E2145 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR PROPOSED LANDFILL GAS FLARING CDM PROJECT AT MPERERWE LANDFILL SITE,KITEEZI Final Report Prepared by Kampala City Council November 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS CONTENT PAGE EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 5-12 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Background 13 1.2 Need for EIA Study 13 1.3 The Scope of Work 14 1.4 Brief description of the site 15 1.4.1 Site Location 15 1.4.2 Details of the Site 15 1.4.3 Accessibility to Project Site 17 1.4.4 Process and Methodology adopted for the study 17 1.5 Contents of the Rapid EIA Report 20 CHAPTER 2 Project Description 2.0 Proposed LFG Extraction CDM Project 22 2.1 Introduction 22 2.2 Overview of Technology to be used for LFG extraction 22 2.3 Background of existing Landfill 23 2.4 Existing Solid Waste Management Scenario in Kampala 24 2.5 Present Activities at the landfill site 25 2.6 Utilities available at site 25 CHAPTER 3 Environmental and Social issues 3.1 Environmental and Social issues associated with the present practice of Landfill management 26 3.1.1 Environmental Issues 26 3.1.2 Social Issues 28 3.1.3 Health and Safety Concerns 30 3.1.4 Summary of Impacts 31 3.1.5 Residual issues/impacts at the site after LFG plant installation 34 3.2 Environmental and Social issues from LFG flaring project: 37 3.2.1 Activities at Site 37 3.2.2 Identification of potential environmental and social issues 38 Kampala City Council 2 CHAPTER 4 Existing Baseline Environmental condition 4.0 Background 40 4.1 Site Geology 40 4.2 Sub-Surface Conditions 40 4.3 Hydrology 40 4.4 Physical Features 41 4.5 Flora and Fauna 41 CHAPTER 5 Impact Assessment 5.1 Impact Assessment of proposed CDM Project 43 5.1.1 Impacts associated with Specific Construction Activities 43 5.1.2 Other impacts associated with construction Activities 45 & Project Developments 5.2 Impacts associated with operation phase activities 45 5.2.1 Impacts from flare siting 45 5.2.2 Potential impacts from landfill gas flare /combustion 46 5.2.3 Emission from operation of DG set occasionally and use of support fuel 47 5.2.4 Spillage and leakage of oil/chemicals 47 5.2.5 Discharge of domestic liquid waste 48 5.2.6 Solid waste from conditioning of landfill gas 48 5.2.7 Vibration 48 5.3 Impact associated with Closure and Post Closure phase activities 48 5.4 Impact associated with Social Issues 48 5.5 Summary 49 CHAPTER 6 Environmental & Social Management Plan (ESMP) 6.0 Background 54 6.1 EMP during construction stage 54 6.1.1 Environment Management Plans 55 6.1.2 Social Management Plan 57 6.2 ESMP during Operation phase 58 6.2.1 Environmental management plan 58 6.2.2 Social Management Plan 60 Kampala City Council 3 6.2.3 Health & Safety Plan 60 6.3 Impact associated with Closure and Post Closure phase activities 60 6.4 Community Benefit Measures 61 6.4.1 Stakeholder Consultation 61 6.5 Summary 63 6.6 Compliance Monitoring Requirement 78 6.7 Institutional Framework for Implementation& Monitoring 79 6.8 Environmental Auditing 80 6.9 Community Benefit Plan 80 CHAPTER 7 Conclusion 82 CHAPTER 8 LFG experience in other countries 84 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 : Satellite view of Kiteezi 16 Figure 1.2 : Location of Kampala on world map 18 Figure 1.3 : Location of the project 19 LIST OF TABLE Table 2.1 : Refuse Composition 24 Table 3.1 : Summary of Environmental, Social and Health & Safety issues & associated Impacts from present practice of landfill management 32 Table 3.2: Residual issues/impacts at the site after LFG plant installation 34 Table 3.3 : Identification of activities & associated Issues from LFG flaring Project 38 Table 5.1 : Potential agents of health and environmental impacts from landfill gas and/or combustion of the landfill gas 46 Table 5.2 : Environmental, Social and Health & Safety Issues and Significance level of their Impacts from LFG flaring Project 50 Table 6.1 : Issues discussed at the Stakeholder Consultation 61 Table 6.2 : Summary of Environment, Social, Health & Safety Management Plan 64 Table 6.3 : Monitoring requirement for Mpererwe LFG Flaring Project 78 APPENDIX Appendix1 : License conditions for operating existing landfill site issued by The National Environment Management Authority( NEMA) 87 Kampala City Council 4 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Introduction For an existing landfill site at Mpererwe in Kiteezi Village, which is expected to reach its of the Project capacity by the end of 2008, Kampala City Council(KCC) is planning to implement a CDM project activity to extract and flare the landfill gas (LFG) generated from the landfill. The project will ensure that the LFG generated from the landfill is collected through a comprehensive network of gas wells and flared in a flaring system so that the GHG potential of the LFG is destroyed. The project will contribute to reduction of GHG emissions to the atmosphere. It will also improve landfill safety and eliminate the smoky environment which is often caused by spontaneous burning of waste in the upper layers of the landfill arising from release of LFG from the landfill. Implementation of this proposed CDM project activity is included as part of the investment package planned for the Solid Waste Management component of the World Bank funded Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP). The construction and operation of such plant has the potential to cause adverse impacts on the environment and the public health safety, if appropriate control measures are not taken. NEMA, the National Environment Management Authority of Uganda, has recently issued a license to KCC for purposes of carrying out improvements on the operations and management of Kiteezi waste disposal site. In the license, NEMA has mandated KCC to carry out an environmental impact assessment of the project it intends to implement under CDM and obtain approval of environmental aspects of the project from NEMA before implementing the project activity. The EIA report has been prepared in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation Act S.I. No. 13/ 1998 promulgated by the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) of the Government of Uganda. This act directs all projects covered under Schedule 3 of the National Environment Act, Cap 153, to undertake environmental impact assessment and approval there after from NEMA. Solid waste management activity is one of the activities covered under Schedule 3 of the National Environmental Act. Project The Mpererwe, Kiteezi landfill site is located in the Nangabo Sub-Country of Wakiso description District , 13 kilometres north of Kampala city center. Kampala is located in the south of Uganda, close to the northern shores of Lake Victoria. The site of the proposed project is a containment site and has been filled in with waste since 1996. Present size of the site is 29 acres and additional 6 acres plot was acquired on the south side for further extension of the life of the site by two years Geographically, Kampala where the project site is located is at following coordinates: Latitude : 2 50' 0'' Longitude : 32 34' 00'' Main features of the site are as follows: The site has smooth rolling terrain with hilly surrounding, especially on the south and east side. The average height of ground surface at the proposed project is about 1172 m above mean sea level. Area around the proposed project site in Wakiso District receives approximately 1000 mm rainfall annually. There is no archaeological monument or cultural property near immediate vicinity of the site. Kampala City Council 5 There are no endangered species of flora and fauna in the project area. Site is surrounded by habitation within 500 m, separated by a natural buffer zone of hillock or trees and bushes. One house is very close to site , just at the entrance. The house owner was landlord of part of the landfill site once upon a time and voluntarily sold part of his land to KCC for landfill development. Site Setting The site is readily accessible by the existing road network. The landfill site is located to the north of Kampala City about 13 km from the City Center. The present access to the site from Kampala City is through Kampala-Gayaza road (about 9 km), branching off to the left at Mpererwe and following the bitumen road going to Namulonge (about 4km). The site surrounding consists of grassland characterized by short grass with a few trees and shrubs. Entire eastern boundary is part of a wetland. The major hydrologic feature observed is a perennial stream in the valley bottom flowing South East. It flows through wetland with relatively thick vegetation and papyrus reeds adjacent to the site, to the walufumbe swamp.The general drainage pattern is semi-dendrite in nature forming a regional catchment area. Site drainage pattern is toward valley bottom which is on the South-East side of the landfill site Environment There is significant environmental setting around the project site. Site is not very Setting in far(500m) from habitation area in the immediate vicinity. One house owner, who was area also the land owner of part of the area, from whom KCC bought land for the present site under consideration, is located just at the entrance of the landfill site on south direction. Eastern boundary of the landfill is just on the edge of wetland with swamp. Soil erosion is evident at this location owing to soil excavation activity for construction of Leachate Treatment Plant. Wild life is rare in the area except stray dogs. The typical species of flora and fauna found near the landfill are widely spread in the district and are not considered in the endangered species category. Sensitive Wetland and bushes & trees on the eastern boundary of the site are key sensitive Receptors receptors. Habitation is not very close to the site but site is surrounded by habitation within 500m radius of the site. House located just at the entrance of the landfill can be an affected sensitive receptor. A natural stream passing from northeast to southeast direction is sensitive receptor of the adverse effect of the project. Land The existing site is located on 29 acres of land, and has almost completed its life. KCC requirement has acquired another 6 acres of land for extension of the landfill site. LFG plant will be located within existing 29 acres of the landfill site. Baseline Environmental Conditions Very little information is available on existing base line environmental conditions at the site. Discussion with NEMA officer revealed that at present, there is no national environment regulation on minimum standard for management of air quality in Uganda and hence air quality or noise monitoring is not a common practice in the country. Therefore Mpererwe site lacks a base line measurement of existing ambient air quality or noise level. Topography The site has smooth rolling terrain with hilly surrounding, especially on the south and east side. A seasonal stream that flows along the bottom edge of the proposed site bounds the sloping site on the lower edge. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant adjacent to the site area to the Walufumbe swamp. Kampala City Council 6 Geology The area has alluvial soil consisting of top black loamy soil underlain by the reddish brown ferrate soils. Close to the valley, there exist alluvial sediments consisting of coarse quartz grains that grade into fine grains. Granite gneiss is completely weathered sometimes with relict foliation observed at a depth of 6.0m. In some places, the gneisses have become kaolinitic. Pegmatisation of the gneisses is notable in the north of the project area. Geo- According to Geotechnical studies carried out by KCC at the time of site design, the hydrology ground water level in the area is about 20 - 30m below the ground level in the western side, whereas in the east side, water runs / oozes on the surface of the ground. There is overburden for weathered rocks and wet geological conditions up to the depth of approx. 60m. The soils below ground water level are relatively permeable. It is observed that the ground water in general flows towards the valley that leads to river. Seasonal stream flows along the bottom edge of the proposed site. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant adjacent to the site area to Walufumbe swamp. Soil The area has alluvial soil consisting of top black loamy soil underlain by the reddish brown ferrate soils Water KCC through its contractor of the landfill site, gets surface and ground water quality Quality analyzed on monthly basis. The natural stream's water quality is monitored upstream of the leachate treatment plant and downstream of the plant after the point where treated leachate meets the stream. In addition to these, two borewells are also monitored from ground water quality check, one at the NW end as one enters the site, and second on the southeast side. The two wells are sited to sample ground water upstream and downstream of the site respectively, according to the direction of ground water flow as established from KCC's geotechnical studies for the site. Analyzed values of water samples are reportedly safe against the National Environment (Standards for Discharge of effluent into water or on land). However, this can be further strengthened by using a grid distribution of ground water monitoring wells, which can be representative of the entire area of the landfill. Ambient Air Ambient air quality is not monitored, as there is no regulation on air pollution control in Quality Uganda. NEMA officer mentioned that a draft regulation is there but that is pending for Monitoring final ratification of the concerned authority. Mpererwe site does not have any ambient air quality monitoring data. Noise Noise is not governed under any regulation in Uganda and therefore not monitored under normal practice. Mpererwe site does not have any noise monitoring data. Flora & Mpererwe Land Fill site is located on gentle slope bordered by a stream on the east. The Fauna valley, which is in the Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ), is a wetland dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Eleis guinensis as well a few Phoenix reclinata. The landfill site itself is dominated by Leersia hexandra, Cyperus rotundus and Ludwigia abyssinica in the wetland which also extend into the IIZ; Imperata cylindrica in the undisturbed areas and Rhynchelytrum repens in the abandoned gardens. The vegetation can generally be described as an open bush land with scattered thickets and a few trees. All life forms of fauna near site easily disperse and establish themselves. Species encountered are of wide geographical distribution. None of the species listed appear in the list of endangered or rare species Socio- Socio economic profile of the area around the site can be categorized as rural and urban Kampala City Council 7 economic mix. The rural population is mainly involved in agricultural activities and small trading Profile of activities. The proposed project is not likely to adversely affect the socio economic The Area conditions of area. Environmental and social issues Environment Landfill currently is not being managed in a way that can take care of environmental al issues issues satisfactorily and there is no gas collection system at present. The supervision of associated transported waste quality on regular basis is difficult under current operational practice. with present Air pollution, odour, noise are commonly talked about pollution issue from landfill practice of which is the case here as well. Process inefficiency of Leachate Treatment Plant quite landfill often causes poor treated leachate quality at Mpererwe site. Storm water drains as well management as leachate collection drains are not clearly demarcated on ground although some of the maps have shown their existence beneath and around the landfill site. During rains, leachate and storm water mix and increase load on the treatment system and thereby reduce the efficiency of the treatment process. Unstable slopes of the dumped waste have once caused breach on the eastern boundary causing release of toxic component of waste into sensitive receiving environment. Social issues Local residents during community consultations have raised following social and health associated & safety related issues: with present Health Problem due to Mosquitoes, Flies and Vector; Littering of refuse on road passing practice of through residential areas; Lack of controlled access to the landfill site; Water shortage in landfill the local area around the landfill site; Lack of health care facility; health & safety management concerns from dangerous compounds in landfill gas; and health and safety concerns of waste scavengers. Environment One of the primary roles of a landfill gas extraction and controlled flare is to protect al issues from people and surrounding environment from landfill gas emissions. LFG flaring When considered under overall impact, proposed LFG project is likely to reduce or project eliminate many environment and social issues being faced under current state of affairs at the landfill. However, installation and operation of LFG flaring system will have its own environmental and social issues that need to be considered and addressed adequately in detail. Construction Phase Issues: Most construction activities will impact water, soil, air, and will generate noise. Some of the developments at construction site can be fully assessed only when their location and specification are finalized in the detailed design of the project, and the construction techniques are determined. Since KCC has not finalized the design and construction techniques that will be adopted for LFG extraction project, the precise location of the LFG control center, construction work camps and work areas are yet to be determined. Without these specific details, the impact assessment of these components are preliminary in nature and limited to identifying the major areas of consideration. Operation Phase Issues: Flare siting and combustion of LFG are two key sources of pollution from the plant. While flare siting is important consideration to prevent exposure of surrounding environment to the adverse effect of the plant, LFG combustion will generate harmful toxic gases that may have adverse impact on the quality of ambient air. In addition to these, there would be pollution issues from routine activities like handling and storage of chemical/ fuel; operation of DG set; handling and disposal of solid waste from conditioning process of landfill gas; Domestic liquid and solid waste handling and disposal. Closure/Post -Closure Phase Issues: Kampala City Council 8 It has been experienced that occasional explosion takes place in closed landfill site due to methane gas release. This causes accident and health impact on the local people who may be there at the location by chance. There may be possibility of similar occurrence at Mpererwe site. Decommissioning of the LFG plant will generate dust, noise and debris, which may create pollution if not managed properly. After the closure of the LFG plant, there can still be need for continuing operation of leachate treatment plant until a time by when it could be established that leachate is no longer an issue for management at the site. Social issues LFG flaring project will eliminate several social problems being faced by local from LFG community due to the current operation of landfill site. There will be overall flaring improvement in the area, except for the following three potential issues that are likely to project create adverse impact. Social conflict among construction workers and labour camps: Migrated labourers may create law and order problems with local community in the area. Spread of Sexually Transmitted Disease: Unsafe sexual activities between labourers and local