E4503 V6
BIODIVERSITY MANAGEMENT PLAN
MAWBIA FOREST RESERVE
NORTHERN SAVANNAH BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PROJECT
(NSB.CP)
JULY 2007
1·
MA WBIA FOREST RESERVE
MANAGEMENTPLANPARTI
SECTION l:LOCATIONAND EXTENT
1.1 Geographical Location
The Mawbia Forest Reserve is roughly a rectangular in shape and stretches
eastwards frorr,. Bechembelle village and lying between the Mawbia River and
Wellembelle - Santijan road. The reserve derives its name from the Mawbia
River.
The reserve lies between latitude 10° 25' and 10° 35' North and
Longitude 1° 35' and 1° 55' west
(Map Reference is North C-30). See Map 1
K.l.
1.2 Area and Perimeter
Ma·...vbia Forest Reserve has a gross area of l2,958 ha. There is no admitted farm in the
Fcrest Reserve.
The Reserve has a total perimeter of 65.0 k..'1l and approximately rectangular in shape.
Appendix 1 gives a detailed description of the Reserve boundaries.
1.3. District Administration
The Forest Reserve is within the jurisdiction of Sissala District Assembly of Upper West
Region. It falls within Tumu Forest District.
SECTION 2: - PROPERTY RIGHTS
2.1. Ownership of the Reserve
The Ma'.vbia Forest Reserve lies within the Tumu Town Council and Wellembelle Area
Council.
2.2. Date of Gazettment and Manag~ m ent Rights
2.3. Domestic Usufruct Rights/Custom ary Rights
The 1954 Byelaw rnaintained the following:
a) The right of any person which would have existed include the right to hunt, fish,
and the right collect deadwood, grasses, edible frujts and herbs
2.4. Timber Harvesting Rights
2.5. Non Timber Forests Produce (NTFPs) Commercial Harvesting FJght~
No commercial harvesting rights had been granted in respect of NTFPs including grass,
herbs, edible fruits etc.
SECTION 3: -LOCAL CONTEXT
3.1 Demography
The population is distributed among settlements around the Forest Reserve, which are
Bechembelle, Nabulo, Fatchoboi, Gwossi Upper, Gwossi Lower, Santijan, Jambogo,
Nwanduono and Kruboi.
Currently, the total population stands as 1,508 and it is distributed as shown in table 1
below:
2
Table I - Fringe Communities and Populcttion Growth
In Respect to Reserve Population Remarks %
Community Aspect Distance Area Council 1950 2002 Increased
(Km)
Bechembelle West I 3.2 Wellembelle 100 554 '! 54%
Nabulo South 2.4 Nabulo
I
651 1299 100%
-
Fatchoboi South I 2.5 Nabulo - 676
G'.vcsi South Upper 3.2 Nabulo 363 354) 139%
Gwosi South Lower 3.2 Nabulo 515)
Jambogo North 3.2 Bujan 103
Santijaa South East ? Nabulo i 153 i96 28%
Yigantu North 8.2 Bujan - 319
Nwanduono North West 4 We!lembelle I
- 1303
Kuroboi North West I 4 Wellembelle - 670
Namologan - 0 - 36 - No longer exist.
;--
Nabiawale - 5 - 89 - No longer <::XlSt.
(Source: Sissala District Population by Sub-Districts. Wednesday July 10,2002.)
Table 2 - Population - Age-Distribution.
Age years)
Town Total
Below 18 years 18 years & Above
Bechembelle
Nabulo
Fatchoboi
Gwosi
Jambogo
Santijan
Yigantu
Nwanduono
Kuruboi
Namo logan
Nabiawale
'-----
(Source: Sissala District Assembly, 2002).
3
3.2 Economy
The people in fhe fringe communities are ~ainly farmers und hunters. They engage in
small scale t:ropping of cereals, legumes, yams and vegetables for domestic use and
selling of the surplus and also hunting for commercial purposes.
Rearing of small ruminants, cattle, pigs and f0wls is also undertaken in the communities.
This exter.~ive li vestock keeping :!:::ts as social security, relieving the people in times of
financial crises and for sacrifices.
Other income generating ventures include
1. Shea butter extraction
u. Dawadawa processing
111. Small-scale charcoal production
IV. Pilo brewing
v. Weaving of chairs and Tables
3.3 Local People's Relations with the Reserve
Hunting is a major activity in the Mawbia Forest Reserve
Activities such as gathering of NTFPs, firewood and grazing of animais by fringe
communities have some impact on the forest.
3.4 District Development Plan
( The Sissala District Assembly has recognised the following environmental probiems,
their causes and the possible mitigating measures that can be employed to offset them.
PROBLEMS CAUSES MITIGATING MEASURES
l.Land Degradation 1. Indiscriminate wining 1. Control sand, stone and
of sand stones and gravel winning
gravel ll. Encourage the use of
11. Inappropriate farming improved farming e.g.
practices Animal traction
...
111. Enforce bye-laws on
regeneration of degraded
areas by Contractors fuei
wood dealers etc
1V. Contro l clearing
v. Degraded areas should be I
properly mapped out and
regeneration measures put
in place
I
4
II
Control bushing throug~
2. Defor estation
.
I. Expanded Clearings
• especially for
.
I.
education
commercial Cotton 11. Control tree cutting
.. .
production Ill. Control mining activities
11. Uncontrolled bush
burning
iii. Tree Cutting
particulariy for
gardening
3. Bush Burning 1. Group hunting I. Enforce bye laws on
11. Clearing for fanning hunting
purposes ll. Educalion campaign on
iii. Smoking the effect ofbu:>h burning
IV. Harvesting of honey
etc.
4. Overgrazin g 1. Over concentration of l. Improve animal husbandry
livestock practices
11. Poor animal husbandry ll. Prohibit Alien herds in
practices grazing on Ghana lands
...
iii. Overgrazing due to lll.
foreign herds
5. Inadequate ..
' Lack of education I I. Education through print,
eovironmen tal environmental media, radio, T.V., Mobile
awareness avvareness programme Van
6. Destruction of I. Bush burning l. Proper measures should be
unique bjological I 11. Hunting put in place in other to
Natural H abitat iii. Lack of education I protect these habitats
environmental
awareness programmes
)
5
SECTION 4: -STATE OF FOREST RESGURCE
4.1 Physical Features
4.1.1 ,..Topography
The physical aspect of the terrain reflects the geology of the area. The topography
is rough and irregular consisting of a series of rocky ridges ranging from 800 -
1100 m. a. s. I. running mainly from the northeast to southeast.
4.1 .2 Drainage
The Mawbia River and its tributaries drain the major portion of the Reserve. The
Mawbia flows approximately due east and joins the Sissili River Santa-Mangajan
village.
4.1.3 Soils
- The geological formation is granite and gneiss and granite outcrops are frequent
throughout the area especiaily on top of the many hills.
