GOVERNMENT OF GHANA CDRDP ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (Draft Report 03/22/2004) ALKA KOTHARI . rn GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. List of Acronyms Executive Summary 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Project Description 3.0 Safeguard Screening Procedures 4.0 Baseline Data 5.0 Description of the Policy. Legislative. and Institutional Frameworks 19 6.0 Guidance on Impacts 25 7.0 Environmental Management Plan, Review and Clearing Process for Sub-projects Annex 1 Sample Screening Form 38 Annex 2 Procedures for Sub-project Investments Requiring EA 45 Annex 3 Sample Checklist 47 Annex 4 List of Documents Reviewed 49 Annex 5 Country Maps 50 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) List of Acronyms EMP Environment Management Plan ESIA Environment and Social Impact Assessment (for sub-projects) ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework GoG Government of Ghana RPF Resettlement Policy Framework FP Focal Point ASP Agricultural Sector Investment Project CBRDP Community Based Rural Development Project EPA Environmental Protection Agency GLSS Ghana Living Standards Survey IMT Intermediate Means of Transport MLGRD Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture NGOs Non-GovernmentalOrganisations NRMP-1 Natural Resource Management Programme Phase 1 PSC Project Steering Committee VIP Village Infrastructure Project GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Government of Ghana has requested support for the preparation and financing for the second phase of the Ghana Community Based Rural Development Project (CBRDP). The project intends to support the Government of Ghana's efforts to address the incidence of poverty among the country's poorer communities through the replenishment of a social h d designed to (a) increase access to basic social services for the poorest; (b) stimulate economic activities at the community level; and (c) promote institutional development at the local government and community levels. This is the report of a study to produce an environmental and social management framework (ESMF) for the proposed CBRDP. 1.1 The Objectives of the Study are: To assess the potential environmental and social impacts of the Social Fund Project, whether positive or negative, and propose mitigation measures which will effectively address these impacts; To inform the project preparation team and the Ghanaian Government of the potential impact of different anticipated sub-projects, and relevant mitigation measures and strategies; To establish clear directives and methodologies for the environmental and social screening of micro-projects to be financed by the project. 1.2 The Main Tasks of the Study are: To develop an environmental and social management framework that establishes methodologies for environmental and social impact assessment within project implementation; Identify potential policy issues regarding the environment and propose means of resolution that could be undertaken during project implementation; Develop a capacity building program for stakeholders to carry out Environmental Impact Assessments for micro-projects and to design potential mitigation measures in line with the World Bank's safeguard requirements and environmental legal requirements of the Government of Ghana. The ESMF study was carried out by Alka Kothari from March 12 to 22. A detailed Environmental Assessment was carried out for this project in country. Therefore the consultant completed a desk review in Washington without a field visit to Ghana. The project is the second phase of implementing a community-driven development program in Ghana. The Village Infrastructure Project which is scheduled to close on June 30, 2004 was phase one. The objective of the proposed CBRDP is to raise the incomes and the quality of life of beneficiaries by improving their productive assets, rural infrastructure and access to key support services from both private and public sources. Specific objectives are: GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVlRONklENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) (iv) Finally the ESMF contains an extensive and comprehensive environmental and social monitoring plan to ensure that environmental and social issues will be managed effectively. This Environment and Social Management Framework Report presents definitive, conclusive and clear procedures consistent with the Laws of Ghana and the World Bank SafeguardPolicies. GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) in terms of exact location, materials required, key communities, etc. - to be financed under the CBRDP are not yet determined. The principal purpose of the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is to screen the sub-projects on their environmental and social merits and manage their potential environmental and social impacts. 2.0 PROJECT DESCRIPTION Project Objectives The project is the second phase of implementing a community-driven development program in Ghana. The Village Infrastructure Project which is scheduled to close on June 30, 2004 was phase one. The objective of the proposed CBRDP is to raise the incomes and the quality of life of beneficiaries by improving their productive assets, rural infrastructure and access to key support services from both private and public sources. Specific objectives are: (iv) to build the capacity of local administration and communities for the delivery of rural infrastructure through increased transfer of technical and financial resources for the development of village infrastructure that can be sustained by the beneficiaries; (v) to consolidate empowerment.of local communities and district assemblies to identify, plan, access, implement and maintain village level infrastructure investments that will promote economic well being, natural resource management and contribute to growth; (vi) to support the decentralization policy of the government by designing the framework for the harmonized and coordinated delivery of rural infrastructure and strengthen institutional capacity of regional, district and sub-district assembly structures for improved delivery of rural infrastructure services to the poor. The proposed project will seek to assist in strengthening beneficiaries (groups, communities, sub-district and district assembly structures) to plan and undertake development activities that raise rural incomes and provide opportunities for sustainable growth. Project Description The proposed project will support the Government's decentralization efforts as identified in the GPRS, specifically on areas related to capacity building for the deIivery of effective ruraI infrastructure services. Beneficiary communities will be assisted through appropriate training programs and other capacity enhancement procedures to identify needs, develop community and district plans in a participatory process, access . GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVlRONI\.IENTAI.AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) development funds through the project and other sources to implement priority programs in a sustainable manner. The proposed project components will include: Component 1 - Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building for Service Delivery The objective of this component is to develop social capital among beneficiaries by empowering and bringing people together to participate decision making through a learning-by-doing process. Community mobilization and planning activities will be the entry point of the project to determine the scope of interventions and eventual impact in project components. Consequently, beneficiary groups and communities will be assisted to engage in activities identified by them as key priority for economic and community development. The component will design the framework, the harmonization, and coordination for the delivery of infrastructure services in the rural space across sectors and strengthen relevant local government institutions (public and non public rural community based organizations) in planning, financial management, procurement and coordination functions and other skills that may be required to improve the delivery of rural infrastructure services. This component would intensify the institutional strengthening that was started under the VIP and NRMP-1 at the district assembly level and broaden the coverage at sub district levels. Component 2 Development of Rural Economy - The objective of this component is to develop infrastructure and institutions (including the provision of credit) that will enhance farm and non-farm economic activity of the rural population. A menu of community-based and small scale infrastructure, as identified through the community-based prioritization process would be made up of three main subcomponents as follows: Sub-component 2.1 - Development of Rural Transport Infrastructure: The objective of this sub-component is to improve the transportation of inputs and village products to and from production and marketing centers by ensuring easy accessibility. This involves selective spot improvements in existing village to market rural roads, upgrading arterial village tracks, bridges and culverts and the promotion of intermediate means of transport (IMTs) to reduce head portage and drudgery among the rural population especially women and children. Interventions will be planned to maximize synergy in the provision of rural transport infrastructure such as that achieved by linking the development of village trails and tracks to the provision of IMTs with private sector support services and with NGOs support for implementation assistance at training and supervision stages. Sub-component 2.2 - Development of Rural Water Supplv and Post Harvest Infrastructure: The objectives of this sub-component are (i) to provide water for targeted rural communities as part of the improved service delivery for enhanced productivity. The provision of potable water would be done in targeted communities GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK ICBRDP) where other projects do not provide the same and where the communities express demand for provision of domestic potable water as a priority; and (ii) to reduce post harvest losses through the provision of rural level facilities for the treatment and preservation and enhancement of value and shelf Iife of crops, animal products and other non-timber forest products. Facilities to be provided include, drying floors and equipment, agro-processing and storage facilities and market infrastructure. Sub-component 2.3 -Rural Enterprise and Learning Centers Development: The objective is to strengthen community economies through the establishment of local community businesses, owned and managed collectively by the community or groups. This includes on-farm development. strengthening cooperatives business activities, market research, business linkages and joint venture agreements, micro-enterprise development and small businesses. The enterprises will double as learning centers for the wider community and serve as focal points for empowering the poor through the acquisition of knowledge and skills, processing units and marketing outlets. Trainees who acquire skills from the centers, become part of the learning qnd production network and may continue to be associated with the center and will be encouraged to set up their own businesses. It will provide opportunities for the creation of new rural enterprises and expansion of businesses. All agro-processing groups and non-farm income generating operations will be organized into production and marketing units along the learning centers approach. Component 3- Infrastructure for Social and Human Development The objective of this component is to enhance the quality of life of the rural population through the provision of potable water. health and educational facilities. This component will link up and complement facilities provided under existing or proposed Bank support for Community Water and Sanitation, Education and Health. The linkage provided will become the driving force for the haimonization and coordination of he delivery of rural infrastructure services for both econoinic and