community will have chances of spreading sexually transmitted disease, especially HIV/AIDS. Social conflict between transport drivers, of construction and LFG plant material and local community: Rash and unsafe driving practices causing accidents may create conflict between drivers and local community. The social issues described above can be managed by enforcement of law and order and hence will not have significant impact. Residual Most of the social problems that are community concerns as well, will be eliminated by issues after the installation of LFG Flaring Plant. There will be environmental issues mainly from the LFG the operation of the LFG plant and it's Siting. Closure and post closure phase impact flaring will arise only at the time of decommissioning of the LFG plant. Leachate collection and Project treatment will be important impact throughout the life of the LFG plant and will need continuous attention of the project operator. Impact Assessment There will be overall positive social impact of the LFG flaring project in the area. A few social issues during construction activities can be managed by enforcement of law and order and hence will not have significant impact. Environmental issues during construction phase will be temporary in nature and for short term. Implementing sound environment management plan can reverse most of them. However, some of the impacts may have serious implications for water and land bodies near the construction activity, more so towards the side of wetland and swamp areas. Noise is likely to generate high impact especially during night because of the close proximity of the site with the habitation. Feasibility Design report of the plant has recommended setting up structures near existing Leachate Treatment Plant, ground of which has relatively plain land topography. However, from environmental point of view this is strongly opposed since the location is very close to ecologically fragile wetland and swamps. A natural stream too flows very close to the treatment plant. Siting of the flare though is part of the construction activity, its environmental impacts are felt during operation of the plant and hence the siting impacts are discussed under the operation phase of the LFG flaring project. During the plant operation, the most Kampala City Council 9 significant potential impact on the environment in the immediate vicinity will result from the siting of the flare. Noise,heat,odour, human health, fire and explosion, visual impacts are the key environmental impact that may have harmful effect on the environment exposed to these impacts. Once the plant is operational, it will be a source of gaseous emission from the landfill gas combustion. Landfill gas contains various compounds and toxic trace elements that will be emitted along with the gaseous emission from combustion process causing health impact on the communities living close by. Routine operation of the plant is likely to raise impacts from fuel/ chemical handling, waste disposal and operation of DG set. These impacts are likely to be well manageable and hence have low significance. Leachate generation will continue to have threatening impact even after closure of the plant until a time when generation of leachate stops practically. Decommissioning of the LFG plant is likely to create similar impact as would be there during the construction of the plant. Environmental/Social Management Plan And Institutional Arrangement Sound environmental and social management plans will need to be prepared and implemented to mitigate potential adverse impacts and enhance positive impacts. The ESMPs have been developed for the following stages of the plant activities at the site. Project preparation stage Project construction stage Project operation stage including siting features Plant closure and post closure stage As per the definition of National Wetland Plan (NWP) of Uganda, not all wetlands are vital and/ or critical from mandatory management point of view. Some wetlands are defined as Dispensable wetlands by NWP, these are those that do not provide important goods or services, and that do not harbour any endangered, endemic, or rare species, or contain any unique habitats - clearly do not warrant any degree of protection, though their wanton degradation or destruction should be discouraged. Wetland near eastern boundary of the landfill site can be considered as dispensable wetland since it is already near degraded land and cannot be reclaimed. However, the wetland under its present condition will be avoided from any further damage and KCC in coordination with construction contractor will implement a wetland management plan To support implementation of EMPs, regular monitoring of environment quality (ambient air, Ground water, noise, waste water and combustion emission) will be undertaken by KCC during construction as well as operation of the plant. Community Community benefit measures will be implemented by KCC as part of its sustainable Benefit development mission. Although CDM project will be able to solve most of the measures environmental and social problems that community have today, yet community benefit plan will go a long way in strengthening the relation between KCC and local community. Kampala City Council 10 Institutional Environment and Social Plans will be incorporated as key points of discussion in the Framework tender document. Prospective construction contractors will be asked to submit, in their for proposal, the implementation response to various requirements of ESMPs and health Implementati and safety plan along with budget allocation for the same. Selection of the contractor on & will be influenced by their response to the ESMPs and proposed budget. Once finalized, Monitoring the contractor will be required to implement ESMPs as defined in their proposal and of Mitigation approved by KCC, and KCC will monitor the process of implementation. Where KCC Measures decides to subcontract its activities associated with this project, it will still be held responsible, as a principal employer, for its responsibilities associated with monitoring and supervision of ESMPs which have been enumerated in this report. Therefore, KCC and the subcontracted agencies will work together on preparing, implementing and monitoring various mitigation measures from environmental and social management point of view. All the necessary components of ESMP and Health and Safety Plan will be operational before starting pre construction work. ESMP and Health and Safety Plan for operational stage of the project will largely be implemented during design and siting of the plant. A few residual plans related to the process like waste handling, handling and storage of fuels,etc will be implemented under routine activities within operational activities. In order to streamline environmental activities, project will implement environmental management system compatible with ISO-14001 standard. The system will have number of process monitoring steps vis-à-vis safe and environment friendly operation of the plant. The Environment officer of KCC will regularly undertake internal monitoring and supervision. NEMA shall undertake external monitoring as per its statutory provisions. In addition to this, a committee that was formed during the stakeholder consultation meeting will supervise the project progress from time to time. Environment Auditing of the environmental compliance of the project will be carried out internally as al Auditing well as externally. KCC will carry out half yearly audit of its compliance with EMP and any other environmental requirements, such as those imposed by NEMA and/ or the lenders. Internal audits will also be undertaken as requirement of ISO-14001 certification of the project. External audits of the environmental compliance will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of ISO-14001 certification. The environmental officer of KCC will be responsible for compiling and submitting annual environmental report( based on self auditing) to NEMA and lender, and will consult with NEMA to determine any additional mitigation measures or monitoring that is considered required. Conclusion The proposed LFG flaring project is timely intervention in the affairs of Mpererwe landfill site, for handling deteriorating environmental and social conditions. Environmental and social issues are similar to those of any other landfill site. However, severity of their significance is high at Mpererwe site owing to the fact that the site was designed and managed as containment site rather than the secured landfill site. Such operation for managing landfill site has inherent flaws, which lead to emergence of various environmental and social problems. With the advent of LFG flaring project, most of the common problems could be solved and an overall improvement in environmental and social conditions will take place. To further strengthen the Kampala City Council 11 environment and social management and monitoring, it is recommended that the LFG project operator should design and implement an environmental management system compatible with ISO-14001 for the plant, once it is operational. Most of the social problems will no longer exist after the installation of LFG flaring project. Nonetheless, a community benefit plan is to be developed by KCC that will be based on consultation with the local community. Local community demanded pipe water supply in project affected area as the first community benefit measure and a health clinic in Kiteezi village, as the second community benefit measure, which should be either free of cost or highly subsidized. KCC intends for sustainable development of the area and community benefit plan will go a long way in fostering strong relation ship between local community and KCC. This relation ship is the foundation over which the proposed LFG flaring project is likely to succeed in Kampala and bring benefits not only to the local people but also to the project participants from the republic of Uganda, eventually benefiting larger base of people in the country and the World at large. Kampala City Council 12 CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1.1 Background Kampala City Council(KCC) is the nodal agency that looks after Solid waste management affairs in Kampala. Mission Statement "To provide and facilitate the delivery of quality, sustainable and customer oriented services efficiently and effectively". Vision Statement "To have a Secure, Economically Vibrant, Well Managed, Sustainable and Environmentally Pleasant City that anyone would enjoy visiting and living in" KCC first developed a solid waste management strategy in 1998, revised it in 2002 and later in 2006 within the framework of an Integrated KCC strategy framework for reform (SFR) of 1998 and the solid waste ordinance of 2000. The SFR aims at ensuring that activities of solid waste management (SWM) services meet KCC's objectives and mission statement by: -Ensuring proper collection, storage, transportation and disposal of waste -Protecting the environment and improvement of the city's hygiene and sanitation conditions -Working in partnership with the community The landfill is managed under the framework of KCC's 2006 solid waste management strategy. Kampala presently has one landfill site located in Kiteezi, Mpererwe. This is operated as a containment site, 29 acres in size. The site is located north of Kampala city approximately 13 km from the city centre. Currently a volume of about 500 tonnes of waste is delivered to the landfill daily. At the current rate of disposal the landfill is expected to reach its safe capacity by the end of the year 2008. Another 6 acres of land adjacent to the existing landfill has been identified which can continue the life of the site for another two years. For the existing landfill, which is expected to reach its capacity by the end of 2008, KCC is planning to implement a CDM project activity to extract and flare the landfill gas (LFG) generated from the Landfilling activities. The project will ensure that the LFG generated from the landfill is collected through a comprehensive network of gas wells and flared in a flaring system so that the green house gas (GHG) potential of the LFG is destroyed. The project will contribute to reduction of GHG emissions to the atmosphere. It would also improve landfill safety and eliminate the smoky environment which is often caused by spontaneous burning of waste in the upper layers of the landfill arising from release of LFG. Implementation of this proposed CDM project activity is included as part of the investment package planned for the Solid Waste Management component of the World Bank funded Kampala Institutional and Infrastructure Development Project (KIIDP). 1.2 Need for EIA Study Kampala City Council 13 The National Environment Management Authority(NEMA) of Uganda, recently issued a license to KCC for purposes of carrying out improvements on the operations and management of Mpererwe Landfill site. In the license, NEMA has mandated KCC to carry out an environmental impact assessment of the project it intends to implement under CDM and obtain approval of environmental aspects of the project from NEMA before implementing the project activity. Regulatory Framework: The EIA report has been prepared in accordance with the Environmental Impact Assessment Regulation Act S.I. No. 13/ 1998 promulgated by the National Environmental Management Authority (NEMA) of the Government of Uganda. This act directs all projects covered under Schedule 3 of the National Environment Act, Cap 153, to undertake environmental impact assessment and approval there after from NEMA. Solid waste management activity is one of the activities covered under Schedule 3 of the National Environmental Act. 1.3 The Scope of Work The study has been carried out within following broad scope: Identification of environm ental, social and com m unity issues w.r.t. the present landfill management Review of all the available reports, visit of the landfill site, and interaction with the neighboring communities to understand the present practices of landfill management and identify the various environmental, social and community issues that are associated with the present practice of landfill management. Identification of environmental, social and community issues associated with the CDM project Activity Review of the feasibility study for the LFG recovery scheme and the conceptual design to identify the specific environmental, social and community issues that might arise from implementation of the LFG scheme at the landfill that includes drilling of gas wells, collection of gas through a network of piping arrangements, and flaring of the collected gas in the flaring system. Clear distinction has been made between the impacts that are limited only to the construction stage and those that would be caused during the operational phase of the project. Impact Assessment The assessment of the significance of all the environmental and social impacts associated with the LFG project. Based on the knowledge from available literature on landfill gas, composition of the LFG has been studied and assessment made on the environmental and social impacts arising from its combustion. Efforts have been made to assess and discuss potential alternatives to the LFG design presented in the feasibility study. Stakeholder Consultation As part of the environmental assessment, the consultations were held with the relevant stakeholders including the neighboring communities to understand their concerns with respect to the project activity. The process followed for such consultations including the Kampala City Council 14 outcomes of the consultations has been recorded for the purpose of validation of the CDM project activity. The consultation results will be shared with the relevant stakeholders, including potentially affected persons Environment and Social Management Plan Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMP) have been prepared by identifying the relevant LFG project activities; their environmental and social impacts; the proposed environmental and social mitigation measures; proposed institutional arrangements for the implementation and monitoring of mitigation measures; related cost estimates; and time horizons in which the various activities are to be carried out. A separate Community Benefit Program (CBP) has been drafted to address specific issues of concern to the community. LFG Experience in Other countries LFG experiences in other countries that might be relevant to Kiteezi's landfill site have been documented. 1.4 Brief description of the site 1.4.1 Site Location The Mpererwe, Kiteezi landfill site is located in the Nangabo Sub-Country of Wakiso District, 13 kilometers north of Kampala city center. Kampala is located in the south of Uganda, close to the northern shores of Lake Victoria. 1.4.2 Details of the Site The site of the proposed project is a containment site and has been filled in with waste since 1996. Present size of the site is 29 acres and additional 6 acres plot was acquired on the south side for further extension of the life of the site by two years. The location of Kampala on World Map and Uganda map is displayed in Figure 1.2. Location of the proposed project area in Kiteezi is displayed in Figures 1.1 and 1.3. Geographically, Kiteezi where the project site is located is at following coordinates: Geographical coordinates in decimal degrees Latitude : 0.417 Longitude : 32.567 Geographical coordinates in degrees minutes seconds Latitude : 2 50' 0'' Longitude : 32 34' 00'' Places near Kiteezi Bamba, Bulambiro, Buye, Jinja, Kasangati, Kawempe, Kisaasi, Kyambogo, Masooli, Mbuya, Namalere, Nangabo, Tula Main features of the site are described below: The site has smooth rolling terrain with hilly surrounding, especially on the south and east side. Kampala City Council 15 The average height of ground surface at the proposed project is about 1172 m above mean sea level. The site surrounding consists of grassland characterized by short grass with a few trees and shrubs. Entire eastern boundary is part of a wetland. The major hydrologic feature observed is a perennial stream in the valley bottom flowing South East. It flows through wetland with relatively thick vegetation and papyrus reeds adjacent to the site, to the walufumbe swamp. The general drainage pattern is semi-dendrite in nature forming a regional catchment area. Site drainage pattern is toward valley bottom which is on the South-East side of the landfill site. Area around the proposed project site in Wakiso District receives approximately 1000 mm rainfall annually. There is no archaeological monument or cultural property near immediate vicinity of the site. There are no endangered species of flora and fauna in the area. Site is surrounded by habitation within 500 m, separated by a natural buffer zone of hillock or trees and bushes. One house is very close to site , just at the entrance. The house owner was landlord of part of the landfill site once upon a time and voluntarily sold part of his land to KCC for landfill development. Fig 1.1- Satellite view of Kiteezi Kampala City Council 16 1.4.3 Accessibility to Project Site The site is readily accessible by the existing road network. The landfill site is located to the north of Kampala City about 13 km from the City Center. The present access to the site from Kampala City is through Kampala-Gayaza road (about 9 km), branching off to the left at Mpererwe and following the bitumen road going to Namulonge (about 4 km). 