The soil is generally clayey in texture with high coarse sand content.
Along the broad valleys, standing water has separated the soil particles and the
soil is silty and finer in texture.
-Climate
The climate is characterised by a well-defrned rainy season and a very severe dry
season. The rains commence in May and extend to October with the buik of the
precipitation occurring in August. The dry season is characterised by harmattan
which is a desiccating dust-laden wind blowing unremittingly from the east to the
north.
4.1.4 Rainfall
Rains commence in May and extend to October with the bulk of the precipitation
occurring in August and September.
The total annual rainfall varies between 760mm and 1360mrn. The rainfall pattern
is highly erratic. See Appendix 3
Table 1 shows monthly average rainfall recorded over the last I 0 year (1992-
2001).
Table 1: Average Rainfall in mm
Ja
n. I:e Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct No
V
!De
I C
Total
7.3 18.4 16.0
9
75.2
5
I4131.5 IR3.0
4
139.1 229.2
4
2!2.1
5
84.7 5.4 I ?·8 I 1093.2
3 7 8 7 .) i 9
4.1.5 Temperature
The highest average temperature occurs during March (25.02°C - 37.94°C) and the
lowest during August (22.09°C -29.67°C).
6
Appendix 4 records the minimum and maximum temperatures over a period often
years ( 1992 - 2001 ).
Table 2 shows the monthly average temperatures
Table 2: Monthly Average Temperature
I Mcr:t Jan. Feb Mar Apr May Jun. Jul.
' Aug.
I -- :Sep. Oct. Nov De
h c
Temp 27.5 2Y. 131 .6 30.8 29.:l 27.3 26.3 25 .8 26.2 27.8 28.4 127
5 5 i j I 9 4 4 6 n 6 6
T he dry s~;;ason is characterised by the harmattan which :s a dust laden wind
blowing from the northeast from December to March. The nmtheastedy winds.
which are very severe, are prevalent throughout the dry season.
The rainfall and temperature figures were obtained from the Meteorological
Services Department, Wa
X
4.2 Natural Forest
4.2.1 General Description
--.1The naturat forest covers an area of 5426 ha.
The vegetation shows little variation throughout and only one formation is
identified, Tropicai Savannah Woodland (Burth Davy's Classification). Where the
water table is high, the woodland has closed up.
Greater portion of the reserve is degraded , however, there is occurrence of blocks
of good quality and dense vegetation. In such areas, dominant trees like Khaya
senega!ensis, A(zelia afi-icana and Anogeissus leiocarpus reach the height of 12m.
On land subject to periodic water logging, ground cover consists almost entirely
of grasses with occasional clumps of Mitragyna inermis and Acacia spp.
Generally, the ground cover of the reserve consists mainly of coarse grasses. Tree
species, which feature prominently, arc:
• Afzelia africana
• Anogeissus leiocaJpus
• Afromosia africana
• Acacia spp.
• Burkina africanu
• Vitellaria paradoxa
• Danielia oliveri
• Deturium senegalense
7
·- •
•
Dio!!pyros mispiliformis
Tam arindus indica
• Vitez spp.
4.2.2 Statistics of stockin g
• Stem Numbers l?er Hectare for all Species By Diam eter Class
Class 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30+ Total
Stem No.
• The total stocking for the natural forest of the reserve is . .......... .trees
• Basal Area
Class 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30+ Total
Basal Area
• Volume
( The volume of an average exploitable tree has been determined to be 0.3m3
(TEU, 2002 - Wood Productivity Study, Unpublished).
Hence the exploitable voiume of the woodland is about 58.8m3/ha.
A Stere i.e. 1m3 can be obtaint:d from about 3 trees )
4.3 Plantation Forest
There is no plantation in the Reserve.
4.4 Non-Timber For est Product (NTFP's) Resources
Non Timber Forest Products commonly found in Mawbia Forest Reserve are
medicinal plants, grass, edible fruits and dead wood. The commonly found edible
fruits are Tamarindus indica, Diospyros mespiliformis, Vitex doniana, Detarium
senegalensis. etc. Poles for building and pesties are also found.
4.5 Wildlife Resources
The reserve is also endowed with abundant wild life and has been an area of illegal
hunting.
Although formal fauna surveys have not been made, the information gathered
from fringe communities and Forest Guards indicate that the area is a habitat for
animal spt!cies such as:
8
.... • Hippotrag!ts equines (Roan Antelopes) •
• Mice
~ Neotragus pygmaeus (Royal Antelopes)
• Genet Cat
• Cephaluph:-:s niger (Black duiker)
• Togo Hare
• Ci'icetomys gambfa."!us (Rat)
• Ground Squirrel
• Eimaceus spp (Ground squirrels)
• Patas Monkey
• Manguose
• Oribi
• Fruit Rat
• Tree Squirrel
• Cane Rat
• Gray Duiker
• Vlarthog
• Bush Buck
• Hedgehog
Common birds of small to medium sizes are also found in the Reserve e.g ..
Stone pattridges
Hawk
Owl
Dove
Cattle egret, etc
(Source: Personal Communication- 2000)
4.6 Factors Affecting the Forest Resources
Fire is a major threat, which affects the Reserve. It destroys the vegetation, and
wildli fe resources. It occurs annually and burns larger portion of the area. It
usually enters the Reserve from outside, that is, the adjacent farmlands.
Grazing of cattle in the reserve by fringe communities also has an impact on the
regeneration.
9
. .
SECTION 5: - PAST MANAGEMENT FOR PROTECTION AND RESEARC H .
5.1 Environmental Protection Areas
No specific portions were markeu out as environmental protected areas, however
object of reservatior. :ncludes:
• Provision of vegetative cover to g1ve continuous protection to the
tributaries of River Mawbia and its tributaries, which drain into River
Sissili.
• Checking of erosion.
5.2 Fauna Protection
The Mawbia Forest Reserve has been identified as a Biodiversity Conservation
Area and is been managed to conserve the flora and fauna. The entire Reserve
exists as a habitat for wildlife.
5.3 Fire Protection
No fire protection strategy has been design to protect the reserve.
The external boundaries is cleaned and patrolled by Forest Guards as additionai
fire protection activities but this is ineffective as the Forest Guards are unable to
clean the entire reserve at the fire period.
10
.
SECTION 6:- PAST MANAGEMENT FOR PRODUCTION
.
Timber Production Areas-
Up till now no timber production areas have been specifically idePtified.
6.2 Plantation Proc!uction Are~s.:.
6.3 Non Timber Forest Production
There had not been any management programmes or practices in this Reserve in respect
of Non Timber Forest Prod uctions.
11
SECTION 7:·- PAST MANAGEMENT FOR LOCAL PEOPLE
7.1 Domestic Usc Rights
Among other objectives, Mawbia Forest Reserve was created to also ensme c;upply of
fo1est produce in perpetuity fer lucal people. It has therefore been protected for ~ts naiural
development to benefit the people domestically.
