E2147v3 MINISTRY OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SRI LANKA FINAL REPORT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK Community Development & Livelihood Improvement Project April 16, 2013 Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction, Objectives and Scope 1 2. Legal, Regulatory & Institutional Framework for Environmental Protection in Sri Lanka 6 3. The World Bank Operational Policies & Requirements 13 4. The Purpose of Environmental and Social Management Framework 16 5. Environmental Principles & Considerations Adopted in Phase I 19 6. Phase II Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) 22 6.1. Modification to the Phase I Framework 22 6.2. Phase II Proposed Sub-projects 23 6.3. Role of Project Management Unit 24 6.4. Sub-project Level Environmental & Social Reviews 25 6.5. Social Safeguards and Land Acquisition 6.6. Screening Process 27 6.7. Environmental Management Plan 30 6.8. Roles, Responsibilities and Management Framework 31 6.9. Standards & Environmental Codes of Practice 34 6.10. Guidelines for Construction Activities 38 6.11. Capacity Building 40 Annex 1: Sub-Project Brief 43 Annex 2: Negative List of Projects 44 Annex 3: Environmental Screening or Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist 48 Annex 4: Format for Generic Environmental Management Plan 53 Annex 5: Potential Environmental Issues and Mitigation Measures 54 Annex 6: Sector Specific Environmental Monitoring Plans Annex 7: Capacity Building Plan 62 Annex8: Integrated Pest Management Plan 91 Annex9:Haritha Lanka Programme 92 Annex 10: Social Screening Checklist 111 Annex 11: Abbreviated Resettlement Framework 112 LIST OF TABLES Table 1: suitable woody plants for home gardens LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1: Flowchart of the screening and review process for environmental impacts Figure 2: ESMF flowchart with Roles & Responsibilities Figure 3 Institutional Structure with Roles &Responsibilities Page 1 1. INTRODUCTION The Sri Lanka Community Development and Livelihood Improvement Project (CDLIP) of the Ministry of Economic Development aims at reducing poverty through the improvement of economic opportunities and well-being of the rural poor, empowering poor communities and establishing a strong social organization at the village level. The Project uses a community driven development approach to provide assistance to improve social and economic development of the target beneficiary villages. The Phase I of the programme has focused on delivering essential small-scale social infrastructure and services to the rural poor in addition supporting localized livelihood sub-projects. Based on ethically framed five non- negotiable principles and ten golden rules, the implementation arm of the project, the Gemi Diriya Foundation has been able to mobilize the community over 1000 villages in a period of less than four years during the Phase I of the project. Under the Phase II of the Project, it is expected to harmonize with the Gama Neguma programme and scale up the approach at the inter-village Pradeshiya Sabha level. The convergence with Gama Neguma means that Phase II programmes will move beyond the intra-village focus of Phase I to target both intra and inter-village development. Phase II will be covering 12/9 districts including 5 of the Phase I districts. Given the planned scale and scope, the Phase II will likely require some modifications to the Phase I Environmental and Social Management Framework. 1.1 Project Scope Project scope includes five components. Component 1: Village Development Working in three sub-components- Development and Strengthening of Village Organizations (VOs), Funding Community Sub-projects and Strengthening Federation and Partnerships- this component will develop self-reliant and self-managed rural people’s organizations (including producers’ federations) that can prioritize, plan and carry out village development. The activities under the component would include capacity building, social and community infrastructure activities, and livelihood improvement investments in their communities. Formation, Development and Strengthening of Community Based Organizations: The goal of this subcomponent is to develop self-reliant, self-managed and sustainable people’s organizations for community development and livelihood improvement in the rural areas. Activities to be financed under the sub-component will include: (a) facilitation support by the Divisional Facilitation Team; (b) support by community resource persons and other institutions with expertise in CBOs’ capacity building; (c) Workshops and trainings to community members, CBOs, and /mobilizers on institutional building, preparation of Village Development plans, preparation and appraisal of sub projects, community monitoring, general principles of financial management, environmental management and community procurement and so on; (d) Capacity building of community resource persons; ; (f) Community Sub Projects: This sub-component will finance four main activities: (i) Capacity Building Fund; (ii) Community and Social Infrastructure Activities and Services; (iii) Income Generating Activities, and (iv) Incentive Fund. (i) Capacity Building Fund: The Fund consists of 10% of the budget envelope. Funds are transferred directly to VOs on receipt of the proposals. The objectives of this sub-component are to encourage a paradigm shift from supply driven to demand driven capacity building inputs and to ensure communities’ access to financial resources to actively plan and Page 2 manage their development plans (including partnerships with the private sector). It is designed for communities to maintain a cadre of /resource persons to assist them in developing participatory and inclusive Village Plans and in managing their own organizations; to secure services from a wide range of service providers, to ensure technical soundness and feasibility by accessing technical services; to access experts in the field of enterprise development and market linkages, and to enhance the skills base of /resource persons and ’/VOs office bearers in areas like book keeping, financial management, community procurement, environmental management, sub-project planning and implementation. (ii) Community and Social infrastructure Activities and Services: The objectives of this sub-component are to ensure inclusive and participatory processes in the identification, prioritization and planning of community infrastructure and social services; to empower the communities to manage execution of the identified infrastructure activities; and to expand the scope of social services already accessible to the communities. It is designed to facilitate communities to identify their priority needs for improving quality of their lives. This process of identification and prioritization calls for community cohesion, participation of all the members and sensitivity to the needs of the poorest and the vulnerable. The communities will also be made aware of the project appraisal process so that their sub- projects will meet appraisal criteria. Communities will also be assisted in assessing environmental impacts of sub projects. This sub-component will finance identification of priority needs through a participatory approach and selection of interventions which meet the principle of equity, sustainability and productivity; formulation of sub projects on community and technically and financially feasible social infrastructure activities and services; appraisal of sub projects by the /District appraisers; and execution and monitoring of sub projects by ./VOs (iii) Income Generating Activities: The objective of this component is to develop sustainable micro-finance institutions at the community level able to meet their members’ credit requirements and to assist them in taking up a wide range of income generation activities. The sub-component will finance the following activities: (a) preparation by /VOs and appraisal by the /District Appraisal Team of sub projects for accessing the community investment fund for building micro finance institutions; (b) technical support by the National Core Team to expand income generation opportunities; and (c) the establishment by the District Coordination Committee and the National Core Team of linkages with formal financial institutions (Commercial banks in the Government and private sector) to meet the growing credit demand of the rural poor. (iv) Incentive Fund: This Fund is assigned to those villages that follow truly participatory and inclusive processes in their identification and prioritization of development activities. The objective of this component is to ensure that communities do not exclude the most vulnerable and voiceless groups (members of lower castes, women-supported households, refugees, alcohol-addicted, disabled, and so on) from the development process. Inter-village Connectivity development :The objective of this subcomponent is to improve the network of inter-village connectivity projects(roads) to secure better access of project villages to main roads and market places. Main activities to be financed by the sub- component include the following: (i) Identification of the inter-village /projects to be taken up; (ii) Work estimates by Technical Service Providers(TSPs) hired by Pradeshiya Sabha ; (iii) Page 3 Appraisal of proposals; (iv) Agreement between Pradeshiya Sabhas and the Project on works’ execution and release; and (v)’ execution and maintenance by Pradeshiya Sabhas. Capacity Building of National, District and Divisional Project Teams: The objective of this sub-component is to develop a shared vision and build required competences among project teams at national, district and divisional levels to enable them to perform their respective roles. This will be achieved by promoting experiential learning, exposure to the organized communities to demonstrate their strength and develop sensitivity to their needs. The project will identify the mix of skills, attitude, and orientation required for the project teams, the line agencies, Pradeshiya Sabhas, NGOs and private sector to respond to the needs of the rural communities. The focus shall be on the role these agencies can meaningfully play to nurture and empower rural communities. Project teams will receive intensive training on social mobilization, community participation, social capital, community based organizations, micro finance institutions, village development plans, environment management and Monitoring and Evaluation. The line departments will receive training on how to give space to the CBOs in the development agenda and on improving the quality of services to be provided to the rural poor. The Pradeshiya Sabhas will be facilitated to actively participate in the program and their capacities will be built to gradually replace the project teams and take over management of the program (2nd phase). Capacity Building of Support Organizations and Service Providers: The objective of this sub-component is to facilitate the active participation of NGOs and the private sector to expand livelihoods options of the poor. The project would invest in building their capacities to so as mould them to forge linkages with the rural communities. The project will identify the NGOs with considerable experience in nurturing community driven development and organize their exposure to project initiatives and facilitate their interaction with CBOs to establish linkages. Similarly, the private sector will be exposed to CBOs. Monitoring and Learning: The objective of this sub-component is to monitor performance (including implementation of the Environmental Management Plans) and progress of the project and to disseminate it among all stakeholders to enable them to effectively address project implementation issues. The sub-component will finance establishment and strengthening of a Monitoring and Learning system that will serve the needs of project agencies at all levels. The information will flow from community members to the Project Director through the Divisional Coordinator interfacing with Divisional Secretaries and service providers. The format for monitoring records will be designed with the participation of various stakeholders. Participatory techniques like beneficiaries’ self-assessments, focus groups and key informant discussions will particularly be used for process monitoring, on issues related to the evolution of sub-projects, their inclusiveness, transparency and the level of participation in project benefits and in decision-making processes. Process monitoring will be carried out by an external agency. The Monitoring and Learning Coordinator from the project team will anchor all related activities, such as Baseline survey, MIS, process monitoring, follow up studies, impact evaluation and community monitoring. Component 3: Enhancing Capacity of Local, Provincial, and National Agencies to be Demand Responsive This component will strengthen the capacity of local level agencies, provincial councils, national agencies, and support organizations to foster demand driven development. It will focus on making Pradeshiya Sabhas more accountable and responsive to the needs of the Page 4 poor by establishing participatory sub-committees (comprising 30% Pradeshiya Sabha elected members and 70% community representatives) responsible for the appraisal approval of inter-village investments, and certification of milestones for the release of funds. Component 4: Livelihood Innovation Fund This component will continue piloting innovative community and private sector ideas that need to be incubated and learned from to ensure they can be scaled up and replicated. The component will include both livelihoods development in rural areas and innovative urban- rural linkages- for example; partnership arrangements with urban service sector industries for skills development and job creation for rural youth, etc. Private Sector Linkages: The objective of this sub-component is to promote partnership with private sector so to widen the livelihood options for the poor and to promote micro enterprises. This subcomponent will finance the promotion of: (a) partnerships with the private sector to develop innovative enterprises; and (b) demand driven vocational training facilities to link up job opportunities for educated youths. Care would be taken to ensure that these linkages do not become a channel for exploitation of the unorganized and scattered small producers. Product Development/Test Marketing: The objective of this sub-component is to invest in some well-defined research studies to explore new opportunities in processing and value addition initiatives. This sub-component will finance the piloting of new micro enterprises and research in areas relating to post-harvest methodologies and non-timber forest produce and the development of new economic activities with value added products for livelihood improvement. The project’s interventions include measures to reduce the risks and production costs for VO members, improve their productivity, timely access to quality inputs, better prices for outputs, marketing tie-ups etc. Financial institutes would be encouraged to come up with special pro-poor rural credit packages with in-built insurance. Rural people need small shops set up by them with products tailored to their needs. The project would support large retail chains to train women in logistics and back and front-end operations. Information Technology Linkages: The objective of this sub-component is to secure communities’ access to emerging technologies to expand livelihoods options for the poor. It will finance activities leading to communities’ access to Information and Communication Technologies among others. Component 5: Project Management and Monitoring This component will support overall coordination, management, monitoring, and learning of the Project at the national, provincial and divisional levels. The management team of the, PMU the united management team will directly carry out functions related to policy formulation, monitoring and learning, building linkages with other government agencies and private sector, good governance and accountability. 1.2 The Project Area Based on an analysis of poverty incidence, as revealed by Household Expenditure and Income Surveys, all the districts in Ova and Southern Provinces and Rathnapura and Kegalle districts in Sabaragamuwa province,Polonnaruwa district in North Central province are selected for project implementation. The Project has been implemented in about 1000 village communities in approximately 510 GNDs in 6 districts in Uva, Southern and Sabaragamuwa provinces. CDLIP Phase II will expand to include additional villages in Page 5 other poorest divisions of the country. A collaboration model will be worked out for convergence with Gamaneguma, and the Phase II will move beyond intra village focus of Phase I to target both intra and inter-village development. Page 6 LEGAL, REGULATORY AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION, LAND ACQUISITION AND RESTTELMENT IN SRI LANKA Sri Lanka is one of the leading countries in the South Asian region in enacting environmental legislations. Its concern for environment dates back to over two and a half millennia. The constitution of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka under chapter VI Directive Principles of State policy & Fundamental duties in section 27-14 and in section 28-f proclaim “The state shall protect, preserve and improve the environment for the benefit of the community�, “The duty & obligation of every person in Sri Lanka to protect nature and conserve its riches� thus showing the commitment by the state and obligations of the citizens. 2.1 The 13th Amendment of the Constitution of Sri Lanka The constitution of Sri Lanka contains several provisions, relating to the environment. (i.e. Article 27 (14) and Article 28). The 13th constitutional amendment introduced a new level of institution for environmental protection and management. Therefore, provincial government also has legislative and executive power over environmental matters. (i.e. Article 154 (A) 9,19 and (III) 17). According to such provincial legislative and executive power, the North Western Provincial council adopted the North Western Provincial Environmental Authority to control, prevent and monitor all environmental related activities. 2.2 Act No. 47 of 1980 and amended in 1988– National Environmental Act The National Environmental Act (NEA) provides conservation and development guidelines for natural resources including water, forest, flora and fauna in Sri Lanka. The 1988 amendment transformed the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) to enforcement and implementing agency. The CEA issues Environmental Protection Licences(EPL) to medium and high polluting industries under the section 23 (A) of the NEA. Since 1994 issues of EPL to low polluting industries has been delegated to relevant local authorities. Under the section 7(1), there is provision to establish an Environmental Council to in collaboration with respective line agencies to advise the CEA. The section 9 (1) provide necessary guidelines to establish District Environmental Agency and District Secretary is the Chairman of each District Environmental Agency. Therefore, CEA has special power to monitor, assess and advise the government on critical environmental conservation, management and development issues. Under the Environmental Management functions of CEA, widely included, land use management, natural resources management and conservation, management policy for fisheries and aquatic resources, management policy for wild life, management policy for forestry and management policy on soil conservation. 2.3 Act No. 29 of 1964 – Water Resources Board Act Main responsibilities under this act highlighted are control, regulation and development including the conservation and utilization of the water resources of the country. In addition, the promotion of afforestation, control of soil erosion, prevention of the pollution of rivers, streams and other water sources are also required to be considered. Mainly, the Water Resources Board is the key player of the formulation of national policies relating to the control and use of water resources of the country, as well as coordination of projects undertaken by government departments, local authorities and public corporations relating to the conservation, utilization development of the subterranean water resources of the country and the assessment of the possibilities, benefits and economic feasibilities of such projects. Page 7 2.4 Act No. 13 of 1949 – State Land Ordinance The State Lands Ordinance provides necessary guidelines to: - The protection of the source, course or bed of any public stream - The protection of springs, reservoirs, lakes ponds lagoons, creeks, canals, aqueducts etc. - The construction or protection of roads, paths, railways and other means of internal communication. - The prevention of the erosion of soil. - The preservation of water supplies. In addition, section 75 of the State Land Ordinance highlights on riparian proprietors activities. The occupier of land or the bank of any public lake or public stream shall have the right to use the water in that lake or stream for domestic purpose and shall not be diverted through a channel, drain or pipe or by means of a pump or other mechanical contrivance but shall be removed in a bucket or other receptacle. 2.5 Act No. 57 of 1981 – Coast Conservation Act The Coast Conservation Act make provisions for the preparation of coastal zone management plans, regulate and control of development activities within the coastal zone, formulation and execution of schemes of work for coast conservation within the coastal zone in the country. Under the section 6 of the act, there is provision to appoint a Coast Conservation Adversary Council. Purpose of the council is advice on all development activities proposed to be commenced in the coastal zone, review the coastal zone management plan, review the environmental impact assessments, etc. The current Coastal Zone Management Plan states that the Director will call for an EIA when such activities may have potentially significant impacts on the coastal zone. 2.6 Act No. 22 of 1955 – Flood Protection Ordinance This ordinance provides necessary provisions to acquisition of lands or building or part of any land or building is required for the purpose of flood protection. 2.7 Acts Nos. 25 of 1951 and amended on 29 of 1952 – Soil Conservation Act The Soil Conservation Act makes provision for the conservation of soil resources for prevention or mitigation of soil erosion and for protection of land against damage by floods and droughts. It is possible to declare any area defined in the order to be an erodible area for the purpose of this act. Under this act, following main activities are prohibited: - Clean weeding of land or other agricultural practices conductive to soil erosion. - Use of land for agricultural practices within the water sources and banks of streams. - Exploitation of forests and grass land resources and fire activities in declared area. 2.8 Act No. 15 of 1987 – Pradeshiya Sabhas Act The section 12 (2) of the Pradeshiya Sabhas Act has authority to appoint a separate committee to advise the environmental matters. The section 105 of the same act shows the prohibition of causing water or any stream pollution and related offences. The section 106 highlighted pollution caused by factories and relevant offences. Page 8 2.9 Act. No. 33 of 1992 – Mines and Minerals Act. The Geological Survey and Mines Bureau established under the Act No. 33 of 1992, Mines and Minerals Act. Under this act, mining falls within the purview of the geological Survey and Mines Bureau (GSMB). Mining and exploitation for minerals, including sand, must be licensed under the act by the GSMB. Mining licenses are issued only to a qualified individuals and companies registered to do business in Sri Lanka. Mining is not permitted within Archaeological Reserves and within specified distance of monuments. New mining licenses are subject to the EIA process, if the type and extent of mining is listed under the EIA regulations. Additionally, the GSMB has power to stipulate conditions including the taking of deposits and insurance for the protection of environment. Regulations made by the GSMB under the act cover a variety of environmental stipulations, criteria and conditions for licensing and operating mines. This also covers the disposal of mine wastes. The act also deals with the health, safety and welfare of miners. Reclamation of mines is a major problem in Sri Lanka and due to current practice requires the mining enterprise to make a deposit to cover costs of recovery. The deposit however is inadequate for the purpose. Large extents of mined areas, particularly areas mined for clay and sand remain open. Mining rights on public and private land are subject to licensing by the GSMB and all minerals wherever situated belonging to the state. The right to mine particular parcels of public lands may be subject to EIA procedures as well as to lease for permit conditions. 2.10 Forest Ordinance of No. 17 of 1907 as amended by Act No. 23 of 1995 The Forest Ordinance of Sri Lanka is the law for conservation, protection and management of forest and forest resources for the control of felling and transport of timber and forest related matters. The Forest Ordinance of No. 17 of 1907 amended by several Acts up to 1995 - Act 34 of 1951, No. 49 of 1954; No. 13 of 1966; No. 56 of 1979; No. 13 of 1982; No. 84 of 1988; and new act as No. 23 of 1995. Under the section 4 of No. 23 of 1995 Forest Act, Minister in charge of the forest, has special power to order and declare any specified area of state land or the whole or any specified part of any reserve forest which has unique eco systems, genetic resources or a habitat of rare and endemic species of flora and fauna and microorganism and of threatened species or which need to be preserved in order to achieve an ecological balance in the area by preventing landslides and fire hazardous to human life, as a Conservation Forest. In addition, under the section 5 of this act, Forest Officer of a specified area has special power to stop any public or private way or water course in a reserved forest. It shall be lawful for the District Secretary to determine the amount of compensation to be paid, in case that the water course injuriously affects the interests or one or more individuals to whom on that account compensation should be paid. Under the section 6 of the Act No. 23 of 1995, following activities are prohibited: • Trespasses, or permits cattle to trespass; • Causes any damage by negligence in felling any tree, or cutting or dragging any timber; • Wilfully strips off the bark or leaves from, or girdles, lop, taps, burns or otherwise damages, any tree; • Poisons water; Page 9 • Quarries stone, burns lime or charcoal, or collects, or subjects to any manufacturing process, any forest produce; • Extracts coral or mollusc shells or digs or mines for plumbago, gems or other minerals; • In contravention of any regulations made by the Minister, pastures cattle, hunts, shoots, fishes or sets traps or snares or guns, or constructs or uses ambushes, or uses any explosive substance. Under the section 12 of this act, the Minister has power to order and publish in the Gazette, constitute any portion of forest a village forest for the benefit of any village community or group of village communities, and may in like manner vary or cancel any such order. Every such order shall specify the limits of such village forest. 2.11 Act No. 49 of 1993 amended in 2008, Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance This act provides for the protection, conservation and preservation of the fauna and flora of Sri Lanka. Under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance (FFPO), five categories of protected areas are established viz. Strict Nature Reserves, National Parks, Nature Reserves, Jungle Corridors and Intermediate Zones. The CEA has gazetted all the forest and wildlife reserves as environmentally critical areas and to be governed by both FFPO and the Forest Ordinance, under emergency regulations. Under the Act No. 49 of 1993, new section inserted as 9.(a) highlights that, “ No person or organization, whether private or state shall within a distance of one mile of the boundary of any National Reserve declared by order made under the section 2, carry out any development activity of any description whatsoever, without obtaining the prior written approval of the Director�. Therefore, every application is subjected to follow Act No. 47 of 1980 – National Environmental Act. Hence, it is subjected to follow EIA or IEE procedures. 2.12 No. 13 of 2005 – Disaster Management Act Under the Act No. 13 of 2005 of the Disaster Management Act, there is a provision to establish National Council for Disaster Management (NCDM). Major objective of this act is to protect human life, property and the environment of Sri Lanka. Therefore, this act plays key role to protect the environment. Major functions include NCDM, to formulate a National Policy and Program on the management of disasters which shall provide for the protection of life of the community and environment and the maintenance and development of disaster affected areas; the effective use of resources for preparedness prevention, response, relief, reconstruction and rehabilitation; the enhancement of public awareness and training to help people to protect themselves from disasters. Therefore, this act provides necessary guideline for the protection of human life, property and the environment of the country. 2.13 Law No. 2 of 1974 -National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB) The NWSDB is the principal agency for water supply and sanitation in Sri Lanka. It was established in January 1975 pursuant to the Law No. 2 of 1974. Prior to its official mandate, the NWSDB started as a sub-unit, under the Public Works Department for Water Supply and Drainage. In 1965, it became a division under the Ministry of Local Government. From 1970, this division functioned as a separate department under the Ministry of Irrigation, Power and Highways and remained so until the Act was approved by the Parliament creating the NWSDB in 1975. General duties of the NWS&DB include: to develop, provide, operate and control an efficient, co-ordinated water supply and to distribute water for public, domestic or Page 10 industrial purpose; to establish develop, operate and control an efficient, co-ordinated sewerage systems. 