social welfare of the rural poor. The project will support the provision of potable water and sanitation facilities, rehabilitate existing schools and health centers, under exceptional cases where it has been shown by the requesting community, which the programs mentioned above are unable to provide the facility. This component will seek to build on component 1 and aim at harmonizing procedures for effective delivery. Component 4-Community-based Natural Resources Management Sustainable agricultural development is strongly linked to sound conservation and management practices, which protect the natural resources - soils, water, forests, vegetation and wildlife. These types of activities are best done by owners and other usem who depend on the land and other natural resources for a living. This component will build the capacity of communities and district assemblies to enhance environmental governance and integrated management of land and water resources to ensure improvement in the quality of life of beneficiaries. P GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Natural Resource Conservation and Managentent: The project will tap into the expertise of existing NRM institutions such as the Forest Services Division. Environmental Protection Agency, Savanna Resources Management Center, Resource Management Support Center, Ministry of Lands and Forestry and the Wildlife Division, and make use of available knowledge to assist communities to prepare natural management plans for making productive use of the available natural resources. Beneficiary communities and individuals will be assisted to establish tree and tree-crop nurseries for the production of seedlings, adopt soil and water conservation measures, control bush fires, and establish wood lots. Component 5-Project Management,Monitoring and Evaluation The nature of the proposed interventions, will require inter-sectoral collaboration, between ministries and agencies as well as local government and community based institutions. The team will consult with stakeholders during preparation and build on the success of the Rural Infrastructure Coordinating Unit in designating an autonomous institution to manage the project under the overall supervision of the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development. A Project Steering Committee made up of representatives of relevant ministries and agencies will be created to give policy guidelines for project implementation. The district assemblies and communities will be responsible for planning and implementing sub-projects. The management information and M&E system designed for the VIP and NRMP-I will be improved and expanded to cater to the needs of the propose project. Beneficiary and impact assessments will be carried out by experts in academia, NGOs and private firms at strategic phases of the project's implementation. Project location Nationwide. The project will cover the entire 110 districts in the country. Borrower's institutional Capacity for Safeguard Policies Capacity of district assemblies has been enhanced during the implementation of the village infrastructure, the community water and sanitation and to some extent the urban and environmental sanitation projects. Capacity building at the districts will be continued through refresher courses and programs. The Rural Infrastructure Coordinating Unit (RICU) which is the overall program implementation unit has been working hand-in- hand with Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in the country to ensure that the safeguard policies of the Bank are adhered to and all districts in the country have EPA oficers who ensure that sub-projects at the community level meet the guidelines. Since the sub-projects mentioned above are to be created on a demand driven basis, each sub-project that is subsequently identified and promoted by the local community would . D GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) be subjected to an environmental and social screening. The main feature of this screening mechanism requires the project's Coordination Unit. to understand the screening forms in Annex 1 and the environmental and social checklist in Annex 2. Once identified, the process evaluates alternatives and designs appropriate mitigation, management and monitoring measures. The other important requirement is for the implementers to incorporate the necessary mitigation measures into the project design following which they are to submit the project proposals accompanied by the completed screening form and checklist to the reviewing body, which is the PCMU. for approval. 3.0 SAFEGUARD SCREENING PROCEDURES The proposed Environmental and Social Management Framework has been designed to fully comply with national environmental codes and legislations in Ghana and with the World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies. This chapter sets out the key safeguard policies that provide the policy context to the ESMF including World Bank policies and Ghana's legal requirements on environmental assessment. As part of the ESMF process, proposed micro-activities under the CBRDP will be designed at the local level to ensure that they are screened for potential impacts and that they comply with the requirements set out under World Bank safeguard policies. The CBRDP is anticipated to set the pace to ensure that negative impacts on the environment are minimized. One of its main objectives is therefore to promote sustainable land use and ecologically sound natural resources management through community driven development. Despite these efforts and due to the nature of the potential sub-projects to be financed under the project the proposed project has been rated Category B under the World Bank's policy on environmental assessment (OP 4.01), requiring an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). The ESMF is required to assess the potential impacts associated with micro-projects. In addition to the OP 4.01, the CBRDP has also triggered the Bank's Involuntary Resettlement Policy OP4.12. The World Bank Safeguard Policies are: Environmental Assessment OP 4.01 Natural Habitats OP 4.04 Forestry OP 4.36 Pest Management OP 4.09 Cultural Property OP 4.11 Indigenous Peoples OD 4.20 Involuntary Resettlement OP 4.12 Safety of Dams OP 4.37 Projects on International Waters OP 7.50 Projects in Disputed Areas OP 7.60 I GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Sub-projects that trigger the policies on Safety of Dams. Natural Habitats, Forestry, Pest Management, Cultural Property, Indigenous Peoples, Projects on International Waters and Projects in Disputed areas would not be supported under the project. OP 4.01 EnvironmentalAssessment This policy requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financingto help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. The EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the sub-project activities of the CBRDP. The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, and cultural property) and transboundary and global'environmental aspects. The environmentaland social impacts of the CBRDP will come from the activities of the many sub-projects that the CBRDP will be financing. However, since all of the sub- - projects will not have been identified before appraisal of the project, the EA process calls for the GoG to prepare a ESMF report which will establish a mechanism to detennine and assess future potential environmental and social impacts of the government and community sub-project investments under the proposed CBRDP, and then to set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation of the sub-projects to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. OP 4.01 further requires that the ESMF report must be disclosed as a separate and stand alone document by the Government of Ghana and the World Bank as a condition for Bank Appraisal of the CBRDP. The disclosure should be both in Ghana where it can be accessed by the general public and local communities and at the Infoshop of the World Bank and the date for disclosure must precede the date for appraisal of the project. The policy further calls for the CBRDP as a whole to be environmentally screened to determine the extent and type of the EA process. The CBRDP has thus been screened and assigned a Category B. Category B projects are likely to have potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas - including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats - and are less adverse than those of category A projects. These impacts are site specific. few if any of them are irreversible, and in most cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category A projects. The EA process for category B projects examines the potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensatefor adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. Therefore, this ESMF sets out to establish the EA process to be undertaken for sub- projectsin the proposed CBRDP when they are being identified. GOVERNMENT OFGHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) OP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement Significant efforts are to be made in the design and screening stages of sub-projects to avoid impacts on people, land, property, including people's access to natural and other economic resources, as far as possible. Notwithstanding, land acquisition, compensation and resettlement of people seem inevitable for certain categories of sub-projects. This social issue is of crucial concern to the GoG and the Bank as its impact on poverty, if left unmitigated, is negative, immediate and widespread. Thus, a resettlement policy framework has been prepared by the Government and approved by the Bank in compliance with OP 4.12. This framework sets the guidelines for the resettlement plans that would have to be prepared for any sub-project that triggers this policy. The resettlement plans would have to be submitted to the PCMU for approval but would also have to be approved by the Bank before the sub-projects are financed. This policy would be triggered when a sub project causes the involuntary taking of land and other assets resulting in: (a) relocation or loss of shelter, (b) loss of assets or access to assets (c) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location. The resettlement policy applies to all displaced persons regardless of the total number affected, the severity of the impact and whether or not they have legal title to the land. Particular attention should be paid to the needs of vulnerable groups among those displaced. The policy also requires that the implementation of the resettlement plans are a pre-requisite for the implementation of the sub-projects to ensure that displacement or restriction of access does not occur before necessary measures for resettlement and compensation are in place. For -sub-projects involving land acquisition, it is further required that these measures include provision of compensation and of other assistance required for relocation, prior to displacement, and preparation and provision of resettlement sites with adequate facilities. where required. In particular, the taking of land and related assets may take place only after' compensation has been paid and, where applicable, resettlement sites, new homes, related infrastructure and moving allowances have been provided to displaced persons. For sub-projects requiring relocation or loss of shelter, the policy hrther requires that measures to assist the displaced persons are implemented in accordance with the sub-projects resettlement plan of action. The policy aims to have the displaced persons perceive the process to be fair and transparent. OP 4.12 requires the RPF to be disclosed both in Ghana and at the Bank before appraisal. 