.7 Border compliance (hours) 44.2 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 92 Domestic transport (hours) 27.3 Getting electricity (rank) 72 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 73.67 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 73.27 Payments (number per year) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Procedures (number) 6.8 Time (hours per year) 286 Border compliance (US$) 450 Time (days) 78.9 Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,217.1 Cost (% of income per capita) 332.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 41 Resolving insolvency (rank) 28 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 67.39 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 73.03 Registering property (rank) 106 Time (days) 389 Time (years) 1.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 58.74 Cost (% of claim) 30.9 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 6.8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 68.9 Time (days) 63.7 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14.3 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 220 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business MICRONESIA, FED. STS. East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,438 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 148 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 49.67 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 162 Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 53 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 69.64 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 85.85 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 Time to export Time (days) 16 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 141.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 36 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 141 Protecting minority investors (rank) 185 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 61.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 25.00 Border compliance (US$) 168 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.7 Domestic transport (US$) 150 Time (days) 86 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 2.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 2.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Building quality control index (0–15) 0 Border compliance (hours) 36 Paying taxes (rank) 116 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 103 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 68.78 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 64.40 Payments (number per year) 21 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 128 Border compliance (US$) 168 Time (days) 105 Total tax rate (% of profit) 60.5 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Cost (% of income per capita) 369.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 181 Resolving insolvency (rank) 116 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 29.39 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 37.66 Registering property (rank) 189 Time (days) 885 Time (years) 5.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 0.00 Cost (% of claim) 66.0 Cost (% of estate) 38 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 3.2 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Quality of land administration index (0–30) 0 MOLDOVA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,550 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 52 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 70.97 Population (m) 3.6 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 26 Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 33 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.17 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 92.39 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 10.8 Border compliance (hours) 3 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 170 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 44 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 51.59 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 76 Procedures (number) 27 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 78 Time (days) 276 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Building quality control index (0–15) 10.5 Border compliance (hours) 3 Paying taxes (rank) 78 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 104 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 76.28 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 64.36 Payments (number per year) 21 Documentary compliance (US$) 41 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 186 Border compliance (US$) 83 Time (days) 113 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.2 Domestic transport (US$) 198 Cost (% of income per capita) 778.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 67 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 60 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.87 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 53.85 Registering property (rank) 21 Time (days) 585 Time (years) 2.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 82.91 Cost (% of claim) 28.6 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.4 Time (days) 5.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 0.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22 MONGOLIA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,320 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 56 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.83 Population (m) 2.9 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 36 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 74 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.55 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 77.30 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 115 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 37 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 40.5 Domestic transport (hours) 27 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 25 Protecting minority investors (rank) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 64 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 78.25 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 73.33 Border compliance (US$) 41 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 594 Time (days) 137 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 115 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 22 Paying taxes (rank) 91 Domestic transport (hours) 27 Getting electricity (rank) 134 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 73.79 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 55.31 Payments (number per year) 41 Documentary compliance (US$) 83 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 148 Border compliance (US$) 60 Time (days) 79 Total tax rate (% of profit) 24.4 Domestic transport (US$) 594 Cost (% of income per capita) 520.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 80 Resolving insolvency (rank) 89 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.40 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 43.76 Registering property (rank) 44 Time (days) 374 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 74.59 Cost (% of claim) 30.6 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.4 Time (days) 10.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 2.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 221 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business MONTENEGRO Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 7,240 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 46 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.85 Population (m) 0.6 Starting a business (rank) 59 Getting credit (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 42 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 90.08 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 85.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 88.75 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 12 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 5 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 8 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 26.4 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 91 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 67 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 68.57 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 158 Procedures (number) 9 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 133 Time (days) 154 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 11.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 23 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 64 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 163 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 78.57 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 43.42 Payments (number per year) 17 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 314 Border compliance (US$) 306 Time (days) 142 Total tax rate (% of profit) 21.6 Domestic transport (US$) 169 Cost (% of income per capita) 464.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 43 Resolving insolvency (rank) 36 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 66.75 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 68.21 Registering property (rank) 79 Time (days) 545 Time (years) 1.4 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.81 Cost (% of claim) 25.7 Cost (% of estate) 8 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 48.3 Time (days) 69 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.5 MOROCCO Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 3,020 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 75 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.51 Population (m) 33.5 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 43 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 102 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.06 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 65.64 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 23.4 Border compliance (hours) 76 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export ✘ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 29 Protecting minority investors (rank) 105 Documentary compliance (US$) 107 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 77.65 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 50.00 Border compliance (US$) 247 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 105 Time (days) 91 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 74 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 152 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 62 Domestic transport (hours) 3 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 55 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 78.91 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 78.27 Payments (number per year) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 116 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 211 Border compliance (US$) 746 Time (days) 57 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.1 Domestic transport (US$) 101 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,953.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 59 Resolving insolvency (rank) 130 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 62.34 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.89 ✔ Registering property (rank) 76 Time (days) 510 Time (years) 3.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.32 Cost (% of claim) 25.2 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.1 Time (days) 30 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 5.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15.5 MOZAMBIQUE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 630 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 133 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 53.98 Population (m) 26.5 Starting a business (rank) 124 Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 129 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 80.23 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 58.20 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 19 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 70 Cost (% of income per capita) 15.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 78 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 5.6 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 31 Protecting minority investors (rank) 99 Documentary compliance (US$) 435 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 77.58 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 51.67 Border compliance (US$) 602 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Time (days) 111 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 14 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 120 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 164 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 67.78 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 43.37 Payments (number per year) 37 Documentary compliance (US$) 310 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 217 Border compliance (US$) 354 Time (days) 91 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.1 Domestic transport (US$) 345 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,276.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 184 Resolving insolvency (rank) 66 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 27.32 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 49.63 Registering property (rank) 105 Time (days) 950 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 58.99 Cost (% of claim) 119.0 Cost (% of estate) 21 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.1 Time (days) 40 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10 Cost (% of property value) 5.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 222 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business MYANMAR East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,270 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 167 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 45.27 Population (m) 53.7 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 160 Getting credit (rank) 174 Trading across borders (rank) 140 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 70.02 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 10.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 55.05 Procedures (number) 11 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 144 Cost (% of income per capita) 97.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 144 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 74 Protecting minority investors (rank) 184 Documentary compliance (US$) 140 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.03 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 26.67 Border compliance (US$) 432 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.0 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Time (days) 95 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 2.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 120 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 84 Domestic transport (hours) 5 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 148 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 74.80 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 50.92 Payments (number per year) 31 Documentary compliance (US$) 115 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 188 Border compliance (US$) 367 Time (days) 77 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.4 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,673.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 187 Resolving insolvency (rank) 162 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 24.53 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 20.39 Registering property (rank) 145 Time (days) 1,160 Time (years) 5.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 49.32 Cost (% of claim) 51.5 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.7 Time (days) 85 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4 NAMIBIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 5,820 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 101 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.17 Population (m) 2.3 Starting a business (rank) 164 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 118 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 68.92 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 61.47 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 66 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 90 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 62.8 Border compliance (hours) 120 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export ✘ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 66 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 348 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.24 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 745 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,000 Time (days) 137 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 6 Paying taxes (rank) 93 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Getting electricity (rank) 76 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 73.63 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 71.89 Payments (number per year) 27 Documentary compliance (US$) 63 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 302 Border compliance (US$) 145 Time (days) 37 Total tax rate (% of profit) 21.3 Domestic transport (US$) 765 Cost (% of income per capita) 338.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 103 Resolving insolvency (rank) 97 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 56.03 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 42.22 Registering property (rank) 174 Time (days) 460 Time (years) 2.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 38.61 Cost (% of claim) 35.8 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 34.9 Time (days) 52 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 Cost (% of property value) 13.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.5 NEPAL South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 730 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 99 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.41 Population (m) 28.1 Starting a business (rank) 105 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 60 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.48 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 81.60 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 17 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 19 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 1.3 Border compliance (hours) 64 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 12 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 78 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 85 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 70.25 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 226 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 266 Time (days) 86 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 8.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 30 Paying taxes (rank) 124 Domestic transport (hours) 19 Getting electricity (rank) 131 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 66.50 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 57.51 Payments (number per year) 34 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 334 Border compliance (US$) 156 Time (days) 70 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.5 Domestic transport (US$) 407 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,134.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 152 Resolving insolvency (rank) 86 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 45.26 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 44.19 Registering property (rank) 72 Time (days) 910 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.96 Cost (% of claim) 26.8 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.5 Time (days) 5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 4.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 223 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business NETHERLANDS OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 51,210 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 28 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.94 Population (m) 16.9 Starting a business (rank) 28 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.14 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 78.2 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 85 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.32 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 315 Time (days) 161 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 0 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 26 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 43 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 85.81 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 81.57 Payments (number per year) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 123 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 110 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.0 Domestic transport (US$) 315 Cost (% of income per capita) 30.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 91 Resolving insolvency (rank) 11 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 58.09 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 83.77 Registering property (rank) 30 Time (days) 514 Time (years) 1.1 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 80.03 Cost (% of claim) 23.9 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.9 Time (days) 2.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 28.5 NEW ZEALAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 43,837 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 2 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 86.79 Population (m) 4.5 Starting a business (rank) 1 Getting credit (rank) 1 Trading across borders (rank) 55 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 99.96 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 100.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 84.55 Procedures (number) 1 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 12 Time to export Time (days) 0.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 38 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 3 Protecting minority investors (rank) 1 Documentary compliance (US$) 67 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 87.92 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 83.33 Border compliance (US$) 337 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 9.3 Domestic transport (US$) 290 Time (days) 93 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 8.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 15 Border compliance (hours) 25 Paying taxes (rank) 22 Domestic transport (hours) 1 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 31 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 88.06 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 83.96 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 152 Border compliance (US$) 367 Time (days) 58 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.3 Domestic transport (US$) 262 Cost (% of income per capita) 75.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 15 Resolving insolvency (rank) 31 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 74.25 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 71.41 Registering property (rank) 1 Time (days) 216 Time (years) 1.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 94.46 Cost (% of claim) 27.2 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 2 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 83.3 Time (days) 1 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26 NICARAGUA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 1,830 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 125 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.78 Population (m) 6.2 Starting a business (rank) 123 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 81 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 80.49 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 74.49 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 72.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 48.7 Border compliance (hours) 60 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 16.3 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 168 Protecting minority investors (rank) 150 Documentary compliance (US$) 127 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 52.69 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 40.00 Border compliance (US$) 80 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 933 Time (days) 207 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 16 Building quality control index (0–15) 3.5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Paying taxes (rank) 165 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 94 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 50.59 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 68.02 Payments (number per year) 43 Documentary compliance (US$) 86 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 207 Border compliance (US$) 330 Time (days) 55 Total tax rate (% of profit) 63.9 Domestic transport (US$) 611 Cost (% of income per capita) 958.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 94 Resolving insolvency (rank) 103 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 57.79 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 40.13 Registering property (rank) 147 Time (days) 519 Time (years) 2.2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 48.61 Cost (% of claim) 26.8 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 33.9 Time (days) 58 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 5.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 224 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business NIGER Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 430 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 160 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 46.37 Population (m) 18.5 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 134 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 133 ✘ Trading across borders (rank) 158 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 77.62 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 44.35 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 15 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 51 Cost (% of income per capita) 67.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 46.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.3 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 178 Protecting minority investors (rank) 166 Documentary compliance (US$) 204 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 45.37 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 35.00 Border compliance (US$) 543 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 374 Time (days) 112 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 16.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 192 Building quality control index (0–15) 4 Border compliance (hours) 114 Paying taxes (rank) 156 Domestic transport (hours) 24 Getting electricity (rank) 169 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 56.87 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 40.89 Payments (number per year) 41 Documentary compliance (US$) 757 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 270 Border compliance (US$) 762 Time (days) 115 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.2 Domestic transport (US$) 618 Cost (% of income per capita) 6,284.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 154 Resolving insolvency (rank) 121 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 44.63 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 36.01 Registering property (rank) 126 Time (days) 545 Time (years) 5.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 52.99 Cost (% of claim) 52.6 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 14.7 Time (days) 35 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 9.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4 NIGERIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,950 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 169 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.69 Population (m) 178.5 Starting a business (rank) 139 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 182 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 77.13 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 18.05 Procedures (number) 8.7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 30.8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 131.4 Cost (% of income per capita) 31.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.7 Border compliance (hours) 159.4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.1 Domestic transport (hours) 27.1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 175 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 250 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 49.61 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 68.33 Border compliance (US$) 785.7 Procedures (number) 16.1 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 677.2 Time (days) 106.3 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 24.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 172.7 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.8 Border compliance (hours) 297.7 Paying taxes (rank) 181 Domestic transport (hours) 27.1 Getting electricity (rank) 182 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 32.17 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 30.91 Payments (number per year) 59 Documentary compliance (US$) 564.3 Procedures (number) 9 Time (hours per year) 907.9 Border compliance (US$) 1,076.8 Time (days) 181.2 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.3 Domestic transport (US$) 677.2 Cost (% of income per capita) 437.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 143 Resolving insolvency (rank) 143 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 48.59 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 30.68 ✔ Registering property (rank) 181 Time (days) 509.8 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 31.43 Cost (% of claim) 57.7 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 12.1 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 28.0 Time (days) 69.6 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 10.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 6.3 NORWAY OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 103,050 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 9 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 81.61 Population (m) 5.1 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 24 Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 45 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.29 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 87.82 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 4 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 62 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 62 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 4.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 26 Protecting minority investors (rank) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 78.01 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 71.67 Border compliance (US$) 125 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 600 Time (days) 110.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Border compliance (hours) 2 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 14 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 18 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 91.36 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 87.46 Payments (number per year) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 83 Border compliance (US$) 125 Time (days) 66 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.5 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Cost (% of income per capita) 11.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 8 Resolving insolvency (rank) 6 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 77.14 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 85.71 Registering property (rank) 13 Time (days) 280 Time (years) 0.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 87.67 Cost (% of claim) 9.9 Cost (% of estate) 1 Procedures (number) 1 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 92.5 Time (days) 3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 2.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 20.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 225 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business OMAN Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 19,002 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 70 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.40 Population (m) 3.9 Starting a business (rank) 149 Getting credit (rank) 126 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 69 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 74.98 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 35.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 79.35 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 31 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 53 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 273.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 23.3 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 46 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 107 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 74.92 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 223 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Time (days) 157 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Building quality control index (0–15) 10.5 Border compliance (hours) 70 Paying taxes (rank) 10 Domestic transport (hours) 7 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 60 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 92.91 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 76.27 Payments (number per year) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 20 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 68 Border compliance (US$) 354 Time (days) 62 Total tax rate (% of profit) 22.9 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Cost (% of income per capita) 64.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 70 Resolving insolvency (rank) 105 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.62 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 39.28 Registering property (rank) 33 Time (days) 598 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 77.37 Cost (% of claim) 13.5 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 2 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.1 Time (days) 16 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.5 PAKISTAN South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,410 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 138 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.69 Population (m) 185.1 Starting a business (rank) 122 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 169 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 80.94 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 38.11 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 19 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 61.7 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 4.8 Border compliance (hours) 78.9 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 6.7 Domestic transport (hours) 13.5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 61 Protecting minority investors (rank) 25 Documentary compliance (US$) 307.1 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.62 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 66.67 Border compliance (US$) 426.4 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 265 Time (days) 250.4 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 152.6 Building quality control index (0–15) 13.7 Border compliance (hours) 140.6 Paying taxes (rank) 171 Domestic transport (hours) 12.2 Getting electricity (rank) 157 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 44.46 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 45.47 Payments (number per year) 47 Documentary compliance (US$) 785.7 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 594 Border compliance (US$) 957.1 Time (days) 178.3 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.6 Domestic transport (US$) 305 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,225.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 151 Resolving insolvency (rank) 94 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 45.35 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 42.96 Registering property (rank) 137 Time (days) 993.2 Time (years) 2.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 50.31 Cost (% of claim) 23.0 Cost (% of estate) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.2 Time (days) 50 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 7.