WPS3295 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 7 8 (Pesquisa Nacional de Amostra do Domicilio- PNAD) (Encuesta Nacional de Empleo Urbano - ENEU) (Encuesta de Calidad de Vida-ECV) 9 9 ENEU 10 10 11 12 11 12 13 13 14 15 14 ENEU 15 16 17 16 17 ENEU PNAD presch adult, teen, elemsch, presch elemsch adult married non-white pardo preto female 18 sex 18 19 home home home 19 20 21 22 20 21 sex married sex sex presch 22 23 24 married home home 23 24 25 26 25 26 1991 1989 3.3 1964 1989 2.9 1991 1999 5.5 1991 1999 17.3 1994 1981 2.5 1964 1988 1.6 1986 1999 4.4 1988 1980s 23.0 1991 1987 10.5 1981 2.3 1985 7.53 3.6 6.3 1.6 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.04 0.08 0.01 0.4 0.7 0.2 1.2 2.4 0.3 5.5 9.9 2.3 7.4 12.8 3.4 2.8 3.7 2.05 0.2 0.3 0.1 4.0 5.9 2.5 2.9 4.8 1.4 17.3 27.6 9.5 3.2 5.5 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.07 0.08 0.06 0.5 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.08 4.4 7.4 2.6 57811 60 4851 39.6 81.7 74.7 31.06 20.0 11.6 49.4 63.3 52.4 19.5 16.7 36.08 11.5 11.4 14.6 58.2 82.9 57.3 30.3 5.7 28.09 49.4 16.7 41.3 37.5 3.3 17.8 19.6 60.0 49.7 10.7 10.0 16.6 2.8 5.0 5.09 5.3 3.3 3.5 25.8 28.3 22.2 33.3 38.3 34.6 39.2 41.7 39.1 50.01 43.3 50.2 63.0 42.0 52.0 pardo preto 2228 13 464 34.9 61.5 74.1 29.5 38.5 7.1 47.6 15.4 50.2 22.9 46.2 42.7 3.3 0.0 3.9 38.9 53.9 44.3 57.8 46.2 51.8 47.0 23.1 42.5 25.9 15.4 15.3 13.2 23.1 31.7 12.7 15.4 22.6 0.2 0.0 0.4 21.7 23.1 4.7 30.1 30.8 25.4 39.01 15.4 35.8 38.9 76.9 40.1 N/A N/A N/A 56.0 35.0 51.0 89683 93 4322 35.5 41.9 64.8 31.7 48.4 8.5 48.6 40.9 51.6 19.6 10.8 39.9 5.05 11.0 13.05 73.5 75.3 71.7 21.4 13.7 15.2 47.5 20.4 46.3 37.3 14.0 23.7 13.8 20.4 35.5 3.01 2.2 3.6 11.0 12.9 5.04 19.0 34.4 5.8 29.4 37.6 27.8 40.03 62.4 41.4 43.02 59.1 42.2 N/A N/A N/A 54.0 28.0 47.0 57811 60 4851 58.4 6.7 0.0 29.4 45.0 100.0 14.2 11.7 0.0 56.4 43.3 0.0 29.4 51.7 40.3 50.6 44.8 43.8 11.3 1.7 9.1 6.5 1.7 5.0 2.3 0.0 1.8 37.0 36.3 35.4 13.9 100.0 16.3 18.3 0.0 14.6 28.2 0.0 63.6 8.6 0.0 0.0 30.9 0.0 5.5 2228 13 464 31.7 7.7 0.0 60.4 69.2 100.0 8.0 0.0 0.0 31.6 30.8 0.0 49.9 84.6 67.1 38.1 15.4 25.6 6.7 0.0 3.8 3.5 0.0 2.9 1.8 0.0 0.7 43.3 31.4 32.3 14.4 100.0 37.7 28.7 0.0 36.2 38.5 0.0 25.2 7.6 0.0 0.9 10.8 0.0 0.0 89683 93 4322 54.9 19.7 0.0 44.4 80.7 100.0 9.7 12.9 0.0 46.0 6.5 0.0 9.3 17.5 19.4 49.0 62.5 51.2 20.4 15.0 16.9 14.9 4.2 9.0 6.5 0.8 3.5 45.9 36.2 34.8 22.9 100.0 43.0 21.7 0.0 21.7 32.0 0.0 23.4 1.7 0.0 0.0 21.8 0.0 11.9 0.81 (34.23) -0.83 (-19.7) -0.43 (-4.7) -0.74 (-22.13) -0.39 (-11.13) -0.25 (-5.65) -0.36 (-13.31) 0.018 (0.43) 0.12 (2.51) -0.12 (-4.43) 0.22 (5.45) -0.13 (-3.09) 0.041 (1.61) 0.1 (3.25) -0.12 (-2.79) 0.014 (0.57) 0.058 (2.06) -0.061 (-1.72) 0.011 (0.52) 0.028 (1.06) -0.017 (-0.49) 0.0078 (0.38) -0.051 (-1.76) -0.018 (-0.43) -0.08 (-3.49) 0.048 (1.96) 0.0046 (0.15) 0.029 (1.54) 0.56 (11.72) 0.039 (0.74) 0.36 (10.33) 0.37 (14.16) -0.036 (-1.04) 0.25 (11.62) -1.22 (-21.05) -1.63 (-20.78) -1.75 (-33.55) 0.066 0.023 0.12 Pseudo R2 19,687 33,035 52,722 z 0.96 (12.75) -1.28 -0.086 -1.1 (-8.13) (-4.48) (-9.32) -0.43 -0.061 -0.44 (-3.83) (-3.8) (-5.49) 0.1 0.012 0.0011 (0.09) (0.72) (0.01) 0.074 0.017 0.11 (0.75) (1.16) (1.68) 0.17 -0.0047 0.08 (1.71) (-0.3) (1.05) -0.12 -0.035 -0.18 (-1.32) (-2.51) (-2.59) 0.24 0.011 0.18 (2.7) (0.8) (2.74) 0.36 0.035 0.31 (1.84) (1.7) (2.24) -0.28 -0.056 -0.36 (-1.35) (-1.56) (-1.98) -0.26 0.007 0.043 (-0.29) (0.5) (0.64) -0.47 -1.36 -1.34 (-2.21) (-5.53) (-7.96) 0.079 0.0813 0.17 Pseudo R2 1067 1638 2705 z 0.044 (27.72) -0.071 -0.024 -0.042 (-19.46) (-12.49) (-25.77) -0.040 -0.012 -0.023 (-12.15) (-7.4) (-15.92) 0.007 0.007 -0.007 (1.82) (3.57) (-4.9) 0.036 -0.008 0.005 (10.02) (-5.49) (3.97) 0.017 -0.002 0.004 (4.41) (-1.58) (3.00) 0.006 -0.001 0.002 (2.24) (-1.00) (1.21) -0.005 0.001 -0.000 (-1.78) (1.29) (-0.08) -0.002 0.003 -0.003 (-0.69) (2.00) (-2.22) 0.095 0.004 0.04 (13.28) (1.35) (12.28) 0.033 0.003 0.014 (10.41) (2.09) (10.99) 0.0966 0.0308 0.0895 Pseado R2 33615 60483 94098 z -0.11 -0.26 (-11.77) (-40.73) -0.52 -0.61 -0.57 -0.51 -0.63 -0.59 (-31.85) (-49.77) (-58.55) (-32.6) (-52.34) (-1.75) -0.17 -0.24 -0.22 -0.16 -0.12 -0.14 (-10.42) (-20.03) (-22.89) (-11.13) (-10.9) (-15.74) -0.21 -0.24 -0.24 -0.21 -0.24 -0.24 (-22.11) (-32.56) (-39.77) (-22.07) (-32.68) (-39.64) -0.84 -0.94 -0.85 -0.88 -1.0 -0.97 (-25.45) (-64.84) (-64.95) (-40.01) (-72.19) (-83.01) -0.39 -0.43 -0.38 -0.41 -0.46 -0.44 (-25.37) (-49.04) (-53.21) (-41.63) (-54.23) (-68.67) -0.26 -0.11 -0.21 -0.26 -0.11 -0.22 (-17.18) (-4.49) (-16.39) (-17.31) (-4.61) (-17.23) -2.75 -2.3 -2.39 -2.8 -2.49 -2.51 (-90.05) (-164.1) (-211.54) (-187.1) (-207.9) (-256.3) 0.19 0.25 57057 R2 58325 53223 111548 21055 36002 0.24 z t Women Men All 0.33 -0.13 (6.47) (-3.55) 0.00071 -0.27 -0.19 -0.44 -0.41 -0.43 (0.01) (-4.04) (-3.18) (-4.46) (-7.0) (-8.27) -0.38 -0.087 -0.19 -0.055 0.0044 -0.031 (-3.8) (-1.52) (-3.74) (-0.71) (0.08) (-0.7) -0.64 -0.57 -0.54 -0.51 -0.7 -0.57 (-3.27) (-3.49) (-4.68) (-3.37) (-4.55) (-5.48) -0.37 -0.22 -0.28 -0.28 -0.2 -0.23 (-4.28) (-4.93) (-6.66) (-4.16) (-4.61) (-6.17) -0.21 -0.051 -0.2 -0.41 0.042 -0.26 (-3.41) (0.69) (-4.26) (-6.05) (0.56) (-5.36) 8.64 7.46 7.65 7.25 7.24 7.3 (76.67) (114.2) (136.22) (87.41) (139.61) (157) 0.059 0.063 0.063 R2 2673 2163 4836 1024 1573 2597 z t Women Men All -0.16 -0.13 (-42.99) (-32.0) -0.47 -0.48 -0.47 -0.37 -0.33 -0.35 (-48.37) (-66.41) (-81.98) (-34.49) (-45.06) (-56.74) -0.1 -0.096 -0.098 -0.08 -0.031 -0.048 (-11.39) (-14.85) (-18.67) (-8.0) (-4.52) (-8.53) -1.13 -1.03 -1.07 -0.87 -0.67 -0.76 (-74.27) (-82.57) (-111.3) (-54.91) (-52.57) (-77.03) -0.65 -0.61 -0.63 -0.42 -0.29 -0.35 (-106.2) (-123.85) (-162.8) (-55.93) (-44.59) (-71.52) -0.29 -0.074 -0.21 -0.27 -0.038 -0.19 (-23.4) (-4.83) (-21.67) (-20.54) (-2.34) (-18.69) 1.92 2.029 2.05 1.63 1.62 1.69 (193.5) (266.37) (342.3) (154.9) (196.3) (252.46) 0.16 0.09 0.12 R2 58980 97662 156642 37283 67653 