2.14 National Policy on Conservation and Management of Wild Elephants - 2006 Given the small size of the island and the high human population density of 300 people/square kilometres (300/km2), increased interaction between humans and elephants is inevitable. Expansion of permanent agriculture and human settlements is leading to continuous contraction of habitat available to the elephant. The human-elephant conflict (HEC) in Sri Lanka reached alarmingly high levels but in recent years has been contained through concerted actions of department of Wildlife Conservation. HEC is the major cause of elephant mortality. Unless the problem is resolved or mitigated, it will ultimately lead to the elimination of most elephants that range outside the system of protected areas, which amounts to a significant proportion of the elephant population. Although humans occupied the island for millennia, and resulted in altering the natural forest cover, the island had a substantial forest cover until relatively recent times. In 1880, about 83% of the island was forested, but over the years the forest cover began declining steadily. According to the recent estimates, the natural forest cover has reduced to about 22%. Much of the intact dry forests occur today within the PAs, in the drier parts of the island. The core of the elephant conservation problem in Sri Lanka today stems from the rapid loss of prime elephant habitat. The greatest threat to elephants comes from an expanding human population and its demand for land. Loss of significant extents of elephant range to development continues currently, with a number of irrigation and development projects leading to the conversion of more elephant ranges to irrigated agriculture and settlements. Changes in land use patterns are resulting in a continuous contraction of habitat available to the elephant. Conservation areas have shrunk as the number of people dependent on the land increases. Increasingly it is being recognized that the loss and fragmentation of habitat as the major threat to the Sri Lankan elephant. Today, except for a small remnant population in the Rathnapura District, elephants are restricted to the lowlands in the dry zone. In Moneragala and Hambantota Districts large areas of forest close to Yala, GalOya and UdaWalaweNational Parks were converted to sugarcane plantations. Walawe Left Bank Project in Hambantota District has taken large extents of elephant habitats for irrigation settlements. Recognizing the national importance of the elephant, in the year 2006, the Government of Sri Lanka enacted a National Policy for Conservation and Management of Sri Lankan Wild Elephants to ensure the long-term survival of the elephants in the wild in Sri Lanka. The Government Policy shall fulfil the following achievements:  To ensure the long term survival of the elephant in the wild;  To mitigate the human-elephant conflict;  To derive socio-economic benefits from conserving the elephant;  To defray the costs imposed by the human-elephant conflict on communities affected by it.  To adopt regulatory mechanisms for the removal of elephants from the wild for management reasons; and  To promote scientific research as the basis for elephant conservation and management in the wild. Page 11 The environment and ecology in Moneragala, Hambantota and Badulla Districts, in particular are considered good elephant habitat. Considering this, it is impossible to assume that the Project activities will not be affected by the HEC, if no preventive measures are taken. HEC preventive measures need to begin with awareness of the problem and possible solutions that are within the control of affected communities. While the Department of Wildlife Conservation (DWC) has traditionally responded to HEC, by either by translocation of problem elephants or the erection of electric fences, long term sustainability of both options have been in question. Considering the large home ranges of elephants, translocation is destined to fail if the problem elephant is trans-located within its home range. The maintenance of electric fences has also been a problem due to poor emphasis on maintenance programs by the authorities. Community involvement in electric fence construction around villages and maintenance appears to be somewhat viable. While it seems unlikely that HEC can be completely eliminated, management of the problem may be possible. Low cost community based methods such as: communal crop protection; employment of ‘psychological’ barriers; chasing of crop raiding elephants; use of crops that elephants do not utilize, should be considered, with community awareness creating being essential. 2.15 National Policy for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation – 2001 The National Policy for Rural Water Supply and Sanitation approved by the cabinet in 2001 has laid down the framework for the provision of water supply and sanitation services to the rural sector which is defined as “any Grama Niladari Division within a Pradeshiya Sabha area except those in former Town Council areas that have population of over 6,000 people�. It provides guidelines as to the minimum requirements needed to ensure health; and levels of service in terms of the quantity of water, haulage distance, adequacy of source, equity, quality, flexibility for upgrade; and acceptable safe water supply systems, among others. It prescribes ventilated improved pit latrine as the basic sanitation facility and defines other acceptable options that include, among others, piped sewer with treatment, septic tanks with soakage pits, and water-sealed latrines with disposable pits. For rural water supply and sanitation, the Policy defines the roles and responsibilities of the Government, provincial councils, local authorities, community-based organizations (CBOs), non-governmental organizations (NGOs), private sector and international donors. It also sets the scope of regulation for which the provincial councils and local authorities can enact statutes and by- laws. 2.16 Act No. 11 of 2007 – Prevention of Mosquito Breeding Act This Act passed for the purpose of ensuring the prevention and eradication of all mosquito borne diseases. Under this act, it shall be the duty of every owner or occupier of any premises to cause, (a) open tins, bottles, boxes, coconut shells, split, coconuts, tyres or any other article or receptacle found in or within such premises , capable of holding water, to be removed, destroyed or otherwise effectively disposed; (b) any well found in the premises and its surroundings to be maintained and kept in good repair so as to make it mosquito- proof and thereby prevent the breeding of mosquitoes; (c) any artificial pond or pool found in such premises to be emptied at least once in every week; (d) any casual collection of water within the premises which is conducive to mosquito breeding, to be regularly drained; (e) shrubs, undergrowth and all other types of vegetation, other than those grown for the purpose of food or those which are ornamental, found within or outside any building or structure within the premises used as a dwelling place which has become a breeding place for mosquitoes, to be removed; (f) the removal and destruction of the water plants having Page 12 the botanical name Pistia Stratiotes and commonly known as “Diya Parandal�, “Kondepasei�, “Telpassy�, “Barawa-Pasi�, “Nanayaviraddi� and of any other water plant, or plants, found within the premises, which may facilitate the breeding of mosquitoes. Hence, this act placed to eradicate prevent the mosquito borne diseases and mainly targeted on water sources. 2.17 Land Acquisition Act (LAA) No. 9 of 1950 The private land acquisition for public purposes is guided by the provisions and procedures are outlined in the Land Acquisition Act (LAA) No. 9 of 1950. It was amended several times thereafter, the latest being the Amendment Act No 13 of 1986. Further the LA Regulations, 2008 were passed in Parliament on March 17, 2009 and issued in Gazette on April 7, 2009. The Act provides a framework for facilitating land acquisition within the country. It also guarantees that no person is deprived of land except under the provisions of the LAA and entitles affected persons to a hearing before acquisition. Usually, the land acquisition is time consuming and may take anywhere between a few months to about 2-3 years to complete the process. A major cause of delay in the land acquisition arises with respect to the compensation procedure with its attendant legal proceedings. There is also provision under section 38A of the LAA to acquire lands under an urgency clause. Minimizing land acquisition: The law discourages unnecessary acquisition, as lands acquired for one purpose cannot be used for a different purpose, and lands that remain unused be returned to the original owners. Several progressive provisions have been introduced in the LA Regulations of 2008 relating to provision of compensation for affected land at market rates, reconstruction cost of structure without depreciations, valuation for whole plot of land for determining proportional unit cost for the affected land parcel, business losses, relocation assistance etc. 2.18 National Involuntary Resettlement Policy The above LAA only provides for compensation for land, structures and crops. It does not require project executing agencies to address key resettlement issues such as exploring alternative project options that avoid or minimize impacts on people, compensating those who do not have title to, but are currently using and dependent on, land, or implementation of income restoration measures aimed at the social and economic rehabilitation of displaced persons. It does not deal adequately with the impacts on those occupiers of lands who are not legal owners but whose lands are taken over for development purposes . To ensure that displaced persons are treated in a fair and equitable manner, and to particularly ensure that people are not impoverished or suffer unduly as a result of public or private project implementation Sri Lanka has adopted a national policy to protect the rights of all people affected by development projects. To remedy the current gaps in the in the LAA in addressing key resettlement issues, the Cabinet of Ministers approved on 16 May 2001, the National Policy on Involuntary Resettlement and enunciated its adoption to all development induced resettlement. The Ministry of Lands has the institutional responsibility for implementing the NIRP. The NIRP seeks to: a. Avoid, minimize and mitigate negative impacts of involuntary resettlement by facilitating the reestablishment the affected people on a productive and self-sustaining basis. The policy should also facilitate the development of the APs and the project; Page 13 b. Ensure that APs are fully and promptly compensated and successfully resettled. The livelihoods of any and all displaced persons should be re-established and their standard of living improved; c. Ensure that no impoverishment of people shall result as a consequence of compulsory land acquisition for development purposes by the state; d. Assist APs in dealing with the psychological, cultural, social and other stresses caused by compulsory land acquisition; e. Make all APs aware of processes available for the redress of grievances that are easily accessible and immediately responsive, and f. Have in place a consultative, transparent and accountable involuntary resettlement process with a time frame agreed to by the project executing agency and APs. It is envisaged that NIRP enables the establishment of a framework for planning and implementation of the accordingly, the GOSL has directed that the scope of NIRP applies to all development induced land acquisition, or recovery of possession, by the state. NIRP requires that a comprehensive resettlement action plan be prepared where twenty or more families are affected. Even for instances where less than 20 families are affected, the NIRP still requires a plan which may be prepared in less detail. The policy applies to all projects regardless of the source of funding. Page 14 THE WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES AND REQUIREMENTS 3.1 Environmental Assessment (OP/BP/GP 4.01) The nature and scale of the project activities will trigger the following World Bank Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Policies (BP) and General Policies (GP) that need to be addressed at the Project Appraisal. The on-going CDLIP program adopts adequate measures to address the safeguard policies that are triggered for the Phase I of the Project implementation and the following sections will outline those policies, how those would be triggered in Phase II and proposed measures to address in the project design, implementation and monitoring. The World Bank Operational Policiesthat requires consideration under this Project OP/BP/GP 4.01 : Environmental Assessment and will be triggered under the Phase II of the project. Particular attention is needed during preparation of village development plans to ensure that the subproject proposals in the plan have no impact on the Forestry and Natural Habitats, especially since the Southern and Uva Provinces contain large extents of land that are under forestry and natural habitats. However, all such environmentally sensitive areas have been declared as “protected areas� under the Fauna and Flora Protection Ordinance and the Forestry Ordinance. Therefore, development activities are not permitted under protected areas in Sri Lanka and there will be no activities supported under this project that will be within designated protected areas, therefore, the forestry and natural habitats safeguard policies are not being triggered under the project. As part of the policy requirements the Environmental and Social Management Framework is prepared based on a strong participatory approach in undertaking all key activities under the CDLIP. The project activities would be identified by the communities through a transparent participatory need assessment and planning process through the development of village development plans (VDPs). The implementing agencies level will make all reasonable efforts to consult relevant stakeholders (including the affected communities) in the implementation of subprojects, incorporate local community needs and resolve conflicts. The affected people will be consulted in a meaningful way and allowed to participate actively in the consultation process. The consultations will be carried out in a way which is appropriate for cultural, gender based and other differences among stakeholders. The project components and activities of Phase II is now expanded to accommodate inter- village infrastructure development and would comprise: (i) rehabilitating village tanks for irrigated agriculture, (ii) rebuilding needed infrastructure such as rural roads, (iii) mobilizing the rural population in the focal villages for collective action in development activities, and (iv) supporting livelihood support activities to provide supplementary income to the poor and vulnerable segments of the population. None of these activities do not require the state, to ostensibly, acquire land involuntarily from the owner, who had no course of legal redress. Key ESMF principles, in the context of responding to the external and internal requirements, are considered:  The Project will support multiple subprojects, the detailed designs of which will not be known at appraisal, although the general thrust is understood by the nature of the sectors (housing, roads, etc.). To ensure effective implementation of environmental and social criteria, the ESMF provides guidance on the approach to be taken during implementation for the selection and design of subprojects and the planning of mitigation measures; Page 15  Subprojects with the potential for significant environment and/or social impacts are expected to be very few in numbers. If any are identified (through the subproject screening mechanism), subproject specific environmental and/or social assessment will be prepared and will be the subject of review and approval by the Project. The ESMF and subsequent implementation plans will be disclosed in the government websites and other public places accessible to the local authorities and people. The planning and implementation guidance documents that are developed as part of the ESMF will be translated to local languages and will be disseminated among the targeted communities for their reference and use. The project implementing arm at different levels will also maintain the ESMF and other related documents and will make available for anyone on request. 3.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) As is the experience with the Phase I, the question of triggering this policy will not arise in the case of the rehabilitation of rural roads, social mobilization and livelihood components of the project as they do not require land acquisition. In the case of rural roads, the project will finance the rehabilitation of existing village which do not require acquisition of private lands. The community mobilization activities of the project foster local organizational development and the livelihood activities are mainly associated with income generating, household level micro-enterprises such as livestock and poultry rearing, home-garden cultivation and small scale private trading, which do not require land acquisition. In the case of the construction of community centres and drinking water wells, the Divisional Secretaries will allocate state lands within the village. Therefore the involuntary resettlement policy (OP 4.12) could potentially arise only in the case of rehabilitating tanks where tank beds (land owned by the state) have been encroached and cultivated by people. Once, a tank is rehabilitated, it is likely that tank bed area will get inundated and the tank bed lands will not be available for cultivation. This could affect the livelihoods of people dependent on it and such a situation warrants that the project/ state address the issue. Number of persons involved and the area under tank bed cultivation should be recorded, and provided with equivalent alternate lands either in the command area (if technically feasible) of the rehabilitated tank or in the nearby vicinity. In the event that land acquisition is unavoidable, the land acquisition process, consultation and compensation procedures and principles will be as per Sri Lankan Governmental and Bank policies. . However, the experience of phase 1 shows those small plots of private lands were obtained for community water supply schemes and community centres through voluntary land donations. If voluntary land donations off private lands are made, due records would be maintained to ascertain voluntariness of such donations. 3.3 Indigenous People There are a very few indigenous populations in Sri Lanka, specifically, the Veddah (or Wanniyala-aetto). The Veddah are by no means a homogeneous group, sharing a common religion, language, and culture, which is one reason why some people claim that the groups do not actually exist. Nevertheless, there are populations that identify themselves as Veddah, although they no longer adopt the cultural and indigenous practices and habits such as hunting and gathering. However, these communities are recognized by the Government as indigenous people. Page 16 OP 4.10, unlike OP 4.12, does not apply to individuals; rather, it is applicable to a ‘group’. However, in the country, in general, and the project areas, in particular, there are hardly any villages comprising exclusively of indigenous people. However, the phase II of the Project does not include areas where indigenous Veddah people live. 3.4 Cultural Heritage The safeguard policy on Cultural Heritage triggers when a development project disturbs the built environment with historical interest. In as much as the Project engages exclusively in the rehabilitation of existing roads and village tanks and command areas, it is very unlikely that project activities would disturb any area or site of historic or archaeological interest. . 3.5 Safety of Dams The rehabilitation of small irrigation schemes and ground water recharge ponds financed by the project will not have dams and embankments more than 15 m high. Therefore the Safety of Dams Policy will not be triggered. Typical interventions would include repairs and improvements such as protection of downstream slopes of dam embankments (e.g. runnel filling and providing lateral drains, etc. to provide safe passage of rainwater and seepage drainage), providing toe-filters and toe drains to improve downstream drainage and arresting excessive seepage flows, upstream slope protection (e.g. rearranging and/or providing rip- rap to prevent scouring), strengthening of the structural stability of spillways and sluice structures etc. While, the anticipated project activities will result in an overall enhancement of the safety of dams (tank bunds) against the risk of failure, the project will not finance construction of new tanks (new dams/tank bunds). However, all generic dam safety measures will be adopted in the design and implementation of the rehabilitation/improvement of tanks, ponds other related structures and in the operation and maintenance (O&M) plans. 3.6 Pest Management Consequent to the envisaged pilot initiatives as well as the agricultural operations under the irrigation tanks rehabilitated by the project, there would be a minimal risk that project may potentially contribute to the spread of pest that affect agriculture and public health and pollution of water sources through the agricultural run-off contaminated with agro-chemicals. Given the restructuring may increase the efforts on producer groups; the project will trigger the OP 4.09 – Pest Management. However, it is proposed that strategies are developed to manage pests, through Integrated Pest Management (IPM) including biological control, cultural practices and the use of cropping systems and crop varieties that are resistant or tolerant to the pests (Annex 8). The proposed IPM plan should be integrated closely with the existing national and provincial pest management programs of the government. The project should finance measures to promote IPM and careful and judicious use of agrochemicals as an integral part of its agriculture development plans and the pilot initiatives. 3.7 Natural Habitats Due to the experiences of the early phase of Phase II operations, there are possibilities that the project may impact natural habitats and some critical species such as endemic and indigenous mammals living in such areas due to interventions in natural habitat buffer Page 17 zones. Therefore, during the restructuring process the OP 4.04 – Natural Habitats has also been triggered. The project will not finance directly or indirectly any activities that will degrade natural habitats or impact the fauna and flora that inhabit such areas. In situations such as human-animal conflicts, the project will introduce co-existence strategies and educate the communities affected on harmless ways of dealing with the problem based on experiences elsewhere. The project will not finance translocation of any animals, culling or encourage such through parallel activities in project areas. Page 18 3. THE PURPOSE OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) details agreed policies, guidelines and procedures to be integrated into the implementation of IDA supported CDLIP. The Project started in 2004 as Phase I of an adaptable program loan (APL) and uses a community driven development approach, which puts the ultimate stakeholders – the rural communities – in control of their own development. The program has three core features:  Simple and clear basic principles – participation, inclusion, transparency, accountability, and cost sharing;  An autonomous implementing agency – the PMU – ensures compliance with these principles; and  Direct transfer of resources to the rural communities. The Phase I program has benefited over one million people in more than 1000 villages or 800 Grama Niladhari Divisions (GNDs) in four provinces and results have been encouraging. The Phase II will deepen the interventions in current areas reached under Phase I and expand to target both inter and intra-village development in other poorer divisions to reach about 40-50 Pradeshiya Sabhas and about 2000 to 2500. The program strategy involves: (i) devolving decision making power and resources for intra-village development to community organizations; (ii) strengthening local governments and other local level agencies and devolving resources and decision making power to them for inter-village connectivity activities; and (iii) partnering with the private sector and outside agencies on economic empowerment to increase the scale and diversity of income generating opportunities for the rural poor. Good environment and social management practice is a well-established element of project preparation and implementation. It is also a requirement that the projects and programs financed with IDA resources to comply with World Bank operational policies. Therefore, the project investments are required to satisfy World Bank’s safeguard policies, in addition to conformity with environmental policies and regulations of the Government of Sri Lanka. An ESMF has been prepared in 2004 for the Phase I, based on potential sub-projects that will most likely to be included in village development plans by the respective rural communities. It has served as a template for ensuring that village investments or sub-projects are conducted in an environmentally sound manner. Nonetheless, the Phase I investments have been small, much localized, labour intensive and largely of drinking water supply facilities, rural roads within villages, community centres and small rural enterprise development. No significant impacts on any environmentally sensitive areas are reported. However, with the expansion and widening of the Project scope in Phase II to accommodate inter-village investments, there is a likelihood of having impacts which need to be addressed and managed through proper planning and adopting relevant Therefore, modification to the Phase I ESMF will be required to ensure that the Project will be implemented in an environmentally sound manner. The ESMF describes the procedures and arrangements for addressing safeguard issues. It will assist in considering alternatives, deviations and modifications to sub-project activities during planning, design as well as during implementation to mitigate adverse environmental aspects. Page 19 The ESMF is expected to (1) enhance and internalize the self-awareness and knowledge among project stakeholders among communities to treat environmental issues as an integral and indispensable objective of providing project inputs and achieving project outputs and impacts; (2) prevent/mitigate adverse potential environmental issues and impacts through conscious planning and implementation of the project activities; and (3) enhance positive environmental impacts. The ESMF must:  Refine and define checklists and tools for screening of project activities, including a negative list of activities and their nature and characteristics that would not be funded under the project;  Specify procedures for assessment, screening and clearances;  List roles and responsibilities of community members, social mobilizers, project staff at village, district and provincial levels including District Environmental Officers;  Clarify the norms and procedures required for screening, supervision and monitoring;  Include a plan for capacity building and training;  Develop a dam safety assurance plan and pest management plan if and when necessary. All the project activities and sub-projects that will be prepared on the basis of Village Development Plans will undergo environmental screening using the checklists and procedures by the communities as well as project implementing staff following the roles and responsibilities defined in the framework. Environmental screening process will distinguish sub-projects and activities that will require thorough environmental review to prevent/mitigate negative environmental impacts or those which will provide opportunities to enhance positive impacts. “Feasibility Reports� will include a comprehensive assessment of the environmental parameters associated with the relevant sectors and potential environmental impacts of the sub-project proposals, and based on this assessment specific measures will be carried out to address the impacts. Services of the District Environmental Officers of the Central Environmental Authority or subject matter specialists should be obtained to modify project designs and incorporate environmental management aspects depending on the complexity of the issue. ESMF attempts to respond to the needs of the CDLIP implementation and the opportunities provided by it, and seek to achieve following:  Enhance positive and sustainable environmental and social outcomes associated with Project implementation;  Support the integration of environmental and social aspects associated with the numerous subprojects into the decision making process;  Support rural poor in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and living standards;  Enhance positive environmental and social outcomes;  Minimize environmental degradation as a result of either individual subprojects or their cumulative effects;  Protect human health;  Minimize impacts on cultural property.  Avoid/Minimise impacts of resettlement Implementation of the ESMF will also support and assist with the achievement of compliance with applicable laws and regulations and with relevant Bank policies on Page 20 environmental and social development issues. In addition, during the Phase II, the environmental responses will go beyond providing environmental safeguards. It will also include targeted environmental activities that have been identified under the Government’s Haritha Lanka Programme (HLP) with an ultimate objective of developing greener and cleaner villages, thus adding another dimension to the existing CDD model (Annex 9). Page 21 4. ENVIRONMENTAL PRINCIPLES AND CONSIDERATIONS ADOPTED IN PHASE I In Phase I of the Project there were three components supported by the Project  Capacity building – improving capacities and skills needed to complete activities expected  Livelihood support activities – improving income generating activities and efforts to reduce unemployment  Community infrastructure and social services – measures to improve living standards and development of social services. 5.1 Capacity building sub-projects These were normally environmentally benign and provisions of the ESMF were not applicable. 5.2 The Livelihood Support Fund The Livelihood Support Fund was to improve the livelihoods of the community members, especially poor women, unemployed youth and the vulnerable members such as disabled, widows, single mothers, etc. It was a onetime grant to help them start very small-scale income generating activities or help them acquire skills leading to income generation. The communities were expected to use the funds for the provision of small-scale rural community infrastructure works such as rural roads, culverts, drainage, water supply schemes, and the like. These livelihood support activities and some of the infrastructure projects had only localised minor negative impacts, mainly during construction, and therefore the provisions of the ESMF was applicable to them. Livelihood support sub projects under phase I are categorized in to two, namely agriculture and non-agriculture. Examples for the livelihood projects in agriculture are:  Animal husbandry /Dairy industry (curd, yoghurt etc.)  