E1865 V3 REV (Final) Transport Sector Consolidation Project Revised Version Ministry of Infrastructure Kingdom of Tonga 30 August 2013 Preface The Environmental Management Plan has been updated and finalised, based on the Draft Version, dated 29 May 2010. Changes to the Draft Version were initiated by a review during the period February to May 2013 of the then current practices and procedures of the contractors and implementing agencies. Before this period of time little construction works had been executed under the project and was isolated to a single resealing contract. During the February to May 2013 period it was decided by the TSCP project staff to implement risk based management techniques. This combined with a further review by the Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources has resulted in the completion of the Final Version. The principal changes to the Draft Version comprise of: 1. Inclusion of hierarchy of documents for mitigation measures in section 6.3. 2. Update environmental legislation in section 7.2. 3. Inclusion of Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources as a Monitoring Agency in section 7.5. 4. Inclusion of new section 7.4 Risk Management to reflect in the inclusion of this management technique in environmental and safety management practices. 5. Changes of the name of the Ministry of Transport to Ministry of Infrastructure to reflect the merger of the Ministry of Transport and Ministry of Works into the Ministry of Infrastructure on 1 July 2012. 6. Changes of the name of Ministry of Environment and Climate Change to Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources to reflect its merger with Ministry of Lands and Natural Resources. The Draft Version was developed as part of the restructuring of the project in 2010. Therefore, as little works had been completed up to the time of the review and subsequent finalisation of this document, reference to the restructuring and additional financing has been maintained throughout. However, where necessary revisions have been required, these have been included in bold text for clarity and amendment. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final Transport Sector Consolidation Project, Ministry of Infrastructure Environmental Management Plan REVISION STATUS As necessary, authorised revisions will be issued to all holders of the document, Revisions shall take the form of replacement or additional pages. Upon receipt, revision pages are to be incorporated in this document and all superseded pages removed. Pages Version Edition Description Approved By Issue Date Affected 0 All Draft 29 May 2010 1 All Final CEO 30 August 2013 Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final TABLE OF CONTENTS Acronyms ..................................................................................................................................6 3.1 Description of Project Components ...................................................................... 11 3.2 Description of Planned Aviation Activities ............................................................ 11 3.3 Description of Planned Maritime Activities ...................................................... 12 3.4 Description of the Planned Land Transport Activities ........................................... 12 3.5 Description of the Proposed Road Maintenance works ........................................ 13 5.1 Information Disclosure and Public Consultation .................................................... 16 6.1 Mitigation measures applicable to all civil works implemented under the Additional Finance facility ...................................................................................................................... 17 6.2 Mitigation measures applicable to Activities planned in the Aviation and Maritime Sectors ............................................................................................................................. 17 6.3 Mitigation measures applicable to Civil Works as part of the Road Maintenance Program ............................................................................................................................. 17 6.4 Costs of implementing mitigation measures ......................................................... 19 7.1 Requirements for this Project to comply with Government of Tonga and World Bank Safeguards Policies...................................................................................................... 19 7.2 Environmental Regulatory Framework.................................................................. 20 7.3 Provisions of National Land Laws......................................................................... 21 7.4 Monitoring Arrangements ..................................................................................... 26 7.5 Reporting Requirements – Mobilization ................................................................ 27 7.6 EMP Compliance Supervision During Construction .............................................. 27 Table A1.1. Mitigation Plan for All Civil Works .................................................................. 29 Table A.1.2. Specific Mitigation Plan for Aviation Activities ............................................ 33 Table A.1.3 Specific Mitigation Measures for Maritime Sector Activities ........................ 34 Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final Acronyms CAD Civil Aviation Division DOE Department of Environment EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management Plan ENSO El Nino Southern Oscillation EUA ‘Eua GOE Government Owned Enterprise GOT Government of Tonga HAP Ha’apai IA Implementing Agency (i.e MOI and TAL) IDA International Development Assistance ICR Implementation Completion Report IOC Incremental Operating Costs ISR Implementation Status Report LAD Land Transport Division MAD Maritime Division MECC Ministry of Environment and Climate Change MET Meteorology MLCI Ministry of Labour, Commerce and Industries MLECCNR Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources MLSNR Ministry of Lands, Survey, and Natural Resources MOF Ministry of Finance MOI Ministry of Infrastructure MOP Ministry of Police MOT Ministry of Transport MOW Ministry of Works NFTO Niuafo’ou NFTP Niuatoputapu PAT Port Authority Tonga PDO Project Development Objective RP Re-structured Project SDP8 Strategic Development Plan 8 TAL Tonga Airports Limited TBU Tongatapu TSCP Transport Sector Consolidation Project VAV Vava’u WB World Bank Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final 1 Executive Summary The Environmental Management Plan has been updated and finalised, based on the Draft Version, dated 29 May 2010 This Environmental Management Plan has been developed for the activities planned for funding under the Re-Structured Project (RP) and re-allocation of existing project funds under the Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project (TSCP). The proposed RP activities will involve civil works in aviation, maritime and land transport sectors with a particular focus on a road maintenance program. In the aviation sector, the proposed activities will mainly involve construction works on existing infrastructure. In the maritime sector, the proposed activities are expected to involve improvements to existing infrastructure. In the land transport sector, the proposed activities are expected to focus on the existing minor road network with pavement rehabilitation, drainage clearance and spot and periodic maintenance works aimed at improving and maintaining the existing road network. The RP to the Project is not expected to have any significant and irreversible adverse impacts on human health and/or the natural environment. Modest and temporary negative environmental impacts may be caused during implementation of the civil works and during operation and maintenance of the resulting infrastructure. The main expected impacts during the implementation period include minor clearing of vegetation, use/opening of earth borrow areas, securing of gravel from existing quarry pits, generation of construction waste, potential pollution from maintenance and operation of construction vehicles and equipment, and generation of noise and dust from operation of construction machinery. The social and economic impact of the proposed works is overall positive due to improving compliance with core safety and security obligations, creation of employment, and better and faster access to markets, opportunities for jobs and improved social infrastructure. There will be no new land acquisition for any of the proposed RP activities. Required measures to mitigate the negative impacts for various stages of rehabilitation and operation are described below.  For the design phase: Design will be undertaken by suitably qualified design consultants. In the case of aviation activities, the design and supervision of the proposed activities will be self-financed by TAL. For maritime activities, design consultants are likely to be contracted separately by MOT, and where necessary, funded under TSCP. For road maintenance works (land transport sector), responsibility for planning, design and supervision of the works will be held by the design consultants contracted under TSCP. All design will be compliant with the applicable environmental and social legislation of Tonga and consistent with the relevant guidelines and policies of the World Bank.  For the construction phase: Contractors will be required to follow the mitigation measures included in this EMP. The Contractor will also be required to use approved quarries and waste disposal sites which meet general criteria provided by the Design Consultant and are agreed with the relevant authorities. Separately, but as part of the Project, MOT will provide road construction and maintenance training to selected local Contractors and Consultants and introduce the EMP with focus on good environmental practices to follow during roads construction and completion of the environmental checklist. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 7  For the operation phase: Ongoing maintenance requirements will be incorporated into operational plans of each implementing agency, and will include measures indicated in this EMP, such as provision for storage of hazardous chemicals and contaminant handling, equipping of staff with appropriate safety equipment etc. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 8 2 Introduction The Ministry of Infrastructure (MOI – formerly Ministry of Transport) is currently implementing the Transport Sector Consolidation Project (TSCP) supported by funding through a World Bank IDA grant of USD5.44M. The TSCP was declared effective on 12 December 2008 and has a current project termination date of 31 December 2013. The Government has requested a further two year extension to complete remaining works and services. Amongst other things, the TSCP is providing support to the MOI in the Land Transport (Roads) sector through consulting services which will consider appropriate institutional and funding arrangements for managing the road maintenance function within Government (component A5A Options for Sustainable Road Maintenance – Institutional Arrangements and Funding). In March 2009, the Government of Tonga commenced discussions with the World Bank confirming their desire to implement a sustainable road maintenance program and seeking the Bank’s support in the transition of functional operations from the public sector, to a new domestic private sector. This development of a new private sector is consistent with current Government initiatives to reform the Public Sector under the Public Sector Reform Programme, and Government’s desire to stimulate the private sector and industry. Whilst the institutional issues are being considered under the existing TSCP, the Government of Tonga has requested donor support for the commencement of road maintenance works and support for the transition from the public to the private sector. Accordingly, the World Bank in association with AusAID has committed to providing funding for the first three-years of the road maintenance works programme. This funding is absorbed through a Re-structuring of the existing Project (RP) with a corresponding extension to the project deadline of two (2) years to 31 December 2013. The MOT as the key implementing agency of the TSCP has the overall responsibility for the TSCP and the Additional Finance. A small Project Support Team (PST) consisting of three full time positions (Project Manager, Procurement Specialist and Project Accountant) has been established to manage the project and provide support to the implementing agencies. The activities planned under the RP will involve civil works in the maritime, aviation and land transport sectors, with most activities focusing on road maintenance works. Activities are largely focused on improving the existing infrastructure. Road maintenance works in particular will not involve new road reconstruction or land acquisition. All civil works will be undertaken on existing roads and are expected to include spot and periodic maintenance, drainage clearance, and pavement rehabilitation aimed at improving and maintaining the existing road network. On 1st July 2012, MOI was created by the merger of Ministry of Transport (MOT) and Ministry of Works (MOW). A change management process will be implemented as part of this reform supported by TSCP. There is close collaboration between MOT and the Ministry of Works (MOW) regarding Land Transport activities, and it is expected that this arrangement will continue. It is noted that Works Planning, Design & Supervision consultancies will also be let under the RP facility to TSCP, to manage this program of road maintenance works. These consultancies will be responsible for the technical supervision and quality assurance of the civil works contracts. Environmental compliance with the EMP will be monitored primarily through the Works Planning, Design & Supervision consultants, as well as by officials of the Ministry of Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 9 Environment and Climate Change (MECC), now called Ministry of Lands, Environment, Climate Change and Natural Resources (MLECCNR). Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 10 3 Project Description The Project Development Objective (PDO) of the TSCP is to assist the Government of Tonga to advance ongoing transport sector reforms and initiatives so that the sector can better respond to both current and future national needs in a safe, secure and sustainable manner. The activities planned under the RP are consistent with this PDO, and have been identified under the ongoing sectoral and public sector reforms. 3.1 Description of Project Components The following table lists those activities funded under the RP that may or will have some environmental impact: Sector Project Description Expected Nature of Activity/Impact Aviation Transit Screening Point and Terminal expansion (TBU) Civil works Aviation New Rescue Fire Station (TBU) Civil works Aviation CCTV and Access Control (TBU) Civil Works Maritime Ferry Terminal paving, Ramp Reconstruction and Civil works Dangerous Goods Isolation – all ports - Resurfacing of existing unsealed surface for passenger facilitation, assembly areas, cargo loading/unloading. - Some ramp reconstruction to widen the existing ramp to facilitate the new inter-island ferry. - Dangerous Goods Isolation area involves a concrete slab foundation, containment and security fencing. (Scope to be determined as a result of the Maritime Needs Assessment) Maritime Upgrade to coastal watch radio system Civil works Land Road Maintenance programme Civil works Transport Table 3.1: RP Activities that may or will have some environmental impact As indicated in Table 3.1 above, the RP activities are expected to involve issues concerning civil works – construction and road maintenance, with one activity involving provision for safe handling of fire fighting chemicals. Mitigation measures are provided in Attachment 1. The largest environmental impacts are expected to concern the civil works undertaken as part of the three-year road maintenance program. The following sections describe the planned RP activities in more detail. 3.2 Description of Planned Aviation Activities Planned investments in the aviation sector will improve safety and security compliance of the sector, with national and international legislation and obligations. They involve the following: Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 11  Rescue Fire Station – for Fua’amotu International Airport, Tongatapu. The building will provide a 4 bay garaging facility for Fire Rescue Vehicles, with attendant equipment room, staff quarters, watch room and offices/train room. The building would be a simple kit set steel construction on a concrete slab floor with galvanized metal roof. The building will also set the benchmark for further facilities as TAL is committed to the environment and the reuse of rain water and solar heating would form part of the specification. This investment will protect and enhance the lifespan of vital equipment while providing the facilities to maintain CAT 8 ICAO certification requirements and potentially CAT 9, and provide an environment conducive for continued development of Rescue Fire Personnel.  Terminal Expansion (Transit Security Screening Point) – for Fua’amotu International Airport, Tongatapu. TAL is required to provide a transit screening point to facilitate passengers transiting through Tonga before heading to their final destination. They are required to be screened before entering the lounge to mix with already screened departing customers. This activity will involve extension to the existing terminal building inclusive of additional toilet facilities, improvements to existing baggage handling facilities, and making security improvements to the existing passenger viewing area. These issues have been identified in several ICAO audits and TAL currently has a time- bound dispensation whilst this issue is being rectified.  CCTV / Access Control – this activity will involve the introduction of CCTV coverage to monitor security, customs and passenger processing areas, as well as combining a more robust access control system for terminal doors and exterior security gates that border the land side and air side boundaries. 3.3 Description of Planned Maritime Activities Planned investments in the maritime sector will improve safety and security compliance of the sector, with national and international legislation and obligations. They involve the following:  Coastal Watch Radio Upgrade – for monitoring coastal marine traffic, and in particular for effective communication and coordination with emergency/search and rescue operations. This will involve purchase and installation of radio equipment, including where necessary, installation of base stations to ensure nationwide coverage.  Ferry Terminal Improvements and Navigational Light Installation – improvements to infrastructure at all ferry terminals are required and will involve, depending on location and requirements, small extensions to existing wharves, re-grading of existing ramps, cargo and dangerous goods isolation areas, improvements to passenger security and facilitation areas, and installation of navigational lights. All works will be undertaken on existing infrastructure. 3.4 Description of the Planned Land Transport Activities Planned investments in the Land Transport Sector are focused on developing a road maintenance program. Activities are expected to involve relatively small-scale civil works (USD$50,000 – USD$700,000) for maintenance of existing roads. It is expected that the civil works will reflect internationally accepted best practices for applying chip dressings, spot and periodic maintenance, and will include improving drainage and verge clearance, ‘pot-holing’ and other pavement improvements. Tonga has a population of approximately 100,000 persons; an estimated total of 20,000 vehicles; and a road network comprising around 1,800km across six islands, of which Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 12 approximately half is on Tongatapu. The length of minor (feeder or access) roads is estimated at 750km on Tongatapu and 1,350km in total. The condition of the road network is generally declining due to under-funding of maintenance in the past. In addition, increasing levels of vehicle ownership and introduction of heavy multi-axle vehicles is accelerating damage to the road system. Road program planning, asset management systems and financing arrangements are generally inadequate for current and future needs. Responsibility for road construction, planning and road maintenance currently sits with several agencies, with the Ministry of Lands, Survey, Natural Resource having the legal responsibility for the acquisition of land for road construction. However the functional responsibility currently lies with the Ministry of Works for the execution of road maintenance, construction and planning, whilst the Ministry of Infrastructure is responsible for vehicle and driver licensing, and traffic management devices. Visual survey of the roads show obvious signs of the pavement deterioration, waves, cross- sectional and longitudinal cracks, crocodile cracks, potholes, and significant road wear. In some sections, shoulders are low and need strengthening, sub grade slopes are worn out, or the cross-sectional slope does not meet standard requirements. In other sections, culverts are half- filled with soil, heads are damaged, and reinforcements at entrances and exits have deteriorated. Traffic regulation and safety elements are also in poor condition. In lot of places, traffic signs, guardrails and road marking are missing. 3.5 Description of the Proposed Road Maintenance works The planning, design and scoping of the civil works themselves will be determined through the Works Planning, Design & Supervision consultancies under component A5 of the TSCP. This consultancy will also be responsible for ensuring that the road maintenance program is consistent with MOT objectives, World Bank procurement guidelines and this EMP. Whilst detailed design and scope will be determined under component A5B, road maintenance works are expected to focus on community and feeder roads in Year 1, and expanding to include urban roads from Year 2 onwards. A map indicating likely sites of initial 1st Year road works program is included below: The following types of activities will be implemented during the maintenance works within the scope of the assignment:  Rehabilitation of pavement including levelling, chip-sealing, pothole patching, etc.;  Minor sub grade rehabilitation (where needed);  Cleanup and minor repairs of the drainage system;  Filling and levelling of shoulders where necessary;  Road furnishing where necessary (access ramps, sidewalks, guardrails, traffic signs and road marking). Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 13 4 Biophysical Baseline Data The Kingdom of Tonga is a small island developing country located in the Central South Pacific between 15° and 23° 30’ South and 173° and 177° West. It is an archipelago of 172 named islands (total land area of 747km2), 36 of which are inhabited (land area of 670km2). Tonga’s total population is estimated at 116,921 (July 2007) Tonga consists of four main island groups extended over a north-south axis: Tongatapu and ‘Eua southernmost, Ha’apai, Vava’u and the Niuas (Niuafo’ou and Niuatoputapu). Nuku’alofa, the capital, is situated in Tongatapu, the largest island. The Kingdom’s islands are comprised of both volcanic and uplifted coral islands and reefs. Tongatapu and ‘Eua are limestone capped islands. Ha’apai has high volcanic and low limestone islands. The south of the Vava’u group is generally composed of high volcanic and elevated limestone islands with reef communities or fringing reefs. The Niuas are high volcanic islands surrounded by fringing and barrier reefs. Population density is high, with the main concentration on Tongatapu (approximately 69% of total population). Vava’u is the next largest population centre with16% of the total population, followed by Ha’apai (8%), ‘Eua (5%) and the Niuas (2%). Figure 1. Map of the Kingdom of Tonga Climate Tonga’s climate is tropical with an average temperature range from 25°C to 26°C in the Hot Wet season (November – April) and 21°C to 24°C in the Cool Dry Season (May – October). Tonga is also vulnerable to tropical cyclones which occur during the hot wet season. Rainfall The wettest months are January, February and March with an average of 250mm per month, and humidity levels up to 75%. Average rainfall in the dry season is less than 250mm per month with humidity levels of 67%. Mean annual rainfall in the major island groups is shown below: Mean Annual Rainfall (mm) Tongatapu 1753mm Ha’apai 1689mm Vava’u 2185mm Table 4.1. Mean Annual Rainfall in major island groups (1947-2001) Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 14 Rainfall is highly variable from year to year and abnormally low or high rainfall persisting for more than three months is extremely rare. Two significant causes of rainfall variation in Tonga are ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation) which causes prolonged drought, or Tropical Cyclones which result in unusually wet years. Forestry There are few remaining natural forests in Tonga and those remaining are primarily restricted to steep, remote, inaccessible areas, uninhabited island, coastal areas, swamps and mangroves. There is one national park located on ‘Eua. Coastal Resources Coastal resources are important to Tonga’s economy and livelihoods. All sea resources and coastal areas 50 feet above the high tide watermark are Crown property and the rights to all resources (sand, dead coral, marine life) are vested in the Crown. Coastal areas include various ecosystems such as mangroves, coral reefs, sea grasses, beaches and diverse species that inhabit the coastal habitats. Fisheries Reefs and lagoons are the primary fishery for subsistence supplies. A wide range of shellfish and other marine life are also harvested from tidal flats at low tide for consumption. Commercial fishing is also an important part of the economy and is divided into three categories; offshore, bottom fish and inshore resources. Each category varies in magnitude and is subject to different levels of exploitation. Management of this resource is administered through the Ministry of Fisheries. Natural Resources Tonga has limited natural resources and depends almost entirely on imported petroleum products for energy production. Solar photovoltaic technology is used to provide electricity for remote rural communities, primarily on outer islands that do not have a grid power supplier. Solar thermal application for domestic water heating is also well developed on Tongatapu and has expanded in the residential sector and within the tourism industry. Soil and land use The road maintenance program involves rehabilitation and maintenance of existing roads and will not involve road extension or new road construction. Hence, no land acquisition is anticipated for the road program. Some of the excess waste soil and construction materials will be reutilized either in the project or for local fill. The rest would be transported to approved dump sites. In the case of Tongatapu, the approved dump site is at Tapuhia, Veitongo. Before commencement of civil works, the Contractor will obtain all relevant permissions/agreements from the relevant authorities and appropriate departments of the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change for use of dump sites and fill areas. 5 Environmental and Social Impacts Civil works expected under the RP activities will involve renovation or maintenance of existing infrastructure, and in some cases construction of new or extended facilities on existing land e.g. in the case of TAL for Fua’amotu International Airport, as indicated in Table 3.1. The bulk of the activities is focused on the rehabilitation and maintenance of the existing rural roads. The Project therefore does not involve acquisition of new land and is unlikely to to cause any major negative environmental or social impacts. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 15 Possible negative impacts related to road rehabilitation and maintenance and other civil works are expected to be confined to the construction site and will be of short-duration. With timely and proper implementation of this EMP and application of appropriate mitigation measures, most if not all the potential negative impacts can be prevented or minimized. Based on the assessment, these impacts are expected to be limited to:  Generation of excess excavated materials and construction waste. Scarification, replacement of unsuitable road material, clean up of drains, fixing of culverts, etc. would lead to the generation of excess soil and debris waste.  Soil erosion. Although no major clearing of roadside vegetation is envisaged, some soil erosion may occur as a result of the removal of shrubs and earth cover during roads resurfacing, the restoration of verge and side drains. The impacts on vegetative cover will be short-term and reversible through natural regeneration.  Pollution by construction run-off. Negative impacts of soil and water pollution with fuel and lubricants are expected to be temporary and minor.  Noise and vibration disturbances during construction and temporary dust generation related to the transportation of construction materials and truck traffic. These impacts will occur during the construction and rehabilitation works, but will be short-term and affect different people at different times. Impacts include dust from construction activities, noise during road resurfacing and maintenance and airport civil works, possible effect of vibration caused by operation of heavy machinery, increased traffic in some sections of roads, etc.  Air pollution from improper maintenance of equipment. Dust and the bitumen smoke arising from application of chip-seal and road maintenance work may have minor negative impact on the ambient air quality in the vicinity of the works and should be kept low, especially closer to populated areas. However, the roads are in rural areas with lower population density and no major impact is expected as proper construction/equipment functioning practices will be applied.  Traffic disruption during construction activities. These impacts will occur during the roads resurfacing and maintenance works, but will be short-term and related to the transport of different raw/construction materials to work sites.  Safety hazards from construction activities and during operation. No major hazards are expected during the construction of the proposed Project activities, as long as proper construction practices and safety procedures are applied. The social outcomes of the Project are expected to be positive through the improvement of safety and security compliance in the aviation and maritime sectors, as well as improvements to accessibility in the maritime and land transport sectors. No land acquisition is required for carrying out the planned RP activities and no resettlement will be necessary. Overall, the proposed RP activities will improve the accessibility of social and economic services, and improve safety and security compliance with national and international obligations. 5.1 Information Disclosure and Public Consultation As per the Bank’s policy and the requirements of the GOT, the EMP will be disclosed in the communities included in the 1st year roads Program prior to commencement of civil works. The Communities will be provided with a one page summary giving the information on the Project, the proposed project roads to be rehabilitated and repaired, the construction impacts and the proposed mitigation measures and the tentative schedule of construction. The full Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 16 EMPs will be made available for review in the local village offices and the community / local government offices. Consultations will be carried out over a period of one week in all 1st year road project communities. There was adequate representation in each project communities. Most of the questions concerned about the clarification regarding the selection of the road segments, the duration of the construction, arrangements for alternative access, dust, noise, safety, land acquisition, etc. There was good support for the project with emphasis on local jobs, adequate compensation in case of land acquisition (there is no land acquisition in this Project) and access to personal properties and construction safety. MOT explained how each of these issues will be dealt with and how they were addressed in the EMP and how they will be reflected in the design… 6 Mitigation Measures 6.1 Mitigation measures applicable to all civil works implemented under the Additional Finance facility Mitigation measures for the design, construction and operation stages of all civil works are detailed in Attachment 1, Table A.1.1. Compliance shall be monitored by the consultant supervising the construction, or in some cases, by the Implementing Agency (IA). 