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5 PALAU East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 11,110 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 136 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 53.43 Population (m) 0.0 Starting a business (rank) 116 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 155 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 81.85 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 46.22 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 28 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 102 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 8.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 101 Protecting minority investors (rank) 182 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.56 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 28.33 Border compliance (US$) 505 Procedures (number) 19 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.3 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Time (days) 72 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 2.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 84 Paying taxes (rank) 131 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 138 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 64.65 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 54.81 Payments (number per year) 11 Documentary compliance (US$) 143 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 142 Border compliance (US$) 605 Time (days) 125 Total tax rate (% of profit) 75.4 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Cost (% of income per capita) 73.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 130 Resolving insolvency (rank) 166 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 50.36 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 16.28 Registering property (rank) 46 Time (days) 810 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 74.28 Cost (% of claim) 35.3 Cost (% of estate) 23 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.3 Time (days) 14 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 226 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business PANAMA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 10,970 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 69 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.74 Population (m) 3.9 Starting a business (rank) 44 Getting credit (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 54 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.95 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 85.47 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 60.7 Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 70 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.21 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 270 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 390 Time (days) 98 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 24 Paying taxes (rank) 166 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 32 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 48.60 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 83.54 Payments (number per year) 52 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 417 Border compliance (US$) 490 Time (days) 35 Total tax rate (% of profit) 37.2 Domestic transport (US$) 390 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 148 Resolving insolvency (rank) 132 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 46.25 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.58 Registering property (rank) 84 Time (days) 686 Time (years) 2.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.16 Cost (% of claim) 38.0 Cost (% of estate) 25 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.6 Time (days) 22.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 2.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 11 PAPUA NEW GUINEA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 2,043 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 145 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 50.74 Population (m) 7.5 Starting a business (rank) 138 Getting credit (rank) 167 Trading across borders (rank) 163 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 77.29 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 15.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 42.28 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 53 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 17.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 3.5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 127 Protecting minority investors (rank) 99 Documentary compliance (US$) 375 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.73 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 51.67 Border compliance (US$) 675 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Time (days) 217 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 120 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Paying taxes (rank) 110 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 98 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 69.50 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 65.47 Payments (number per year) 32 Documentary compliance (US$) 425 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 207 Border compliance (US$) 810 Time (days) 66 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.3 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 47.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 169 Resolving insolvency (rank) 138 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 36.21 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 31.75 Registering property (rank) 119 Time (days) 591 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 55.54 Cost (% of claim) 110.3 Cost (% of estate) 23 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.2 Time (days) 72 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 PARAGUAY Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 4,150 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 100 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.19 Population (m) 6.9 Starting a business (rank) 135 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 135 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 77.52 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 56.09 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 35 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 39.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 44.6 Border compliance (hours) 144 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 23.1 Domestic transport (hours) 144 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 55 Protecting minority investors (rank) 144 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 73.63 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 41.67 Border compliance (US$) 815 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,000 Time (days) 120 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 2.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 48 Paying taxes (rank) 111 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Getting electricity (rank) 96 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 69.45 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 67.11 Payments (number per year) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 135 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 378 Border compliance (US$) 500 Time (days) 67 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.0 Domestic transport (US$) 800 Cost (% of income per capita) 157.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 75 Resolving insolvency (rank) 102 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.18 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 40.18 Registering property (rank) 78 Time (days) 591 Time (years) 3.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.06 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 9.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.5 Time (days) 46 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 1.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 227 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business PERU Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,410 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 50 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.33 Population (m) 30.8 Starting a business (rank) 97 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 15 Trading across borders (rank) 88 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.02 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 80.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 71.45 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 26 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 35.2 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 48 Protecting minority investors (rank) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 74.69 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 60.00 Border compliance (US$) 460 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 278 Time (days) 174 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 72 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 50 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 64 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.18 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 75.96 Payments (number per year) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 260 Border compliance (US$) 583 Time (days) 67 Total tax rate (% of profit) 35.9 Domestic transport (US$) 278 Cost (% of income per capita) 324.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 69 Resolving insolvency (rank) 74 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.70 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 47.57 Registering property (rank) 35 Time (days) 426 Time (years) 3.1 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 76.77 Cost (% of claim) 35.7 Cost (% of estate) 7 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.3 Time (days) 6.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10 Cost (% of property value) 3.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17 PHILIPPINES East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,440 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 103 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.07 Population (m) 100.1 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 165 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 95 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 68.56 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 69.39 Procedures (number) 16 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 29 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.0 Border compliance (hours) 42 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 3.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 99 Protecting minority investors (rank) 155 Documentary compliance (US$) 53 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.71 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 38.33 Border compliance (US$) 456 Procedures (number) 24 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 381 Time (days) 98 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 72 Paying taxes (rank) 126 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 19 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 66.23 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 86.89 Payments (number per year) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 50 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 193 Border compliance (US$) 580 Time (days) 42 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.9 Domestic transport (US$) 381 Cost (% of income per capita) 28.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 140 Resolving insolvency (rank) 53 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.24 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 56.81 Registering property (rank) 112 Time (days) 842 Time (years) 2.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 57.53 Cost (% of claim) 31.0 Cost (% of estate) 32 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.4 Time (days) 35 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 POLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 13,730 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 25 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 76.45 Population (m) 38.0 Starting a business (rank) 85 Getting credit (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.94 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 30 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 91.0 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 14 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 52 Protecting minority investors (rank) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 74.24 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 60.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,000 Time (days) 156 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 0 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 58 Domestic transport (hours) 14 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 49 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 79.63 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 80.15 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 271 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 133 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.3 Domestic transport (US$) 1,000 Cost (% of income per capita) 19.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 55 Resolving insolvency (rank) 32 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 63.44 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 70.43 Registering property (rank) 41 Time (days) 685 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 75.65 Cost (% of claim) 19.4 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 58.3 Time (days) 33 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 228 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business PORTUGAL OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 21,320 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 23 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 77.57 Population (m) 10.4 Starting a business (rank) 13 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 96.28 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 2.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 16.1 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 36 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 76.42 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 598 Time (days) 113 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 0 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 65 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Getting electricity (rank) 25 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 78.54 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 84.73 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 275 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 52 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.0 Domestic transport (US$) 598 Cost (% of income per capita) 37.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 20 Resolving insolvency (rank) 8 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 73.01 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 84.79 Registering property (rank) 27 Time (days) 547 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 80.26 Cost (% of claim) 13.8 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 1 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 73.4 Time (days) 1 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 7.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21 PUERTO RICO (U.S.) Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 19,210 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 57 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.73 Population (m) 3.5 Starting a business (rank) 51 Getting credit (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 93 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.11 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 85.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 70.16 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 48 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 135 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 223 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.21 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 586 Procedures (number) 20 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 336 Time (days) 165 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 6.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 48 Paying taxes (rank) 134 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 57 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 63.93 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 76.58 Payments (number per year) 16 Documentary compliance (US$) 223 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 218 Border compliance (US$) 586 Time (days) 32 Total tax rate (% of profit) 65.8 Domestic transport (US$) 336 Cost (% of income per capita) 346.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 100 Resolving insolvency (rank) 7 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 56.41 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 84.84 Registering property (rank) 164 Time (days) 620 Time (years) 2.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 43.77 Cost (% of claim) 25.6 Cost (% of estate) 11 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 70.5 Time (days) 193.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15 Cost (% of property value) 0.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.5 QATAR Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 90,420 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 68 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 65.97 Population (m) 2.3 Starting a business (rank) 109 Getting credit (rank) 133 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 119 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.22 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 61.41 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 8.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 10 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 30 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 61.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 26.5 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 8 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 84.41 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 382 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Time (days) 57 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 88 Paying taxes (rank) 1 Domestic transport (hours) 19 Getting electricity (rank) 111 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 99.44 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 62.98 Payments (number per year) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 617 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 41 Border compliance (US$) 754 Time (days) 90 Total tax rate (% of profit) 11.3 Domestic transport (US$) 267 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 112 Resolving insolvency (rank) 51 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 54.64 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 58.39 Registering property (rank) 28 Time (days) 570 Time (years) 2.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 80.23 Cost (% of claim) 21.6 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 56.2 Time (days) 13 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 229 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business ROMANIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 9,370 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 37 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 73.78 Population (m) 19.9 Starting a business (rank) 45 Getting credit (rank) 7 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.94 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 85.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 50.1 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 15.9 Domestic transport (hours) 9 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 105 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.19 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 650 Time (days) 257 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 0 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 55 Domestic transport (hours) 9 Getting electricity (rank) 133 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 80.69 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 56.44 Payments (number per year) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 159 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 182 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.0 Domestic transport (US$) 650 Cost (% of income per capita) 573.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 34 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 46 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 69.23 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 59.77 Registering property (rank) 64 Time (days) 512 Time (years) 3.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 69.19 Cost (% of claim) 28.9 Cost (% of estate) 11 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 32.7 Time (days) 19 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.5 Cost (% of property value) 1.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16 RUSSIAN FEDERATION Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 13,210 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 51 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 70.99 Population (m) 143.8 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 41 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 170 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.35 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 37.39 Procedures (number) 4.4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 10.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 42.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 70.2 Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 15.3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 119 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 500 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 65.23 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 1,125 Procedures (number) 19 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 744.1 Time (days) 263.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 42.50 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 96 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 47 Domestic transport (hours) 15.3 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 29 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.60 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 84.22 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 500 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 168 Border compliance (US$) 1,125 Time (days) 160.5 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.0 Domestic transport (US$) 744.1 Cost (% of income per capita) 93.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 5 Resolving insolvency (rank) 51 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 78.56 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 58.39 ✔ Registering property (rank) 8 Time (days) 307 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 90.51 Cost (% of claim) 16.5 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.7 Time (days) 15 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26 RWANDA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 650 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 62 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.12 Population (m) 12.1 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 111 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 2 ✘ Trading across borders (rank) 156 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.05 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 95.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 45.17 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 Time to export Time (days) 5.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 42 Cost (% of income per capita) 55.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 18.8 Border compliance (hours) 97 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 5.4 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 37 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 110 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 76.34 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 183 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 293 Time (days) 77 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 290 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 282 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 48 Domestic transport (hours) 11 Getting electricity (rank) 118 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.48 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 60.04 Payments (number per year) 25 Documentary compliance (US$) 366 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 109 Border compliance (US$) 680 Time (days) 34 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.0 Domestic transport (US$) 363 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,932.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 127 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 72 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 51.21 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 47.82 Registering property (rank) 12 Time (days) 230 Time (years) 2.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 87.75 Cost (% of claim) 82.7 Cost (% of estate) 29 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 19.2 Time (days) 32 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 0.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 25 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 230 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business SAMOA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,050 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 96 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.70 Population (m) 0.2 Starting a business (rank) 39 Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 151 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.46 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 49.35 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 6 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 93 Protecting minority investors (rank) 57 Documentary compliance (US$) 1,050 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 68.30 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 58.33 Border compliance (US$) 1,400 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Time (days) 62 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 25 Building quality control index (0–15) 6 Border compliance (hours) 12 Paying taxes (rank) 100 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 52 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 72.10 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 79.67 Payments (number per year) 37 Documentary compliance (US$) 800 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 224 Border compliance (US$) 900 Time (days) 34 Total tax rate (% of profit) 18.1 Domestic transport (US$) 210 Cost (% of income per capita) 623.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 79 Resolving insolvency (rank) 133 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.42 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.23 Registering property (rank) 65 Time (days) 455 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 69.13 Cost (% of claim) 19.7 Cost (% of estate) 38 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.2 Time (days) 15 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7.5 Cost (% of property value) 3.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 SAN MARINO Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 56,806 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 76 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.21 Population (m) 0.0 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 113 Getting credit (rank) 181 Trading across borders (rank) 18 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 82.69 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 5.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 98.22 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 16.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 9.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 29.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 64 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.37 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 70 Time (days) 145.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 4 Paying taxes (rank) 32 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 10 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 84.14 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 90.63 Payments (number per year) 19 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 52 Border compliance (US$) 150 Time (days) 45 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.5 Domestic transport (US$) 70 Cost (% of income per capita) 59.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 82 Resolving insolvency (rank) 106 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.25 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 39.15 Registering property (rank) 80 Time (days) 575 Time (years) 2.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.65 Cost (% of claim) 13.9 Cost (% of estate) 5 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 46.6 Time (days) 42.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 4.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23 SÃO TOMÉ AND PRÍNCIPE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,570 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 166 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 45.50 Population (m) 0.2 Starting a business (rank) 31 Getting credit (rank) 185 Trading across borders (rank) 111 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 93.85 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 62.78 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 Time to export Time (days) 5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 46 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 121 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 121 Protecting minority investors (rank) 185 Documentary compliance (US$) 194 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 64.26 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 25.00 Border compliance (US$) 426 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 188 Time (days) 105 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 1.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 2.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 17 Building quality control index (0–15) 5 Border compliance (hours) 156 Paying taxes (rank) 164 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 115 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 51.65 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 60.32 Payments (number per year) 45 Documentary compliance (US$) 75 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 424 Border compliance (US$) 406 Time (days) 89 Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.2 Domestic transport (US$) 190 Cost (% of income per capita) 905.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 182 Resolving insolvency (rank) 158 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 29.36 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 23.73 Registering property (rank) 162 Time (days) 1,065 Time (years) 6.2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 44.03 Cost (% of claim) 50.5 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 9.3 Time (days) 62 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 9.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 4.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 231 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business SAUDI ARABIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 25,818 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 82 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.17 Population (m) 29.4 Starting a business (rank) 130 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 150 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 78.66 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 49.62 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 19 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 90 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 47.4 Border compliance (hours) 69 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 17 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 17 Protecting minority investors (rank) 99 Documentary compliance (US$) 105 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 80.75 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 51.67 Border compliance (US$) 264 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,408 Time (days) 106 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 131 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 228 Paying taxes (rank) 3 Domestic transport (hours) 14 Getting electricity (rank) 24 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 99.23 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 84.83 Payments (number per year) 3 Documentary compliance (US$) 390 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 64 Border compliance (US$) 779 Time (days) 61 Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,692 Cost (% of income per capita) 26.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 86 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 58.78 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 ✔ Registering property (rank) 31 Time (days) 575 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 78.15 Cost (% of claim) 27.5 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 6 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9.5 SENEGAL Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,050 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 153 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.57 Population (m) 14.5 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 85 Getting credit (rank) 133 Trading across borders (rank) 113 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.94 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 62.05 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 26 Cost (% of income per capita) 63.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 41 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 4.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.5 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 148 Protecting minority investors (rank) 155 Documentary compliance (US$) 96 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 59.89 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 38.33 Border compliance (US$) 486 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 122 Time (days) 200 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 7.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 54 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 56 Paying taxes (rank) 183 Domestic transport (hours) 2 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 170 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 29.83 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 40.18 Payments (number per year) 58 Documentary compliance (US$) 545 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 620 Border compliance (US$) 885 Time (days) 81 Total tax rate (% of profit) 47.3 Domestic transport (US$) 147 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,689.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 145 Resolving insolvency (rank) 88 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 48.15 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 43.85 ✔ Registering property (rank) 152 Time (days) 740 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 47.49 Cost (% of claim) 36.4 Cost (% of estate) 20 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.2 Time (days) 71 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 10.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 SERBIA Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 5,820 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 59 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 68.41 Population (m) 7.1 Starting a business (rank) 65 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 23 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.94 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 95.08 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 12 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 4 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 139 Protecting minority investors (rank) 81 Documentary compliance (US$) 66 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 61.47 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 55.00 Border compliance (US$) 47 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 267 Time (days) 272 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 3 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 143 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 63 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 61.87 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 75.98 Payments (number per year) 42 Documentary compliance (US$) 71 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 244.3 Border compliance (US$) 52 Time (days) 131 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.7 Domestic transport (US$) 214 Cost (% of income per capita) 428.