Vegetable and fruit cultivation (chilly, cow-pea, cashew, papaw, banana etc.) both in chena lands and home gardens  Ornamental plant cultivation  Mushroom industry  Bee keeping  Tea cultivation  Aquaculture Examples of the livelihood projects in non-agriculture are:  Post-harvest processing (grains, jackfruit, lemon, fruit drinks etc.)  Handicraft production (using rattan, papyrus, reeds etc.)  Small scale domestic industries (production of brooms, brushes, sweet meats, pottery industry, soft toys etc.)  Mineral industries as Gem cutting, Quartz and Dolomite (Ratnapura)  Small scale businesses (village shops, groceries, bicycle repairing centres, saloons)  Domestic garment industries  Brick making 5.3 Community Infrastructure and social services sub projects Page 22 Examples for the community infrastructure subprojects under Phase I are listed below:  Rural roads /sidewalls for rural roads  Multipurpose buildings  Rural sports grounds  Water projects- Drinking water wells / agricultural wells/ small scale irrigation canals/water drainage systems for runoff water  Sanitary facilities (according to a personal circular loan system)  Small scale bridges and culverts  Mini hydropower projects (for 30-50 households)  Conservation of water catchments areas / re-plantation projects  Landscaping programs  Soil conservation programs 5.4 Environmental Impacts of Infrastructure sub projects and Livelihood support subprojects 5.4.1 Environmental impacts of selected livelihood support sub projects: i.Brick industry Deforestation, environmental degradation, spreading of infectious diseases (retaining of rainwater as well as runoff water in abandoned brick pits can serve as breeding ground of disease vectors as mosquitoes),spreading of Invasive Alien Species (IAS), air pollution (due to the emission of polluted air from brick kilns) ii.Chena cultivation Soil erosion, deforestation, use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers are the main issues. Chena cultivation has also contributed to increase human elephant conflict in areas where elephants are in abundance. iii. Wood based projects Respiratory infections (due to saw dust), chemical pollution (due to heavy usage of seasoning chemicals), air pollution (due to the emission of polluted air from smoke houses) can be experienced in wood based activities. There are can be water pollution as well due to dumping of saw dust near waterways. 5.4.2 Environmental impacts of selected Infrastructure projects: i. Drinking water projects Infiltration of pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the nearby agricultural areas (Further contamination can place these communities at high risk from chemical poisoning), chemical contamination of ground water (can lead to grave water shortages, particularly in arid areas as Hambantota), eutrophication (due to totally covered concrete lid of the well), noise pollution (can be occurred due to the operation of the pump houses of the wells) ii.Rural roads Page 23 Soil erosion, human elephant conflict (in some project areas) iii. Culverts/bridges Decrease of freshwater fish populations of the streams (due to the interruption of inter- migration pattern of fish and increased fishing intensity), sand mining, flooding. Appraisal and Assessment Team evaluates the environmental impacts and mitigation measures prior to approval of the sub-project proposals of both community infrastructure fund as well as the livelihood development fund. The above described projects from Phase I and environmental impacts will continue to be relevant during Phase II. Page 24 6. PHASE II ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK The on-going Phase I of the Project has been the first major community-based, rural focused, village level social and economic infrastructure project undertaken by the Government. Thus the application and use of a conscious potential social safeguard framework and an environmental management framework has been an unprecedented component in this community based rural development program. The Environment and Social Management Framework (ESMF) provides general policies, guidelines, codes of practice and procedures for the management of environmental issues to be integrated into the implementation of the Project. More specifically the objectives of the ESMF are:  To establish clear procedures and methodologies for the environmental review, approval and implementation of subprojects to be financed under the project;  To specify appropriate roles and responsibilities and outline the necessary reporting procedures, for managing and monitoring environmental concerns related to subprojects;  To determine the training and capacity building needed to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF. . The on-going Phase I project has developed and enforced a comprehensive framework for environmental assessment and management which has been described in the earlier section. The Project has so far financed only small-scale project which are aimed to improve the livelihood of small communities, their access to basic environmental services and support income generating activities through micro-credit funding, etc. 6.1 Modifications to the Phase I Framework A majority of project investments in Phase I were labour intensive, small scale civil works and household level, individual, livelihood support income generating activities. Civil works were localized activities at village levels likely to be associated with rehabilitation and improvements of intra-village rural roads, construction of drinking water facilities and buildings that mostly utilize local construction material. The project did not create serious cumulative negative environmental impacts due to the implementation of multiple project components. Given the small size and rehabilitation nature of these activities, their potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally sensitive and important areas including wetlands, forests, grasslands and other natural habitats have not been significant. It is evident from the experience of the on-going Phase I components that the implementation has not resulted in significant potential environmental safeguard issues and negative impacts. If there are any potential negative impacts they are site-specific related to the project’s village level infrastructure rehabilitation, improvement and construction activities and household level income generating activities which were manageable with proper planning, oversight, and monitoring. Nevertheless, in the case of some of the livelihood subprojects such as constructing and maintaining drinking water wells, it warranted detailed environmental assessment and a monitoring. This is also applicable in the case of brick making industry where cumulative effects can lead to significant negative environmental impacts. Page 25 However, as opposed to Phase I, which included only localized small-scale infrastructure schemes, the Phase II will finance the essential and urgent improvements to inter-village infrastructure development to improve connectivity, productivity and income of the people depending on those schemes. These inter-village interventions will be initially concentrated in pilot areas. Safeguards will require to be enforced more vigorously, although the anticipated related negative environmental and social impacts are minor and easily manageable. These inter-village developments will designed to be closely aligned with the country’s elected local government activities at Pradeshiya Sabha (PS) level. The overall approach is that the PS with the Project support and utilizing the existing technical capacities available at PS level will take steps to address environmental concerns during subproject preparation and implementation. The Phase I ESMF has been modified, to accommodate the potential environmental and social issues and mitigation measures for major sub-project types (roads, water, irrigation, buildings), to be undertaken in Phase Tithe modifications to the framework has been guided by any new actual and potential environmental issues and risks any environmental themes that may emerge as an outcome of the inter-village development activities. The Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) that is being prescribed will describe the anticipated impacts, planned mitigation measures, how and when they are to be implemented, and who is responsible for monitoring the environmental effects of the subprojects, both positive and negative. In general, it is expected that the Hub technical staff will work with PS sub-committee in preparing the subproject documents to avoid or minimize adverse environmental impacts, as per the ESMF. The application form should contain a certification by the subproject team that all measures required to avoid or minimize adverse environments impacts are included in the subproject design. It is expected to ensure that the design, construction, operation and implementation are carried out in accordance with the improved ESMF. The list of measures to mitigate potential adverse impacts, including terms and conditions and the relevant ESMP with any other site specific measures will be part of the contract specifications. 6.2 Phase II proposed sub-projects A list of anticipated subprojects that are proposed is given below. It has been compiled from the pilot initiatives conducted in four PSs.  Rural roads  Multipurpose buildings  Small scale bridges and culverts  Rural sports grounds and school sports grounds  Water projects- Drinking water wells / agricultural wells/ small scale irrigation canals  Mini hydropower projects (for 30-50 households)  Conservation of water catchments areas / re-plantation projects  Soil conservation programs  Village cascade systems  Health facilities (hospitals, health centres)  Animal husbandry  Solid waste management Page 26 Given that the Phase II will not significantly deviate from the Phase I, the preliminary framework can be used for the Phase II with the suggested improvements, to accommodate the expanded inter-village activities and minimize any adverse environmental impacts. The PS subcommittee and village level planning process in partnership with Appraisal and Monitoring Team should consider alternatives, deviations and modifications to project activities during planning and design as well as during implementation to mitigate adverse environmental aspects. The comprehensive environmental management framework developed, by updating and improving the existing one will be included as a part of its Project Implementation Plan (PIP). The framework will be appraised by the Bank team during appraisal and modified by the Borrower subsequently as required. This framework should describe the procedures and arrangements for addressing safeguard issues. 6.3 Role of the Project Team The process for addressing environmental concerns through the institutional arrangements and procedures used by the Project for managing the identification, preparation, approval and implementation of subprojects are defined in generic steps in this framework. The PMUs first activity on the ESMF should be the elaboration of a clear sub-project cycle and the identification of the key decision points for managing the ESMF screening process, including the subproject specific reviews/assessment and management plans, as discussed below. In addition, specification of civil works contract documents will continue to include and enforce generic and activity specific clauses requiring environmental compliance in the execution of project’s civil works. Provisions will be included in cost estimates for civil works to undert ake measures both for enhancing positive environmental impacts and mitigate/prevent negative effects. Based on the experience of application and implementation of this framework, the provisions and procedures of this framework will be updated and modified by the PMU from time as appropriate to suit to the project activities in consultation with PSs and communities. Any substantive deviations from the agreed ESMF will have to be agreed with the World Bank prior to adoption. During Project supervision, the World Bank will assess the implementation of the ESMF and recommend additional measures for strengthening the management framework and implementation performance. The reporting framework, screening procedures and preparation of management and mitigation plans will be discussed and agreed by the implementing agencies during the early part of project implementation. A comprehensive review of ESMF’s application will be undertaken after 12 months. Annual reports on project activities during the preceding year should capture the experience with implementation of the ESMF procedures. Bi-annual reviews of the implementation of the ESMF by reviewing a representative sample of subprojects are to be carried out by authorized persons or a group of persons not involved in the subproject implementation. The purpose of the reviews is to assess compliance of ESMF procedures, learn lessons, and improve future ESMF performance and to assess the occurrence of, and potential for cumulative impacts due to Project-funded and other development activities. These annual reviews will be the principal source of information to Project Management for improving performance and to Bank’s supervision missions. The overall management framework, including roles and responsibilities, for the implementation of the ESMF will be consistent and fully integrated with the agreed project implementation arrangements at the PS level and with communities. The Project Page 27 Management will, among other things, and in accordance with guidance provided in Annexes (Matrix & screening); (i) develop the sector level criteria for environmental and social management; (ii) develop the cross-cutting guidelines on core environment and social issues (such as the guidelines for resettlement and rehabilitation, site selection criteria for rural and urban housing, debris/rubble collection and disposal guidelines, among many others); (iii) establish reporting framework and formats; (iv) others, as required. The Project Management will also support the identification of suitable innovative environmental programs prescribed in the Haritha Lanka Programme of Sri Lanka (Annex 8) that will be suitable and beneficial to the targeted communities. Such interventions will contribute towards developing greener and cleaner villages. 6.4 Sub-project level Environmental and Social Reviews While most project activities in Phase I are expected to have generic environmental and social issues that are manageable through standards and codes of practice, there will be project activities in Phase II that carry a higher risk of environmental and social disruptions and/or impacts. These subprojects should be the subject of environmental and/or social reviews as the key management tool for identifying opportunities for lower impact project opportunities and/or for the identification of necessary mitigation measures in accordance with the prevailing legal framework and the Bank’s safeguard policies. During the initial needs assessment process to develop Village Development Plans (VDPs) and Pradeshiya Sabha Development Plans (PSDPs), communities and other major stakeholders will be provided with initial awareness on the environmental aspects. Subsequently, all project activities and subprojects that will be prepared on the basis of VDPs and PSDPs will undergo environmental and social screening using the checklists and procedures by the Village/PS subcommittee as well as project implementing staff following the roles and responsibilities defined in the environmental framework. Environmental screening process will distinguish sub-projects and activities that will require thorough environmental and social review to prevent/mitigate negative environmental impacts or those which will provide opportunities to enhance positive impacts. The environmental review is to be carried out through the preparation of an environmental subproject information document and subproject brief (Annex 1), by the Village Subcommittee or PS Committee. On the basis of the brief, it should be possible to decide if the subproject is socially and environmentally beneficial or benign. If it is the case, no action would be required in respect of environmental management in the subproject. , If some impacts are identified in the review which are small in scale can be addressed through standardized techniques or the codes of practices. These remedial measures to offset environmental impacts are to be provided in the subproject brief. These measures should be included in the project design. Integration of environmentally recommended measures in the subproject design will ensure that the subproject impacts are taken care of. Supervision during implementation is needed so that all the environmental remedial measures are implemented as planned. To summarize, following are the key steps in the environmental management with less or negligible environmental impacts, in which most of the subprojects are likely to fall.  Completion of a subproject brief providing environmental and social subproject information;  Inclusion of recommendations of the brief in subproject plan, if any; Page 28  Approval of subproject information document in the subproject review process;  Ensuring implementation through supervision during implementation If any subproject has environmental impacts more substantial than above and the impacts are larger and more complex, such subprojects will require a full-fledged environmental review and incorporation of the recommended mitigation measures into the subproject design. Examples of subprojects which are most likely to require subproject specific plans include, but not limited to the infrastructure projects such as access roads. The PS subcommittee or Village Level Subcommittee with the assistance of the regional Environmental Officer will prepare stand alone “Feasibility Reports� for example for the rehabilitation of roads. , Those reports will include a comprehensive assessment of the environmental parameters associated with the schemes, in accordance with the ESMF and potential environmental impacts of the project proposals, and based on this assessment specific measures will be carried out to address the issues. Services of the PS Environmental Officers or Divisional Environmental Officers should be obtained to modify project designs and incorporate environmental management aspects into the EMP depending on the complexity of the issue. The subprojects with potentially greater impacts than above, which involve significant environmental risk, will not be funded under the Project. A negative list of projects has been identified (Annex 2) according to GOSL regulations. This list includes the following: (i) Projects or activities listed under Part I of the “Prescribed Projects List� and; (ii) Projects or activities listed under Part II of the “Prescribed Projects List�. Any sub-project or activity that falls within designated “environmentally sensitive areas� as defined in Part III of the “Prescribed Projects List� will be required to obtain environmental clearance from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) and the World Bank prior to being eligible for funds from under the Project. In order to obtain CEA clearance, an IEE and/or EIA needs to be conducted and reviewed by the CEA. For obtaining World Bank clearance, the EIA has to conform to the Bank’s OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment Safeguard Policy, including its public disclosure requirements. 6.5 Land Acquisition and Application of Social Safeguards Social review will be carried out to analyse how the community is affected by the subproject identified as a priority need of the local communities. The project activities would be identified by the communities through a transparent participatory need assessment and planning process through the development of VDPs and PSDP. The affected people will be consulted in a meaningful way and allowed to participate actively in the consultation process. Social assessment is the instrument used to analyse social issues and solicit stakeholder views for the design of subprojects. The social assessment’s objective is to increase the likelihood of achieving subproject’s intended social outcomes, insuring their efficiency and equity. To achieve this objective, the likely positive and negative social impacts of the reconstruction activities planned will be assessed, particularly on vulnerable groups, as well as the level of awareness, concerns and attitudes of people towards these planned activities. Social assessment will identify stakeholders and their expectations, interests or concerns. Assessments will be also carried out in reference to social risks of subprojects Page 29 and recommended design changes or mitigation measures or action best able to manage those risks during implementation. Most of the subproject activities such as rehabilitation of rural roads, income generating activities such as household level micro-enterprises will not require any land acquisition. In the case of construction of community centres, drinking water wells the Government will allocate state lands within the village. Project also expects to obtain small pieces of lands through voluntary donations from individuals/beneficiaries. Where public lands are not available or land donations are not possible for infrastructure development, the option of getting land through willing buyer-willing seller at negotiated process without force will be adapted. According to the experience of Phase 1, the majority of land that have been acquired belong to the state land category and have not imposed any procedural issues. Nevertheless there have been instances of acquiring private lands and lands belong to religious organizations such as temples. It is also reported that project has experienced some difficulties in getting lands for road widening from private estate owners and those owned by the Land Reform Commission (LRC). However, the need for land acquisition in specific subproject areas will only be known during project implementation when subproject briefs are available. The subproject proposals that would require acquisition of productive lands and demolition of structures will be carefully reviewed to minimize or avoid their impacts through avoidance or minimization process. All possible options that have least impacts in terms of land acquisition will be explored, however, in unavoidable extreme cases, land acquisition will be carried out in accordance to the Land Acquisition Act which describes the legal procedure to be followed through, in acquisition of land for a public purpose. When a land in any area is needed for any public purpose, Land Acquisition Act of No. 09 of 1950 has provided provision for the acquisition of such lands. The LA Act has laid down the procedure for such land acquisition and to provide for matters connected with or incidental to such provision. The LA Act was amended by No. 39 of 1954, 22 of 1955, 28 of 1964, 20 of 1969, 48 of 1971 and No. 8 of 1979. Some of the shortfalls and the difficulties with using the 1950 LAA for time-bound development projects are widely recognized by project execution agencies of GoSL and the donors supporting development projects in Sri Lanka. This led to formulation of a National Involuntary Resettlement Policy (NIRP), by taking into consideration the resettlement principles and guidelines of major donors, including the World Bank. Amendments to the 1950 LAA have also been recommended to complement provisions of the NIRP and facilitate preparation and implementation of the land based development projects. The NIRP has been adopted by the government, but the amendments to the acquisition act remain to be incorporated. Under the circumstances, the land acquisition process must make use of the country’s existing LAA, the NIRP and the Bank’s OP 4.12. Land Acquisition Principles to be Adopted under the project In keeping with the resettlement objectives and to avoid or minimize potential disruptions to the peoples’ livelihood, land acquisition will be guided by the following principles: .  Alternative designs will be carefully considered to avoid or minimize land Page 30 acquisition in general and particular attention will be paid to using minimum of private lands, and as much of public lands as possible.  Sub-projects will be designed to avoid or minimize acquisition of buildings/ structures that house business/commercial activities. Partial dismantling of business premises in small townships and other places will be done in consultation with the owners and in ways that would not threaten the structural stability of the remainder. .  In all times possibility will be sought to find land from crown land and department of land will be consulted in all matters related to land acquisition.  Alternative designs will be considered not to affect objects and sites like places of worship, cemeteries, and buildings/structures that are considered socially and religiously important.  Voluntary donation of lands for community facility improvement will be considered: In case of voluntary land donation, the Project will ensure following:  that the land is free of any structures or assets;  so small an area that its donation does not negatively impact the livelihood of the owner;  the voluntary nature of donation is fully and independently verified;  that the land is unencumbered, of squatters and conflicting claims;  that community based mitigation measures are acceptable;  that a grievance redressal system is in place;  that the person(s) give up all claim to the donated land and that the land is  transferred in the name of the Government /Department. All the land donations will be followed through signing of MOU between donate and the project executing institution. The consent letterers of land donated will be attached with sub project plan and verified through physical screening of social staff of the project Impact Mitigation Principles The mitigation principles and guidelines proposed below are based on the provisions adopted in the National Involuntary Resettlement Policy of Sri Lanka, and the Bank’s OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement.  Where displacement is unavoidable, resettlement of the PAPs will be planned and developed as an integral part of the project and will be implemented as a development program.  Homestead-losers, including the households living on public lands without Authorization, will be given the options of physical relocation in similar locations of their choice, or in designated resettlement sites, and will be assisted with relocation. Page 31  The relocation sites, wherever needed, will be selected in consultation with the potential resettlers, and will be provided with the social and community facilities similar to those used previously. All efforts will be made not to take the PAPs far away from their residual lands, if any, and the existing sources of income and livelihood.  For compensation and assistance, encroachers who have been regularized by GoSL, and those who have earned prescriptive rights to public lands they presently use, will be treated as landowners with legal titles to the lands.  Absence of legal title will not be considered a bar to compensation for non-land assets created by public land users2.  Vulnerability of the PAPs, in terms of economic, social and gender characteristics, will be identified and mitigated with appropriate policies.  Where community-wide impacts are caused in the form of affecting community facilities, restricting access to common property resources, and the like, the project will rebuild such facilities and provide for alternative accesses.  The project executing agency will bear the costs of land acquisition and resettlement. Impact Mitigation Modalities Where the most preferred “land-for-land� option is not feasible, the compensation for lands will be fixed at their replacement value, and for other affected properties at replacement costs or market prices. The following types of compensation/entitlement will be paid for losses expected to be caused by the project.  Compensation for the acquired lands legally owned, or on which the current users are regularized or qualified to prescriptive right (by use of public lands for at least 10 years), which include residential plots, agricultural and other lands ,will be paid at ‘replacement costs’ to be determined by the Land Resettlement Committees (LRCs) headed by the Divisional Secretaries.  Replacement costs will include registration costs or stamp duties in cases replacement of the affected lands and other assets involve such costs, subject to actual replacement.  Loss of houses/structures and other immovable assets of value, which are to be rebuilt, will also be compensated for a replacement costs.  Loss of other assets like trees, which cannot be replaced, will be compensated for at current market prices at the time of first acquisition notification.  Compensation for affected orchards and similar commercial plantations will take into account the loss of investment and income. Page 32  Cut-off dates will be established to determine compensation eligibility of persons and their assets. These are the dates on which census of the affected persons and their assets will be taken. Assets like houses/structures and others which are created, and the persons or groups claiming to be affected, after the cut-off dates will be ineligible for compensation.  Where acquisition causes displacement from homesteads, the project will encourage for and assist with self-relocation. Where self-relocation is infeasible, the project will arrange for lands to relocate, and provide for basic social and physical infrastructure.  Owners of the affected businesses will be compensated for temporary loss of income based on net income for a reasonable period of time, or a one-time lump sum grant.  Where rented businesses premises are affected, the business owners will be paid an ‘advance rent’ for a reasonable period of time, as determined by LRCs. `  Employees of the affected businesses, who have been continuously employed for a certain period of time up to the cut-off dates, will be compensated for temporary loss of income for a reasonable period of time.  Loss of rental income from rented-out business and residential premises situated on private lands will be compensated for a reasonable period of time, as determined by LRCs. The project will identify and implement policies to mitigate any adverse impact those are unique to any project locations and have so far remained unknown.  