6.2 Mitigation measures applicable to Activities planned in the Aviation and Maritime Sectors Mitigation measures for the Aviation and Maritime sectors are detailed in Attachment 1, Tables A.1.2 and A.1.3 respectively. These measures are applicable to civil works implemented in these sectors, in addition to those identified in section 6.1 above. Implementation of the non construction mitigation measures will be undertaken as part of the engineering design/civil works contracts, or as part of the preparation of the procurement specification for equipment. Responsibility for this will lie with the implementing agencies such as TAL or MOT. 6.3 Mitigation measures applicable to Civil Works as part of the Road Maintenance Program Risk management process and mitigation measures are outlined in Section 7.4, which shall be used to identify project-specific environmental and safety risks and mitigation measures. Notwithstanding the minimum mitigation measures for the Land Transport sector are detailed in this section and in Attachment 1. In the event that the Risk management process identifies deficiencies in the EMP, then the EMP will be revised accordingly. The following mitigation measures are applicable to civil works implemented as part of the Road Maintenance Program. These measures are in addition to those identified in Attachment 4.  There are a number of operating quarries capable of providing the material resources requiring for the proposed project roads. One of these quarries is owned by MOW. Therefore opening of new quarries is not envisaged. However the Contractors should ensure that the quarries have valid operating licences and relevant environmental permits under Tongan Law. When opening new borrow pits or disposal sites, remove Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 17 and store the topsoil for use in the reclamation / restoration of the borrow pit and waste material disposal sites after completion of the construction.  Obtain permits from the relevant local/regional authorities for disposal of excavated materials and construction wastes at dump sites prior to commencing work activities.  Use the existing right-of-way for preliminary accumulation of wastes, which will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. Wherever possible excavated waste materials should be hauled directly to the approved waste disposal site to minimize double handling of the waste, site cleanup and dust generation.  In case the fuel, oil, or bitumen is stored in the construction site, locate them within the right-of-way and on an impermeable surface to be approved by the Technical Supervisor. If leakage occurs, use sand to mop up and collect liquid materials and transport the material to a disposal site licenced for handling such wastes. .  Transport and dispose of construction concrete rubbles, debris and spoils at sites approved by the Technical Supervisor and approved landfills/dump sites.  Develop a traffic management plan to ensure smooth traffic flow and safety both for workers and the passing traffic. The plan must be approved by the Technical Supervisor before commencing works.  Use only closed/covered trucks for transportation of raw/construction materials and debris, which will emit dust.  Clean the surrounding area from dust by regular water sprinkling (especially in residential areas nearby houses, schools, hospitals, etc.),  Excess materials and cleaning of sites should be done within one week upon completion of activities, unless otherwise approved by the Technical Supervisor.  Where possible stockpiling of friable material should be avoided and in-time delivery should be practiced.  Work shall only be done from 08:00 to 20:00, unless otherwise approved by the Technical Supervisor. Work near schools, hospitals and other similar institutions shall be done so as to not disturb their routine operations.  All vehicles must be regularly checked and equipped with effective exhaust mufflers according to the requirements of relevant public health and environmental legislation.  All workers on the road must possess and use safety equipment. Appropriate guidance / training should be given to the workers in charge for handling oil, chemicals, etc.  Arrange and install relevant safety elements such as road signs and delineators, barricades, beams, and warning lights. In some cases a flagman or traffic control supervisor should be engaged to redirect the traffic.  Restore quasi-original conditions of the landscape after completion of construction and maintenance works. The vegetation specific for the area shall be planted along the road side and on reclaimed areas, where envisaged by design.  Cease the works as soon as historical and/or cultural artefacts are unexpectedly found during earthworks and notify the Technical Supervisor. The contractor shall provide relevant information to MLSNR, MECC and the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection.  Periodically maintain the drainage system during the operation phase to ensure proper drainage, to prevent flooding and damage caused by water in the road structure. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 18 6.4 Costs of implementing mitigation measures The cost of implementing the proposed individual mitigation measures is small. In most part, the cost of adherence to the good environmental practice and compliance with this EMP are expected to be integrated into the pricing of various construction activities. However, there is cost associated with safety equipment, monitoring and training which is necessary for safe operation of the fire trucks and the fire unit at the Tonga airport and institutional strengthening of the MOI, TAL, and the MLECCNR. The cost is given below: 1. 2 noise meters $1,000 2. Firefighting safety gear $23,000 (uniforms / safety equipment – 15 sets at approx. $1,500 each) 3. Training for fire-fighters $12,000 (in-country for the whole crew – Airport and Port) 4. Environmental Training $10,000 (Contractors, MOI/MLECCNR + others, port, airport) 5. Miscellaneous $4,000 TOTAL $50,000 7 Environmental Management 7.1 Requirements for this Project to comply with Government of Tonga and World Bank Safeguards Policies A technical review of these investment activities in terms of their location, handling, and transportation associated with their use, their construction/civil works needs, and operations and maintenance requirements has concluded the following; 1. There will be no land acquisition required under this project. Maritime activities will be undertaken at the existing sites of the domestic Ferry Terminals in Nuku’alofa, Vava’u, Ha’apai, and the other islands. Similarly, with regards to Aviation, all activities will be located at or undertaken at the existing site of Fua’amotu International Airport on Tongatapu, and other international and domestic airports on the other islands in Tonga. With regards to Land Transport (Roads), all activities are focused on maintenance of existing roads and do not involve any widening, or lengthening or new road construction. Accordingly, there will be no adverse social impact in terms of land use. 2. Any adverse environmental impact, where it occurs at any stage, will be small, local, and generally confined to the immediate vicinity where it may occur. These impacts can either be readily avoided or mitigated through fairly basic and widely available mitigation measures. Pursuant to the requirements for category “B� projects in OP4.01, the Government of Tonga (GOT) has prepared this Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which will be integrated into the technical design and contracts for all civil works, and where necessary will also be adopted Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 19 by the Ministry of Infrastructure and Tonga Airports Ltd involving measures to be adopted during operation and maintenance of any of these activities. OP4.01 and the World Bank’s Policy on Disclosure of Information, requires that this EMP be disclosed both locally in Tonga and at the World Bank Infoshop. This EMP will require approval by the GOT through the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change (MECC), and a review and acceptance by the World Bank. The EMP was submitted to MECC on 29 July 2010 for GOT approval and will be submitted for review by the World Bank pending GOT approval. 7.2 Environmental Regulatory Framework Tonga has a well established regulatory framework that provides measures to protect and preserve the environment from abuse, pollution and degradation, to manage the environment for sustainable development and to promote environmental awareness. Legislation concerning the protection and preservation of the environment is found in a number of Acts and is the responsibility of a number of different Ministries according to their focus. Amongst these, are the following key legislations:  Environmental Impact Assessment Act 2003 and Environmental Impact Assessment Regulations 2010  Environmental Management Act 2010  Marine Pollution Prevention Act 2002  Parks and Reserves Act 1988  Fisheries Management Act 2002  Aquaculture Management Act 2003  Birds and Fish Preservation Act 1988  Public Health Act 1992 Copies of these Acts and subsidiary legislation are available online at http://legislation.to The Ministry of Lands, Environment and Climate Change and Natural Resources (MLECCNR) is the principal agency responsible for the management of the environment, and in administering the environmentally related legislation in Tonga. It provides environmental assessments, reports and recommendations to the responsible Ministry, as well as being mandated under the Environmental Impact Assessment Act 2003 and the EIA Regulations 2010 to require environmental impact assessments and impose conditions for development projects within Tonga. Accordingly, activities funded under the TSCP will follow the GOT’s established procedures and associated guidelines established under the Environmental Assessment Act 2003, and environmental legislation of the relevant ministry. The Environmental Impact Assessment Act 2003 The Environmental Impact Assessment Act 2003 is specifically concerned with ensuring development projects are managed, conducted and carried out sustainably and appropriately. It requires that all major development projects submit an appropriate environmental impact assessment report that will include a review of all relevant impact as determined by the MECC from time to time. The definition of major development projects is provided in Schedule 1 of this Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 20 Act, and covers a broad range of major development activities such as tourism facilities, abattoirs, marinas, or mining activity. Schedule 1 is attached herewith as Attachment 6. The MECC is also empowered with imposing appropriate mitigation measures on proposed development projects, in accordance with the outcomes of the environmental impact assessment reports. No activities funded under the TSCP fall under these categories, although they are required to abide by the legislation of the relevant ministry. At this stage, the Regulations under this Act providing fuller procedural, compliance and penalty requirements have not yet been approved. As such, the EIA requires only major development projects as defined in Schedule 1 of the Act, to undergo an environmental impact assessment. In practice, the MECC currently adopts the Regulations as guidelines. It works closely with GOT ministries in assessing development projects and has a process in place for categorising development projects as minor or major according to the likely impact. It also requires the implementing agency to identify any potential environmental risks or impacts, and to propose appropriate mitigation measures. Approval from the MECC is required under these guidelines in order that projects may proceed. The MECC makes its recommendation for approval, deferral, mitigation, or cancellation of projects in relation to the powers of existing legislation (ie. through the clauses under for example, the Fisheries Management Act 2002, rather than directly through its own DOE legislation). Non-Compliance with Relevant Legislation Provisions for non-compliance with legislation are provided for in all environment-related legislation. Penalties include measures ranging from fines, to imprisonment or both, and are applicable to both individuals and companies. 