1.4.4 Approach and Methodology adopted for the study A comprehensive consultative as well as review and analysis based approach was followed for carrying out this study. Following specific methodologies were adopted for the study: Review of previous EAs and other documents pertaining to the waste management in Kampalla. Review of environmental regulation in Uganda pertaining to waste management and specific rules/ conditions imposed by the National Environment Management Authority(NEMA) on Mpererwe landfill site. Discussion with NEMA officer and understanding NEMA's concern on the existing environmental and social issues from the site. Site visit. Interaction with communities residing in vicinity. Formal Stakeholder Consultation. Kampala City Council 17 Fig 1.2 -Location of Kampala City of the Republic of Uganda Kampala City Council 18 Fig 1.3- Location of Project area in Kiteezi Kampala City Council 19 1.5 Contents of the Rapid EIA Report The environmental impact assessment (EIA) report has been presented under following chapter headings. Executive Summary Describes the report in concise manner with key findings and recommendations, Chapter 1: Introduction This chapter provides background information and details of the project and brief environmental setting of the area. Approach and methodology followed for the study and summary of stakeholder consultation are also explained in this chapter. Chapter 2: Project Description This chapter deals with the details of the project including proposed technology, utilities and infrastructure available at site, background of the existing landfill facility and current waste management practice. Chapter 3: Environmental and Social Issues The chapter explains environmental, social and health and safety issues emanated from site from current activities and to be generated from the proposed CDM project. Closure and post closure phase have also been considered for estimating environmental and social impact of the project in its entire life cycle. Chapter 4: Existing Baseline Environmental Conditions This chapter presents the local & immediate existing environmental status of the study area around the project including topography, drainage pattern, water environment, geological, climate, transport system, land use and flora & fauna. Chapter 5: Impact Assessment This chapter details the inferences drawn from the environmental and social impact assessment of the proposed project. It describes the overall impacts of the proposed activities during construction, operation and closure and post closure phase of the project and underscores the areas of concern, which need mitigation measures. Chapter 6 : Environment and Social Management Plans(ESMP) This chapter provides environmental management plan (EMP) and social management plan (SMP) for minimizing the negative environmental and social impacts and to strengthen the positive environmental/social impacts of the proposed project. Chapter 7 : Conclusions Kampala City Council 20 LFG experiences in other countries that might be relevant to Kiteezi's landfill site have been documented in this chapter. Chapter 8: Technical Aspects Of Landfill Gas Plants The report seems to have eight chapters although seven are introduced here. Chapter 7 in the main report is conclusion. Chapter 8 should be technical aspects NOT experience in other countries as no such experience is mentioned there. Again, this section doesn't flow in this position since it's a preface. For example, why introduce the executive summary and chapter 1 both of which have already been discussed fully earlier? I don't see why the author insists that `taking it just after the table of contents is not considered appropriate and will disturb structure of the report' Kampala City Council 21 CHAPTER 2 Project Description 2.0 Proposed LFG Extraction CDM Project 2.1 Introduction The purpose of the project activity is to develop a landfill gas extraction and flaring scheme on the existing Mpererwe landfill site that currently has no form of landfill gas management in place. Whilst the concept of landfill gas extraction and flaring as a means of controlling gas both in terms of risk from explosion and for reducing harmful emissions of greenhouse gases is well developed in many parts of the world, this is not the case in Uganda. The project represents an opportunity to introduce basic but proven landfill gas technology into the country and will provide environmental betterment both on and in the immediate vicinity of the site. The Mpererwe landfill has been operational since 1996, receiving primarily municipal wastes from Kampala city. Historical landfill development and waste input information is limited, although since 2000 a weighbridge has been used to record waste tonnages and types of wastes received. Currently receiving some 500 tones of waste per day, it is estimated that the site will be full in some 12 months time, with an estimated total volume of 900,000 cubic meters. The site has been developed mainly as a land raise with only limited basal engineering reportedly carried out prior to landfill development. The site has not yet been restored. There is a leachate treatment facility on site, but no provisions for landfill gas venting, monitoring or control. Observations from site visits, review of available data and landfill gas predictions carried out by UK Consultants from SLR Consulting Limited indicate that the site would benefit from an active gas extraction and flaring system, but that using the landfill gas for power generation is highly unlikely to be economically feasible. In order to achieve the objectives of the project activity, SLR Consulting had prepared an outline design for a gas control scheme that takes account of current limiting factors on site. For example, the benefits of undertaking reprofiling works to the landfill surface in order to provide better pipe falls and reduce the chances of blockage or performance impairment by condensate had been recognised. With the reprofiling works, the waste should be covered with a layer of sand to allow restoration and after use of the site. The benefits of such a scheme would be a reduction in the greenhouse gas emissions that are currently occurring through uncontrolled release of landfill gas to atmosphere; introduction of new landfill gas management technology into Uganda; restoration of the site to a beneficial after use; training of local staff to become experts in the monitoring and control of landfill gas; and provision of a number of employment opportunities relating to the operation and maintenance of equipment. Without the scheme, uncombusted raw methane which typically makes up 50% of the landfill gas mixture and is 21 times more powerful a greenhouse gas Kampala City Council 22 than carbon dioxide, will continue to be untreated and uncontrolled and will continue to disperse direct to atmosphere. 2.2 Overview of Technology to be used for LFG extraction: Landfill gas management technology will comprise of a series of vertical wells drilled into the wastes, interconnected by pipe work connected to a blower (suction) unit that will extract landfill gas for combustion within a high specification flare unit. More specifically, the following technology will be installed: 1.Gas Extraction wells: Some 48 vertically driven gas wells will be constructed at approximately 40 to 50 meter spacing during the phased restoration of the site to extract the landfill gas as it is produced. 2.Gas collection pipe work: These pipes, which will be total some 2400 meters in length, will collect and transport the gas from the wells to the extraction plant from where the gas will be safely flared. 3.Gas extraction plant (blower): A centrifugal blower is required to extract landfill gas from the wells and supply this to the flare unit. The blower creates lower pressure inside the wells than in the landfill, thereby sucking the gas from the landfill into the wells and from there to the extraction 4.Condensate management: Measures such as self-draining wells and condensate knock-out pots will be incorporated within the system to minimise condensate build-up and hence reduce the likelihood of pipe blockages from liquid, which should help maximise the efficiency of the gas extraction 5.Flare unit: An enclosed landfill gas flare with a capacity of 1,000Nm 3 / hr will be installed to safely treat the extracted gas. There are no currently operational projects to capture and flare (or otherwise use) landfill gas in Uganda. The project provides a significant opportunity for technology transfer into Uganda, with the import of key equipment such as gas flare, pumps and blowers, flow meters and gas quality analysers, together with an introduction to current international design expertise and installation standards of landfill gas management and environmental control. 2.3 Background of existing Landfill Kampala City Council is presently operating a sanitary landfill facility at Mpererwe-Kiteezi to dispose the solid waste generated in the Kampala district. The landfill, which started operation in the year 1996 currently, receives about 400-500 tones of wastes on a daily basis. The 29 acres piece of land on which the landfill is located is owned by the Kampala City Council (KCC). At the current rate of disposal the landfill is expected to reach its capacity by the end of the year 2008. As a short term arrangement, to provide immediate continuity to disposal of waste KCC has identified another 6 acres of land adjacent to the existing landfill, which would cater to about additional 2 years. Kampala City Council 23 For the existing landfill, which is expected to reach its safe capacity by the end of 2008, KCC is planning to implement a CDM project activity to extract and flare the landfill gas (LFG) generated from the landfill. The project will contribute to reduction of GHG emissions to the atmosphere. It would also improve landfill safety and eliminate the smoky environment, which is often caused by spontaneous burning of waste in the upper layers of the landfill arising from release LFG from the landfill. 2.4 Existing Solid Waste Management Scenario in Kampala Solid waste (also referred to as `refuse') is defined by KCC as that includes waste from households, non-hazardous solid wastes from industrial, commercial construction and institutional establishments (including hospitals), market waste and street sweepings. 2.4.1 Waste Generation The waste stream is estimated to be predominantly organic (70-80%) while the rest is inorganic material such as glass, paper, metals, construction and demolition waste, etc. Table below shows indicative components of Kampala's waste stream. Table 2.1: Refuse composition (approximate) TYPE OF SOLID WASTE PERCENTAGE Paper & Board 10.7 Glass 1.8 Metal 0.4 Plastic 11.8 Organics 74.0 Textiles 0.9 Construction Trace 0.4 Special Care Waste Trace Street Debris Not captured Total 100.0 [Source: KCC Solid Waste Strategy, 2006]. 2.4.2 Existing Waste Management Practice Solid waste management services in Kampala city is currently structured along 2 major components: i) Waste collection services- including waste collection from source, storage and transportation to the disposal site; ii) Waste treatment/ processing and disposal at the disposal site. Waste Collection services are responsibility of the individual divisions, while waste processing/ disposal is the responsibility of the Head Quarter, KCC. 2.4.2.1 Solid Waste Collection Waste is collected in skips and on land at selected locations within the district. Waste transportation is carried out by both KCC and private sector.. Average waste collected and transported to the landfill over the past 12 months was approximately 17,000 tons/ month. This represents approximately 38% of generated waste. Many people simply dispose of their own waste crudely, including indiscriminate dumping, burning, burying, etc. The situation is problematic, and it is exacerbated by lack of adequate resources for waste collection and Kampala City Council 24 transportation. The average cost of waste collection currently ranges between Shs 10,000 - Shs15,000 per ton depending on haulage distance. KCC currently operates a total of 54 refuse trucks though only 30 are currently functional. There are currently 17 small private collectors that provide a door-to-door waste collection service at a nominal fee. They normally provide their clients with waste bags that are collected at agreed frequencies. At least 60% of all waste received at the landfill site is delivered by private companies. No fee is currently levied by KCC on the private collectors for use of its landfill site. 2.4.2.2 Solid Waste Disposal All solid waste collected in Kampala is currently disposed of by land filling on the KCC operated Mpererwe site located at Kiteezi in Wakiso District. The current landfill is a containment site opened in 1996. It covers an area of about 29 acres in total. KCC has acquired another 6 acres of land adjacent to the existing landfill site for purposes of landfill extension. The extended landfill is estimated to accommodate waste for a further period of 2 years till 2010. The management of the landfill site was first contracted out in January 1999 and the site has since been managed by a private Firm. 2.5 Present Activities at the landfill site Waste collectors bring refuse to the site in trucks/ tractors. Each vehicle is weighed at the weighbridge and information is directly fed into computer connected to the weighbridge. Vehicles then unload waste on the operational tipping area of the day as directed by site management. . Waste Scavengers simultaneously get into the act of salvaging recyclables from the waste. Dozer is used for spreading and compacting waste. It was reported that as per the theoretical concept of landfill waste management, waste should be spread and compacted in layers not exceeding 2m thick and the surface should be covered with Murram to a thickness not exceeding 15cm on daily basis. However, site operation practices revealed that compaction and covering is rarely undertaken as theoretically provided for. Leachate from the whole landfill is channelled to collection points then discharged to the equalisation tank used to equalize the influent flow for a constant discharge through succeeding units of treatment (Presettling, Aeration/ biological treatment and to clarification tank). A centrifuge is then used for thickening the sludge from the effluent and treated effluent is then passed through a naturally grown root treatment zone prior to release into the nearby stream running from East North to East South direction from the landfill site.. 2.6 Utilities available at site There is pipe water supply and electricity grid connection available at the landfill site. Provision for a DG set of 100 KVA capacity is there to meet emergency power requirement in absence of the grid supply. There is an office block, pit latrine, bathroom and a weigh bridge. Kampala City Council 25 CHAPTER 3 Environmental and Social issues 3.1 Environmental and Social issues associated with the present practice of Landfill management 3.1.1 Environmental Issues Landfill currently is not being managed in a way that can take care of environmental issues satisfactorily and there is no gas collection system at present. Explained below are key environmental problem/ issues, which emanate from the current operational practices at the landfill site. A. Air Emissions There are no major sources of air emissions. However, some particulate matter/ air emissions are anticipated during collection of recyclables by the scavengers, vehicular emission of waste transportation vehicles, particulate emission from waste spreading and compaction and wind blown dust particles from landfill during strong wind creating bad odour in the area especially in down wind directions. Absence of daily covering of dumped waste and unfenced site too create wind blown air borne dust particles carried to the local environment causing nuisance and health problem to local citizens. Operation of DG set in case of power failure will be a source of emissions into the air.Uncontrolled burning of waste by the scavengers is source of toxic air pollution. Local communities have often complained on this issue following which NEMA has banned burning of waste at landfill site. Road within landfill site is in semi paved conditions and causes tremendous dust pollution, as well as, water logging during wet season. B. Odour Compounds found in landfill gas are associated with strong, pungent odors. These smells are transmitted off-site to nearby homes and business. Unpleasant odors lower the quality of life for individuals that live near landfills and potentially reduce local property values. Odour from the Mpererwe site is more prominent in North, North East and West direction from the site. Almost all households surveyed during community consultation complained about this issue; some of them even complained of health disorder due to continuous exposure to the odour. Landfill site lacks regular compaction and covering of waste on daily basis. Waste collection and transportation efficiency too has an impact on odour issue since sometimes waste collectors carry wastes which are more than a day old and emit foul odour due to putrecible nature of the waste. C. Liquid Effluents Process Effluents: There is no generation of process effluent at present since vehicle washing and containers washing are not undertaken at site. Kampala City Council 26 Sanitary Wastewater: Sanitary effluents are generated from domestic usage of water. It is treated by means of a septic tank and soak pit system. Storm Water: Storm water during rainy season is channelised to drains, which finally exit through a main drain under the landfill from South East side of the site. Storm water is allowed to flow in the valley, eventually meeting a stream passing close to the site. Leachate from Landfill: A leachate collection and treatment system is operational at the landfill. Leachate is collected in a lagoon and transferred to sump tank through gravity flow and from there it is pumped to the on-site leachate treatment plant and discharged in environmentally sound manner after meeting the discharge criteria set by NEMA.. NEMA has given directions to KCC for improvement of leachate management system before December 31,2008 when the license renewal is due for the operation of landfill site. The relevant conditions vis-à-vis leachate management are listed below. Entire license conditions are appended as appendix 1 with this report. S.N. Directions from NEMA 1 Regularly undertake checks on the entire drainage system of the landfill to ensure that there are no leakages of leachate before drainage into the Leachate Treatment Plant. 2 Ensure that the Leachate Treatment Plant treats leachate to levels manageable by the Reed Bed System and undertake monitoring of discharges into the reed bed system based on flow rates and quality to ensure that the levels of pollutants released into the system are within the levels for which the system was established. Such monitoring should be undertaken on a daily basis and monitoring reports submitted to NEMA and the directorate of water resource management(DWRM) on a quarterly basis. 3 Re-engineer the Reed bed system to consist of sedimentation and root system components, properly developed and functioning to further polish the effluent from the treatment plant to levels acceptable under the National Environment (Standards for Discharge of the Effluent into Water to Land) Regulations, 1999. 4 Monitor ground water quality on a regular basis to ensure that the leachate does not pollute the water and just in case it happens corrective measures should be undertaken through remediation. Such monitoring should be designed based on the findings of geotechnical surveys undertaken on site and should cover a control well. The monitoring reports should be submitted to NEMA and the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) on a quarterly basis. 