Compensations/entitlements due to the PAPs will be paid in full before they are evicted from the acquired private and public lands. Project Affected Persons (PAPs) As follows from the proposed mitigation principles and modalities, the following persons/households/entities will be entitled to financial and other forms of compensation and assistance. It is to be noted that depending upon the types of losses a PAP may be entitled to more than one form of compensation. Private Land and Other Property Owners: Legally-recognized owners of affected lands and other assets built and grown on the acquired lands. Legal owners will be identified by the Divisional Secretaries. Regularized Encroachers: Those who have been regularized on the public lands acquired or taken back for the project, as determined by the Divisional Secretaries. Persons with Prescriptive Rights on Public Lands: Those who have been using the public lands for at least 10 years, as identified by the Divisional Secretaries. Informal Users of Public Lands (Squatters & Encroachers): Residing on public lands and/or using such lands for income earning purposes. Owners and Employees of Affected Businesses: For a reasonable period of time, subject to certain conditions (See Impact Mitigation Modalities). Page 33 Rental Income Earners: From rented-out premises situated on private lands, for a certain period of time (Certain conditions will apply– see Impact Mitigation Modalities). Owners of Businesses in Rented Premises: Where businesses housed in rented premises are displaced by the acquisition. Persons with Usufruct Rights: Owners of business and other activities on formally leased-in public lands. Community or Groups: Where local communities and groups are likely to lose income earning opportunities or access to crucial common property resources, special development programs will be undertaken to provide alternatives to restore and improve their livelihood. . Compensation Payment As the lands will be acquired by using the present acquisition act, the Divisional Secretaries will pay all mandated compensation to all affected persons recognized by LAA. PS will pay all other compensations/entitlements that have been stipulated beyond the jurisdiction of acquisition act, to all eligible affected persons/households, such as titleholders, regularized encroachers, prescriptive right holders, and informal public land users. Consultation and Information Dissemination Stakeholders are those who have direct interest in the project and who will be participating in the consultative process. As the initial step it is necessary to identify the primary and secondary stakeholders. The project executing agency, In this case Pradeshiya Sabah (PS), will ensure that all would-be affected persons ,titleholders, encroachers and those who have earned prescriptive rights to public lands, and informal users (squatters) of public lands, are consulted about the impacts of the proposed acquisition and recovery of possession of the lands that may have been under unauthorized private uses; proposed impact mitigation policies; and the process that would be followed to implement them. Consultations will be carried out with all stakeholders and through community meetings, which will seek active participation of the local government and administration officials. Focus group discussions will be carried out in particular with adversely affected persons/households. Discussions will especially focus on the provisions of the acquisition act, vis-à-vis the rights and responsibility of the affected property owners; the impact mitigation policies and the measures that have been stipulated beyond the LAA; and the mechanisms adopted to implement them. In addition, ccommunity meetings will be held in each affected district and village to inform the local population of their rights to compensation and options available in accordance with these Guidelines. Stakeholder consultations will be an on-going activity during the planning and implementation stages of the project/sub project. Stakeholder consultation will be inclusive of all groups (particularly women, vulnerable groups and local minority groups), participatory and transparent. The Minutes of the community meetings shall reflect the discussions held; agreements reached, and include details of the agreement Page 34 The project executing agency will ensure that all stakeholders are consulted and informed about the project’s expected impacts, proposed impact mitigation policies, and implementing process that would be followed. However depth of consultation and discussions will depend upon PAPs’ present knowledge of the acquisition act and the necessity and interest to learn more about it. The discussions will at least cover the following:  A brief overview of the 1950 Land Acquisition Act, with an emphasis on the legal notices under the sections that directly concern the landowners, and their legal rights  Types of affected persons as recognized by the LAA.  Types of losses eligible for compensation under the LAA.  Valuation of affected assets: preparation of the compensation claims at open market prices; inquiry into the claims by the Divisional Secretaries and further assessments by the Valuation Officers.  Compensation payment process.  Any other issues/topics concerning land acquisition and compensation.  Grievance Redress system to make complaints and feedback on land acquisitions and related issues The implementing agency shall provide a copy of the minutes to affected people and confirm in discussions with each of them, their requests and preferences for compensation, agreements reached, and any eventual complaint. Copies will be recorded in the posted project documentation and be available for inspection during implementation support missions Abbreviated Resettlement Framework Since project does not expect large scale relocation or land acquisitions for its interventions, separate RAP /-R-RAPs are not prepared at this stage.. However, in compliance of the Bank’s Operational Policy 4.12, in case of less than 200 Project Affected People (PAPs), Abbreviated Resettlement Plans will be prepared in order to restore housing and issue economic compensation for loss of land and livelihood through a consultative and mutually agreeable process ( See Annex – for the preparation of A- RAP) Social Audit A social audit will be carried out to assess the compliance of social safeguard procedures stipulated in the ESMF. This will review all land acquisitions including the land donations to check the due diligence and documentations. An independent consultant will be hired for this purpose Social Safeguards in relation to Indigenous People Page 35 There are a very few indigenous populations in the country, specifically the Veddhas. They are by no longer a homogenous group, sharing a common religion, language and culture. Nevertheless, there are populations that identify themselves as Veddha, although they no longer adopt the cultural and indigenous practices and habits such as hunting and gathering. However, they are recognized by the Government as indigenous people. The Project area in particular, does not have villages comprising exclusively of Veddha community. According to experience of Phase 1, the Veddah population are not present in the areas to be covered under the phase II interventions. Therefore no need arise to prepare indigenous people plan for the Phase II activities. Grievance Redress Mechanism The Land Acquisition Act allows the persons with ‘interest’ in the acquired lands to challenge the decision of the acquiring officers (Divisional Secretaries) to the courts of law, such as District Courts and Supreme Court, and finally to the Board of Review. But those who are displaced from public lands do not have a right to bring their grievances to any institutional entities. Then there could be issues and grievances which would hardly qualify as legal, but they need to be resolved somehow. Thus the Bank policy requires the borrowers to establish mechanisms to deal with issues and grievances that might be raised by all affected persons, including the informal users of public lands. The procedure is meant to reduce the incidence of expensive and time consuming litigation involving minor issues among the landowners, and to give an opportunity to those not covered by the LAA. A Grievance Redress Mechanism will be established under the project to receive and resolve land related grievances. The procedure will seek to resolve an issue quickly, amicably, and transparently out of courts in order to facilitate the land acquisition and compensation determination and payment processes, and save the PAPs from resorting to expensive and time consuming legal actions. Since most of the land related issues arise from inter connectivity infrastructure subprojects, the Local Authority would be the ideal entity to implement a GRM. Thus grievance redress committee (GRC) will operate at Local Authority level. It will consist of government officials, religious leaders, CBO/CSO representatives. The Public Relations Officer (PRO) is the first contact point for the public/PAPs to lodge complaints/grievances. The complaints received from public including PAPs will be reviewed monthly and actions will be taken to resolve issues amicably as much as possible .The decisions made by GRCs will be binding on the project execution agency. To instil confidence and trust in the procedure, the convener will ensure that all grievance decisions are made in formal hearings and that the individual GRC members are not contacted by the aggrieved PAPs or stakeholders in advance. The convener will have the authority to ensure impartiality, fairness and transparency. The GRC will record the details of the grievances and the reasons that led to acceptance or rejection of the particular grievances, and will make them available for review by the IDA supervision missions and other interested persons/entities. Page 36 6.6Screening Process The screening process is the first step in operationalizing the ESMF process (Figure 1). One of the objective of the screening process is to rapidly identify those subprojects which have little or no environmental or social issues so that they can move to implementation in accordance with pre-approved standards or codes of practices or other pre-approved guidelines for environmental and social management. Based on environmental screening, sub-projects with no noticeable impacts are cleared from an environmental perspective; subprojects with some impacts will proceed for the conduction of an environmental assessment which will be evaluated to clear the subproject. Projects with significant impacts will be altogether rejected. Environmental assessment will determine the extent of impacts and how the impacts will be mitigated, or minimized by planning, approaching the activities in an environmentally sensitive manner and adopting specific mitigation measures. The following criteria should be followed for sub-project selection to ensure safeguards compliance.  Sub-project construction/expansion will not be located in premises of archaeological, historical, cultural, religious sites;  Sub-project construction/expansion will not be located within conservation areas, protected areas, sanctuary, and forest areas as designated by Wildlife Conservation and Forest Departments;  Sub-project construction/expansion will not be located on steep slopes, landslide areas, and flood prone areas;  Sub-projects will not be located within a wetland or on a reservation of surface water bodies.  Potential environmental impacts associated with location will be minimized by selection of alternative sites;  Water supply sub-projects will not result in conflicts between water users and unacceptable lowering of water table due to ground water withdrawal;  All stages of sub-project design and implementation will be done in a participatory manner, with public consultation with potential affected persons;  Solid waste management sub-projects will not be sited adjacent to settlements; will not include treatment of hazardous waste; and not result in water pollution due to leachate, fly and rodent infestation, and odour and negative visual impacts issues;  Sub-projects of significant environmental impacts will not be undertaken.  There will be no involuntary land acquisition for sub projects and subprojects of significant resettlement will not be undertaken. Social screening will be carried out and checklist will be attached to subproject proposals. This checklists will be used to identify social impacts and prepare mitigation plans to mitigate negative impacts if any. If any subproject triggers OP 4.12, Abbreviated Resettlement Plans ( A-RAP) should be prepared and guidelines for A-RAP is given in the Annex 11 The Sri Lankan environmental regulatory requirements are prescribed by the Act No. 47 of the National Environmental Act, which came into effect in 1980, as amended in 1988, and is administered by the Central Environment Authority. It is a mechanism to ensure that all Sri Lankan facilities and development projects meet the relevant standards and procedures to minimize adverse environmental impacts during construction and operation of a facility. Projects and facilities that discharge a substance to the atmosphere, to the ground or into surface waters may require a licence to operate. The licence is issued by the CEA after Page 37 review of an application together with detailed project information. CEA, after review of the application, will grant a permit, sometimes with terms and conditions, or may require the preparation of a full environmental assessment prior to granting a permit. The subproject committee while preparing the subproject proposal would first consult the negative list and as far as possible, would not take up a subproject from negative list. The subproject committee will conduct a rapid environmental assessment and carry out an environmental assessment classification. Subprojects not depending on or use of natural resource/ecosystem directly and does not adversely impact any natural resource/ecosystem will not require an environmental assessment. Figure 1: Flowchart of the screening and review process for environmental impacts Village Development Plan / Pradeshiya Sabha Development Plan Sub Project No Yes Review/ Screening or Is the Sub Reject the Proposal Rapid EA Project in the No Are the Guideline Does the Sub or ECoP Project need Integrated with a Fully Contracts Fledged EA Strengthen EA Yes Environmental Statement Yes No Environmental Clearance Adverse Irreversible Severe Impacts Insignificant Impacts EIA with Environmental Has the EA, Clearance from GOSL & No Strengthen being World Bank prepared the EA & EMP Yes Provide Envt. Clearance Page 38 Some site specific issues may present serious environmental risks/impacts. For example, proximity to a protected area could have potential impacts on a unique habitat (endemic species of fauna or flora) or a high water table area would have potential effect on the design and operation of sanitation systems such as soak ways. In such cases there should be a consideration of alternatives or the sub-project application will be rejected due to the unsuitable site conditions. The site screening mechanism (Annex 3) will identify sites that are potentially unsuitable due to site-specific environmental conditions. The following procedure will be followed for the subprojects that are not disqualified under the above criteria. (a) The first step in environmental assessment will be preliminary screening. The Village/Pradeshiya Sabha subcommittee (VSC/PSSC) with the assistance of the Hub technical facilitator will accomplish this task using the rapid environmental assessment checklist (Annex 3). Based on the screening the technical facilitator will prepare an environmental subproject brief. (b) Rapid environmental checklist is attached to the application form. This will be useful in accepting or dropping a subproject proposal in early stages. The Appraisal and Monitoring Team (AMT) should review and approve the subprojects subject to EA and Government procedures; (c) Projects assessed to have some adverse environmental impacts will be required to go through a full-fledged EA (Annexes5&6). The Project Appraiser, Natural Resource Management will provide required environmental assessments to the AMT. The generic formats for EMP and monitoring reports are provided in Annex 4. (d) The Technical Facilitator will also ensure that the environmental assessment is undertaken in a participatory manner and the stakeholder consultations will be documented in the environmental assessment documents. (e) The AMT will review the documents and will provide contractors with guidelines for environmentally sound construction practices and include environmental safety requirements into the technical specifications and contracts for civil works. (f) Environmental assessments will be approved before commencement of detailed design in order to ensure that good practices are included in the technical design. (g) The Technical Facilitator will ensure that environmental concerns are addressed during planning, design, construction, and operations of the subprojects and appropriate mitigation measures are in place. They will undertake monitoring in each phase of subproject implementation in addition to the VSCs and PSSCs. The AMT after completing their appraisals will prepare a detailed appraisal report which contains the information collected during appraisal. The report will give an overview of the subproject with the terms and conditions. It will contain comprehensive information on the subproject and act as a data base. This report among others will provide a section on environmental feasibility of the subproject. This section will state the impact of the subproject in terms of the ESMF. Mitigation measures suggested for environmental issues will be highlighted. A detailed environmental assessment should form part of the detailed subproject proposal. The report will come out with the environmental impacts of the sub- project, to depict whether the sub-project has significant impact on environment, no significant impact, or do not have any environmental impact. The sub-projects that, on the Page 39 basis of screening, do not have any environmental impact have to be cleared from an environmental perspective. The sub-projects that have no significant impact, but will still need to be evaluated, by conducting an environmental assessment; Sub-projects that have significant impacts will be rejected. The disbursement or allocation of funds will be in accordance to the subproject agreement. The Maha Sabha/Pradeshiya Sabha shall have the absolute discretion to disburse the funds as per the disbursement schedule and reserves to itself the right to alter, cancel or postpone the disbursement in accordance with the progress and compliance to the terms and conditions of the subproject. It is expected to ensure that the design, construction, operation and implementation of the subproject are carried out in accordance with ESMF. Subproject selection, design, contracting, monitoring and evaluation will be consistent with agreed guidelines, requirements and documentation as required under the screening and review process which will be fully integrated into the Project Implementation Plan/Operations Manual. The list of measures to mitigate potential adverse impacts, including terms and conditions and the sector specific generic EMP (Annex 4), supplemented by any additional site specific measures will attached as a Part of the contract specifications. A clause in the Particular Conditions of Contract will refer to these environmental management requirements EMP and will state that it is a supplement to the above Part of the Specifications. The Particular Conditions of Contract will also stipulate that any non-compliance with the mitigation measures set out in the contract will attract the same remedies under the contract as any non-compliance with the contract provisions; such remedies would be instructions, notices, suspension of works, etc. The Instruction to Bidders will highlight the inclusion of the EMP in the contract specifications and the contractor’s obligation of compliance. The performance agreement will carry a clause to the effect that the recipient shall ensure the design; construction; operation and implementation of the sub-project are carried out in accordance with the ESMF. 6.7Environmental Management Plans Environment is broadly defined to include the natural environment (air, water and land), and human health and safety. The subproject planning should strive for plans and designs that avoid creating adverse environmental impacts that have to be explicitly managed. The communities, PradeshiyaSabhas and Project staff can use the ESMF in a participatory process to support good environmental planning. Subproject specific Environmental Management Plans (EMP) will be developed for all infrastructure activities unless it has been identified that an Environmental Code of Practices (ECoP) is sufficient. In the case of small scale localized subprojects, the Hub Technical Facilitator will help the VSC to evaluate the extent, severity and duration of probable impacts of each of the environmental problems/issues. He/She will also help to develop appropriate mitigation measures for subprojects having marginal or short term impacts. The AMT will verify the adequacy of the measures and also will monitor implementation during milestone certification. The primary responsibility for compliance with ESMF will rest with the Village Organisation and Pradeshiya Sabha. Subproject identification and preparation will be the responsibility of the respective VSC or PSSC, while implementation will be handled through the Hub office Page 40 and the District Office. The implementing agencies may need additional support in the form of consultants to prepare the mitigation plans, subproject-specific environmental management plans or any other subproject specific studies that are required. PSSC with the assistance of Paraprofessionals1will conduct the EA of the proposed subprojects and will develop possible adverse impacts and a description of mitigation measures. An outcome of the above environmental reviews will in most cases be an environmental management plan that is subproject specific with monitoring indicators, roles and responsibilities and forecasting the tentative costs. The EMP will indicate the impacts predicted, mitigation measures to minimize the impacts, identify the institutional arrangements for undertaking the mitigation measures and monitoring arrangements, implementation schedules of the mitigation arrangements and reporting requirements and cost estimates and sources of funds. An EMP is required only in the case of subprojects where explicit limited impact assessment is required. The basic elements of the EMP are mentioned below.  A description of possible adverse effects that the assessment is intended to deal with;  A description of planned mitigation measures, and how and when they will be implemented;  A program for monitoring the environmental effects of the subproject, both positive and negative;  A description of who will be responsible for implementing the mitigation measures; and  A cost estimate and source of funds. The EMP will also include specific guidelines for debris disposal as well as resource extraction (sand, timber, metal) for all specific construction activities financed under the Project. As in the Phase I, the AMT will verify the adequacy of the measures and suggest improvements during appraisal and sanctioning subproject proposal. Community participation is essential in an environmental assessment since local knowledge is important in identifying, designing and planning the implementation of practical mitigation measures. It is especially important where the success of the EMP depends on community support and action, both in implementing mitigation measures and in monitoring their effectiveness. 6.8Roles and Responsibilities PIU Technical Mobilizer holds the responsibility of providing timely technical assistance to the Village Organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas and facilitates the development of subprojects (Figure 2). He/She is also responsible in providing technical information and skills to the subproject committee members and help to maintain quality of implementation. The subproject proposals developed by the village communities and Pradeshiya Sabhas will be checked for its compliance with the project rules and verified for improvement by the 1 The role to be played by the para-professionals and the responsibilities to be shouldered are to be discussed with the client prior to submitting recommendations . Page 41 AMT set up at the Districtlevel.The task of the AMT is to appraise the proposals submitted by the village organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas, certify milestones for the release of instalments to the Village Organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas and sanction the subproject. This will ensure that the proposals comply with technical standards and safeguard requirements, economic viability and ease of operation and management after completion. All the subprojects will be assessed for environmental impacts and cleared for ensuring environmental sustainability. Roles and Responsibilities of the AMT:  Carryout desk and field appraisal of subprojects;  Certification of milestones for approval of subprojects and release of funds;  Maintain database on program monitoring and prepare monitoring reports for the national team. Figure 2. ESMF flowchart with Roles & Responsibilities VSC: Village Subcommittee PA: Project Appraiser PSSC: Pradeshiya Sabha Subcommittee AMT: Appraisal & Monitoring Team : EMP: Environment Monitoring Plan : The Village Organization/Pradeshiya Sabha (VO/PS) will enter into a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the Subproject Committee for controlling and guiding release of funds to the Subproject Committee. The subproject committee while implementing the subprojects will ensure that all mitigation measures are implemented. The AMT while certifying milestones for release of instalments will ensure that the mitigation measures are adequately implemented as recommended. Page 42 The Chief Community Mobilizer ( CCM) will be reporting to district, Assistant Director on a monthly basis about the implementation progress, issues, AD) will assist the Village Organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas in complying with the conditions for appraisal and release of instalment of funds. The CCM/AD will liaison with the AMT for the timely appraisal of the subproject proposals, evaluation physical achievements of milestones and release of funds to village organization. CCM/AD will assist the village community to set up community monitoring for project implementation. They will visit the village communities/Pradeshiya Sabhas on a regular basis and provide them back stopping support wherever required. The Project Appraiser, Natural Resources in the AMT is responsible for appraising the environmental aspects of the subproject (Figure 3). He/She will carry out the desk/field review of the environmental aspects of the subproject and ensure that all the approved subprojects are environmentally sound. He/she will also ensure that the EMPs are implemented by Village Organizations/Pradeshiya Sabhas prior to certification of milestones. The appraisal responsibilities will have to be gradually devolved to the Pradeshiya Sabha Sub Committee in the case of subprojects monitored by them. There should be consistency in the procedures for review and approval of subproject applications. They also need to be integrated into the planned project process of approving subprojects. It is crucial that the procedures are clearly linked to the project-defined subproject cycle so they can be readily included in, or referenced from, the Project manuals. The roles and responsibilities of various authorities at different levels, as appropriate are thus defined in a consistent manner with the subproject cycle to take environmental concerns into due consideration. Figure 4: Institutional Structure with Roles & Responsibilities Role Responsibilities  Develop Village Development Plans / Pradeshiya Sabha Development Plans VO/PS  Assist development of subproject proposal  Establish a subcommittee for subproject implementation  Develop the subproject brief for environmental clearance VSC  Facilitate the environment assessment procedure PSSC  Facilitate the monitoring of ECoPs/Guidelines/EMPs  Conduct Rapid Environment Assessment  Facilitate development of subproject brief /TM  Conduct Rapid Environment Assessment  Enforce good environmental practices  Conduct environment assessment PA  Develop EMPs  Monitor and enforce EMPs  Appraise environmental aspects of the subproject  Review EMPs AMT  Provide environment related specifications and guidelines  Establish environment related milestones  Provide environmental clearance  Report to DTL on implementation progress, issues and problems  Assist VO in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject /CCM proposal  Liaison with TF for the timely delivery of environment assessment reports Page 43 Role Responsibilities  Assist monitoring of project implementation  Ensure physical achievements of milestones and release of funds to village Organizations  Report to SPO on implementation progress, issues and problems  Assist PS in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject proposal  Liaison with PA for the timely delivery of environment assessment reports /AD  Liaison with AMT for the timely appraisal of subproject proposals  Ensure physical achievements of milestones and release of funds to Pradeshiya Sabhas  Assist monitoring of project implementation  Monitoring the implementation progress, environmental issues and problems  Assist DTL in complying with the environmental aspects of the subproject SPO implementation  Liaison with DTL and AMT for the timely delivery of environmental reports and appraisal of subproject proposals. 6.9Standards and Environmental Codes of Practice The small-scale localized subproject activities are unlikely to entail any significant environmental issues and as such the screening process should consist largely in the verification of inclusion of appropriate standards in the subproject design and contract documentation. Areas which are likely to be more effectively covered through the development of standards and codes include, but are not limited to, the following: Good practices for rubble/debris collection and disposal The debris created from the various infrastructure projects has generated a considerable amount of solid waste, both bio-degradable and non-bio-degradable. The solid waste accumulation from the infrastructure projects can serve as breeding grounds of disease vectors such as mosquitoes, flies and other pests. Because of this can increase the spread of infectious diseases. In addition this debris detracts from the beauty of the environment. Therefore special care should be given to proper disposal of waste material from the project sites.  Debris should be sorted, separating recyclable components from non-biodegradable litter. All recyclable debris should be separated and reused, to the extent feasible, in the proposed construction (as fill materials for embankments, foundations). The disposal of remaining debris shall be carried out only at sites identified and approved by the local authorities.  Shall ensure that these sites (a) are not located within designated forest areas; (b) do not impact natural drainage courses; and (c) do not impact endangered flora and fauna. Under no circumstances shall the construction dispose of any material in environmentally sensitive areas.  