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 73 Resolving insolvency (rank) 50 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.26 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 58.52 Registering property (rank) 73 Time (days) 635 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 66.95 Cost (% of claim) 34.0 Cost (% of estate) 20 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 30.3 Time (days) 54 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13.5 Cost (% of property value) 2.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 232 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business SEYCHELLES Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 13,990 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 95 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.05 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 131 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 86 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 78.55 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 71.54 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 32 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 84 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 47.5 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 123 Protecting minority investors (rank) 105 Documentary compliance (US$) 115 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 63.53 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 50.00 Border compliance (US$) 332 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 253 Time (days) 151 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 33 Building quality control index (0–15) 6 Border compliance (hours) 99 Paying taxes (rank) 43 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Getting electricity (rank) 139 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.82 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 54.63 Payments (number per year) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 93 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 85 Border compliance (US$) 341 Time (days) 137 Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.1 Domestic transport (US$) 253 Cost (% of income per capita) 385.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 138 Resolving insolvency (rank) 63 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.39 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 52.41 Registering property (rank) 67 Time (days) 915 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 68.67 Cost (% of claim) 15.4 Cost (% of estate) 11 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.3 Time (days) 33 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 10 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.5 SIERRA LEONE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 720 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 147 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 49.69 Population (m) 6.2 Starting a business (rank) 99 Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 164 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 84.73 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 42.07 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 134 Cost (% of income per capita) 44.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 55 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.2 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 142 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 227 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 60.90 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 552 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 250 Time (days) 166 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 137 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 182 Paying taxes (rank) 129 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 178 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 65.29 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 34.66 Payments (number per year) 34 Documentary compliance (US$) 387 Procedures (number) 8 Time (hours per year) 344 Border compliance (US$) 782 Time (days) 82 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.0 Domestic transport (US$) 199 Cost (% of income per capita) 4,066.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 105 Resolving insolvency (rank) 142 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 55.92 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 30.81 Registering property (rank) 159 Time (days) 515 Time (years) 2.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 44.21 Cost (% of claim) 39.5 Cost (% of estate) 42 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 10.8 Time (days) 56 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8 Cost (% of property value) 10.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 SINGAPORE East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 55,150 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 1 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 87.34 Population (m) 5.5 Starting a business (rank) 10 Getting credit (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 41 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 96.49 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 89.35 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 2.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 58.6 Border compliance (hours) 12 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 1 Protecting minority investors (rank) 1 Documentary compliance (US$) 37 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 92.97 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 83.33 Border compliance (US$) 335 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 9.3 Domestic transport (US$) 212 Time (days) 26 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 8.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 35 Paying taxes (rank) 5 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 6 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 96.56 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 94.34 Payments (number per year) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 37 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 83.5 Border compliance (US$) 220 Time (days) 31 Total tax rate (% of profit) 18.4 Domestic transport (US$) 214 Cost (% of income per capita) 25.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 1 Resolving insolvency (rank) 27 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 84.91 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 74.83 Registering property (rank) 17 Time (days) 150 Time (years) 0.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 85.66 Cost (% of claim) 25.8 Cost (% of estate) 3 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 89.7 Time (days) 4.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 2.9 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 233 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business SLOVAK REPUBLIC OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 17,765 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 29 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.62 Population (m) 5.4 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 68 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.54 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 11.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 67.3 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 18.5 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 3.2 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 84 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.48 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 85 Time (days) 286 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 0 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 73 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 48 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 76.79 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 80.30 Payments (number per year) 10 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 188 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 121 Total tax rate (% of profit) 51.2 Domestic transport (US$) 85 Cost (% of income per capita) 54.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 63 Resolving insolvency (rank) 33 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 61.69 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 70.04 Registering property (rank) 5 Time (days) 705 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 90.99 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 54.7 Time (days) 16.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 13 Cost (% of property value) 0.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 26.5 SLOVENIA OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 23,436 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 29 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.62 Population (m) 2.1 Starting a business (rank) 18 Getting credit (rank) 126 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.53 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 35.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 2 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 41.8 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 3.1 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 71 Protecting minority investors (rank) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 71.11 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 75.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.3 Domestic transport (US$) 119 Time (days) 224.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 12.5 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 35 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 35 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 83.74 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 82.89 Payments (number per year) 10 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 245 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 38 Total tax rate (% of profit) 31.0 Domestic transport (US$) 119 Cost (% of income per capita) 113.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 117 Resolving insolvency (rank) 12 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 53.90 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 83.39 Registering property (rank) 36 Time (days) 1,160 Time (years) 0.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 76.63 Cost (% of claim) 12.7 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.2 Time (days) 49.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23 SOLOMON ISLANDS East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,830 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 112 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.86 Population (m) 0.6 Starting a business (rank) 95 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 141 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.11 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 54.76 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 60 Cost (% of income per capita) 31.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 110 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 58 Protecting minority investors (rank) 105 Documentary compliance (US$) 215 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 73.12 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 50.00 Border compliance (US$) 630 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Time (days) 98 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 37 Building quality control index (0–15) 7.5 Border compliance (hours) 108 Paying taxes (rank) 68 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 90 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 78.42 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 69.01 Payments (number per year) 34 Documentary compliance (US$) 215 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 80 Border compliance (US$) 740 Time (days) 53 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.0 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,383.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 2 Enforcing contracts (rank) 160 Resolving insolvency (rank) 137 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 41.86 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 31.85 Registering property (rank) 158 Time (days) 455 Time (years) 1.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 44.43 Cost (% of claim) 78.9 Cost (% of estate) 38 Procedures (number) 10 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 24.3 Time (days) 86.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 4.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 234 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business SOUTH AFRICA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 6,800 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 73 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.89 Population (m) 54.0 Starting a business (rank) 120 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 130 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 81.18 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 58.01 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 46 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 68 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 62.0 Border compliance (hours) 100 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 16 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 90 Protecting minority investors (rank) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 170 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 71.67 Border compliance (US$) 428 Procedures (number) 19 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 8.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,550 Time (days) 141 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 36 Building quality control index (0–15) 10.5 Border compliance (hours) 144 Paying taxes (rank) 20 Domestic transport (hours) 16 Getting electricity (rank) 168 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 88.75 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 41.99 Payments (number per year) 7 Documentary compliance (US$) 213 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 200 Border compliance (US$) 657 Time (days) 226 Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.8 Domestic transport (US$) 1,550 Cost (% of income per capita) 670.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 119 Resolving insolvency (rank) 41 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 53.18 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 64.29 Registering property (rank) 101 Time (days) 600 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 60.79 Cost (% of claim) 33.2 Cost (% of estate) 18 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 35.3 Time (days) 23 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 14.5 Cost (% of property value) 6.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14 SOUTH SUDAN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 960 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 187 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 34.78 Population (m) 11.7 Starting a business (rank) 181 Getting credit (rank) 174 Trading across borders (rank) 179 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 53.96 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 10.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 20.57 Procedures (number) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 192 Cost (% of income per capita) 330.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 192 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 17 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 177 Protecting minority investors (rank) 181 Documentary compliance (US$) 194 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 47.63 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 30.00 Border compliance (US$) 763 Procedures (number) 23 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.7 Domestic transport (US$) 871 Time (days) 124 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 11.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 360 Building quality control index (0–15) 7 Border compliance (hours) 480 Paying taxes (rank) 104 Domestic transport (hours) 17 Getting electricity (rank) 187 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 71.45 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 22.64 Payments (number per year) 37 Documentary compliance (US$) 350 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 210 Border compliance (US$) 781 Time (days) 427 Total tax rate (% of profit) 29.0 Domestic transport (US$) 871 Cost (% of income per capita) 4,813.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 76 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.91 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 180 Time (days) 228 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 31.64 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 50 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 16.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5 SPAIN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 29,542 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 33 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 74.86 Population (m) 46.4 Starting a business (rank) 82 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 1 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.30 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 100.00 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 14 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 5.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 14.1 Border compliance (hours) 0 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 13.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 49.8 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 101 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.56 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 65.00 Border compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 638 Time (days) 205 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 0 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 60 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Getting electricity (rank) 74 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 79.48 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 72.96 Payments (number per year) 9 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 158 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 107 Total tax rate (% of profit) 50.0 Domestic transport (US$) 638 Cost (% of income per capita) 225.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 39 Resolving insolvency (rank) 25 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 67.63 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 75.83 Registering property (rank) 49 Time (days) 510 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 73.88 Cost (% of claim) 18.5 Cost (% of estate) 11 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 10 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 71.2 Time (days) 12.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 22.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 235 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business SRI LANKA South Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,400 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 107 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 58.96 Population (m) 20.6 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 98 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 90 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 84.98 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 70.70 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 76 Cost (% of income per capita) 18.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 50.3 Border compliance (hours) 43 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 77 Protecting minority investors (rank) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 58 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 70.39 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 60.00 Border compliance (US$) 366 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.0 Domestic transport (US$) 110 Time (days) 116 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 58 Building quality control index (0–15) 5.5 Border compliance (hours) 72 Paying taxes (rank) 158 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Getting electricity (rank) 81 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 55.23 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 70.82 Payments (number per year) 47 Documentary compliance (US$) 283 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 167 Border compliance (US$) 300 Time (days) 100 Total tax rate (% of profit) 55.2 Domestic transport (US$) 110 Cost (% of income per capita) 829.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 161 Resolving insolvency (rank) 78 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 39.31 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 46.40 Registering property (rank) 153 Time (days) 1,318 Time (years) 1.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 46.76 Cost (% of claim) 22.8 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 45.6 Time (days) 51 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 5.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 3.5 ST. KITTS AND NEVIS Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 14,540 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 124 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 55.83 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 90 Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 70 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.66 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 79.20 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 18.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 3 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 32 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 77.31 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 285 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 75 Time (days) 104 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 41 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 37 Paying taxes (rank) 147 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 84 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 60.64 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 70.02 Payments (number per year) 39 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 203 Border compliance (US$) 261 Time (days) 18 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.7 Domestic transport (US$) 82 Cost (% of income per capita) 264.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 42 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 66.87 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 170 Time (days) 578 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 40.31 Cost (% of claim) 20.5 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 11 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 82 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 13.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 9 ST. LUCIA Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 7,090 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 77 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.20 Population (m) 0.2 Starting a business (rank) 67 Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 72 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.68 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 78.60 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 11 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 50 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 63 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 74.51 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 533 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Time (days) 116 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 19 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Border compliance (hours) 27 Paying taxes (rank) 83 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 26 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 75.04 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 84.70 Payments (number per year) 35 Documentary compliance (US$) 98 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 110 Border compliance (US$) 657 Time (days) 19 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.7 Domestic transport (US$) 400 Cost (% of income per capita) 197.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 67 Resolving insolvency (rank) 109 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.87 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 38.73 Registering property (rank) 104 Time (days) 635 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 59.19 Cost (% of claim) 37.3 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.9 Time (days) 17 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 236 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business ST. VINCENT AND THE GRENADINES Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 6,560 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 111 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 57.91 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 77 Getting credit (rank) 152 Trading across borders (rank) 68 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.72 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 79.78 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 28 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 59 Protecting minority investors (rank) 66 Documentary compliance (US$) 80 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 72.74 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 56.67 Border compliance (US$) 200 Procedures (number) 14 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 191 Time (days) 92 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Building quality control index (0–15) 7 Border compliance (hours) 48 Paying taxes (rank) 97 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 79 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 72.76 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 71.13 Payments (number per year) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 108 Border compliance (US$) 875 Time (days) 52 Total tax rate (% of profit) 38.6 Domestic transport (US$) 190 Cost (% of income per capita) 55.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 31 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 70.08 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 160 Time (days) 394 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 44.17 Cost (% of claim) 30.3 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 38 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 11.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 SUDAN Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,740 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 159 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 46.97 Population (m) 38.8 Starting a business (rank) 146 Getting credit (rank) 167 Trading across borders (rank) 184 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 76.00 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 15.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 17.50 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 36 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 190 Cost (% of income per capita) 14.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 1.5 Border compliance (hours) 210 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 60 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 146 Protecting minority investors (rank) 166 Documentary compliance (US$) 428 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 60.12 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 35.00 Border compliance (US$) 1,060 Procedures (number) 15 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,145 Time (days) 270 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 132 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Border compliance (hours) 144 Paying taxes (rank) 140 Domestic transport (hours) 96 Getting electricity (rank) 102 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 62.34 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 64.74 Payments (number per year) 42 Documentary compliance (US$) 420 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 180 Border compliance (US$) 1,128 Time (days) 70 Total tax rate (% of profit) 45.4 Domestic transport (US$) 1,615 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,843.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 142 Resolving insolvency (rank) 154 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 48.76 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 26.45 Registering property (rank) 89 Time (days) 810 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 63.81 Cost (% of claim) 19.8 Cost (% of estate) 20 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 31.7 Time (days) 9 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 3 Cost (% of property value) 2.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 SURINAME Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 9,640 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 156 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 47.69 Population (m) 0.5 Starting a business (rank) 183 Getting credit (rank) 174 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 77 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 48.76 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 10.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 75.37 Procedures (number) 13 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 84 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 100.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 84 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 109 Protecting minority investors (rank) 166 Documentary compliance (US$) 40 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 66.44 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 35.00 Border compliance (US$) 348 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.3 Domestic transport (US$) 175 Time (days) 223 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 24 Building quality control index (0–15) 6.5 Border compliance (hours) 48 Paying taxes (rank) 75 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 93 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 76.45 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 68.44 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) 40 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 199 Border compliance (US$) 505 Time (days) 113 Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.9 Domestic transport (US$) 175 Cost (% of income per capita) 467.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 186 Resolving insolvency (rank) 128 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 25.94 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 34.21 Registering property (rank) 176 Time (days) 1,715 Time (years) 5.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 36.27 Cost (% of claim) 37.1 Cost (% of estate) 30 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 3.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.4 Time (days) 106 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 13.7 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 237 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business SWAZILAND Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 2,700 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 105 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 59.10 Population (m) 1.3 Starting a business (rank) 156 Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 30 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 73.46 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 92.68 Procedures (number) 12 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 30 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 23.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 46.4 Border compliance (hours) 3 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.4 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 80 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 76 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 134 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) 93 Time (days) 96 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Building quality control index (0–15) 7 Border compliance (hours) 5 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 79 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 155 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 76.16 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 46.35 Payments (number per year) 33 Documentary compliance (US$) 76 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 110 Border compliance (US$) 134 Time (days) 137 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.7 Domestic transport (US$) 93 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,042.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 175 Resolving insolvency (rank) 96 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 33.94 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 42.63 Registering property (rank) 113 Time (days) 956 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 57.42 Cost (% of claim) 56.1 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 38.6 Time (days) 21 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 7 Cost (% of property value) 7.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16 SWEDEN OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 61,600 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 8 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 81.72 Population (m) 9.7 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 16 Getting credit (rank) 70 Trading across borders (rank) 17 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.62 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 55.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 99.29 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 2 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 12.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 19 Protecting minority investors (rank) 14 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 80.42 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 71.67 Border compliance (US$) 55 Procedures (number) 7 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.3 Domestic transport (US$) 685 Time (days) 116 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 8.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 1 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 0 Paying taxes (rank) 37 Domestic transport (hours) 10 Getting electricity (rank) 7 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 83.46 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 93.08 Payments (number per year) 6 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 122 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 52 Total tax rate (% of profit) 49.1 Domestic transport (US$) 660 Cost (% of income per capita) 33.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 24 Resolving insolvency (rank) 19 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 72.04 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 78.75 Registering property (rank) 11 Time (days) 321 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 88.86 Cost (% of claim) 30.4 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 1 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 12 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 76.6 Time (days) 14 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 4.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 27 SWITZERLAND OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 88,790 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 26 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 76.04 Population (m) 8.2 Starting a business (rank) 69 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 40 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.47 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 90.16 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 26.1 Border compliance (hours) 1 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 24.