5 Regularly monitor the quality of surface water, including the Walufumbe stream before and after the Leachate Treatment Plant discharge point, down stream of the Leachate Treatment Plant discharge point and down steam after the discharge point from the proposed reed bed and further down stream in Bitarabeho's farm. Monitoring reports should be submitted to NEMA and the DWRM on a quarterly basis. Discussion with NEMA indicated that KCC has not yet taken concrete steps to meet these directives of NEMA. Kampala City Council 27 D. Drainage System for Storm water and Leachate Drainage channels for leachate as well as storm water is not clearly demarcated on ground although some of the maps have shown their existence beneath and around the landfill site. During rains, leachate and storm water mix and increase load on the treatment system and thereby reduce the efficiency of the treatment process. Two leachate lagoons were seen on the South East side of the site. Leachate gets collected in these lagoons and then transferred to leachate collection tank under gravitational force. Leachate collection lagoon, if not lined, will be major source of GW contamination. Open lagoons are also source of attraction for Birds that die of drinking leachate. The network of narrow and open leachate collection drains around the site periphery can not provide safety against contamination of surrounding environment during heavy rains when there would be chance of spillover from the drains. E. Surface and Ground Water Contamination Ground water contamination around the landfill area is much talked about concern among local community and the present condition of Leachate Treatment Plant is blamed for this. F. Oil spillage and Leakage The landfill site has a temporary arrangement for fuel refilling of the management contractor's vehicles and maintenance of vehicles. Both the activities have potential for oil spillage and leakage resulting in soil contamination. G. Slope instability of dumped waste Slope instability of the dump waste can cause sudden failure of the part of dump area causing discharge of toxic pollutants in the environment and also health and safety hazards for scavengers. It has happened in the past when a huge stock pile of waste failed due to slope failure on the South East side of the site and entire waste of that side crushed on the boundary of the leachate treatment system. This was a source of discharge of leachate and toxic elements of the waste into the swamp and wetland. H. Noise Noise owing to waste unloading, spreading and vehicular movement activities on site is a nuisance for community in immediate vicinity. Site is run 24 hours and high noise generated by these activities at night is serious health disorder for local community. KCC may like to restrict activities at night and also issue directives to waste transporters to minimize use of horns during nighttime. 3.1.2 Social Issues A. Health Problem due to Mosquitoes, Flies and Vector Landfill has become a breeding ground for Mosquitoes, flies and vector. However, this is not a very severe issue as of now owing to the fact that one side of the landfill i.e. east side has been covered to some extent and current source of breeding is limited to the existing waste area which lacks regular cover on daily basis. Local citizens reported rise in Malaria cases, which may be related to the site activities. However, entire area around the landfill is full of Kampala City Council 28 bushes, grasses and swamp as well as some wetlands. These ecological hotspots are also a source of Mosquitoes and flies. B. Littering of refuse on road passing through residential areas Waste collectors over fill their trucks/ tractors and do not cover it from top. This coupled with their high speed for quick dumping trips leads to spillage and littering of waste at many locations on the road which passes through residential areas. High speed of trucks is big threat for the safety of local people especially in nights. There have been cases of fatal accidents in the past from these trucks. KCC has a registration systems for waste transporters, however, license from NEMA for undertaking waste transport activity is not a prerequisite for registration with KCC ,a concern raised by NEMA . Following two directives on waste transportation are part of the comprehensive list of directives by NEMA to be met by KCC before December 31,2008 Obtain license annually from NEMA to transport waste to the site and ensure that the vehicles transporting waste are effectively covered to avoid littering, along the transportation routes. Ensure that private waste transporters have obtained licenses for transportation of waste to the site before entering into agreements with KCC to transport the waste to the site, and ensure that the licensed transporters transport the waste collected to Kiteezi Waste Dump Site and avoid dumping such waste in other places such as wetlands. C. Lack of controlled access to the landfill site Landfill site does not have a proper fencing of the area and entry is not restricted. Local children sometimes enter the area and pass time in scavenging activities, which not only interferes with their schooling but also cause health and safety problem for the children. Stray dogs that come to the site from the nearby swamp and valley bottom cross over to the residential areas because there is no fencing to separate landfill from residential areas, and pose danger to children and animals. Big birds hovering over landfill site make their nests in surrounding villages and crate problem of safety and pollution. Bird's excreta are acidic and harmful if fall on body or any article of importance. NEMA has asked KCC to erect and maintain a fence around entire site used for waste disposal to restrict access and place appropriate hazard signs at strategic points of the fence. D. Water Scarcity in the local area around the landfill site Local Community complains that Landfill has blocked way of local people who used to fetch water from nearby springs in the wetland. Some of these people now have to walk as far as 2 km to fetch water from bore wells. KCC dig some bore wells in the local area but most of them are spoiled with contamination and poor maintenance. There is pipe water connection along the roadside, however roadside to the household connection is to be done by the local people at their own cost, which is not accepted by the locals. In their opinion since their free access to water source has been deprived of by the landfill, KCC should arrange free supply of water to houses either by more number of bore wells free of contamination or through pipe water connection to all the house holds in the surrounding villages affected by the operation of landfill site. Kampala City Council 29 E. Lack of Health Care Facility Kiteezi village where Mpererwe landfill site is located, lacks health center in immediate vicinity. The closest health center run on subsidized cost by KCC is 4 km away. Local community opines that since malaria and other mosquito and vector related disease have increased after landfill operation, KCC should setup a health center in the village to avoid long distance travel by community 3.1.3 Health and Safety Concerns A. Health & safety concerns from compounds generated in Landfill Gas Nonmethane organic compounds(NMOC) are contained in discarded items in solid waste, such as household cleaning products,materials coated with or containing paints and adhesives,and other items. During the waste decomposition process,NMOC can be stripped from the waste by methane,carbon dioxide,and other gases and carried in landfill gas. The public health, safety, and environmental concerns from NMOC typically fall into following categories: (a ) Subsurface Migration Subsurface migration is the underground movement of landfill gas from landfills to other areas within the landfill property or outside the landfill property. Most subsurface migration occurs at older, unlined landfills because there is minimal barrier for lateral migration. Mpererwe site has in past experienced sudden collapse of south east side of its landfill, which may have been due to subsurface migration of the landfill gas. Incidentally, there was no habitation on this side of the site and hence large scale exposure to NMOC was not witnessed by local citizens. Since landfill gas contains approximately 50 percent methane (a potentially explosive gas)it is possible for landfill gas to travel underground, accumulate in enclosed structures, and ignite. (b) Surface Emissions: Possibly the biggest health and environmental concerns are related to the uncontrolled surface emissions of landfill gas into the air. Landfill gas contains carbon dioxide, methane,VOC,HAP,and odorous compounds that can adversely affect public health and the environment. For example, carbon dioxide and methane are greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change. Methane is of particular concern because it is 21 times more effective at trapping heat in the atmosphere than carbon dioxide. Emissions of VOC contribute to ground-level ozone formation (smog). Ozone is capable of reducing or damaging vegetation growth as well as causing respiratory problems in humans. Finally, exposure to HAP can cause a variety of health problems, such as cancerous illnesses, respiratory irritation, and central nervous system damage. B. Health and safety concerns of waste Scavengers Scavengers in the landfill sites are not required to register with KCC and therefore any one can come and start scavenging work although scavengers have their own way of managing activities. However, in absence of any control over scavengers, their health and safety is seriously at risk. Scavengers do not use gloves, boots and proper cloth suitable for scavenging Kampala City Council 30 activity, on compulsory basis. There is no first aid facility available at landfill for treating small injuries locally. 3.1.4 Summary of Impacts Based on the preceding discussions, environmental, social and health & safety issues and their impacts are summarized in table 3.1 below. Many of these impacts will be reduced/eliminated by installation of proposed LFG flaring CDM project. Residual issues will be controlled through a comprehensive environmental, social and health & safety management plan to be developed for the LFG Flaring project. Nature of impacts has been analyzed on the basis of following criteria. Nature : Positive/ Adverse Duration : Short term/ Long term/ Continuous Likelihood : Low/ Medium/High Duration significance : Localised/Minor/Major Reversible/irreversible : Can the Impact be reversed? An objective judgment has been made on the basis of above criteria for arising at potential of impact due to activities of the project. Kampala City Council 31 Table 3.1: Summary of Environmental, Social and Health & Safety issues and associated Impacts from present practice of landfill management S.N. Environmental/Social Main source of Impact Aspect aspect Nature Duration Likelihood Significance Reversible/ Potential Irreversible ENVIRONMENT 1 Air quality Windblown dust Adverse Short term/ High Minor Reversible Medium degradation particles from landfill Continuous and unpaved roads throughout construction period Emissions from DG Adverse Short term Medium Localized Reversible Low set and vehicular movement 2 Untreated leachate Poor quality of Adverse Long term High Major Reversible High discharge treatment process 3 Domestic waste water Untreated discharge Adverse Long term Low Localized Reversible Low discharge of waste water 4 Storm water mixing Runoff to the leachate Adverse Short term High Localized Reversible Medium with leachate treatment system owing to poor drainage network 5 Odour pollution Uncovered landfill Adverse Long term High Minor Reversible High cells 6 Noise pollution Waste dumping Adverse Long term Medium Localized Reversible Low activity at night 7 Drainage system for Poor drainage Adverse Long term High Major Reversible High storm water and network leachate collection 8 Surface and ground Contamination from Adverse Long term High Major Irreversible High water pollution leachate 9 Slope failure releasing Instable waste slopes Adverse Short term Medium Minor Irreversible Medium toxic elements in in the landfill environment Kampala City Council 32 10 Water and land Oil spillage and Adverse Short term High Localized Irreversible Medium contamination leakage especially on wetland SOCIAL 1 Breeding of Uncovered waste on Adverse Long term High Minor Reversible Medium mosquitoes, vectors the site and flies 2 Littering of waste in Over capacity filling Adverse Short term High Minor Reversible Medium residential area of waste trucks and uncovered waste transportation. Absence of Adverse Short term High Minor Reversible Medium registration system for waste transport making their regulation difficult 3 Water scarcity Inaccessibility as well Adverse Long term High Major Reversible High as contamination of spring wells and borewells 4 Unauthorized entry in Lack of controlled Adverse Long term Minor Localized Reversible Medium landfill access to the site 5 Increase in disease Lack of health care Adverse Long term Low Localized Reversible Low occurence in local facility community Health & Safety 1 Health impact from Health concerns from Adverse Long term High Minor Reversible High landfill gas compounds generated in Landfill Gas 2 Health and safety of Lack of proper Adverse Long term High Localized Reversible High scavengers management of scavenging activity Kampala City Council 33 3.1.5 Residual issues/impacts at the site after LFG plant installation An effort has been made to draw a picture of residual issues/ impacts that are likely to generate from the site after installation and operation of FLG flaring plant. Residual issues/ impacts are net or cumulative effects of existing conditions at site and conditions that will emerge after the plant is installed. Generally, LFG flare project worldwide is known to improve the deteriorating environmental and social condition around landfill site. There are several positive impacts of flare project that will negate negative impacts existing currently at the Mpererwe site. Table 3.2 below summarizes the residual issues/ impacts that are likely to stay at the site after the LFG flare project is installed. Table 3.2: Residual issues/impacts at the site after LFG plant installation Existing Issues at Mpererwe site Residual Issues after LFG Flare Plant S.N. Environmental/ Main source of Nature Potenti- Environmental/Soc Residual Social Aspect aspect al -ial Improvement Impact Environmental Issues 1 Air quality Windblown dust Adverse Medium Landfill covered with Insignificant particles from landfill liner and unpaved roads Emissions from DG set Adverse Low A good design of stack Low and vehicular movement and improvement of the road 2 Untreated leachate Poor collection and Adverse High Leachate management Low treatment process will improve as high amount of leachate trapped in waste depth will adversely affect the gas collection process Kampala City Council 34 3 Domestic waste Untreated discharge Adverse Low Construction of septic Low water discharge waste water tank and soak pits 4 Storm water mixing High runoff to the Adverse Medium Enire site will be Low with leachate leachate treatment designed keeping in system owing to poor mind local drainage drainage network at the pattern, slope,etc. All site drains will be properly constructed so as to reduce leakage,spillover from the drains 5 Odour pollution Uncovered landfill cells Adverse High Landfill will be covered Low for the operation of LFG plant 6 Noise pollution Waste dumping activity Adverse Low Dumping will stop but Medium on at night flaring will generate the side of noise flare position otherwise low noise impact 7 Surface and ground Contamination potential Adverse High A better leachate Low water pollution from leachate management system will improve treatment process which will be part of LFG flare plant installation project 8 Slope failure Instable waste slopes at Adverse Medium Waste reprofiling and No slope releasing toxic landfill covering will stabilise the failure elements in landfill potential environment 9 Water and land Oil spillage and leakage Adverse Medium Will be controlled Low contamination through EMP especially on wetland 10 Breeding of Uncovered waste on the Adverse Medium Waste will be covered Low mosquitoes, vectors site and flies Kampala City Council 35 Social Issues 1 Littering of waste in Over capacity filling of Adverse Medium Waste transport to the Nil from the residential area waste trucks and site will stop from LFG current site uncovered project point of view transportation of waste Absence of registration Adverse Medium system for waste transport making their regulation dificult 2 Water scarcity Inaccessibility as well as Adverse High Will be solved under Low contamination of spring community benefit plan wells and bore wells 3 Unauthorized entry Lack of controlled access Adverse Medium LFG plant will be fenced Low in landfill to the site and entry and exit points will be controlled 4 Increase in disease Lack of health care Adverse Low Scavenging activity will Low risk since occurence in local facility stop and adverse effect after LFG community of dumped waste will plant, health reduce progressively impacts are likely to reduce 5 Health impact from Health concerns from Adverse High LFG flare plant will Low landfill gas compounds generated in collect and burn gas Landfill Gas 6 Health and safety of Lack of proper Adverse High This activity will stop at Nil scavengers management of the site scavenging activity Kampala City Council 36 3.2 Environmental and Social issues from LFG flaring project: One of the primary roles of a landfill gas extraction and controlled flare is to protect people and the surrounding environment from landfill gas emissions. Damage that can be caused by uncontrolled migration of landfill gas is the main reason why landfill gas recovery and flaring are required and given importance world over these days. Minimum requirement of a landfill gas flare is that the flammable gases are burned and, in consequence, the risk of their explosion is eliminated and at the same time environmental impact of combustion is reduced. When considered under overall impact, proposed LFG project is likely to reduce or eliminate many environment and social issues being faced under current state of affairs at the landfill. However, installation and operation of LFG system will have its own environmental and social issues that need to be considered and addressed adequately in detail. These issues are discussed here under three categories, i.e. construction phase, operation phase and closure/post closure phase. 