12
...
,
.
SECTION 8: -INFRASTRUCT URE AND ADMINISTRAT ION
8.1 Access r oads, Trucks, Pillars, Forest Stations, ForP.st Guards Post, For est
NurSei·ies
8.1.1 Access Roads A.1ad Tracks
Tumu - Gwosi Feeder road is about .... km from the west boundary of the reserve
8.1.2 Pillars
The external boundary was marked with 139 concrete pillars at intervals of 400m
on stmight course and at every change of direction. The conditions of the pillars, as
at now, are detailed in the table below:
EXT. BOUNDA..I{Y PILLARS CONDITION •TOTAL
Defaced
Broken
Removed/MissinR
Intact (Good)
GRAND TOTAL -
8.1.3 Forest Stations
The Reserve is under Tumu Range with its headquarters at Tumu. There are two (2)
Forest Guards manning the reserve. A Forest Guard Quarters located at Bechembelle has
collapse and is not in use.
8.1.4 Forest Nurseries
8.2 Forest Services Division Responsible Office and Staffing
Tumu Range, which is within Tumu Forest District, is responsible for the management
and protection of the Mawbia Forest Reserve
In addition to the District Manager and office supporting staff t.I-J.e following staff work
directly in the reserve:
Rank Number
Range Supervisor 1
Forest Guard 2
8.3 Income and Expenditure Ratios
13
No appreciable revenue had been accrued from the Reserve, which can l;>e compared with
the government expenditure in management.
Records available indicate that an amount of¢ ... was realised in ....... from the sale of
...... ..... ,dead wood
14
SECTION 9:- CONCLUSION
• 9.1. Strengths and Weakness of Past Management
9.1.1 Strength
• The integrity of the Reserve had been maintained over the years.
• High-qualif!d professional and technical siC!ff in place.
• Existing legislation to support operations.
• A vailab!e forest policy and master plan.
9.1.2 \Veakness
• The non-availability of management plans is regarded as constraints to improved
forest management.
• Inadequate ftmding of operations and the untimely release of funds from Central
Government.
• Inadequate field staff.
• Inadequate enforcement of existing forest regulations.
• Seriously the Savannah Woodland has not been perceived as a potentially revenue
resources
9.2. Opportunities and T hreats to Future Management
9.2.1 Opportunities
• Strong govermnental support.
• Donor and Noll-Governmental Organisation Support.
• Increased public awareness and support for Forest Services Division activities.
9.2.2 T hreats
• Pressure on reserve for hunting and farming.
• Bushfires are threats to the integrity of the reserve.
~ Inadequate support from the judiciary and other law enforcement agencies.
15
••
PART2
PROPOSALS FOR FUTURE MANAGEMENT
SECTION 1: GOAL OF FOREST RESERVE MANAGEMENT
To conserve and sustainably develop the woodland resources for the m::i1tenance of
environmental qul'liity and supply of forest produc;:; to improve the living 5tandard of the
people.
The plan period wi U 20 years
SECTION 2: BENEFICIARIES OF FOREST MANAGEMENT
2.1 THE NATIONAL I NTEREST
The sustainable •nanagement of the forest will provide goods and services and
contribute to the livelihood of the fringe conununities. The management of the
resources wil l also provide income and a source of employment for the
government agencies and the forest fringe communities to improve their standard
of living.
2.2 THE RESOURCE OWNERS
The Resource Owners will receive portion of the revenue accruing from the
harvesting and sale of timber, poles, fuel wood and non Timber Forest Produce
from the forest reserve.
The people of the fringe communities will have access to timber, poles, fuel wood
and non Timber Forest Produce for domestic use base on the rules and
regulations.
16
SECTION 3 GENER AL OBJECTIVES AND Z O NATION OF T H E F O REST
RESER VE .
.
3. t PROTECTION OBJECTIVES AND ZONES
The entire forest reserve of 5 180ha will be put under general protection. The reserve will
be given enough protection to encourage natural regeneration, which would also check
erosion and pre'.'~nts soil deterioration along ba.n~lcs of streams. The emire forest reserve
will be protested against encroachment and their boundaries maintained in accordance
with the boundary maintenance schedule. See appendix 2.
3.2 PROD UCTION OBJECTIVES AND Z O NES
3 .2.1 Timber/Poles/Fuel wood
An area of 2780 ha will be managed for the production timber poies and ft1el wood.
Timber production . will not be a priority> however the under listed species could be
selectively harve~tcd and converted into small timber for lumber or as carving material.
Afzelia africana
Burkea africano
Diospyros m~sipliformis
Plerocmpus erinaceus
Anogeissus leiocarpus
3.2.2 P lan tation P r odu ction Area
. This zone constitute the existing plantation established in 1970s and 1980s and covers
an area of220 ha The objective of the zone is to produce timber, poles and fuel wood for
domestic and commercial purposes.
3.2.3 C onver sion A r eas
An area of2184ha where the forest is poorly stocked and degraded is earmarked for
conversion to forest plantations.
The objective is to restore tree cover on the degraded areas for the production of timber,
poles and fuel wood and the control of erosion. See Map 2
17
3.3 BENEFICIARY OBJECTIVES AND ZONES
3.3.1 The Right To Revenue
The resource owners are entitled to a share of revenue accruiug from the forest. It
is a rr.:taagement objective to ensure a fair share of the revenut is disbursed to the
landovvr.::;rs in accordance with the constitution.
3.3.2 The Rights To Forest Produce For Domestic Use
The fringe ccmmunities will have access to non-timber forest proJ\lce for domestic use.
Small timber, when produced will be available to the prospective entrepreneurs in the
fringe communities for further processing for domestic and commercial use.
3.3.3 Period of Management Phm
The Management Plan will be for a period of ten (1 0) years commencing from 1st January
2003 to 3 1st Decembt:r2012.
18
.
SECTION 4. MANAGEMENT FOR PROTECTION
4.1 Measurable Objectives
The external houndary of the forest reserve of 28.9km '.vill be maintained annually to
prevent encmachment.
4.2 Management Prescriptions
1. Th~ external boundary of length 2~.9km will be cleaned at least twice per annum
\ppendix 2.
in accordance with the boundary maintenance schedule. See 1
11. The external boundary of perimeter of 28.9km will be inspected at least once per
annum. A staff not below the rank of Range Supervisor will be responsible for the
inspection
111. A total of 19 broken and 12 missing pillars will be replaced during the pian
period. In addition the 25 defaced pillars will also be repaired during the period.
IV. A di t ance of 28.93km of the forest reserve boundary will be pianted with fast
growing species at a distan.ce of 4m by 4m.
v. Fire rides 5m wide will be constructed within and around the reserve to check the
spread of bushfires.
v1. The external boundaries will be patrolled every month.
19
._.