104936 z t -0.16 (-42.91) 0.076 -0.010 0.028 (7.28) (-1.64) (5.38) 0.081 0.023 0.048 (8.72) (4.81) (10.67) 0.057 0.076 0.092 (5.5) (4.81) (22.34) -0.011 0.020 0.019 (-1.11) (4.38) (4.88) -0.023 0.012 -0.001 (-2.66) (2.88) (-0.33) -0.021 0.011 -0.002 (-2.78) (2.94) (-0.5) 0.001 -0.018 -0.011 (0.16) (-4.95) (-3.33) 0.032 0.014 0.026 (4.19) (3.42) (6.82) -0.045 -0.007 -0.021 (-7.13) (-2.33 (-7.09) -0.322 -0.092 -0.267 (-34.84) (-9.16) (-42.45) 0.063 0.022 0.10 R2 24105 45267 69372 t -0.332 ---- ---- (-10.1) 0.334 0.140 0.213 (3.52) (2.95) (4.67) 0.109 0.111 0.104 (1.47) (2.95) (2.87) 0.205 0.128 0.213 (2.66) (3.12) (6.19) 0.087 0.066 0.061 (1.31) (2.05) (2.09) -0.290 0.078 -0.064 (-4.3) (2.32) (-1.97) -0.037 0.006 -0.014 (-0.59) (0.19) (-0.48) -0.107 0.021 -0.036 (-1.76) (0.7) (-1.24) 0.064 -0.040 0.038 (0.5) (-0.75) (0.71) -0.461 -0.135 -0.364 (-7.38) (-2.57) (-9.3) 0.091 0.0306 0.1453 R2 1050 1900 2950 t -0.18 (-61.03) 0.15 0.03 0.10 (17.33) (7.11) (24.55) 0.10 0.05 0.08 (13.71) (16.11) (24.38) 0.02 0.06 0.11 (2.26) (14.06) (32.9) -0.1 0.02 -0.01 (-14.33) (7.71) (-4.61) -0.04 0.02 -0.00 (-6.08) (6.37) (-1.22) -0.03 0.01 -0.01 (-5.04) (1.76) (-2.40) -0.00 -0.01 -0.01 (-0.1) (-3.54) (-2.74) 0.05 0.02 0.05 (8.8) (8.4) (19.43) -0.38 -0.18 -0.32 (-40.6) (-22.67) (-55.65) 0.086 0.026 0.12 R2 38324 70091 108415 t Akerloff, George and Rachel Kranton Quarterly Journal of Economics and Identity Economics Arriagada, Irma The Urban Female Labour Market in Latin America: The Myth ECLAC Desarollo and the Reality Beneria, Lourdes and Martha Roldon Las Encrucijadas de Clase y G�nero de Ferranti, David, Guillermo E. Perry, Daniel Lederman, and William F. Maloney From Natural Resources to the Knowledge Economy: Trade and Job Quality Carr, Marilyn, Martha Chen, and Jane Tate Globalization and Home-Based Workers Feminist Economics . Women and Survival in Chant, Sylvia Manchester University Press: Mexican Cities Manchester Chen, Martha, Jenifer Sebstad, and Leslie O Connell Counting the Invisible World Workforce: The Case of Homebased Workers Development Cunningham, Wendy and William Maloney Heterogeneity in the Mexican Micro-Enterprise Sector: An Application of Economic Factor and Cluster Analysis Development and Cultural Change Geldstein, Rosa Non-Labor Market Coping Strategies in Argentina LCSPG Gonzalez de Rocha, Mercedes The Resources of Poverty: Women and Survival in a Mexican City (Blackwell Publishers: Massachusetts) Jelin, Elizabeth, Matilde Mercado and Gabriela Wyczykier Home Work in Argentina Working Paper SEED #6 Series on Homeworkers in the Global Economy Informality Revisited Maloney, William . World Development Prugl, Elisabeth and Irene Tinker Microentrepreneurs and Homeworkers: World Development Convergent Categories Tomei, Manuela Home Work in Selected Latin American Countries: A Comparative Overview WIEGO (Women in Informal Employment: Globalizing and Organizing www.wiego.org Women in the Informal Economy Wodon, Quentin