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 56 Protecting minority investors (rank) 105 Documentary compliance (US$) 108 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 73.43 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 50.00 Border compliance (US$) 201 Procedures (number) 13 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.3 Domestic transport (US$) 86 Time (days) 156 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Building quality control index (0–15) 10 Border compliance (hours) 1 Paying taxes (rank) 19 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 5 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 89.13 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 94.42 Payments (number per year) 19 Documentary compliance (US$) 108 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 63 Border compliance (US$) 201 Time (days) 39 Total tax rate (% of profit) 28.8 Domestic transport (US$) 79 Cost (% of income per capita) 57.2 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 46 Resolving insolvency (rank) 44 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 66.07 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 62.60 ✔ Registering property (rank) 16 Time (days) 390 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 86.12 Cost (% of claim) 24.0 Cost (% of estate) 5 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 46.6 Time (days) 16 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 12 Cost (% of property value) 0.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 23.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 238 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business SYRIAN ARAB REPUBLIC Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,925 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 175 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 42.56 Population (m) 23.3 Starting a business (rank) 127 Getting credit (rank) 167 Trading across borders (rank) 173 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 79.77 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 15.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 29.83 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 13 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 2 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Cost (% of income per capita) 8.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 84 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 115.2 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 5.9 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 189 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 725 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 1,113 Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 450 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) NO PRACTICE Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 149 Building quality control index (0–15) 0 Border compliance (hours) 141 Paying taxes (rank) 119 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Getting electricity (rank) 120 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 67.89 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 59.86 Payments (number per year) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 742 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 336 Border compliance (US$) 828 Time (days) 71 Total tax rate (% of profit) 42.7 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Cost (% of income per capita) 339.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 157 Resolving insolvency (rank) 157 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 44.43 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 25.15 Registering property (rank) 136 Time (days) 872 Time (years) 4.1 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 50.35 Cost (% of claim) 29.3 Cost (% of estate) 16 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 17.7 Time (days) 19 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 28.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10.5 TAIWAN, CHINA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 22,598 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 11 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 80.55 Population (m) 23.4 Starting a business (rank) 22 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 65 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.41 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 80.11 Procedures (number) 3 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 31 Cost (% of income per capita) 2.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 93.3 Border compliance (hours) 17 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 6 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 6 Protecting minority investors (rank) 25 Documentary compliance (US$) 84 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 86.29 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 66.67 Border compliance (US$) 335 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Time (days) 93 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.4 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 41 Building quality control index (0–15) 13 Border compliance (hours) 47 Paying taxes (rank) 39 Domestic transport (hours) 6 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 2 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 82.78 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 99.43 Payments (number per year) 11 Documentary compliance (US$) 90 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 221 Border compliance (US$) 389 Time (days) 22 Total tax rate (% of profit) 34.5 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Cost (% of income per capita) 42.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 Enforcing contracts (rank) 16 Resolving insolvency (rank) 21 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 73.49 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 78.41 Registering property (rank) 18 Time (days) 510 Time (years) 1.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 83.89 Cost (% of claim) 17.7 Cost (% of estate) 4 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 81.8 Time (days) 4 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 6.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 28.5 TAJIKISTAN Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 1,060 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 132 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.19 Population (m) 8.4 Starting a business (rank) 57 Getting credit (rank) 109 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 132 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 90.26 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 57.05 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 66 Cost (% of income per capita) 21.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 15.9 Border compliance (hours) 75 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 152 Protecting minority investors (rank) 29 Documentary compliance (US$) 330 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 57.98 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 65.00 Border compliance (US$) 313 Procedures (number) 27 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 433 Time (days) 242 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 126 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 108 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 172 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 177 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 43.53 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 34.79 Payments (number per year) 28 Documentary compliance (US$) 260 Procedures (number) 9 Time (hours per year) 276 Border compliance (US$) 223 Time (days) 133 Total tax rate (% of profit) 81.8 Domestic transport (US$) 433 Cost (% of income per capita) 878.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 54 Resolving insolvency (rank) 147 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 63.49 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 29.04 Registering property (rank) 102 Time (days) 430 Time (years) 1.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 60.78 Cost (% of claim) 25.5 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 36.5 Time (days) 37 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 3 Cost (% of property value) 3.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 239 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business TANZANIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 930 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 139 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 51.62 Population (m) 50.8 Starting a business (rank) 129 Getting credit (rank) 152 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 180 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 79.58 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 25.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 20.21 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 26 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 18.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 4.97 Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 126 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 275 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.85 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 1,160 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 275 Time (days) 205 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 5.7 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 240 Building quality control index (0–15) 12.5 Border compliance (hours) 402 Paying taxes (rank) 150 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 83 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 59.25 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 70.29 Payments (number per year) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 375 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 179 Border compliance (US$) 1,350 Time (days) 109 Total tax rate (% of profit) 43.9 Domestic transport (US$) 275 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,021.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 64 Resolving insolvency (rank) 99 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 61.66 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 41.01 Registering property (rank) 133 Time (days) 515 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 51.37 Cost (% of claim) 14.3 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 21.0 Time (days) 67 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 4.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 THAILAND East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 5,410 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 49 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 71.42 Population (m) 67.2 Starting a business (rank) 96 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 56 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.07 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 84.10 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 27.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 11 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 60.2 Border compliance (hours) 51 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 39 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 97 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 75.64 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 223 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.7 Domestic transport (US$) 147 Time (days) 103 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 50 Paying taxes (rank) 70 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 11 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 77.70 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 90.50 Payments (number per year) 22 Documentary compliance (US$) 43 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 264 Border compliance (US$) 233 Time (days) 37 Total tax rate (% of profit) 27.5 Domestic transport (US$) 147 Cost (% of income per capita) 45.9 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 57 Resolving insolvency (rank) 49 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 62.69 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 58.84 Registering property (rank) 57 Time (days) 440 Time (years) 2.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 71.33 Cost (% of claim) 19.5 Cost (% of estate) 36 Procedures (number) 3 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.5 Time (days) 3 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11.5 Cost (% of property value) 6.3 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 13.5 TIMOR-LESTE East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,120 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 173 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.02 Population (m) 1.2 Starting a business (rank) 104 Getting credit (rank) 162 Trading across borders (rank) 92 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.63 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 20.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 70.35 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 Time to export Time (days) 9 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 33 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.3 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 96 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 156.6 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 5.8 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 154 Protecting minority investors (rank) 81 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 57.23 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 55.00 Border compliance (US$) 350 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 375 Time (days) 207 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.3 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Building quality control index (0–15) 4 Border compliance (hours) 96 Paying taxes (rank) 57 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 95 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 79.97 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 67.85 Payments (number per year) 18 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 276 Border compliance (US$) 410 Time (days) 63 Total tax rate (% of profit) 11.2 Domestic transport (US$) 375 Cost (% of income per capita) 733.4 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 189 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 6.13 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 189 Time (days) 1,285 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 0.00 Cost (% of claim) 163.2 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) NO PRACTICE Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 2.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) NO PRACTICE Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) NO PRACTICE Quality of land administration index (0–30) 0 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 240 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business TOGO Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 580 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 150 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 49.03 Population (m) 7.0 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 133 Getting credit (rank) 133 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 126 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 78.37 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 30.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 59.33 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 10 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) 15 Cost (% of income per capita) 77.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 26 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 34.7 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.5 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 179 Protecting minority investors (rank) 155 Documentary compliance (US$) 25 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 43.58 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 38.33 Border compliance (US$) 163 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.7 Domestic transport (US$) 365 Time (days) 165 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 14.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 203 Building quality control index (0–15) 2.5 Border compliance (hours) 256 Paying taxes (rank) 163 Domestic transport (hours) 2 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 109 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 51.70 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 63.18 Payments (number per year) 50 Documentary compliance (US$) 252 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 270 Border compliance (US$) 820 Time (days) 51 Total tax rate (% of profit) 48.5 Domestic transport (US$) 281 Cost (% of income per capita) 5,705.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 125 Resolving insolvency (rank) 93 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 51.80 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 43.12 Registering property (rank) 182 Time (days) 488 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 30.93 Cost (% of claim) 47.5 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.9 Time (days) 288 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 9.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 TONGA East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 4,280 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 78 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.13 Population (m) 0.1 Starting a business (rank) 53 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 87 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 90.72 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 71.52 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 16 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 3 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Cost (% of income per capita) 7.8 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 12.2 Border compliance (hours) 52 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 22 Protecting minority investors (rank) 115 Documentary compliance (US$) 70 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 79.00 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 46.67 Border compliance (US$) 201 Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 40 Time (days) 62 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.7 Documentary compliance (hours) 9 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 26 ✘ Paying taxes (rank) 82 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 61 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 75.37 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 76.26 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) 148 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 200 Border compliance (US$) 330 Time (days) 42 Total tax rate (% of profit) 30.1 Domestic transport (US$) 40 Cost (% of income per capita) 95.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 97 Resolving insolvency (rank) 131 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 57.32 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 33.60 Registering property (rank) 154 Time (days) 350 Time (years) 2.7 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 45.89 Cost (% of claim) 30.5 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 4.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.6 Time (days) 112 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 15.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.5 TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 16,562 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 88 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.58 Population (m) 1.3 Starting a business (rank) 72 Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 114 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 88.33 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 62.01 Procedures (number) 7 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 11.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 6 Documentary compliance (hours) 32 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 69.6 Border compliance (hours) 60 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 144 Protecting minority investors (rank) 36 Documentary compliance (US$) 250 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 60.87 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 63.33 Border compliance (US$) 549 Procedures (number) 16 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.0 Domestic transport (US$) 483 Time (days) 253 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 44 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 78 Paying taxes (rank) 114 Domestic transport (hours) 2 ✘ Getting electricity (rank) 27 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 68.89 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 84.30 Payments (number per year) 39 Documentary compliance (US$) 250 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 210 Border compliance (US$) 635 Time (days) 61 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.2 Domestic transport (US$) 330 Cost (% of income per capita) 198.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 167 Resolving insolvency (rank) 67 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 36.55 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 48.97 Registering property (rank) 151 Time (days) 1,340 Time (years) 2.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 47.50 Cost (% of claim) 33.5 Cost (% of estate) 25 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 27.1 Time (days) 77 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 241 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business TUNISIA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 4,459 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 74 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 64.88 Population (m) 11.0 Starting a business (rank) 103 Getting credit (rank) 126 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 91 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 83.64 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 35.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 70.50 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 11 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 3 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 50 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 28.9 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 57 Protecting minority investors (rank) 105 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 73.39 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 50.00 Border compliance (US$) 469 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 124 Time (days) 93 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 27 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 80 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 81 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 38 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 75.53 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 82.38 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 144 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 144 Border compliance (US$) 596 Time (days) 65 Total tax rate (% of profit) 59.9 Domestic transport (US$) 104 Cost (% of income per capita) 677.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 81 Resolving insolvency (rank) 57 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.33 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 54.53 Registering property (rank) 86 Time (days) 565 Time (years) 1.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 64.47 Cost (% of claim) 21.8 Cost (% of estate) 7 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 52.0 Time (days) 39 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 6.1 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 TURKEY Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 10,850 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 55 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 69.16 Population (m) 75.8 Starting a business (rank) 94 Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 62 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 85.18 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 81.00 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 3 Time to export Time (days) 7.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Cost (% of income per capita) 16.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 8 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 11.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 74.9 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 98 Protecting minority investors (rank) 20 Documentary compliance (US$) 87 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 67.82 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 68.33 Border compliance (US$) 356 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 6.7 Domestic transport (US$) 550 Time (days) 103 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 11 Building quality control index (0–15) 9.5 Border compliance (hours) 36 Paying taxes (rank) 61 Domestic transport (hours) 3 Getting electricity (rank) 36 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 79.44 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 82.84 Payments (number per year) 11 Documentary compliance (US$) 142 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 226 Border compliance (US$) 655 Time (days) 63 Total tax rate (% of profit) 40.9 Domestic transport (US$) 263 Cost (% of income per capita) 599.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 36 Resolving insolvency (rank) 124 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 68.87 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 35.09 Registering property (rank) 52 Time (days) 580 Time (years) 4.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 73.01 Cost (% of claim) 24.9 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 18.7 Time (days) 7 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8 Cost (% of property value) 4.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 21.5 UGANDA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 660 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 122 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 56.64 Population (m) 38.8 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 168 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 128 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 67.79 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 58.60 Procedures (number) 15 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 27 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 64 Cost (% of income per capita) 39.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 5.3 Border compliance (hours) 77 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 23 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 161 Protecting minority investors (rank) 99 Documentary compliance (US$) 102 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 54.59 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 51.67 Border compliance (US$) 287 Procedures (number) 18 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 391 Time (days) 159 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 9.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 138 Building quality control index (0–15) 8.5 Border compliance (hours) 149 Paying taxes (rank) 105 Domestic transport (hours) 23 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 167 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 71.32 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 42.61 Payments (number per year) 31 Documentary compliance (US$) 296 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 209 Border compliance (US$) 489 Time (days) 86 Total tax rate (% of profit) 36.5 Domestic transport (US$) 391 Cost (% of income per capita) 9,030.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 4 Enforcing contracts (rank) 78 Resolving insolvency (rank) 104 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 59.67 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 39.80 Registering property (rank) 120 Time (days) 490 Time (years) 2.2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 55.38 Cost (% of claim) 31.3 Cost (% of estate) 30 Procedures (number) 10 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 39.1 Time (days) 42 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 2.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 10 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 242 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business UKRAINE Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 3,560 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 83 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 63.04 Population (m) 45.4 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 30 Getting credit (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 109 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 93.88 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 63.72 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 8 Time to export Time (days) 7 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 36.7 Border compliance (hours) 26 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 140 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 292 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 61.36 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 75 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.0 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Time (days) 67 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 15.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 168 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 52 Paying taxes (rank) 107 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 137 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 70.69 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 54.84 Payments (number per year) 5 Documentary compliance (US$) 292 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 350 Border compliance (US$) 100 Time (days) 263 Total tax rate (% of profit) 52.2 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Cost (% of income per capita) 795.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 98 Resolving insolvency (rank) 141 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 57.11 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 31.05 Registering property (rank) 61 Time (days) 378 Time (years) 2.9 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 69.44 Cost (% of claim) 46.3 Cost (% of estate) 42 Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 8.3 Time (days) 23 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8.5 Cost (% of property value) 2.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 15.5 UNITED ARAB EMIRATES Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 43,480 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 31 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 75.10 Population (m) 9.4 Starting a business (rank) 60 Getting credit (rank) 97 Trading across borders (rank) 101 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 89.98 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 45.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 66.27 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 2 Time to export Time (days) 8 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 6 Cost (% of income per capita) 6.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 38.4 Border compliance (hours) 38 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 7.7 Domestic transport (hours) 8 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 2 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 178 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 88.79 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 60.00 Border compliance (US$) 650 Procedures (number) 8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 7.3 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Time (days) 43.5 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.0 Documentary compliance (hours) 37 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 72 Paying taxes (rank) 1 Domestic transport (hours) 8 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 4 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 99.44 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 95.28 Payments (number per year) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 283 Procedures (number) 3 Time (hours per year) 12 Border compliance (US$) 678 Time (days) 32 Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.9 Domestic transport (US$) 200 Cost (% of income per capita) 23.5 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 ✔ Enforcing contracts (rank) 18 Resolving insolvency (rank) 91 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 73.22 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 43.74 Registering property (rank) 10 Time (days) 495 Time (years) 3.2 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 89.23 Cost (% of claim) 19.5 Cost (% of estate) 20 Procedures (number) 2 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 29.0 Time (days) 1.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9 Cost (% of property value) 0.2 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 20 UNITED KINGDOM OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 42,690 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 6 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 82.46 Population (m) 64.5 Starting a business (rank) 17 Getting credit (rank) 19 Trading across borders (rank) 38 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 94.57 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 91.40 Procedures (number) 4 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 4.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 4 Cost (% of income per capita) 0.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 24 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 23 Protecting minority investors (rank) 4 Documentary compliance (US$) 25 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 78.92 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 78.33 Border compliance (US$) 280 Procedures (number) 9 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 8.3 Domestic transport (US$) 483 Time (days) 105 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 7.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 7.8 Documentary compliance (hours) 2 Building quality control index (0–15) 9 Border compliance (hours) 8 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 15 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 15 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 91.34 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 89.12 Payments (number per year) 8 Documentary compliance (US$) 0 Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 110 Border compliance (US$) 205 Time (days) 79 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.0 Domestic transport (US$) 483 Cost (% of income per capita) 26.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 8 ✘ Enforcing contracts (rank) 33 Resolving insolvency (rank) 13 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 69.36 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 82.04 Registering property (rank) 45 Time (days) 437 Time (years) 1.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 74.50 Cost (% of claim) 43.9 Cost (% of estate) 6 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 15 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 88.6 Time (days) 21.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 11 Cost (% of property value) 4.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 24 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 243 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business UNITED STATES OECD high income GNI per capita (US$) 55,200 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 7 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 82.15 Population (m) 318.9 Starting a business (rank) 49 Getting credit (rank) 2 Trading across borders (rank) 34 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 91.22 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 95.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 92.01 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 11 Time to export Time (days) 5.6 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 1.5 Cost (% of income per capita) 1.1 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 1.5 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 48.4 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 33 Protecting minority investors (rank) 35 Documentary compliance (US$) 60 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 76.73 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 64.67 Border compliance (US$) 175 Procedures (number) 15.8 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 8.3 Domestic transport (US$) 3,222.9 Time (days) 80.6 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.6 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 6.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 7.5 Building quality control index (0–15) 10.6 Border compliance (hours) 1.5 Paying taxes (rank) 53 Domestic transport (hours) 77.8 Getting electricity (rank) 44 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 80.81 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 81.52 Payments (number per year) 10.6 Documentary compliance (US$) 100 Procedures (number) 4.8 Time (hours per year) 175 Border compliance (US$) 175 Time (days) 89.6 Total tax rate (% of profit) 43.9 Domestic transport (US$) 3,396 Cost (% of income per capita) 24.