4.0 BASELINE DATA Water Resources Water is hdarnental to life and essential for nearly every human endeavour. Water resources have to be developed to provide for human consumption, agriculture (crop GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONhIENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) production, livestock, fisheries) and industrial applications (power generations, processing). In general water supply development in Ghana is influenced by an abundance of surface water and low occurrence of ground water. Surface water is being used to supply potable water to population centers (above 10,000 people), provide hydro-power and for irrigation among others. Ground water is used mainly to provide potable water in low population areas and areas where surface water is inadequate. Surface Water The main river basins in Ghana that constitute the available surface water sources are the White Volta, Black Volta, Oti, Lower Volta. Pra. Ankobra, Tano. Bia, Coastal Drainage (mainly Ayensu and Densu) and Tordze Aka Basins. (Figure 3.1). The distribution of these basins is summarized in Table 3.1 overleaf. Rainwater harvesting also serves as a source of surface water available to many rural communities. The mean annual rainfall varies from 2250mm in the west costal area, to about 750mm in the eastern coastal area (around the capital, Accra), and lOOrnm in the North. This indicates that the South Western part of the country is well watered unlike the semi-arid savannah to the North and the Central and Eastern coastal plains. The variability and uneven distribution of rainfall results in a water deficit in some parts of the country during the year. Investigations reveal that though surface water quality is generally good, local pollution however exists particularly in the mining areas of intense agricultural activities. Groundwater Aquifers underlie almost all areas in the country. Occurrence of ground water however is controlled principally by the local geology and other factors such as topography and climate. In northern Ghana aquifers have been located at between 10m and 60m depth with an average of 27m. In southern Ghana, due to thicker soil cover, boreholes are deeper, ranging between 25m and 80m depth with an average of 42m. Soil The major soils in Ghana include: the Oxysols (Oxisols, Ferric, Plinthic Aerisols) These are developed under evergreen rain forest with rainfall above 1778mm. They are strongly leached soils with predominant kaolinitic clays and deficient humus content. The oxysols are strongly susceptible to erosion on exposure and to rapid nutrients depletion. These soils occur around the extreme southwestern corner of Ghana. The ochrosols are developed in both forest and savannah environment under rainfalls between 900mm and 1650mm. The savannah ochrosols occur in the northern and coastal savannahs in the middle range of the rainfall limits and under a single maximum rainfall on the northern savannahs. The profile may contain iron pan or gravel at depths that are shallower in the savannah areas. The organic matter content is low especially in the savannah soils and is draughty in the surface horizons. The ochrosols are extremely important agriculturally. They are widely cultivated in both forest and savannah areas. GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVlRONklENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Like many other soils, however, their nutrient-vegetation relationships are fragile and they are susceptible to water erosion. The ground water laterite (Inceptisols, Plinthic, Ferrasol) The groundwater laterite profile comprises a few cm to 61cm of sandylsilty loam over iron pan or undulating mottled clay in upland locations. They are concretionary to the surface where the materials are disturbed and are the poorest soils in humid tropical Africa with low nutrient status. The Tropical Black Earths (Vertisols: Pellic Vertisols) These are the dark grey cracking clays in the northern and coastal savanna areas under rainfalls of between 1000 mm and 1270 mm. The black earths occur in low topographic positions. They are heavily textured and cannot be effectively cultivated with traditional implements. Their nutrient status is generally good though nitrogen and phosphorus may be lacking. Climate The climate in Ghana is tropical. Southern Ghana is humid whilst northern Ghana which falls partly in the Sahelian zone is relatively dry. During the harmattan season the northern savannah area becomes extremely dry with relative humidity as low as 25% or less in January. Average temperatures vary form about 24' C in the south to around 36' C in the north. In Ghana the mean annual rainfall varies from 2250 mm in the West Coastal area to about 750 mm in the eastern coastal area and 100 mm in the North. The rainfall distribution during the year follows four main patterns. These are: i. Single rainy season increasing from March, peaking in AugustlSeptember. This occurs in the northern savannah areas typified by the Tamale and Navrongo. ii. Single rainy season of steady rainfall between March and October. This occurs in the transition zone and is typified by Kete Krachi. iii. Two rainy seasons with peaks in MayIJune and October. This occurs in the forest zone typified by Kumasi. iv. Two rainy seasons, the principal one reaching its peak in MaylJune and subsidiary one in October. This occurs in the whole of the coastal region. However the Western section has the heaviest rainfall in the whole country typified by Axim, whilst the dryer Eastern section is typified by Accra. Measurable Socio-Economic Indicators of Rural Communities The following information on tile current socio-economic conditions of the rural communities in Ghana is provided as a baseline to form the basis for benchmarking and future monitoring and evaluation. GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVlRONhlENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FXAMEWORK (CBRDP) Population The current population of Ghana is estimated to be about 18 million (Population & Housing Census, 20001, of which nearly 67% live in the rural areas. Population trends from analysis of census data from 1960. 1970 and 1984 indicated a progressive increase of rural-urban migration from 23% to 32%. However, data gathered from the Ghana Living Standards Survey (GLSS 1991/92)point to gradual reversal of this trend, and the GLSS 3 (2000) actually indicates a 10% rural to urban migration. Various rural development interventions in recent years have contributed to improved employment opportunities and social amenities like schools, pipe-borne water. electricity, roads, proper health care, access to banking credit facilities. leisure and entertainment facilities. This has resulted in reduced rural to urban migration over the past years. Although the trend of the drift has reversed dramatically, women, children and the elderly form the bulk of remaining rural dwellers. Income Levels Table 4.1 gives a profile of rural income levels. Out of the 56.3% percentage share of total income in rural zones, Rural Forest Zone earned 31.7%, Rural Savannah earned 13.6% and Rural Coastal earned 11%. This high income from Forest Zone is probably due to the extensive cash crop farming within this agro-ecological zone. The mean annual per capita income of 394,000 cedis, 523,000 cedis and 349,000 cedis for the Coastal, Forest and Savannah zones, respectively, compares with the national income levels reflecting the low-income levels of the nation as a whole. Table 4.1 Estimated Rural Income Levels by Locality Mean Mean I Estimated Percentage Mean Sample size 1 Annual annual total share of House Househol per annual total income hold d income capita I income (%) size House Persons (cedis) income (billion cedis) holds (cedis) RURAL 2,017,OO 469,000 5,059 56.3 4.5 3,799 17,256 0 Rural Coastal 394,000 1,015 11.0 4.5 899 3,764 Rural Forest 1,615,OO 523.000 12,924 31.7 5.1 1,940 8,159 Rural Savannah 0 349,000 1,255 13.6 5.1 960 5,333 Ghana 2,354,OO 0 527,000 9,218 100 4.3 5,998 25,855 1,781,00 1 0 I 2,267,OO 0 . GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIKONRIENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBKDP) Education Although educational facilities are generally available countrywide, about 59% of adults in rural areas are literate in English or a local Ghanaian language, compared with an urban adult average of 34%. The national adult literacy average rate is 50%. Table 4.2 gives a breakdown of adult literacy rates by sex and locality. Table 4.2 Adult Literacy rates by Sex and Locality Sex Locality Rural Coastal Rural Forest Rural Savannah All Ghana Rural Male 37 30 65 43 35 Female 74 64 87 73 63 All 58 48 76 59 50 Housing Housing is one of the basic needs that every individual requires. Rural housing types vary slightly among the three ecological zones. Houses in the rural savannah are built of mud with thatch roofing. The forest and southern part of the rural savannah utilize sticks and mud, with corrugated irons sheets for roofing. With the coastal zone rural houses are built of mud bricks with sandcrete plastering. The average number of persons per household varies from a high of 5.55 in the rural savannah areas to 4.21 and 4.19 in the rural forest and rural coastal areas respectively. Housing in the rural areas generally lack built-in amenities such as electricity, toilet facilities and water. Health Rural community dwellers are exposed to a host of health problems related directly to inadequate water (quality and quantity) and lack of proper sanitary provisions. These problems are compounded by absence of basic health infrastructure and health education. Some of the common diseases are malaria. guinea worm, kwashiorkor, cholera and diarrhoea. Table 4.3 shows the major health problems facing household in rural communities by ecological zones. Table 4.3 Major Health Problems facing Householdsin Rural Communities by Ecological Zones ECOLOGICAL MAL. HER. GUI. BIL. MEA. CHO. OTHER TOTAL BASE ZONE Rural Coastal 59 5 19 2 3 5 8 100 64 Rural Forest 66 2 2 13 4 6 10 100 128 . I GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONAIENTALAND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK I A11 1 1 -- - Rural Areas 57 9 8 7 6 4 9 100 266 Source: Ghana Living Standards Survey 4, 2000 MAL= MALARIA HER= HERNIA GUI= GUINEA WORM BIL=RILHARZIA 5.0 DESCRIPTION of the POLICY, REGULATORY, LEGISLATIVE, and INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS 5.1 Legislative and Policy Framework Ghana Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Requirements The fundamental principle underlying Ghana's formal Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Procedures is the preventive approach to environmental management in which EIA is applied as a tool, especially at the project-specific level. The EIA requirements published in the Ghana EIA procedures are supported by law, the EPA Act, 1994 (Act 490) and Ghana Environmental Assessment Regulations, 1999 (LI 1652). The Act mandates the Ghana EPA to ensure compliance with laid down EIA procedures in the planning and execution of development projects, including compliance in respect of existing projects. The basic objectives of the EIA system are: To integrate environmental management and economic decisions at the earliest stages of planning an undertaking or investment and To provide avenues for the involvement of the public, proponents, private and government agencies in the assessment and review of proposed undertakings, among others The procedures provide for the registration of proposed developments with the EPA and subsequent screening to determine the level of environmental assessment required for the necessary prior authorization. The CBRDP has not yet identified the specific locationsfor the implementation of its various components and therefore cannot be strictly assessed under the existing Ghana EIA procedures. A more general approach incorporating an overall assessment of the project is therefore indicated. 