3.2.1 Activities at Site Construction Phase During construction phase of LFG extraction project at landfill site, following activities will be undertaken: Site preparation, such as vegetation clearing, excavation, soil filling, embankment, etc. Vehicle movement to the site bringing construction material and equipment for LFG extraction. Drilling of wells and pipe network. Civil Construction LFG extraction infrastructure. Operation Phase During the operation phase following activities will be observed: Gas flare siting Gas Extraction Gas collection Gas Flaring Condensate Management These activities will be undertaken in automated manner as part of single operating system. Closure/Post Closure Phase During the closure/post closure phase of landfill site following activities will be observed: Decommissioning of the LFG flaring plant Closing of the landfill facility Monitoring of landfill facility Kampala City Council 37 3.2.2 Identification of potential environmental and social issues Construction Phase Most construction activities will impact water, soil, air, and will generate noise. Some of the developments at construction site cannot be fully assessed until their location and specification are finalized in the detailed design of the project, and until the construction techniques are determined. KCC is yet to finalize the design and construction techniques that will be adopted for LFG extraction project. The precise location of the LFG control center, construction work camps and work areas are yet to be determined. Without these specific details, the impact assessment of these components can only be preliminary in nature and limited to identifying the major areas of consideration. There will be need to have a number of plans for implementing protection and mitigation measures addressing all environmental and social impacts created by the construction activities. In addition, monitoring program will be developed to ensure that the impacts during construction are effectively mitigated and controlled. Operation Phase and Closure/Post Closure phase Various activities at operation and closure/ post closure phase of LFG plant will have some impacts on the environmental setting of the area. Activity wise these issues in the form of their impacts during construction, operation and closure/post closure phase have been explained in following table 3.3. Table 3.3 : Identification of activities and associated Issues from LFG flaring Project Sl. Activities Anticipated Impacts A. Construction Phase 1 Site Preparation Dust emissions (Vegetation clearance,Excavation, Vehicular Emission soil filling, embankment, etc.) Noise emissions Change in drainage pattern Damage to vegetation, swamp and wetland 2. Vehicle movement into the site bringing Dust emissions construction material and plant Vehicular Emission equipment Noise emissions Social conflict due to accidents in local area owing to increase in traffic load as well as a change in traffic type with heavy load vehicles 3. Construction of LFG extraction plant Dust Emissions and supporting Infrastructure Noise and Vibration Generation of construction waste Land contamination due to oil/chemical spill Disturbance to animal movement 4 Quarrying activity for sourcing Dust Emissions construction material Noise Pollution Kampala City Council 38 Quarry/Borrow pits-a source of accident Change in aesthetic look of the area 5 Labour camp Activities Public health impact Law and Order Problem Labour camp waste management Emission and noise from DG set operation 6 Installation of cover liner over dump Dust emissions site Control over Environmental and social problems such as dust, odour, flies and mosquitoes and birds and dog movement Increase in Aesthetic value of the area due to the vegetation cover, hence improved visual look of the site B. Operation Phase 1 Flare Siting related Impacts Explosion and fire Asphyxia Human health impact Odour nuisance in the surrounding Noise pollution in the close vicinity Heat radiations in close vicinity Visual impact for local habitants Ground type 2. Combustion of landfill gas Emission of landfill gas not captured for flaring Emission from combustion process of Land fill gases 3. Handling of oil, chemicals and support Spillage and leakage on ground of the fuel storage area causing water and land contamination 4. Operation of DG set Emission and noise generation Land contamination in case of fuel leakage or spillage in the DG set area 5 Generation of domestic liquid and solid Water and land contamination waste 6 Generation of solid waste from Pollution due to improper disposal conditioning process of landfill gas arrangement for this waste which will flaring contain refuse debris C. Closure/Post Closure 1. Collection and treatment of residual Contamination of soil and ground water leachate generated from the landfill site if leachate percolates to ground water 2. Decommissioning of the LFG plant Dust Emissions Noise Pollution Waste and debris generation Kampala City Council 39 CHAPTER 4 Existing Baseline Environmental condition 4.0 Background At present, there is no national environment regulation on minimum standard for management of air quality in Uganda and therefore air quality or noise monitoring is not a common practice in the country. Therefore Mpererwe site lacks a base line measurement of existing ambient air quality or noise level. NEMA, the nodal environment regulation agency in Uganda has promulgated regulations on soil quality and standard for discharge of effluent. These are namely, `The National environment(minimum standards for management of soil quality) Regulations,2001' and `The National Environment(standards for discharge of Effluent into water or on Land) Regulations,S.I. No 5/ 1999'. Standard on soil quality is primarily related to agricultural use of soil and its management. The standard has no provision for estimating soil contamination level related to any type of project activity. The landfill facility does not maintain a record of base line soil quality in the area. Water standards are there and KCC monitors ground water and stream water quality around the site. Although from contamination point of view, soil data may not be helpful, yet from structural requirement point of view it is important. Some of the available baseline information from secondary sources are discussed in following sections. 4.1 Site Geology The area has alluvial soil consisting of top black loamy soil underlain by the reddish brown ferrate soils. Close to the valley, there exist alluvial sediments consisting of coarse quartz grains that grade into fine grains. Granite gneiss is completely weathered sometimes with relict foliation observed at a depth of 6.0m. In some places, the gneisses has become kaolinitic. Pegmatisation of the gneisses is notable in the north of the project area. 4.2 Sub-Surface Conditions The major predominant geological layer that was revealed is the granite gneiss sub-stratum and the minor layer revealed in the swamp was the alluvial sediment. The above layers are briefly described below: The sandy clay layer was identified in two bands. The first band was just beneath the topsoil. The second band was fairly consistent and traceable with thickness ranging from 3-7m. The consistency ranged from firm to very stiff and the in-situ moisture was below plastic limit. The coarse layer is identified as sandwiched between the sandy clay layers above and also at the bottom of the lower sandy clay. This layer is prominent towards the swamp. Up the slope the layer is mainly clayey gravel with sand and towards the swamp clayey sand with gravel. There were pockets of silty sands especially in the swamp. Up the hill, laterization of this layer is evident. The ground water is found in this layer 4.3 Hydrology Kampala City Council 40 The ground water level in the area is about 20 - 30m below the ground level in the western side, whereas in the east side, water runs / oozes on the surface of the ground. There is overburden for weathered rocks and wet geological conditions up to the depth of approx. 60m. The soils below ground water level are relatively permeable. Ground water in general flows towards the valley that leads to river. Seasonal stream flows along the bottom edge of the proposed site. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant adjacent to the site area to Walufumbe swamp. 4.4 Physical Features A seasonal stream that flows along the bottom edge of the site bounds the sloping site on the lower edge. It flows from the North through relatively thick vegetation, with papyrus reeds predominant adjacent to the site area to walufumbe swamp. Site is mainly surrounded by hills and Vegetation on the site is mainly short grass with a few shrubs. 4.5 Flora and Fauna Introduction Mpererwe Land Fill site is located on an east facing gentle slope bordered by a stream on the east. The valley, which is in the Indirect Impact Zone (IIZ), is a wetland dominated by Cyperus papyrus and Eleis guinensis as well a few Phoenix reclinata. The landfill site itself is dominated by Leersia hexandra, Cyperus rotundus and Ludwigia abyssinica in the wetland which also extend into the IIZ; Imperata cylindrica in the undisturbed areas and Rhynchelytrum repens in the abandoned gardens. The vegetation can generally be described as an open bush land with scattered thickets and a few trees. Inventories of all plants, mammals, birds, butterflies, amphibians and reptiles (herpetofauna) at the site described below. Flora The flora of the site can be summarized as follows: 78.4% are herbs (non-woody annuals and perennials) 9.7% are shrubs (multiple stemmed woody perennials) 11.8% are trees (single stemmed woody perennials) Chamaephytes and therophytes are the most common plant life forms. Most of the plant species found here grow throughout the tropics. All the 144 species found around the site are of no conservation concern.As per one report, 85.8% of the herbaceous and shrubby flora are listed among the invasive plants of Kampala, a study that was carried out to document plants growing in the manmade habitats of Kampala district. Kampala and Mpererwe vegetation is comparable since the two locations lie in the same floral division. The remaining 14.2% are common plants of grasslands, cultivations and path-sides. Trees encountered are common species of grasslands. The vegetation in the area has been greatly simplified through cultivation, brick making and activities of the current landfill. Fauna All fauna easily disperse and establish themselves. Species encountered are of wide geographical distribution. None of the species listed appear in the list of endangered or rare species. Most of the birds recorded were scavenging birds and none were of conservation Kampala City Council 41 concern. Over 20% of the species recorded are in this category. The habitat for these species can be seen in the immediate surroundings. All the mammal species trapped are characteristic of grassland habitats and with exception of Dasymus incomtus , the rest reflect a common national distribution. Kampala City Council 42 CHAPTER 5 Impact Assessment 5.1 Impact Assessment of proposed CDM Project 5.1.1 Impacts associated with Specific Construction Activities a. Water Quality: Sources & Types of Impacts The major sources of construction related impacts on water quality will be from erosion of the disturbed areas required for the construction activities (construction sites, material storage areas, vehicle maintenance areas, spoil disposal areas), from waste water discharge from the construction workforce camps and from contaminated water (oil, grease, petrochemical, cement, chemicals) resulting from various construction activities. The primary impact is the potential for introducing sediments and pollutants to the adjacent water body during the period of construction, thereby affecting aquatic habitats, fishes and water sources for residents & wildlife downstream of the water body. These impacts will be temporary in nature and can be controlled by suitable environmental management plan, to be prepared and implemented by the contractor and supervised by KCC. b. Air Quality: Source and Types of Impacts Vehicles and stationary equipment will impact air quality at the construction site through emissions from the engines. Additionally, site preparation activities, construction work and movement of vehicles along unpaved road will generate dust and impact air quality. Liner installation on the landfill will also result in air borne particles carried into the ambient air. The burning of the waste from worker camp will also affect air quality. Air quality impact will be temporary in nature and will stop when construction is over. A dust and emission control plan will be prepared and implemented by the contractor, and supervised by KCC. c. Noise: Source and types of impacts Sources of noise will be the vehicles and equipment for excavation/ drilling and stationary equipment. Other sources of noise and vibration will be activities for the foundation and drilling of gas wells. Noise in and around the construction site will affect the animal and residents in the surrounding areas. Animals in the area will have tendency to move away from the noise and eventually return to the area when construction is complete. A noise control and management will be prepared and implemented by the contractor. d. Areas to be cleared: Source and types of impacts Areas will be cleared and leveled to enable storage of equipment, materials and the placement of the plant. Roads will be constructed and improved to enable movement of vehicles within various locations. In addition, excavation and drilling will require the disposal of spoil materials as they are removed from area. These activities may impact swamp and wetland on the eastern boundary of the landfill site,if chosen for locating gas plant. Excess vegetation Kampala City Council 43 clearance without proper planning may also affect local biodiversity around the swamp and wetland. For the most part, these disturbances will be temporary since local ecology has characteristics of regeneration. However, an environmental management plan on vegetation clearance will be prepared and implemented by the contractor and supervised by KCC. e. Quarries/ Borrow Pits: Source and types of impacts Aggregate, sand, Murram may be required for various project uses, such as road base, as well as for works involving concrete constructions. Some potential quarry sites/ borrow pits may be identified as sources of these materials. Opening of the quarries in hilly terrain will cause visual impacts because they remove a significant part of the hills. Borrow pits if left without rehabilitation may cause accident. Other impacts will be the noise generated during aggregate acquisition through crushing, which could affect wildlife and habitation in the area. Dust produced during the crushing operation to get the aggregates to the appropriate size and transport of the aggregates will lead to air pollution in the environment. A quarry/ borrow pit management plan will be prepared and implemented by the contractor. f. Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force: Source and types of impacts Potential impacts from the workforce and the work camps in all construction areas, will be in terms of additional pressure on land and natural resources. There will be generation of solid and liquid wastes. Additionally, the spontaneous development near the construction camps could create public health risks, included an increase in the prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Wastewater from the work camps could cause water quality problems in the adjacent water body. Inappropriate solid waste disposal could lead to the contamination of the soil and surface water body, and the spread of communicable diseases. Contractor, in consultation with KCC, will prepare a plan for managing work camps and labour force. g. Erection of the LFG extraction station and support infrastructure: Source and types of impacts Erection of the LFG extraction station and supporting infrastructure will have following potential sources of impacts: Disturbance of land Disposal of spoil material Operation of construction equipment A combination of bushes, trees and swamp on wetland currently borders the area on northeast and east sides that will be disturbed. Much of such area directly adjacent to the leachate management area on the east side is already degraded by leachate plant and quarry for Marrum excavation. The LFG Station and supporting infrastructure, if located on this area, will require the clearing of an additional such land. Disposal of the spoil materials will require selection of an appropriate location. The major potential impact of the cleared areas in the construction and spoil disposal areas includes the potential for erosion and the runoff of cement, oils, and grease, particularly during the wet seasons. The potential impacts of additional sediment and the discharge of Kampala City Council 44 cement, oils and grease to the stream will include damage to fish populations and pollution of water sources for residents/ animals living downstream from the construction areas. 5.1.2 Other impacts associated with construction Activities & Project Developments a. Public Health The influx of migrant labour into the area will be associated with an augmented risk of transmission of diseases, including sexually transmitted diseases. More traffic on the roads during construction could increase accidents within communities living adjacent to the roads. Aquatic invertebrates known to be vectors of disease could inhabit stagnant water created during construction. The increased prevalence of such diseases may impact the health of communities and the construction workforce. b. Interference with Movements of Animals Construction activities, human presence and traffic will interfere with the natural movement of animal in the area especially in the forest on wetland side. c. Damage to Physical cultural resources There is no physical cultural resource within the site and hence this issue is not significant d. Traffic related Impact There may be increase in accidents on road due to movement of vehicle with heavy load and increased number of vehicles. This may also create social problem in case there is conflict between transport drivers and the local community. 5.2 Impacts associated with operation phase activities Environmental and social impacts during operation phase of LFG extraction project are mainly divided into six categories for discussion here: (1) Impacts from flare siting;(2) impacts from landfill gas combustion emissions ;(3) emissions form the operation of DG set and use of support fuel to support combustion, if required;(4) Handling and storage of oil/chemicals and fuels;(5) Handling and disposal of domestic liquid and solid waste;(6) Handling and disposal of solid waste from conditioning process of landfill gas flaring;(7) impacts from vibration. These impacts are discussed in detail in following sections. 