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 7 Enforcing contracts (rank) 21 Resolving insolvency (rank) 5 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 72.61 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 90.12 Registering property (rank) 34 Time (days) 420 Time (years) 1.5 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 76.85 Cost (% of claim) 30.5 Cost (% of estate) 8 Procedures (number) 4.4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 13.8 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 80.4 Time (days) 15.2 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 15 Cost (% of property value) 2.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 17.6 URUGUAY Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 16,360 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 92 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.21 Population (m) 3.4 ✘ Starting a business (rank) 61 Getting credit (rank) 59 Trading across borders (rank) 153 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 89.87 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 60.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 48.77 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 4 Time to export Time (days) 6.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 96 Cost (% of income per capita) 22.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 100.0 Border compliance (hours) 144 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 84.1 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 160 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 231 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 54.68 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 1,095 Procedures (number) 21 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 300 Time (days) 251 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Building quality control index (0–15) 8 Border compliance (hours) 13 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 130 Domestic transport (hours) 12 Getting electricity (rank) 40 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 65.25 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 82.12 Payments (number per year) 31 Documentary compliance (US$) 285 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 277 Border compliance (US$) 375 Time (days) 48 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.8 Domestic transport (US$) 1,175 Cost (% of income per capita) 12.7 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 104 Resolving insolvency (rank) 64 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 56.01 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 52.37 Registering property (rank) 110 Time (days) 725 Time (years) 1.8 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 58.01 Cost (% of claim) 19.0 Cost (% of estate) 7 Procedures (number) 8 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.1 Time (days) 66 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 9.5 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 20.5 UZBEKISTAN Europe & Central Asia GNI per capita (US$) 2,090 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 87 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.60 Population (m) 30.7 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 42 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 42 Trading across borders (rank) 159 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 92.18 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 65.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 44.31 Procedures (number) 5 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 6 Time to export Time (days) 6.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 174 Cost (% of income per capita) 3.4 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 19.4 Border compliance (hours) 112 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 52 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 151 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 292 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 58.75 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 278 Procedures (number) 23 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,065 Time (days) 176 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 4.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 174 Building quality control index (0–15) 10.5 Border compliance (hours) 111 Paying taxes (rank) 115 Domestic transport (hours) 2 Getting electricity (rank) 112 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 68.83 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 61.94 Payments (number per year) 33 Documentary compliance (US$) 292 Procedures (number) 7 Time (hours per year) 192.5 Border compliance (US$) 278 Time (days) 89 Total tax rate (% of profit) 41.1 Domestic transport (US$) 58 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,393.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 32 Resolving insolvency (rank) 75 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 70.04 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 47.24 ✔ Registering property (rank) 87 Time (days) 225 Time (years) 2.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 64.42 Cost (% of claim) 20.5 Cost (% of estate) 10 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 7.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 41.3 Time (days) 46 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8 Cost (% of property value) 1.4 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 16.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 244 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business VANUATU East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 3,097 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 94 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 61.08 Population (m) 0.3 Starting a business (rank) 147 Getting credit (rank) 28 ✔ Trading across borders (rank) 134 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 75.51 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 56.27 Procedures (number) 8 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 10 Time to export Time (days) 35 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 4 Documentary compliance (hours) 72 Cost (% of income per capita) 44.2 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.6 Border compliance (hours) 38 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 143 Protecting minority investors (rank) 134 Documentary compliance (US$) 282 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 60.88 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 43.33 Border compliance (US$) 709 Procedures (number) 12 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.3 Domestic transport (US$) 193 Time (days) 55 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 8.0 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 48 Building quality control index (0–15) 3 Border compliance (hours) 126 Paying taxes (rank) 54 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 82 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 80.79 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 70.50 Payments (number per year) 31 Documentary compliance (US$) 183 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 120 Border compliance (US$) 681 Time (days) 122 Total tax rate (% of profit) 8.5 Domestic transport (US$) 191 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,170.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 6 Enforcing contracts (rank) 139 Resolving insolvency (rank) 110 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.27 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 38.63 ✔ Registering property (rank) 81 Time (days) 430 Time (years) 2.6 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.63 Cost (% of claim) 56.0 Cost (% of estate) 38 Procedures (number) 4 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 42.7 Time (days) 58 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 7.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 18.5 VENEZUELA, RB Latin America & Caribbean GNI per capita (US$) 12,820 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 186 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 35.51 Population (m) 30.9 ✘ Starting a business (rank) 186 Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 186 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 40.38 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 6.14 Procedures (number) 17 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 1 Time to export Time (days) 144 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 528 Cost (% of income per capita) 88.7 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 28.2 Border compliance (hours) 816 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 125 Protecting minority investors (rank) 178 Documentary compliance (US$) 375 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 62.95 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 31.67 Border compliance (US$) 1,475 Procedures (number) 9 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 2.7 Domestic transport (US$) 1,375 Time (days) 381 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 3.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 1.1 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 3.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 1,090 Building quality control index (0–15) 11 Border compliance (hours) 1,330 Paying taxes (rank) 188 Domestic transport (hours) 5 Getting electricity (rank) 171 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 13.64 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 39.60 Payments (number per year) 70 Documentary compliance (US$) 400 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 792 Border compliance (US$) 1,750 Time (days) 178 Total tax rate (% of profit) 65.0 Domestic transport (US$) 1,375 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,783.3 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 141 Resolving insolvency (rank) 165 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 48.97 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 19.05 Registering property (rank) 129 Time (days) 610 Time (years) 4.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 52.67 Cost (% of claim) 43.7 Cost (% of estate) 38 Procedures (number) 9 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 6.4 Time (days) 52 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 2.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 5.5 VIETNAM East Asia & Pacific GNI per capita (US$) 1,890 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 90 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 62.10 Population (m) 90.7 ✔ Starting a business (rank) 119 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 28 Trading across borders (rank) 99 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 81.25 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 70.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 67.15 Procedures (number) 10 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 20 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 7 Documentary compliance (hours) 83 Cost (% of income per capita) 4.9 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 6.9 Border compliance (hours) 57 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 41.5 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 12 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) 139 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 82.21 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) 309 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 3.7 Domestic transport (US$) 181 Time (days) 166 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.3 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.8 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 106 Building quality control index (0–15) 14 Border compliance (hours) 64 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 168 Domestic transport (hours) 7 ✔ Getting electricity (rank) 108 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 45.41 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 63.34 Payments (number per year) 30 Documentary compliance (US$) 183 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 770 Border compliance (US$) 268 Time (days) 59 Total tax rate (% of profit) 39.4 Domestic transport (US$) 181 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,322.6 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 74 ✔ Resolving insolvency (rank) 123 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 60.22 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 35.83 Registering property (rank) 58 Time (days) 400 Time (years) 5.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 70.60 Cost (% of claim) 29.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6.5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 20.1 Time (days) 57.5 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 8 Cost (% of property value) 0.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 14 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. COUNTRY TABLES 245 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business WEST BANK AND GAZA Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,735 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 129 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 54.83 Population (m) 4.3 Starting a business (rank) 170 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 109 Trading across borders (rank) 84 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 66.99 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 40.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 72.10 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 Time to export Time (days) 44 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 52 Cost (% of income per capita) 82.5 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) 73 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 22.5 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Cost to export ✔ Dealing with construction permits (rank) 162 Protecting minority investors (rank) 144 Documentary compliance (US$) 288 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 53.89 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 41.67 Border compliance (US$) 196 Procedures (number) 17 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 188 Time (days) 108 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 2.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 18.6 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.2 Documentary compliance (hours) 45 Building quality control index (0–15) 12 Border compliance (hours) 31 Paying taxes (rank) 56 Domestic transport (hours) 1 Getting electricity (rank) 75 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 80.29 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 72.88 Payments (number per year) 28 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 Procedures (number) 5 Time (hours per year) 162 Border compliance (US$) 0 Time (days) 63 Total tax rate (% of profit) 15.3 Domestic transport (US$) 188 Cost (% of income per capita) 1,465.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 5 Enforcing contracts (rank) 90 Resolving insolvency (rank) 189 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 58.39 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 0.00 Registering property (rank) 95 Time (days) 540 Time (years) NO PRACTICE DTF score for registering property (0–100) 62.14 Cost (% of claim) 21.2 Cost (% of estate) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 7 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 0.0 Time (days) 49 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 0 Cost (% of property value) 3.0 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 12.5 YEMEN, REP. Middle East & North Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,381 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 170 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 44.54 Population (m) 25.0 Starting a business (rank) 152 Getting credit (rank) 185 Trading across borders (rank) 189 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 74.22 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 0.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 0.00 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 0 Time to export Time (days) 40 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 0 Documentary compliance (hours) NO PRACTICE Cost (% of income per capita) 68.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Border compliance (hours) NO PRACTICE Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 1.3 Domestic transport (hours) NO PRACTICE Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 89 Protecting minority investors (rank) 122 Documentary compliance (US$) NO PRACTICE DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 69.02 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 45.00 Border compliance (US$) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 11 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 4.3 Domestic transport (US$) NO PRACTICE Time (days) 184 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 4.7 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 0.9 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 4.5 Documentary compliance (hours) NO PRACTICE Building quality control index (0–15) 7.5 Border compliance (hours) NO PRACTICE Paying taxes (rank) 135 Domestic transport (hours) NO PRACTICE Getting electricity (rank) 150 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 63.72 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 49.77 Payments (number per year) 44 Documentary compliance (US$) NO PRACTICE Procedures (number) 4 Time (hours per year) 248 Border compliance (US$) NO PRACTICE Time (days) 110 Total tax rate (% of profit) 33.1 Domestic transport (US$) NO PRACTICE Cost (% of income per capita) 3,584.1 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 129 Resolving insolvency (rank) 151 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 50.37 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 28.08 Registering property (rank) 83 Time (days) 645 Time (years) 3.0 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 65.21 Cost (% of claim) 30.0 Cost (% of estate) 15 Procedures (number) 6 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 23.1 Time (days) 19 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 5 Cost (% of property value) 1.8 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7 ZAMBIA Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 1,760 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 97 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 60.50 Population (m) 15.0 ✘ Starting a business (rank) 78 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 19 ✘ Trading across borders (rank) 152 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 86.69 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 75.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 49.01 Procedures (number) 6 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 7 Time to export Time (days) 7.5 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 8 Documentary compliance (hours) 130 Cost (% of income per capita) 33.6 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 8.9 Border compliance (hours) 136 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 110 Protecting minority investors (rank) 88 Documentary compliance (US$) 200 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 66.29 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 53.33 Border compliance (US$) 370 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.7 Domestic transport (US$) 283 Time (days) 208 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 5.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 2.5 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.3 Documentary compliance (hours) 134 Building quality control index (0–15) 7.5 Border compliance (hours) 139 ✔ Paying taxes (rank) 46 Domestic transport (hours) 7 Getting electricity (rank) 123 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 81.66 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 59.13 Payments (number per year) 26 Documentary compliance (US$) 175 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 157 Border compliance (US$) 380 Time (days) 117 Total tax rate (% of profit) 18.6 Domestic transport (US$) 325 Cost (% of income per capita) 643.8 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 3 Enforcing contracts (rank) 134 Resolving insolvency (rank) 107 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 49.89 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 38.96 Registering property (rank) 157 Time (days) 611 Time (years) 2.4 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 45.08 Cost (% of claim) 38.7 Cost (% of estate) 9 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 6 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 37.5 Time (days) 45 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 13.5 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 7.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. 246 DOING BUSINESS 2016 ✔ Reform making it easier to do business ✘ Change making it more difficult to do business ZIMBABWE Sub-Saharan Africa GNI per capita (US$) 860 Ease of doing business rank (1–189) 155 Overall distance to frontier (DTF) score (0–100) 48.17 Population (m) 14.6 Starting a business (rank) 182 ✔ Getting credit (rank) 79 Trading across borders (rank) 100 DTF score for starting a business (0–100) 51.75 DTF score for getting credit (0–100) 50.00 DTF score for trading across borders (0–100) 66.83 Procedures (number) 9 Strength of legal rights index (0–12) 5 Time to export Time (days) 90 Depth of credit information index (0–8) 5 Documentary compliance (hours) 99 Cost (% of income per capita) 112.0 Credit bureau coverage (% of adults) 32.1 Border compliance (hours) 72 Minimum capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 Credit registry coverage (% of adults) 0.0 Domestic transport (hours) 36 Cost to export Dealing with construction permits (rank) 184 ✔ Protecting minority investors (rank) 81 Documentary compliance (US$) 170 DTF score for dealing with construction permits (0–100) 31.67 DTF score for protecting minority investors (0–100) 55.00 Border compliance (US$) 285 Procedures (number) 10 Extent of conflict of interest regulation index (0–10) 5.0 Domestic transport (US$) 862 Time (days) 448 Extent of shareholder governance index (0–10) 6.0 Time to import Cost (% of warehouse value) 25.2 Strength of minority investor protection index (0–10) 5.5 Documentary compliance (hours) 81 Building quality control index (0–15) 7 Border compliance (hours) 60 Paying taxes (rank) 145 Domestic transport (hours) 36 Getting electricity (rank) 161 DTF score for paying taxes (0–100) 61.39 Cost to import DTF score for getting electricity (0–100) 43.91 Payments (number per year) 49 Documentary compliance (US$) 150 Procedures (number) 6 Time (hours per year) 242 Border compliance (US$) 212 Time (days) 106 Total tax rate (% of profit) 32.8 Domestic transport (US$) 1,669 Cost (% of income per capita) 2,925.0 Reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index (0–8) 0 Enforcing contracts (rank) 166 Resolving insolvency (rank) 152 DTF score for enforcing contracts (0–100) 36.88 DTF score for resolving insolvency (0–100) 27.44 Registering property (rank) 114 Time (days) 410 Time (years) 3.3 DTF score for registering property (0–100) 56.85 Cost (% of claim) 83.1 Cost (% of estate) 22 Procedures (number) 5 Quality of judicial processes index (0–18) 5 Recovery rate (cents on the dollar) 16.1 Time (days) 36 Strength of insolvency framework index (0–16) 6 Cost (% of property value) 7.6 Quality of land administration index (0–30) 8.5 Note: Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of an economy, though for 11 economies the data are a population-weighted average for the two largest business cities. For some indicators a result of “no practice” may be recorded for an economy; see the data notes for more details. Doing Business 2016 Labor market regulation data R egulations are essential for the Historically, Doing Business has measured proper functioning of labor mar- flexibility in the regulation of employment kets. They can help correct market as it relates to the hiring and redundancy imperfections, support social cohesion of workers and the scheduling of working and encourage economic efficiency. Labor hours. This year the scope of data collec- market regulations cover a wide spectrum, tion has been expanded to better capture from rules governing arrangements for different dimensions of job quality. About individual contracts to mechanisms for a dozen new research questions related collective bargaining. Evidence from global to job quality have been introduced, studies shows that labor market regula- including on social protection, dispute tions can have an impact on a number of resolution mechanisms, availability of economic outcomes—including aggre- on-the-job training and equal treatment gate job flows, trends in productivity and of men and women. the speed of adjustment to shocks. The challenge in developing labor policies is Evidence from the data shows that to avoid the extremes of over- and under- employment flexibility can go hand in regulation by balancing labor flexibility hand with job quality. Denmark’s “flexi- with worker protection.1 curity” system offers flexibility in hiring and firing rules and provides a strong The negative effects of overregulation safety net for workers in the form of are well documented in the economic unemployment protection and social literature.2 For example, strict employment benefits, though its fiscal costs can be protection laws may discourage hiring high during periods of economic slow- and reduce economic growth by creating down. Several other OECD high-income disincentives for the movement of workers economies—such as Australia, Austria from lower- to higher-productivity jobs. and Switzerland—allow a long duration Underregulation can also have adverse for fixed-term contracts and flexibility effects. Firm productivity can decline if in redundancy rules while also offering workers are not allowed to take sick leave social benefits. or are constantly asked to work long hours with no weekly rest days. And under- The data presented in this year’s report regulation can undermine social cohesion provide a broader view of the different ele- in economies with no minimum wage ments of labor market regulation and can regulation, unemployment protection or help researchers and policy makers assess medical insurance. Data collected for this the balance between flexibility and worker year’s report show that 30 economies have protection in every economy. no minimum wage, 115 have no unemploy- ment insurance and 15 have no paid sick leave. These economies may fail to offer a NOTES basic level of protection for their workers, 1. See, for example, World Bank (2012). leaving them more vulnerable to economic 2. World Bank 2012. shocks. 248 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy No Afghanistan No 0.00 0.00 No 6 25 50 25 Yes No No Yes 20.0 6 Yes Yes limit No Albania Yes 204.79 0.38 Yes 5.5 50 25 25 Yes Yes No No 20.0 3 Yes No limit No Algeria Yes 227.21 0.34 No 6 0 0 50 Yes No No No 22.0 6 Yes Yes limit Angola Yes 12 226.14 0.26 No 6 25 10 50 Yes No Yes No 22.0 3 Yes Yes Antigua and No No 623.96 0.38 No 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 12.0 3 Yes No Barbuda limit Argentina Yes 60 1,184.23 0.63 No 5.5 13 100 50 No Yes No No 18.0 3 Yes No No Armenia Yes 119.35 0.26 No 6 30 100 50 No Yes No No 20.0 3 Yes No limit No Australia No 2,396.68 0.29 Yes 6 25 100 50 No Yes No No 20.0 6 Yes No limit No Austria No 1,764.62 0.29 No 5.5 83 100 50 Yes Yes No No 25.0 1 Yes Yes limit Azerbaijan No 60 133.52 0.15 No 6 40 150 100 Yes No No No 17.0 3 Yes No No Bahamas, The No 690.17 0.28 No 5 0 0 50 No Yes No No 11.7 6 Yes Yes limit Bahrain No 60 0.00 0.00 No 6 50 50 38 No No No No 30.0 3 Yes Yes Bangladesh No No 0.00 0.00 No 5.5 0 0 100 No Yes No No 17.0 3 Yes Yes (Dhaka) limit Bangladesh No No 0.00 0.00 No 5.5 0 0 100 No Yes No No 17.0 3 Yes Yes (Chittagong) limit No Barbados No 505.31 0.27 No 5 0 0 50 No Yes No No 20.3 n.a. Yes No limit No Belarus No 193.68 0.22 No 6 20 100 100 No Yes No No 18.0 3 Yes No limit No Belgium No 2,331.89 0.38 Yes 6 0 0 50 Yes Yes Yes No 20.0 0 Yes No limit No Belize No 386.10 0.61 No 6 0 50 50 No Yes No Yes 10.0 2 Yes Yes limit Benin No 48 80.03 0.65 No 6 0 0 12 No Yes No No 24.0 2 Yes Yes No Bhutan No 61.40 0.21 No 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 15.0 6 Yes Yes limit Boliviai Yes 24 196.98 0.51 No 6 25 100 100 No No No No 21.7 3 No n.a. LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 249 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? No Yes Yes No No Yes 4.3 17.3 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes 10.1 10.7 No Yes Yes 365 No No No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 4.3 13.0 Yes No Yes 98 Yes No Yes No 36 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4.3 26.7 Yes No Yes 90 Yes .. Yes Yes .. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No 3.4 12.8 No Yes Yes 91 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 7.2 23.1 Yes Yes Yes 90 Yes Yes No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No 6.0 5.0 Yes No Yes 140 Yes No No Yes 12 Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No 3.0 8.7 Yes Yes Yes 126 No Yes No Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 2.0 0.0 Yes No Yes 112 Yes Yes No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No 8.7 13.0 Yes Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 2.0 10.7 No Yes Yes 91 Yes Yes No Yes 3 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 0.0 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes Yes Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 26.7 Yes No Yes 112 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 26.7 Yes No Yes 112 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes 2.7 13.3 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No 8.7 13.0 Yes No Yes 126 Yes Yes No Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 19.7 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 105 No Yes No No 14.4 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.7 8.3 No No Yes 98 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 7.3 No Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 8.3 0.0 No No Yes 56 Yes Yes No No n.a. No Yes Yes n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Yes No Yes 90 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes 250 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy Bosnia and No 24 376.72 0.65 Yes 6 30 20 30 No Yes No No 18.0 6 Yes No Herzegovina No Botswana No 93.63 0.09 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 15.0 3 Yes Yes limit Brazil Yes 24 435.59 0.30 Yes 6 20 100 50 Yes Yes No No 26.0 3 Yes No (São Paulo) Brazil Yes 24 451.44 0.32 Yes 6 20 100 50 Yes Yes No No 26.0 3 Yes No (Rio de Janeiro) Brunei No No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 50 50 No Yes No No 13.3 n.a. Yes No Darussalam limit Bulgaria No 36 241.89 0.26 Yes 6 3 0 50 Yes Yes No Yes 20.0 6 Yes No No Burkina Faso No 107.95 0.95 No 6 0 0 15 No Yes Yes No 22.0 2 Yes No limit No Burundi No 2.41 0.06 No 6 35 0 35 No Yes No No 21.0 6 Yes No limit Cabo Verde Yes 60 131.84 0.30 No 6 25 100 50 No Yes No No 22.0 2 Yes Yes Cambodia No 24 0.00 0.00 No 6 30 0 50 No Yes No No 19.3 1 Yes No Cameroon No 48 70.29 0.34 No 6 0 0 20 No Yes No No 25.0 1 Yes Yes No Canada No 1,800.43 0.28 Yes 6 0 0 50 No Yes No Yes 10.0 3 Yes No limit Central African Yes 24 33.60 0.69 No 6 0 50 .. No Yes Yes No 25.3 2 Yes Yes Republic Chad No 48 121.90 0.72 Yes 6 0 100 10 Yes No No No 24.7 3 Yes Yes Chile No 12 419.05 0.23 Yes 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 15.0 n.a. Yes Yes China No No 321.57 0.38 Yes 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 6.7 6 Yes Yes (Shanghai) limit No China (Beijing) No 273.81 0.32 Yes 6 34 100 50 No Yes No No 6.7 6 Yes Yes limit No Colombia No 335.93 0.34 Yes 6 35 75 25 No Yes No No 15.0 2 Yes No limit Comoros No 36 0.00 0.00 No 6 28 0 25 No Yes Yes No 22.0 6 Yes Yes Congo, Dem. Yes 48 65.00 0.73 No 5 25 0 38 Yes Yes No No 13.0 1 Yes Yes Rep. Congo, Rep. Yes 24 209.17 0.51 No 6 0 0 14 No Yes Yes Yes 29.7 4 Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 251 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? No Yes No Yes No Yes 2.0 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 365 No Yes No Yes 8 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.9 16.8 No No Yes 84 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 6.6 8.9 No Yes Yes 120 Yes Yes No No 18 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 6.6 8.9 No Yes Yes 120 Yes Yes No No 18 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 3.0 0.0 No No Yes 91 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 4.3 Yes Yes Yes 410 No Yes No Yes 9 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 6.1 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes .. No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 8.7 7.2 No Yes Yes 84 Yes .. Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 6.4 23.1 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes Yes .. .. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 7.9 11.4 Yes Yes Yes 90 No No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 11.6 8.3 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 5.0 5.0 No No Yes 105 No No No Yes 3.6 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4.3 17.3 No No Yes 98 No Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 7.2 5.8 Yes Yes Yes 98 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 23.1 No No Yes 126 Yes No No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 23.1 No Yes Yes 128 Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 23.1 No Yes Yes 128 Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 0.0 16.7 Yes No Yes 98 Yes Yes No Yes .. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 13.0 23.1 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes .. .. No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 10.3 0.0 No No Yes 98 No No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 8.7 6.9 No No Yes 105 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes 252 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy Costa Rica Yes 12 569.86 0.49 No 6 0 100 50 Yes No No No 12.0 3 Yes No Côte d’Ivoire No 24 118.98 0.51 No 6 38 0 24 No Yes No No 27.4 2 Yes No No Croatia Yes 525.06 0.32 Yes 6 10 35 50 Yes Yes Yes No 20.0 6 Yes Yes limit Cyprus No 30 1,231.51 0.40 Yes 5.5 0 0 50 No Yes No No 20.0 24 Yes Yes Czech Republic No 108 550.80 0.25 No 6 10 10 25 No Yes No No 20.0 3 Yes No No Denmark No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 25.0 3 Yes No limit Djibouti Yes 24 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 0 No Yes No Yes 30.0 2 Yes Yes No Dominica No 348.76 0.38 Yes 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 13.3 6 Yes No limit Dominican No Yes 330.39 0.42 No 5.5 0 100 35 No Yes Yes No 14.0 3 Yes No Republic limit No Ecuador Yes 403.16 0.51 No 5 25 100 50 No Yes No Yes 12.0 3 Yes Yes limit Egypt, Arab No No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 35 No Yes No No 24.0 3 Yes Yes Rep. limit No El Salvador Yes 215.82 0.43 No 6 25 100 125 Yes Yes Yes No 11.0 1 Yes No limit Equatorial Yes 24 790.41 0.42 .. 6 25 50 25 No Yes Yes No 22.0 3 Yes Yes Guinea No Eritrea Yes 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 25 No Yes No No 19.0 3 Yes No limit Estonia Yes 120 498.65 0.21 No 5 25 0 50 Yes Yes No No 24.0 4 Yes No No Ethiopia Yes 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 25 No Yes No No 18.3 1.5 Yes No limit No Fiji No 330.18 0.57 Yes 6 4 100 50 No Yes No No 10.0 3 Yes Yes limit Finland Yes 60 2,276.78 0.37 No 6 15 100 50 No Yes No No 30.0 6 Yes No France Yes 18 1,964.31 0.35 Yes 6 20 20 25 Yes Yes Yes No 30.0 4 Yes No Gabon No 48 319.57 0.23 No 6 0 0 10 No Yes No No 24.0 6 Yes Yes No Gambia, The No 0.00 0.00 No 5 0 0 0 No Yes No No 21.0 12 Yes Yes limit LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 253 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? No No No No No No 4.3 14.4 No No Yes 120 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes 5.8 7.3 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes .. No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 7.9 7.2 Yes No Yes 208 Yes Yes Yes Yes 9 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes 5.7 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 126 No No No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 8.7 11.6 Yes Yes Yes 196 No No No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 Yes No Yes 126 No Yes No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes 4.3 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes 5.8 9.3 No No Yes 84 No No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.0 22.2 No No Yes 84 Yes No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 0.0 31.8 Yes No Yes 84 Yes No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 10.1 26.7 No No Yes 90 Yes No No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 0.0 22.9 No No Yes 84 Yes No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4.3 34.3 Yes No Yes 84 No Yes Yes .. .. Yes .. .. No No No No No No 3.1 12.3 No No Yes 60 .. Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No 8.6 4.3 No Yes Yes 140 Yes No Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 10.5 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 5.3 Yes No Yes 84 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes 10.1 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 147 No Yes No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 7.2 4.6 Yes Yes Yes 112 No No Yes Yes 4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 14.4 4.3 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 26.0 0.0 No No Yes 180 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes .. 254 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy Georgia No 30 23.17 0.05 No 7 0 0 0 No Yes No No 24.0 6 Yes No Germany No 24 1,904.02 0.32 No 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 24.0 6 Yes Yes No Ghana No 60.06 0.26 No 5 0 0 0 No Yes No No 15.0 6 Yes Yes limit No Greece Yes 804.66 0.29 Yes 6 25 75 28 No Yes Yes No 22.3 12 Yes No limit No Grenada Yes 251.56 0.25 No 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 13.3 1 Yes No limit No Guatemala Yes 384.17 0.74 No 6 0 50 50 Yes Yes Yes Yes 15.0 2 Yes No limit Guinea No 24 58.76 0.81 No 6 20 0 30 No Yes Yes No 30.0 1 Yes Yes Guinea-Bissau Yes 12 0.00 0.00 No 6 25 50 0 No No No No 21.0 3 Yes Yes No Guyana No 165.77 0.31 No 7 0 100 50 No Yes No No 12.0 3 Yes Yes limit No Haiti No 150.19 1.32 No 6 50 50 50 No Yes No No 13.0 0 Yes No limit Honduras Yes 24 456.98 1.52 Yes 6 25 100 38 Yes Yes No No 16.7 2 Yes Yes Hong Kong No No 852.14 0.19 Yes 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 10.3 1 Yes No SAR, China limit Hungary No 60 449.80 0.27 Yes 5 15 50 50 Yes Yes Yes No 21.3 3 Yes No Iceland No 24 1,743.48 0.29 Yes 6 1 1 1 No Yes No No 24.0 3 Yes No No India (Mumbai) No 135.38 0.66 No 6 0 0 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes 21.0 3 Yes Yes limit No India (Delhi) No 179.14 0.88 No 6 0 0 100 Yes Yes Yes Yes 15.0 3 Yes Yes limit Indonesia Yes 36 266.92 0.58 No 6 0 0 75 No Yes No No 12.0 3 Yes Yes (Jakarta) Indonesia Yes 36 245.12 0.53 No 6 0 0 75 No Yes No No 12.0 3 Yes Yes (Surabaya) Iran, Islamic No No 320.43 0.45 No 6 35 40 40 No Yes No No 24.0 1 Yes Yes Rep. limit No Iraq Yes 102.81 0.11 No 6 0 50 50 Yes No No No 22.0 3 Yes Yes limit No Ireland No 1,757.39 0.31 Yes 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 20.0 12 Yes No limit LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 255 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? No No No No No No 4.3 4.3 No No Yes 183 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 10.0 11.6 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 3.6 46.2 No No Yes 84 Yes No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes No 0.0 15.9 Yes No Yes 119 Yes No No Yes 4 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 7.2 5.3 Yes No Yes 90 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 27.0 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 5.8 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.0 26.0 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 12.3 Yes Yes Yes 91 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 10.1 0.0 No No Yes 42 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 7.2 23.1 No Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 1.4 No Yes Yes 70 No No No Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 6.2 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 168 No Yes No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 13.0 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 90 No Yes .. Yes 3 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 11.4 No Yes Yes 84 Yes No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 11.4 No Yes Yes 84 Yes No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 0.0 57.8 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No 0.0 57.8 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 0.0 23.1 No No Yes 270 No No No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 0.0 0.0 No No Yes 72 Yes Yes No .. .. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 3.7 10.7 Yes Yes Yes 182 No No No No 24 Yes Yes Yes 256 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy No Israel No 1,247.79 0.26 Yes 5.5 0 50 25 No Yes Yes No 18.0 n.a. Yes No limit Italy No 36 1,998.29 0.45 Yes 6 15 30 15 No Yes No No 26.0 2 Yes Yes No Jamaica No 218.75 0.34 No 6 0 100 0 No Yes No No 11.7 3 Yes No limit No Japan (Tokyo) No 1,619.22 0.28 No 6 25 35 25 No Yes No Yes 15.3 n.a. Yes No limit No Japan (Osaka) No 1,528.05 0.27 No 6 25 35 25 No Yes No Yes 15.3 n.a. Yes No limit No Jordan No 257.48 0.38 No 6 0 50 25 Yes No No Yes 18.7 3 Yes Yes limit No Kazakhstan No 127.14 0.09 No 6 50 100 50 No Yes No No 18.0 3 Yes Yes limit No Kenya No 269.44 1.40 No 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 21.0 12 Yes Yes limit No Kiribati No 0.00 0.00 No 7 0 0 50 No No No No 0.0 n.a. Yes Yes limit Korea, Rep. No 24 882.67 0.29 Yes 6 50 50 50 No Yes No No 17.0 3 Yes Yes No Kosovo No 169.64 0.14 No 6 30 50 30 No Yes No No 21.0 6 Yes No limit No Kuwait No 210.85 0.04 No 6 0 50 25 No No Yes Yes 30.0 3 Yes No limit Kyrgyz Yes 60 18.43 0.12 No 6 50 100 50 No Yes No No 20.0 3 Yes No Republic Lao PDR No 36 110.02 0.51 No 6 15 150 50 No Yes No No 15.0 2 Yes Yes Latvia Yes 60 470.00 0.24 No 5.5 50 0 100 No Yes No No 20.0 3 Yes No Lebanon No 24 443.17 0.38 No 6 0 50 50 No Yes No Yes 15.0 3 Yes No No Lesotho No 177.07 0.94 No 6 0 100 25 Yes Yes No No 12.0 4 Yes No limit No Liberia No 52.00 0.66 No 6 0 50 50 No Yes No No 16.0 3 Yes Yes limit Libya No 48 410.50 0.41 No 6 0 0 50 Yes Yes No No 30.0 1 Yes Yes Lithuania No 60 390.46 0.21 Yes 5.5 50 100 50 No Yes No No 20.7 3 Yes No Luxembourg Yes 24 3,061.52 0.34 Yes 5.5 0 70 40 No Yes Yes No 25.0 6 Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 257 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? No No No No No No 4.3 23.1 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes No No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4.5 0.0 Yes No Yes 150 No No No Yes 3 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.0 10.0 No No Yes 56 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes No No No No Yes No No 4.3 0.0 No Yes Yes 98 No No Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No 4.3 0.0 No Yes Yes 98 No No Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 4.3 0.0 No No Yes 70 Yes Yes No No 36 No Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No 4.3 4.3 No Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes Yes Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 4.3 2.1 Yes No Yes 90 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.3 0.0 Yes No Yes 84 No .. No No n.a. Yes Yes .. No Yes No No No Yes 4.3 23.1 No Yes Yes 90 Yes No No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 270 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 13.0 15.1 No No Yes 70 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 13.0 No No Yes 126 No No No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 6.4 27.7 No No Yes 105 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No 4.3 8.7 Yes No Yes 112 No No Yes Yes .. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 8.7 0.0 No No Yes 70 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 10.7 Yes No Yes 84 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 21.3 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes .. No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 11.6 Yes No Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No 8.7 15.9 Yes No Yes 126 Yes Yes No No 18 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No Yes 17.3 4.3 Yes No Yes 112 Yes Yes Yes Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes 258 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy Macedonia, No 60 298.22 0.50 Yes 6 35 50 35 Yes Yes No No 20.0 6 Yes No FYR Madagascar Yes 24 61.38 0.92 No 6 30 40 30 No Yes No No 24.0 3 Yes No No Malawi Yes 34.48 0.86 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 18.0 12 Yes Yes limit No Malaysia No 280.38 0.22 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 13.3 n.a. Yes No limit Maldives No 24 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 50 25 No Yes No No 30.0 3 Yes No Mali Yes 72 61.98 0.51 No 6 0 0 10 No Yes No No 22.0 6 Yes Yes Malta No 48 962.59 0.36 No 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 24.0 6 Yes No Marshall No No 416.00 0.77 No 7 0 0 0 No Yes No No 0.0 n.a. Yes No Islands limit Mauritania No 24 103.79 0.56 Yes 6 0 0 15 No Yes No No 18.0 1 Yes Yes Mauritius No 24 283.35 0.25 Yes 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 17.0 3 Yes Yes Mexico No Yes 175.52 0.14 No 6 0 25 100 No Yes No Yes 12.0 1 Yes Yes (Mexico City) limit Mexico No Yes 175.52 0.14 No 6 0 25 100 No Yes No Yes 12.0 1 Yes Yes (Monterrey) limit Micronesia, No No 364.00 0.78 No 7 0 0 50 No Yes No No 0.0 n.a. Yes No Fed. Sts. limit No Moldova Yes 121.76 0.41 No 6 50 100 50 Yes No Yes No 20.0 0.5 Yes Yes limit No Mongolia No 117.61 0.22 No 5 0 50 50 No No No Yes 16.0 6 Yes No limit Montenegro No 24 248.36 0.28 No 6 40 0 40 No Yes No No 21.0 6 Yes No Morocco Yes 12 287.81 0.77 Yes 6 0 0 25 No Yes Yes No 19.5 1 Yes No Mozambique Yes 72 152.60 1.49 No 6 25 100 50 No Yes Yes No 24.0 3 Yes Yes No Myanmar No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 100 100 Yes Yes No No 10.0 n.a. Yes No limit No Namibia No 0.00 0.00 No 5.5 6 100 50 No Yes No No 20.0 n.a. Yes Yes limit No Nepal Yes 83.94 0.84 No 6 0 50 50 No No No No 18.0 12 Yes Yes limit LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 259 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? No No No No No No 4.3 8.7 No Yes Yes 270 Yes Yes No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes 5.8 8.9 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 12.3 Yes No Yes 56 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 6.7 22.8 No No Yes 60 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 7.2 0.0 No Yes Yes 60 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 9.3 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes 7.3 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 126 No Yes No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 No No No n.a. n.a. No No No n.a. No Yes No No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 6.1 No Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 6.3 Yes Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.0 22.0 No Yes Yes 84 Yes No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.0 22.0 No Yes Yes 84 Yes No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 No No No n.a. n.a. No No No n.a. No Yes No No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 13.9 No Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes No Yes 9 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 4.3 No No Yes 120 Yes Yes No Yes 9 Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes No 4.3 6.9 Yes Yes Yes 45 Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 7.2 13.5 Yes Yes Yes 98 No No .. No 36 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 33.2 No No Yes 60 Yes No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 15.9 No No Yes 98 No Yes Yes No 36 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 5.3 Yes Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 4.3 22.9 No No Yes 52 Yes No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes 260 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy Netherlands No 36 1,026.81 0.16 Yes 5.5 0 0 0 No Yes No No 20.0 2 Yes Yes No New Zealand No 2,120.94 0.38 Yes 7 0 0 0 No Yes No No 20.0 3 Yes No limit No Nicaragua No 209.15 0.86 No 6 0 100 100 Yes Yes Yes No 30.0 1 Yes No limit Niger Yes 48 56.61 0.75 No 6 38 0 10 No Yes No No 22.0 6 Yes Yes No Nigeria (Lagos) No 108.80 0.23 Yes 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 6.0 3 Yes No limit No Nigeria (Kano) No 108.80 0.23 Yes 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 6.0 3 Yes No limit Norway Yes 48 3,721.60 0.28 No 6 0 0 40 Yes Yes Yes No 21.0 6 Yes No No Oman No 845.25 0.40 No 5 50 100 25 Yes No No Yes 22.0 3 Yes No limit Pakistan Yes 9 116.67 0.62 No 6 0 100 100 Yes Yes Yes No 14.0 3 Yes No (Karachi) Pakistan Yes 9 116.67 0.62 No 6 0 100 100 Yes Yes Yes No 14.0 3 Yes No (Lahore) No Palau No 602.90 0.42 No 7 0 0 0 No Yes No No 0.0 n.a. Yes No limit Panama Yes 12 477.55 0.34 No 6 13 50 50 No Yes Yes Yes 22.0 3 Yes Yes Papua New No No 247.88 0.87 No 6 0 0 50 No No No No 11.0 n.a. Yes No Guinea limit No Paraguay Yes 398.68 0.72 Yes 6 30 100 50 Yes Yes No Yes 20.0 1 Yes Yes limit Peru Yes 60 269.11 0.33 No 6 35 100 25 No Yes No No 13.0 3 Yes Yes No Philippines No 297.84 0.65 No 6 10 30 25 No Yes No No 5.0 6 Yes Yes limit No Poland No 545.72 0.33 Yes 5.5 20 100 50 No Yes No No 22.0 3 Yes No limit Portugal Yes 66 763.33 0.28 Yes 6 25 50 31 No Yes Yes No 22.0 3 Yes Yes Puerto Rico No No 1,233.43 0.51 Yes 7 0 100 100 No Yes No No 15.0 3 Yes No (U.S.) limit No Qatar No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 25 Yes Yes No Yes 22.0 6 Yes No limit Romania Yes 60 278.30 0.25 Yes 5 25 100 75 No Yes No No 20.0 3 Yes No LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 261 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No 8.7 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 112 Yes No No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No No 0.0 0.0 No Yes Yes 112 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 0.0 14.9 No No Yes 84 Yes No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 9.7 Yes Yes Yes 98 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 3.2 12.2 No No Yes 84 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 3.2 12.2 No No Yes 84 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes 8.7 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 343 No Yes Yes Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 0.0 No No Yes 50 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 22.9 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes .. No n.a. Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes Yes 4.3 22.9 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes .. No n.a. Yes Yes No No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 No No No n.a. n.a. No No No n.a. No No Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 0.0 18.1 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 3.3 9.2 No No Yes 0 n.a. Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 10.8 18.6 Yes No Yes 63 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 0.0 11.4 Yes No Yes 90 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 4.3 23.1 Yes No Yes 60 Yes No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes 10.1 8.7 Yes No Yes 182 Yes No No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes 7.9 9.1 Yes Yes Yes 120 Yes No Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes Yes 0.0 0.0 No Yes Yes 56 Yes Yes No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 7.2 16.0 No No Yes 50 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes Yes Yes 4.0 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 126 No Yes Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes 262 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy Russian Federation Yes 60 420.74 0.27 No 6 20 100 50 No Yes Yes No 22.0 3 Yes Yes (Moscow) Russian Federation Yes 60 264.93 0.17 No 6 20 100 50 No Yes Yes No 22.0 3 Yes Yes (St. Petersburg) No Rwanda No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 19.3 6 Yes Yes limit No Samoa No 179.07 0.30 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes Yes No 10.0 3 Yes No limit San Marino Yes 18 2,296.56 0.33 Yes 6 35 0 26 No Yes No No 26.0 1.6 Yes Yes São Tomé and Yes 36 0.00 0.00 Yes 6 25 100 38 No No Yes No 26.0 1 Yes Yes Príncipe No Saudi Arabia No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 50 50 No No Yes No 23.3 3 Yes No limit Senegal Yes 24 185.63 1.14 Yes 6 38 0 10 No Yes Yes Yes 24.3 2 Yes Yes Serbia Yes 24 233.97 0.33 No 6 26 26 26 No Yes No No 20.0 6 Yes No No Seychelles Yes 422.80 0.25 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 21.0 6 Yes Yes limit No Sierra Leone Yes 113.37 1.06 No 5.5 15 100 50 No No No No 23.0 6 Yes Yes limit No Singapore No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 10.7 6 Yes No limit Slovak No 24 500.03 0.24 No 6 20 0 25 No Yes No No 25.0 3 Yes Yes Republic Slovenia Yes 24 1,033.23 0.36 Yes 6 75 100 30 No Yes No No 22.0 6 Yes No Solomon No No 120.92 0.45 No 6 0 0 50 No No No No 15.0 n.a. Yes Yes Islands limit No South Africa Yes 308.36 0.35 No 6 0 100 50 Yes Yes No No 15.0 n.a. Yes Yes limit South Sudan No 48 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 50 No No No No 23.3 3 Yes Yes Spain Yes 12 1,126.93 0.30 Yes 5.5 7 0 0 No Yes No No 22.0 6 Yes Yes No Sri Lanka No 79.28 0.18 No 5.5 0 0 50 Yes Yes No No 14.0 n.a. Yes Yes limit St. Kitts No No 570.93 0.30 No 7 0 0 50 No Yes No No 14.0 n.a. Yes No and Nevis limit St. Lucia No 24 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 21.0 3 Yes Yes LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 263 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 8.7 No No Yes 140 Yes Yes No Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 8.7 No No Yes 140 Yes Yes No Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 4.3 8.7 No No Yes 84 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 3.3 0.0 Yes No Yes 28 Yes Yes No No n.a. .. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes 0.0 0.0 No No Yes 150 Yes Yes Yes Yes .. Yes Yes .. Yes Yes Yes No No Yes 4.3 26.0 No No Yes 90 Yes No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 15.2 No No Yes 70 Yes Yes No Yes 12 No Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 10.5 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No Yes No Yes 0.0 7.7 No Yes Yes 135 Yes No Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.3 7.6 No No Yes 98 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 13.0 62.5 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 3.0 0.0 No No Yes 105 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No 11.6 7.2 Yes Yes Yes 238 No No Yes No 24 Yes Yes Yes No No No No Yes No 5.3 5.3 Yes Yes Yes 105 Yes Yes Yes Yes 9 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 10.7 No No Yes 84 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No No 4.0 5.3 Yes No Yes 120 No Yes No Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.3 21.7 No No Yes 56 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 2.1 15.2 Yes Yes Yes 112 Yes Yes Yes Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes No 4.3 54.2 No No Yes 84 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes 8.7 0.0 No No Yes 91 No No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 3.7 9.3 Yes Yes Yes 91 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes 264 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy St. Vincent and No No 237.15 0.29 No 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 18.7 6 Yes No the Grenadines limit Sudan No 48 70.02 0.27 No 6 0 0 50 No No No No 23.3 3 Yes Yes No Suriname No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 16.0 2 Yes Yes limit No Swaziland No 166.11 0.44 No 5.5 0 0 50 No Yes No No 11.0 3 Yes No limit Sweden No 24 0.00 0.00 Yes 5.5 0 0 50 No Yes Yes No 25.0 6 Yes No Switzerland No 120 0.00 0.00 No 6 25 50 25 Yes Yes Yes No 20.0 3 Yes No Syrian Arab No 60 75.80 0.29 No 6 0 100 38 No No Yes No 21.7 3 Yes Yes Republic Taiwan, China Yes 12 635.28 0.24 No 6 0 100 33 No Yes No No 12.0 n.a. Yes Yes No Tajikistan Yes 49.57 0.34 No 6 50 100 100 Yes No No No 23.3 3 Yes Yes limit No Tanzania Yes 68.18 0.46 No 6 5 100 50 No Yes No No 20.0 6 Yes Yes limit No Thailand Yes 245.36 0.39 No 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 6.0 4 Yes No limit Timor-Leste Yes 36 112.38 0.22 Yes 6 25 100 50 No Yes Yes No 12.0 1 Yes Yes Togo Yes 48 108.67 1.25 No 6 0 0 20 No Yes No No 30.0 2 Yes Yes No Tonga No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 0 0 No Yes Yes No 0.0 n.a. Yes No limit Trinidad No No 405.79 0.21 No 6 0 100 50 No Yes No No 10.0 n.a. Yes No and Tobago limit Tunisia No 48 280.63 0.52 Yes 6 0 100 25 No No No No 19.0 12 Yes Yes No Turkey Yes 571.44 0.42 Yes 6 0 100 50 Yes No No No 18.0 2 Yes No limit No Uganda No 2.28 0.02 No 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 21.0 12 Yes No limit No Ukraine Yes 119.63 0.28 Yes 5.5 20 100 100 No No Yes Yes 18.0 3 Yes Yes limit United Arab No No 0.00 0.00 No 6 0 50 25 No No Yes No 26.0 6 Yes No Emirates limit United No No 1,397.22 0.25 Yes 6 0 0 0 No Yes No No 28.0 6 Yes No Kingdom limit LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA 265 Redundancy Redundancy rules cost Job quality Third-party approval if one worker infringement of employees’ rights? Priority rules for reemployment? Five fully paid days of sick leave Administrative or judicial relief for Equal remuneration for work of Unemployment protection after Priority rules for redundancies? Paid or unpaid maternity leave Severance pay for redundancy Third-party notification if nine Minimum length of maternity Minimum contribution period for unemployment protection Notice period for redundancy Retraining or reassignment?e Gender nondiscrimination in Can employee create or join dismissal (weeks of salary)c dismissal (weeks of salary)c Third-party approval if nine Receive 100% of wages on one year of employment? Labor inspection system? leave (calendar days) f,g * workers are dismissed? workers are dismissed? mandated by law? f * On-the-job training? maternity leave? f * equal value?* is dismissed? (months)h hiring?* a year? union? No Yes No No No Yes 4.0 10.0 No No Yes 91 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.3 21.7 No No Yes 56 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 0.0 8.8 No No No n.a. n.a. No No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes No 5.9 8.7 No No Yes 14 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 14.4 0.0 No Yes Yes 480 No No No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 10.1 0.0 Yes Yes Yes 98 No Yes No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 8.7 0.0 No No Yes 120 Yes No Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes 3.8 18.8 Yes Yes Yes 56 Yes No No Yes 12 Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes No 8.7 6.9 Yes Yes Yes 140 Yes No No No 18 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No No 4.0 5.3 Yes Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 31.7 No No Yes 90 Yes Yes No Yes .. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No No No 4.3 0.0 No Yes Yes 84 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No No Yes Yes 4.3 8.8 Yes No Yes 98 Yes Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 0.0 0.0 No No No n.a. n.a. No No No n.a. .. No No No Yes No No Yes No 6.4 14.1 No Yes Yes 98 No Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 4.3 7.8 No No Yes 30 No Yes Yes No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No No No No No Yes 6.7 23.1 Yes No Yes 112 No Yes No Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 8.7 0.0 Yes No Yes 84 Yes Yes No No n.a. Yes Yes Yes No Yes No Yes Yes Yes 8.7 4.3 No Yes Yes 126 Yes Yes Yes Yes 6 Yes Yes Yes No No No No No No 4.3 0.0 No No Yes 45 Yes Yes No No n.a. No Yes Yes No No No No No No 5.3 4.0 Yes Yes Yes 14 No No No Yes 0 Yes Yes Yes 266 DOING BUSINESS 2016 LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA Redundancy Hiring Working hours rules Paid annual leave (working days)c Premium for work on weekly rest Maximum length of probationary Incentives for employing workers Ratio of minimum wage to value women permitted to work same Fixed-term contracts prohibited Restrictions on overtime work? Maximum length of fixed-term Restrictions on weekly holiday Minimum wage for a full-time Nonpregnant and nonnursing Third-party notification if one Dismissal due to redundancy Restrictions on night work? Premium for overtime work Maximum working days Premium for night work night hours as men?* day (% of hourly pay) for permanent tasks? worker (US$/month)b worker is dismissed? contracts (months)a added per worker (% of hourly pay) (% of hourly pay) period (months)d allowed by law? under age 25? per week work? Economy United States No No 1,498.65 0.22 Yes 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 0.0 n.a. Yes No (New York City) limit United States No No 1,541.47 0.22 Yes 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 0.0 n.a. Yes No (Los Angeles) limit No Uruguay Yes 619.71 0.29 Yes 6 0 100 100 No Yes No No 21.0 3 Yes No limit Uzbekistan Yes 60 124.27 0.48 No 6 50 100 100 Yes Yes No No 15.0 3 Yes No No Vanuatu No 309.05 0.71 No 6 0 50 25 No No No No 17.0 6 Yes No limit Venezuela, RBi Yes 24 707.43 0.43 Yes 5 30 50 50 Yes Yes Yes No 19.3 1 No n.a. Vietnam No 72 142.45 0.64 No 6 30 0 50 No Yes No No 13.0 1 Yes No West Bank No 24 377.05 1.50 No 6 0 150 50 Yes No Yes No 12.0 6 Yes Yes and Gaza No Yemen, Rep. No 93.07 0.46 No 6 15 100 50 No No No No 30.0 6 Yes Yes limit No Zambia No 266.49 0.93 No 6 4 100 50 No Yes No No 24.0 n.a. Yes Yes limit No Zimbabwe No 261.89 2.09 No 6 0 0 50 No Yes No No 22.0 3 Yes Yes limit Source: Doing Business database. .. No Doing Business data available. * Data were collected jointly with the World Bank Group’s Women, Business and the Law team. a. Including renewals. b. Refers to the worker in the Doing Business case study: a cashier, age 19, with one year of work experience. Economies for which 0.00 is shown have no minimum wage in the private sector. c. Average for workers with 1, 5 and 10 years of tenure. d. Not applicable (n.a.) for economies with no statutory provision for a probationary period. e. Whether compulsory before redundancy. f. If no maternity leave is mandated by law, parental leave is measured if applicable. g. The minimum number of days that legally have to be paid by the government, the employer or both. h. Not applicable (n.a.) for economies with no unemployment protection scheme. i. Some answers are not applicable (n.a.) for economies where dismissal due to redundancy is disallowed. Third-party approval if one worker No No No No No No No No No Yes n.a. is dismissed? Third-party notification if nine No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a. workers are dismissed? Third-party approval if nine No No No No No No No No Yes Yes n.a. workers are dismissed? No No No No No No No Retraining or reassignment?e Yes Yes Yes n.a. Redundancy rules No No No No No No No No No Priority rules for redundancies? Yes n.a. No No No No No No No No No Priority rules for reemployment? Yes n.a. Notice period for redundancy 4.3 4.3 4.3 0.0 9.3 8.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 n.a. 13.0 dismissal (weeks of salary)c cost Severance pay for redundancy 8.7 0.0 0.0 Redundancy n.a. 69.3 46.2 23.1 23.1 24.6 23.1 20.8 dismissal (weeks of salary)c Equal remuneration for work of No No No No No No No No No Yes Yes equal value?* Gender nondiscrimination in No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes hiring?* Paid or unpaid maternity leave Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes mandated by law? f * Minimum length of maternity 0 0 98 84 70 70 84 98 180 182 126 leave (calendar days) f,g * Receive 100% of wages on No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes n.a. n.a. maternity leave? f * Five fully paid days of sick leave No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes a year? No No No No No No No No On-the-job training? Yes Yes Yes Job quality Unemployment protection after No No No No No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes one year of employment? Minimum contribution period 0 6 6 12 12 12 for unemployment protection n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. (months)h Can employee create or join Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes union? Administrative or judicial relief for No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes infringement of employees’ rights? LABOR MARKET REGULATION DATA No Labor inspection system? Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 267 Doing Business 2016 Acknowledgments Data collection and analysis for Doing Pacca, Elke-Esmeralda Dikoume, Business 2016 were conducted by a team Cécile Ferro, María García Lecuona, led by Rita Ramalho (Manager, Doing Isabella Grisanti, Yuxiang Guo, Ravisara Business) under the general direction Hataiseree, Khasankhon Khamudkhanov, of Augusto Lopez-Claros (Director, Nicolle Aya Konai, Xi Lan, Joseph Antoine Global Indicators Group, Development Lemoine, Mireya Martinez, Tristan Aurel Economics). Overall guidance for the Georges Mouline, Marianna Muratova, preparation of the report was provided Daniel Murphy, Leah Christine Nosal, by Kaushik Basu, Senior Vice President Ibijoke Oluwadamilola Oke, Tigran and Chief Economist of the World Bank. Parvanyan, Anna Reva, Margaux Veronica The project was managed with the sup- Roussel, Hana Sahatqija, Gabriel Simoes port of Santiago Croci Downes, Adrian Gaspar, Jingfan Wang, Sarah Yanicostas Gonzalez and Hulya Ulku. Other team and Maira Syda Zamir assisted in the members included Nadine Abi Chakra, months before publication. The team Jean Arlet, Yuriy Valentinovich Avramov, would especially like to acknowledge the Iryna Bilotserkivska, Erica Bosio, Julia comments and support of Indermit Gill Brouillard-Soler, Jiyeon Chang, Edgar and Melissa Johns. Chavez Sanchez, Maria Magdalena Chiquier, Salima Daadouche, Baria Nabil The online service of the Doing Business Daye, Christian De la Medina Soto, database is managed by Andres Baquero Marie Lily Delion, Laura Diniz, Dorina Franco, Varun Doiphode, Fengsheng Georgieva, Anushavan Hambardzumyan, Huang, Arun Chakravarthi Nageswaran, Volha Hrytskevich, Maksym Iavorskyi, Kunal Patel, Mohan Pathapati, Jiawen Joyce Ibrahim, Michael Fares Jabbour, Peng, Rajesh Sargunan, Vinod Thottikkatu Nan Jiang, Hervé Kaddoura, Klaus Koch and Hashim Zia. The Doing Business 2016 Saldarriaga, Olena Koltko, Magdalini outreach strategy is managed by Indira Konidari, Khrystyna Kushnir, Mathilde Chand, supported by Hyun Kyong Lee, Lugger, Antish Kumar Maroam, Betty under the general direction of Phillip Mensah, Frédéric Meunier, Haya Jeremy Hay with support from World Mortada, Joanna Nasr, Marie-Jeanne Bank Group communications colleagues Ndiaye, Nadia Novik, María Antonia around the world. Quesada Gámez, Parvina Rakhimova, Morgann Courtney Reeves, Julie Ryan, The team is grateful for the valuable Valentina Saltane, Tanya Maria Santillan, comments provided by colleagues in the Ana Maria Santillana Farakos, Ella World Bank Group (both on the draft Shagabutdinova, Jayashree Srinivasan, report and on the changes in the method- Mihaela Stangu, Joonas Taras, Brandon ology) and outside the World Bank Group Thompson, Erick Tjong, Evgenia Ustinova, (on the changes in the methodology) and Marilyne Youbi, Inés Zabalbeitia Múgica for the guidance provided by World Bank and Yasmin Zand. Saeed Alwahabi, Group Executive Directors. The team Jennifer Marie Arias, Pablo Bejar, Sasha would especially like to acknowledge the Jung Ae Boshart, Marianna Buchalla comments and guidance of Aart C. Kraay. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 269 Comments were also received from Gavin Lopez-Acevedo, Petter Lundkvist, Sanja Land Administration (United Nations Adlington, Hassan Aliev, Pedro Antmann, Madzarevic-Sujster, Mario Mansour, Economic Commission for Europe). Katherine Baer, Sudeshna Ghosh Andres Federico Martinez, Valentina Banerjee, Morgan Bazilian, Rolf Behrndt, Martinovic, Aaditya Mattoo, Gerard The paying taxes project was conducted Simon C. Bell, David Bernstein, Florentin McLinden, Trimor Mici, Nina Pavlova in collaboration with PwC, led by Stef van Blanc, Moussa Pouquinimpo Blimpo, Mocheva, Alejandro Moreno, Blanca Weeghel. Sylvie Bossoutrot, Frederic Bustelo, Moreno-Dodson, Thomas Moullier, Cyril Abel Caamano, Enrico Campagnoli, Muller, Jorge Munoz, Mario Nascimento, Alison Strong edited the manuscript. Antonio Cappiello, Cesar Chaparro Nicolas Nogueroles, Nuria de Oca, Corey Corporate Visions, Inc. designed the Yedro, Punam Chuhan-Pole, Xavier O’Hara, Andrew Kazora Okello, Edward report and the graphs. Cirera, Davida Louise Connon, Edward Olowo-Okere, Andrew Packman, Enrique Cook, Ana Paula Cusolito, Fernando Pantoja, Will Paterson, Nina Paustian, Doing Business would not be possible Dancausa Diaz, Numa F. De Magalhaes, Victoria J. Perry, Axel R. Peuker, Carlos without the expertise and generous input Makhtar Diop, Raian Divanbeigi, Fionna Pinerua, Carla Pittalis, Tanya Primiani, of a network of more than 11,400 local Douglas, Alejandro Espinosa-Wang, Blerta Qerimi, Christine Zhenwei partners, including legal experts, busi- Leopoldo Miguel Fabra Cadenas, Jorge Qiang, Martin Rama, Daniele Raynaud, ness consultants, accountants, freight Familiar Calderon, Wolfgang Fengler, Bob Rijkers, Stephen Rimmer, Daniel forwarders, government officials and Ana Fernandes, Aurora Ferrari, Manuela Roberge, Alberto Rodriguez, Jose Manuel other professionals routinely adminis- V. Ferro, Julio Fuster, Taras Gagalyuk, Rodriguez Alvarez, Tommaso Rooms, tering or advising on the relevant legal William John Gain, Lionel Galliez, Willy Pilar Salgado Otonel, Pilar Sanchez-Bella, and regulatory requirements in the 189 Giacchino, Keler Gjika, Soraya Goga, Ellen Massimiliano Santini, Tahseen Sayed, economies covered. Contact details A. Goldstein, David Michael Gould, Heike Ozan Sevimli, Sudhir Shetty, Sylvia Solf, for local partners are available on the P. Gramckow, Carlos Andrés Guadarrama Victoria Stanley, Jevgenijs Steinbuks, Doing Business website at http://www Gándara, Iva Hamel, Thea Hilhorst, Lada Strelkova, Javier Suarez, Evis Sulko, .doingbusiness.org. Russell Hillberry, Vivian Y. N. Hon, Andras Govinda R. Timilsina, Hans Timmer, Horvai, Neville Howlett, Ankur Huria, Moussa Traoré, Mahesh Uttamchandani, The names of the local partners wishing Sebastian S. James, Saroj Kumar Jha, Rajiv Linda Van Gelder, Marijn Verhoeven, to be acknowledged individually are listed Kalsi, Clayton Bryant Kerswell, Isfandyar Marilina Manuela Vieira, Julien Vilquin, below. The global and regional contribu- Zaman Khan, Rohit Khanna, Munawer Joachim Von Amsberg, Jan Walliser, tors listed are firms that have completed Sultan Khwaja, Frederick Krimgold, Arvo Anne Marie Whitesell, Hernan Winkler, multiple questionnaires in their various Kuddo, Theodore J. Kury, Peter Ladegaard, Justin O. S. Zake, Alessio Zanelli and offices around the world. Pascal Lalande, Tony Lamb, Gladys members of the Working Party on 270 DOING BUSINESS 2016 GLOBAL CONTRIBUTORS Abdul Wassay Haqiqi Marium Waqar Artur Kociaj RIZVI, ISA, AFRIDI AND ANGELL SHEGA GROUP SA ADVOCATES FOR INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT Sayed Jawid Hashemi MASNAD LEGAL CONSULTANCY Najibullah Wardak Erlind Kodhelaj AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION, SECTION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW MINISTRY OF FINANCE BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA Conan Higgins ASHURST LLP TSI LEGAL ENTERPRISES, PC Mohammadi Khan Yaqoobi Rudi Laze BAKER & MCKENZIE DA AFGHANISTAN BANK BOZO & ASSOCIATES LAW FIRM Mojtaba Hoshmand BDO AFGHANISTAN BUILDERS Nesar Ahmad Yosufzai Renata Leka ASSOCIATION DA AFGHANISTAN BANK BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA DELOITTE Rashid Ibrahim Mohammad Zarif Arbër Lloshi DLA PIPER A.F. FERGUSON & CO., KABUL MUNICIPALITY OPTIMA LEGAL ERNST & YOUNG CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, AND FINANCIAL A MEMBER FIRM OF ALBANIA FIABCI Emirjon Marku PWC NETWORK WOLF THEISS BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA IPROBONO Ahmad Jawid Karimzada Anjola Aliaj Andi Memi IUS LABORIS, ALLIANCE OF LABOR, EMPLOYMENT, KABUL MUNICIPALITY OPTIMA LEGAL HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA BENEFITS AND PENSIONS LAW FIRMS Wisal Khan AND FINANCIAL Eglon Metalia KPMG LEGAL ORACLES Robert Beshqu ERNST & YOUNG LAW SOCIETY OF ENGLAND AND WALES Mohammed Masood Khwaja SHEGA GROUP SA Aigest Milo DA AFGHANISTAN LEX MUNDI, ASSOCIATION OF INDEPENDENT LAW FIRMS BRESHNA SHERKAT Jona Bica KALO & ASSOCIATES MAYER BROWN ERNST & YOUNG Bora Muzhaqi Khalid Massoudi MASNAD LEGAL CONSULTANCY Artan Bozo PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS PANALPINA BOZO & ASSOCIATES LAW FIRM AUDIT SH.P.K. PWC 1 Tali Mohammad Jori Bregasi Albulen Pano AFGHANISTAN INVESTMENT RUSSELL BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL SUPPORT AGENCY HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS AUDIT SH.P.K. SDV INTERNATIONAL LOGISTICS Siddiqullah Mujadiddi Ledian Bregasi ALBANIAN UNION Loreta Peci WHITE & CASE AFGHANISTAN INVESTMENT SUPPORT AGENCY OF ARCHITECTS PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS AUDIT SH.P.K. REGIONAL CONTRIBUTORS Saria Nadeem Doris Carcani ALBANIAN ENERGY Loriana Robo A.P. MOLLER-MAERSK GROUP A.F. FERGUSON & CO., CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, REGULATOR (ERE) KALO & ASSOCIATES ASSOCIATION OF CONSUMER CREDIT A MEMBER FIRM OF Ilir Daci Anisa Rrumbullaku INFORMATION SUPPLIERS (ACCIS) PWC NETWORK KALO & ASSOCIATES OPTIMA LEGAL BORENIUS ATTORNEYS Abdul Nasser Nazari AND FINANCIAL Ergis Sefa CABINET JOHN W. FFOOKS & CO. RAINBOW CONSULTING Deniz Deralla SEDA INSTITUTE SERVICES BANK OF ALBANIA CMS LEGAL Ardjana Shehsi Shekeeb Nessar Sokol Elmazaj KALO & ASSOCIATES COLIBRI LAW FIRM DA AFGHANISTAN BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA Nensi Shyti DENTONS BRESHNA SHERKAT Alba Fagu ALB BB AUDITING LTD. - DFDL Gul Pacha BANK OF ALBANIA CORRESPONDENT OF RUSSELL AFGHANISTAN INVESTMENT BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL GIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI SUPPORT AGENCY Lisjana Fusha ALB BB AUDITING LTD. - Besa Tauzi GRANT THORNTON Tamsil Rashid BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA CORRESPONDENT OF RUSSELL GRATA LAW FIRM AFGHANISTAN BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL INTERNATIONAL BANK Ketrin Topçiu MIRANDA CORREIA AMENDOEIRA & ASSOCIADOS Lorena Gega BOZO & ASSOCIATES LAW FIRM Abdul Rahim Saeedi PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS NORTON ROSE FULBRIGHT MINISTRY OF COMMERCE Fioralba Trebicka AUDIT SH.P.K. HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA SORAINEN AND INDUSTRY Aurela Gjokutaj Alketa Uruçi TALAL ABU-GHAZALEH LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL) Zahid Safi AL-TAX CENTER RIZVI, ISA, AFRIDI AND ANGELL BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA TRANSUNION INTERNATIONAL Ermira Gjoncaj Gerhard Velaj Khalil Sediq KUEHNE + NAGEL LTD. WOLF THEISS AFGHANISTAN BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA INTERNATIONAL BANK Valbona Gjonçari Silva Velaj BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA AFGHANISTAN Bilal Alsamarrai Ghulam Sediq Sediqi Farsheed Abdul-Rahman RIZVI, ISA, AFRIDI AND ANGELL JICA AFGHANISTAN Shirli Gorenca Flavia Xhafo LAW OFFICES OF A. Shaheryar Aziz KALO & ASSOCIATES KALO & ASSOCIATES Saeeq Shajjan RAHMAN RAHIMGHIYASA - A.F. FERGUSON & CO., SHAJJAN & ASSOCIATES Mateo Gosnishti ATTORNEYS AND AGENTS Elona Xhepa CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, ALB BB AUDITING LTD. - BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA A MEMBER FIRM OF Mohammad Ibrahim Shams CORRESPONDENT OF RUSSELL Mohammad Afzal AFGHANISTAN INVESTMENT PUBLIC CREDIT REGISTRY PWC NETWORK BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL Selena Ymeri SUPPORT AGENCY HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA DEPARTMENT Mazhar Bangash Shpati Hoxha RIZVI, ISA, AFRIDI AND ANGELL Aali Shan Ahmed HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA Evis Zaja Taqi Ahmad ICON TRADING AND A.F. FERGUSON & CO., OPTIMA LEGAL Nadia Bazidwal FORWARDING COMPANY Elona Hoxhaj AND FINANCIAL CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS, BOGA & ASSOCIATES TIRANA A MEMBER FIRM OF Jayhoon Faizi Asiyah Sharifi Enida Zeneli PWC NETWORK PUBLIC CREDIT REGISTRY AFGHANISTAN FINANCIAL Ilir Johollari BOZO & ASSOCIATES LAW FIRM DEPARTMENT SERVICES LLC HOXHA, MEMI & HOXHA Hassib Ahmad Amiry MINISTRY OF COMMERCE Suleman Fatimie Sharifullah Shirzad Miranda Kapllani AND INDUSTRY AFGHANISTAN FINANCIAL DA AFGHANISTAN BANK BENIMPEX & CO. SERVICES LLC Mirwais Alami Haris Syed Raza Avenir Kika DA AFGHANISTAN Chantal Grut GERRY’S DNATA (PVT.) LTD. KIKA SH.P.K. BRESHNA SHERKAT ROSENSTOCK LEGAL SERVICES 1. PwC refers to the network of member firms of PricewaterhouseCoopers International Limited (PwCIL) or, as the context requires, individual member firms of the PwC network. Each member firm is a separate legal entity and does not act as agent of PwCIL or any other member firm. PwCIL does not provide any services to clients. PwCIL is not responsible or liable for the acts or omissions of any of its member firms nor can it control the exercise of their professional judgment or bind them in any way. No member firm is responsible or liable for the acts or omissions of any other member firm nor can it control the exercise of another member firm’s professional judgment or bind another member firm or PwCIL in any way. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 271 ALGERIA Al Halain Hachichi ANGOLA Maikel Steve Justice Walker COMMISSION DE RÉGULATION Augusto Balaso CENTER FOR WALKERS TRADING LTD. ETUDE DE ME DE L’ELECTRICITÉ ET ENTREPRENEURSHIP KADDOUR MERAD ENDE-EP DU GAZ D’ALGÉRIE IN CAZENGA ARGENTINA Makhloul Aggal Nelson Couto Cabral Mohamed El-Amine Haddad 3C INTERNATIONAL Elsa Tchicanha Ignacio Acedo CHAMBRE NATIONALE CABINET AVOCAT GABINETE LEGAL GONZALEZ & FERRARO MILA DES NOTAIRES AMINE HADDAD Pedro Calixto ANGOLA – ADVOGADOS PWC ANGOLA Dolores Aispuru Idir Ait-Amar Sid-Ali Hadj-Hamou Cristina Teixeira PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS CABINET AIT-AMAR CABINET D’AVOCATS HADJ Guilherme Carreira PWC ANGOLA JURÍDICO FISCAL S.R.L Wael Alhussan HAMOU - DJOUADI EDIFER ANGOLA Renata Valenti Ignacio E. Aramburu TOEC TECHNICAL OFFICE FOR Ali Hamadache Luis Filipe Carvalho GABINETE LEGAL ESTUDIO MOLTEDO ENGINEERING & CONTRACTING CONSERVATION VITOR CARVALHO & ANGOLA – ADVOGADOS ASSOCIADOS Luis Arana Tagle Salima Aloui FONCIÈRE D’ALGER Patrícia Viana NEGRI & PUEYRREDON LAW FIRM GOUSSANEM Samir Hamouda Vitor Carvalho ABREU ADVOGADOS & ALOUI VITOR CARVALHO & Alejo Baca Castex CABINET D’AVOCATS ASSOCIADOS Amaury Vrignaud G. BREUER Mohamed Atbi SAMIR HAMOUDA SDV LOGISTICS ETUDE NOTARIALE Ricardo Cassenda Vanesa Balda Mustapha Hamza MOHAMED ATBI ENDE-EP VITALE, MANOFF & FEILBOGEN HAMZALAW OFFICE ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA Amr Azhari Miguel Castro Pereira Martin Baldacci Madani Hozaen ROBERTS & CO. TOEC TECHNICAL OFFICE FOR ABREU ADVOGADOS ACCOUNTANT ELSEWEDY CABLES ALGERIA ENGINEERING & CONTRACTING Nicola Alleyne Néstor J. Belgrano Adly Kafafy Marie-Laurence Ciccarone CARIBTRANS Foued Belbaghi SDV LOGISTICS M. & M. BOMCHIL ELSEWEDY CABLES ALGERIA PANALPINA TRANSPORTS Vernon Bird Fiorella Belsito MONDIAUX ALGERIE EURL Harim Karabadji Miguel de Avillez Pereira SURVEY DEPARTMENT OF THE ABREU ADVOGADOS SEVERGNINI, ROBIOLA, SOCIÉTÉ DISTRIBUTION MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE, Hassan Djamel Belloula GRINBERG & TOMBEUR DE L’ELECTRICITÉ ET DU Graciete Fernandes LANDS, HOUSING & CABINET BELLOULA GAZ D’ALGER (SDA) Elias Bestani LOURDES CAPOSSO THE ENVIRONMENT Nabil Belloula Yamina Kebir FERNANDES & ASSOCIADOS MARVAL, O’FARRELL CABINET BELLOULA Ricki Camacho & MAIRAL, MEMBER LAW OFFICE OF YAMINA KEBIR Lourdes Caposso Fernandes ANTIGUA & BARBUDA OF LEX MUNDI Tayeb Belloula Abdelmalek Kherbachene LOURDES CAPOSSO INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY & CABINET BELLOULA FERNANDES & ASSOCIADOS COMMERCE OFFICE (ABIPCO) Pilar Etcheverry Boneo BOUCHEMLA LANOUAR MARVAL, O’FARRELL Farid Beloui & ASSOCIÉS Arnold Ferreira Neil Coates & MAIRAL, MEMBER STUDIO A Bachir Khodja FBL ADVOGADOS GRANT THORNTON OF LEX MUNDI Mohammed Tahar Benabid SNC KHODJA ET CIE Luis Ferreira Herderson Fields Ignacio Fernández Borzese CABINET MOHAMMED Raffa Hakim Lakhdar ON.CORPORATE ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA LUNA REQUENA & FERNÁNDEZ TAHAR BENABID NSC MAGHREB INVESTMENT AUTHORITY BORZESE TAX LAW FIRM Beatriz Ferreira de Andrade Abdelouahab Benali Farouk Lakli dos Santos Gilbert Findlay Adriana Paola Caballero TRANSIT MOUHOUB KAMAL LAKELEC BANCO NACIONAL DE ANGOLA ANTIGUA PUBLIC WIENER SOTO CAPARRÓS Djamel Benhouria UTILITY AUTHORITY Mohamed Lanouar Luís Fraústo Varona Javier Canosa WILAYA D’ALGER BOUCHEMLA LANOUAR ABREU ADVOGADOS Sean Francis CANOSA ABOGADOS K. Bentahar & ASSOCIÉS FRANCIS TRADING AGENCY Guiomar Lopes Federico Carenzo DIRECTION GENERALE Ali Ammar Laouar FBL ADVOGADOS Ann Henry LEONHARDT, DIETL, GRAF DES DOUANES CABINET LAOUAR HENRY & BURNETTE & VON DER FECHT Arcelio Matias Djamila Berkane Walid Laouar ARCÉLIO INÁCIO DE Cecile Hill Gabriela Carissimo SIDI M’HAMED TRIBUNAL CABINET LAOUAR ALMEIDA MATIAS – ARDJA- LAND REGISTRY ALFARO ABOGADOS Adnane Bouchaib PRESTAÇÃO DE SERVIÇOS Ian Lewis Vincent Lunel E CONSULTORIA, LDA Mariano E. Carricart BOUCHAIB LAW FIRM LEFÈVRE PELLETIER & ASSOCIÉS ANTIGUA PUBLIC UTILITIES BADENI, CANTILO, Murb Boudali Harrison Medina AUTHORITY (APUA) LAPLACETTE & CARRICART Mouraia M’hamed LOURDES CAPOSSO MINISTERE DE L’ENERGIE MINISTERE DE L’ENERGIE Hugh C. Marshall Patricia Castaño FERNANDES & ASSOCIADOS MARSHALL & CO. Hamid Boughenou NEGRI & PUEYRREDON Lamia Naamoune Yuma Munana BECOME SCP BOUCHEMLA LANOUAR Jason Peters Luciano Cativa LOURDES CAPOSSO ANTIGUA PUBLIC Rachida Boughenou & ASSOCIÉS FERNANDES & ASSOCIADOS LUNA REQUENA & FERNÁNDEZ BECOME SCP UTILITY AUTHORITY BORZESE TAX LAW FIRM Farah Mohamed Nacer Eduardo Paiva APC HYDRA Girvan Pigott Santiago Codazzi Amin Bouhaddi PWC ANGOLA ENTREPRISE BOUHADDI ANTIGUA PUBLIC MARVAL, O’FARRELL Hamid Ould Hocine Júlio Pascoal UTILITY AUTHORITY & MAIRAL, MEMBER Ryad Chabouni STUDIO A ENDE-EP OF LEX MUNDI Jermaine C. Rhudd NSC MAGHREB Messaoud Rebai Alexandre Pegado RHUDD & ASSOCIATES Guadalupe Cores Karima Chalal UNTCA ALEXANDRE PEGADO - LAPRIDA, GOÑI MORENO Septimus A. Rhudd GHELLAL & MEKERBA Chaib Sadek ESCRITÓRIO DE ADVOGADOS & GONZÁLEZ URROZ RHUDD & ASSOCIATES Hussam Chawish CABINET CHAIB Joaquim Piedade Roberto H. Crouzel Ivan Rodrigues TOEC TECHNICAL OFFICE FOR Karima Sadou UNICARGAS ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA ENGINEERING & CONTRACTING ANTIGUA PUBLIC UTILITIES COMMISSION DE RÉGULATION Helena Prata AUTHORITY (APUA) Valeria D’Alessandro Said Dib DE L’ELECTRICITÉ ET ANGOLA LEGAL CIRCLE Frank Schwartz MARVAL, O’FARRELL BANQUE D’ALGÉRIE DU GAZ D’ALGÉRIE Laurinda Prazeres Cardoso ANTIGUA MARITIME AGENCIES & MAIRAL, MEMBER Souhila Djamouh Chaib Maya Sator OF LEX MUNDI FBL ADVOGADOS Sharon Simmons CABINET DJAMOUH CABINET SATOR Sofia Eugenia Deferrari José Quarta LAND REGISTRY Ahmed Djouadi Robin Souclier IRSE - INSTITUTO REGULADOR ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA LEFÈVRE PELLETIER & ASSOCIÉS Eleanor R. Solomon LAW FIRM HADJ-HAMOU DO SECTOR ELÉCTRICO Carola Del Rio & DJOUADI - ASSOCIATE CLARKE & CLARKE Matthieu Vacarie João Robles SEVERGNINI, ROBIOLA, OFFICE OF DENTONS SOCIÉTÉ GÉNÉRALE Frederick Southwell GRINBERG & TOMBEUR F. CASTELO BRANCO DEVELOPMENT CONTROL Hamil Faidi Hicham Zaalani & ASSOCIADOS Oscar Alberto del Río STUDIO A AUTHORITY BOUCHEMLA LANOUAR Gervasio Simao CENTRAL BANK OF ARGENTINA & ASSOCIÉS Arthur Thomas Khaled Goussanem GEPLI ANGOLA Santiago D’Eramo LAW FIRM GOUSSANEM THOMAS, JOHN & CO. G. BREUER & ALOUI Cherissa Thomas ANTIGUA AND BARBUDA BAR ASSOCIATION 272 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Leonardo Damián Diaz Pablo Murray Sayad Badalyan Karen Martirosyan David Buda PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS FIORITO MURRAY & INVESTMENT LAW GROUP LLC AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP RBHM COMMERCIAL LAWYERS JURÍDICO FISCAL S.R.L DIAZ CORDERO Anush Bagdasaryan Lilit Matevosyan Gaibrielle Cleary Andrés Edelstein Alfredo Miguel O’Farrell AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP PWC ARMENIA GOULD RALPH PTY. PWC ARGENTINA MARVAL, O’FARRELL LTD. - MEMBER OF RUSSELL Vardan Bezhanyan Arsen Matikyan & MAIRAL, MEMBER BEDFORD INTERNATIONAL Joaquín Eppens Echague LAW FACULTY, YEREVAN CMA CGM OF LEX MUNDI FIORITO MURRAY & STATE UNIVERSITY Mark Dalby Robin McCone DIAZ CORDERO Alejandro Poletto OFFICE OF STATE REVENUE, Abgar Budaghyan PWC ARMENIA ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA NSW TREASURY José Raúl Fernandez PUBLIC SERVICES REGULATORY Anna Melik-Karamyan ELECTRICIDAD FERNANDEZ José Miguel Puccinelli COMMISSION OF ARMENIA Kristy Dixon ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA GLOBAL SPC MARQUE LAWYERS Pablo Ferraro Mila Vahagn Dallakyan Armen Melkumyan GONZALEZ & FERRARO MILA Julio Alberto Pueyrredón Philip Harvey Marine Derdzyan FIDELITY CONSULTING CJSC NEGRI & PUEYRREDON KING & WOOD MALLESONS Diego M. Fissore KPMG Hayk Movsisyan G. BREUER María Clara Pujol Owen Hayford Kristina Dudukchyan GLOBAL SPC WIENER SOTO CAPARRÓS CLAYTON UTZ, MEMBER Alejandro D. Fiuza KPMG Vahe Movsisyan OF LEX MUNDI BROWN RUDNICK LLP Federico José Reibestein Aikanush Edigaryan INVESTMENT LAW GROUP LLC REIBESTEIN & ASOCIADOS Ian Humphreys Daniel Galilea TRANS-ALLIANCE Ashot Musayan ASHURST LLP CÁMARA ARGENTINA DE Sebastián Rodrigo Hayk Ghazazyan THE STATE COMMITTEE OF THE LA CONSTRUCCIÓN ALFARO ABOGADOS Jennifer Ingram KPMG REAL PROPERTY CADASTRE CLAYTON UTZ, MEMBER Javier M. Gattó Bicain Juan Ignacio Ruiz OF THE GOVERNMENT OF Armine Grigoryan OF LEX MUNDI CANDIOTI GATTO ALFARO ABOGADOS THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA THE STATE COMMITTEE OF THE Stephen Jauncey BICAIN & OCANTOS Fernanda Sabbatini REAL PROPERTY CADASTRE Rajiv Nagri HENRY DAVIS YORK Juan Jose Glusman WIENER SOTO CAPARRÓS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF GLOBALINK LOGISTICS GROUP PWC ARGENTINA THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA James Johnston Luz María Salomón Narine Nersisyan ASHURST LLP Matías Grinberg J.P. O’FARRELL ABOGADOS Mihran Grigoryan PWC ARMENIA SEVERGNINI, ROBIOLA, AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP John Karantonis Jorge San Martin Nerses Nersisyan GRINBERG & TOMBEUR CLAYTON UTZ, MEMBER PWC ARGENTINA Sargis Grigoryan PWC ARMENIA OF LEX MUNDI Eduardo Guglielmini GPARTNERS Ramiro Santurio Anna Nubaryan Morgan Kelly Sandra S. Guillan LEONHARDT, DIETL, GRAF Tigran Grigoryan AMERIA GROUP CJSC FERRIER HODGSON LIMITED DE DIOS & GOYENA & VON DER FECHT AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Aram Orbelyan ABOGADOS CONSULTORES John Lobban Enrique Schinelli Vardan Grigoryan Karen Petrosyan ASHURST LLP Gabriela Hidalgo LEONHARDT, DIETL, GRAF ELECTRIC NETWORKS GABRIELA HIDALGO OF ARMENIA INVESTMENT LAW GROUP LLC John Martin & VON DER FECHT Sarhat Petrosyan THOMSON GEER Daniel Intile Pablo Staszewski Alla Hakhnazaryan RUSSELL BEDFORD LEGELATA URBANLAB YEREVAN Nicholas Mavrakis STASZEWSKI & ASSOCIATES ARGENTINA - MEMBER Tigran Poghosyan CLAYTON UTZ, MEMBER Javier Tarasido Anahit Hakhumyan OF RUSSELL BEDFORD HSBC BANK OF LEX MUNDI INTERNATIONAL SEVERGNINI, ROBIOLA, MINISTRY OF URBAN GRINBERG & TOMBEUR DEVELOPMENT Hayk Pogosyan Aaron McKenzie Mariana Labombarda ARSARQTEX LLC MARQUE LAWYERS Adolfo Tombolini Gevorg Hakobyan FIORITO MURRAY & DIAZ CORDERO RUSSELL BEDFORD CONCERN-DIALOG LAW FIRM Nare Sahakyan Phillipa Montgomery ARGENTINA - MEMBER ARDSHINBANK CJSC DLA PIPER Hovhannes Hovhannisyan Santiago Laclau OF RUSSELL BEDFORD MARVAL, O’FARRELL THE STATE COMMITTEE OF THE Anna Sardayan Patricia Muscat INTERNATIONAL & MAIRAL, MEMBER REAL PROPERTY CADASTRE GPARTNERS PWC AUSTRALIA María Paola Trigiani OF THE GOVERNMENT OF OF LEX MUNDI David Sargsyan Amanda Phillips ALFARO ABOGADOS THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA Federico Hernán Laprida AMERIA GROUP CJSC FERRIER HODGSON LIMITED Nicolás Usandivaras Isabella Hovhannisyan LAPRIDA, GOÑI MORENO Samvel Sargsyan Garry Pritchard & GONZÁLEZ URROZ NEGRI & PUEYRREDON EBRD BUSINESS SUPPORT OFFICE GLOBAL SPC EMIL FORD LAWYERS Federico Leonhardt Emilio Beccar Varela Mariam Hovsepyan Ruben Sarukhanyan John Reid LEONHARDT, DIETL, GRAF ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA TER-TACHATYAN LEGAL AND OFFICE OF STATE REVENUE, & VON DER FECHT Abraham Viera Ruben Shakhmuradyan BUSINESS CONSULTING NSW TREASURY PLANOSNET.COM COMFORT R&V Lucas Loviscek Benjamin Rissman CONSULTORIA MUNICIPAL Vahe G. Kakoyan Gayane Shimshiryan ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA COLIN BIGGERS & PAISLEY INVESTMENT LAW GROUP LLC CENTRAL BANK OF ARMENIA Tomás M. Fiorito Roberto Wiman Arshak Karapetyan Sonia Sawrup FIORITO MURRAY & GREEN INGENIERÍA Hakob Tadevosyan INVESTMENT LAW GROUP LLC DLA PIPER DIAZ CORDERO Joaquín Emilio Zappa GRANT THORNTON LLP Andranik Kasaryan Ruwan Senanayake Juan Manuel Magadan J.P. O’FARRELL ABOGADOS Arsen Tavadyan PWC ARGENTINA YEREVAN MUNICIPALITY TER-TACHATYAN LEGAL AND Damian Sturzaker Carlos Zima David Khachatryan BUSINESS CONSULTING MARQUE LAWYERS Alejandro Mao PWC ARGENTINA ZANG, BERGEL & AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Arman Yesayan Simon Truskett VIÑES ABOGADOS ARMENIA Georgi Khachatryan ALFA SYSTEM TECHNOLOGIES CLAYTON UTZ, MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI María Lucila Marchini THE COLLEGIUM OF AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP Liana Yordanyan ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA BUSINESS-MANAGERS’ TER-TACHATYAN LEGAL AND Dilini Waidyanatha Lilit Khachatryan BANKRUPTCY - SRO GLOBAL SPC BUSINESS CONSULTING Jenae Webb Soledad Matteozzi ALFARO ABOGADOS Ani Alaverdyan Vigen Khachatryan Samuel Zakarian ASHURST LLP AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP AVENUE CONSULTING GROUP GLOBAL SPC Julian Melis AUSTRIA CANDIOTI GATTO Ruzan Alaverdyan Karen Khachaturyan Aram Zakaryan BICAIN & OCANTOS MINISTRY OF URBAN THE STATE COMMITTEE OF THE ACRA CREDIT BUREAU OESTERREICHISCHE DEVELOPMENT REAL PROPERTY CADASTRE NATIONAL BANK Maria Fernanda Mierez AUSTRALIA Anna Arutyunova OF THE GOVERNMENT OF Constantin Benes ESTUDIO BECCAR VARELA GLOBAL SPC THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA TREASURY OF AUSTRALIA SCHOENHERR José Oscar Mira Zaruhi Arzuamnyan Stanislav Kolesnikov Harold Bolitho Georg Brandstetter CENTRAL BANK OF ARGENTINA LEGELATA ELECTRIC NETWORKS KING & WOOD MALLESONS BRANDSTETTER, BAURECHT, Jorge Miranda OF ARMENIA PRITZ & PARTNER CLIPPERS SA Sedrak Asatryan Lynda Brumm Arayik Kurdyan RECHTSANWÄLTE KG Karapet Badalyan PWC AUSTRALIA YEREVAN MUNICIPALITY PRUDENCE LEGAL CJSC ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 273 Sonja Bydlinski Felix Neuwirther Aykhan Asadov Sona Taghiyeva Andrew G.S. O’Brien II MINISTRY OF JUSTICE FRESHFIELDS BRUCKHAUS BM MORRISON DENTONS GLINTON, SWEETING, DERINGER PARTNERS LAW FIRM O’BRIEN LAW FIRM Peter Czajkowski Anar A. Umudov TRANSOCEAN SHIPPING Martin Österreicher Ismail Askerov ALIBI PROFESSIONAL LEGAL Chad D. Roberts GRAF & PITKOWITZ MGB LAW OFFICES & CONSULTING SERVICES CALLENDERS & CO. Martin Eckel RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH TAYLORWESSING Iftixar Axundov Ilkin Veliyev Ava Rodland E|N|W|C NATLACEN Barbara Pogacar MINISTRY OF TAXES MINISTRY OF TAXES HIGGS & JOHNSON WALDERDORFF CANCOLA BPV HÜGEL Kamran Babayev Michael Wilson Alvan Rolle RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH RECHTSANWÄLTE OG STATE COMMITTEE MICHAEL WILSON & ALVAN K. ROLLE & Agnes Eigner Angelika Prichystal FOR SECURITIES PARTNERS LTD. ASSOCIATES CO. LTD. BRANDSTETTER, BAURECHT, KSV 1870 Hokuma Babayeva Murad Yahyayev Castino D. Sands PRITZ & PARTNER Moritz Salzgeber BAKU ADMINISTRATIVE- STATE COMMITTEE LENNOX PATON RECHTSANWÄLTE KG BINDER GRÖSSWANG ECONOMICAL COURT NO. 2 FOR SECURITIES Rochelle Sealy Tibor Fabian RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH Anar Baghirov Yagub Zamanov PWC BAHAMAS BINDER GRÖSSWANG Edwin Scharf BHM BAKU LAW CENTRE LLC GRATA LAW FIRM RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH Giahna Soles SCWP SCHINDHELM AUSTRIA Jamal Baghirov Aygun Zeynalova GRAHAM THOMPSON Martin Foerster Georg Schima BM MORRISON MGB LAW OFFICES ATTORNEYS GRAF & PITKOWITZ RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH KUNZ SCHIMA WALLENTIN PARTNERS LAW FIRM Ulvia Zeynalova-Bockin Merrit A. Storr RECHTSANWÄLTE OG, Aida Bagirova DENTONS CHANCELLOR CHAMBERS Ferdinand Graf MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS GRAF & PITKOWITZ UNIBANK Burlington Strachan Stephan Schmalzl BAHAMAS, THE RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH Farid Bakshiyev BAHAMAS ELECTRICITY GRAF & PITKOWITZ THE STATE SOCIAL Bryan A. Glinton CORPORATION Andreas Hable RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH PROTECTION FUND CLINTON, SWEETING, O’BRIEN BINDER GRÖSSWANG Roy Sweeting Ernst Schmidt RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH Arif Guliyev Tara A.A. Archer GLINTON, SWEETING, HALPERN & PRINZ Herbert Herzig PWC AZERBAIJAN HIGGS & JOHNSON O’BRIEN LAW FIRM Helmut Sprongl AUSTRIAN CHAMBER Elchin Habibov Melinda Bacchus-Maynard Nadia A. Wright OF COMMERCE AUSTRIAN REGULATORY CENTRAL BANK OF AZERBAIJAN GLINTON, SWEETING, CHANCELLOR CHAMBERS AUTHORITY Verena Hitzinger O’BRIEN LAW FIRM Samir Hadjiyev Thomas Trettnak BAHRAIN PWC AUSTRIA GRATA LAW FIRM Kevin Basden CHSH CERHA HEMPEL Alexander Hofmann BAHAMAS ELECTRICITY ERNST & YOUNG SPIEGELFELD HLAWATI, Arzu Hajiyeva CORPORATION RA DR. ALEXANDER MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI ERNST & YOUNG Mahmood Al Asheeri HOFMANN, LL.M. Gowon Bowe THE BENEFIT COMPANY Birgit Vogt-Majarek Ilkin Hasanov Armin Immervoll PWC BAHAMAS KUNZ SCHIMA WALLENTIN MINISTRY OF TAXES Mohamed Al Mahroos MINISTRY OF FINANCE RECHTSANWÄLTE OG, Sonia Brown PWC BAHRAIN MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS Parviz Hasanov Alexander Isola GRAPHITE ENGINEERING LTD. EVRASCON Sugra Al Mosawi GRAF & PITKOWITZ Matthias Wach Dayrrl Butler MINISTRY OF WORKS, RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH GRAF & PITKOWITZ Farid Huseynov MOORE STEPHENS BUTLER MUNICIPALITIES AND RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH EKVITA & TAYLOR CHARTERED Alexander Klauser URBAN PLANNING Gerhard Wagner Mehti Ilgar ACCOUNTANTS AND BRAUNEIS KLAUSER PRÄNDL Mahmood Al Oraibi EKVITA BUSINESS ADVISORS RECHTSANWÄLTE GMBH KSV 1870 ASAR – AL RUWAYEH Christian Köttl Lukas A. Weber Nasib İsgenderov Anastasia Campbell & PARTNERS MINISTRY OF TAXES GRAHAM, THOMPSON & CO. 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ROJAS, MEMBER JUSUFBASIĆ-GOLOMAN MINISTRY OF FINANCE OF LEX MUNDI KN KARANOVIĆ & NIKOLIĆ Richard Cesar Alcócer Garnica Marija Prskalo Namgay Dorji AUTORIDAD DE FISCALIZACIÓN Stevan Dimitrijevic Camilo Moreno OFFICE OF THE Y CONTROL SOCIAL DE Ðorðe Racković BM&O ABOGADOS Višnja Dizdarević ATTORNEY GENERAL ELECTRICIDAD (AE) CENTRAL BANK OF BOSNIA Ana Carola Muñoz Añez MARIĆ & CO. LAW FIRM AND HERZEGOVINA Sonam Dorji Christian Amestegui INDACOCHEA & ASOCIADOS Amina Djugum ROYAL INSURANCE ASESORES LEGALES CP Predrag Radovanović Alexia Paravicini MARIĆ & CO. LAW FIRM CORPORATION OF BHUTAN MARIĆ & CO. LAW FIRM Daniela Aragones Cortez QUINTANILLA, SORIA & Jasmina Dzaferovic Tashi Dorji SANJINÉS & Branka Rajicic NISHIZAWA SOC. CIV. JUDICIARY OF BHUTAN ASOCIADOS - ABOGADOS Arijana Hadžiahmetovic PWC BOSNIA AND Carlos Pinto MARIĆ & CO. 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Namgay DRUK HOLDING AND Adrián Barrenechea BM&O ABOGADOS Ahmet Hukic Haris Sarajlić INVESTMENTS BM&O ABOGADOS Joaquin Rodriguez FERK (REGULATORY ASA ŠPED Kinley Namgay Fernando Bedoya AUTORIDAD DE FISCALIZACIÓN COMMISSION FOR ELECTRICITY Jasmin Saric THIMPHU DZONGKHAG COURT C.R. & F. ROJAS, MEMBER Y CONTROL SOCIAL DE IN THE FEDERATION OF ELECTRICIDAD (AE) BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA) LAW OFFICE CUSTOVIC OF LEX MUNDI IN ASSOCIATION WITH Tenzin Namgay NATIONAL LAND Hugo Berthin Patricio Rojas Amir Husić WOLF THEISS COMMISSION SECRETARIAT BDO BERTHIN AMENGUAL C.R. & F. ROJAS, MEMBER LAGERMAX AED BOSNA I Arjana Selimić & ASOCIADOS OF LEX MUNDI HERZEGOWINA D.O.O. Tashi Penjor JP ELEKTROPRIVREDA MINISTRY OF Andrea Bollmann-Duarte Mariela Rojas de Hamel Nusmir Huskić BIH PODRUŽNICA ECONOMIC AFFAIRS SALAZAR & ASOCIADOS ENTIDAD DE SERVICIOS DE HUSKIC LAW OFFICE ELEKTRODISTRIBUCIJA INFORMACIÓN ENSERBIC SA SARAJEVO Namgye Penjore Estefani Cabrera Emir Ibisevic KNG PRIVATE LIMITED WÜRTH KIM COSTA DU Sergio Salazar-Arce DELOITTE ADVISORY Amela Selmanagic RELS ABOGADOS SC SALAZAR & ASOCIADOS SERVICES D.O.O. WOLF THEISS D.O.O. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 277 Nihad Sijerčić Noddy Matenge Eduardo Abrantes Pedro Pio Borges Marcel Cordeiro BOTSWANA POWER SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ PWC BRAZIL Ivona Soce CORPORATION & FLESCH ADVOGADOS E OPICE ADVOGADOS FERK (REGULATORY Pedro Costa COMMISSION FOR ELECTRICITY Kgaotsang Matthews Marina Agueda Fernanda Bortolini BARBOSA, MÜSSNICH & IN THE FEDERATION OF DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS Mark Mckee BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA) SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO ARMSTRONGS ATTORNEYS Carlos Braga Bruno Henrique Coutinho ADVOGADOS Mehmed Spaho SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU de Aguiar Finola McMahon ADVOKATSKA Antônio Aires & FLESCH ADVOGADOS RAYES & FAGUNDES OSEI-OFEI SWABI & CO. KANCELARIJA SPAHO DEMAREST ADVOGADOS ADVOGADOS Leonardo Brandao Rebecca M. Mgadla Hamdo Tinjak Maria Lúcia Almeida Prado ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS Marcelo Cristiano BOTSWANA POWER e Silva MINISTRY OF FOREIGN TRADE TRIBUTÁRIOS SS FRAGA, BEKIERMAN E CORPORATION AND ECONOMIC RELATIONS DEMAREST ADVOGADOS CRISTIANO ADVOGADOS Sergio Bronstein Neo Thelma Moatlhodi Bojana Tkalčić-Djulić LAWYER Júlio Cesar Alves VEIRANO ADVOGADOS Juliana Cristina Ramos LAWYERS OFFICE TKALCIC- NORONHA ADVOGADOS de Carvalho João Henrique Brum DULIC, PREBANIC, RIZVIC & Abel Walter Modimo SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Franklin Alves de Oliveira DOMINGES E PINHO JUSUFBASIĆ-GOLOMAN MODIMO & ASSOCIATES & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Gomes Filho CONTADORES Ruzica Topic Moilwa LOBO & DE RIZZO Camilla Cunha Marcus Brumano RUZIKA TOPIC LAW FIRM ZISMO ENGINEERING ADVOGADOS BARBOSA, MÜSSNICH & DEMAREST ADVOGADOS ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS (PTY.) LTD. Ivana Amorim de Coelho Sasa Topic Matheus Bueno de Oliveira RUZIKA TOPIC LAW FIRM Setho Mokobi Bomfim Gabriel da Câmara de Queiroz MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ PVG ADVOGADOS DEMAREST ADVOGADOS BOOKBINDER BUSINESS LAW Edin Zametica E OPICE ADVOGADOS Frederico Buosi DERK (STATE ELECTRICITY Gordon Molefe Carlos da Costa e Silva Filho Edinilson Apolinario VELLA PUGLIESE VIEIRA, REZENDE, BARBOSA REGULATORY COMMISSION) BOTSWANA POWER PWC BRAZIL BUOSI GUIDONI E GUERREIRO ADVOGADOS CORPORATION BOTSWANA Dennis C. De Paula Silva Johannes Mosanawe Pedro Vitor Araujo da Costa Adriana Daiuto VITOR COSTA ADVOGADOS COMPANHIA DOCAS DEMAREST ADVOGADOS Geoffrey Abraham Baah-Pusuo MINISTRY OF LABOUR DO ESTADO DE SÃO WISDOM SECRETARIAL AND HOME AFFAIRS Leonardo Ricardo Arvate PAULO (CODESP) João Luis Ribeiro de Almeida SERVICES (PTY.) LTD. Petros Mosholombe Alvares DEMAREST ADVOGADOS Renato Canizares Jeffrey Bookbinder BOTSWANA POWER SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU DEMAREST ADVOGADOS João Claudio De Luca Junior BOOKBINDER BUSINESS LAW CORPORATION & FLESCH ADVOGADOS DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, Luiz Henrique Capeli Kula Bushi Mmatshipi Motsepe Mariana Assef SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU BRAZILIAN ELECTRICITY ADVOGADOS BOTSWANA POWER MANICA AFRICA PTY. LTD. & FLESCH ADVOGADOS REGULATORY AGENCY (ANEEL) CORPORATION Robert Mpabanga Beatriz Gross Bueno Simone Cardoso John Carr-Hartley TRANSUNION ITC Josef Azulay de Moraes Visnevski BARBOSA, MÜSSNICH & ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS DE VIVO, WHITAKER E ARMSTRONGS ATTORNEYS Walter Mushi TRIBUTÁRIOS SS ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS CASTRO ADVOGADOS Shingirirai Chaza COLLINS NEWMAN & CO. Angela Carvalho BOOKBINDER BUSINESS LAW Bruno Balduccini Daniela de Pontes Andrade Leonard Muza PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU LOBO & DE RIZZO Gorata Dibotelo KPMG & FLESCH ADVOGADOS ADVOGADOS ARMSTRONGS ATTORNEYS Armando Balteiro Rajesh Narasimhan David Carvalho VITOR COSTA ADVOGADOS Eduardo Depassier Tatenda Dumba GRANT THORNTON LLP KRAFT ADVOGADOS LOESER E PORTELA ARMSTRONGS ATTORNEYS Rafael Baptista Baleroni ASSOCIADOS Godfrey N. Nthomiwa ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Edward W. Fasholé-Luke II ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE - Marina Carvalho & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Claudia Derenusson Riedel LUKE & ASSOCIATES HIGH COURT OF BOTSWANA ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, Sarah Barbassa TRIBUTÁRIOS SS Prosenjit Gupta Kwadwo Osei-Ofei SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU ADVOGADOS R K ACCOUNTANTS OSEI-OFEI SWABI & CO. Thiago Carvalho Stob & FLESCH ADVOGADOS NORONHA ADVOGADOS Heloisa Bonciani Nader Akheel Jinabhai Butler Phirie Bruno Barbosa AKHEEL JINABHAI PWC BOTSWANA Ramon Castilho di Cunto VEIRANO ADVOGADOS DUARTE GARCIA, & ASSOCIATES SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Onkagetse Pusoentsi Priscyla Barbosa & FLESCH ADVOGADOS CASELLI GUIMARÃES E Julius Mwaniki Kanja MODIMO & ASSOCIATES VEIRANO ADVOGADOS TERRA ADVOGADOS CHIBANDA, Rodrigo Castro Claudio Rossi Matheus Barcelos VEIRANO ADVOGADOS Daniel Antonio Dias MAKGALEMELE & CO. SHARPS ELECTRICAL (PTY.) LTD. BARBOSA, MÜSSNICH & LOBO & DE RIZZO David Lawrence Eduardo Chaves ADVOGADOS Piyush Sharma ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS SHARPS ELECTRICAL (PTY.) LTD. RAYES & FAGUNDES PIYUSH SHARMA Roberto Bekierman ADVOGADOS Rodrigo Dias Josia Lebotse ATTORNEYS & CO. FRAGA, BEKIERMAN E LEFOSSE ADVOGADOS LEGADIMA ELECTRICAL Renato Chiodaro Daniel Swabi CRISTIANO ADVOGADOS Wagner Dockhorn DE VIVO, WHITAKER E Sylvester Lekone OSEI-OFEI SWABI & CO. Gilberto Belleza CASTRO ADVOGADOS MANICA AFRICA PTY. LTD. José Ricardo dos Santos Luz Moemedi J. Tafa BELLEZA & BATALHA C. Júnior Isabela Coelho Queen Letshabo ARMSTRONGS ATTORNEYS DO LAGO ARQUITETOS DUARTE GARCIA, ASSOCIADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU LUKE & ASSOCIATES Frederick Webb & FLESCH ADVOGADOS CASELLI GUIMARÃES E Patrick Lewanika ARMSTRONGS ATTORNEYS David Benoliel TERRA ADVOGADOS Ricardo E. Vieira Coelho BOTSWANA POWER NORONHA ADVOGADOS Andre Drighetti Nilusha Weeraratne PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS CORPORATION PWC BOTSWANA Marcello Bernardes LAZZARINI MORETTI E Roberta Coelho de Souza MORAES ADVOGADOS Bokani Machinya PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS Sipho Ziga Batalha COLLINS NEWMAN & CO. ARMSTRONGS ATTORNEYS João Pedro Berwanger DEMAREST ADVOGADOS Brigida Melo e Cruz Gama Claude Madiabaso MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ Filho Vivian Coelho dos Santos PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS REGISTRAR OF COMPANIES BRAZIL E OPICE ADVOGADOS Breder AND INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Camila Biral ULHÔA CANTO, REZENDE Ingrid E.T. Schwarz NCM SERVIÇOS Mercia Bonzo Makgalemele DEMAREST ADVOGADOS E GUERRA-ADVOGADOS de Mendonça ADUANEIROS LTDA CHIBANDA, NORONHA ADVOGADOS UTI DO BRASIL LTDA Amir Bocayuva Cunha Jarbas Contin MAKGALEMELE & CO. BARBOSA, MÜSSNICH & PWC BRAZIL Marcelo Elias Mmamoruti Supang Manewe Maysa Abrahao Tavares ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS PINHEIRO GUIMARÃES Verzola Luiz Felipe Cordeiro ADVOGADOS DEED REGISTRY BOTSWANA Adriano Borges CHEDIAK, LOPES DA SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Jonathan Maphepa DE VIVO, WHITAKER E COSTA, CRISTOFARO, Rafael Eny & FLESCH ADVOGADOS GABORONE CITY COUNCIL CASTRO ADVOGADOS MENEZES CÔRTES, RENNÓ OLIVÉRIO ADVOGADOS E ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS 278 DOING BUSINESS 2016 João Paulo F.A. Fagundes Andréa Giamondo Massei Fernando Loeser Lycia Moreira Nivio Perez dos Santos RAYES & FAGUNDES Rossi LOESER E PORTELA FRAGA, BEKIERMAN E NEW-LINK COM. EXT. LTDA ADVOGADOS LOBO & DE RIZZO ADVOGADOS CRISTIANO ADVOGADOS Claudio Pieruccetti ADVOGADOS Fabio Falkenburger Marcelo Lopes Wagner Moreira Gonçalves VIEIRA, REZENDE, BARBOSA MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ Luiz Marcelo Gois VEIRANO ADVOGADOS COMPANHIA DOCAS DO E GUERREIRO ADVOGADOS E OPICE ADVOGADOS BARBOSA, MÜSSNICH & ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO Tiago Lopes Luanda Pinto Backheuser ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS (CODESP) Flavio Fantucci SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS Rodrigo Gomes Maia & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Renata M. Moreira Lima SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO TRIBUTÁRIOS SS NORONHA ADVOGADOS LAZZARINI MORETTI E ADVOGADOS José Andrés Lopes da Costa MORAES ADVOGADOS Ticiana Faveiro Fernanda Gonçalves Cruz Antonio Claudio Pinto MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU CHEDIAK, LOPES DA Gustavo Morel da Fonseca E OPICE ADVOGADOS & FLESCH ADVOGADOS COSTA, CRISTOFARO, VEIRANO ADVOGADOS CONSTRUTORA MG LTDA MENEZES CÔRTES, RENNÓ Beatriz Felitte Diógenes Gonçalves Neto Renata Morelli Andréa Pitthan Françolin E ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS RAYES & FAGUNDES DE VIVO, WHITAKER E & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Marina Maccabelli ADVOGADOS CASTRO ADVOGADOS Eduardo Ferraz Guerra DEMAREST ADVOGADOS Iara Ferfoglia Gomes Dias GUERRA E BATISTA Vladimir Mucury Cardoso Cassia Pizzotti Vilardi ADVOGADOS Pedro Maciel CHEDIAK, LOPES DA DEMAREST ADVOGADOS MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ LEFOSSE ADVOGADOS COSTA, CRISTOFARO, Federico H. God Raphael Polito E OPICE ADVOGADOS MENEZES CÔRTES, RENNÓ ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS Lucilena Madaleno RAYES & FAGUNDES E ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS Alexsander Fernandes TRIBUTÁRIOS SS ERNST & YOUNG LLP ADVOGADOS de Andrade Rodrigo Munhoz Enrique Hadad Camila Maia Renato Poltronieri DUARTE GARCIA, ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS CASELLI GUIMARÃES E LOESER E PORTELA PINHEIRO GUIMARÃES TRIBUTÁRIOS SS DEMAREST ADVOGADOS TERRA ADVOGADOS ADVOGADOS ADVOGADOS Ian Muniz Antonio Celso Pugliese Felipe Hanszmann José Guilherme do Nascimento VELLA PUGLIESE João Guilherme Ferreira VEIRANO ADVOGADOS VIEIRA, REZENDE, BARBOSA Malheiro BUOSI GUIDONI NORONHA ADVOGADOS E GUERREIRO ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Ana Carolina Musa Mickaella Quirino Guilherme Filardi & FLESCH ADVOGADOS VIEIRA, REZENDE, BARBOSA Carlos Alberto Iacia ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, E GUERREIRO ADVOGADOS PWC BRAZIL Estêvão Mallet TRIBUTÁRIOS SS SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO MALLET E ADVOGADOS Cássio S. Namur ADVOGADOS Rogério Jorge Dario Rabay ASSOCIADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Gabriel Fiuza AES ELETROPAULO & FLESCH ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Camila Mansur Haddad O. & FLESCH ADVOGADOS CHEDIAK, LOPES DA Gisleyne Kagamida Santos Marcelo Natale COSTA, CRISTOFARO, ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS João Ramos LAZZARINI MORETTI E DELOITTE TOUCHE TOHMATSU MENEZES CÔRTES, RENNÓ TRIBUTÁRIOS SS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU E ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS MORAES ADVOGADOS Jorge Nemr & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Naira Kawanami Daniela Floriano Stephanie Manzi Lopes LEITE, TOSTO E BARROS ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS Carlos Alberto Ramos Schiavinato RAYES & FAGUNDES TRIBUTÁRIOS SS Rosy Nery Guimarães de Vasconcelos ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU RN ARQUITETURA DEMAREST ADVOGADOS Breno Kingma & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Paulo Roberto Fogarolli Filho VIEIRA, REZENDE, BARBOSA Victor Ti Yuen Ng Ronaldo Rayes Glaucia Mara Coelho DUARTE GARCIA, E GUERREIRO ADVOGADOS NORONHA ADVOGADOS RAYES & FAGUNDES CASELLI GUIMARÃES E MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ E OPICE ADVOGADOS ADVOGADOS TERRA ADVOGADOS Dan Kraft Flavio Nicoletti Siqueira KRAFT ADVOGADOS Johnatan Maranhao STTAS Gabriella Reao Julian Fonseca Peña Chediak ASSOCIADOS ULHÔA CANTO, REZENDE CHEDIAK, LOPES DA PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS Walter Nimir E GUERRA-ADVOGADOS COSTA, CRISTOFARO, Everaldo Lacerda Georges Louis Martens Filho DE VIVO, WHITAKER E MENEZES CÔRTES, RENNÓ CARTORIO MARITIMO CASTRO ADVOGADOS Lukas Matthias Rhomberg DE VIVO, WHITAKER E E ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS CASTRO ADVOGADOS DE VIVO, WHITAKER E José Paulo Lago Alves Sergio Niskier CASTRO ADVOGADOS Luiz Carlos Fraga Pequeno Stefania Martignago Flavio Nunes FRAGA, BEKIERMAN E NORONHA ADVOGADOS Andreza Ribeiro DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, CRISTIANO ADVOGADOS Mariana Nunes SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Thomás Lampster SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO ADVOGADOS ERNST & YOUNG SERVIÇOS & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Luiz França PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS TRIBUTÁRIOS SS CASTRO, BARROS, SOBRAL, Juliana Ribeiro Rodrigo Lara Alves da Silva Vinicius Martins GOMES ADVOGADOS Michael O’Connor MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ RAYES & FAGUNDES SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU & FLESCH ADVOGADOS GUERRA E BATISTA E OPICE ADVOGADOS Raphael Freitas ADVOGADOS ADVOGADOS LEFOSSE ADVOGADOS Eliane Ribeiro Gago Juliano Lazzarini Moretti Renata Martins de Oliveira Daniel Oliveira DUARTE GARCIA, Henrique Funk Lo Sardo LAZZARINI MORETTI E MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ E OPICE ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU CASELLI GUIMARÃES E LAZZARINI MORETTI E MORAES ADVOGADOS & FLESCH ADVOGADOS TERRA ADVOGADOS MORAES ADVOGADOS José Augusto Leal Laura Massetto Meyer Evany Oliveira Laura Ribeiro Vissotto Renato G.R. Maggio CASTRO, BARROS, SOBRAL, PINHEIRO GUIMARÃES ADVOGADOS PWC BRAZIL 1º CARTÓRIO DE NOTAS DE MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ GOMES ADVOGADOS SÃO JOSÉ DOS CAMPOS E OPICE ADVOGADOS Matheus Bastos Oliveira Alexandre Leite Davi Medina Vilela DEMAREST ADVOGADOS Carolina Rodrigues Rafael Gagliardi SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU VIEIRA, REZENDE, BARBOSA E GUERREIRO ADVOGADOS MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ DEMAREST ADVOGADOS & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Lidia Amalia Oliveira Ferranti E OPICE ADVOGADOS Aloysio Meirelles de Miranda VM&L SOCIEDADE Diego Galvão Alexandre Leite Ribeiro DE ADVOGADOS Mariana Rodrigues MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ do Valle ULHÔA CANTO, REZENDE E GUERRA-ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU E OPICE ADVOGADOS VM&L SOCIEDADE Eduardo Ono Terashima & FLESCH ADVOGADOS DE ADVOGADOS DEMAREST ADVOGADOS Camila Mendes Vianna Rodrigo Garcia da Fonseca Viviane Rodrigues Karina Lerner Cardoso Priscilla Palazzo OSORIO E MAYA FERREIRA SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU ADVOGADOS BARBOSA, MÜSSNICH & KINCAID | MENDES DE VIVO, WHITAKER E VIANNA ADVOGADOS & FLESCH ADVOGADOS ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS CASTRO ADVOGADOS Rafaella Gentil Gervaerd Suzanna Romero Paloma Valeria Lima Martins Marianne Mendes Webber Gyedre Palma Carneiro CHEDIAK, LOPES DA VIEIRA, REZENDE, BARBOSA COSTA, CRISTOFARO, MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU de Oliveira E GUERREIRO ADVOGADOS MENEZES CÔRTES, RENNÓ E OPICE ADVOGADOS & FLESCH ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU E ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Gabriela Roque Ana Beatriz Lobo Mônica Missaka NORONHA ADVOGADOS SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU Murilo Germiniani VEIRANO ADVOGADOS Rogério Rabelo Peixoto & FLESCH ADVOGADOS MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ Maria Eduarda Moog BANCO CENTRAL DO BRASIL Maury Lobo de Athayde E OPICE ADVOGADOS Marcos Roriz Jardim Filho CHAVES, GELMAN, MACHADO, CASTRO, BARROS, SOBRAL, Paulo Penteado GOMES ADVOGADOS MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ GILBERTO E BARBOZA VEIRANO ADVOGADOS E OPICE ADVOGADOS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 279 Lia Roston Marienne Aparecida Tesser de Hajah Norahimah Haji Aji Dk Asmaa Hani Pg Omarali Emil Delchev RAYES & FAGUNDES Almeida DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, MINISTRY OF FINANCE DELCHEV & PARTNERS ADVOGADOS SERASA SA MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS Mariani Haji Sabtu Kostadinka Deleva Gustavo Rotta Carlos Texeira Mohamad Saiful Adilin Haji MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND GUGUSHEV & PARTNERS DELOITTE TOUCHE TOHMATSU Edin PRIMARY RESOURCES BUILDING Marcos Tiraboschi Irina Dilkinska MINISTRY OF FINANCE Luis Augusto Roux Azevedo DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, Baqthier Sari PENEV LLP DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO Haji Omar Haji Mohd Dali AUTORITI MONETARI George Dimitrov SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO ADVOGADOS TABUNG AMANAH PEKERJA BRUNEI DARUSSALAM ADVOGADOS DIMITROV, PETROV & CO. Priscila Trevisan Amal Hayati Haji Suhaili Karthigeyan Srinivasan Nataliya Dimova Diogo Sampaio RAYES & FAGUNDES TABUNG AMANAH PEKERJA AUTORITI MONETARI PWC BRAZIL ADVOGADOS BRUNEI DARUSSALAM CEZ DISTRIBUTION BULGARIA Reza Haji Zainal AD, MEMBER OF CEZ GROUP Rafael Santos Oswaldo Cesar Trunci BANK ISLAM BRUNEI Chairani Sulaiman de Oliveira Ina Dobriyanova SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU DARUSSALAM MINISTRY OF FINANCE & FLESCH ADVOGADOS MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ CEZ DISTRIBUTION BULGARIA Khairunnisa Hashim Shazali Sulaiman AD, MEMBER OF CEZ GROUP E OPICE ADVOGADOS Carolina Santos Costa MINISTRY OF FINANCE KPMG Suslei Tufaniuk Iva Georgieva MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ Rachel Hii Eddie Sunny TSVETKOVA BEBOV E OPICE ADVOGADOS AES ELETROPAULO DELOITTE AND TOUCHE MINISTRY OF FINANCE KOMAREVSKI Anelise Maria Jircik Sasson Ticiana Valdetaro Biachi Ayala MANAGEMENT Wario Tacbad Kremena Gonzova AES ELETROPAULO CHEDIAK, LOPES DA SERVICES PTE. LTD. COSTA, CRISTOFARO, ARKITEK HAZA DELCHEV & PARTNERS Julia Schulz Rotenberg Hjh Yuria Abyana Hj Ahmad MENEZES CÔRTES, RENNÓ Zarina Tajuddin Vasilena Goranova DEMAREST ADVOGADOS E ARAGÃO ADVOGADOS MINISTRY OF INDUSTRY AND PRIMARY RESOURCES BUILDING MINISTRY OF FINANCE PENKOV, MARKOV Sabine Schuttoff Bruno Valente & PARTNERS Bernard Tan Thiam Swee DE LUCA, DERENUSSON, Hjh Durratul Bahiah Hj Md PWC BRAZIL Ralitsa Gougleva SCHUTTOFF E AZEVEDO Asari Sudhan Thankappan ADVOGADOS Ronaldo C. Veirano DELOITTE & TOUCHE BRUNEI DJINGOV, GOUGINSKI, B.H.F. TECHNOLOGIES SDN BHD VEIRANO ADVOGADOS KYUTCHUKOV & VELICHKOV Lucas Seabra Chiao Hui Lim Ting Tiu Pheng Anna Carolina Venturini Kristina Gouneva MACHADO, MEYER, SENDACZ MINISTRY OF FINANCE ARKITEK TING E OPICE ADVOGADOS PINHEIRO NETO ADVOGADOS DOBREV & LYUTSKANOV Norizzah Hazirah Husin Norolazna Tonggal Ademilson Viana Katerina Gramatikova Gabriel Seijo DEPARTMENT OF LABOR, TAKAFUL BRUNEI AM SDN BHD SOUZA, CESCON, BARRIEU DEMAREST ADVOGADOS MINISTRY OF HOME AFFAIRS DOBREV & LYUTSKANOV & FLESCH ADVOGADOS Angela S. 