5.2 JNSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK Although the CBRDP is within the ambit of the Ministry of Local Government and Rural Development (MLGRD) its implementation requires multi-faceted interventions involving several ministries, government and private agencies, NGOs, district administrations and local communityassociations. The CBRDP is still in its formative phase, thus the institutional arrangements have not yet been clearly defined. However. it is expected that the general approach used for the VIP will be applicable in the implementationof this Project as well. GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONbIENTAL AND SOCIAL .MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CRHDP) This section therefore proposes some iilstitutional arrangements that will facilitate the implementation of the project and its sub-components with emphasis on ensuring environmental soundness and sustainability. Proposed Project Management Structure The highest authority will be the Project Steering Committee (PSC). This committee will provide over all policy guidance and will comprise of the Ministers responsible for the key sectors of: v. Local Government and Rural Development (Chairman) vi. Food and Agriculture vii. Finance ... viii. Works and Housing ix. Environment and Science x. Roads and Highways xi. Health xii. Education The next in line is the National Technical Steering Committee (NTSC). This unit wiIl be responsible for co-ordinating all the technical aspects of project implementation. The responsibility for the overall project management will be vested in a Project Co- ordinating and Management Unit (PCMU), which will be headed by a National Co- ordinator. The work of the PCMU will be spread over the country to ensure effective implementation, monitoring and evaluation. Proposals for Environmental Management As indicated earlier the Ghana EPA requirements cannot be strictly applied a priori. It is expected, however, that individual components would be subjected to appropriate project Level assessment prior to implementation. In this regard, it is proposed that key staff of the PCMU will be responsible for ensuring that project specific level assessment requirements are met. Where necessary, they would receive initial training and orientation from EPA andlor other such organizations in order to have the requisite skills. However. environmental consultants to be engaged from the private sector would support them periodically. Furthermore, it is important that the recommendations and the checklist of impacts found in this ESMF are incorporated into the Project Implementation Manual. The guidelines for using the checklist and screening foiln in Chapter 7 should be incorporated into the Manual in order to ensure that this framework document in made operational. The key functions envisaged for these officers with regard to environmental issues are: Responsibility for liaising with EPA. DEMCs. NGOs, and other relevant agencies Working with project enviromnental consultants when required GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Responsibility for registering all project components with the EPA, any other documentation, and/or the attached project environmental checklist Recommending the engagement of external technical assistance/consultants where necessary and providing relevant terms of reference for the work to be executed Ensuring compliance with all recommendations by EPA. World Bank safeguard policies, and other regulatory agencies Monitoring to ensure proper actions to mitigate impacts are taken if Bank policies are triggered, especially OP 4.01 and OP 4.12. prior to implementation of sub- projects Playing a lead role in site selection for various CBRDP sub-components The Role of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) The EPA plays a lead role in the administration of EIA in Ghana. The EPA Act (Act 490, 1994) mandates the Agency to ensure compliance with the laid down EIA procedures and provides comprehensively for site-specific project impact assessment, while the same cannot be said for ESMF as in the case of the CBRDP. When the CBRDP is accepted by the World Bank for implementation, the EPA will implement monitoring programs on a project-by-project basis once the site specific assessment is considered satisfactory. The level of assessment for any individual project would depend on the following factors: size or scale of project natureltype and magnitude of impacts location (land use consideration. compatibility and sensitivity) resource base and resource at risk In general, three levels of environmental assessment are available under the Ghana EIA procedures. These are: Registration Assessment (RA) - based on information provided in completing Form EAl which is the starting point in Ghana's EIA procedures Preliminary Environmental Assessment- a less detailed form of EIA, this leads to a Preliminary Environmental Report (PER). The Terms of Reference (TOR) are determined by the EPA after the RA Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) - detailed study based on an initial scooping report and carried out on TOR agreed with the EPA. For the site-specific assessment phase of sub-projects under the CBRDP, the following categorization based on the findings of the SEA would be generally applicable: Sub-Proiects for which only Registration Assessment may be required These are the sub-projects in the category of VTTs. IMTs and Post-Harvest infrastructure development. The appropriate EPA Regional office would receive a duly completed EA registration form and Environmental Assessment Check List (in duplicate), in respect of the particular project component to be developed. GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONhlENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) The EPA officers would visit the proposed project sites to assess the adequacy of the information provided and also the appropriateness/suitabilityof the selected site, among others. Sub-Proiects for which Preliminarv Environmental Assessment may be reauired These are sub-projects in the category of Rural Road Rehabilitation and those under Rural Water Infrastructure development. After appropriate RA, the relevant EPA Regional office would advise on the scope of the Preliminary EA to cover the development. The officers would assist by assessing the adequacy of information provided and the suitability of proposed mitigation actions in the PER. Sub-Proiects for which Environmental Impact Assessment mav be required These are sub-projects, which may be located in environmentally sensitive or critical areas. It has been found from the ESMF that the micro nature of the proposed CBRDP interventions is such that full scale ElA would not be necessary. However, certain water sub-projects have potential for environlnental sensitivity, and it is important that greater attention is paid to siting such projects. The EPA Regional Offices would register all CBRDP sub-projects located in their respective regions and monitor environmental compliance following implementation. EPA Head office would also maintain a register of all CBRDP sub projects in all the regions and prompt the regional officers to monitor the projects and provide updated information on their performance and status periodically. The Role of District Administrations District Assemblies (DAs) are empowered under Act 462 of 1993 to be responsible for development, improvement and management of human settlements and the environment in their districts. In order to facilitate the work of the DAs in this regard, District Environmental Management Committees (DEMCs) have been formed in all districts of the country. The recommended membership of the DEMC is as follows: District Environmental Management Committees have a major role to play in any developments in their locality and require being involved in project implementation to ensure ultimate sustainability. Within the framework of Act 462, the major responsibilities of DEMCs are: To promote and provide guidelines for the establishment of community level Environmental Committees which will put into effect the environmental programmes of the Assembly in the community To review and update various byelaws and regulations for the maintenance of a sound environment for the consideration of the DA. To identify environmental problems within the district that require attention and recommended necessary action to the DA Without prejudice to national economic development and with the advice of the EPA monitor environmental effects of development projects such as dams, industries, real estate developments, agricultural ventures etc. . GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVlRONhlENTAL AND SOCIALMANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBXDP) Within the framework of the available laws and without prejudice to the economic development of the nation, prepare local resource and land use plans and strategies for their sustainable utilization for the consideration of the DA To plan and recommend to the DA, strategies and activities for the improvement and protection of the environment with emphasis on fragile and sensitive areas, river courses, hill slopes. wetlands, watersheds. shrines. and groves. Activities would include watershed protection. agro-forestry, erosion prevention etc. The CBRDP will involve DEMCs in all aspects of project implementation to ensure that the best available procedures are adopted to enable compliance with sound environmental practice. The institutional strengthening component of the CBRDP will place due emphasis on capacity building within DEMCs to make them effective. Other CollaboratingInstitutions Under the Ghana Environmental Action Plan 1994. various institutional arrangements for regulating and monitoring environmentally related issues in the major sectors of activity have been identified. The main categories of activities are: Industries, Mining and Hazardous Chemicals Land Use Human Settlements Wildlife and Forestry Water Management Marine and Coastal For the CBRDP implementation, the institutions of direct relevance are mainly those in the areas of water management, land use and human settlements. Water Management In order to achieve a rational approach to water resources development and management, Water Resources Commission (WRC) has been established under Act 522 1996. Among the functions of the WRC are: To formulate and enforce polices in water resources conservation, development and management in the country To co-ordinate the activities of the various agencies (public and private) in the development and conservation of water resources. To enforce, in collaboratioil with relevant agencies, measures to control water pollution To be responsible for appraising water resources development project proposals, both public and private, before implementation Among the powers of the WRC are: To make rules, or regulations or orders requiring the filing of plans, drawings, specifications, information or data regarding any aspect of water use, diversion or extraction by all water users. To withhold approval for the implementation of water resources programmes/projects until its guidelines standards, etc, are complied with. I , b GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) WRC liaises with the EPA and other agencies to control effluent discharges into water bodies, to mitigate or eliminate environmental impacts of water projects and also deal with watershed management. The CBRDP water projects would thus require necessary approvals from the WRC. 6.0 GUIDANCE ON POTENTIAL IMPACTS This section deals with the main potential environmentalconcerns likely to arise from the various project interventions proposed under the CBRDP. Though the Project is aimed at improving the standards of living of the rural poor, its implementation must be designed to be environmentally sensitive so as to avoid any undesirable adverse consequences of the given interventions. Although most of the project impacts would be localized due to the relatively small scale, there are some issues of concern that cut across the range of proposed interventions. Field studies and lessons from similar programs show that issues such as community involvement,community ownership and selection of appropriate sites are some of the key concerns that influence project success and sustainability. These general and localized issues of concern are discussed below. Institutional Strengthening and Capacity Building for Rural Infrastructure Service Delivery This component is basically to develop social capital among beneficiaries through training programmes. However, the training programmes do not take into consideration the main issue of environmental concerns that to a large extent is the main focus of the Project. It is now generally accepted that environmental management training cuts across all facets of capacity building. Another major concern is the ineffective institutional arrangement that has been put in place to facilitate the functions of the District Environmental Management Committees (DEMCs). This issue needs to be properly addressed in any capacity building endeavour to ensure functional and efficient DEMC. Appropriate guidelines will be prescribed in the next section to address the above concerns. Infrastructure for Development of Rural Economy 1. Development of Rural Transport Infrastructure This intervention will be planned to maximize synergy in the provision of rural transport infrastructure such as that achieved by linking the development of village trails and tracks to the provision of IMTs, with private sector support services and with NGOs support for implementation assistance at training and supervision stages. 