While undertaking cleanup operations as the waste gets generated, measures should be taken not to harm eco-systems/vegetation. Fallen timber and other recyclable material (bricks, tiles etc.) should be salvaged for use or sale.  In the event any debris or silt from the sites is deposited on adjacent land, action should be taken immediately to remove such, debris or silt and restore the affected area to its original state to the satisfaction of the Engineer. Page 44  Bentonite slurry or similar debris generated from pile driving or any other construction activities shall be disposed of to avoid overflow into the surface water bodies or form mud puddles in the area.  All spills and collected petroleum products shall be disposed of in accordance with standard environmental procedures/guidelines.  Fuel storage and refilling areas should be located at least 300 m from all cross drainage structures and important water bodies or as directed by the Engineer.  Comply with EIA and EPL Regulations under the National Environment Act. Good practices in aquaculture and pisciculture  Suitable sites should be selected for the construction of aquaculture ponds in order to minimize the soil erosion. (e.g. dykes of the ponds should be constructed maintaining a standard height and an angle)  Deforestation should be minimized during the pond construction. (e.g. habitat destruction of mangroves due to brackish water aquaculture)  Collection of endemic fish species from natural waterways should be avoided. Good practices in brick-making industry  Increasedextraction of clay (earth) would involve the clearing of more vegetation leaving soil exposed to erosion. To eliminate this abandoned brick pits should be reforested with suitable home garden species (table 1) as well as with indigenous woody species giving special emphasis to the pioneering species. Table 2: suitable woody plants for home gardens Sinhala name Tamil name Scientific name Beli Vilvam Acronychia marmelos Caju Montin-kai Anacardium occidentale Amba Mangai Mangifera indica Murunga Murungamaram Moringa oleifera Delum Madalai/Madalunkai Punica granatum Kathurumurunga Akatti/Agati-Keerai Sesbania grandiflora Dehi Desikkai Citrus spp.  The abandoned pits should be covered with earth as much as possible to avoid the aggregation of water.  High chimneys should be constructed to minimize the health hazards which can be caused by the polluted air released by the brick kilns.  Planting of suitable fuel wood species for the use of brick kilns can be introduced in to the home gardens as a future option to minimize deforestation.  Feasibility studies should be done to assess the possibility of the abandoned brick making sites for future aquaculture development.  Awareness should be created among the villagers on the negative environmental and health impacts of the industry and should discourage the continuity of the industry.  Introduction of alternative income generation activities to the villagers is highly recommended. Page 45 Good practices in conservation farming  Awareness should be created among the communities to minimize the chemical usage for the agricultural activities and to shift in to more environmentally friendly agricultural practices (e.g. use of organic fertilizers should be maximized.).  Monoculture should be avoided as much as possible and intercropping systems, agro- forestry systems etc. should be introduced.  Deforestation should be avoided and live fences should be established in home gardens.  Stone walls, canals etc. should be constructed to minimize soil erosion both at home gardens and highland areas.  Chena cultivation closer to forest reserves or closer to natural water ways should be minimized wherever possible to avoid environmental degradation Good practices in small scale construction.  Some communities are more at risk than others and they should be given priority attention. As an example, communities in the SabaragamuwaProvince (Ratnapura District) are vulnerable to earth slips and floods as a consequence of the instability of hill slopes. Therefore special emphasis should be given during the site selection for infrastructure projects to minimize the negative impacts.  Special care should be taken to minimize soil erosion due to construction practices  Follow proper building design and construction practices, including respecting relevant laws and policies.  Environmentally friendly alternatives should be used as raw materials wherever possible for construction purposes. E.g. recycled wood, recycled glass and use masonry cement for plastering etc.)  Use alternatives to tropical hardwood timber. E.g. plantation timber, timber aggregates.  Identify metal aggregate quarry sites (for producing both coarse and fine aggregate) that would cause minimal environmental damage.  Construction designs should ensure good drainage systems in place as approved by relevant local authorities. Good practices for constructing and maintaining drinking water wells  A special consideration should be given during the site selection for the drinking water wells as they can suffer damage due to the infiltration of pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the nearby agricultural areas.  In case of suspicion of pollution of the water of the well (e.g. by visible oil film on the surface) it should be reported to the authorities who should take action in clean-up.  Prior to use, chemical analysis should be carried out on wells and other water sources that were either contaminated or suspected of being contaminated.  Wells should only be cleaned and pumped by qualified and trained personnel with reporting to the local authorities as the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB).  Deep wells (more than 5m deep) and wells pumped with motorized pumps should be regularly monitored for salinity as they stand a greater risk of salinization.  Wells should not be deepened in the coastal aquifers in an attempt to avoid salt water intrusion. In addition new deep wells should not be drilled in the coastal aquifers in an attempt to get fresh water for drinking purposes. Page 46  All interventions should be undertaken in full consultation with the appropriate authorities such as the Urban Development Authority (UDA), the Rural Development Authority (RDA), the Government Agent (GA) and the National Water Supply and Drainage Board (NWSDB).  All plans should also be devised in full consultation with local communities to ensure needs are met in a culturally acceptable way and in accordance with local practices and water use rights as it is necessary to avoid actions that enhance tensions or lead to conflict.  Plant native species around water wells to assist in bioremediation. Good practices for environmental conservation during project work  Some terrestrial eco-systems (e.g. forests) suffered considerable damage from development projects. Limiting further damage to these important eco-systems and restoring them in a participatory and sustainable manner is essential.  It is vital to integrate environmental conservation in to the development planning of the Gemidiriya Project to convert the project in to more sustainable one.  It is essential to actively conserve nearby important eco-systems that provide benefits to nearby communities.  It is essential that stakeholder communities are empowered to adapt and cope with recurrent environmental impacts.  Eco-systems do not function as closed units but as open systems that are affected by ecological processes that occur on a larger scale. Because of this, every effort at development should be assessed in the context of the landscape i.e. it is necessary to look at the broader picture, not just the specific development site alone.  Practical environmental impact mitigatory plans should be prepared using wide stakeholder participation for stakeholder communities. It is necessary to set baseline environmental performance benchmarks in key performance areas, in order to ensure vigilant environmental monitoring. These key areas include, 1. Energy conservation and optimization (such as energy efficient lighting and solar heating) 2. Water conservation (e.g. collection of rain water) 3. Waste water management 4. Solid waste management (e.g. composting of organic waste) 5. Maintenance of air quality and reduction of emissions of greenhouse gases 6. Erosion control and landscaping (such as using only indigenous species, moving away from monoculture) 7. Reducing, recycling and reusing natural resources Restoration activities such as replanting, establishment of shelterbelt and catchments plantation need careful thought and implementation, and framed within the broader context of integrated management based on the existing land uses prevalent in the area. As an example protection, social fencing in areas with good root stock, assisted natural regeneration, ground preparation, planting etc. should be identified properly. Local extension officers of agencies such as Forest Department and Agriculture Department should be consulted for technical guidance to ensure proper site identification and technology adoption. Use indigenous, multiple-use and locally beneficial species while Page 47 carrying out restoration in degraded development sites. Planting program or restoration program should be always implemented with the advice of local Forest Department staff. Good practices for Social issues  Empowering stakeholder communities by including them in decision making and creating a sense of community ownership is essential.  Ensure that from the beginning, development process is participatory involving sufficient consultation among all stake holders within the project area and builds on traditional knowledge available on the management of natural and managed eco- systems within the local communities.  It is crucial to formulate a clear vision that links and balances development with medium to long-term benefits to local communities as well as the environment. When development options are selected, make every effort to ensure that the tradeoffs, wherever they arise, are equitably (not necessarily equally) distributed among all stakeholders and that the balance between eco-system and human livelihood needs is maintained. 6.10Guidelines for construction activities Environmental guidelines for some of the anticipated subprojects are mentioned below: Community Water Supply  The water source will be assessed and ensure that all parties are consulted and agreement is reached on the use of the source.  The sub-project development should not adversely affect the present users of the source.  Treatment system should have adequate capacity to care for the raw water quality.  Source protection measures are recommended in to ensure the raw water quality.  Shall give special consideration to avoid the drinking water wells being polluted due to the infiltration of pesticides and chemical fertilizers from the nearby agricultural areas.  Shall adopt measures to prevent eutrophication conditions. It will prevent activation of anaerobic bacteria that produces harmful gases as hydrogen sulphide, sulphur dioxide etc.  Continuous water quality assessments should be done to monitor the quality of the drinking water  The subproject should maintain an adequate flow during the dry weather after considering the environmental flow requirements.  Storage of water shall be considered if the economic and environmental impacts are within acceptable limits. The subproject will not be implemented if  The critical components of the subprojects should not be subjected to frequent floods.  Any cleared top soil should be set aside for later use or to be used for agriculture purposes.  Vegetation cover will be replaced after construction of the scheme.  Pipe laying on steep slopes and on the road surface of newly rehabilitated roads will be avoided. Page 48  Complied with National Policy on Rural water Supply and Sanitation, National Policy on Water Supply and Sanitation, EIA and Environmental Pollution Licensing (EPL) Regulations under the National Environmental Act. Roads In addition to the criteria already identified for location of subprojects, it should be noted that communities in the Sabaragamuwa Province (Ratnapura District) are vulnerable to earth slips and floods as a consequence of the instability of hill slopes. Construction of roads and multipurpose buildings etc. should not be built on sharp and bare slopes in the Sabaragamuwa Province. Also in remote areas, especially in Moneragala district care should be taken in constructing new roads to avoid locations of elephant movements (elephant corridors). New road constructions bring more people and vehicles, and the human elephant conflict will come to an alarming rate. The Construction:  shall adhere to the mitigation measures set down and take all other measures required by the authorities to prevent harm, and to minimize the impact of the operations on the environment;  shall limit construction works to between 6 am and 7 pm if it is to be carried out in or near residential areas;  shall avoid the use of heavy or noisy equipment in specified areas at night, or in sensitive areas such as near a hospital;  shall carry out regular watering of earth, and gravel haul roads to prevent dust pollution during dry periods and shall cover material haulage trucks with tarpaulins to prevent spillage;  whenever possible locally recruit the majority of the workforce and shall provide appropriate training as necessary;  shall install and maintain a temporary septic tank system if any residential labour camp is unavoidable and without causing pollution of nearby watercourses;  shall select a site for disposal of spoil prior to the start of construction work;  shall establish a method and system for storing and disposing of all solid wastes generated by the labour camp, if established;  shall ensure that site offices, depots, asphalt plants and workshops are located in appropriate areas as approved by the RDA and not within 500 meters of existing residential settlements and not within 1000 meters for asphalt plants;  shall ensure that site offices, depots and particularly storage areas for diesel fuel and bitumen and asphalt plants are not located within 500 meters of watercourses, and are operated so that no pollutants enter watercourses, either overland or through groundwater seepage, especially during periods of rain;  shall locate the crushing plants subjected to the approval of the Engineer, and not be close to environmentally sensitive areas or to existing residential settlements, and shall be operated with approved fitted dust control devices;  Shall control the earthworks properly, especially during the rainy season.  shall maintain stable cut and fill slopes at all times and caused the least possible disturbance areas outside the prescribed limits of the work;  Shall dispose any excavated cut or unsuitable material in designated tipping areas as agreed to by the Engineer.  Shall protect any cut or fill slopes from erosion, through planting with grass or other plant cover. Page 49 The recent tsunami related reconstruction has created a demand for construction material such as sand, clay for bricks and timber. Therefore in order to avoid encouraging illegal extraction of such resources required under this Project, all construction contracts under this Project will include clauses in the contracts to ensure that sand, clay and timber are obtained from authorized locations and sources that are licensed by relevant GOSL authorities. Building construction As the building construction activities implemented thus far are scattered and limited in scale, there had been no significant accumulated environmental damage due to Project activities. However, all construction and renovation will adhere to the existing building and other applicable codes of practice in Sri Lanka. The contractor is required to pay attention to and address the following in the EMP:  Addressing noise pollution during construction activities;  Cultural preservation of culturally significant buildings  Ecological issues of the site  External appearance (aesthetics)  Floodwater protection provisions  Designing appropriate landscaping  Waste disposal  Avoidance of hazardous material. Solid Waste Management  Shall ensure that the disposal sites will not be located near residential areas.  Shall establish a buffer strip around the site wherever possible.  Shall take adequate environmental safeguards to maintain the environmental quality of the surrounding area in absence of a buffer zone.  Shall ensure a leachate collection system and treatment if leachate will critically pollute the downstream water-bodies.  Transfer stations will be avoided as much as possible.  Shall take adequate measures to prevent pollution of roads during transport of solid waste.  Shall cover and fence the sites properly to prevent stray animals and scavengers.  Comply with National Solid Waste Management Strategy of the Ministry of Environment and EIA and EPL Regulations under the National Environmental Act. 6.11CapacityBuilding An assessment of the institutional capacity to implement the ESMF was carried out to plan a capacity building and training plan. The capacity building assessment assesses the adequacy of institutional structure and its authorities at all relevant levels, to address environmental management issues;  The number and qualifications of staff to carry out their ESMF responsibilities;  Resources to support staff in their work; and  Knowledge and experience relevant to carrying out environmental assessments. Page 50 The Project envisages capacity building at all levels to ensure that the ESMF is effectively operationalized. The Project staff (Hub and District Team) involved in environmental matters has to be exposed to formal training in the management of environmental issues. The training program for various role players will include an orientation program on the ESMF, environmental assessment processes, and participatory methodologies. Capacity building will help improve the effectiveness of stakeholders at various levels in the management of environmental and social impacts during planning, implementation and operation of proposed investments. Capacity building will enhance the ESMF management capacity by allowing real application of the critical practices such as the following: Basic practices:  screening impacts, scoping assessments, planning mitigation options, public consultation to assess feasibility and acceptability options;  Environment: site selection to minimize environmental impacts and social disruption; restoration of drainage patterns including mitigation matters in contracts; management of impacts during construction; monitoring of effectiveness of measures;  Monitoring and grievance redress: transparency and supervision responsibilities. The PSs have a very limited institutional capacity to implement the ESMF. Except for a Secretary, who usually keeps track of all activities in a PS, the other council members including the Chairman, are elected community representatives. However, as a part of the institutional capacity building, the subcommittee members including the technical and environmental officers will be trained in different aspects of the Project, including interpretation and implementation of environmental impact management guidelines. Different groups involved in project implementation have different training needs in terms of raised awareness, sensitization to the issues, and detailed technical training. While some would require training on general awareness building and more specific training would be needed for others. The three major areas for anticipated trainings are:  Awareness raising for participants who need to appreciate the significance or relevance of environmental issues;  Sensitization to the issues for participants who need to be familiar enough with the issues that they can make informal and specific requests for technical support; and  Detailed technical training for participants who will need to analyse potentially adverse environmental impacts, to prescribe mitigation approaches and measures, and to prepare and supervise the implementation of management plans. This training will address such matters as community participation methods; environmental assessment; using the ESMF; and subproject supervision and monitoring. Project will provide environmental awareness and skill development training to field level project staff, social mobilizers Community Resource Person sand community members to carry out environmental screening, monitoring and incorporating appropriate mitigation measures during sub-project formulation and execution. The training manuals as well as the environmental assessment checklists developed will be used for this purpose. Based on the assessment, a capacity building plan (Annex 7) has been proposed for the life time of the Project. The needs for various participants (community subcommittee, PS subcommittee, Project staff, and government officials) have to be different of necessity. Page 51 There would also be a need for further or “refresher� training. The plan should include mechanisms for periodically bringing trainees together to examine the need for and design of additional training. It is required to integrate the services of paraprofessionals into the subproject cycle. Adequate resources should be allocated to ensure appropriate capacity for effective implementation of the ESMF. Required areas of training include:  Environment and ecology  Poverty and environment  Environmental issues and degradation  Possible environmental consequences of subprojects  IEE (Initial Environmental Examinations), EA (Environmental Assessments) and EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) processes  Environmental legislations  Participatory methods (PRA, RRA etc.)  To develop EMP (Environmental Management Plan)  ESMF and procedure The objectives of the training under the ESMF are to:  Support village organizations to prioritize their needs, and to identify, prepare, implement and manage the environmental aspects of their subprojects;  Ensure that PS officials have the capacity to assist in preparing subproject proposals, and to appraise, approve and supervise the implementation of subprojects;  Enhance the capacity of the Project staff who are involved in preparing and implementation of subprojects. The environmental sustainability of the Project which involves multiple small-scale subprojects is highly and unavoidably dependent on the capacity of the communities, local and national authorities to carry out the associated design, planning, approval and implantation of its activities. Thus to ensure that capacity, it is vital that the Project allocates sufficient resources to training and capacity building especially in the early years. These efforts will not only benefit the Project, but will also build local capacity to undertake other development initiatives funded locally or by other donors. Page 52 Page 53 Annex 1. Sub Project Brief Format Sub-Project: Sub-Project Type: Eligibility – Y/N General Description of the Sub-Project: (Including justification) Name of the VO/PS: EPL: Y/N Baseline Description of the Environment: (Including potentially impacted parameters) Environmental Information: Activity Impact Severity Duration (N,M,S) (T,P) Site/location Pre-implementation During Implementation Post Implementation Operation & Maintenance N – Negligible M – Moderate S – Severe T – Temporary P - Permanent Social Information: Land acquisition Relocation Indigenous people HEC Rapid Environment Assessment: Attached Subcommittee VO/PS (Observations) Recommendation: Clearance: Y/N Recommended Subjected to: Detailed EA Required: Y/N Not Recommended: Incomplete/Ineligible Technical /mobilizer Project Appraiser Page 54 Annex 2. Negative List of Projects Under the National Environmental Act (NEA) and regulations, made there under, an EIA or IEE is required for every listed projects referred to as prescribed projects. There are 52 projects listed by generic description, magnitude and location as prescribed projects under the NEA No. 47 of 1980 through the Gazette Extraordinary No. 722/22 dated 24th June 1993. These will be considered as ineligible for funding under the Gemidiriya Project. List of Prescribed Projects Part (I) Projects and undertaking if located wholly or partly outside the coastal zone as defined by coast conservation Act, No. 57 of 1981. 1. All river basin development and irrigation projects excluding minor irrigation works (as defined by the Irrigation Ordinance Chapter 453) 2. Reclamation of land, wetland area exceeding 4 hectares. 3. Extraction of timber covering land area exceeding 5 hectares. 4. Conversion of forests covering an area exceeding 1 hectares in to non-forest uses. 5. Clearing of land areas exceeding 50 hectares. 6. Mining and mineral Extraction o Inland deep mining and mineral extraction involving a depth exceeding 25 meters. o Inland surface mining of cumulative areas exceeding 10 hectares. o All off shore mining and mineral extractions. o Mechanized mining and quarrying operations of aggregate, marble, limestone, silica, quartz, and decorative stone within 1 kilometre of any residential or commercial areas. 7. Transportation Systems o Construction of national and provincial highways involving a length exceeding 10 kilometres. o Construction of railway lines. o Construction of airports. o Construction of airstrips. o Expansion of airports or airstrips that increase capacity by 50 percent or more. 8. Port and Harbour Development o Construction of Ports. o Construction of Harbours. o Port expansion involving an annual increase of 50 percent or more in handling capacity per annum. 9. Power Generation and Transmission o Construction of hydroelectric power stations exceeding 50 Megawatts. o Construction of thermal power plants having generation capacity exceeding 25 Megawatts at a single location or capacity addition exceeding 25Megawatts to existing plants. o Construction of nuclear power plants o All renewable energy based electricity generating stations exceeding 50 Megawatts. 10. Transmission Lines o Installation of overhead transmission lines of length exceeding 10 kilometers and voltage above 50 kilovolts. Page 55 11. Housing and Building o Construction of dwelling housing units exceeding 1,000 units. o Construction of all commercial buildings as defined by Urban Development Authority established by the Urban Development Authority Law, No. 41 of 1978 having built up area exceeding 10,000 square meters. o Integrated multi-development activities consisting of housing, industry, commercial infrastructure covering a land area exceeding 10 hectares. 12. Resettlement o Involuntary resettlement exceeding 100 families other than resettlement effected under emergency situation. 13. Water Supply o All ground water extraction projects of capacity exceeding ½ million cubic meters per day. o Construction of water treatment plants capacity exceeding ½ million cubic meters. 14. Pipelines o Laying of gas and liquid (excluding water) transfer pipelines of length exceeding 1 kilometre. 15. Hotels o Construction of Hotels or holiday resorts projects which provide recreational facilities exceeding 99 rooms or 40 Hectares, as the case may be. 16. Fisheries o Aquaculture development projects of extent exceeding 4 hectares. o Construction of fisheries harbours. o Fisheries harbour expansion projects involving an increase of 50 percent or more in fish handling capacity per annum. 17. All tunnelling projects 18. Disposal of Waste o Construction of any solid waste disposal facility having a capacity exceeding 100 tons per day. o Construction of waste treatment plants treating toxic or hazardous waste. 19. Development of all Industrial estates and Parks exceeding an area of 10 Hectares. 20. Iron and Steel Industries o Manufacture of iron and steel products of production capacity exceeding 100 tons per day using iron ore as raw material. o Manufacture of iron and steel products of production capacity exceeding 100 tons per day using scrap iron as raw material. 21. Non – Ferrous Basic Metal Industries. o Smelting of aluminium or copper or led of production capacity exceeding 25 tons per day. 22. Basic Industrial Chemicals o Formulation of toxic chemicals of production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. o Manufacture of toxic chemicals of production capacity exceeding 25 tons per day. 23. Pesticides and Fertilizer o Formulation of pesticides of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. o Manufacture of toxic chemicals of production capacity exceeding 25 tons per day 24. Petroleum and Petrochemicals Page 56 o Petroleum refineries producing gasoline, fuel oils, illuminating oils, lubricating oils and grease, aviation and marine fuel and liquefied petroleum gas from crude petroleum. o Manufacture of petro-chemicals of combined production capacity exceeding 100 tons per day from raw materials obtained from production process of oil refinery or natural gas separation. 25. Tyre and Tube Industries o Manufacture of tyre and tubes of combined production capacity exceeding 100 tons per day from natural or synthetic rubber. 26. Sugar Factories o Manufacture of refined sugar of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. 27. Cement and Lime o Manufacture of Cement. o Manufacture of lime employing kiln capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. 28. Paper and Pulp o Manufacture of paper or pulp combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. 29. Spanning, Weaving and Finishing of Textiles o Integrated cotton or synthetic textile mills employing spinning, weaving, dyeing and printing operations together, of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. 30. Tanneries and Leather Finishing o Chrome tanneries of combined production capacity exceeding 25 tons per day. o Vegetable (bark) of combined production capacity exceeding 50 tons per day. (Note: Projects and undertaking set out in item 20 to 30 are located within Industrial Estates and parks as described at 19 above, the approval shall not be necessary under the provision of Part (IVC) of the act.) 31. Industries which involve the manufacture, storage or use of Radio Active Materials as defined in the Atomic Energy Authority Act, No. 19 of 1969 or Explosives as defined in the Explosives Act No. 21 of 1956, excluding for national security reasons. Part (II) 32. All projects and undertakings listed in Part (I) irrespective of their magnitudes and irrespective of whether they are located in the coastal zone or not, if located wholly or partly within the areas specified in Part (III) of the schedule. The following industries, if located wholly or partly within the areas specified in Part (III) of the schedule: 33. Iron and Steel 34. Non-Ferrous Basic Metal 35. Basic Industrial Chemicals 36. Pesticides and Fertilizers 37. Synthetic Resins, Plastic materials and manmade Fibers 38. Other Chemical Products 39. Petroleum and Petro- chemical Products 40. Tyres and Tubes 41. Manufacturing and Refining of Sugar 42. Alcoholic Sprits 43. Malt Liquors and Malt 44. Cement and Lime Page 57 45. Non-metallic Mineral Products 46. Paper, Pulp and Paperboard 47. Spinning, Weaving and Finishing of Textiles 48. Tanneries and Leather Finishing 49. Shipbuilding and Repairs 50. Railroad Equipment 51. Motor Vehicles 52. Air Craft Part (III) 1. Within 100 meters from the boundaries of or within any area declared under: o The National Heritage Wilderness Act No. 3 of 1988. o The Forest Ordinance (Chapter 451) o Whether or not such area wholly or partly within the Coastal Zone as defined in the Coast Conservation Act, No. 57 of 1981. 