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COMPANY - LAW FIRM MOTIEKA & AUDZEVIČIUS Povilas Žukauskas Judith Raijmakers LAW FIRM LAWIN, Bahloul Kelbash Reda Gabrilavičiūtė Algirdas Pekšys LOYENS & LOEFF MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI MUKHTAR, KELBASH MINISTRY OF JUSTICE LAW FIRM SORAINEN Sandra Rapp & ELGHARABLI & PARTNERS Audrius Žvybas Yvonne Goldammer KLEYR GRASSO GLIMSTEDT Belkasem Magid Obadi BNT HEEMANN KLAUBERG Aidas Petrosius Jean-Luc Schaus GENERAL ELECTRICITY KRAUKLIS APB STATE ENTERPRISE COMPANY OF LIBYA (GECOL) CENTRE OF REGISTERS LUXEMBOURG PIERRE THIELEN AVOCATS Živilė Golubevė IPRA-CINDER Roger Schintgen Ibrahim Maher NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR Audrone Railaite DLA MATOUK BASSIOUNY ENERGY CONTROL AND PRICES MINISTRY OF ECONOMY PAUL WURTH GEPROLUX SA Hugo Arellano (PART OF DLA PIPER GROUP) LOYENS & LOEFF Phillipe Schmit Dovile Greblikiene Justina Rakauskaitė Mahmud Mukhtar VALIUNAS ELLEX GLIMSTEDT ARENDT & MEDERNACH SA Pierre Beissel MUKHTAR, KELBASH ARENDT & MEDERNACH SA Alex Schmitt Arturas Gutauskas Liudas Ramanauskas & ELGHARABLI BONN & SCHMITT LAW OFFICE VARUL LAW FIRM SORAINEN Louis Berns Ali Naser AND PARTNERS & PARTNERS ARENDT & MEDERNACH SA Anne Sophie Theissen LIBYAN CREDIT CHAMBER OF COMMERCE Frank Heemann Laura Ryzgelytė Sébastien Binard INFORMATION CENTER OF THE GRAND-DUCHY BNT HEEMANN KLAUBERG LAW FIRM SORAINEN ARENDT & MEDERNACH SA OF LUXEMBOURG Mazen Tumi KRAUKLIS APB & PARTNERS TUMI LAW FIRM - IN Eleonora Broman Massimo Trifilio Robert Juodka Vytautas Sabalys LOYENS & LOEFF ASSOCIATION WITH PWC LUXEMBOURG SNR DENTON LAW OFFICE VARUL LAW FIRM SORAINEN AND PARTNERS & PARTNERS Guy Castegnaro Davide Visin IUS LABORIS LUXEMBOURG, PWC LUXEMBOURG LITHUANIA Ieva Kairytė Simona Šarkauskaitė CASTEGNARO Loreta Andziulyte PWC LITHUANIA LAW FIRM ZABIELA, Bénédicte Zahnd ZABIELAITE & PARTNERS Ariane Claverie BNP PARIBAS PROVENTUSLAW LT UAB Inga Karulaityte-Kvainauskiene IUS LABORIS LUXEMBOURG, Asta Avizaite PROVENTUSLAW LT UAB Egidijus Šatrauskas CASTEGNARO AB LESTO MACEDONIA, FYR MINISTRY OF JUSTICE Romualdas Kasperavičius Raymond Dhur STATE ENTERPRISE Arvydas Sedekerskis ADMINISTRATION DE APOSTOLSKA & Liutauras Baikštys ALEKSANDROVSKI LAW OFFICE VARUL CENTRE OF REGISTERS LITHUANIAN ELECTRICITY L’ENREGISTREMENT ET AND PARTNERS ASSOCIATION DES DOMAINES DOM - DIZAJN Vesta Kaspute Rimgailė Baliūnaitė BNT HEEMANN KLAUBERG Darius Šeškevičius Catherine Dupont Kristijan Aleksoski NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR KRAUKLIS APB ELEKTORMONTUOTOJAS PWC LUXEMBOURG PWC MACEDONIA ENERGY CONTROL AND PRICES Jonas Kiauleikis Aušra Sičiūnienė Gérard Eischen Ljubinka Andonovska Petras Baltusevičius BORENIUS ATTORNEYS VILNIUS CITY MUNICIPALITY CHAMBER OF COMMERCE CENTRAL REGISTRY OF THE DSV TRANSPORT UAB Evaldas Kirilovas Andrius Šidlauskas OF THE GRAND-DUCHY REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA PWC LITHUANIA BORENIUS ATTORNEYS OF LUXEMBOURG Donatas Baranauskas Natasha Andreeva VILNIAUS MIESTO 14 - ASIS Donatas Kisielius Justina Šilinskaitė Annie Elfassi NATIONAL BANK OF THE NOTARU BIURAS DONATAS KISIELIUS EVERSHEDS SALADZIUS LOYENS & LOEFF REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Šarūnas Basijokas BAILIFF OFFICE Thomas Feider Zlatko Antevski Mingailė Šilkūnaitė GLIMSTEDT Dalius Kontrimavičius GLIMSTEDT Vaneesa Freed LAWYERS ANTEVSKI Vilius Bernatonis NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR LOYENS & LOEFF Aleksandra Arsoska Rimantas Simaitis TARK GRUNTE SUTKIENE ENERGY CONTROL AND PRICES IKRP ROKAS & PARTNERS Vaida Sinušaitė Alain Grosjean Renata Beržanskienė Kristina Kriščiūnaitė BONN & SCHMITT Maja Atanasova MINISTRY OF ECONOMY LAW FIRM SORAINEN PWC LITHUANIA GEORGI DIMITROV ATTORNEYS Simonas Skukauskas Andreas Heinzmann & PARTNERS Egidijus Kundelis BONN & SCHMITT Ljupka Avramovic BORENIUS ATTORNEYS Andrius Bogdanovičius PWC LITHUANIA SINKO DOO Tomas Soltanovičius Vincent Hieff JSC CREDITINFO LIETUVA Žilvinas Kvietkus CHAMBER OF COMMERCE Dragan Blažev BORENIUS ATTORNEYS Ausra Brazauskiene Linas Liktorius OF THE GRAND-DUCHY TIMELPROJECT ENGINEERING LAW FIRM LAWIN, Marius Stračkaitis OF LUXEMBOURG KPMG LITHUANIA Slavica Bogoeva MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI LITHUANIAN CHAMBER Lauras Lukosius OF NOTARIES Véronique Hoffeld MACEDONIAN CREDIT Alina Burlakova BALTIC FREIGHT SERVICES LOYENS & LOEFF BUREAU AD SKOPJE LAW FIRM LAWIN, Alina Streckyte Inga Macijauskaitė LAW FIRM LAWIN, François Kremer Jela Boskovic Ognjanoska MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI ARENDT & MEDERNACH SA IKRP ROKAS & PARTNERS BORENIUS ATTORNEYS MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Monika Casado Paul Lanois Nebojsa Cvetanovski AMERINDE Odeta Maksvytytė Arnoldas Tomasevicius LAW OFFICE VARUL MINISTRY OF JUSTICE Olivier Lardinois INTEREUROPA CONSOLIDATED, INC. AND PARTNERS BNP PARIBAS Katerina Cvetkovska Justas Ciomanas Daiva Ušinskaitė-Filonovienė Linas Margevicius TARK GRUNTE SUTKIENE Tom Loesch EMIL MIFTARI LAW OFFICE LITHUANIAN CHAMBER OF NOTARIES LEGAL BUREAU OF LAW FIRM LOESCH Ljupco Cvetkovski Vygantas Vaitkus LINAS MARGEVICIUS DDK ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Giedre Dailidenaite NATIONAL COMMISSION FOR Nathalie Mangen LAW OFFICE VARUL Vilius Martišius ENERGY CONTROL AND PRICES BONN & SCHMITT Dragan Dameski LAW FIRM OF REDA ZABOLIENE DDK ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW AND PARTNERS Vilija Vaitkutė Pavan Jeannot Medinger Renata Damanskyte Jolita Meškelytė LAW FIRM LAWIN, CREOS LUXEMBOURG SA Elena Dimova TARK GRUNTE SUTKIENE MINISTRY OF JUSTICE MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI CAKMAKOVA ADVOCATES Philipp Metzchke Ignas Dargužas Tomas Mieliauskas Adrijus Vegys ARENDT & MEDERNACH SA Daniela Dineska LAW FIRM SORAINEN LAW FIRM YVES BANK OF LITHUANIA ITS ISKRATEL Paul Mousel & PARTNERS Bronislovas Mikūta Agnietė Venckiene ARENDT & MEDERNACH SA Mihajlo Drenkovski Aurelija Daubaraitė STATE ENTERPRISE LAW FIRM SORAINEN ITS ISKRATEL CENTRE OF REGISTERS & PARTNERS Stéphanie Musialski LAW FIRM SORAINEN CHAMBER OF COMMERCE Ana Georgievska & PARTNERS Asta Misiukiene Tomas Venckus OF THE GRAND-DUCHY DIMA FORWARDERS MINISTRY OF ECONOMY LAW OFFICE VARUL OF LUXEMBOURG AND PARTNERS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 307 Dimche Georgievski Martin Odzaklieski Tsiry Andriamisamanana Tovoheritiana Jeannot Rija Nirina Razanadrakoto DIMA FORWARDERS MINISTRY OF TRANSPORT Rakotovao ETUDE RAZANADRAKOTO RIJA Herilova Andriampenomanana AND COMMUNICATIONS JIRO SY RANO Katarina Ginoska PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Louis Sagot MALAGASY (JIRAMA) GEORGI DIMITROV ATTORNEYS Vasil Pavloski TAX AND LEGAL CABINET D’AVOCAT MINISTRY OF ECONOMY Lanto Tiana Ralison LOUIS SAGOT Marijana Gjoreska Eddy Ramangason PWC MADAGASCAR CENTRAL REGISTRY OF THE Ana Pepeljugoska Andrianarisoa Ida Soamiliarimana REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA LAW OFFICE PEPELJUGOSKI AVOCAT AU BARREAU Barijaona Ramaholimihaso MADAGASCAR CONSEIL DE MADAGASCAR BNI MADAGASCAR INTERNATIONAL Verica Hadzi Valentin Pepeljugoski Vasileva-Markovska LAW OFFICE PEPELJUGOSKI Aimée Andrianasolo Handy Orlando Ramananarivo Hariniaina Soloarivelo AAG - ANALYSIS AND OFFICE DE REGULATION ARTCHIC MADAGASCAR COMMUNE URBAINE Andrea Popovski ADVISORY GROUP ÉLECTRICITÉ D’ANTANANARIVO CENTRAL REGISTRY OF THE Andriamahafaly Rado Aleksandar Ickovski REPUBLIC OF MACEDONIA Andriamanalina Andrianjaka Ramanantsoa Leslie Tsaratombo OFFICE NOTARIAL SERVICE DES DOMAINES ET DE DE CHAZAL DU MÉE SARL Jasmina Ilieva Jovanovikj Jasmina Rafajlovska DE TAMATAVE LA CONSERVATION FONCIÈRE DDK ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW RAFAJLOVSKI KONSALTING D.O.O. 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CAKMAKOVA ADVOCATES Rakotomanana CABINET HK JURIFISC Halimi Abd Manaf Dragisa Zlatkovski PWC MADAGASCAR MINISTRY OF URBAN Marija Nikolova Jean Marcel Razafimahenina SISKON LTD. Maroniaina Rakotomanana DELTA AUDIT DELOITTE WELLBEING, HOUSING AND LAW OFFICE KNEZOVIC & ASSOCIATES LEXEL JURIDIQUE & FISCAL LOCAL GOVERNMENT MADAGASCAR Chantal Razafinarivo Vesna Nikolovska Harivola Joan Rakotomanjaka CABINET RAZAFINARIVO Abu Daud Abd Rahim LAW OFFICE NIKOLOVSKI BUILD CONSULTING ENGINEERS AZMI & ASSOCIATES J. Théodore Rakotondramanga Andrianariseheno Goran Nikolovski Serge Andretseheno BANQUE CENTRALE Razafindranivo Azura Abd Rahman LAW OFFICE NIKOLOVSKI CABINET AS ARCHITECTE DE MADAGASCAR JIRO SY RANO LAND & MINES OFFICE Eva Andriamihaja Harotsilavo Rakotoson MALAGASY (JIRAMA) Nor Azimah Abdul Aziz Nino Noveski LAW OFFICE NIKOLOVSKI MIHAJA TRANSIT SMR & HR ASSOCIATES SA COMPANIES COMMISSION 308 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Mohd Yazid Abdul Majid Stewart Forbes Elaine Law Soh Ying Ahmad Ridha Abdul Razak Sahrom Ujang MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY MALAYSIAN INTERNATIONAL AZMAN, DAVIDSON & CO. AR’RAD ARCHITECTS KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL CORPORATION CHAMBER OF COMMERCE Christopher Lee Nurul Lidya Razali Natalie Peh Suan Wan AND INDUSTRY (MICCI) Ahmad Danial Abdul Rahim CHRISTOPHER LEE & CO. 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Salim ADVOCATE & SOLICITORS ARKITEK MAA PWC MALAYSIA TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD Justin Wong Mohd Zulkarnanin Abu AZMI & ASSOCIATES Khalid Hashim Azman Bin Othman Luk Sugumar Saminathan Mansor AZMI & ASSOCIATES RAHMAT LIM & PARTNERS MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY Wei Kwang Woo ARKITEK NORMAN SELAMAT Zulkurnain Hassan CORPORATION WONG & PARTNERS Ahmad Lutfi Abdull Mutalip Muhammad Arif KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL AZMI & ASSOCIATES Shaleni Sangaran Yeoh Keng Yao TITIMAS LOGISTICS SDN BHD Abdul Hafiz Bin Hidzir SKRINE, MEMBER TITIMAS LOGISTICS SDN BHD Ir. Bashir Ahamed Maideen Christopher Arun Francis OF LEX MUNDI TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD NADI CONSULT ERA SDN BHD Clifford Eng Hong Yap ZAID IBRAHIM & Zamzuri Selamat PWC MALAYSIA CO. (ZICOLAW) Wong Hin Loong John Matthew AZMAN, DAVIDSON & CO. SYARIKAT BEKALAN AIR CHRISTOPHER LEE & CO. Moy Pui Yee Amin Nordin Bin Abdul Aziz SELANGOR SDN BHD (SYABAS) KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL Ivan Yue Chan Ho RAHMAT LIM & PARTNERS Izhar Che Mee Andy Seo SHOOK LIN & BOK MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY Yee Chieh Yeoh Muhamad Azizul Bin Zahidin CORPORATION Fiona Sequerah AZMI & ASSOCIATES WESTPORTS MALAYSIA Cassandra Hogg CHRISTOPHER LEE & CO. SDN BHD ALBAR & PARTNERS Nur Sabrina Musfirah Ismail Mohd Yusof Mohamed Nazri Thirilogachandran KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL Shamsuddin Bardan Fan Won Hoong AZMI & ASSOCIATES Shanmugasundaram MALAYSIAN EMPLOYERS INDAH WATER HOME Shezlina Zakaria TLC ARCHITECT FEDERATION Hanani Hayati Mohd Adhan MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY Hung Hoong AZMI & ASSOCIATES Fajrul Shihar Abu Samah CORPORATION Haizul bin Abdul Hamid SHEARN DELAMORE & CO. MALAYSIA DEPARTMENT MINISTRY OF FINANCE Azmi Mohd Ali Raiza Zakariya Ray Chong Kok Hou OF INSOLVENCY Hj. Anual bin Aziz SHOOK LIN & BOK AZMI & ASSOCIATES ALBAR & PARTNERS Hadiman Bin Simin DEPARTMENT OF SURVEY Suzana Mohd Razali Mazrina Mohd Ibramsah MINISTRY OF URBAN MALDIVES AND MAPPING COMPANIES COMMISSION MPC WELLBEING, HOUSING AND Mohd Nawawi bin Hj Said Zuhaidi Mohd Shahari LOCAL GOVERNMENT ERNST & YOUNG Dato’ Dr. Sallehudin Ishak Abdullah AZMI & ASSOCIATES MALDIVES MONETARY LAND & MINES OFFICE Jagdev Singh TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD AUTHORITY Shameen Mohd. Haaziq Pillay PWC MALAYSIA Rosnani Ismail Ahmad Fuad bin Md Kasim WONG & PARTNERS MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC INLAND REVENUE DEPARTMENT Noeline Chanan Singh TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD DEVELOPMENT LEMBAGA HASIL DALAM Chew Yin Mok MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY Hosni Hussen Bin MD Saat NEGERI (LHDN) BDO CORPORATION Asna Ahmed ROYAL MALAYSIAN BANK OF MALDIVES PLC Zahid Ismail Punita Nook Naidu Rishwant Singh CUSTOMS DEPARTMENT MALAYSIA PRODUCTIVITY SPAN NATIONAL WATER ZUL RAFIQUE & PARTNERS, Junaina Ahmed Che Adnan Bin Mohamad CORPORATION SERVICES COMMISSION ADVOCATE & SOLICITORS SHAH, HUSSAIN & CO. NADI CONSULT ERA SDN BHD (SURUHANJAYA BARRISTERS & ATTORNEYS Hisamuddin Bin Jarudy Veerinderjeet Singh Tahir bin Mohd Deni ROYAL MALAYSIAN PERKHIDMATAN AIR NEGARA) Koh Suan Suan Mohamed Ahsan TENAGA NASIONAL BERHAD CUSTOMS DEPARTMENT Marina Nathan ARCHENG STUDIO AZMAN, DAVIDSON & CO. Azahar bin Rabu Abd. Rahman bin Mohd. Jazuli COMPANIES COMMISSION Abdul Rasid Bin Sudin Arafath FIRE AND RESCUE DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT OF SURVEY Oy Moon Ng GLOBAL CARGO CARE COMPANIES COMMISSION OF KUALA LUMPUR AND MAPPING CTOS DATA SYSTEMS SDN BHD Adeline Thor Sue Lyn Jatindra Bhattray Abdul Aziz Bin Yusoff Norhaiza Jemon Swee Kee Ng PWC MALDIVES RUSSELL BEDFORD LC KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL COMPANIES COMMISSION SHEARN DELAMORE & CO. & COMPANY - MEMBER Asma Chan-Rahim YM Tengku Rohana binti Too Ji Voon Mahadi Ngah OF RUSSELL BEDFORD SHAH, HUSSAIN & CO. Tengku Nawawi SKRINE, MEMBER KUALA LUMPUR CITY HALL INTERNATIONAL BARRISTERS & ATTORNEYS LAND & MINES OFFICE OF LEX MUNDI Nor Fajariah Sulaiman Hock An Ong Mohamed Fahad Ariffin Bostani Dato’ Dr. Ir. Andy K. H. Seo BDO CITY HALL OF KUALA LUMPUR GLOBAL CARGO CARE PELABUHAN TANJUNG FEDERATION OF MALAYSIAN Muhendaran Suppiah PELEPAS (PTP) MANUFACTURERS (FMM) Allison Ong Lee Fong Aishath Haifa AZMAN, DAVIDSON & CO. MUHENDARAN SRI SHAH, HUSSAIN & CO. 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Rami Ibrahim Alnajjar Michael Quigley INDUSTRIA, ARTIGIANATO AMENDOEIRA & UNIFIED REGISTRY - MINISTRY BLAKE, CASSELS & E COMMERCIO Fayyaz Ahmad ASSOCIADOS - SOCIEDADE OF COMMERCE & INDUSTRY GRAYDON LLP Gianna Burgagni JONES LANG LASALLE DE ADVOGADOS RL Fazal Rahman STUDIO LEGALE E NOTARILE Ayman Hashim AI Hashim Amin Al-Obeid Pascoal Daio THE LAW FIRM OF FAWAZ SHAWAN Cecilia Cardogna DEPARTMENT OF ZAKAT CUSTOMS BORKERS PASCOAL DAIO - ADVOGADO & INCOME TAX SALAH AL-HEJAILAN STUDIO LEGALE E NOTARILE & CONSULTOR Nawaf Alomari Samer Rahmeh Debora Cenni Looaye M. 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TELECOM ITALIA SAN AGENCY INVESTMENT CHAMBER OF COMMERCE PROMOTION & INDUSTRY Wisam AlSindi Peter Stansfield MARINO S.P.A. ALSINDI LAW FIRM AL-JADAAN & PARTNERS Cinzia Guerretti Ahmad Al Kassem LAW FIRM TALAL ABU-GHAZALEH Mohammed Al-Soaib WORLD LINE AL-SOAIB LAW FIRM LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL) 324 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Faisal Tabbaa Abdou Dialy Kane Stefan Atanaskovice Ruzica Macukat Robert Sundberg DHABAAN AND PARTNERS CABINET MAÎTRE MARIĆ, MALIŠIĆ & DOSTANIĆ SERBIAN BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT ABDOU DIALY KANE O.A.D., CORRESPONDENT LAW REGISTERS AGENCY CONSULTING GROUP Zahi Younes FIRM OF GIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL BAKER & MCKENZIE Mahi Kane Miladin Maglov Ana Tomic PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS Slavko Bingulac SERBIAN BUSINESS JOKSOVIC, STOJANOVIC Amjad Riaz Zafar TAX & LEGAL SA ERSTE GROUP IMMORENT REGISTERS AGENCY AND PARTNERS FREIGHT SOLUTIONS SERBIA D.O.O. MARINE SERVICES Sidy Abdallah Kanoute Rastko Malisic Jovana Tomić ETUDE ME SIDY A. 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FERCHIOU & ASSOCIÉS INTERNATIONAL PWC ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK BÜROSU CERRAHOĞLU LAW FIRM Emine Devres Slah-Eddine Bensaid Hafedeh Trabelsi Kaan Batum Barış Hınçal DEVRES LAW OFFICE SCET-TUNISIE CABINET D’ARCHITECTURE CERRAHOĞLU LAW FIRM PWC TURKEY HAFEDEH TRABELSI Ebru Dicle Peter Bismuth Ayça Bayburan Ece İlçi TUNISIE ELECTRO TECHNIQUE Anis Wahabi TURKISH INDUSTRY AND ADMD - MAVIOGLU & BUSINESS ASSOCIATION BEZEN & PARTNERS AWT AUDIT & CONSEIL ALKAN LAW OFFICE Mongi Bousbia Ece Ilter Şule Dilek Çelik SOCIÉTÉ TUNISIENNE DE Burak Baydar PWC TURKEY L’ELECRICITÉ ET DU GAZ (STEG) TURKEY CERRAHOĞLU LAW FIRM MOROGLU ARSEVEN Sevi Islamagec Salaheddine Caid Essebsi ARMADA LTD. STI. Alper Dönmez Türkan Bayraktar MOROGLU ARSEVEN CAID ESSEBSI AND ÖZAK TEKSTIL INLAWCO LAW FIRM PWC TURKEY PARTNERS LAW FIRM Tolga Ismen Cumhur Dulger Metin Abut Harun Bayramoglu İŞMEN GÜNALÇIN Elyes Chafter PWC TURKEY MOROGLU ARSEVEN ITKIB ISTANBUL TEXTILE ATTORNEY PARTNERSHIP CHAFTER RAOUADI LLP AND APPAREL EXPORTERS’ Dilara Duman Erol Acun Adil Kar Zine el Abidine Chafter ASSOCIATION DUMAN LAW OFFICE ÖZAK TEKSTIL KÜRE İNŞAAT CHAFTER RAOUADI LLP Imge Besenk Safa Mustafa Durakoğlu Cansu Ak Nihat Karadirek PEKIN & PEKIN ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK BÜROSU PEKIN & PEKIN 3E DANIŞMANLIK LTD. ŞTI. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 333 Ayfer Basac Karakoc Dursun Ozcan Aylin Tarlan Tüzemen Michael Akampurira John W. Katende MOROGLU ARSEVEN PWC TURKEY TARLAN – BAKSI LAW FIRM AKAMPURIRA & PARTNERS, KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA ADVOCATES & LEGAL & CO. ADVOCATES Deniz Karatas Selin Özdamar Tuğba Taşçı CONSULTANTS TURKISH INDUSTRY AND BALCIOĞLU SELÇUK AKMAN KETENCI Sim K. Katende BUSINESS ASSOCIATION KEKI ATTORNEY PARTNERSHIP Daniel Angualia KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA Mehmet Ali Taskin ANGUALIA, BUSIKU & & CO. ADVOCATES Ferdi Karoglu Ozlem Ozdemir ODAMAN AND TASKIN CO. ADVOCATES AYGÜN ÖZTERZI BENER LAW FIRM LAW FIRM Soogi Katende KAROĞLU LAW OFFICE Robert Apenya KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA H. Yaşar Özhan Elif Tezcan Bayırlı ENGORU, MUTEBI ADVOCATES & CO. ADVOCATES Özge Kavasoğlu BAYIRLI & MURATOĞLU Can Özilhan BANKS ASSOCIATION OF LAW FIRM Leria Arinaitwe Bernard Katureebe BEZEN & PARTNERS TURKEY RISK CENTER SEBALU & LULE ADVOCATES ENSAFRICA ADVOCATES Elif Tulunay Afife Nazlıgül Özkan Betül Kencebay TURUNÇ LAW OFFICE Moses Atwine Kanuniira Peter Kauma ADMD - MAVIOGLU & TUYID - TURKISH IR SOCIETY KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY KIWANUKA & KARUGIRE ALKAN LAW OFFICE Hazal Tunçay AUTHORITY (KCCA) ADVOCATES Burak Kepkep MOROGLU ARSEVEN Okşan Özkan PAKSOY LAW FIRM Blaze Babigumira Muzamiru Kibeedi PWC TURKEY Noyan Turunç BLAZE BABIGUMIRA KIBEEDI & CO. Alp Kinay TURUNÇ LAW OFFICE Funda Özsel SOLICITORS & ADVOCATES DOĞUŞ İNŞAAT VE Yong Joon Kim BENER LAW OFFICE, Ibrahim Tutar TICARET A.Ş. Edward Balaba PRISM CONSTRUCTION MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS PENETRA CONSULTING ERNST & YOUNG Süleyman Kısaç AND AUDITING Jamilah Kinobe Onur Özterzi TURK TELEKOM Alice Namuli Blazevic PWC UGANDA AYGÜN ÖZTERZI Yunus Tutar KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA Özlem Kızıl Voyvoda KAROĞLU LAW OFFICE TURKISH UNION OF NOTARIES Kiryowa Kiwanuka & CO. ADVOCATES ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK BÜROSU KIWANUKA & KARUGIRE Gülce Peker Burcu Tuzcu Ersin Joseph Buwembo ADVOCATES Çağla Koç GUNDUZ SIMSEK GAGO MOROGLU ARSEVEN BUWEMBO & CO. ADVOCATES YUKA LAW OFFICE AVUKATLIK ORTAKLIGI Allan Kobel Tuğçe Uğurlu Mark Bwambale MAGEZI, IBALE & Serhan Koçaklı Ahmed Pekin KETENCI KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY CO. ADVOCATES KOLCUOĞLU DEMIRKAN PEKIN & PEKIN AUTHORITY (KCCA) Leyla Ulucan ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Ida Kussima Ferhat Pekin ERSOY BILGEHAN LAWYERS Didymus Byenkya KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA Galya Kohen PEKIN & BAYAR LAW FIRM AND CONSULTANTS GLOBAL 6C STAR & CO. ADVOCATES TABOGLU & DEMIRHAN İlknur Peksen Furkan Ünal LOGISTICS LTD. Mercy Nazım Olcay Kurt ERSOY BILGEHAN LAWYERS AKTIF INVESTMENT BANK AS Bamwiite Emmanuel Kyomugasho-Kainobwisha HERGUNER BILGEN OZEKE AND CONSULTANTS Ü. Barış Urhan KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY UGANDA REGISTRATION Francesca Maran Neriman Pelit TÜSİAD AUTHORITY (KCCA) SERVICES BUREAU PEKIN & PEKIN KOLCUOĞLU DEMIRKAN Matovu Emmy Arnold Lule Anil Uysal ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Orhan Yavuz Mavioğlu TALAL ABU-GHAZALEH MARMA TECHNICAL SERVICES ENGORU, MUTEBI ADVOCATES ADMD - MAVIOGLU & Ecem Pirler LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL) Wawelu Godfrey Christopher Madrama ALKAN LAW OFFICE ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK BÜROSU Serna Vartikoglı UNIFREIGHT CARGO HIGH COURT OF UGANDA Günes Mermer Erenalp Rençber SERAP ZUVIN LAW OFFICES HANDLING LIMITED John Magezi ÇAKMAK AVUKATLIK BÜROSU PEKIN & PEKIN Barış Yalçın Ninsiima Irene MAGEZI, IBALE & CO. Maral Minasyan Batuhan Şahmay PWC TURKEY ANGUALIA, BUSIKU & ADVOCATES KOLCUOĞLU DEMIRKAN BENER LAW OFFICE, CO. ADVOCATES Ayşegül Yalçınmani Michael Malan ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW MEMBER OF IUS LABORIS CERRAHOĞLU LAW FIRM Sarfaraz Jiwani COMPUSCAN CRB LTD. Erhan Seyfi Moroglu Selim Sarıibrahimoğlu SEYANI BROTHERS Cansu Yazıcı Richard Marshall MOROGLU ARSEVEN SARIIBRAHIMOĞLU LAW OFFICE & CO. (U) LTD. PEKIN & PEKIN PWC UGANDA Şila Muratoğlu Uğur Sebzeci Bushara Joanita Cüneyt Yetgin Tarja Mbabazi BAYIRLI & MURATOĞLU BEZEN & PARTNERS LUMONYA, BUSHARA KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA LAW FIRM GÜLER DINAMIK GÜMRÜK & CO. ADVOCATES Göktuğ Seçkìner MÜŞAVIRLIĞI A.Ş. & CO. ADVOCATES Ayça Mustafa DOĞUŞ İNŞAAT VE Lwanga John Bosco Frank Mpoza Kawooya Bilge Yilmaz ADMD - MAVIOGLU & TICARET A.Ş. MARMA TECHNICAL SERVICES ADMD - MAVIOGLU & BUWEMBO & CO. ADVOCATES ALKAN LAW OFFICE Birungi Kaburara Ömer Kayhan Seyhun ALKAN LAW OFFICE Henry Mugerwa Guven Nazmi Demiralp CENTRAL BANK OF THE ENSAFRICA ADVOCATES Simal Yilmaz MUTONI CONSTRUCTION GENERAL DIRECTORATE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY Francis Kamulegeya PWC TURKEY (U) LTD. OF LAND REGISTRY Sinan Sigva PWC UGANDA AND CADASTRE Nazli Yukaruc Naboth Muhairwe GENERAL DIRECTORATE Ali Kankaka ELIG AGABA MUHAIRWE & Melis Oget Koc OF LAND REGISTRY KYAZZE, KANKAKA & CO. ADVOCATES SERAP ZUVIN LAW OFFICES AND CADASTRE Murat Yülek CO. ADVOCATES PGLOBAL GLOBAL ADVISORY Albert Mukasa Pelin Oguzer Sezil Simsek AND TRAINING SERVICES LTD. Doreen Kansiime KANDUHO & CO. ADVOCATES MOROGLU ARSEVEN PWC TURKEY SEBALU & LULE ADVOCATES Zafer Ertunç Şirin Çağlar Yurttürk Ahmed Mukasa Kalule Mert Oner YUKA LAW OFFICE Kabito Karamagi CRANE ASSOCIATED KPMG ISTANBUL UNIVERSITESI LIGOMARC ADVOCATES ADVOCATES Ayse Ülkü Solak Izzet Zakuto Volkan Oray SOMAY HUKUK BÜROSU Phillip Karugaba Cornelius Mukiibi GÜLER DINAMIK GÜMRÜK MOROGLU ARSEVEN MMAKS ADVOCATES C. MUKIIBI SENTAMU MÜŞAVIRLIĞI A.Ş. Serap Zuvin Çağıl Sünbül & CO. ADVOCATES SERAP ZUVIN LAW OFFICES Edwin Karugire Ilkiz Orhon PWC TURKEY Paul Mukiibi KIWANUKA & KARUGIRE PWC TURKEY Esin Taboğlu UGANDA ADVOCATES MUKIIBI AND KYEYUNE Burcu Osmanoglu TABOGLU & DEMIRHAN ADVOCATES BANK OF UGANDA John Karuhanga OSMANOGLU HUKUK | KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY Isaac Mumfumbiro Gönül Talu OSMANOGLU LAW FIRM BYENKYA, KIHIKA & DOĞUŞ İNŞAAT VE AUTHORITY (KCCA) UMEME LIMITED Nursen Osmanoglu TICARET A.Ş. CO. ADVOCATES Muhammad Kataswa Rachel Mwanje Musoke OSMANOGLU HUKUK | Rodney Adakakin KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY MMAKS ADVOCATES Serhat Tanrıverdi OSMANOGLU LAW FIRM DHL GLOBAL AUTHORITY (KCCA) JONES LANG LASALLE Robert Musoke Begum Durukan Ozaydin FORWARDING (U) LTD. Bekir Tarik Yigit Baati Katende ONYANGO & COMPANY BIRSEL LAW OFFICES Rose Mary Brenda Aeko KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA ADVOCATES GENERAL DIRECTORATE Kaan Ozaydin OF LAND REGISTRY UGANDA ELECTRICTY & CO. ADVOCATES GENERATION COMPANY Sarah Musumba SERAP ZUVIN LAW OFFICES AND CADASTRE LIMITED PWC UGANDA 334 DOING BUSINESS 2016 Priscilla Mutebi Ronald Tusingwire Sergiy Drach Viktoria Lapa Anna Sisetska ENGORU, MUTEBI ADVOCATES ENSAFRICA ADVOCATES STATE ARCHITECTURAL- DENTONS VASIL KISIL & PARTNERS CONSTRUCTION Jimmy M. Muyanja Bemanya Twebaze Oleksii Latsko Anna Spichenko INSPECTION UKRAINE CENTRE FOR ARBITRATION UGANDA REGISTRATION EGOROV PUGINSKY CMS CAMERON MCKENNA AND DISPUTE RESOLUTION SERVICES BUREAU Olga Dubanevych AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Natalia Spiridonova KPMG Joseph Mwangala Remmy George Wamimbi Nikolay Alexandrovich Lezin EGOROV PUGINSKY UGANDA REVENUE AUTHORITY AKAMPURIRA & PARTNERS, Igor Dykunskyy KIEVGORSTROY AFANASIEV & PARTNERS ADVOCATES & LEGAL DLF ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Harriet Nakaddu Maksym Libanov Roman Stepanenko CONSULTANTS PWC UGANDA Oleksandr Fomenko NATIONAL SECURITIES AND EGOROV PUGINSKY David K. Wangutusi KIEVENERGO STOCK MARKET COMMISSION AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Victoria Nakaddu HIGH COURT OF UGANDA SEBALU & LULE ADVOCATES Ivan Nikolaevich Gelyukh Artem Lukyanov Yaroslav Stepchenkov William Were KIEVENERGO CMS CAMERON MCKENNA TRADEMASTERGROUP Rehema Nakirya CAPITAL LAW PARTNERS MMAKS ADVOCATES Leonid Gilevich Iryna Makarenko Dmitriy Sukhin & ADVOCATES ILYASHEV & PARTNERS KPMG - UKRAINE LTD. KIEVENERGO Eva Nalwanga Gitta KASIRYE BYARUHANGA UKRAINE Yulia Goptarenko Oleksandr Mamunya Dmitriy Sykaluk AND CO. Telman Abbasov PJSC SEB CORPORATE BANK AEQUO DLF ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW Mathias Nalyana FIABCI Olyana Gordiyenko Oleh Marchenko Kristina Tataru LEX UGANDA ADVOCATES Denis Absalyamov BAKER & MCKENZIE MARCHENKO DANEVYCH PWC & SOLICITORS JSC UKRENERGOCHERMET Sergiy Gryshko Olena Martsynovska Svitlana Teush Sophia Nampijja Oleg Y. Alyoshin CMS CAMERON MCKENNA DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC ARZINGER & PARTNERS KATENDE, SSEMPEBWA VASIL KISIL & PARTNERS Valeriia Gudiy Oleg Matiusha Anna Tkachenko & CO. ADVOCATES Inna Antipova ILYASHEV & PARTNERS DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC DENTONS Priscilla Namusikwe CMS CAMERON MCKENNA Yaroslav Guseynov Camiel van der Meij Dmytro Tkachenko SHONUBI, MUSOKE & CO. ADVOCATES Leonid Antonenko PWC PWC RUSSELL BEDFORD SAYENKO KHARENKO INTERNATIONAL Oksana Ilchenko Lyudmila Melnik Nusula Kizito Nassuna Anna Babych EGOROV PUGINSKY PWC Zakhar Tropin CAPITAL MARKETS AUTHORITY - UGANDA AEQUO AFANASIEV & PARTNERS PROXEN & PARTNERS Oleksandr Melnyk Sergii Benedysiuk Kateryna Izviagina AIG LAW FIRM Andriy Tsvyetkov Doreen Nawaali MMAKS ADVOCATES MINISTRY OF JUSTICE ARZINGER & PARTNERS ATTORNEYS’ ASSOCIATION Arsenyy Milyutin GESTORS Julia Bilonozhko Jon Johannesson EGOROV PUGINSKY Martin Ngugi IBCH AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Ruslan Tumanyan BROSBAN CONSULTANTS DENTONS ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING GLOBALINK TRANSPORTATION Darya Bogatchuk Andrei Kaminsky Svitlana Musienko & LOGISTICS WORLDWIDE LLP Florence Nsubuga VASIL KISIL & PARTNERS IBCH DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC Viktoria Tymoshenko UMEME LIMITED Kostiantyn Karaianov Adam Mycyk Oleg Boichuk PWC John Ntende EGOROV PUGINSKY DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC DENTONS Andriy Valentinovich Vavrish UMEME LIMITED AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Yuriy Karpenko Artem Naumov CHIEF DEPARTMENT OF TOWN- Judy Obitre-Gama Yulia Bondar OSNOVA CONSTRUCTION INYURPOLIS LAW FIRM PLANNING, ARCHITECTURE UGANDA REGISTRATION HLB UKRAINE COMPANY AND URBAN ENVIRONMENT Andriy Olenyuk SERVICES BUREAU Yuriy Katser CLIFFORD CHANCE DESIGN OF THE KIEV CITY Timur Bondaryev KPMG - UKRAINE LTD. STATE ADMINISTRATION Tommy Ogwang ARZINGER & PARTNERS Kateryna Oliynyk MMAKS ADVOCATES Tatiana Kheruvimova EGOROV PUGINSKY Slava Vlasov Zhanna Brazhnyk KPMG - UKRAINE LTD. AFANASIEV & PARTNERS PWC Joseph Okuja PWC ONYANGO & COMPANY Pavlo Khodakovsky Maryna Opirska Yuriy Volovnik Alexander Buryak ADVOCATES ARZINGER & PARTNERS DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC EGOROV PUGINSKY PWC AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Denis Omodi Alyela Ruslan Kim Oksana Orlova Mykhaylo Byelostotskiy KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY KIBENKO, ONIKA & DENTONS Olexiy Yanov DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC AUTHORITY (KCCA) PARTNERS LAW FIRM LAW FIRM IP & C. Pavlo Byelousov Konstantin Pilkov CONSULT, LLC Busiku Peter Natalia Klochun CAI & LENARD AEQUO Anna Yarenko ANGUALIA, BUSIKU & ARZINGER & PARTNERS CO. ADVOCATES Iaroslav Cheker Sergiy Popov AIG LAW FIRM Maksym Kopeychykov KPMG - UKRAINE LTD. Moses Segawa KPMG Yulia Yashenkova ILYASHEV & PARTNERS SEBALU & LULE ADVOCATES Maksym Cherkasenko Dmytro Pshenychnyuk AIG LAW FIRM Andrey Kosharny DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC David Serukka ARZINGER & PARTNERS Aleksandra Yevstafyeva ELIT GROUP KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY Leonid Cherniavsky Oleg Ptukh EGOROV PUGINSKY AUTHORITY (KCCA) Vladimir Kotenko JURIDICHESKIJ SUPERMARKET AFANASIEV & PARTNERS ARZINGER & PARTNERS ERNST & YOUNG LLC Alan Shonubi Taras Chernikov Kateryna Rekiianova Galyna Zagorodniuk SHONUBI, MUSOKE & Iryna Kovalchuk ASTERS DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC EGOROV PUGINSKY CO. ADVOCATES AFANASIEV & PARTNERS INYURPOLIS LAW FIRM Anatolii Rybak-Sikorskiy Oleh Zahnitko Charles Lwanga Ssemanda Igor Chufarov Alla Kozachenko KPMG GIDE LOYRETTE NOUEL, MUKWANO GROUP ERNST & YOUNG LLC DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC MEMBER OF LEX MUNDI Vadym Samoilenko OF COMPANIES Alina Kucher ASTERS Sergey Chulkov Tetiana Zamedyanskaya Winifred Tarinyeba Kiryabwire KIEVENERGO KPMG - UKRAINE LTD. DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC Maryana Sayenko MAKERERE UNIVERSITY Alina Kuksenko ASTERS Borys Danevych Tatiana Zamorska Obed Tindyebwa MARCHENKO DANEVYCH ASTERS KPMG Viktor Semenyuta GRAND & NOBLE, CERTIFIED Vitaliy Kulinich KIEVENERGO Aleksandr Deputat Anna Zorya PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS EGOROV PUGINSKY ELIT GROUP Olga Serbul ARZINGER & PARTNERS Judith Tukahirwa Tumusiime AFANASIEV & PARTNERS Yevhen Deyneko LAW FIRM IP & C. KAMPALA CAPITAL CITY Oleksandr Kurdydyk CONSULT, LLC UNITED ARAB EMIRATES AUTHORITY (KCCA) CLIFFORD CHANCE DLA PIPER UKRAINE LLC Nadiia Dmytrenko Victor Shekera AL ETIHAD CREDIT BUREAU Stephen Tumwesigye Tatyana Kuzmenko KPMG - UKRAINE LTD. ONYANGO & COMPANY EGOROV PUGINSKY AMPTEC AFANASIEV & PARTNERS AIG LAW FIRM ADVOCATES Anton Sintsov ELECTROMECHANICAL LLC Oles Kvyat EGOROV PUGINSKY Ambrose Turyahabwe DUBAI MUNICIPALITY ASTERS AFANASIEV & PARTNERS DHL GLOBAL GRIFFINS FORWARDING (U) LTD. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 335 RANEEN ELECTROMECHANICAL Pooja Dabir Basheer Hameed Rasheed Nick Francis Karolina Pechanova LLC PWC UNITED ARAB EMIRATES PROFESSIONAL STAR PWC UNITED KINGDOM DIAZ REUS & TARG LLP ENGINEERING CONSULTANTS Moutaz Abddullat Hasan Daboul Robert Franklin Chris Perkins TALAL ABU-GHAZALEH NAIF MARINE SERVICES CO. Jochem Rossel CLYDE & CO. PRICEWATERHOUSECOOPERS LEGAL (TAG-LEGAL) PWC UNITED ARAB EMIRATES LEGAL LLP Lisa Dale Chris Gant Nadia Abdulrazagh AL TAMIMI & COMPANY Mohammad Safwan JS FORWARDING Samantha Pigden NADIA ABDULRAZAGH ADVOCATES & LEGAL AL HASHEMI PLANNERS, DEPARTMENT FOR Donald Gray ADVOCACY & LEGAL CONSULTANTS ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS COMMUNITIES AND CONSULTATIONS DARWIN GRAY LLP LOCAL GOVERNMENT Krishna Das Safiya Samhan Jonathan Haydn-Williams Paul Afif CEVA LOGISTICS DUBAI COURTS Arun Pontin AL SUWAIDI & COMPANY GOODMAN DERRICK LLP OFGEM Rohit Ghai Sarathe Nicky Heathcote Kiran Ahuja GADURR HOLDINGS NAFFCO Ross Pooley UNILEVER UAE HER MAJESTY’S LATHAM & WATKINS LLP Jamal Guzlan Herbert Schroder LAND REGISTRY Obaid Saif Atiq Al Falasi AL AJMI ENGINEERING EMCREDIT Frances Pottier Conan Higgins DUBAI ELECTRICITY AND CONSULTANTS DEPARTMENT FOR BUSINESS, Ali Shaikley TSI LEGAL ENTERPRISES, PC WATER AUTHORITY INNOVATION AND SKILLS Samer Hamzeh WHITE & CASE LLP Robert Hillhouse Salem Al Hammadi TROWERS & HAMLINS LLP Helena Potts Hassan Shakrouf CLYDE & CO. RAYYAN ADVOCATES LATHAM & WATKINS LLP Yasmin Hassan Pour HYDER CONSULTING Salah El Dien Al Nahas Fionnuala Horrocks-Burns BUSIT ADVOCATES AND Alexander Reus Vivek Sharma CBI - THE CONFEDERATION HADEF & PARTNERS LEGAL CONSULTANTS DIAZ REUS & TARG LLP PIL (U.A.E.) LLC OF BRITISH INDUSTRY Abdullah Al Nasser Sydene Helwick Alex Rogan Mustafa Sharqawi Neville Howlett ARAA GROUP ADVOCATES AL TAMIMI & COMPANY SKADDEN, ARPS, SLATE, & LEGAL CONSULTANT ADVOCATES & LEGAL DUBAI COURTS PWC UNITED KINGDOM MEAGHER & FLOM LLP CONSULTANTS Mashair Shazli Daden Hunt Mohammad Al Suwaidi Ian Sharpe AL SUWAIDI & COMPANY Firdosh Irani ARAA GROUP ADVOCATES BIRKETTS LLP EXPERIAN LTD. QATAR NAVIGATION & LEGAL CONSULTANT Humam Al Zaqqa Hannah Jones Angela Shaw LOGISTICS CO. M. Vivekanand Shetty SHERRARDS SOLICITORS ADNAN SAFFARINI HER MAJESTY’S CONSULTANTS Meena Jairaj EROS GROUP LAND REGISTRY Dipika Kachhala RETAIL LOGISTICS Shekhar Sinha ASHURST LLP Noor Al-Essa Sandra Simoni WHITE & CASE UAE Viji John RAIS HASSAN SAADI LLC DEPARTMENT FOR Robert Keen FREIGHT SYSTEMS Hamad Thani Mutar BRITISH INTERNATIONAL COMMUNITIES AND Saeed Al-Hamiz DUBAI COURTS FREIGHT ASSOCIATION LOCAL GOVERNMENT CENTRAL BANK OF THE Mohammad Z. 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