SECTION 5. MANA GEMENT FOR PRODUCTION
5.1 TIMBERJPOLES/FUELWOOD/NTFJ:' PRODUCTION AREA
5. 1.1 MEASURABLE OBJECTIVES
This 70ne will be managed for the following objectives.
1. To produce timber, poles and fuel wood for domestic and commercial
purposes
An estimated wood volume of 130,000m3 will be made available for
utilization.
ii. Optimise harvesting of Non Timber Forest Produce (NNTP's) within the
limit::; of sustainability for domestic ancl commt:rcial uses by the local
ccl1111!unities.' (It is difficult to quantify this).
5.1.2 MANAGEMENT REGIME FOR FUELWOOD
A. Fuel wood
1. The poics a..'1d fuel wood will be harvested between February and April
based on the selection system with fixed diameter limits for the identified
fuel wood species.
ii. The area will be managed under modified coppice system with standards.
Singling out of coppice shoots will be done after the second year and a
maximum of 4 stems will be retained. This may further be thinned to two
stems per stool as the final crop.
5.1.3 Management Prescriptions for Fuel Production
1. The production area will cover an area of 2780ha and divided into
approximately 28 compartments of 1'00 ha each. The annual coupe for fuel
wood will not be less than two (2) compartment
11. Compartments to be harvested will be 100% stock surveyed three months
before felling which will be restricted to calculated yield. Siock and yield
maps will be prepared after stock survey of compartment. Both FSD and
Communitj will keep a Compartment Register.
Fifty percent (50%) of the stocking will be harYcsted. At least 40-50% of
this yield should be from the non-preferreu species
20
The residual crop will be managed under. modified coppice system with
standards. In selecting ihe yield a rninimum of four (4) trees for each species
with minimum diameter of 25cm at breast height will be reserved as seed
trees.
111. Threateiied economic species such as Vitellaria paradoxum, Parkia
biglohnssa Adansonia digiiuta will to be completely prctected from
fe lling.
iv. All dead wood, diseased and burnt trees of al l species will form part of the
yield.
v. The prescribed fell ing limit of the fuel wood species will be !Ocm
diameter at breast height. The fellin g cycle for fuel wood production will
be ten (1 0) years.
v1. To ai!ow for good coppicing of the area the cutting of the trees will be
done at 30cm above ground level. To ensure a successfui regeneration the
area shall be protected from browsing animals.
vii. Fringe community inhabitants will be awarded contracts to harvest f..1el
wood in the reserve for a fee.
viii. Major wood fuel species to be harvested will include the following;
Detarium microcarpum
Anogeissus leiocarpus
Burkea africana
Combretum glutinasum
Combretum nigricans
Crossopteryx febrifuga
Pericopsis laxiflora
Pterocarpus erinaceus
Terminalia avicenoides
1x. Species to be considered for small sized timber include the following:
Afzelia africana
Burkea africana
Diospyros mespiliformis
Ptcrocarpus erinaceus
Anogeissus leiocarpv.s
x. The harvesting of trees on rocky areas and swampy sites will not be
permitted
21
••
XL Trees on hilly areas with slopes of 30% and on ant hill will not be
harvested
xu. Trees located within 25cm and 50cm at both banks of streams and rivers
respectively will not be harvested
5.1.4 Indicative Levels of Production
Harvesting Schedule of Wood fuel For Ten Years
Harvesting Compartment I Expected I Approximate Expected
I
I
i
Year To Be
Harvested !
Number of
Stems (50% of
Stocking)
1
Volume
(1 tree=
0.3m3) I
Revenue at
¢80,000 /stere
I
i 2003 3,4 19,600 5,880 470,400,000
2004 5, 6, 7 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2005 8, 9, 10 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2006 11 ' 12, 13 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2007 14, 15, 16* 27,440 8,232 658,560,000
2008 17, 18, 19 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2009 20,21,22 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2010 23,24, 26 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
I 2011 27,28,29 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2012 30,31 19,600 5,880 470,400,000
TOTAL 272,440 81,732 6,538,560,000
* Compartment 16 is approximately 80ha.
For the plan period of 20 years the harvesting will be carried out twice, hence
expected revenue will be ¢13,077,120,000.00
5.1.5 RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
The rights and responsibi li ties of stakeholders applied to this zone are elaborated
below.
THE COMMUNITIES
1. The communities have the ri ght to collect NTFPs such as deadwood, grasses, and
edible fruits, medicinal plants and restrictively hunt in the forest reserve.
22
11. The Resource owners have a right to receive part of revenue accrued from the sale
of forest produce . •
111. It is the responsibi lity of the communities to allow access to the zone by an
individual or a group who have been given a timber, poles or fuel wood
harvesting contract.
:-':esting of wood,
tv. The communities have the responsibility of preventing illegal ha.
encroachment and forest fire.
v. The Community has the right to be employed for stock survey and yidd mark ing
at:ii vi ties.
THE FOREST SERVICES DIVISION
1. The Division has tbe right to ensure the enforcement of the forest laws and
regulations in collaboration with the communities.
11. The Divi~ion has the right to stop the operation of a contracted wood harvester if
he oper:1tes in breach of agreed rules
HL The Forest Services Division has the responsibility of ensuring that a contractor
adheres to regulations for harvesting in the forest reserve.
iv. The Division has the responsibility of collecting and accounting for a ll revenue in
respect to the sales of forest produce.
v. The Division has the responsibility of preventing illegal harvesting of forest
produce, encroachment and forest fire.
5.2 PLANTATION PRODUCTION AREA
The inventory of the plantation is on going hence there is r..o data to determine the
stocking ieve!s. \Vhen completed the inventory data will provide the basis for
decision-making about cultural and other activities to be prescribed. This
prescription will be inserted into the plan.
23
•·
5.3 CONVERSION/PLANTATION DEVELOPMENT AREA
5.3.1 MEASURABLE OBJECTIVE
To restock 2184ha the degraded forest land through the establishment of
commercial plantations.
5.3.2 MANAGEMENT REGIME
Planting materials for the plantation will be of healthy pc.tted seedlings produced
from the Model nursery. Seedlings h'l be planted will be both suitable exotic and
indigenous tree species including the following: Eucalvptus, Tectona grandis
Khaya senegalensis, Ceiba pentandra, etc. However, ~;;[forts will be made to
maximize the use of indigenous tree species.
5.3.3 MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS
1. At least one (l) comp.artment of lOOha will be restocked w ..nually.
11. The compm1ment will be sub divided into 16ha plots.
111. The Forest Services Division will undertake the restocking operation m
collaboration with the forest fringe commw1ities.
1v. The Forest Services Division will survey and demarcate the sites for the
plantation annually.
v. The modified taungya system may be practiced in some selected communities and
the farmers will be responsible for site preparation.
vt. Clearing and site preparation shall be done ma.•1ually by contract workers or
farmers involved in the taungya system. During the site preparation, economic
trees as determined by the Division will left standing and protected.
vii. Pegging at 3m x 3m intervals will be done immediately after the site preparation.
viii. The planting of seedlings will start in June and end in July. The spacing of 3m x
3m wiil be used for all the species. The tree species will be inter-cropped with
food crops by the participating farmers. The food crops will grow on the
plantation for a maximum of 3 years after which the registered farmers will be
required to vacate their plots.