2. Within the following areas whether or not the area wholly or partly within the Coastal Zone. o Any erodible area declared under the Soil Conservation Act (Chapter 450) o Any Flood Area declared under the Flood Protection Ordinance (Chapter 449) and any flood protection area declared under the Sri Lanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation Act, No. 15 of 1968 as amended by Act, No. 52 of 1982. o 60 Meters from the bank of a public stream as defined in the Crown Land Ordinance (Chapter 454) and having a width of more than 25 meters at any point of its course. o Any reservation beyond the full supply level of a reservoir. o Any archaeological reserve, ancient or protected monument as defined under the Antiquities Ordinance (Chapter 188). o Any area declared under the Botanic Gardens Ordinance (Chapter 446) In addition, the Gazette Extraordinary No. 722/22 dated 24th June 1993, nominated following state agencies as project approving agencies. Project Approving Agencies (PAA) 1. Ministry of Policy Planning and Implementation 2. Ministry of Lands, Irrigation and Mahaweli Development 3. Ministry of Power and Energy 4. Ministry of Transport and Highways 5. Ministry of Industries, Science and Technology 6. Ministry of Housing and Construction 7. Ministry of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources 8. Ministry of Agricultural Development and Research 9. Coast Conservation Department 10. Central Environmental Authority 11. Urban Development Authority 12. Board of Investment of Sri Lanka 13. Geological Surveys and Mines Bureau 14. Ceylon Tourist Board Page 58 Annex 3. Environmental Screening or Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist All proposed subprojects will be subject to environmental screening exercise in order to: prevent execution of subprojects with significant negative environmental impacts; decrease potential negative impacts through adaptations in design, location or execution; prevent or mitigate negative cumulative impacts; enhance positive impacts; and prevent additional stress on environmentally sensitive areas. Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist No Screening Questions Yes No Not Remark Applicabl s e A Project Location Is the project area / site: 1 Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area  Protected area  Wetland / Floodplains  Mangrove  Estuarine  Buffer zone of protected area  Special area for protecting bio diversity  Bay / Lagoon  Rivers /Waterways / and canals  Coastal Zone 2 Affect to Natural Biological Environment  Wildlife habitat  Ecology of fisheries  Threatened and endangered species  Elephant corridors 3 Adjacent or within any Historic Culturally Important Site  Might any site or structure of historic / culturally significance be affected  Might any known archaeological or culturally important site be affected 4 Affect to Visual Resources  Might the activity cause a change in the visual character in or near the area through alteration  Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features?  Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape? 5 Affect to Open Space and Recreation Page 59  Might any site /open space / use of access /or recreation areas significance be affected  Might any impacts to existing community structures / business enterprise / or housing  Might any impacts to existing community facilities No Screening Questions Yes No Not Remark Applicabl s e B Project Implementation Stage (Construction) Will the project implementation activity cause 1 Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area  Protected area  Wetland / floodplains  Mangrove  Estuarine  Buffer zone of protected area  Special area for protecting bio diversity  Bay / lagoon  Rivers /waterways / and canals  Coastal zone 2 Natural Biological Environment  Wildlife habitat  Ecology of fisheries  Threatened and endangered species  Elephant corridors 3 Soil and Water Resources  Surface water hydrology  Surface water quality  Ground water quality  Soil erosion  Geology  Climate 4 Environmental Hazards and Pollution Threats  Might the activity involve the use, storage, release of or disposal of any potentially hazardous  Might the activity cause an increase or probability of increase of environmental hazards  Might the activity be susceptible to environmental hazard due to its location Page 60  Might the activity affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to or near the project area  Might the activity result in a deleterious effect on the quality of any water resources/ watershed area  Might the activity affect downstream irrigation water supply  Might the activity affect downstream drinking water supply 5 Resources Conservation and Use  Might the activity affect commercial fisheries or aquacultural resources or production  Might the activity affect the potential use or extraction of scare mineral resources  Might the activity affect or eliminate land suitable for agricultural production 6 Air Quality / Atmospheric Environment  Might the activity affect air quality in the project area, immediately adjacent areas, or the region  Might the activity generate the dust / ash and affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas.  Might the activity result in the generation of noise & affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas. 7 Community Facilities / Services / Open Spaces / Recreations  Might the proposed activity result in change in community facilities, services or institutions  Might any impacts to existing community structures / business enterprise / or housing  Will the activity result in impact to life style values system  Might any site /open space / use of access /or recreation areas significance be affected 8 Historic and Culturally Important Resources  Might any site or structure of historic significance be affected  Might any known archaeological or culturally important site be affected by the activity  Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features 9 Visual Resources /Aesthetics of the Site  Might the activity cause a change in the visual character in or near the area through alteration  Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape Page 61 features?  Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape? 10 Economics and Environment  Might the proposed activity cause elimination or relocation of existing commercial and industrial enterprises  Might the activity cause generation of or reduction in employment  Might the proposed activity affect property values and local tax revenues  Might the proposed activity cause generation of social conflicts No. Screening Questions Yes No Not Remark Applicabl s e C Project Operation Stage Will the project operation activity cause 1 Adjacent to or within any Environmentally Sensitive Area  Protected area  Wetland / floodplains  Mangrove  Estuarine  Buffer zone of protected area  Special area for protecting bio diversity  Bay / lagoon  Rivers /waterways / and canals  Coastal zone 2 Natural Biological Environment  Wildlife habitat  Ecology of fisheries  Threatened and endangered species  Elephant corridors 3 Soil and Water Resources  Surface water hydrology  Surface water quality  Ground water quality  Soil erosion  Geology  Climate 4 Environmental Hazards and Pollution Threats  Might the activity involve the use, storage, release of or disposal of any potentially hazardous Page 62  Might the activity cause an increase or probability of increase of environmental hazards  Might the activity be susceptible to environmental hazard due to its location  Might the activity affect the quality of water resources within, adjacent to or near the project area  Might the activity result in a deleterious effect on the quality of any water resources/ watershed area  Might the activity affect downstream irrigation water supply  Might the activity affect downstream drinking water supply 5 Resources Conservation and Use  Might the activity affect commercial fisheries or aquacultural resources or production  Might the activity affect the potential use or extraction of scare mineral resources  Might the activity affect or eliminate land suitable for agricultural production 6 Air Quality / Atmospheric Environment  Might the activity affect air quality in the project area, immediately adjacent areas, or the region  Might the activity generate the dust / ash and affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas.  Might the activity result in the generation of noise & affect the project area, immediate adjacent areas. 7 Community Facilities / Services / Open Spaces / Recreations  Might the proposed activity result in change in community facilities, services or institutions  Might any impacts to existing community structures / business enterprise / or housing  Will the activity result in impact to life style values system  Might any site /open space / use of access /or recreation areas significance be affected 8 Historic and Culturally Important Resources  Might any site or structure of historic significance be affected  Might any known archaeological or culturally important site be affected by the activity  Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features Page 63 9 Visual Resources/Aesthetics of the Site  Might the activity cause a change in the visual character in or near the area through alteration  Might the activity affect views or access to views of natural or cultural landscape features?  Might the activity introduce new materials, colours and forms to the immediate landscape? 10 Economics and Environment  Might the proposed activity cause elimination or relocation of existing commercial and industrial enterprises  Might the activity cause generation of or reduction in employment  Might the proposed activity affect property values and local tax revenues  Might the proposed activity cause generation of social conflicts Page 64 Annex 4- Social Screening Checklist Not Remarks Checklist for Probable Involuntary Resettlement Effects Yes No Know n 1 Will the sub project include any physical construction work? 2 Does the sub project include upgrading or rehabilitation of existing physical facilities? 3 Is the sub project likely to cause partially or fully damage to, or loss of housing, shops, or other resource use? 4 Is the site for chosen for this work free from encumbrances and is in possession of the implementing agency? 5 If any land required for the work is privately owned, will this be purchased or obtained through voluntary donation? 6 If the Land parcel has to be acquired, is the actual plot size and ownership status known? 7 Is land for material mobilization or transport for the civil work available within the identified work site / Right of way? 8 Are there any non-titled people (encroachers/Squatters) who are living/ or doing business who may be partially or fully affected because of the civil works? 9 Will there be damage to agricultural lands, standing crops, trees? 10 Will there be any permanent or temporary loss of income and livelihoods as a result of the civil works? If so for what period? 11 Have these people/ business who may suffer temporary loss of incomes or livelihoods been surveyed and identified for payment of any financial assistance? 12 Will people permanently or temporarily lose access to facilities, services, or natural resources? 13 Will there be any other temporary impacts? please describe 14 Have measures been planned to mitigate temporary impacts including ease of access? Give details 15 Does the local body/DS have its own procedures for land acquisition? 16 Are any indigenous people affected? 17 Whether the affected land/structure owners likely to lose less than 10% of their land/structures area? 18 If so, are theses land/structure owners willing to voluntarily donate the required land for this sub- project? 19 Will there be any impacts on cultural, community properties or facilities? What mitigation measures will be taken? 20 Is project expect volunteer donation of lands from individuals 21 The land to be donated is less than 10% of their land/structures area? 22 If Yes How much ( extent) of land to be obtained through donation 23 Number of persons/plots expected to volunteer lands 24 Do necessary documents ( consent letters) prepared and legally validated/endorsed by DS 25 Describe any relevant details of land acquisition/ donation/impacts etc Page 65 Annex 5: Format for Generic Environmental Management Plan TITLE: Environment Management Plan for the ………………………….. ………. Sub Project Village Organization: Address: Total Number of families in the Village: Number of beneficiaries of the sub project: Total Cost of the sub project: Brief Description of the Sub project: Mitigation Plan for Negative Impacts: N Activity / Damages to Recommended Responsibility Responsibility for Monitoring Cost o Sub Environment Feasible for Mitigation Monitoring and Indicators Activity Mitigation Supervision Measures 1 2 3 Monitoring Plan for Mitigation measures: (To be reported quarterly) Mitigation STATUS measure Completed Completed Completed & Success of 100% 50% Maintained Maintenance (high/medium/low) Confirmation of Monitoring: Site Inspection Done by: Environment Sub Committee/Social Audit Committee: Date of Inspection: Special Remarks if required: Committee members attended: Name of Member Position Signature Signature of Village Company Chairman/Chairwoman: …………………………… Date: Page 66 Annex5. Potential Environmental and Social Issues and Mitigation Measures Environmental Safeguards Sector Subproject Activities Environmental Envt. Management Measures type envisaged issues Road Repair of Repair of existing Soil erosion due to Careful design to control soil existing roads land excavation erosion through ground canopy roads layers and Proper control of clearing vegetative cover. Minimum clearing of trees and bushes Alteration of stream Proper siting management flows, loss of fauna techniques and replacement of and flora due to wetland at suitable locations. reclamation of wetlands Damages to Careful site selection and historical or cultural avoiding such locations important structures and loss of historical and cultural values Hazard to health of Follow the instruction for land workers and nearby excavation and watering the community due to surface when dry season. Proper noise and vibration maintenance of the equipments, of excavation Use noise barriers if appropriate. Use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level. Working hours only day time, night works restrictions Dust and air pollution Bring the material in covered due to material vehicles to avoid dust and air transportation/ pollution. Wet the surface in dry loading and season unloading. Pollution of water Careful planning of water use. bodies due to Maintenance of construction construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces Contamination of soil All the machinery and equipments by fuel and lubricants need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works Heavy extraction of Total requirement per day need to water for inform prior to start constructions constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water Loss of minor water Consumers shall be noticed in sources and advance, if there is a possibility disruption to water for quality or quantity of water users adversely be affected due to the construction activity, need to Page 67 address relevant authority Siltation in to water Selection of the site need to bodies due to sufficient distance from the water abundant burrow pits sources Danger or Hazard to Careful planning and community and management required for the environment due to disposal of harmful construction disposal of harmful waste with supervision of relevant construction waste, authorities. such as chemicals All the chemicals, oils should not and oils to release freely to the ground. Spillage on the road All the material should be clean immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping and road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary. Water Drinking Tapping ground Encroachment in to Proper careful site selection, water water source, laying forests /swamplands, careful planning and appropriate pipelines and impediment to attention in project formulation construction of movement of wildlife storage tanks and people Soil erosion due to Careful design to control soil areas left exposed erosion through ground canopy and silt runoff layers and Proper control of clearing vegetative cover. Minimum clearing of trees and bushes Conflicts in water Proper siting management supply rights techniques, careful operations and planning Water Drinking Tapping ground Damages to Careful site selection and water water source, laying historical or cultural avoiding such locations pipelines and important structures construction of and loss of historical storage tanks and cultural values Hazard to health of Follow the instruction for land workers and nearby excavation and watering the community due to surface when dry season. Proper noise and vibration maintenance of the equipments, of excavation Use noise barriers if appropriate. Use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level. Working hours only day time, night works restrictions Dust and air pollution Bring the material in covered due to material vehicles to avoid dust and air transportation/ pollution. Wet the surface in dry loading and season unloading. Pollution of water Careful planning of water use. bodies due to Maintenance of construction construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water Page 68 /land fill interfaces Contamination of soil All the machinery and equipments by fuel and lubricants need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works Heavy extraction of Total requirement per day need to water for inform prior to start constructions constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water Loss of minor water Consumers shall be noticed in sources and advance, if there is a possibility disruption to water for quality or quantity of water users adversely be affected due to the construction activity, need to address relevant authority Siltation in to water Selection of the site need to bodies due to sufficient distance from the water abundant burrow pits sources Danger or Hazard to Careful planning and community and management required for the environment due to disposal of harmful construction disposal of harmful waste with supervision of relevant construction waste, authorities. such as chemicals All the chemicals, oil should not to and oils release freely to the ground. Spillage on the road All the material should be clean immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping and road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary. Conflicts on water Careful planning, design and rights, impacts on operation flora, fauna and aquatic life, damages to natural ecosystem, due to over pumping of ground water for community use. Contamination of Careful use of agrochemicals and water by agro training programmes on chemicals and catchments community. Maintain pesticides a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring. Building Multipurpose Construction of Soil erosion due to Careful design to control soil Building multipurpose areas left exposed erosion through ground canopy building and silt runoff layers and Proper control of clearing vegetative cover. Minimum clearing of trees and bushes Soil erosion and silt Avoid cutting big trees and runoff, damages to minimum clearing of bushes existing vegetative cover due to new Page 69 access roads Damages to Careful site selection and historical or cultural avoiding such locations important structures and loss of historical and cultural values Hazard to health of Follow the instruction for land workers and nearby excavation and watering the community due to surface when dry season. Proper noise and vibration maintenance of the equipments, of excavation Use noise barriers if appropriate. Use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level. Working hours only day time, night works restrictions Dust and air pollution Bring the material in covered due to material vehicles to avoid dust and air transportation/ pollution. Wet the surface in dry loading and season unloading. Loss of fauna and Follow the instruction for land flora due to cutting, excavation, covering material filling and levelling of when transporting, use clean fill land material, watering the surface to minimize the dust during dry season. Noise, vibration and Working hours only day time, dust due to soil night works restrictions, use new compaction machineries to maintain minimum noise level Soil Erosion and silt Avoid cutting big trees and runoff, damages to minimum clearing of bushes existing canopy cover due to construction of storm water drainage system Heavy extraction of Total requirement per day need to water for inform prior to start constructions constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water Contamination of soil All the machinery and equipments by fuel and lubricants need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works Siltation in to water Selection of the site need to bodies due to sufficient distance from the water abundant burrow pits sources Danger or Hazard to Careful planning and community and management required for the environment due to disposal of harmful construction disposal of harmful waste with supervision of relevant construction waste, authorities. such as chemicals All the chemicals, oils should not and oils to release freely to the ground. Page 70 Spillage on the road All the material should be clean immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping and road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary. Blockage of the Plan and implement waste water internal storm water disposal system system, odour problems in the Construction of soaking pits with vicinity and attraction adequate capacity to retain waste of insects, pollution water without any outflow. of ground water table due to waste Covering the soaking pits to disposal prevent harbouring of mosquitoes and other insects. Pollution of ground Plan and implement solid and water table and garbage disposal system. Discuss surrounding with local authorities to collect environment due to solid and garages solid waste and garbage disposal Irrigation Supply of Tapping existing Encroachment in to Proper careful site selection, irrigation water source forests /swamplands, careful planning and appropriate water construction of impediment to attention in project formulation storage tanks / movement of wildlife canals and people Soil erosion due to Careful design to control soil areas left exposed erosion through ground canopy and silt runoff layers & proper control of clearing vegetative cover. Minimum clearing of trees and bushes Irrigation Supply of Tapping existing Conflicts in water Proper siting management irrigation water source supply rights techniques, careful operations water construction of and planning storage tanks / canals Damages to Careful site selection and historical or cultural avoiding such locations important structures & loss of historical and cultural values Hazard to health of Follow the instruction for land workers and nearby excavation and watering the community due to surface when dry season. Proper noise and vibration maintenance of the equipments, of excavation Use noise barriers if appropriate. Use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level. Working hours only day time, night works restrictions Dust and air pollution Bring the material in covered due to material vehicles to avoid dust and air transportation/ pollution. Wet the surface in dry loading and season Page 71 unloading. Pollution of water Careful planning of water use. bodies due to Maintenance of construction construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces Contamination of soil All the machinery and equipments by fuel and lubricants need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works Heavy extraction of Total requirement per day need to water for inform prior to start constructions constructions when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water Loss of minor water Consumers shall be noticed in sources and advance, if there is a possibility disruption to water for quality or quantity of water users adversely be affected due to the construction activity, need to address relevant authority Siltation in to water Selection of the site need to bodies due to sufficient distance from the water abundant burrow pits sources Danger or Hazard to Careful planning and community and management required for the environment due to disposal of harmful construction disposal of harmful waste with supervision of relevant construction waste, authorities. such as chemicals All the chemicals, oil should not to and oils release freely to the ground. Spillage on the roads All the material should be clean and surroundings immediately by manually or mechanical sweeping and road surface need to washed or watered using appropriate equipment if necessary. Conflicts on water Careful planning, design and rights, impacts on operation flora, fauna and aquatic life, damages to natural ecosystem, due to over use of irrigation water for cultivation (paddy) Contamination of Careful use of agrochemicals and water by agro training programmes on chemicals and command area community. pesticides Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring. Contamination of Careful use of agrochemicals and irrigation water by training programmes on agro chemicals and command area community. pesticides, it will Maintain a baseline data base on Page 72 affect to domestic water quality for future monitoring. inland fishery Damages to public Careful use of agrochemicals and health and wildlife training programmes on due to contamination command area community. of irrigation water by Maintain a baseline data base on agro chemicals and water quality for future monitoring pesticides Social Safeguards Sector Subproject Potential impacts Social Typical Mitigation Measures & type of Concerns activities Roads Construction Encroachment into Need to protect Avoid cultural and historical sites of Rural Cultural and Historical historical and Roads sites cultural values Hazard to health of Use minimum Prior notice to affected workers and community time period for community, position the due to noise and such activities equipment as far as practical vibration from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level Heavy traffic due to Local police is Use local police to minimize the material transportation/ responsible to impact loading and unloading. minimize the impact Road accidents due to Sign boards The security and sign boards construction activities and security need to placed, slope of burrow fence need to areas necessary to maintain at established an angle of repose which to ensure the stability of the area. Contamination of soil and Health hazards Plant machinery and equipment water by fuel and due to water must be services as per lubricants pollution preventive maintenance schedule. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works Disruption of drinking Prior notice Consumers shall be noticed in water supply required. advance, if there is a possibility Immediate for quality or quantity of water breakdown adversely be affected due to the establishment construction activity is essential Loss of electricity and Prior notice Consumers shall be noticed in telecommunication required. advance, if there is a possibility Immediate for and disruption due to the breakdown construction activity establishment is essential Abundant burrow pits It will greater Selection of the Site need to negative sufficient distance from the impacts on human settlement Page 73 human life Disposal of harmful Possible to All the chemicals, oil should not construction waste pollute ground to release freely to the ground. water Water Construction Encroachment into Need to protect Avoid cultural and historical sites of Drinking Cultural and Historical historical and water supply sites cultural values scheme Hazard to health of Use minimum Prior notice to affected workers and community time period for community, position the due to noise and such activities equipment as far as practical vibration from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level Heavy traffic due to Local police is Use local police to minimize the material transportation/ responsible to impact loading and unloading. minimize the impact Conflicts in water supply Equal Careful operations planning of rights, distribution minimize problems Contamination of soil and Health hazards Plant machinery and equipment water by fuel and due to water must be services as per lubricants pollution preventive maintenance schedule. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works Loss of electricity and Prior notice Consumers shall be noticed in telecommunication required. advance, if there is a possibility Immediate for and disruption due to the breakdown construction activity establishment is essential Contamination of agro Health hazards Maintain a baseline data base chemical and pesticides due to water on water quality for future pollution monitoring. Disposal of harmful Possible to All the chemicals, oil should not construction waste pollute ground to release freely to the ground. water Irrigation Construction Encroachment into Need to protect Avoid cultural and historical sites of irrigation Cultural and Historical historical and water supply sites cultural values scheme Hazard to health of Use minimum Prior notice to affected workers and community time period for community, position the due to noise and such activities equipment as far as practical vibration from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level Heavy traffic due to Local police is Use local police to minimize the material transportation/ responsible to impact loading and unloading. minimize the impact Irrigation Construction Disposal of harmful Possible to All the chemicals, oil should not of irrigation construction waste pollute ground to release freely to the ground. Page 74 water supply water scheme Over use of irrigation Equal Careful planning, design and water distribution of operation irrigation water Damages to public health Water quality Maintain a baseline data base due to contamination by checking is on water quality for future agrochemicals required monitoring. Buildings Construction Hazard to health of Use minimum Prior notice to affected of workers and community time period for community, position the multipurpose due to noise and such activities equipment as far as practical building vibration from noise sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level Disposal of harmful Possible to All the chemicals, oil should not construction waste pollute ground to release freely to the ground. water Blockage of the internal Relevant Plan and implement waste water storm water system, authority need disposal system odour problems in the to pay attention vicinity and attraction of to minimize the Construction of soaking pits with insects, pollution of impact adequate capacity to retain ground water table due waste water without any outflow. to waste water disposal Covering the soaking pits to prevent harbouring of mosquitoes and other insects. Pollution of ground water Relevant Plan and implement solid and table and surrounding authority need garbage disposal system. environment due to to pay attention Discuss with local authorities to garbage disposal to minimize the collect solid and garages impact Sector Subproject & Potential Impacts Social Concerns Typical Mitigation type of Measures activities Roads & Land Loss of access to Loss of customary Avoidance or minimization Buildings acquisition livelihoods and traditional rights by identifying vacant public Loss of structures Affected population lands and exploring all Damages to standing need to know their other options. crops & plantations rights to Clear and transparent Loss of customary and compensation and communication traditional rights available options. mechanism. (option of voluntary Timely provision of Consultation and donation is available to compensation and participation during the assets owner) assistance. preparation of mitigation Remaining land may plans become Compensation for loss of uneconomical. assets at replacement Impact, if any on the costs public infrastructure Compensation and and social services. assistance to be made available prior to implementation. Page 75 Rehabilitation assistance to improve livelihoods or at least to pre-affected level Special measures for vulnerable groups such as female headed households. Compensation and assistance, on the principle that affected people shall not suffer net losses. Establish a grievance redress mechanism. Irrigation Inundation of Loss of access to Timely provision of Identification of equivalent tank bed area livelihoods compensation and and alternate lands in the Loss of access to assistance. command area or in the productive lands vicinity Loss of customary and Allow to harvest standing traditional rights. crop before tank rehabilitation is completed and water is impounded Assistance to temporary loss of land Special measures to protect vulnerable groups. *The above list is only illustrative and any additional activities will be mitigated in accordance with requirements and needs. Page 76 Annex 7. Generic Environmental Monitoring Plan Projects on Multipurpose Building Constructions – Pre Construction Stage No Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibility Responsibility Monitoring Cost Activity to Feasible for Mitigation for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation and nt Measures Supervision 1 Acquisition of Project Land 1. Acreage of lands for project Proponent Commissioners land implementation Department 2. Acreage (LCD) / District belongs to FD Secretariat, 3. Acreage Divisional belongs to DWLC Secretariat 4. Acreage (DS)/ Project belongs to Approving cultural and Agency (PAA) / historical sites Local Authority 5. Acreage (LA) belongs to environmental sensitive area 2 Land clearing Soil Erosion Proper careful Contractor CEA / PAA/ LA 1.No. of and and silt site selection, implemented soil demarcation runoff - careful design erosion control impairment to control soil measures. of erosion through 2. No. of affected downstream ground canopy water bodies water layers, Proper quality. control of clearing vegetative cover, Careful planning to protect existing environment, Minimum clearing of trees and bushes 3 Preparation of Soil erosion Avoid cutting Contractor PAA/ LA 1.No. of access roads and silt big trees and implemented soil runoff, minimum erosion control damages to clearing of measures existing bushes vegetative cover 4 Encroachment Alteration of Careful site Project CEA / 1. No. of cultural into Cultural and historical or selection, proponent at FD/Department important sites Historical sites cultural Avoiding such planning stage of Archaeology affected important locations, and Contractor /Department of 2. No. of cultural sites, replacement of at construction Wild Life important sites Damages to such locations stage Conservation//P avoided / historical or at suitable AA replaced cultural locations, important Page 77 structures, Loss of historical and cultural values 5 Metalling and Contractor PAA/ LA tarring of the access road 6 Cutting, Filling Loss of Follow the Contractor CEA/ LA/ PAA 1. No. of and levelling of fauna and instruction for community complains land flora, land excavation representatives received increased and material peak and transport, flood flows, covering high material when sediment transporting, transportati use clean fill on, material, generation watering the of dust, surface to minimize the dust, apply proper management practices to protect environment 7 Water and Avoid cutting Contractor PAA/ LA 1. No. of big electricity big trees trees cut supply connections 8 Excavation Soil Follow the Contractor CEA / GSMB/ 1.No. of Erosion, instruction for LA/ PAA, implemented soil damages to land excavation, community erosion control environment soil erosion due representatives. measures al aesthetic, to slope of cuts 2. No. of affected hazard to shall be rectified people health of and surfed in 3. No. of affected workers and order to prevent historical and nearby from erosive cultural sites community, forces, watering noise and the surface vibration when dry season, proper construction planning and monitoring, 9 Use and Depletion of Use Contractor CEA / LA / PAA 1.No. of Transport of construction construction complains Construction materials, material from received materials dust and air permitted 2. No. of people pollution, quarries only, affected heavy traffic use of not due to polluting material material, bring transportati the material in Page 78 on/ loading covered and vehicles to unloading. avoid dust and air pollution, wet the surface in dry season, proper waste disposal system 10 Mobilization and Accidents or Selection of Contractor LA/PAA 1. No. of storage of other suitable sites for accidents construction disruptions material storage recorded materials of utility 2. No. of utility services services affected and domestic access 11 Compaction Noise, Working hours Contractor CEA / LA/ PAA/ 1. No. of days vibration only day time, Community worked in night. and dust night works representatives 2. No. of restrictions, use complains new received machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts 12 Construction of Soil Erosion Avoid cutting Contractor PAA/LA 1.No. of storm water and silt big trees and implemented soil drainage runoff, minimum erosion control system damages to clearing of measures existing bushes canopy cover Projects on Multipurpose Building Construction – Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibilit Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible y for for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation Mitigation and Supervision nt Measures 1 Civil Accidents or Appropriate Contractor National Water 1. No. of Construction other planning and Relevant Utility Supply and accidents disruptions maximum service Drainage Board recorded of utility safeguard for authorities (NW&SDB)/ 2. No. of people services viz workers, Prior Ceylon Electricity affected water, notice to utility Board (CEB)/Sri 3. No. of utility electricity, service authority Lanka Telecom services telecommun to minimize the (SLT)/ LA/ PAA/ disrupted ication damages and Community immediate representatives maintenance and repairs when damage Page 79 occur. 2 Civil Dust, air Working hours Contractor CEA / LA / PAA/ 1. No. of days Construction pollution / only day time, Community worked in night. noise/ night works representatives 2. No. of vibration / restrictions, use complains new received machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts. Wet surface in dry season, 3 Civil Pollution of Appropriate Contractor CEA / WRB/ 1. No. of Construction water planning and NWS&DB/LA/ complains bodies controls, careful PAA/ Community received planning of representatives 2. No. of affected water use, people appropriate 3. No. of poor procedure to maintenance safeguard cases recorded workers / residents and wildlife, Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces 4 Civil Heavy Total Contractor NW&SDB /LA / 1.Total Construction extraction of requirement per NW&SDB Irrigation requirement (L) water for day need to Department 2. No. of rejected construction inform prior to cases s start 3.No. of accepted constructions cases when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water sources (streams, existing water lines, tanks) 5 Civil Loss of Consumers Consumers SLT / CEB 1. No. of Construction electricity shall be noticed complains and in advance, if received Page 80 telecommun there is a 2. No. of affected ication possibility for people recorded and disruption due to the construction activity 6 Construction Disruption Careful Contractor RDA/ Local 1. No. of of street construction Project Pólice / LA /PAA complains traffic f or schedule and Proponent received on traffic prolonged prior notice to Local Police 2. No. of periods residents and complains including users. Use sign received on traffic boards to blocking building congestion minimize the access and damages, use blocking of alternative access to routes and buildings aware prior to start the construction 7 Construction Contaminati Plant machinery Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of poor on of soil by and equipment maintenance fuel and must be cases recorded lubricants services as per preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works Projects on Multipurpose Building Construction – Post Construction Stage No Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibilit Responsibility Monitoring Cost Activity to Feasible y for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation and Supervision nt Measures 1 Abundant Siltation in Selection of the Contractor CEA / LA/ 1. no. of burrow pits to water Site need to Community Abundant burrow bodies sufficient representatives pits recorded distance from the water sources 2 Disposal of Danger or Careful planning Contractor CEA / LA / 1. No. of harmful Hazard to and Community complains construction community management representatives received waste Chemicals, required for the 2. No. of cases Page 81 oils which disposal of recorded can be harmful 3. No. of cases harmful to construction solved flora waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground. 3 Spillage on the Traffic All the material Contractor LA /PAA 1. No. of road and congestion should be clean complains surrounding and immediately by received blocking of manually 2. No. of cases access to mechanical recorded buildings. sweeping , road 3. No. of cases damages to surface need to solved environment washed or al aesthetic, watered using hazard to appropriate health of equipment if workers and necessary nearby community, 4 Landscaping Contractor LA/PAA and aesthetic enhancement 5 Waste water Blockage of Plan and Contractor LA / PAA 1.No. of cases disposal the internal implement recorded storm water waste water 2.No. of cases system, disposal system examined odour problems in Construction of the vicinity soaking pits and with adequate attraction of capacity to insects, retain waste pollution of water without ground any outflow. water table Covering the soaking pits to prevent harbouring of mosquitoes and other insects. 6 Solid waste Pollution of Plan and Project LA /PAA 1.No. of cases garbage ground implement solid Proponent recorded disposal water table and garbage 2.No. of cases and disposal examined surrounding system. Discuss environment with local authorities to Page 82 collect solid and garages Projects on Irrigation – Pre Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibilit Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible y for for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation Mitigation and Supervision nt Measures 1 Acquisition of Encroachm Proper careful Project Central 1. Acreage of lands for project ent in to site selection, Proponent Environmental land implementation forests careful planning Authority (CEA) / 2. Acreage /swampland and appropriate Water Resources belongs to FD s, attention in Board 3. Acreage impediment project (WRB)/Forest belongs to DWLC to formulation Department (FD) 4. Acreage movement Irrigation belongs to of wildlife Department / cultural and and people Local Authority historical sites (LA) / National 5. Acreage Water Supply belongs to and Drainage environmental Board sensitive area (NW&SDB)/ Department of Wild Life Conservation (DWLC) Project Approving Agency (PAA) and participation of community representatives 2 Land clearing Soil erosion Careful design Contractor CEA / WRB/ ID / 1.No. of and due to to control soil FD/DWLC/ LA / implemented soil demarcation areas left erosion through NW&SDB/ PAA erosion control exposed ground canopy and participation measures. and silt run- layers, Proper of community 2. No. of affected off - control of representatives water bodies impairment clearing of vegetative downstream cover, Careful water planning to quality, protect existing Disturbance environment, s to eco Minimum system, loss clearing of trees of and bushes, vegetation, Avoid flora and environmentally fauna, Loss sensitive areas. of aesthetic values. 3 Modification of Conflicts in Proper siting Project CEA / DWLC /ID 1. No. of cases water source water management Proponent at / NW&SDB recorded on supply techniques, planning stage /FD/LA / PAA / water right Page 83 rights, careful and Contractor WRB conflicts alteration of operations at construction 2. No. of conflict stream planning of stage affected people flows, loss minimize of fauna problems and flora, change in water quality, high sediment transportati on, downstream flow variation, loss of fisheries and aquatic ecology. 4 Encroachment Alteration of Careful site Project CEA / 1. No. of cultural into Cultural and historical or selection, proponent at FD/ID/Departmen important sites Historical sites cultural Avoiding such planning stage t of Archaeology affected important locations, and Contractor /DWLC//PAA 2. No. of cultural sites, replacement of at construction important sites Damages to such locations stage avoided / historical or at suitable replaced cultural locations, important structures, Loss of historical and cultural values 5 Excavation Soil Follow the CEA / GSMB/ID/ 1.No. of Erosion, instruction for Department of implemented soil damages to land excavation, Archaeology/ erosion control environment soil erosion due PAA measures al aesthetic, to slope of cuts 2. No. of affected damages to shall be rectified people historic and and surfed in 3. No. of affected archaeologi order to prevent historical and cal sites from erosive cultural sites and forces, avoided momentums historical and , loss of cultural historic and important sites, cultural watering the values, surface when hazard to dry season, health of proper workers and construction nearby planning and community, monitoring dust/ odours/fum es/ noise Page 84 and vibration 6 Filling Land Alteration of Follow the Contractor CEA/ GSMB / 1. Acreage of stream instruction for WRB/ID/ LA/ land filled. flows and land filling and PAA community 2. Acreage of tanks, loss material representatives environmental of fauna transport, sensitive area and flora, covering change in material when water transporting, quality, use clean fill increased material, peak and watering the flood flows, surface to high minimize the sediment dust, apply transportati proper on, management generation practices to of dust protect environment 7 Drilling and Noise and Prior notice to Project GSMB/ CEA/ LA/ 1. No. of cases Blasting vibration, neighbouring proponent is PAA, community recorded hazards to community, responsible to representatives 2. No. of workers and Proper include complains nearby maintenance of protection received community, the equipments, measures in to 3. No. of people dust use noise contract affected /odours/fum barriers if document es appropriate, position the Contractor is equipment as responsible far as practical when from noise implement sensitive areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, precautionary measures need safety of the surrounding community and workers. 8 Use and Depletion of Use Contractor CEA / LA / PAA 1.No. of Transport of construction construction complains Construction materials, material from received materials dust and air permitted 2. No. of people pollution, quarries only, affected heavy traffic use of not due to polluting material material, bring transportati the material in on/ loading covered Page 85 and vehicles to unloading. avoid dust and air pollution, wet the surface in dry season, proper waste disposal system 9 Storage of Accidents or Selection of Contractor LA / PAA 1. No. of construction other suitable sites for accidents materials disruptions material storage recorded of utility 2. No. of utility services services affected and domestic access Projects on Irrigation Water – Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibilit Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible y for for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation Mitigation and Supervision nt Measures 1 Excavation of Soil Follow the Contractor CEA / GSMB/ ID/ 1.No. of canals (primary, Erosion, instruction for FD/ DWLC implemented soil secondary, damages to land excavation, erosion control tertiary) and environment soil erosion due measures. water storage al aesthetic, to slope of cuts 2. No. of affected tanks damages to shall be rectified historic and historic and and surfed in cultural sites archaeologi order to prevent 3. No. of affected cal sites from erosive people and forces, avoided momentums historical and , loss of cultural historic and important sites, cultural watering the values, surface when hazard to dry season, health of proper workers and construction nearby planning and community, monitoring, dust/ avoid odours/fum disturbances to es/ noise domestic and access. vibration., disruption to domestic access. 2 Civil Soil Careful PAA (prime) CEA/ID/GSMB/W 1. No. of cases Construction modification construction RB / PAA identified including stage planning Contractor water plus monitoring. logging, Stalinization Provision of Page 86 and adequate alkalization drainage and / and loss of or flushing soil fertility which must be (loss of soil part of the organic project. matter) and reduce crop yield. 3 Civil Water Careful planning PAA CEA/ID/WRB/PA 1. No. of cases Construction quality and plus monitoring A identified quantity and frequent (Effects of water quality mineral analysis. constituents , return flow, hydrological changes, ) 4 Civil Effects on Careful CEA / PA CEA / ID/ WRB/ 1. No. of cases Construction flora and construction DWLC/ PAA identified fauna in stage planning irrigation plus monitoring. vicinity. The change in Collect soil baseline data moisture and information condition in for post the vicinity construction of the analysis irrigation area will result in change in the existing ecosystem 5 Civil Loss of soil Careful Contractor CEA/LA/PAA 1. No. of cases construction plus construction identified damage to stage planning downstream plus monitoring water quality 6 Civil Hazard to Follow proper Contractor / LA /PAA 1. No. of affected Construction health of solid waste LA people workers and management nearby instruction, community avoid solid due to solid waste disposal waste close to construction sites, Supply of purified drinking water for affected community is required during the construction Page 87 period. 7 Civil Accidents or Appropriate Contractor NW&SDB/RDA 1. No. of Construction other planning and Relevant Utility /CEB/SLT LA/ accidents disruptions maximum service PAA Community recorded of utility safeguard for authorities representatives 2. No. of people services viz workers, Prior affected water, notice to utility 3. No. of utility electricity, service authority services telecommun to minimize the disrupted ication damages and immediate maintenance and repairs when damage occur. 8 Civil Dust, air Working hours Contractor CEA /LA / PAA/ 1. No. of days Construction pollution / only day time, Community worked in night. noise/ night works representatives 2. No. of vibration / restrictions use complains new received machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts. Wet surface in dry season, 9 Civil Pollution of Appropriate Contractor CEA / 1. No. of Construction water planning and WRB/ID/LA/ complains bodies controls, careful PAA/ Community received planning of representatives 2. No. of affected water use, people appropriate 3. No. of poor procedure to maintenance safeguard cases recorded workers / residents and wildlife, Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces 10 Civil Contaminati Plant machinery Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of poor Construction on of soil by and equipment maintenance fuel and must be cases recorded lubricants services as per Page 88 preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works 11 Civil Contaminati Plant machinery Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of Construction on of soil by and equipment complains fuel and must be received lubricants services as per 2. No. of poor preventive maintenance maintenance cases recorded schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works 12 Civil Heavy Total Contractor NW&SDB /LA / 1.Total Construction extraction of requirement per NW&SDB /ID ID requirement (L) water for day need to 2. No. of rejected construction inform prior to cases s start 3.No. of accepted constructions cases when acquisition of water from diversion of existing water sources (streams, existing water lines, tanks) 13 Civil Loss of Consumers Consumers NW&SDB /LA / 1. No. of Construction minor water shall be noticed ID complains sources and in advance, if received disruption to there is a 2. No. of affected water users possibility for people recorded quality or quantity of Page 89 water adversely be affected due to the construction activity 14 Civil Loss of Consumers Consumers SLT / CEB 1. No. of Construction electricity shall be noticed complains and in advance, if received telecommun there is a 2. No. of affected ication possibility for people recorded and disruption due to the construction activity Projects on Irrigation – Post Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibilit Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible y for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation and Supervision nt Measures 1 Abundant Siltation in Selection of the Contractor CEA / LA/ 1. no. of burrow pits to water Site need to Community Abundant burrow bodies sufficient representatives pits recorded distance from the water sources 2 Disposal of Danger or Careful planning Contractor CEA / LA / 1. No. of harmful Hazard to and Community complains construction community management representatives received waste Chemicals, required for the 2. No. of cases oils which disposal of recorded can be harmful 3. No. of cases harmful to construction solved flora waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground. 3 Spillage on the Traffic All the material Contractor RDA / LA 1. No. of roads and congestion should be clean complains surroundings and immediately by received blocking of manually 2. No. of cases access to mechanical recorded buildings. sweeping , road 3. No. of cases damages to surface need to solved environment washed or al aesthetic, watered using hazard to appropriate health of equipment if workers and necessary nearby Page 90 community, 4 Over use of Conflicts on Careful Project CEA/PAA / ID/ 1. No. of cases irrigation water water rights, planning, design Proponent Community recorded on impacts on and operation Representatives water right flora, fauna conflicts and aquatic 2. No. of conflict life, affected people damages to natural ecosystem, Conflicts with other users viz household/ industrial users 5 Inequalities in Careful Project ID/ PAA/ 1. No. of cases water planning, design Proponent Community recorded distribution and operation Representatives 6 Contamination Project Careful Project CEA / LA/ 1. No. of cases of irrigation benefits planning, design Proponent NWS&DB/ identified water by agro impaired and operation. ID/Community 2. No. of cases chemicals and plus Careful use of Representatives examined pesticides damages to agrochemicals downstream and water recommended quality and to training human programmes on health command area community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring. 7 Contamination Due to use Careful use of Project CEA / LA/ 1. No. of cases of irrigation of toxic agrochemicals Proponent NWS&DB/ identified water by agro biocides and ID/Community 2. No. of cases chemicals and may impair recommended Representatives examined pesticides on even to training eliminate programmes on the command area domestic community. inland Maintain a fishery. baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring. 8 Use of irrigation Damages to Careful use of Project CEA / LA/ 1. No. of cases water sources public agrochemicals Proponent NWS&DB/ recorded for bathing and health and ID/Community 2. No. of training domestic recommended Representatives prog. Conducted purpose to training programmes on command area Page 91 community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring. 9 Conversion of Damages to Careful Project CEA / ID 1. Acreages forest lands to existing planning, design Proponent converted to farm farm lands ecosystem and operation land and wildlife. Damages to forest resources Projects on Road Constructions – Pre Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibilit Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible y for for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation Mitigation and Supervision nt Measures 1 Land clearing Soil Erosion Proper careful Contractor CEA / Water 1.No. of and and silt run- site selection, Resources Board implemented soil demarcation off - careful design (WRB)/ Irrigation erosion control impairment to control soil Department / measures. of erosion through Local Authority 2. No. of affected downstream ground canopy (LA) / Project water bodies water layers, Proper Approving quality, control of Agency (PAA) Disturbance clearing and participation s to eco vegetative of community system, loss cover, Minimum representatives of clearing of trees vegetation, and bushes, flora and fauna, Loss of aesthetic values 2 Reclamation of Alteration of Avoiding Project CEA / 1. No. of wetland Wetlands stream wetland as Proponent at Department of replaced or flows, loss much as planning stage Wild Life avoided of fauna possible. Proper and Contractor Conservation and flora, siting at construction (DWLC) / change in management stage Irrigation water techniques. Department (ID) / quality, Replacement of LA / PAA / Road increased wetland at Development peak and suitable Authority flood flows, locations (RDA)(Central / high Provincial) / WRB sediment transportati on 3 Encroachment Alteration of Careful site Project CEA / Forest 1. No. of cultural into Cultural and historical or selection, proponent at Department (FD) important sites Historical sites cultural Avoiding such planning stage /LA/ affected important locations, and Contractor RDA/Department 2. No. of cultural Page 92 sites, replacement of at construction of Archaeology / important sites Damages to such locations stage PAA avoided / historical or at suitable replaced cultural locations, important structures, Loss of historical and cultural values 4 Filling Land Alteration of Follow the Contractor CEA/ Geological 1. Acreage of stream instruction for Surveys and land filled. flows, loss land excavation Mines Bureau 2. Acreage of of fauna and material (GSMB) / WRB/ environmental and flora, transport, LA/ RDA/PAA sensitive area change in covering community water material when representatives quality, transporting, increased use clean fill peak and material, flood flows, watering the high surface to sediment minimize the transportati dust on, generation of dust, 5 Excavation Soil Follow the Contractor CEA / GSMB/ LA/ 1.No. of Erosion, instruction for RDA/ PAA, implemented soil damages to land excavation, community erosion control environment soil erosion due representatives. measures al aesthetic, to slope of cuts 2. No. of affected hazard to shall be rectified people health of and surfed in workers and order to prevent nearby from erosive community, forces, watering noise and the surface vibration when dry season 6 Drilling and Noise and Prior notice to Project GSMB/ CEA/ 1.No. of affected Blasting vibration, neighbouring proponent is RDA/ LA/ PAA, people hazards to community, responsible to community workers and Proper include representatives neighbours, maintenance of protection the equipments, measures to use noise contract barriers if document appropriate, position the Contractor is equipment as responsible far as practical when from noise implement sensitive areas, use new machineries to Page 93 maintain minimum noise level 7 Use and Depletion of Use Contractor CEA / RDA / LA / 1.No. of Transport of construction construction PAA complains Construction materials, material from received materials dust and air permitted 2. No. of people pollution, quarries only, affected heavy traffic use of not due to polluting material material, bring transportati the material in on/ loading covered and vehicles to unloading. avoid dust and air pollution, wet the surface in dry season, proper waste disposal system 8 Compaction Noise, Working hours Contractor CEA / RDA/ LA/ 1.No. of vibration only day time, PAA/ Community complains and dust night works representatives received restrictions, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts Projects on Road Construction – Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibilit Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible y for for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation Mitigation and Supervision nt Measures 1 Culverts and Impediment Use culverts Contractor RDA / LA/ PAA / 1. no. of Culverts Bridges / to the with adequate Community and Bridges Embankments natural diameter to representatives properly water allow free flow functioning movement if of water thus capacity is allowing free small movement for local aquatic conditions, flow regimes and fish movement and human use. Embankments to accommodate Page 94 swales with traps for spillage erosion control. Minimize the number of water crossings affected. 