5.2.1 Impacts from flare siting In order to determine how flares should be located on a landfill site, it is necessary to have an understanding of the environmental impact that the flare will have upon its surroundings. Landfill site being surrounded by residential areas, flare siting will be a significant factor for any adverse impact on environment and human health. Environmental factors involved in the siting of flares on specific landfill sites are largely to do with the hazards to the environment that exist from both landfill gas and flares constituents, coupled with the operational needs of the specific circumstance such as need for support fuel. Following are the key impacts that can be linked to flare siting aspect: Kampala City Council 45 Explosion and fire Asphyxia Human health impact Odour nuisance in the surrounding Noise pollution in the close vicinity Heat radiations in close vicinity Visual impact for local habitants Ground bearing capacity having an impact on the safety of the plant 5.2.2 Potential impacts from landfill gas flare /combustion Many constituents of landfill gas are hazardous and pose potentially significant risks to human health and the environment. Some other risks result from the process of flaring. The damage that can be caused by uncontrolled migration of landfill gas is the main reason why landfill gas recovery and flaring are required. Hence the minimum requirement of a landfill gas flare is that the flammable gases are burned and, in consequence, the risk of their migration and explosion is eliminated and environmental impact of combustion reduced. Table 5.1 below summarizes potential agents of health and environmental impacts from operation of the LFG plant. Table 5.1: Potential agents of health and environmental impacts from landfill gas and/or combustion of the landfill gas Scale Potential impact Source: Landfill Main agents gas, Flare or both Local Explosion and fire Both Both CH4 and H2 Asphyxia Both CH4, CO2 , N2 Human health Both NMVOCs, CO, NOx , SO2 , PAHs, H2S, PCDDs, PCDFs Odour nuisance Both NMVOCs, H2S, NO x Harm to flora and Both CH4, CO 2 , NMVOCs, SO2, NO x , fauna H2S, HF, HCl Noise pollution Flare Landfill gas pumping and combustion Heat Flare Flare, flames, and flared gas Visual impact Flare Flare and visible flames Landfill gas Both Landfill gas extraction condensate (pollution potential, risk to health, corrosion potential) Regional Photochemical air Both NMVOCs, NOx pollution Acidic precipitation Both Sulphur compounds, NO x , HCl, HF Global Stratospheric ozone Both CFCs, HCFCs depletion Global warming Both CH4 , CO2 , CFCs Kampala City Council 46 potential PCDD-Polychlorinated dibenzodioxin;PCDF- polychlorinated dibenzofurans; PAH- polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compound; NMVOC- Non-methane volatile organic compounds Emissions from Combustion of Land fill Gas There are three principal mechanisms for the formation of gaseous pollutants in combustion systems. The first involves the oxidation of the chemical constituents of the fuel, particularly carbon, and leads to the formation of the oxides of carbon (CO and CO2 and sometimes formaldehyde, HCHO).The oxides of sulphur (SOx ) are also formed by oxidation, in this case from the oxidation of trace quantities of sulphur compounds in landfill gas. The second involves the pyrolysis, or thermal decomposition, of the fuel in oxygen- deficient regions, and this initiates reactions that can lead to the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other trace species. Dioxins and furans can also be formed by this mechanism. Finally, the hot combustion gases produced in the combustion of any type of fuel at high temperatures, especially under fuel-lean or stoichiometric conditions, leads to formation of NOx by oxidation of the nitrogen present in the air. Trace species The total number of minor constituents that can be found in landfill gas has been estimated as about 350, the vast majority being organic compounds. In total, these minor components can comprise 0.5% or more of the landfill gas emissions by weight. Of the inorganic constituents, hydrogen sulphide can be present at significant levels, and trace quantities of ammonia, mercury and volatile metallic compounds may also be present. Landfill gas often contains small amounts of halogenated organic compounds whose combustion will generate the acid gases HCl, HF and HBr. The concentrations of these gases in the emissions will depend upon the landfill gas composition. The presence of chlorine-containing substances may give rise to the formation of polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs), termed "dioxins", and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), termed "furans". Their generation result as products of incomplete combustion. The conditions that favour the formation of dioxins and furans may also promote the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (PAHs) from the products of incomplete combustion. The above compounds may be formed in situations where there is a combination of low turbulence, low temperature and low oxygen content. Such conditions will be found in cooler zones around the walls of enclosed flares. 5.2.3 Emission from operation of DG set occasionally and use of support fuel Support fuels for low-calorific-value landfill gas if required will cause air emission in close proximity to residential areas. DG set will emit air pollution during its occasional operation in times of power failure. 5.2.4 Spillage and leakage of oil/chemicals Oil and chemical spillage during handling and storage process may lead to water and land contamination in the immediate vicinity of the activity area. During rains, water contamination may extend to larger distance. Kampala City Council 47 5.2.5 Discharge of domestic liquid & solid waste Office setup and daily routine activities at the site will generate domestic wastewater, which if discharged without proper treatment and disposal, will cause pollution of nearby surface and ground water body. Municipal solid waste, generated from daily activities, will require proper collection and disposal for good housekeeping and sanitation purposes. 5.2.6 Solid waste from conditioning of landfill gas Conditioning is usually carried out using a condensate knockout vessel, or two vessels in series, in conjunction with demister pads. The conditioning equipment might remove solid debris in addition to moisture from the gas. Some manufacturers supply cyclones as part of the conditioning system. These Solids can be particles of plastic, present in newly installed gas pipelines; dust from intermediate cover material or fines from other waste; deposits of ash. Improper disposal of this waste may cause environmental pollution. 5.2.7 Vibration Under rare conditions the low-frequency vibration derived from the turbulence within enclosed flares can induce resonance within nearby structures such as buildings and vehicles. The effects of the vibration can include nausea and headaches. Nevertheless, the effect is attenuated with distance and no significant receptors are there within the range of site that can be affected by the vibration. Therefore this issue is not considered significant. 5.3 Impact associated with Closure and Post Closure phase activities After the closure of the LFG plant, there can still be need for continuing operation of leachate treatment plant until a time by when it could be established that leachate is no longer an issue at the site. It has been experienced that occasional explosion takes place in closed landfill site due to methane gas release. This causes accident and health impact on the local people who may be there at the location by chance. There may be possibility of similar occurrence at Mpererwe site Decommissioning of the LFG plant will generate dust, noise and debris, which may create pollution if not handled properly. 5.4 Impact associated with Social Issues (a) Breeding of mosquitoes,vectors and flies This will be a positive impact, as landfill site will be treated with covering material for LFG project and hence risk of breeding will be eliminated from the landfill site. (b) Littering of waste in residential area Littering of waste from the waste transport vehicles will stop after the site is be closed for active dumping, once the LFG plant is operational. © Water scarcity This issue is likely to continue in the area. Kampala City Council 48 (d) Unauthorized entry in landfill Operation of the plant will have positive impact on this issue as there will be fence all around the landfill site and entry and exit point will be controlled. (e) Increase in disease occurrence rate in local community This impact is likely to reduce to a great extent after the LFG plant Installation. (f)Social conflict among construction workers and labour camps Migrated workers may create law and order problems with local community in the area. (g) Spread of Sexually Transmitted Disease Unsafe sexual activities between labour and local community will have chances of spreading sexually transmitted disease, especially HIV/AIDS. (h) Social conflict between transport drivers, of construction and LFG plant material and local community Rash and unsafe driving practices causing accident may create conflict between drivers and local community. (i) Health impact from landfill gas This will be positive impact since the risk will be eliminated as landfill gas will be burned in closed flare minimising chance of gas migration (j)Health and safety of scavengers Scavenging activity will stop and this issue will no longer exist at the site. 5.5 Summary Table 5.2 below summarizes the environmental, social and health & safety issues and significance level of their impacts that may be generated by the proposed LFG flaring project. Suitable mitigation measures will be planned and implemented to control these impacts. Nature of impacts has been analyzed on the basis of following criteria. Nature : Positive/ Adverse Duration : Short term/ Long term/ Continuous Likelihood : Low/ Medium/High Duration significance : Localised/Minor/Major Reversible/irreversible : Can the Impact be reversed? An objective judgment has been made on the basis of above criteria for arising at potential of impact due to activities of the project. Kampala City Council 49 Table 5.2 : Environmental, Social and Health & Safety Issues and Significance level of their Impacts from LFG flaring project S.N. Environment Main source of Apects Impact al/Social Nature Duration likelihood Significance Reversible/ Potential Aspect Irreversibl e Environment Construction phase 1 Air quality Land preparation for Adverse Short High Minor Reversible Medium Degradation construction activity term/ Continuou s Emissions from DG set and Adverse Short term Medium Localized Reversible Low vehicular movement Installation of plant Adverse Long term High Major Reversible High equipment and cover over the landfill Quarrying activity Adverse Long term Low Localized Reversible Low 2 Water and Labour camp and Work Adverse Short term High Minor Reversible Medium land area contamination 3 Noise Land preparation and plant Adverse Long term High Localized Reversible Medium construction activity 4 Change in Interference with natural Adverse Long term High Localized Irreversible Low drainage drainage of the area due to patter construction activity 5 Damage to Construction activity and Adverse Short term Medium Minor Irreversible Medium swamp, land clearance for plant set vegetation up and wetland 6 Oil/chemical Construction activity Adverse Short term High Localized Reversible Low spillage and leakage Kampala City Council 50 Operation phase 7 Explosion and Flare Siting Adverse Long term Low Minor Irreversible Low fire 8 Asphyxia Adverse Short term Medium Localized Irreversible Low 9 Human health Adverse Long term Low Minor Irreversible Low impact 10 Odour Adverse Long term Medium Localized Irreversible Low nuisance in the surrounding 11 Noise Adverse Long term Medium Minor Reversible Medium pollution in the close vicinity 12 Heat Adverse Long term Medium Localized Reversible Low radiations in close vicinity 13 Visual impact Adverse Long term Medium Minor Irreversible Medium for local habitants 14 Ground Type Adverse Short term Low High Irreversible High 15 Toxic Combustion of land fill Adverse Long term High High Irreversible High emissions gases 16 Air emission Operation of DG set Adverse Localized Low Localized Reversible Low and noise 17 Water and Handling and storage of Adverse Short term Low Minor Reversible Low land oil/chemical and fuels contamination 18 Water and Handling and disposal of Adverse Short term Low Minor Reversible Low land domestic waste water and contamination solid waste Kampala City Council 51 19 Water and Handling and disposal of Adverse Short term Low Localized Reversible Low land solid waste from contamination conditioning process of flaring activity Closure/Post closure 20 Leachate From landfill where Adverse Long term Medium Minor Reversible Medium generation leachate generation can continue even after life of site is over from LFG extraction point of view 21 Air emission, Decommissioning of LFG Adverse Localized Medium Low Reversible Low noise and plant solid waste generation Social 22 Breeding of No risk since landfill site Long term High Minor High mosquitoes,ve will be treated with Positive ctors and flies covering material for LFG project 23 Littering of No more waste will be Positive Short term High Minor High waste in required to be transported residential to existing site area 24 Water scarcity May be solved under Positive Long term High Major High community benefit plan 25 Unauthorized No risk since LFG plant will Positive Long term Minor Localized Medium entry in be fenced and entry and landfill exit points will be controlled 26 Increase in No risk, after installation of Positive Long term Low Localized Medium disease LFG plant, health impacts occurrence are likely to reduce rate in local community Kampala City Council 52 26 Social conflict Migrated workers may Adverse Short term Medium Minor Reversble Medium among create law and order construction problems with local workers and community in the area labour camps 28 Spread of Unsafe sexual activities Adverse Short term Medium Minor Reversible Medium Sexually between labour and local Transmitted community Disease 29 Social conflict Rash and unsafe driving Adverse Short term Medium Minor Reversible Medium between practices causing accidents transport may create conflict between drivers, of drivers and local construction community and LFG plant material and local community Health & Safety 30 Health impact No risk since landfill gas Positive Long term High Minor High from landfill will be burned in closed gas flare minimising chance of gas migration 31 Health and This activity will be Positive Long term High Localized High safety of stopped after covering of scavengers dumped waste with a liner material, a prerequisite for LFG extraction plant Kampala City Council 53 CHAPTER 6 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) 6.0 Background Landfill gas flaring project is considered to be the solution for most of the environmental, social and health and safety problems associated with landfill operation. Mpererwe landfill site has similar opportunity to overcome present set of problems with a technically sound design and efficient installation technique of LFG flaring plant. Flaring plant installation requires numerous improvement activities at site, particularly if the site has been managed unprofessionally. KCC managed the Mpererwe site as containment site rather than a secured landfill, owing to resource constraint with the organization. Now is the time when such problems can be tackled methodically and holistically by KCC by designing and implementing a good landfill gas-flaring project based on best practices. Whilst most of the existing environmental, social, health & safety problem will disappear on their own during operation stage of the plant, construction stage may generate issues of concern which would need sound ESMP and strict monitoring and supervision protocol by KCC. Operation of flaring plant has its own environmental and social issues, most of which can be handled effectively by designing a flare plant of international standard and by following standard procedures vis-a-vis flare siting, condensate management and gas combustion. Emission monitoring is another very important component of a good flare plant. Uganda does not have any air pollution control standard at present but it is likely to have a regulation on controlling emissions in the near future. However, it is unlikely that such emission control regulation will have any standard on controlling emissions from landfill gas flaring plant because LFG flaring technologies and processes are yet to be fully evolved in Uganda. KCC would, however intend to go for the best technology which would have facilities for monitoring as well and could set UK or Netherlands emission guideline which are fairly clear, as the benchmark for its own plant. This will help KCC in avoiding potential health and safety and social issues raised by neighboring community, which it might find quite difficult to handle at later stage since changing design of the plant, would be impossible then. Flare siting is generally very important aspect for conceptualizing a flare plant; this is all the more important for Mpererwe site due to the specific site features of the site that puts limitation on KCC vis-à-vis availability of land for plant set up. This issue has been discussed more in detail in ESMP. In addition to these major issues, there will be minor issues related to handling and disposal of oil/ chemicals and fuels; disposal of waste water & solid waste and operation of DG set in environmentally safe manner. Explained below are ESMPs for mitigating impacts during construction, operation and closure/post closure phase. 6.1 EMP during construction stage A general safeguard practice for KCC will be to avoid sensitive construction activities on the East and South East boundary of the site, which is very close to swamp and a stream. This part is also a wetland where groundwater contamination potential is very high. Specific environment and social management plans are described in following sections. Kampala City Council 54 6.1.1 Environment Management Plans (a)Water Quality The project contractor will be required to prepare and implement Erosion and Sedimentation Control Plan, and a Water Management Plan. These plans will need to be monitored by KCC. Following are key points that will be included in EMP: o Water management plans will comprise of the development of drainage works, sediment traps, diversions and other structures designed to treat water to an acceptable quality before discharge into the natural water courses flowing on the eastern boundary. All structures will be in place prior to beginning the construction of the facilities. o Runoff from the construction areas will be directed to sediment settling areas. Erosion control facilities will be installed throughout the construction areas and will include silt traps and fences and will be regularly inspected for cleaning throughout the construction period. o Catch drains, diversion drains will direct site runoff to established watercourses. These will be inspected regularly for any damage caused by scouring, sediment deposition, channel obstruction, and all erosion control measures will be maintained. Treatment facilities to remove oils and grease from the water before discharge to the receiving body will be installed. This is of particular importance for the runoff from the vehicle maintenance areas. Monitoring of oil and grease skimmers will be made throughout the construction period Refueling of heavy equipment and machinery will be undertaken by a service vehicle, with appropriate safeguards and protection measures to prevent spillage or contamination by maintenance oils and lubricants. All fuels and hazardous material will be handled and stored to eliminate/minimize the potential for spills All wastewater discharge shall be strictly monitored by KCC and kept within permitted limits prescribed by the national environment management authority of Uganda- by a notification or by the license conditions. (b)Air Quality A regular maintenance of vehicles and stationary equipment in good working order will be undertaken to reduce negative impacts on air quality. Spraying water on roadways and high dust areas or any other similar measures will be used to control dust. The burning of waste shall be prohibited by order of law from NEMA or the local government as the case may be. DG set will be provided with stack of adequate height for dispersion of fume. NEMA at present does not have standard for DG sets, however, KCC will ensure a minimum of 2 m height of the stack above the roof of the room where DG set is stationed. ©Noise Measures like maintenance of the vehicles and construction machinery in good working order and installation of noise mufflers on engines where feasible will be implemented to reduce the noise nuisance. To reduce the impact of noise on animals and surrounding residential area, construction will not be allowed during nighttime between 10pm to 6 am. DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosure and housed well away from habitation. Kampala City Council 55 Drivers will be prohibited by an official order for using excessive honking and signage for the same will be installed at key locations of the site. Any violation committed by driver and brought into the notice of KCC shall be punishable under monetary penalty provisions. (d)Quarries/Borrow pits Standard mitigation measures against erosion and sedimentation, noise and air pollution will be taken while quarrying activity. At the end of the exploitation, quarries/ borrow pits will be rehabilitated. This will include re-establishment of vegetation, restoration of natural