1x. The farmers/contract workers will carry out weeding on the plantation at least
twice in a year.
x. With the planting target of 1OOha per annum seedling requirement is estimated at
120,000 seedlings per annum. The potted seedlings will be produced from the
24
Forest Services Divisi.on Model nursery in Ga. Additional labour will contracted
to supplement the seedlings production. •
XI. Fire ride of 5m wide will be constructed around each of the sub-plots of 16ha
5.3.4 iNDICATIVE LEVELS OF PRODUCTION
The planting target will be a minimum of 1OOha per annum.
Year No. of No. of Species Planting
Compartments Seedlings Spacing
2003 33 120,000 Mahogany 3mx3m
I
I Teak, Kapok,
Eucalyptus
2004 34 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2005 35 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2006 36 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2007 37 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2008 38 120,000 -do- 3mx 3m
2009 39 120,000 -do- 3m x 3m
2010 40 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2011 25 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2012 41 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2013 42 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2014 43 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2015 44 120,000 -do- 3mx3m
2016 45 120,000 -du- 3mx3m
2017 46 120,000 -do- 3m x 3m
2018 47 120,000 -do- 3m x 3m
2019 48 120,000 -do- 3m x 3m
2020 49 115,200 I -do- l 3m x 3m
2021 50 115,200 -do- 3mx3m
2022 51,52 230.400 -do- 3m x3m
Total 2,500,800
25
•
5.3.5 RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
THE COMMUNITIES
1. The communities have the responsibiiity of clearing the selected site, cutting pegs
and taking up the initial tending operations in the plantation.
11. The prevention and control of hush fire in the established plantation is a joint
responsibility of the communities and the Division
111. The landowner has the right lo know which settler communities are involved in
the establishment of the plantation.
FOREST SERVICES DIVISION
1. The Division has the ·responsibility of ensuring that the land is put into production
as soon as possible
11. The Division has the responsibility of selecting serious and committed
communities for the taungya system.
111. The Division will be responsible for the monitoring of the plantation activities and
ensure that all the guidelines relating to plantation establ ishment are adhered to.
tv. The Division has the right to warn, restrain or prosecute anyone who flouts the
forest laws and willfully damages the forest in this zone.
26
., SECTION 6: MANAGEMENT FOR LOCAL PEOPLE
. .
6.1 REVENUE FROM FOREST RESERVE MANAGEMENT
v •.'L
I' 1
_ MEASURABLE OBJECTIVE
The objective is to ensure that the Wa District Assembly, the NaaJ,a
C01Th'11Unity and the Wa Pelramountcy, benefit from any revenue accruing from
the forest reserve regularly.
6.1.2 MANAGEMENT REGIME
The Forest Services Division will collect all revenue on behalf of the owners
and will promptly disburse it to the Administrator of Stool Lands for onward
distribution to the District Assembly and stools/sbns.
The sharing of revenue will be done in accordcmce with the 1992 Con~titution.
6.1.3 l\1ANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTION
1. The Division will be required to collect all revenue from forest exploitation and
promptly disburse the revenue on quarteriy bases.
u. Records of revenue collected and disbursement to the iandowners will be made
available to all stakeholders.
111. The Accounts on all transactions will be rendered and summarized on a monthly
basis. A financial repm1 will be prepared as part of the annual report for the
information of all stakeholders
27
6.1.4 INDICATIVE LEVELS OF REVENUE .
The table below shows the prOJection of revenue from the natural production forest.
Ha r vesting Compa rtment Expected Approxima te Expected
Year To Be Number of Volume Revenue at
!
I
H a rvested Stems (50% oi
Stocking)
( ltree =
0.3.n 3 )
¢80,000 /ster\.
·-
I
2003 3,4 19,600 5,880 470,400,000
2004 5, 6, 7 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2005 8,9, 10 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2006 11 ' 12, 13 :29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2007 14,1\16* 27,440 8,232 658,560,000
2008 17, 18, 19 29,400 8,820 705,600,000 4
2009 20, 21, 22 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2010 23,24,26 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2011 27,28,29 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2012 30,3 1 19,600 5,RRO 470,400,000
TOTAL 272,440 81,732 6,538,560,000
* Compartment 16 is approximately 80ha.
For the plan period of 20 years the harvesting will be carried out twice, hence
expected revenue will be ¢13,077,120,000.00
When the plantation inventory is completed, FSD will make projections of
revenue in the plantation zone as well.
6.1.5 RIGHT AND RESPONSIBILITIES
For est Services Division
1. The Division has the responsibility of ensuring that full records of all receipts are
maintained and available for public scrutiny
11. The Division has the responsibility for ensur!ng that all revenue owed to the
landowners is disbursed quarterly.
n1. It is the responsibility of the Division to present an annual financial statement as
part of the annual report.
tv. The Division has the right to retain an agree fee for their services.
28
.- Communities
1. The landowners have the rigr.~ to request details of all transaction carried out on
their behalf.
ii. They have the right to ensure that the Division do not fail to collect and disburse
revenue promptly.
111. They have the ri ght in determining the prices of wood fue l and cost of operation
in collaboration with other stakeholders
6.2 ACCESS TO FOREST PRODUCTS FOR DOMESTJC USE
6.2.1 MEASURABLE OBJECTIVE
To mai ntain the continuous flow of forest produ~:;e to the fringe communities who
have domestic user right in order to fulfil some their household requirements.
6.2.2 MANAGEMENT REGIME
Local communities identified, as having domestic user rights, will be allowed
free access to the reserve to collect forest produce. This should be in
accordance with the harvesting rules agreed between Forest Services Division
and the communities.
6.2.3 MANAGEMENT PRESCRIPTIONS
1. Communal rights will be respected and exercised through procedures
established by consensus
11. Harvesting of produces from the forest for domestic use should foilow
lhe harvesting rules to be agreed by both the Forest Services Division and the
fringe communities. ·
111. Permit wili have to be obtained from the Division before produce can
be harvested on commercial hasis.
29
1-
6.2.4 RIGHTS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
FOREST SERVICES DIVISION
1. The Division has the responsibility to ensure that surveys and negotiations
required to develop domestic user rights are undertaken.
11. The Division has the responsibility for monitoring harvesti~g/collection, the
condition of the forest and to prevent the illegal exploitation of forest produce.
111. It is a responsibility of FSD to prosecute outsiders not in possession of domestic
user right who harvest forest produce unlawfu!!y.
THE COMMUNITIES
Members of comnllinities with user rights have tl1e responsibility for adhering to
the rules and regulations for harvesting in the forest.