24 GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONkIENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) 2. Rural Roads Rehabilitation This will involve selective spot improvement. construction of bridges and culverts. Some of the concerns arising here are. Erosion - Surfaces of most rural roads are not sealed and are therefore exposed to the elements making them prone to erosion particularly in areas of heavy rainfall and poor drainage. Erosion affects the main carriageway and the drains especially at steep sections where it creates deep gullies. The combined effects of gully erosion and localized ponding renders most feeder roads unrnotorableduring rainy seasons Dust - The various stages of rehabilitation works involving excavation, transportation, dischargingand compacting of mainly laterite will generate dust. Vehicular traffic on the roads also generates dust. This has effects on the labour force and negativelyladversely impacts the photosynthetic function of vegetation Borrow Pits - Borrow pits are created by the excavation of materials for road works. These can be found littered all over the rural areas and contribute to land degradation. Borrow pits can trap water and create health problems associated with stagnant water bodies. They also have the potential of disruptingnatural drainage patterns. Flooding - Road alignment which interferes with flow paths can cause flooding of adjacent areas by blocking the flow and by increasing run-off. This could be compounded by inadequate drainage along the roads and unsuitable culverts. Ponding - Field studies revealed that establishing improper levels of drains during construction and poor workmanshipare the common causes of ponding of rural roads. Crevices. gullies and depressions created by erosion and heavy trucks also become receptacles for water leading to ponding. In severe cases. ponding may render feeder roads unrnotorable particularlyin the rainy season. Maintenance - Lack of resources (financial, human and material) are the main constraints to proper maintenance of feeder roads. The name and function of rural roads are such that they require regular maintenance to keep them operate. Social Impacts - Improving on existing rural roads in the rural communities encourage over speeding, abuse by trucks with excessive axle load. Public health and safety are worsened through accidents and dust generation.Opening up rural areas could be both beneficial (retaining the youth, access to vital social amenities) and detrimental (influx of people and pressure on limited resources). 3. Village Tracks and Trails (VTTs) These are provided to link village coinmunities to their farms and to allow for the use of intermediatemeans of transport (IMTs).The issues of concern here are GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) xiii. Erosion xiv. Dust ' xv. Ponding xvi. Maintenance Most of these concerns are similar to those discussed above for the rural roads, except that for VTTs, they are expected to be on a smaller scale. However, the intensity of the negative impact would depend on factors such as location,terrain, soil and rainfall among others 4. Improvement in Intermediate Means of Transport (IMTs) Under the CBRDP, the IMTs, which will be promoted to assist mobility and market, access for rural dwellers and their produce are donkeys, carts, bicycle trailers and power garden tillers. The issues of main concernsare Adaptability - Rural communities are spread in different environmental conditions, which may favour one form of IMTs or the other. Introducing unsuitable IMTs to a particular environment (e.g. cycle trailers in hilly areas) may not be sustainable. Affordability- Poverty level of the targeted beneficiariesare such that the cost of the IMTs may be beyond the reach of most individuals. This could impede the promotion of the IMTs. Maintenance - The inulti-purpose function of the power tillers makes them convenient and useful for rural communities. This creates the tendency for them to be overused raising problems of frequent breakdowns. Lack of proper maintenance and adequate spare parts could compromise the efficiency, life cycle of the facility and the intended objectives of the IMT introduction 5. Development of RuraI Post Harvest Infrastructure This sub-component will provide village level facilities. including drying floors, and equipment, agro-processingand storage facilities and market infrastructure. Processing Equipment Various processing equipment will be provided to facilitate post harvest management. These include grinding mills for small processors, shea butter extractors, cassava processing and oil palm processing. All of them are to be powered by diesel driven generators. General issues of concern relating to processingequipmentarise from the use of diesel driven generator as power source. The concerns cover fuel storage and handling smoke emission and noise generation Safety hazards with regard to handling of mechanicalequipment, its maintenance and availability of spare parts The lack of effluent characterizationand appropriate waste disposal facilities/methods GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Pest and Pesticides - Farm produce in storage are vulnerable to attack by insects and rodents. These are controlled by the use of pesticides and raises concerns regardingthe handling and application of chemicals by unskilled persons, which could have undesirable consequences within the environment. Market Market infrastructure is to provide an organized facility for storage and trading to enhance income generation for nual farmers. The concerns noted with some market facilities include: Poor siting Lack of community involvement in decision making relating to the use and management of the facilities Conflict arising from space allocation Poor waste management Inadequate storage facilities Inadequate vehicular access and loadindoff-loading areas. Development of Rural Water Infrastructure This sub-component will provide water for rural farm and forestry operations. Facilities include small dams and dugouts. small-scale irrigation, to encourage dry season farming, small-scale forest nursery and plantation development. The concerns related to the various interventions include: 1. Small Dams, Ponds, Dugouts, etc . These are surface (open) water sources exposed to the elements and raise the following concerns: Water Quality/Risk of Contamination - Exposed water bodies are prone to contamination fiom human related activities like waste disposal, indiscriminate defecation and contact by disease hosts (e.g. Guinea worm). Faecal matter from animal sources and other contents of run-off could introduce microbial/biological agents, which would spread pathogens and cause diseases (e.g. diarrhoea, dysentery and cholera). Habitat for Disease Vectors - Impoundments provide suitable habitats for certain disease vectors to multiply and spread. Common examples are 1. Snail vectors: schistosomiasis(bilharzias) 2. Mosquito vectors: malariaand filariasis Security - In the absence of formal security arrangements,open water bodies have unrestricted access. This poses several problems such as 3. risk of drowningby children and other vulnerable persons 4. misuse by animals 5. abuse by unscrupulous persons Evaporation and Seepage- With relatively large surface areas and shallow depths, these water sources are liable to losses through evaporation. This could be of concerning the northernsavannah regions. Seepage losses may occur either GOVERNMENT OFGHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) laterally through the walls of the impoundment and/or downwards depending on the permeabilityof the sub-soil. SedimentationISiltation- Run-off laden with soil and other material will discharge into open water sources and deposit silt. The rate of siltation will depend upon the nature and extent of activities within the general catchmentarea, particularlyon the upstream side of the impoundment (e.g. intensivefarming utilizing machinery such power tillers). Progressivesedimentationleads to reduction in water storage capacity. Eutrophication/Aquatic Weeds- Organic wastes accumulationin open water sources lead to nutrient enrichment. which encouragesaquatic weed proliferation, and also provide breeding grounds for mosquitoes. Decompositionof these weeds initiates a cycle of depletion of dissolved oxygen, which affects fish and other aquatic organisms. Ultiinately the water quality is compromised particularlyin terms of BOD. suspended solids and odour. The weeds also create physical obstruction to water use includingpipe blockage. Erosion - Land clearing and excavatingto create impoundmentsprovide necessary conditions for erosion initiation. The intensity and severity of the erosion would depend on such factors as terrain, soil type and rainfall. 2. Boreholes, Hand-Dug Wells, etc. Much of Ghana's ground water is deep and slow yielding. Facilities which depend on groundwaterresources raise the following concerns: Ground Water QualityIContamination - Although groundwater sources are generally good as potable water, there are areas where problems of high concentrations of contaminants such as manganese, iron and high salinity exist. Conditions of high total hardness and low pH also occur. The salinity problems occur in the coastal savannah areas. Low pH water tends to attack pumps and well parts and this together with iron froin rock formation leads to the widespread occurrence of high iron concentrations. Use of agro-chemicals also results in some level of ground water pollution especially in areas of high water table and porous soils. Ground Water DepletionIAquifer Recharge - Sinking of wells to draw water depletes ground water, which is replaced through natural recharge. Where withdrawal rate exceeds the aquifer recharge rate, problems arise leading to dryness of the well as well as possible nearby shallow wells. If this persists the whole aquifer could be depleted. Withdrawal of large amounts of ground water causes porous formations to collapse resulting in subsidence. In such instances, flooding becomes a problem if the area affected is coastal and sinks below sea level. Rapid populationgrowth can contributeto ground water overdraft. Aquifer depletion arising from over use of fresh water reservoirs may also cause salt-water infiltrations,especiallyalong coastlines. Operation and Maintenance - Wells fitted with pumps raise problems of maintenance and availability of spare parts. Many rural communities lack skilled personnel and resources. These therefore affect the long-term sustainability of such projects. * b GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CRRDP) Cost Effectiveness - Generally the aquifers are deep and slow yielding and relatively expensive to extract from. 3. Water Management schemes (run-off, flow diversions etc) These are intended to provide irrigation to support agriculture. The following concerns arise from their developmentand usage: Flooding - Streamflow diversion will introduce water to areas previously not in the path of streamflow. Where such areas are Iow lying or have poor drainage, the risk of flooding becomes imminent. Use of Fertilizers - providing irrigation facilities will encourage intensive agricultural practices. This will result in the disturbance of the natural soil nutrient replenishment cycle associated