watercourses, avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas, achievement of stable slopes, and avoidance of features that would otherwise constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental pollution. (e)Areas/vegetation clearance Areas will be leveled to enable storage of equipment, materials. Roads will be improved to enable movement of vehicles on site. In addition, spoil material from excavation will be disposed properly. Standard procedures for minimizing soil erosion will be followed, including revegetation if necessary. Revegetation will be done to bring the area back to its original or better landscape and vegetation level. (f)Spoil material disposal and Landscape Soil and spoil removed from the construction areas will be stockpiled separately or dumped in borrow pits and stabilized with grasses or other vegetation. At the end of the construction period, the soils and spoil material will be replaced on the construction areas and graded to conform to the natural topography of the areas. After placement, the areas will be seeded with grasses or shrubs of an appropriate variety to stabilize the area and begin the process of re-vegetating the sites. At the end of the construction period, the construction areas will be regraded to conform to the natural landscape and replanted with trees as appropriate. It may be possible in some cases to leave the area as graded and allow for natural invasion of plants into the areas. (g)Drainage Pattern of the area The drainage pattern of landfill site is directed towards valley bottom on the East South direction. Construction activities and location of structures will be decided keeping drainage pattern in mind. Natural drainage lines will not be interfered with, however, if required under extreme conditions then suitable diversion drains will be constructed. (h) Wetland Management Plan As per the definition of National Wetland Plan (NWP) of Uganda, not all wetlands are vital and/ or critical from mandatory management point of view. Some wetlands are defined as Dispensable wetlands by NWP, these are those that do not provide important goods or Kampala City Council 56 services, and that do not harbour any endangered, endemic, or rare species, or contain any unique habitats - clearly do not warrant any degree of protection, though their wanton degradation or destruction should be discouraged. Wetland near eastern boundary of the landfill site can be considered as dispensable wetland since it is already near degraded land and cannot be reclaimed. However, the wetland under its present condition will be avoided from any further damage and KCC in coordination with construction contractor will implement a wetland management plan, consisting of following actions: -Digging of channels will be prohibited in wetland -Dumping of waste material or spoil will be prohibited on wetland -Any water source draining towards wetland will not be obstructed and project will ensure this by maintaining original drainage pattern as much as possible -Local species of flora will be replanted as much as possible by KCC (j)Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force Proper solid waste collection and disposal plan will be established to ensure that solid wastes from work camps and work areas do not affect water and soil quality in the adjacent water stream and land bodies in general and wetland/ swamp on South eastern boundary in particular. Septic tank and soak pits will be installed to treat wastewater generated from the work camp and other facilities associated with the construction of the Project 6.1.2 Social Management Plan (a)Work Camps, Work Areas & Labour Force A Health Program will be established to educate and provide health services to the workforce relative to the prevention and control of diseases vectors, communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. Special attention will be given to HIV/AIDS. Security arrangement to handle law and order problem will be made near the work camps. (b)Transporters of construction material to the site Drivers of the vehicles shall be educated not to indulge in conflict with local community and keep themselves within site limits as much as possible. ©Disparity in wages KCC will not allow any disparity in the wages given to male and female labour where involved. (d)Involvement of child labour Any worker below 15 years of age will be treated as child labour and KCC by order of law will not allow employment of child labour by itself or by the contracted organizations. (e)Controlled Entry and exit Points The entire site will be fenced and controlled through single entry and exit point for visitors. A register shall be maintained for recording visitor to the site and plant. Kampala City Council 57 6.2 ESMP during Operation phase 6.2.1 Environmental management plan (a)Flare Siting: Flare siting is the important component of any LFG flaring plant to avoid much of environmental and social problem at the projects planning stage itself. Flare plant will be kept away from the residential area so as to prevent exposure of general public to noise, heat radiation and visual impact. Following Flare siting criteria will be adopted by KCC to minimize ill effect of flare: (i)Explosion and fire: Flares will not be located within enclosed spaces, such as within buildings, unless the building is properly designed to operate according to the relevant national/ International Standards governing the use of electrical equipment in potentially hazardous atmospheres. Flares will also not be located near to trees or other structures that may actually ignite in high temperatures. Manufacturer's recommendations will be sought and followed with regard to the minimum spacing required. Ready access will be available for the emergency services, and standard fire prevention measures must be taken. (ii)Asphyxia: Landfill gas is an asphyxiant. There will be adequate ventilation or systematic safeguards to ensure that atmospheres that could asphyxiate are not given the opportunity to so do. For similar reasons, the location of flares in hollows, or other such locations where venting gases may collect, will be avoided. (iii)Human health 1. Human health can be at risk from exposure to plume from flare. Every feasible attempt will be made to ensure that the plume from a flare, no matter how high a quality, would not be allowed to pass directly to a dwelling or human habitation under prevailing wind conditions. (iv)Odour nuisance 2. Proposed flaring project is enclosed one and hence the potential for odour nuisance from flaring remains to a lesser extent and the character of the odour may be different. All available techniques will be used to minimize odour generation from the flaring activity. (v)Noise pollution Flares can be very noisy. As well as the noise of the mechanical equipment involved, there may also be an element caused by the combustion process itself. Preferably flare will be located away from buildings. Where this is not possible, it will be necessary to employ extensive sound attenuation measures. These may include brick buildings with sound baffles on ventilation ports. Due regard will be given to background noise levels when designing flares, since landfill sites is in close proximity to residential development. The gas booster will be encapsulated in a soundproof box as a noise reduction measure. Kampala City Council 58 (vi)Heat All flares produce heat. The first source is radiative heat from the flame. This is present in enclosed flares only when operating above their design point. Enclosed flare unit of the proposed project will be operated within its performance limits. The second source of heat is through the walls of a combustion chamber. Where the combustion chamber has inadequate insulation, the outside surface temperature may be an actual danger. Manufacturers will be asked to demonstrate the control of heat built into their flares. (vii)Visual impact The structural form of flare stacks might be considered to have contributed to the decline of natural beauty of a locality. For this reason, it is best to avoid the siting of flares on high points within a site, unless there is no other alternative location. However, Uganda currently has no restriction on height of the flare vis-à-vis visual impact and hence this is not considered an adverse issue. (viii)Ground type Flare will preferably be located on firm original ground. Over a period, the surface of Mpererwe landfill may settle because of its inherent characteristics and also for the fact that site has not been subject to proper waste spreading and compaction. This makes the site all the more vulnerable to differential settlement. Even a modest amount of differential settlement can result in an unsafe installation. The proposed site will avoid siting flare on the north or north eastern boundary since these sides are close to habitation. Eastern boundary is low lying and placement of flare here may not be correct from technical reasons as well as from environmental point of view since visual impact of flare will be high on the residents living on the back side of leachate collection plant on eastern boundary. They will also face heat radiation and high noise from flaring activity. KCC will finalize flare siting after due consideration of all above mentioned impacts and discussion with the design engineer and consultant. (b)Prevention of exposure to landfill gas and emissions from combustion process Unburnt landfill gas emission is highly unlikely from enclosed flare plant although in open flare plant it is common to find leakage of landfill gas into the ambient environment causing exposure to human health. Gas combustion is a source of emission for toxic gases and trace elements, which may be carcinogenic. LFG flare plants are manufactured with inbuilt combustion control and gas-monitoring devices that can identify efficiency of burning as well as efficiency of gas capture. These factors will be kept in mind by KCC while deciding on purchasing a LFG plant. Sound emission monitoring is must tool for safeguarding the environment against any harmful impacts. Monitoring protocol will be developed by KCC and supervised by NEMA on regular basis. ©Handling and disposal of Solid waste from conditioning of landfill gas KCC will prepare a solid waste disposal plan for the waste from conditioning activity, in consultation with NEMA. Kampala City Council 59 (d)Emission from operation of DG set and use of support fuel Emission will be monitored and kept in check along with combustion gas emission control plan. DG set will be provided with acoustic enclosure and stack of suitable height for adequate dispersion of emissions. (e)Spillage and leakage of oil/chemicals Oil and chemicals will be stored on impermeable surface and tray or any other means will be used under oil handling activity to prevent land contamination by oil spillage. An oil and chemical handling plan will be prepared and implemented by the construction contractor and supervised by KCC. (f) Discharge of domestic liquid and solid waste Septic tank and soak pit arrangement will be made at the plant for handling domestic wastewater. All solid waste generated at the plant will be collected and disposed suitably. 6.2.2 Social Management Plan (a)Disparity in wages: KCC will not allow any disparity in the wages given to male and female worker in the plant. (b)Involvement of child labour: Any worker below 15 years of age will be treated as child labour and KCC by order of law will not allow employment of child labour by itself or by the contracted organizations. ©Controlled Entry and exit Points The entire site will be fenced and controlled through single entry and exit point for visitors. A register shall be maintained for recording visitor to the site and plant. 6.2.3 Health & Safety Plan A first aid box will be kept in the office with all necessary items and medicines required for first aid. Detailed health and safety plan will be designed for tackling emergency situations. 6.3 Impact associated with Closure and Post Closure phase activities After the life of LFG flaring plant is over, a monitoring program for leachate observation and treatment will continue until leachate generation is completely stopped. Abandoned landfill will be provided with vents at suitable location to vent off any residual gases from site. Decommissioning of the LFG plant will generate dust, noise and debris that may create pollution if not handled properly. Standard procedures for handling dust, noise and debris will be implemented by KCC while dismantling the plant. Kampala City Council 60 6.4 Community Benefit Measures Community benefit measures will be implemented by KCC as part of its sustainable development mission. The landfill site does compromise with the quality of life, which local people live. Although CDM project will solve most of the environmental and social problems that community have today, yet community benefit plan will go a long way in strengthening the relationship between the project implementer- KCC and the project monitor- local community. KCC will develop some community benefit plan(CBP) that has been addressed separately in Community benefit Plan section. These community benefit measures were demanded by community during stakeholder workshop held on August 20,2008. 6.4.1 Stakeholder Consultation Kampala City Council (KCC) adopted an extensive consultation process for sharing the information and benefit of the LFG flaring project with local community by calling a stakeholder consultation meeting. Key Stakeholders were identified and invited to share their comments and views on the project activity in the stakeholder's meeting organized by KCC on August 20,2008 at EDMA country club near Mpererwe site. Issues discussed in the meeting are summarized in table 1.1 below. Table 6.1: Issues discussed at the Stakeholder Consultation ISSUE/COMMENT RAISED BY RESPONSE FROM KCC PARTICIPANT Borrow pits left after excavation of KCC contracted out the operations of the site and it is the marrum (locally available soil for contractor's responsibility to provide cover material. KCC covering waste) pose a danger to has advised its contractors to reinstate the borrow pits children and animals that sometimes when the marrum is exhausted or when the contractor no fall in them or slopes on land created by longer needs to use the area. The sites that aren't such excavations. reinstated are probably from contractors on other projects but not the landfill project. Leachate from the landfill has polluted KCC placed a 5.5km water main as the alternative source the wells that were used by the of water as agreed with residents in 2003. KCC also placed community as sources of clean water. 6 water kiosks along the pipeline. Community has to just Water scarcity is high in the area as a pay for supply connection from road side pipeline to the result. Piped water supply has not individual houses or pay for water from the kiosks as reached all houses. agreed. The bore wells are only non-functional due to lack of maintenance but not contaminated. The community is responsible for the maintenance. The site affects health of the local This can be considered as part of community benefit plan community around landfill site. The (CBP) for the proposed CDM project. However, its nearest government (KCC) health feasibility will depend upon the success of the project and center where treatment is highly amount of revenue that would be generated from the LFG subsidized is approximately 5 km away project. from the site. This distance is long and time consuming for locals. KCC should address this by providing a local health center for treating diseases like malaria ,etc. The 5km access bitumen road leading to The road was constructed in 2000 from funds provided by the landfill site is in poor condition due KCC to help reduce dust pollution as a result of waste to the wearing away of shoulders and collection vehicles. KCC maintains the road but has had Kampala City Council 61 ISSUE/COMMENT RAISED BY RESPONSE FROM KCC PARTICIPANT potholes that have not been filled for a problems of revenue over the past few years. KCC shall long time. This has resulted into many repair the defects on the road as soon as funds are accidents. available probably not later than end of this year. Waste transport activity should be KCC continuously tries hard to improve this aspect of better managed. Drivers should be waste transportation and with continued support from the trained not to spill waste on roads community, KCC will soon overcome this problem. during transport. Drivers should also be educated for better driving skills so as to reduce chances of accidents. The rubbish containers carried by the transporters should be completely covered. The landfill site shall be fenced off and The site is fenced but waste scavengers always have controlled access with security breakthrough in order to gain access or shorter cuts to provision to prevent unauthorized their residences. The fencing shall be reinforced while entry implementing the LFG project Local residents who work as waste Waste scavenging is carried out by informal private scavengers should be given safety sector. Although CDM project component has no gadgets and health treatment facilities responsibility for this issue, KCC will continuously as their health gets affected. encourage the scavengers to use safety wear during work. CDM project as such has no objection CDM project in itself will lead to betterment of the overall from the people but their well being environment of the area. Additionally, there could be shall be taken care of by the project some community benefit plans(CBPs); however, nature of authority. CBPs will depend a lot on the success of the project in terms of actual realization of revenue from carbon credits generated by the LFG project What are the environmental pollutions There will not be any significant pollution by operation of from the LFG project and will there be LFG project as such. Project will rather improve the any displacement of people from the environmental conditions in the area. There is no people local area? displacement involved in the project Local citizen shall be benefited by the These demands can be considered through the route of project in some way because they are community benefit plan (CBP) that is an integral part of already suffering a lot. There are three CDM project. However, true nature of CBP will be clear demands of local people from KCC and only after actual assessment of CDM revenue to be perhaps that can be addressed through generated from the project the CDM project route. Following are the three demands: Construction of a hospital in Kiteezi Rehabilitation of roads in the area Pipe connection to houses for clean water supply and reinstatement of boreholes after studying their contamination level KCC should unconditionally allow The site is located in Wakiso but is owned by Kampala waste from Wakiso District to be City Council (KCC) for the purposes of disposal of waste brought to the landfill because the site from Kampala District. KCC incurs a disposal cost for the is also located in Wakiso District. waste that is brought but if Wakiso choses to bring its waste to the site, it may have to pay for the disposal cost of its waste as well. There should be a committee to monitor A committee has been constituted immediately with the progress of the project and also following members: representatives from KCC, District development on community benefit speaker, Chairman of local council and councilors plans of LFG specific as well as general Kampala City Council 62 ISSUE/COMMENT RAISED BY RESPONSE FROM KCC PARTICIPANT interest related to the existing landfill. Suggestions from National Environment Management Authority (NEMA) KCC should share test results with the local community to clear their doubts. Waste