7.3 Provisions of National Land Laws Tonga has a complex land system, which is administered through the Land Act 1988 and its subsidiary legislation. Land Act 1988 The Land Act 1988 is the key piece of legislation governing land in Tonga. It is a comprehensive Act and provides for, amongst other things, the provision of land to estate holders (nobles), rights of Tongans to be allotted land, ownership, inheritance, lease and resumption of land to the Crown. Land issues are sensitive and are governed by comprehensive legislative processes. Land in Tonga may not be sold, but may be leased or sub-leased. All leases up to 99 years require the consent of Cabinet; longer leases require Privy Council approval. Leases are common in Tonga and may be made between the landholder and individuals, organisations or companies. Where land is required for public purposes, the Minister of Lands, Survey, Natural Resources and Environment may reserve Crown Land for this purpose. In cases where the required land is Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 21 not Crown Land, and a lease or other agreement cannot be arranged, the King, with the consent of Privy Council may resume land compulsorily. Resumption of land, as detailed in the legislation, requires appropriate compensation to the landholder. Whilst it is not often used in Tonga, it is an important clause that provides an avenue for the Crown to reoccupy land when and where it may be needed. There has been some precedent for this in the resumption of land in the Vaini district from the Noble for the construction of Hu’atolitoli Prison. No activities under the TSCP will require the use of any land laws as all activities occur or are undertaken on facilities where appropriate contracts regarding land usage or tenure are in place. However, the technical assistance studies to be undertaken under Components 1 and 3 will need to consider appropriate arrangements for land management regarding the identification and use of land for roads and associated traffic management. 7.4 Risk Management TSCP has developed a risk-based management process to be adopted for all activities during design, construction and operation phases. Risk management process and mitigation measures are outlined in this section shall be used to identify project-specific environmental and safety risks and mitigation measures. Notwithstanding the minimum mitigation measures for the Land Transport sector are detailed in section 6.3 and in Attachment 1. In the event that the risk management process identifies deficiencies in the EMP, then the EMP will be revised accordingly. The risk management has been based on a conventional model, with likelihood and consequences of hazards graduated into levels of risk, as shown in the table below. Rare Unlikely Possible Likely Almost Certain Severe Med High High Extreme Extreme Major Med Med High High Extreme Moderate Low Med Med High High Minor Low Low Med Med Med Negligible Low Low Low Low Med Likelihood of hazards or events occurring has been scaled as follows: Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 22 RATING LIKELIHOOD PROBABILITY Almost The event is expected to occur >90% Certain Likely The event will probably occur 50% to 90% Possible The event might occur 10% to 50% Unlikely The event probably won’t occur 2% to 10% Rare The event is very unlikely to <2% occur. Consequences of these hazards have been rated on the following criteria and agreed with MLECCNR: Rating Project Financial Safety Environment Compliance Reputation Objectives Failure to Cost over-run Fatality or Permanent Claim or action Court, meet all three by 25% or permanent impacts to could be regulator or objectives financial loss significant populations of brought in the Government/ with greater than disability, long significant flora Courts; and Cabinet inquiry termination of TOP1M. term impairment or fauna (e.g. concludes project or illness threatened), improper, significantly highly corrupt or affecting the significant grossly quality of life for heritage items, negligent an employee, complete conduct. contractor or removal of member of the habitat or public. significant impairment of ecosystem function. Regulators Other action could bring by MOI results prosecution in termination and penalties of Minister or (and potential CEO. imprisonment for individuals); Severe and Project Cost over-run Long term or Medium-long Claim or action Action by MOI substantially between 15- permanent term (>10 could be results in one failes to meet 25% or disability, years) physical brought in the or more one objective financial loss impairment or impacts likely Courts; and Executives or of the project between illness not to cause senior TOP500 and significantly impacts to managers TOP1M. affecting the flora/fauna being quality of life for populations, or terminated. an employee, direct impacts contractor or to flora / fauna member of the populations. public. Adverse impacts to Major significant heritage items. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 23 Rating Project Financial Safety Environment Compliance Reputation Objectives Project Regulator Government or requires could bring Cabinet inquiry restructuring prosecution for into our to meet which the actions or revised penalty (and operations. project potential objectives imprisonment for individuals). Prolonged and negative national media attention. Project does Cost over-run Hospitalisation Medium term Claim or action Short term not meet the between 5% - with medical (3-10 years) could be negative target(s) of at 15% or intervention of impacts on brought in the national media least one financial loss an employee, populations of Courts; and attention. indicator for between contractor or native flora / the project TOP100,000 - member of the fauna including objectives TOP500,000. public. loss of individuals of threatened species, Significant impacts on physical environment. Project Regulator Regulator requires time could bring conducts extension to prosecution for formal inquiry. meet project which a penalty objectives or fine for an individual. Prolonged and negative media attention. Moderate Project fails to Cost over-run Injury or illness Short term (1-3 Claim or action Formal meet less than 5% or requiring years) direct could be complaint intermediate financial loss medical impacts on brought in the made to a results, but between treatment of an physical Court; and Regulator. could with TOP10,000 employee, environment intervention, and contractor or (water, soil, air) meet the TOP100,000. member of the that may project public. impact on flora objectives or fauna. Loss of individuals of common native Minor flora or fauna. May extend Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 24 Rating Project Financial Safety Environment Compliance Reputation Objectives outside of work area. Regulator Short term could issue an negative enforcement or media penalty notice. attention. Intervention Financial loss Nil to first aid Low-level direct Offence is Negative required to less than injury, low level impacts on merely comment meet targets TOP10,000K. short term physical reportable; about MOI at and results to inconvenience environment and/or Cabinet level. achieve or symptoms for (water, soil, air) project an employee, within work objectives contractor or area. member of the public. Impacts easily Regulator Formal remedied. could issue a complaint warning notice. made to MOI. No identifiable impact on flora or fauna. Negligible Levels of controls have been also agreed with MLECCNR as stated below: Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 25 Based on the aforementioned criteria and ratings, the risk assessment will be developed and updated at least monthly and as required prior to, during and after execution of works. Mitigation measures will be monitored and updated in accordance with this section and sections 7.5, 7.6 and 7.7. 7.5 Monitoring Arrangements The purpose of environmental monitoring is to ensure that the designed mitigation measures are implemented on the ground and then to determine whether they are effective over time. Monitoring will also ensure that changes are introduced if and when they are needed. Institutional responsibility for implementation and monitoring of the proposed mitigation measures will be shared amongst the following agencies: i. Project Support Team – will be responsible for ensuring that the Environmental Management Plan is appropriately incorporated into the relevant bidding documents, technical specifications and contracts as appropriate. ii. Implementing Agencies – MOT and TAL will be responsible for ensuring that the EMP is referenced appropriately within relevant bidding documents, technical specifications and contracts. They will also be primarily responsible for ensuring that any post- construction or delivery mitigation measures are incorporated as appropriate, into their operational plans. iii. Executing Agencies – will be primarily responsible for implementing the mitigation measures required under the EMP and the relevant bidding documents and/or contract. In the case of road maintenance works, responsibility for monitoring construction management issues will lie primarily with the consultant supervising the civil works contractors. This would be the same consultant that would be supervising the other technical aspects the civil works contractors are required to achieve. iv. Monitoring Agency – will be responsible for the monitoring, auditing and compliance assessment of all aspect in accordance with this EMP. The level of monitoring, auditing and compliance assessments will be developed on a case- by-case basis, dependent upon the nature, complexity, duration and potential impacts of the works. At a minimum, the MLECCNR will undertake four audits during a 12 month period with the results provided to MOI. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 26 Additionally, the World Bank as part of its supervision process will review compliance of this EMP during the project implementation phase and report its findings in its Implementation Status Report (ISR) and Implementation Completion Reports (ICR). 7.6 Reporting Requirements – Mobilization The Contractor shall be required to present the following reports as a part of the Workplan for approval by the Technical Supervisor prior to commencing any civil works.  Site Management Plan: How the sites will be managed during the civil works (traffic/port management as appropriate).  Materials Management Plan: The location of quarries, borrow and fill areas (temporary and permanent), including copies of all permits, how materials will be handled during construction. 