with the traditional fallow system used extensively by rural farmers. Fertilizers will be applied to re-enrich the soil that has been depleted through leaching and rapid plant growth. The use of fertilizer in itself is problematic with regards to its transportation, handling, storage and use. Waterlogging and Salinisation - These are common problems associated with surface irrigation. Waterlogging is caused by inadequate drainage or over- irrigation. This draws up salts form the lower portions of the soil below the plants roots to the topsoils. Salinisationthen results when the water evaporates leaving a concentration of salts within the soil. In such situations soil quality deteriorates which is difficult to rectify. Although salinisation is not yet a general problem in Ghana, dry areas in the north and in the coastal plains are more susceptible. Water-Borne Diseases - Introduction of irrigation is associated with increase of water-borne or water-related diseases. The common diseases linked with irrigation are schistomiasis and malaria whose vectors proliferate in irrigation waters. Erosion- Irrigationleads to expansion and intensification of agriculture which has the potential for causing increased erosion. The severity of erosion could also be influenced by the method of application of water, with spray systems being the least detrimental. Conflicts with Downstream Users - Diverting streams for irrigation creates conflicting demands and inequalities in distribution both in the Project area and downstream. This may lead to social tensions between affected communities if not properly addressed. Rural Enterprise and Learning Centre Development This component is to strengthen community econoinies through the establishment of local community businesses, owned and inanaged collectively by the community. It will provide opportunities for the creation of new rural enterprises and expansion of businesses. The learning centres will serve as focal points for empowering the poor through the acquisition of knowledge and skills. processing units and marketing outlets. The concerns associated with this component include: GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOClALMANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) The tendency to emphasise economic benefits and ignore environmental issues when promoting investments The cumulative adverse impacts of multiple small scale activities (e.g. Chemical usage in BatiMtie & dye) The induced adverse impacts of certain investments (e.g. Agro-forestry can lead to opening up foresugame reserves to poachers) Infrastructure for Social and Human Development This component deals with the provision of potable water and sanitation facilities, schools and health centres to enhance the quality of life in the rural communities. Concerns arising from this component are: Potable Water systems - mostly boreholes, hand dug wells and small water schemes - concerns here are mainly related to quality and sustainability of resources and are similar to those identified earlier under the water sub- components of the rural infrastructure. Health facilities - mainly health posts and treatment centres - the concerns include: ..i. Siting of the facilities 11. Inadequate provision for waste management iii. No provision for housing health workers within the communities iv. Lack of involvement of the communities in decision making relating to the use and management of the facilities Educational Facilities- mainly school blocks and provision of furniture and basic equipment, the concerns include: i. Siting of the school blocks ii. Inadequate provision for waste management iii. Inadequate housing facilities for staff Community Based Natural Resource Management This component is being introduced to improve the environment through the conservation ofland sustainable use of natural resources by the communities. The concept in itself is a laudable idea from the environmental point of view since it aims at incorporating sound environmental management into rural development projects. As such there are no specific environmental concerns. However, the sub-components should be designed in such a way that they will benefit the communities and the environment. Project Management, Monitoring and Evaluation The nature of the proposed interventions will require inter-sectoral collaboration, between ministries and agencies as well as local government and community based institutions. I , GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVlRONhlENT.41, AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) The institutional arrangement to support the project management, monitoring and evaluation component should be such as to involve all the relevant stakeholders. In particular, the EPA should be involved right from the inception through the implementation stage to ensure the environment is given its due priority in all facets of the project management. 7.0 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL PLANNING, REVIEW AND CLEARING PROCESS FOR SUB-PROJECTS As stated earlier, at the time the CDRBP was being prepared, the sub-projects were not identified. Consequently, specific information on numbers of sub-projects, site location of sub-projects, land requirements, local communities, geo-physical land features, nature, type and use of equipmentlplant, etc. was not available. Therefore, exact details and intensity of social and environmental impacts and their effective mitigation cannot be determined during project preparation. This document referred to as the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is thus prepared to establish the mechanism to determine and assess future potential adverse environmental and social impacts of sub- projects that are to be identified and cleared based on a community demand driven process described here below, and then to set out mitigation, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation of the sub-projects to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. This section therefore, identifies and illustrates the specific steps involved in the environmental and social assessment process leading towards the clearance and approval of the EA process for sub-projects. The steps incorporate both, relevant Ghana guidelines/requirements and the Bank's policy OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment, and on Involuntary Resettlement (the safeguard policies that apply for this project as discussed earlier) and are; (a). The implementers will screen their own sub-projects to identify environmental and social impacts using the screening form in Annex 1. In a few cases the checklist may require that a sub-project conducts a sub- project environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) for certain types of impacts. (b). Then the implementers will introduce into the sub-project design the required measures to mitigate impacts identified from use of the checklist before submission of the sub-project for review and subsequent approval. (c). Review and clear the sub-projects by ensuring sub-project designs have identified environmental and social impacts, mitigated these impacts and have monitoring plans and institutional measures to be taken during implementation and operation. GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMEKTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Using the screening form, revised environmental and social checklists and technical assistance fi-omservice providers and information resources supported by the PCMU and EPA, proposed sub-projects will be screened by their respective implementers, to identify any potential adverse impactsleffects from sub-project activities. Once impacts are identified the necessary mitigation measure would then be identified from the checklist and then the sub-project would be designed to implement these mitigation measures. For example, from a social standpoint if the screening form identifies land acquisition needs that trigger OP 4.12 on Involuntary Resettlement, then the required mitigation measure would be to chose an alternative land site that does not trigger this policy or, the implementer of the sub-project prepares a resettlement and compensation plan consistent with the disclosed RPF. From an environmental stand point. the screening form and checklist may identify impacts from sub-project activities, such as contamination of ground water sources due to inappropriate waste disposal. The mitigation measure may be to choose a site far away from the water source so that chances of contamination are not possible andlor incorporate appropriate waste disposal measures into the design such as channeling all waste to a closed system that is periodically emptied and disposed of safely. For some cases (a minority of cases) where the impacts from sub-project activities are determined by use of the checklist to be severe or difficult to mitigate, the recommendation may be that a sub-project ESIA be carried out following which the sub- project would then be designed to incorporate the required mitigation measures. ESIA will be required for sub-projects involving new roads. incorporating the use of hazardous chemicals andlor managing solid, liquid or medical wastes and for any sub- project costing over US$100,000. See Annex 2 for procedures for sub-projects requiring ESIA. Once the implementers have completed the screening of their sub-projects and designed into them the nec,essarymitigation measures, sub-project proposals would then be sent to the PCMU for review and to check for compliance with this EA process. The completed screening forms and completed checklists must accompany the sub- projects that are sent for review. If the screening form has any "Yes" entries, or evidently unjustified bbNo'yentries, the application would need to adequately explain and demonstrate from its design that the issue has been managed to avoid unacceptable adverse effects/impacts. If the application has satisfactorily addressed these issues it will be recommended for approval to the respective approving body. For approved sub- projects, the reviewer will determiile environmental and social approval conditions the implementer must adhere to in the detailed planning. construction and operation of the investment. These conditions may include, for example, such measures as public involvement, siting or routing restrictions, construction and operation practices, restoration of disturbed areas, the complete implementation of a plan for resettlement or compensation for land acquisition and. construction supervision to ensure the approval conditions are being followed. , . I 1 GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONhIENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) If, however the sub-project application unsatisfactorily addresses these issues it may be rejected out right or rejected with the requirement to carry out a sub-project ESIA in cases where one was not done before or with specific recommendations such as to change site, or re-design waste management. reduce air pollution, etc. The rejected sub-project will then have to be re-designed and re-screened by the implementer and then re-submitted for review. The revised application will then have to be reviewed again and, if now acceptable, will be recommended for consideration for approval. If it is not acceptable for the second time, it would be referred back to the implementer for more work or denied clearance altogether. Any proposed sub-projects that do not comply with the requirements of the Environment Laws of Ghana and the requirements of the World Bank Safeguards policies will not be cleared for approval. This process is designed to ensure that the environmental and social assessment process is part of and conducted during the sub-project design process thereby ensuring that sub- project activities are environmentally and socially sound and sustainable. Environmental Management Plan (EMP): sub-project proposals must contain as part of the sub-project proposal an EMP that will consist of a set of mitigation measures, monitoring and institutional measures to be taken during the implementation and operation of the sub-projects to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them