2. Construction Accidents or Appropriate Contractor RDA / National 1. No. of other planning and Relevant Utility Water Supply accidents disruptions maximum service and Drainage recorded of utility safeguard for authorities Board 2. No. of people services viz workers, Prior (NW&SDB)/ affected water, notice to utility Ceylon Electricity 3. No. of utility electricity, service authority Board (CEB)/Sri services telecommun to minimize the Lanka Telecom disrupted ication damages and (SLT)/ LA/ PAA/ immediate Community maintenance representatives and repairs when damage occur. 3 Construction Dust, air Working hours Contractor CEA / RDA / LA / 1. No. of days pollution / only day time, PAA/ Community worked in night. noise/ night works representatives 2. No. of vibration / restrictions use complains new received machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts. Wet surface in dry season, 4 Construction Pollution of Appropriate Contractor CEA / WRB/ 1. No. of water planning and NWS&DB/LA/ complains bodies controls, careful PAA/ Community received planning of representatives 2. No. of affected water use, people appropriate 3. No. of poor procedure to maintenance safeguard cases recorded workers / residents and wildlife, Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining Page 95 nets near water /land fill interfaces 5 Construction Disruption Careful Contractor RDA/ Local 1. No. of of street construction Project Pólice / LA /PAA complains traffic f or schedule and Proponent received on traffic prolonged prior notice to Local Police 2. No. of periods residents and complains including users. Use sign received on traffic boards to blocking building congestion minimize the access and damages, use blocking of alternative access to routes and buildings aware prior to start the construction 6 Construction Danger or The security Contractor RDA / LA 1. No. of sign Hazard to and sign boards board community need to placed, established. slope of burrow 2. No. of areas complains necessary to received on maintain at an insecurity matters angle of repose which to ensure the stability of the area. 7 Construction Contaminati Plant machinery Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of cases on of soil by and equipment identified fuel and must be 2. No. of cases lubricants services as per examined preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works 8 Construction Heavy Total Contractor NW&SDB /LA / 1.Total extraction of requirement per NW&SDB ID requirement (L) water for day need to 2. No. of rejected construction inform prior to cases s start 3.No. of accepted constructions cases when acquisition of water from Page 96 diversion of existing water sources (streams, existing water lines, tanks) 9 Construction Loss of Consumers Consumers NW&SDB /LA / 1. No. of minor water shall be noticed ID complains sources and in advance, if received disruption to there is a 2. No. of affected water users possibility for people recorded quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity 10 Construction Loss of Consumers Consumers SLT / CEB 1. No. of electricity shall be noticed complains and in advance, if received telecommun there is a 2. No. of affected ication possibility for people recorded and disruption due to the construction activity Projects on Road Construction – Post Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibilit Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible y for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation and Supervision nt Measures 1 Abundant Siltation in Selection of the Contractor CEA / LA/ 1. no. of burrow pits to water Site need to Community Abundant burrow bodies sufficient representatives pits recorded distance from the water sources 2 Disposal of Danger or Careful planning Contractor CEA / LA / 1. No. of harmful Hazard to and Community complains construction community management representatives received waste Chemicals, required for the 2. No. of cases oils which disposal of recorded can be harmful 3. No. of cases harmful to construction solved flora waste with supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground. Page 97 3 Spillage on the Traffic All the material Contractor RDA / LA 1. No. of road congestion should be clean complains and immediately by received blocking of manually or 2. No. of cases access to mechanical recorded buildings. sweeping , road 3. No. of cases damages to surface need to solved environment washed or al aesthetic, watered using hazard to appropriate health of equipment if workers and necessary nearby community, Projects on Drinking Water – Pre Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibili Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible ty for for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation Mitigation and nt Measures Supervision 1 Acquisition of Encroachm Proper careful Project Central 1. Acreage of lands for project ent in to site selection, Proponent Environmental land implementation forests careful planning Authority (CEA) / 2. Acreage /swampland and appropriate Water Resources belongs to FD s, attention in Board 3. Acreage impediment project (WRB)/Forest belongs to DWLC to formulation Department (FD) 4. Acreage movement Irrigation belongs to of wildlife Department / cultural and and people Local Authority historical sites (LA) / National 5. Acreage Water Supply belongs to and Drainage environmental Board sensitive area (NW&SDB)/ Department of Wild Life Conservation (DWLC) Project Approving Agency (PAA) and participation of community representatives 2 Land clearing Soil erosion Careful design to Contractor CEA / WRB/ ID / 1.No. of and due to control soil FD/DWLC/ LA / implemented soil demarcation areas left erosion through NW&SDB/ PAA erosion control exposed ground canopy and participation measures. and silt run- layers, Proper of community 2. No. of affected off - control of clearing representatives water bodies impairment vegetative cover, of Careful planning downstream to protect existing water environment, Page 98 quality, Minimum clearing Disturbance of trees and s to eco bushes, Avoid system, loss environmentally of sensitive areas. vegetation, flora and fauna, Loss of aesthetic values. 3 Modification of Conflicts in Proper siting Project CEA / DWLC /ID 1. No. of cases water source water management Proponent at / NW&SDB recorded on water supply techniques, planning /FD/LA / PAA / right conflicts rights, careful stage and WRB 2. No. of conflict alteration of operations Contractor at affected people. stream planning of construction 3. No. of cases flows, loss minimize stage recorded on water of fauna problems quality and flora, change in water quality, high sediment transportati on, downstream flow variation, loss of fisheries and aquatic ecology. 4 Encroachment Alteration of Careful site Project CEA / 1. No. of cultural into Cultural and historical or selection, proponent at FD/Department important sites Historical sites cultural Avoiding such planning of Archaeology affected important locations, stage and /DWLC//PAA 2. No. of cultural sites, replacement of Contractor at important sites Damages to such locations at construction avoided / historical or suitable stage replaced cultural locations, important structures, Loss of historical and cultural values Excavation Soil Follow the Contractor CEA / GSMB/ 1.No. of Erosion, instruction for Department of implemented soil damages to land excavation, Archaeology/ erosion control environment soil erosion due PAA measures al aesthetic, to slope of cuts 2. No. of affected damages to shall be rectified people historic and and surfed in 3. No. of affected archaeologi order to prevent historical and cal sites from erosive cultural sites and forces, avoided Page 99 momentums historical and , loss of cultural important historic and sites, watering cultural the surface when values, dry season, hazard to proper health of construction workers and planning and nearby monitoring community, dust/ odours/fum es/ noise and vibration 6 Filling Land Alteration of Follow the Contractor CEA/ GSMB / 1. Acreage of land stream instruction for WRB/ LA/ PAA filled. flows, loss land filling and community 2. Acreage of of fauna material representatives environmental and flora, transport, sensitive area change in covering material water when quality, transporting, use increased clean fill material, peak and watering the flood flows, surface to high minimize the sediment dust, apply transportati proper on, management generation practices to of dust protect environment 7 Drilling and Noise and Prior notice to Project GSMB/ CEA/ 1. No. of cases Blasting vibration, neighbouring proponent is LA/ PAA, recorded hazards to community, responsible community 2. No. of workers and Proper to include representatives complains nearby maintenance of protection received community, the equipments, measures in 3. No. of people dust use noise to contract affected /odours/fum barriers if document es appropriate, position the Contractor is equipment as far responsible as practical from when noise sensitive implement areas, use new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, precautionary measures need safety of the surrounding community and Page 100 workers. 8 Use and Depletion of Use construction Contractor CEA / LA / PAA 1.No. of complains Transport of construction material from received Construction materials, permitted 2. No. of people materials dust and air quarries only, use affected pollution, of not polluting heavy traffic material, bring due to the material in material covered vehicles transportati to avoid dust and on/ loading air pollution, wet and the surface in dry unloading. season, proper waste disposal system 9 Storage of Accidents or Selection of Contractor LA / PAA 1. No. of accidents construction other suitable sites for recorded materials disruptions material storage 2. No. of utility of utility services affected services and domestic access Projects on Drinking Water – Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibili Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible ty for for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation Mitigation and nt Measures Supervision 1 Excavation and Soil Follow the Contractor CEA / GSMB/ 1.No. of pipe laying Erosion, instruction for Ceylon implemented soil damages to land excavation, Electricity Board erosion control environment soil erosion due (CEB)/ Sri measures al aesthetic, to slope of cuts Lanka Telecom 2. No. of affected damages to shall be rectified (SLT)/ people historic and and surfed in NWS&DB / 3. No. of affected archaeologi order to prevent Central or historical and cal sites from erosive Provincial Road cultural sites and forces, avoided Development momentums historical and Authority , loss of cultural important (RDA)/PAA historic and sites, watering cultural the surface when values, dry season, hazard to proper health of construction workers and planning and nearby monitoring, avoid community, disturbances to dust/ utility services odours/fum and domestic es/ noise access. and vibration, disruption of Page 101 utility services and domestic access. 2 Civil Loss of soil Careful Contractor CEA/LA/PAA 1. No. of cases construction plus construction recorded damage to stage planning downstream plus monitoring water quality 3 Civil Hazard to Follow proper Contractor / LA /PAA 1. No. of affected Construction health of solid waste LA people workers and management nearby instruction, avoid community solid waste due to solid disposal close to waste construction sites, Supply of purified drinking water for affected community is required during the construction period. 4 Civil Accidents or Appropriate Contractor NW&SDB/RDA 1. No. of accidents Construction other planning and Relevant /CEB/SLT LA/ recorded disruptions maximum Utility service PAA 2. No. of people of utility safeguard for authorities Community affected services viz workers, Prior representatives 3. No. of utility water, notice to utility services disrupted electricity, service authority telecommun to minimize the ication damages and immediate maintenance and repairs when damage occur. 5 Civil Dust , air Working hours Contractor CEA /LA / PAA/ 1. No. of days Construction pollution / only day time, Community worked in night. noise/ night works representatives 2. No. of complains vibration / restrictions use received new machineries to maintain minimum noise level, careful operations planning of minimize the adverse impacts. Wet surface in dry season, 6 Civil Pollution of Appropriate Contractor CEA / WRB/ 1. No. of complains Construction water planning and NWS&DB/LA/ received bodies controls, careful PAA/ 2. No. of affected planning of water Community people Page 102 use, appropriate representatives 3. No. of poor procedure to maintenance cases safeguard recorded workers / residents and wildlife, Maintenance of construction machineries in good conditions not to permit oil leaks, use of earth retaining nets near water /land fill interfaces 7 Civil Contaminati Plant machinery Contractor CEA /LA 1. No. of poor Construction on of soil by and equipment maintenance cases fuel and must be services recorded lubricants as per preventive maintenance schedule at the service station where valid EPL obtained from CEA. All the machinery and equipments need to supervise and monitor by responsible person, prior to start daily works 8 Civil Heavy Total requirement Contractor NW&SDB /LA / 1.Total requirement Construction extraction of per day need to NW&SDB ID (L) water for inform prior to 2. No. of rejected construction start cases s constructions 3.No. of accepted when acquisition cases of water from diversion of existing water sources (streams, existing water lines, tanks) 9 Civil Loss of Consumers shall Consumers NW&SDB /LA / 1. No. of complains Construction minor water be noticed in ID received sources and advance, if there 2. No. of affected disruption to is a possibility for people recorded water users quality or quantity of water adversely be affected due to the construction activity Page 103 10 Civil Loss of Consumers shall Consumers SLT / CEB 1. No. of complains Construction electricity be noticed in received and advance, if there 2. No. of affected telecommun is a possibility for people recorded ication and disruption due to the construction activity Projects on Drinking Water – Post Construction Stage N Activity / Sub Damages Recommended Responsibili Responsibility Monitoring Cost o Activity to Feasible ty for Monitoring Indicators Environme Mitigation and nt Measures Supervision 1 Abundant Siltation in Selection of the Contractor CEA / LA/ 1. no. of Abundant burrow pits to water Site need to Community burrow pits recorded bodies sufficient representatives distance from the water sources 2 Disposal of Danger or Careful planning Contractor CEA / LA / 1. No. of complains harmful Hazard to and management Community received construction community required for the representatives 2. No. of cases waste Chemicals, disposal of recorded oils which harmful 3. No. of cases can be construction solved harmful to waste with flora supervision of relevant authorities. All the chemicals, oils should not to release freely to the ground. 3 Spillage on the Traffic All the material Contractor RDA / LA 1. No. of complains road and congestion should be clean received surrounding and immediately by 2. No. of cases blocking of manually recorded access to mechanical 3. No. of cases buildings. sweeping , road solved damages to surface need to environment washed or al aesthetic, watered using hazard to appropriate health of equipment if workers and necessary nearby community, 4 Over pumping Conflicts on Careful planning, Project CEA/PAA / ID/ 1. No. of cases of ground water water rights, design and Proponent Community recorded on water impacts on operation Representatives right conflicts flora, fauna 2. No. of conflict and aquatic affected people life, damages to Page 104 natural ecosystem, Conflicts with other users viz irrigation 5 Inequalities in Careful planning, Project LA/ PAA/ 1. No. of cases water design and Proponent Community recorded distribution operation Representatives 6 Contamination Project Careful planning, Project CEA / LA/ 1. No. of cases of water by agro benefits design and Proponent NWS&DB/ identified chemicals and impaired operation. Community 2. No. of cases pesticides plus Careful use of Representatives examined damages to agrochemicals downstream and water recommended to quality and training human programmes on health catchments community. Maintain a baseline data base on water quality for future monitoring. Page 105 Page 106 Annex: 8Capacity Building Plan Outline of different training needs Role Responsibilities Areas of knowledge needed VO/PS/Local  Develop Village Development  Environmental awareness (function / uses/ communities Plans / Pradeshiya Sabha importance for the wellbeing of the humans Development Plans etc.)  Assist development of  Environmental sensitization subproject proposal  Knowledge on the concept of ecological footprints in order to monitor the greenness of their villages or to carry out activities in the villages to become green throughout the project period  Participatory methods (RRA/PRA) to maximize the public consultation to assess feasibility and acceptability options to minimize environmental impacts and social disruption  Identification of possible/existing threats to the environment and conservation issues during the planning stage/implementation and operation stages of the project  Knowledge on screening the impacts on environment using available checklists during the site selection at the planning stage VSC/PSSC  Develop the subproject brief for  Knowledge on basic environmental aspects & environmental clearance concepts  Facilitate the environment  Identification of possible/existing threats to the assessment procedure environment and conservation issues during  Facilitate the monitoring of the planning stage ECoPs/ Guidelines/ EMPs  Knowledge on screening the impacts on  Conduct Rapid Environment environment using available checklists during Assessment the site selection at the planning and implementation stages  Knowledge to conduct IEEs/EAs for the approval of the project site if necessary ( during the planning stage of the project)  Knowledge on the concept of ecological footprints in order to monitor the greenness of their villages or to carry out activities in the villages to become green Tm/LF  Facilitate development of  Detailed knowledge on environmental aspects subproject brief & concepts (Identification of different eco-  Conduct Rapid Environment systems/ importance of bio- Assessment diversity/conservation of bio-diversity/  Enforce good environmental commonly found threatened species included in practices the IUCN red list/ environmental  Develop EMPs pollution/Ecological foot print (EFP)/Biological Capacity (BC)/ Carbon sequestration etc.)  Identification of possible/existing threats to the environment and conservation issues during Page 107 the planning stage/implementation and operation stages of the project  Knowledge on screening the impacts on environment using available checklists during the site selection at the planning stage  Identification of possible steps to minimize the threats during the planning, implementation and operation stages  Identification of mitigatory measures for existing issues during the operation stage  Participatory methods (RRA/PRA) to build rapport with the community/ to assess the community attitude towards the environment and other social issues (during all the stages of the project)  Knowledge to conduct EAs for the approval of the project site if necessary ( during the planning stage of the project)  Knowledge on existing environmental laws, regulations, policies etc.  Knowledge on monitoring of effectiveness of measures during the implementation and operation stage  Knowledge on the concept of ecological footprints in order to monitor the greenness of their villages or to carry out activities in the villages to become green. AMT  Appraise environmental aspects  Detailed knowledge on environment of the subproject  Knowledge to conduct IEEs/EAs during the  Review EMPs implementation and operation stages of the  Provide environment related project specifications and guidelines  Identification of mitigatory measures for existing  Establish environment related issues milestones  Knowledge to prepare detailed EMPs  Provide environmental  Knowledge to make best practices guidelines clearance for environmental safeguards CCM  Report to /AD on  Knowledge on environmental aspects implementation progress, issues  Knowledge on participatory methods and problems (RRA/PRA)  Assist VO in complying with the  Knowledge to conduct IEEs/EAs during the environmental aspects of the implementation and operation stages of the subproject proposal project  Liaison with T Mfor the timely  Identification of mitigatory measures for existing delivery of environment issues assessment reports  Knowledge to prepare detailed EMPs  Assist monitoring of project implementation /AD  Report to SPO on  Knowledge on environmental aspects implementation progress, issues  Knowledge on EMPs and problems  Knowledge on ESMF  Assist PS in complying with the environmental aspects of the Page 108 subproject proposal  Liaison with PA for the timely delivery of environment assessment reports  Liaison with AMT for the timely appraisal of subproject proposals  Assist monitoring of project implementation SPO  Monitoring the implementation  Detailed knowledge on environment (concepts progress, environmental issues and aspects) and problems  Detailed knowledge on existing local and  Assist / AD in complying with International (International treaties and the environmental aspects of conventions etc.) environmental laws, the subproject implementation regulations, policies etc.  Liaison with AD and AMT for  Knowledge on ESMF the timely delivery of environmental reports and appraisal of subproject proposals. Capacity Building Training Programs Participants Duration Service providers Material needed 1. VO/PS 1 week training during first year of the project 2.VSC/ PSSC 2 week training prior to implementation 3. TM/LM 2 day training program and exposure visits annually 4. AMT 1 week during the implementation DWLC/CEA/FD/National and Environmental period International NGOs in Assessment Environmental Conservation field/ checklists/ Training 5. /CCM 1 week during implementation stage Universities/Line and information Ministries/Department of Social manuals/ brochures/ 1 week during Implementation stage Services/CCD/MPPA/NARA/NAQDA information leaflets 6. /AD Refresher training 7. SPO 1 week during the planning period and 1 day monthly exposure visits/ 8. Local workshops at every six months communities Page 109 Annex 9. Integrated Pest Management Plan As a part of project preparation, the Foundation should develop an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) plan as an integral component of its agricultural development activities with inputs from the professional staff of the Provincial Agriculture Department and private sector consultants. The objectives of the IPM program and plan are to suppress pests that may cause economic damage, reduce environmental pollution, and reduce human exposure to pesticides. The IPM program will be composed of the following: - monitoring the pest population and other relevant factors; - accurate identification of the pest; - determination of thresholds that trigger control measures; - timing treatments to the best advantage; - spot-treating; - selection of less disruptive methods; - evaluation of effectiveness of treatment and fine tune future actions; - training of farmers involved The development of IPM is a response to the failure of chemical pesticides to provide long- term solutions to pest problems. IPM replaces reliance on pesticide use and builds upon the knowledge of farmers on pest and predators, use of resistant varieties, beneficial insects, crop rotations and improved soil management. IPM encourages farmers to access information on non-chemical alternatives to pest control and offers an ideal strategy for improving the income of farming families by cutting spending on agro-chemicals. The IPM will be designed to become an eco-system based strategy that focuses on long- term prevention of pest damage through a combination of techniques such as biological control, habitat manipulation, modification of cultural practices, and use of resistant plant varieties. Pesticides are used only after monitoring indicates their need and treatments are made with the goal of removing only the target pest. The IPM strategy will be applied in a manner that minimizes risks to the environment, human health, and beneficial non-target organisms. Page 110 Annex 10: Haritha Lanka Programme Haritha Lanka Programme intends to develop National Sustainable Development Strategy, taking in to account the Millennium Development Goals, 2010 targets of Convention on Biological Diversity and the international treaties the GOSL has signed up to now. In developing HLP the Ministry of Environment & Natural Resources has very seriously considered the new trends in global environment and has included concepts such as Ecological Foot Print (EFP) and Biological Capacity (BC) which are hotly discussed in the international fora. Falling in line with these concepts is not a difficult task to Sri Lanka because it is a greener country with rich biodiversity and require only very little interventions to be in par with countries having sound EFP and BC. Hence several key strategies are outlined that could be easily carried out in the Gemidiriya/Maga Neguma Villages to direct the community to monitor the greenness of their villages and to carry out interventions leading the villages to become green. The actions under each strategy have been spelled out and Key Performance Indicators (KPI) developed. The strategy One, Carbon sinks protected (Bio Diversity Conservation) has four actions and the KPI for action one is existing baseline information that need to be collected only once. Unless a massive removal of forest or a plantation (Rubber, Tea etc) take place this will not change significantly. Action two is involvement of the community. They will determine the baseline (existing situation) and fixed the ultimate as the long term goal. Any figure less than that could be fixed as short and medium term. The remaining two actions deal with nature based ecotourism and Human Elephant Conflict. Strategy two is Reduction of Pollution loads to land & water (Land Resources Management). Five actions are listed that could be easily measurable by the community. The KPIs are simple and not complicated. Obtaining the amount applied in kilogram or litre is difficult and not reliable. The targets for action three and five cannot be fixed and have to be kept open. Strategy three is improving efficiency and equity in drinking & irrigation water distribution (Water Resources Management). The three actions listed cover the tank rehabilitation, provision of drinking water and maintenance of such projects. Strategy four is Reduction in Travelling distance & Time (Transport, Infrastructure [Rural roads] & Service Facilities) The three actions outlined here cover the new roads built, existing roads renovated and service centres in the village. Also these KPIs will generate environmental activities and mobilize the community and raise environmental consciousness in Gemi Diriya and Gama Neguma villages. The frequency of data collection should be quarterly, based on seasons (for Maha in November and February; Yala in May and August). These should be incorporated in to the MIS village format. Page 111 Page 112 Annex 11: Abbreviated Resettlement Framework Since there is no specific sub projects identified yet for interventions, a separate RAP is not possible at this stage. Therefore Resettlement Framework is suggested to make use to prepare RAP/ A- RAPs as when necessary. In compliance of the Bank’s Operational Policy 4.12, in case of less than 200 Project Affected People (PAPs), an Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan (A-RAP) will be prepared in order to restore housing and issue economic compensation for loss of land and livelihood through a consultative and mutually agreeable process. Principles to be followed in preparing A- RAP In preparing A-RAP following guidelines/principles to be followed  All land should be surveyed and mapped and agreement reached with government on explicit eligibility cut-off date.  Where land is disputed or land ownership is not clear, the land will be surveyed and a map hereof issued to the affected families. In case of land disputes, attempts should be made to settle disputes prior to project start.  Customary and collective rights, e.g. to grazing land and commons, should be verified and documented through community-level consultations and local authorities. Customary and collective rights are also subject to compensation.  Compensation for land, housing and assets are based on principles of replacement cost and mutually agreeable solutions based on consultative approach with PAPs.  Where affected land provide income, the equivalent to the value of the crop lost will be given in compensation, based on the value of the harvests lost until the replacement crop (e.g. fruit tress) come into full production.  If land forms basis for other income, the value of the income hereof will be subject to third party assessment  If PAPs are squatters/informal settlers on the land, they will receive economic/material compensation to re-establish themselves elsewhere (e.g. on government land) without suffering damage to their livelihood or living standard. Process to prepare RAP/ A-RAP 1. Survey of land and assets & census of Project Affected Peoples, including squatters and informal settlers:  the surveyed land and assets should be identified, marked and photographed,  and by the defined eligibility cut-off date the areas should be secured against encroachers.  the Project Affected People should be identified and registered with full data and photographs  a compensation package should be developed (categories of impacts and appropriate entitlements to formal and informal settlers landholders and squatters), and  initial consultations should be conducted to identify any salient issues or concerns impacting on affected people. Gender separate consultations should be conducted in order to properly ascertain the views of the women. Page 113 2. Calculation of individual entitlements. There should be continued consultations with the affected people regarding the project, land acquisition and compensation package in order to reach mutually agreeable solution to land/asset acquisition and/or shifting of house. In case any PAP refuses to shift, an abbreviated Resettlement Plan, compliant to OP 4.12, should be developed. 3. Tentative outline of RAP/ A- RAP report is as follows • Project Description • Potential Impacts of The Project • Policy Framework and Legal Framework • Land Acquisition Process • Consultation and Public Participation • Valuation of Assets • Entitlements • Relocation/Resettlement Planning • Compensation and Livelihood Restoration • Grievance Redress Mechanism • Resettlement Implementation plan • Monitoring and Evaluation • Resettlement Budget and Financing Plan 4. The abbreviated Resettlement Plan should be submitted to the Bank Task Team for review and clearance. Page 114