7.7 EMP Compliance Supervision During Construction The Technical Supervisor shall monitor compliance with the EMP during the construction and the defect liability period. The Contractor shall cooperate with the Technical Supervisor by facilitating supervisor’s access to any work sites and any information pertaining conduct of works which supervisor may reasonably request. The Technical Supervisor shall be responsible for accurate reporting to the Implementing Agency and the Transport Project Support Team on the status of EMP implementation and on any issues pertaining contractor’s adherence to it. To implement regular monitoring of EMP implementation supervisor will use the sample Environmental Supervision Checklist provided in the Attachment 5. In the event that a violation of the EMP is observed during construction by the Technical Supervisor, the following shall apply:  For minor infringements, (an incident which causes temporary but reversible damage), the Contractor will be given Notice by the Technical Supervisor to remedy the problem in the first 48 hours following the receipt of Notice and to restore the environment. If restoration is done satisfactorily during this period, no further actions will be taken.  If in the judgment of the Technical Supervisor no satisfactory action by the Contractor has been started, or no satisfactory action to remedy the problem during the 48 hour period is ongoing, (the Technical Supervisor has the right to extend the period for another 24 hours, provided that remediation was started timely by the Contractor), the Technical Supervisor shall notify the Client in order to arrange for another Contractor to do the restoration, and deduct the cost from the main Contractor’s next payment.  For major infringements, which are a reportable event in accordance with Environmental Management Act, 2010, the Technical Supervisor shall notify the MLECCNR to undertake a site investigation. The Contractor will comply with the requirements of the Notice to rectify the impact, with all costs borne by the Contractor.   In addition, in the event that an infringement causes long-term, irreversible damage or contravenes any applicable legislation, the Contractor is liable for additional penalties as may be decided by the competent authorities. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 27 8 Application of Environmentally Sound Construction Practice In addition to the project-specific recommendations and measures for mitigating negative environmental impacts of construction works provided in this EMP, Attachment 3 provides general guidelines on the environmentally sound practices applicable to roads construction. Adherence to these guidelines and compliance with the mitigation plan will ensure keeping environmental impacts of the Project to an acceptable minimum level. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 28 Attachment 1: Mitigation Plans Table A1.1. Mitigation Plan for All Civil Works POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES IMPACT AGENCY AGENCY DESIGN STAGE Traffic safety Provide for traffic management plan to be developed by Contractor Design Consultant IA Soil erosion Minimize erosion and design erosion protection measures according to Tongan Design Consultant IA Design norms. Dust/Air Pollution Identify borrow sites, waste disposal sites, and crusher sites to minimize impacts sign Consultant IA on the environment and nearby population. Water pollution Minimize risk to groundwater, surface and coastal pollution according the Tongan Design Consultant IA Design norms’ Flood Design will make appropriate provision for discharge of storm drainage and Design Consultant IA minimise effect of water pooling in low-lying areas, to prevent damage to the roads and nearby houses and properties. Quarries, borrow pits and Identify existing, licenced/approved quarries, borrow sites and waste disposal Design Consultant IA construction debris/spoils sites that could be used for the Project. To the extent possible eliminate the need disposal sites. for opening new borrow area and waste disposal sites. CONSTRUCTION STAGE Traffic and construction Develop the traffic management plan to ensure smooth traffic flow and safety for Construction IA through Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 29 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES IMPACT AGENCY AGENCY safety workers and passing / local traffic Contractor Technical Supervisor Where appropriate, employ flagmen/women on the road to prevent traffic accidents. The workers shall have relevant safety equipment Soil erosion Borrow and disposal sites no longer in use will be restored Construction IA through Contractor Technical Supervisor Pollution of water and soil Obtain permit from the relevant authorities (MLECCNR, Waste Management Construction IA through as a result of improper Authority) for construction and disposal operations. Contractor Technical disposal of excavated Supervisor materials and construction Provide for zones of preliminary accumulation of wastes that will cause no wastes damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. Use the existing right-of-way for preliminary accumulation of wastes, which will cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components of the environment. Arrange transport and disposal of wastes according to the established procedure and in the approved dump sites designated for the specific purpose. Water pollution Lubricants shall be collected and recycled, or disposed of according to Tongan Construction IA through regulations. Contractor Technical Supervisor Water samples shall be tested for oil when leakages to surface waters or groundwater is observed Dust related to the Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction materials, when dust Construction IA through transportation of will be emitted from carried loads Contractor Technical construction materials, Supervisor truck traffic and Clean the surrounding area from dust by regular water sprinkling (especially in Construction IA through implementation of works residential areas nearby houses, schools, hospitals, etc.), removal of excess Contractor Technical materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of activities. Where possible Supervisor stockpiling of friable material should be avoided and in-time delivery should be practiced. Workers dealing with hazardous materials or exposed to dust shall be provided Construction IA through with necessary protection gear Contractor Technical Supervisor Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 30 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES IMPACT AGENCY AGENCY Noise and vibration Minimize nuisance from noise, especially closer to residential areas, through Construction IA through disturbances establishment of work time schedule (usually from 08:00 to 20:00) and avoid Contractor Technical increase of noise and number of work equipment at peak hours. Adjust working Supervisor hours nearby schools, hospitals and other similar institutions to avoid disturbing their routine operations. Regularly check and maintain machinery, equipment and vehicle conditions to Construction IA through ensure appropriate use of mufflers, etc. Contractor Technical Supervisor Workers in the vicinity of sources of high noise shall wear necessary protection Construction IA through gear. Contractor Technical Supervisor Workers shall have and use safety equipment. Appropriate training shall be given Construction IA through to the workers in charge for handling oil, chemicals, etc. Contractor Technical Supervisor Arrange necessary measures for pedestrian and passer-by safety and all means Construction IA through Accident risks/Impacts on of transportation safety (e.g., establish protection zones, by-pass these areas Contractor Technical traffic safety during transportation of materials, etc.) Supervisor Relevant safety elements such as guardrails, road signs and delineators, Construction IA through pavement markings, barricades and beams, warning lights shall be installed. In Contractor Technical some cases a flagman/woman or traffic control supervisor could be engaged Supervisor Impacts on historic-cultural Cease the works as soon as historical and cultural relics are encountered during Construction IA through monuments earthworks and provide relevant information to the MLECCNR and Ministry of Contractor Technical Commerce, Tourism and Labour for Historical and Cultural Monuments Protection Supervisor Landscape degradation and soil erosion Arable land shall not be used as earth borrowing. If unavoidable the topsoil (ca 30 Construction IA through cm) shall be removed, stored and reused for rehabilitation after construction is Contractor Technical over Supervisor Restoration to quasi-original conditions of landscape after completion of Construction IA through rehabilitation works and after use of quarries; restore the vegetation cover as is Contractor Technical provided in the design Supervisor Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 31 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES IMPACT AGENCY AGENCY Use plant species characteristic for the landscape in the course of restoration of Construction IA through the vegetation cover along the road and on reclaimed areas Contractor Technical Supervisor Handling of lubricants and Store and handle in prepared containment areas, with measures for cleanup in Construction IA through fuels for Construction the event of spills. Contractor Technical Equipment Supervisor Service and maintain equipment in facilities with appropriate capture and disposal Construction IA through of used lubricants. Contractor Technical Supervisor OPERATION STAGE There shall be established an emergency response for traffic incidents and/or ARD (maintenance) Ministries of Accidents involving accidents to minimise impacts from traffic accidents with hazardous goods. Nature Protection hazardous materials and Health Accidents due to excessive speeds on the improved roads shall be controlled by ARD (maintenance) Traffic Police Traffic Safety establishing and enforcing speed limits and installation and maintenance of traffic calming devices in populated areas Maintenance of drainage Drainage systems shall be periodically cleared to ensure appropriate flows. ARD (maintenance) ARD/MoTC systems Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 32 Table A.1.2. Specific Mitigation Plan for Aviation Activities POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES IMPACT AGENCY AGENCY AVIATION SECTOR ACTIVITIES Construction Issues Ref. Table A1.1 Design Consultant TAL Hazardous chemicals - Strictly apply and enforce manufacturer’s recommendations for handlin g and TAL TAL inappropriate storage and storage. These measures include sealing of drums, and avoiding extreme heat. handling of drums/barrels during placement in onboard tanks leading to Compliance also with international good practice. TAL TAL possible exposure of the public to harmful chemicals in aviation non-emergency Construction of secure storage area to facilitate transport, handling and TAL TAL situations. placement. Staff wear gloves and overalls when handling or mixing material TAL TAL Mixed fluid material is either pumped directly from container to truck tank (ie. no Design Consultant / TAL direct handling and very minimal spillage risks), or poured into buckets and loaded TAL manually onto the truck tank (older trucks only). Any spillage is flushed away. Minimal, if any, environmental risk is posed by this, as according to the manufacturer’s guidelines, the material is inert. Fire engines are to be serviced and maintained at existing airport workshop. TAL TAL Contamination of land Workshop to be fitted with bunded area areas for storage of oil and fuel drums. TAL TAL and/or water bodies with used oils during servicing Bunded areas to be drained through newly built oil-separators. TAL TAL and maintenance of Fire engines and other airport Oil separators to be routinely emptied and material disposed of in approved transport/servicing landfills. equipment. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 33 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES IMPACT AGENCY AGENCY All oil (used and new) drums to be stored in bunded areas. TAL TAL All used oils to be stored in drums. Used oil drums should be returned to the suppliers or should be sold in secondary TAL TAL local market if there is demand for this. Used oils may be used for emergency drills/preparedness exercises as appropriate. Table A.1.3 Specific Mitigation Measures for Maritime Sector Activities POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES IMPACT AGENCY AGENCY MARITIME SECTOR ACTIVITIES Construction Issues Ref. Table A1.1 Design Consultant MOT (MAD) Adequate drainage of Design of adequate slope/gradient on finished pavement surface. Design Consultant MOT (MAD) surface storm water. Contamination of land Run-off water channeled through oil-separator before final drainage into sea. Design Consultant MOT (MAD) and/or water bodies with oils in run-off water. Design, Construct, Operate and Maintain adequate size, location, and number OF oil separators. Regular collection of oil waste from oil separator and disposal in approved MOT (MAD) MOT (MAD) landfills. Dangerous Goods Isolation Provide bunded area which drains into an oil separator. MOT (MAD) MOT (MAD) and Lubricants storage area Regular collection of oil waste from separator and disposal in approved landfills Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 34 POTENTIAL NEGATIVE EXECUTING SUPERVISING ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES IMPACT AGENCY AGENCY General Safety and Ferry and terminal operations are in accordance with both national legislation and MOT (MAD) MOT (MAD) Operations of Ferry international obligations under the IMO Terminals Planned segregation of cargo and passengers; creation of specific safety zones Design Consultant / MOT (MAD) for isolation of dangerous goods. MOT (MAD) General safety will be significantly enhanced with the installation of appropriate Design Consultant / MOT (MAD) terminal lighting (non-existent at most terminals) MOT (MAD) Planned installation of navigational and safety aids will significantly reduce safety issues for vessels on ferry terminal approaches Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 35 Attachment 2: Monitoring Plan Phase What parameter is to be Where is the parameter How is the parameter to be When is the parameter to be Responsible Agency monitored? to be monitored? monitored?/ type of monitored? (frequency of monitoring equipment measurement or continuous) Traffic safety Design documents Ensure inclusion in design During the design Design Consultant Design Location of licenced, Design documents Ensure inclusion in design During the design Design Consultant operating quarries and and material requirements borrow/disposal sites Material borrow sites and Construction Permits from MECC and/or During construction / regular IA, Technical Construction quarries Contractor’s records MLSNR inspection Supervisor Agreement for waste Construction Permits from MECC. During construction, / regular IA Technical disposal Contractor’s records Inspection of disposal sites inspection Supervisor Soil erosion In new clearings Inspections at sites, grass During construction and after IA through Technical verges and drains site restoration Supervisor Surface water pollution Water courses located Site inspections During construction if spill or IA through Technical close to work sites Ad hoc monitoring if contaminated run-off is Supervisor discharge is observed observed Dust At construction sites and Site inspections. Regular During earth works and chip IA through Technical adjacent sensitive areas visual inspection seal works Supervisor On any complaints. Noise level At work site and Site inspections. During construction and chip IA through Technical sensitive locations Measurement of noise level seal works Ad hoc monitoring. Supervisor with hand-held noise meter On any complaints Storage of fuel, oil, bitumen, At work sites and service Regular site inspections At all time where work sites IA through Technical etc. areas are used for storing fuel, oil, Supervisor bitumen, etc. Vehicle and pedestrian At and near work site Regular inspections Ad hoc day and night IA through Technical safety inspections Supervisor Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 36 Phase What parameter is to be Where is the parameter How is the parameter to be When is the parameter to be Responsible Agency monitored? to be monitored? monitored?/ type of monitored? (frequency of monitoring equipment measurement or continuous) Construction workers and At work site Inspection Unannounced inspections IA through Technical staff safety (personal during construction works Supervisor protective equipment) Proper operation of utilities On sites where utilities Inspection In case the utility is IA through Technical crossed by road section are crossed by road repaired/relocated during Supervisor section construction works Operation Accidents with hazardous On site Accident report Immediately after accident IA/MOT materials or wastes MECC Traffic safety On the road during Observation of obedience of Randomly by decision of the Traffic Police operation speed and other traffic Traffic Police regulations Maintenance of drainage On site Inspection When needed IA/MOT system Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan –Final 37 Attachment 3: Environmental Management Guidelines for Road Contractors Roads and footpaths In order to carry out the road maintenance works, it may be necessary to close or divert certain specified roads and footpaths, temporarily during the construction period. The contractor in consultation with the Police and MOT should arrange diversions to alternative routes for transport and/or pedestrians. After breaking up the road surface, closing or otherwise interfering with any street or footpath to which the public has access, the Contractor shall make such arrangements as may be reasonably necessary so as to cause as little interference with the pedestrian or motor traffic in that street during the construction or the maintenance works as shall be reasonably practicable. Wherever the maintenance works interfere with existing public or private roads or other ways over which there is a public or private right of way for any traffic, the Contractor shall construct diversion ways wherever possible. The standard of construction shall be suitable in all respects for any class of traffic using the existing ways, and the widths of the diversions shall not be less than that of the existing way wherever possible. Diversion ways shall be constructed in advance of any interference with the existing ways and shall be maintained to provide adequately for the traffic flows. The Contractor shall be responsible for supplying, erecting and maintaining for the requisite periods all statutory and public information notices. Movement of trucks and construction machinery The Contractor moving solid or liquid construction materials and waste shall take strict measures to minimize littering of roads by ensuring that vehicles are loaded in such a manner as to prevent falling off or spilling of construction materials and by sheeting the sides and tops of all vehicles carrying soil, sand, other materials and debris. The Contractor shall also take all reasonable measures to avoid to the extent possible that delivery vehicles park on the highways prior to entering the construction site. Traffic safety measures The Contractor shall provide, erect and maintain such traffic signs, road markings, lamps, barriers and traffic control signals and such other measures as may be necessary for ensuring traffic safety around the work site. The Contractor shall not commence any work that affects the public motor roads and highways until all traffic safety measures necessitated by the work are fully operational. Access across the construction site and to frontages In carrying out the maintenance works, the Contractor shall take all reasonable precautions to prevent or reduce any disturbance or inconvenience to the owners, tenants or occupiers of the adjacent properties, and to the public generally. The Contractor shall maintain any existing right of way across the whole or part of the maintenance site and public and private access to adjoining frontages in a safe condition and to a standard not less than that pertaining at the commencement of the contract. If required, the Contractor shall provide acceptable alternative means of passage or access to the satisfaction of the persons affected. Protection of the existing installations The Contractor shall properly safeguard all buildings, structures, works, services or installations from harm, disturbance or deterioration during the concession period. The Contractor shall take all necessary measures required for the support and protection of all buildings, structures, pipes, cables, sewers, railways and other apparatus during the concession period. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final 38 Use of existing structures The Contractor shall not locate stockpiles for materials, stores, plant or temporary works upon or adjacent to or under existing structures such as bridges, viaducts, towpaths, walls and embankments in such a way as to endanger these structures. Noise and dust control The Contractor shall take all practicable measures to minimise nuisance from dust and noise from the rehabilitation sites. This includes:  Respecting normal working hours in or close to residential areas;  Maintaining equipment in a good working order to minimize extraneous noise from mechanical vibration, creaking and squeaking, as well as emissions or fumes from the machinery;  Shutting down equipment when it is not in use. Water supply conflicts The Contractor must ensure that the workforce have adequate access to a safe water supply, which is not provided to the detriment of services to the local population. If there is a risk of competition for limited water resources, then the Contractor must ensure that the local supply is not affected, and that workforce is provided with an alternative source if necessary (e.g. tankered and stored water). Waste disposal The Contractor must agree with the Client municipality about arrangements for construction waste disposal. The municipality shall designate a dumping site or landfill for the disposal of solid waste. Should any hazardous waste be involved and unexpectedly encountered, the Contractor must inform the Client municipality on the above and strictly follow the Client’s guidance for disposal of such waste. Soil protection The Contractor must take all practicable measures to avoid degradation and erosion of soil. The use of heavy machinery must be limited to the extent possible for avoiding land compaction. Soil erosion and slope instability should be addressed through hillside terracing, tree planting and construction of check dams. Protection of trees and other vegetation The Contractor shall avoid loss of trees and damage to other vegetation wherever possible. Adverse effects on green cover within or in the vicinity of the work site shall be minimized by adequate selection of access routes, piling and storage locations for construction materials and parking lots for heavy machinery. Emergency contacts and procedures The Contractor shall prepare and maintain emergency contact information for each work site which shall be displayed prominently and accessible for all personnel. Emergency contact information shall contain phone numbers and the method of notifying local authorities/services for action in case of fire, health emergencies, disorder in communications, emergency release of hazardous materials, etc. Clearance of rehabilitation site on completion The Contractor shall clear up all working areas both within and outside the work site and accesses as work proceeds and when no longer required for the carrying out of the maintenance works. All surplus soil and materials, temporary roads, plant, sheds, offices and temporary fencing shall be removed, post holes filled and the surface of the ground restored as near as practicable to its original condition. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final 39 Attachment 4: Specific Mitigation Measures to be undertaken by Road Maintenance Contractors ISSUE/ STRUCTURE SPECIFIC MITIGATION ACTIVITY Disposal of rubble and other spoil material Transport to and dispose of at approved disposal sites, landfills. Re-use as backfill material on site as appropriate Use of Quarries and Aggregates Obtain only from approved and licensed Quarries or borrow pits. Rehabilitate borrow pits after use to control erosion, settlement of flood water and prevent any other hazards to public. Dust Control Transport aggregate material in covered trucks if dust is emitted for carried load. Use water sprinkler when loose tipping material on ground. Constant watering of loose material Handling of lubricants and fuels for Store and handle in bunded areas. Construction Equipment Service and maintain equipment in facilities with appropriate capture and disposal of used lubricants. Approaching road (access to house) Do not use these areas for temporary storage of construction materials or as construction waste temporary accumulation site to prevent blocking access to houses/infrastructure. Do not locate construction machinery/ equipment nearby approaching roads. While working in residential areas in order to reduce nuisance from dust and noise contractor shall strictly keep normal working hours (08:00 to 20:00), maintain machinery/equipment in a good operational conditions to minimize noise, vibration and emissions or fumes; shut down machinery/ equipment when it is not directly in use. Signs for pedestrians and traffic shall be installed to ensure safety and movement control. Storage While working in a section of the road do not store construction materials, construction waste, machinery and equipment, as this may result in pollution of water by construction run-offs or leakages. Non residential building Do not use these areas for temporary storage of construction materials or as construction waste temporary accumulation site to prevent blocking access to buildings/infrastructure. Do not locate construction machinery/ equipment nearby buildings and its approaching road. Residential buildings Do not use these areas for temporary storage of construction materials or as construction waste temporary accumulation site to prevent blocking access to houses. Do not locate construction machinery/ equipment nearby buildings and their approaching roads. While working in residential areas in order to reduce nuisance from dust and noise contractor shall strictly keep normal working hour, maintain machinery/equipment in a good operational conditions to minimize noise, vibration and emissions or fumes; shut down machinery/ equipment when it is not directly in use. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final 40 ISSUE/ STRUCTURE SPECIFIC MITIGATION ACTIVITY Signs for pedestrians and traffic shall be installed to ensure safety and movement control. While working in this section of the road do not store construction materials, construction waste, machinery and Culvert equipment, as this may result in pollution of water by construction run-offs or leakages. Chute While working in this section of the road do not store construction materials, construction waste, machinery and equipment, as this may result in pollution of water by construction run-offs or leakages. Access Ramp Do not use these areas for temporary storage of construction materials or as construction waste temporary accumulation site to prevent blocking access to ramp. Do not locate construction machinery/ equipment nearby access ramps. During construction activities avoid working in such areas during rush hours and place all relevant traffic control signs. Sidewalk Construction material, wastes as well as machinery/ equipment shall not be stored nearby sidewalk. While working on sidewalk contractor shall maintain machinery/equipment in a good operational conditions to minimize noise, vibration and emissions or fumes; shut down machinery/ equipment when it is not directly in use. Signs for pupils and pedestrians shall be installed to ensure safety and movement control. Shop Do not use these areas for temporary storage of construction materials or as construction waste temporary accumulation site to prevent blocking access to shop. Do not locate construction machinery/ equipment within 50 m of the shop and its approaching road. Road to school Do not use these areas for temporary storage of construction materials or as construction waste temporary accumulation site to prevent blocking street. Do not locate construction machinery/ equipment nearby. During construction activities avoid working in such areas during rush hours and place all relevant traffic control signs. No construction activities to be done during school hours which may disrupt classes. Field road Do not use these areas for temporary storage of construction materials or as construction waste temporary accumulation site to prevent blocking access road to field. Do not locate construction machinery/ equipment nearby such roads. Roads adjoining or going through coastal / Work in such areas carefully to not damage the existing infrastructure. Where necessary use of special lagoon / swamp areas equipment and/or involve relevant entities (e.g. water supply company) so as not to block water flow or resulting in other adverse impacts on water quality. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final 41 Attachment 5: Environmental Supervision Checklist General information DD/MM/YY Report prepared by Name of road link and location of construction site Name of contractor/ subcontractor Permits, agreements Permit obtained for quarry opening during � � � construction Yes No N/A Agreement obtained for disposal of � � � construction waste Yes No N/A Management of Proper location of construction site/camp � � � construction sites Yes No N/A Availability of proper storage for fuel, oil and � � � construction materials Yes No N/A Proper maintenance of construction machinery and equipment (prevent leakage � � � of fuel, oil, lubricants, etc.) Yes No N/A Availability of places of preliminary accumulation of excavated and demolished � � � materials and construction wastes within the Yes No N/A existing right-of-way Timely removal of excavated and demolished materials and construction waste from the places of preliminary � � � accumulation and disposal to planned and Yes No N/A agreed places Use covered trucks for transportation of � � � construction materials and waste Yes No N/A Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling in construction zone (when � � � necessary) Yes No N/A Clean/ wash tires of vehicles before they get to dwellings and/or drive on highways (when � � � necessary) Yes No N/A Implementation of works at the established � � � time (e.g. work during daytime) Yes No N/A Installation of road signs in construction � � � sites, camps and along access roads Yes No N/A Ensure proper sanitary/ hygienic conditions � � � for workers at the construction site Yes No N/A Restoration of the area of construction sites and camps when the construction works are � � � over Yes No N/A Safety measures Workers are provided with necessary safety uniform (e.g. vests, helmets, high boots, � � � gloves, glasses, etc.) and use them Yes No N/A Availability of fire-resistant measures on construction sites/ camps (fireproof shield, � � � fire extinguisher, sand, etc) Yes No N/A Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final 42 Attachment 6: Schedule 1 of the Environmental Assessment Act 2003 SCHEDULE MAJOR PROJECTS Any of the following activities shall be deemed to be major projects; (a) abattoirs: (b) brewery works: (c) building, works, or land associated with the landing, take-off, parking or servicing of aircraft or helicopters; (d) canning and bottling works in excess of floor space 2000 square meters; (e) cattle feeding or intensive piggeries with excess of 50 animals; (f) cement works or concrete batching works in which more than 2,000 tones per annum are manufacture; (g) ceramic work, being works in which excess of 200 tones per annum are produced of brick, tiles, pipes, glass are manufactured in furnaces or kilns; (h) chemical factories, or chemical storage areas in excess of 1,000 square meters’ (i) electricity generating stations; (j) marinas (comprising pontoons, jetties, pier, dry storage, mooring) for more than 20 vessels primarily for pleasure or recreation; (k) mining, being an activity that disturbs the surface of the land in excess of one hectare; (l) sand and gravel extraction from any beach within 50 meters of the high tide mark; (m) liquid, chemical, oil or petroleum refineries, storage or waste processing works; (n) farms for the propagation of marine, estuaries or freshwater organisms (o) pre-mix bitumen works; (p) rubber on plastic works; (q) the removal of trees (including mangroves) or natural vegetation of any area in excess on half a hectare; (r) construction of road, wharfs, barrages, embankments, or levees which affect the flow of tidal waters; (s) any facility involving the use, storage or dumping of nuclear materials’ (t) sawmills where more than 2,000 cubic meters per annum of timber is sawn, milled or machined in any way; or (u) tourism or recreational resorts, buildings or facilities, involving a total building floor area of greater than 1,000 square meters or a potential total overnight accommodation level (visitors and staff combined) in excess of 20 persons. Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final 43 Attachment 7: Map of Indicative 1st Year Road Program Tonga Transport Sector Consolidation Project Environmental Management Plan - Final 44