30
•- PART3
PROP OSAL FOR IMP LEMENTATION
SECTION 1: ADMINIST RATION AND FI NANCE
.i.l Infrastructure Development and M ain tena nce
1.1.1 Types of Activity
Buildings
1. There is one office I store building at Lawra which requires major
rehabilitation. There is also the need to connect the office to the
national electricity grid.
11. One JSQ at Konglumo, which serves as accommodation for the Ga
Nursery Supervisor, should be maintained regularly.
111. The Forest Guards have no duly post. It is there required that two
Forest Guards quarters should be constructed .
1v. Movable kilns should be purchased to enhance the efficiency and
effectiveness of charcoal production.
Communication
1. The 7 .5km road from Ga to Kuukyiliteng passing through t'le
reserve requires urgent rehabilitation to facilitate the movement of
goods and services.
11. The fringing communities should be connected to the national grid
in accordance with theNational policy and also to attract small
scale entrepreneurs
Transport
The fo llowing means of transport should be provided:
i. Four (4) bicycles for Forest Guards
ii. Two (2) motorbikes for Range Supervisors
iii. One 4WD (1) pick-up for the District Manager.
The existing tractor supplied by SRMP and Mitsubishi Pick-up should
regularly be maintained.
31
1.1.2 Opera tional Arrangement
The table below gives the details
Activity Responsible Agent I When Remarks
Rehabilitation of I FSD, SRMP I By Dec. 2004
i buildings !
' Construction of 1 FSD, SRMP By Dec. 2004 One (1) at Naha and
Forest Quatters one: (1) at Wechiabau
Purchase of 6 Kilns FSD SRMP By Dec. 2004 One for each fringing
'
commun.ity
Rehabilitation of DA On going 7.5 Km long
Road I
Electricity
connection
DA, Government I Soon as
. possible
Purchase of mt::ans FSD, SRMP ' By Dec. 2004
of transnort
I
Maintenance of FSD, SRMP During plan Pick-up is very old and
existing tractor and I period iequires replacement
vehicles i
1.2 Reserve Administration
1.2.1 Responsibility
The District Manager and his assistant will spend about a quarter of their duties
on the reserve.
One Range Supervisor will be required full time to supervise all prescribed
silvicultura! and other operations
Two (2) Forest Guards and contract labour will be required for the clearing of
28.9 Km of the Forest Reserve boundaries, detection of offences and other forest
management activities prescribed in accordance with the annual programme of
work in collaborative with the fringe communities.
1.2.2 Operational Planning Process
The District Manager will be required to meet his sub01dinates in collaboration
with the stakeholders to set annual operational targets. Based on the agreed
targets, Range I Nursery Supervisors will prepare annual programmes of work.
The District Manager will then be required to prepare a five-year operational plan,
a three-year rolling plan and an annual programme of work for the District.
A labour force from the community \Viii be recruited, trained and maintained in
accordance with the five-year operational plan.
They will required lo undertake the various activities together with FSD staff
32
·1.3 Reserve F ina nce
1.3.1 Obj ectives
1. To generate enough revenue from production activities for the benefit of all the
stakeholders and reduce poverty level.
In order to achieve the general goal of reserve management, Government will be
1equired to bear the protective, administra~; vc, research and supervision costs
incurred during the plan period.
1.3.2 Fin ancial Agreement
The existing sharing ofbenefit agreemem, in accordance with the 1992
Constitution should be adopted and implem.ented i.e. 60% for FSD and 40% for
Landowners
33
SECTION 2: MONITORING ANJ) REVISION
2.1 Monitoring System
2.1.1 Objectives
To ensure that all operational activiti\.:., and schedules are properly documented:
and effectively cH1d efficiently executed. Monitoring should be carried out in a
manner that enhance:s transparency and &ccountability.
2.1.2 Parameters /Indicators for :nonitonng
The following indicators will be used
1. Maintenance of zones and boundaries
11. Complianct: <:tnd adherence to prescriptions
111. Frequency uf occurrence and extent of fire
2.1.3 Records and Reporting
All FSD standard records and reports on all prescriptions will well kept, upgraded
and maintained as specified.
Compartment records, Financial statements of the reserve, monthly I quarterly I
annual reports, Value Books and other schedules will be kept by the responsible
officers.
Copies of all relevant records should be made availabie to the communities for
reference.
2.2 Procedures For Revbion of the Plan
All prescribed activities and operatiOnal scheduies will be monitored dosely
during the plan period to facilitate review in the next plan.
Details of any proposed changes on yield regulations, and operation schedules for
the next plan period must be submitted by the District and Regional Managers in
consultation with the communities and other stakeholders to reach the Savannah
Resource Management Centre (SRMC) twelve months before expiry date of this
plan
Minor amendments and changes will be carried out after consultation with the
head of SRMC during the plan period
The District and Regional Managers must vigorously pursue consensus building
at the community level, in matters of amendments and changes.
34
SECTION 3: MISCELLANEOUS PLAN
3.1 Miscellaneous Plar. For General Protection
a. The perimeter of the rese!"ve, which is 28.9 Km and 2m wide, will be cleaned
twice a year. The two Forest Guards mamting the area will clean 20Km while
the Contract Labour from the community will clean 8.9Km.
b. The external boundary will be inspected at least 0nce a year by FSD sia[[ not
below the ran.lc of Range Supervisor.
c. The 12 miss!ng or removed pillars will be repiaced in situ
The 19 broken and 25 defaced pillars will be re-erected. These activities should
be compleled by December 2004.
d. The unplanted portion of (l'le boundary will be planted at an interval of 4m.
during the period of the plan with seedlings from the Ga model nursery. Species
to be planted will include, Mangifera indica, Senna siamea, Tectona grandis,
etc.
e. Beating up should be carried out one year after each boundary planting exercise.
f. The external Boundaries will be patrolled every month for the detection of
offences and frre.
A Fire Volunteer Team should be formed and trained in each of the 6 fringing
communities. During dry season, these teams should be supported to take up the
patrolling duties.
g. Fire rides of Sm wide will initially be constmcted manually within and around
the reserve using contract labour. Annual maintenance of these rides should be
carried out with machines
35
.- SECTION 4: REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE PR.OJECTION
4.1 Expenditure Projections
A. Protection
Activity I Unit Cost I Extent ITotal Total Cost Remarks I
I ~nnual for Plan
Cost Period
I . Boundary 100,000 28.9Km x 2 5,780,000 115,000,000
Cleaning I
2. Boundary 30,000 28.9Krn X 1 867,000 17,340,000 !
Inspection I
I
3.Patrolling j l0,000 20 X 5 X 30 30,000,000 600,000.000 30 people at
20dayslmonth
for 5 months
4.Fire Ride 100,000 50Km I 5,000,000 100,000,000 1
Construction I
5. Boundary 1,2001seedling 16725Seedlings 8,070,000 8,070,000
Planting I
Beating up !