or reduce them to acceptable levels. The EMP should also include the actions needed to implement these measures. including the following features: Mitigation: Based on the environmental and social impacts identified from use of the checklists, the EMP should describe with technical details each mitigation measure, together with designs. equipment descriptions and operating procedures as appropriate. Monitoring: Environmental and social monitoring during the implementation of the sub-projects, in order to measure the success of the mitigation measures. The EMP should include monitoring objectives that specify the type of monitoring activities that will be linked to the mitigation measures. Specifically, the monitoring section of the EMP provides: A specific description and technical details of monitoring measures that include the parameters to be measured, the methods to be used, sampling locations, frequency of measurements, detection limits (where appropriate), and definition of thresholds that will signal the need for corrective actions, e.g. the need for on site construction supervision. Monitoring and reporting procedures to ensure early detection of conditions that necessitate particular mitigation measures and to furnish GOVERNMENT OF GHANA EN\'IRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) information on the progress and results of mitigation, e.g. by annual audits and surveys to monitor overall effectivenessof the ESMF. The EMP should also provide a specific description of institutional arrangements, i.e. who is responsible for carrying out the mitigating and monitoring measures (for operation, supervision, enforcement. monitoring of implementation, remedial action, financing, reporting and staff training.) Additionally, the EMP should include an estimate of the costs of the measures and activities recommended so that the PCMU can budget the necessary funds. The mitigation and monitoring measures recommended in the EMP should be developed in consultation with all affected groups to include their concerns and views in the design of the EMP. Public Consultations: Public consultations are critical in preparing an effective and sustainable sub-project. The first step is to hold public consultations with the local communities and all other interested /affected parties. These consultations should identify key issues and determine how the concerns of all parties will be addressed in the terms of reference of the design of sub-project activities. Also the consultants should include vulnerable groups within the community, specifically the poorest of the poor, elderly, widows and widowers, and women. To facilitate meaningful consultations. the local governments through their impleinenters will provide all relevant material and information concerning the sub-projects in a timely manner prior to the consultation,in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. Depending on the public interest in the potential impacts of the sub-projects, a public hearing may be requested to better convey concerns. Once the sub-project has been reviewed and cleared, the implemeilters will inform the public about the results of the review. This approach would be consistent with the Bank's OP 4.01 Environmental Assessmentas well as Ghana' efforts to enhance its participatory planning process. GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOClAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Annex 1 ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL SCREENING FORM The Environmental and Social Screening Form (ESSF) has been designed to assist in the evaluation of sub-components of the CBRDP in Ghana. The form is designed to place information in the hands of implelnenters and reviewers so that impacts and their mitigation measures, if any, can be identified and/or that requirements for further environmental analysis are determined. The ESSF contains information that will allow reviewers to determine the characterization of the prevailing local biophysical and social environment with the aim to assess the potential sub-project impacts on it. The ESSF will also identify potential socio-economic impacts that will require mitigation measures and or resettlement and compensation. Name of Sub-project: Development Sector of Sub-project: Name of Sub-project Execution Organization: Name of District where is to be implemented: Name of Local Government: Name of Approving Authority: Name, job title, and contact details for the person who is responsible for filling out this form. Name: Job Title: Telephone number: Fax number: E-Mail address: Date: Signature: POTENTIAL PROJECT IMPACTS GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBKDP) 1. Farm Lands NOT YES NO KNOWN A Are there farm lands in the project area B Will project result in more or improved farm lands C Will projects result in less or damaged farm land Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 - 1 0 +1 +2 2. Soil Erosion NOT YES NO KNOWN A Will project help to prevent soil loss or erosion B Will project directly cause or worsen soil loss or -- C Could project indirectly lead to practices that could I cause soil loss or erosion I D Is it necessary to consult a soils scielitist? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +I +2 3. Slope Erosion NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Does project involve modification of slopes? b. Will project affect stability of slopes directly or indirectly? c. Could project cause people or property to be located where existing unstable slopes could be a hazard? d. Is it necessary to consult a geotecllnical engineer? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +I +2 4. Surface Water Quantity NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Do surface water resources exist in project area? GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONkIENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBItDP) b. Is information available on present and future demands on water resources as a result of the project c. Will project help to increase or preserve available surface water supplies d. Will project increase demand or cause loss of available surface water e. Is it necessary to consult a hydrologist Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 - I 0 +1 +2 5. Surface Water Quality NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Is current data available on existing water quality b. Will project lead to additional natural or man made discharges into surface water c. Will .project help to improve or protect surface water - qua1ity d. Could project cause deterioration of surface water quality 1 e. Is it necessary to consult a water quality expert Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +1 +2 6. Ground Water Quantity NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Do ground water resources exist in project area? b. Is information available on demands on ground water resource as a result of the project? c. Will project help to increase or preserve available ground water supplies? d. Will project increase demand or cause loss of available ground water? e. Is it necessary to consuIt hydrologist? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 - I 0 +1 +2 7. Ground Water QuaIity NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Is information available on present water quality GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIWONhlENTALAND SOCWI. MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK . - b. Will project cause any natural or man-made discharge c. Will project help to improve or protect ground water quality d. Could project cause deterioration of ground water quality e. Is it necessary to consult a hydrologist 8. Air Quality NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Is information available on existing or quality ? b. Will project produce any air emission directly ? c. Will project help to reduce existing air pollution sources ? d. Could project lead to practices that worsen air quality I e. Could project lead to a change in engine or fuel use that could cause serious air problem ? f. Is it necessary to consult an air quality specialist ? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +1 +2 9: Noise NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Is noise now a problem in project area ? b. Will project help in reducing undesirable noise conditions? c. Will project cause increases in noise generating conditions ? d. Could project cause movements of people to hegh noise level locations Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 - 1 0 +I +2 10. Aquatic Ecosystems NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are there any aquatic ecosystems in the project area such as rivers, streams, lakes or ponds which might be considered significant? GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONhlENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) b. Will project affect the condition and use of these systems for human consumption? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +I +2 11. Wetland Ecosystems NOT YES NO KNOWN c. Are there any wetlands ecosystems in the project area such as marsh, swamp, flood plains. or estuary which might be considered significant? d. Will project affect the use or condition of such wetlands? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +1 +2 12.Terrestrial Ecosystems NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are there any terrestrial ecosystem in the project area such as forest, savanna, grassland or desert which might be considered significant? I b. Will project affect the use or condition of such system? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +l +2 13. Endagered/Threatened/Rare/Endemic/Species NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Is the existence of endangered species in the project area known? b. Will project affect the habitat of any such species? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 - 1 0 +I +2 GOVERNMENT OF GHANA EN\'IHONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) 14. Migratory Species NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Do migratory fish, birds, or mammals use the project area? b. Will project affect the habitat and numbers of such species? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 -+I +2 15. Beneficial Plants NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Do non-domesticated plants occur in the project area which area used or sold by local people? b. Will project affect these species by reducing their habitat and numbers in any way? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 - I 0 t1 +2 16. Beneficial Animals and Insects NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Do non-domesticated animals occur in the project area which area used or sold by local people? b. Will project affect these species by reducing their habitat and number in any way? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 - 1 0 +l +2 17. Pest (Plants and Animals) NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are there currently any problems with pest (plants or animals) in the project area? b. Are there any plants or animals in the area which might become pests because of ecological changes brought about by the project? c. Will project improve increase the habitat for such Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +I +2 GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVlRONblENTAL ANDSOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) 18. Disease Vectors NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are there known disease problems in the project area transmitted through vector species? b. Will project increase vector habitat? c. Will project decrease vector habitat or provide opportunity for control? d. Are there clinics or other disease control programmes in operation or planned for the area? e. Is it necessary to consult a public health officer? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +1 +2 19. Resource 1Land Use NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are lands in the project area intensively developed? b. Will project increase pressure on land resources? c. Will project result in decreased holdings by small land owners? d. Should a land use planner be consulted? e. ill project result in involuntary land.take? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +I +2 20. Energy Sources NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Will project increase demand for conventional energy sources? I b. Will project create demand for other energy sources? c. Will project promote supply of conventional energy sources? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +I +2 GOVERNMENT OF GHANA 21. Distribution Systems NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Will project enhance the equitable distribution of agricultural andlor manufactured products? b. Will project increase demand for certain commodities within or outside the project area? c. Will project result in decrease in production of certain vital commodities? d. Will project enhance equitable distribution of benefits? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +1 +2 22. Employment and Income NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Will project increase the rate of employment? 1 b. Will project remove job opportunities from the area? c. Will project increaseldecrease income sources or means of livelihood? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 + I +2 23. At-Risk Population NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are the adverse impacts of the project unequally distributed in the target population? b. Have the at-risk groups been identitied? Estimated Lmpact Magnitude -2 - I 0 + I +2 24. Land Acquistion and Livelihoods NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Will land be acquired? I b. Will people's assets or livelihoods be impacted? c. Will people loose access to natural resources? 1 Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +1 +2 25. Existing Population GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are there currently any people living in or near the project area? b. Will project affect people in or near the project area? c. Has liaison been established with the community? d. Will community participation in projects design and implementation be necessary? e. Is it necessary to consult a sociologist? 1 Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 + I +2 26. Migrant Populations NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are there currently any'mobile groups in the target population? b. Will project result in the movement of people in or out of the area? 1 c. Is it necessary to consult a sociologist? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 - 1 0 +I +2 27. Cultural and Religious Values NOT YES NO KNOWN a. Are cultural characteristics unique to the project area understood? b. Will project adversely affect religious and /or cultural attitudes of area residents? J c. Are there special superstitions or taboos that will affect acceptance of the project? Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 + I +2 28. Tourism and Recreation NOT YES NO KNOWN a. [sthere at present a significant degree of tourism in the area? b. Is there unexploited tourism or recreation potential in the area? c. Will project adversely affect existing or potential tourist or recreation attractions? GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Estimated Impact Magnitude -2 -1 0 +I +2 03 GOVERNMENTOF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) SUMMARY OF ESTIMATED IMPACT MAGNITUDE SPECIALIST TO BE CONSULTED OTHER ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN - I * GOVERNMENT OFGHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Annex 2 Procedures for Sub-project Investments Requiring EA Step 1: Screening To determine the depth of EA required, potential impacts in the following areas need to be considered: Social issues Health issues Protected areas Cultural heritage, archaeologicalsites Existing natural resources such as forests, soils, wetlands, water resources Wildlife or endangered species' habitats Step 2: Scoping To identify the relevantenvironmentaland social issues, this step determines: Level of detail required for the EA a Extent of the area to be covered in light of the potential impact zones a Timeframe for the EA based on the potential impact zones Sequencingand scheduling of the various EA tasks Preliminary budgets Step 3: Preparation of Terms of Reference for sub-project EAs Based on the screening and scoping results, EA terms of reference will be prepared. A local service provider will conduct the EA. and the report should have the following format: a Descriptionof the study area a Description of the sub-project a Descriptionof the environment a Legislative and regulatory considerations Determinationof the potential impacts of the proposed sub-projects a Public consultations process a Development of mitigation measures and a monitoring plan, including cost estimates Annex 2: Typical Checklist to Identify Impacts and Mitigation Measures of Construction Sites under the Proposed CBRDP ~ v i r o n m e n t a ~ and Social Conqonents Impacts MitigationMeasures Physical Environment Soils Erosion of lands down slope from borrow areas. Construction in dry season; protection of soil surfaces Landslides and slips during construction; re-vegetation or physical Contamination fi-om waste materials, e.g. cement and paints, stabilization of erodable surfaces. Land restoration engine oils, etc. measures Excavating borrow pits for aggregate materials (sand and stone) for Adequate protection bornlivestock entry by fencing the concrete site perimeters Cutting of stone for use on faqades Control and daily cleaning at constructionsites Provision of adequate waste disposal services Proper disposal of chemicals and other hazardous materials Dust control by water, appropriate design and siting. restrict construction to certain times Appropriate and suitablestorage of building materials on site Water Resources Creation of stagnant water pools Special attention to drainage; prevention of erosion; Increased sediments into streams considerationof alternative alignments; retention ponds; Clogging of drainage works properdisposalof oil and other hazardous materials Decline in water quality Increase in runoff and flooding conditions Siting of Latrines at safe distances from wells and using introduction of hazardous wastes closed systems for sewage drainage Contamination of wells Air Quality Dust during construction Dust control by water or other means AcousticEnvironment Noise disturbance Restrict constructionto certain hours Bio-physical Environment Natural Habitats Disturbanceof naturalhabitats Considerationof alternative alignmentsor sites Disturbance to protectedareas GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Fauna and Flora Disruption or destruction of wildlife Minimize loss of natural vegetation during construction; Threats to rare and endangered species alternative sites; various special measures for sensitive species Social Environment Aestheticsand Landscape Marred landscapes Restoration of vegetation; cleanup of construction sites Debris Historical/CulturalSites Degradation of sites Alternative alignments and/or sites Disturbance to structures Special measures to protect cultural heritage sites Human Health Transport of hazardous substances Regulation of transport of materials Traffic accidents Safety designs (signage) Pedestrian accidents Ensure availability of clean potable water for use in latrines, canteens and for drinking Use of appropriate building materials. No asbestos etc. Human Communities Involuntary resettlement Prepare Resettlement and Compensation Plans Loss ofcrops. buildings, property, or econo~niclivelihood consistent with disclosed RPF as per OP 4.12 Environlnentul und Social Cbnlponents Impacts Mitigation Measures Physical Environment Soils Erosion of lands down slope from borrow areas. Construction in dry season; protection of soil surfaces Landslides and slips during construction; re-vegetation or physical Contamination &om waste materials. e.g. cement and paints, stabilization of erodable surfaces. Land restoration engine oils, etc. measures Excavating borrow pits for aggregate materials (sand and stone) for Adeauate orotection from livestock enm bv fencine the . . concrete site perimeters Cutting of stone for use on fagades Control and daily cleaning at construction sites Provision of adequate waste disposal services Proper disposal of chemicals and other hazardous materials Dust control by water, appropriate design and siting, restrict construction to certain times Appropriate and suitable storage of building materials on site - GOVERNMENTOFGHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Water Resources Creation of stagnant water pools Special attention to drainage; prevention of erosion; Increased sediments into streams considerationof alternativealignments; retention ponds; Clogging of drainage works proper disposalof oil and other hazardous materials Decline in water quality Increase in runoffand floodingconditions Siting of Latrines at safe distances fiom wells and using Introduction of hazardous wastes closed systems for sewagedrainage Contamination ofwells Air Quality Dust during construction Dust control by water or other means Acoustic Environment Noise disturbance Restrict constructionto certain hours Bio-physical Environment Natural Habitats Disturbance of natural habitats Considerationof alternativealignmentsor sites Disturbance to protected areas Fauna and Flora Disruption or destructionof wildlife Minimize loss of natural vegetation during construction; Threats to rare and endangered species alternative sites; various special measures for sensitive species Social Environment Aesthetics and Landscape Marred landscapes Restoration of vegetation: cleanup of constructionsites Debris Historical/CulturalSites Degradation of sites Alternative alignmentsandlorsites Disturbance to structures Special measures to protect cultural heritagesites Human Health Transport of hazardous substances Regulation of transportof materials Traffic accidents Safety designs(signage) Pedestrian accidents Ensure availability of clean potable water for use in latrines, canteensand for drinking Use of appropriate building materials.No asbestos etc. Human Communities Involuntary resettlement Prepare Resettlement and Compensation Plans Loss of crops, buildings, property, or economic livelihood consistent with disclosed RPF as per OP 4.12 Annexe 4 DocumentsConsulted 1. Terms of Reference 2. Project Concept Note (PCN) 3. The approved Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet (ISDS) 4. Aide Memoires 5. World Bank Safeguard Policies t c'r L GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (CBRDP) Annex 5 Country Maps -.; f 5' Q ' ~ ~ t ~ t ~ ibunkassa., ... BENW ~ o u d i 8 Korhog ,.. I nl 13 m A ~ c ~ r n ,' A b ~ r r ! b ~ I .a I k o p d s ~ d ~ a r t e r n e ~ t ~ '' - Beg~r.:, '.~okcmssq0 d' Abengourou I -.. El I 9 a -' Cotonou ' O b u ~ mliirv+rm ..I Ode p J . o ' s s 0cape I& C~bst,, Accra .c. Takoradi GOVERNMENT OF GHANA ENVIRONhlENTAL AND SOCIAL . MANAGEMENTFRAMEWORK (CBRDP) I Mole Natlonal Park 8LonekjPlanet Diw.1 NatlonalPark I ... ._. Gal..I . Kakum ...:, -& ,*,,.... 2: Cape . . !,>,,*.' .il;:5 Coast I n case of mpI% the Ministry of Local Government this Letter shouldbe quote and Rural Development P.O.Box M50 Accra Your Ref E-Mail: localaovarnmentasinbernetahana.com Telephone M 66 47 63 CD 66 36 68 D 68 20 08 inMay, 2008 Fax Nos. 657911/66011 /6S2003 I ,-. . Mr. Sean Bradley Ghana - ask Team Leader World Bank Offic Accra. 1 Dear Sir, I RE: COMMUNIT BASED RURAL DEVELOPMENTPROJECT CBRDP - CR. 39640 -GH PERMISSION ~dRE -DISCLOSERESETTLEMENTPOLICY FRAMEWORK(RPF) AND ENVIRONMENTALAND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMONORK (ESMF) nd correspondences between Governmentand the World itionalfinancing credit for theCBRDP theMinistry of Local pment and Environment(MLGRDE) authorises the World vironmental and Social Management Framework {ESMF) nt Policy Framework (RPF) developed for the purpose of in anticipation of a potential additional financing credit to Bank to the Governmentof Ghana to extend the operation Yours sincerely, ter, MOFEP, Attn. Mr. Mike Ayesu. Head, WBU rector, World Bank. Accra ensah, World Bank, Accra Co-ordinator, CBRDP