6. Pillaring 1OO,OOOipillar ! 12 pillars 1,200,000 1,200,000
- Erection
7. Pillaring 50,0001pillar 44 pillars 2,200,000 2,200,000
- Repair -
8. Check 40,0001day 28.9Km 2,560,000 2,560,000 8 people for ~
Survey days at
40,000/day
9. Early IO,OOOiday 1728ha 3,500,000 70,000,000 10 people for
Burning I 35 days
Total 59,177,000 916,970,000
B. Management
Activity Unit Cost Extent Total Total Cost for
¢ Annual Plan Period
Cost
l.Stock Survey I 40,000/ha 2780ha 5,560,000 111 ,200,000
NTFPs
2. Stock Mapping 200,000/Map 1 28 stock maps 280,000 5,600,000
3. Yield Mapping 40,000/map I 28 yield maps 56,000 1,120,000
4. Yield Selection 200.000/Yield 28 stock 280,000 5,600,000
yields
5. Yield Marking 10,000/person 28 2,240,000 44,800,000
compartments
36
·-~ 6. Harvesting and 16,000/ stere 81 ,73 2steres 65,385,600 1,307,71 2.000
Transportlttion (20% of . .
selling price)
7. Stacking in 5,000/stere 8 J ,732steres 20,433,000 408,660,000
Stercs
8. Marketing 20,000/day 250days 5,000,000 100,000,000
Total 99,234,600 I 1,984,692,000
i
C. Development
Unit Extent I Total Cost for
l
Activity Unit Total annua!
Cost Cost P lan Period
(¢)
Singling of Shoot 400 27,244 10,897,600 207,054,400
Coppice s
I I
Shoots
* Thinning of Steres 16,000/ 408.66 6,538,560 98,078,400
Coppice stere
Shoots (20% of
selling
price)
Survey, Km 180,000 4 720,000 14,400,000
Demarcation
and pillaring
Site Ha 450,000 100 45,000,000 900,000,000
Preparation
Cutting of Ha 60,000 100 6,000,000 120,000,000
pegs and
Transportation
Pegging Ha 60,000 100 6,000,000 120,000,000
Seedling No 600 120.000 72,000,000 1,440,000,000
Procurement
and
Transportation
Planting Ha I 90,000 100 9,000,000 180,000,000
Survival Ha 30,000 100 3,000,000 60,000,000 I
Survey
Beating Up Ha 18,000 100 1,800,000 36,000,000
Tending Ha 450,000 100 x3 135,000,000 2,700,000,000
Fire Ride Km 100,000 2 200,000 4,000,000
Total 296,156,160 5,879,532,800
* 5% of initial Steres harvested (8173.2) estimated as steres thinned
37
D. Miscellaneous
Activity Unit Cost Extent Tota l Tota l Cost for
I annual Cost Plan Period
Stationery ?
Registers ! 28 ?
Receipt Rooks .....
?
Conveyance
'
2 ?
Books !
Store Books 2 ?
Pick-up 1 ?
Motor Bikes 2 ?
t-
Bicycles GOO,OOO 4 3,200,000 6,400,000
Maintenance of ! l ? 0
I
Existing Vehicle I
I
Hoes 30,000 11 330,000 6,600,000
Cutlasses 40,000 13 520000 6,760,000
Measuring Tapes 50,000 2 100,000 400,000
Paint 80,000 2 160,000 3,200,000
Brush 20,000 2 40,000 800,000
Protective 13 sets ?
Clothing
Buiiding - 2 ?
Construction
Building 2 ?
Rehabi Iitation
Kiins 6 ?
Rehabilitation of 7.5 Km ?
Road
Connection of ? ?
Electricity
Total 4,350,000 24,160,000
Summary of Revenue and E xpenditure over the Plan Period
Revenue Expenditure
Protection 916,970,000
Management 1,984,6Sl2,000
Development 5,879,532,800
Miscella neous 24, l60,0.QQ..
TOTAL 13.077, 120,000 8,805,354,800
Gross Profit 4,271,765,200
Revenue resulting from developmental activities cannot be estimated within the plan
period.
38
4.2 Revenue Projection
Harvesting
Year
Compartment
To Be
I Expected
Number of
Approx imate
Volume
Expected
Revenue ai
Ha rvested I St~ m s (50% of (Itree = ¢80,000 /stere
S tocking) 0.3 m3)
2003 3,4 19,600 5,880 I 4 70,400,000
2004 5, 6, 7 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2005 8,9, 10 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
200G 11' 12, 13 29,400 8.820 705,600,000
2007 14, 15, 1<1* 27,440 8,232 658,560,000
2008 17, 18, 19 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2009 20, 21,22 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2010 23,24,26 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2011 27,28,29 29,400 8,820 705,600,000
2012 30, 31 19,600 5,880 470,400,000
TOTAL 272,440 81,732 6,538,560,000
* Compartment 16 is approximately 80ha.
For the plan period of 20 years the harvesting will be carried out twice, hence
expected revenue will be ¢13,077,120,000.00
When the plantation inventory is compieted, FSD will make projections of
revenue in the plantation zone as well.
39
APPENDIX 1
SCHEDULE
DESCRIPTION OF BOUNDARY
From B.P.1 is situated on the notihem edge of the Bechembelle to Nabulo m()tor
road approximately 160 chains southeast of the- Bechembelle.
Thence by cut hne from BPl on a bearing of360° for 320 chains through BPs 2 to
16 inclusive to BP17
Thence by cut line from B P 17 on a bearing of 99° for 1168 chains through BPs 18
to 75 inclusive to BP76
Thence by cut line from BP76 0u a bearing of:228° for 410 chains through BP~ 77
to 96 inclusive to BP97
Thence by cut line from BP97 on a bearing of280° for 841.7 chains through .BPs
98 to 139 inclusive to BP140
Thence by cut line from BPI40 on a bearing of242° for 17.4 chains to BPl the
point of commencement
All bearings are approximate and refer to True North.
All distances arc more or less
40
APPENDIX 2
NUALE FOREST k ESER VE
BOUNDARY MAINTENANCE SCHEDULE
MONTH OPE RA TION PILLARS APPRO X. REMARKS
TO COVER DISTANCE
BP-BP (Km)
J anuary 1 Cleaning 1-1 5 5.62 ' All operations
February Cleaning 15-29 5.62 Will be carried
Mar ch Cleaning 29-43 5.62 out by Forest
April Cleaning 43-57 5.62 Guards and
May Cleaning 57-72-1 6.42 Contract
J une Cleaning 1-15 5.62 Labour from
July Planting I 1-72-1 26.9 the
Beating up · Communities
August Planting I 1-72- i 26.9
Beating up
September Cleaning 15-29 5.62
October Cleaning 29-43 5.62
November Cleaning 43-57 5.62
December Cleaning_ 57-72-1 6.42
Total 72 BPs 28.9 X 2
41
APPENDIX 3
MONTHLY RAINFALL FIGURES (mm)
YEAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY
i
JUNE JULY AUG SEP OCT NOV I DEC TOTAL
I
1992 O.C, O.i) 0.0 28 . ~ 136.~ 205.::; 124.7 98Jl 180.4 S6] 21.4 O.C 862.2
I
1993 O.C 2.!: 18.8 152.8 83.9 157.1 183.J3 306J 159j' 64 ._/ 0.7 O.C 1,1301
I
1994 o.c o.c 17.1 38.9 154.3 176 .:! 132.11 101 .1 245.2 131.( 3.8 O.C 999.E
~ 0.( 1.~ .11§ 10H 175.61 123.t 188.7 3 19.E 229.€ G8.t 8.€ 8.~ 1 .~:5!:>.
--~-.e
!
I 1996 O.C o.c 26.4 44 .i 133.2 94.~ 135.8 395.9 196.1 108.2 0.( O.C 1,134.€
I
1997 O.C o.c 39.~ 98.( 188.J 290.E 124.S 128j 278.1 1911 18.~ o.c 1,357.8
'
i
1998 O.C 11.4 O.C 66.?! 55.1 96 . I 117.5 264 .8 11 3.2 42.'1 OJl O.C 767.:!
I
1999 68.~ 92.( 1 50.~ 193.( 353.~
5.c 39.2 60. 250.2 75.8 1.1 O.C -~
2000 67.E 0.( 2.€ 76.2 85.1 24 3.c 149.6 213.€ 229.~ 73 .~ O.C O.C 1,14U
2001 0.( O.C o.c as.c 210.S 19U 84.1 270.( 136. 1 26.( 0.( 0.( 1 ,005 .~
Total 73 . ~ 84.7 160.S 752.~ 1,315.4 1,830.4 1,391.8 2,292.4 2,121.5 847.1 54 .( 8.3 10,924.€
Averaae 7.3 8.5 16.1 75.:1 131 .5 183.0 139.2 229 .2 212.2 84.8 5.4 0.8 1,092.5
42
APPENDIX 4
Monthly Maximum cmd Mi nimum Tempe ratures, Wa. •
(EAR JAN FEB MAR APR MAY j UNE JULY AUG SEP O CT NOV DEC AVER AGE
"'-1 992 Max. 33.2 37 .1 38.2 37.~ 33.6 30.7 29.6 29.~ 30.7 33.9 33.2 35.7 33.6
Min. 19.C 22.6 25.C 25.1 ?3.d. 21.7 21.1 2o.c 20.6 21.6 19.4 18.4 21.5
Aver. 26. i 29.9 31.7 3 1.2 28.3 26 .2i 25.4 25.1 25.7 27.8 26.4 27.1 27.5
I
r 1993 Max. 33.7 36 .8 38.8 36 .1 34.5 33.Q 30.3 30.C 30.61 J3.3 35.c 31.9 34.C
I 22.1 22.5 22.7 22.<1 21.9 21.6 21.9 22.8 23.2 20.2 21.7
Min. 17.2 22.1
Av er. 25.5 29.5 30.S. 29.3 28.6 27.7 26. 1 25.a 26.3 28.1 29.5 27.6 27.9
r· 1994 Max. 34.c 37.( 38.:;; 36.9 ::\4.( 31.6 30.2 29.c 30.8 31.6 34.7 33.9 33.6
I
M in. 20.?, 23.1 25.': 25.9 24.1 22.9 22A 22.<1 '3
22 .. 22.1 20.7 19.0 22.~
Av er. 27.~ 30.1 3U 3 1A 29.1 27.3 26.3 26.0 26. 6, 26. 9 27.7 26.5 28.1
1995 M ax. 34.~ 36.7 38.1 36. 1 34.( 32.4 30.2 29.6 31.2 33.1 35.1 35.0 33.8
Min. 18.9 22.0 25.e). 25.2 24.2· 23.5. 22.6 22.4 22.5 ?.2.9 21.2 21.2 22.7
Ave r. 26.6 29.4 32.G 30.1 29,1 28 .0 26.4 26.C 26.9 2a.o 28.2 28.1 23.2
1996 Max. 36.2 37.7 37...4 35.8 34.2 31.6 30.5, 29.7 30.( 32.8 34.9 35.7 33.9
21.<1 24.C 25.7 25.3 24.8 23.0 22.5 21.9 21.9 22.4 20.( 20.2 22~
J- Min.
Aver. I 28.9 30.9 31 .6 30.6 29.6 27.3' 26.5 25 .8 26.0 27.6 27.51 28.0 28.3
! 1997 I M ax. 36.2 35.E 37.3! 34..Q !
....., 34.1 31.0 30.4 30.4 31. 1 32.8 34.7 34.9 33.6
Min. 2l.C 21.5 24.8 24.e 23.9 22.7 22.21 22 . ~ 22.7 23.1 22.2 20j 22.7
Aver. 28.9 28.7 3 1.1 29.8 29.C 26.9 26.3 26 .~ 26 .9 28.0 28.5 27.6 28.2
1998 Max. 34.7 37.9 38.9 37.<1 34.c 32.7 30.8 29.4 29.8 32.8 35.7 34.9 34.1
Min. 20.31 24. 1 25.7 26.E 25.5 23.8 23.4 22.<1 22.4 23. 1 22.3 20.9 23.<1
Aver. 27.S 31.0 32.3 32. 1 30.1 28.3 27.1 25.9 26.1 28.0 29.0 27.9 28.si
1999 Max. 35.2 35.2 37.7 36.0 35.01 32.2 29.7 29.2 29.8 31.9 35.3 34.6 33.51
Min. 21.~ 22.0 25.6 25.3 24.2 23.2 22.5 22.4 21.7 22.6 22.8 19.4 22.8'
r 2000
Aver.
Max.
28 .3
34.4 34.7'
28.6 31.7
37.8
30.7
36.4
29.6
33.9
27.7
31.5
26. 1
30.1
25.8
30.0
25.8
30.1
27.3
32.9
29.1
35.7
~ ....
- ;.0
34.9
28.1
33.5
I, Min. 22.6 20.7 24.8 25.2 24.2 22.7 22.3 22.2 21.9 22.6 22.6 19.2 22.6
·-
J
<
200 1
Aver.
Max.
28 . ~
35.c
27.7
37 .(
31.~
38.9
30.8!
37.1
29.1
34.7
27.1
31.9
26.2
31.0
26.1
29.5
2 6.(
30.1
2 7.8
34.5
29.2
36.1
27.1
36.8
28.1
34.5
Min. 19.9 21.': 25. ~ 25.c 24.<1 22.E 22.9 22 .~ 22.2 23.6 22.E 21.4 22.91
Aver. 27 .~ 29.2 32.~ 31.4 29.6 27 A 27.0 25.9 26.3 29.1 29.5 29. 1 28.7
43