transporters should be licensed for carrying wastes, based on certain conditions and those conditions shall be regularly checked and enforced by KCC. Health and disease issues due to landfill shall be surveyed and addressed if required Open burning of waste shall not be allowed at the site There should be some sort of MoU between local community, Wakiso district where landfill is located and KCC to address social problems jointly. Safety gadgets should be provided to scavengers and they should be forced to use it. 6.5 Summary of Environmental and Social Management Plans, Responsibility for implementation and Budget Table 6.1 below summarizes the environmental, social and health & safety issues and significance level of their impacts that may be generated by the proposed LFG flaring project. Suitable mitigation measures will be planned and implemented to control these impacts. The table also explains proposed institutional arrangements for the implementation and monitoring of mitigation measures; related cost estimates; and time horizons in which the various activities are to be carried out. Each impact has been defined under a boundary within which the effect will be confined vis-à-vis space and time. Since many of the costs associated with mitigation measures will be included in tender's base rate as part of overall contract rate, it is not possible to present detailed accounting of all the money devoted to the project's construction phase. These costs are therefore described as "within construction budget". Similarly mitigation or monitoring measures that will be built in the plant itself at the design stage are described as " inbuilt in the design of the plant". Measures that will be carried out with no additional expenditure required are described as "within operational budget". Kampala City Council 63 Table 6.2 Summary of Environment, Social, Health & Safety Management Plan Project Preparation/Construction/Operation /closure & post closure Stage Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility (A) Environment Management Plan (I) Project Preparation Stage Regulatory Statutory violation N/A N/A Take environmental clearance for Kampala City Applicable clearances this project from NEMA based on Council(KCC) fee of the this Environmental Impact regulatory Assessment report agencies for Take permission from the respective Directorate of Water Resources permits Management (DWRM),if required for discjarge of waste water Take any other clearances if recommended by NEMA through its license Regulatory Violations of these N/A N/A All the orders as enumerated in ESMP KCC in coordination N/A orders orders may cause like order for banning waste with any other law and social problems burning,animal hunting and for order agency as trasnport drivers will be issued before required under start of construction preparation work Uganda's legal requirement Vegetation Loss of shrubs and 20m Constructi Clear marking of required areas so Contractor will Within Clearing for grasses leading to loss around on Period that excess vegetation clearance prepare and Constru- construction of biodiversity the landfil does not happen implement the ction activity Erosion of soil site Logging and removal of waste vegetation Budget especially forestry products immediately clearance plan and on east Standard procedures for KCC will monitor side minimizing soil erosion to be the implementation followed, including grading if of the same during Kampala City Council 64 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility necessary and revegetation. the construction Revegetation will be done to bring process. the area back to its original or KCC will do a final better landscape and vegetation inspection at the level. end of the construction activity to ensure revegetation Land Damage to wetland Wetland During A wetland management plan will Contractor will Within preparation on east project will be implemented as per the prepare and Constru- for side of thepreparatio guidance of National Wetland implement the ction soctruction site n and Plan(NWP) of Uganda,consisiting wetland Budget activity constructi of following actions: management plan on stage o Digging of channels will be and KCC will prohibited in wetland monitor the o Dumping of waste implementation of material or spoil will be the same during prohibited on wetland the construction o Any water source draining process. towards wetland will not KCC will do be obstructed and project frequent inspection will ensure this by of the wetland to maintaining original ensure wetland drainage pattern as much protection as possible o Local species of flora will be replanted as much as possible by KCC (II) Project Construction Stage Constructio Emissions from Localized The A regular maintenance of vehicles Contractor will prepare Within n activities vehicles and impact and stationary equipment in good and submit dust and Constru- Kampala City Council 65 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility and vehicle equipment operational will be working condition will be emission control plan ction movement at construction sites temporary undertaken to reduce negative and KCC will monitor Budget Dust generated by but will impacts on air quality. the implementation of construction activities continue Spraying water on roadways and the same at quarry sites, till high dust areas or any other construction sites, dust constructi similar measures will be used to on roads and from on stage is control dust. waste burning over Proper collection and disposal of activities waste will be practiced and burning of waste shall be prohibited by order of law from NEMA or the local government as the case may be. DG set will be provided with stack of adequate height for dispersion of fume. NEMA at present does not have standard for DG sets, however, KCC will ensure a minimum of 2 m height of the stack above the roof of the room where DG set is stationed. Generation Increase in noise level, Localized Impact Measures for maintenance of the Contractor will Within of Noise causing disturbance to will be vehicles and construction prepare and submit Constru- from the fauna and human temporary machinery in good working order the noise control ction construction settlements around the but will and installation of noise mufflers plan and KCC will Budget areas site. continue on engines where feasible will be monitor the during the implemented to reduce the noise implementation of constructi nuisance. the same on period To reduce the impact of noise on animals and surrounding KCC will issue Kampala City Council 66 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility residential area, construction will oficial order to not be allowed during night time transport drivers between 10pm to 6 am. for minimising DG set will be provided with honking. KCC will acoustic enclosure and housed plan suitable away from habitation. monetary penal Drivers will be prohibited by an provision for official order for using excessive controlling honking and signage for the same violations. This will be installed at key locations of provision will be the site. Violation caused by communicated to driver and brought into the notice all transporters of KCC shall be punishable under involved in the a monetary penalty provisions. project Hearing protection aids will be used where high noise level exposure to the workers is needed to be curtailed Constructio Destructions of flora Localised Impact Animal hunting will be banned by Contractor will prepare Within n Work and animal hunting will be order of law and submit the Constru- camps Tree felling for timebr temporary Alternate source of energy such as construction work ction exploitation as fuel but will Kerosene or LPG will be provided camp management Budget Waste water/Solid continue Punitive measures will be plan and KCC will waste generation during the enforced to prevent tree cutiing monitor the constructi and damage to natural resources implementation of the on period Solid waste collection and proper same disposal will be established to ensure that solid wastes from work camps and work areas do not affect water and soil quality in the adjacent water stream and Kampala City Council 67 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility land bodies in general and wetland/swamp on South east boundary in particular. Septic tank and soak pits will be installed to treat wastewater generated from the work camp and other facilities associated with the construction of the Project Quarry Loss of biodiversity Areas Impact Standard mitigation measures Contractor will prepare Within activities Runoff from the area close to will be against erosion and and submit a quarry Constru- may affect surface the permanen sedimentation, noise and air management plan and ction water landfill t and will pollution will be taken while KCC will monitor the Budget Loss of aesthetic value site continue quarrying. implementation of the of the area after the At the end of the exploitation, same Dust generation constructi quarries/borrow pits will be Safety risk to animals on period rehabilitated. This will include re- and children is over establishment of vegetation, restoration of natural watercourses, avoidance of flooding of the excavated areas, achievement of stable slopes, and avoidance of features that would otherwise constitute a risk to health and safety or a source of environmental pollution. Spoil Damage to top soil and Immediat Until Soil and spoil removed from the Contractor will prepare Within Kampala City Council 68 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility material flora at the sites of e constructi construction areas will be and submit the plan for Constru- disposal construction. surroundi on stockpiled separately and spoil disposal and ction and Siltation of surface ng of the activities stabilized with grasses or other landscape maintenance Budget Landscape water especially during site and are over vegetation or filled in borrow pits. and KCC will monitor rainy season due to water At the end of the construction the implementation of muck falling in surface body period, the soils and spoil material the same water source will be replaced on the Loss of aesthetic value construction areas and graded to of the area conform to the natural topography of the areas. After placement, the areas will be seeded with grasses or shrubs of an appropriate variety to stabilize the area and begin the process of re-vegetating the sites At the end of the construction period, the construction areas will be regarded to conform to the natural landscape and replanted with trees as appropriate. It may be possible in some cases to leave the area as graded and allow for natural invasion of plants into the areas. Drainage Silt runoff to surface Localised Permanen The drainage pattern of landfill Contractor will prepare Within Pattern of water body t if site is directed towards valley and submit a plan for Constru- the area Flooding of upstream adequate bottom on the East South restoring drainage ction areas if drainage is alternative direction.Construction activities pattern of the area and Budget obstructed drainage and location of structures will be KCC will monitor the measures decided keeping drainage pattern implementation of the Kampala City Council 69 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility are not in mind. same taken Natural drainage lines will not be interfered with and if required under extreme conditions then suitable diversion drains will be constructed. (III) Project Operation Stage (a) Flare Siting: Flare siting is the important component of any LFG flaring plant to avoid much of environmental and social problem at the projects planning stage itself. Flare plant will be kept away from the residential area so as to prevent exposure of general public to noise, heat radiation and visual impact. Following Flare siting criteria will be adopted by KCC to minimize adverse effect of flare. Explosion Explosion and fire can Within the Life span Flares will not be located within KCC in consultant with Inbuilt in and fire pose health and safety plant of the enclosed spaces, such as within project consultant will design of hazard to employees in the project buildings, unless the building is be responsible for the plant, plant as well as habitation properly designed to operate locating the flare separate in close vicinity according to the relevant keeping in mind the budget is National/ International standards explosion and fire not required governing the use of electrical potential of the plant equipment in potentially and impact on local hazardous atmospheres. neighbourhood. Flares will not be located near to trees or other structures that may actually ignite in high temperatures. Manufacturer's recommendations will be sought and followed with regard to the minimum spacing required. Ready access will be made available for the emergency services, and standard fire Kampala City Council 70 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility prevention measures will be taken. Asphyxia Landfill gas is an Within the Life span There will be adequate ventilation KCC Inbuilt in asphyxiant plant of the and systematic safeguards to design of project ensure that atmospheres that the plant, could asphyxiate are not given the separate opportunity to so do. budget is Location of flares in hollows, or not required other such locations where venting gases may collect,will be avoided. Human Health can be impacted by Upto a Life span Every feasible attempt will be KCC will be Inbuilt in health the toxic gases and point of the made to ensure that the plume responsible for design of elements from plume of where project from a flare, no matter how high a minimizing the impact the plant, the flare combustion plume quality, should not be allowed to of combustion plume separate process meets the pass directly to a dwelling or on the local habitation budget is ground human habitation under by opting for best not required prevailing wind conditions. feasible technology Odour Proposed flaring project is Immediat Life span All available and feasible KCC in consultant with Inbuilt in nuisance enclosed one and hence the e of the techniques will be used to plant manufacturer. design of potential for odour surroundi project minimize odour generation from NEMA shall monitor the plant, nuisance from flaring ng of the the flaring activity. the success of odour separate remains to a lesser extent plant control measures budget is and the character of the not required odour may be different Noise Flares can be very noisy. Immediat Life Span Preferably flare will be located KCC in consultation Inbuilt in pollution As well as the noise of the e vicinity of the away from buildings. with project consultant. design of Kampala City Council 71 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility mechanical equipment of the project Where this is not possible, it may NEMA shall monitor the plant, involved, there may also plant be necessary to employ extensive the success of noise separate be an element caused by sound attenuation measures. control measures. budget is the combustion process These may include brick buildings not required itself. with sound baffles on ventilation ports. Due regard will be given to background noise levels when designing flares, since landfill sites is in close proximity to residential area. The gas booster will be encapsulated in a soundproof box as a noise reduction measure. Heat All flares produce heat. Immediat Life Span Enclosed flare unit of the KCC in consultation Inbuilt in The first source is radiative e vicinity of the proposed project will be operated with project consultant. design of heat from the flame. This is of the project within its performance limits. the plant, present in enclosed flares plant Manufacturers will be asked to separate only when operating demonstrate the control of heat budget is above their design point. built into their flares. not required Visual The structural form of flare Immediat Life Span Siting of flares on high points KCC in consultation impact stacks may decline of e vicinity of the within a site will be avoided, with project consultant. natural beauty of a locality of the project unless there is no other alternative plant location. Ground Over long run, the surface Landfill Life Span Flare will preferably be located on KCC and Project Inbuilt in type of Mpererwe landfill may of the firm original ground. Consultant will design of settle because of its project The proposed site will avoid siting together decide on this the plant, inherent characteristics flare on the north or north eastern aspect,keepingin mind separate Kampala City Council 72 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility and also for the fact that boundary since these sides are the importace of the budget is site has not been subject to close to habitation. activity not required proper waste spreading Eastern boundary is low lying and and compaction. This placement of flare here may not be makes the site vulnerable correct from technical reasons as to differential settlement. well as from environmental point Even a modest amount of of view since visual impact of flare differential settlement can will be high on the residents living result in an unsafe on the back side of leachate installation. collection plant on eastern boundary. They will also face heat radiation and high noise from flaring activity. (b) Emission from Combustion Process Exposure to Gas combustion is a source Immediat Life span LFG flare plants will be KCC in consultation Inbuilt in landfill gas of emission for toxic gases e vicinity of the manufactured with inbuilt with NEMA and design of and and trace elements, which of the plant combustion control and gas manufacturer. the plant, emissions may be carcinogenic plant monitoring devices that can separate from identify efficiency of burning as budget is combustion well as efficiency of gas capture. not required process It is highly unlikely that KCC will go for any inferior technology for LFG plant, however these factors will be kep in min by KCC while deciding on purchasing a LFG plant. Sound emission monitoring is must tool for safeguarding the environment against any harmful impacts. Kampala City Council 73 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility Monitoring protocol will be developed by KCC and supervised by NEMA on regular basis. Consultation will be held with NEMA on achievable emission standards,before finalising the plant design. (c) Routine Process Management Handling & Generation of solid waste Within Life span KCC,in consultation with NEMA, KCC will ask for Within disposal of Plant of the will prepare a solid waste disposal NEMA's permission operational Solid waste project plan for the waste from for disposal of solid budget from conditioning activity. waste conditionin g process of landfill gas Emission Support fuel will be used Localized Life span Emission from fuel burning will KCC /NEMA Inbuilt in from when calorific value of in plant of the be monitored and kept in check design of operation of LFG will be low. DG set project along with combustion gas the plant, DG set & will be occasionally used emission control plan. separate use of DG set will be provided with budget is support fuel acoustic enclosure and stack of at not required least 2 m height above the roof of the room, for adequate dispersion of missions Spillage and Land and water Localized Life span Oil and chemicals will be stored Environmental Officer Inbuilt in leakage of contamination of the on paved surface and tray or any of KCC will monitor design of oil/chemica project other means shall be used under this during routine the plant, ls oil handling activity. environmental audit of separate Kampala City Council 74 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility An oil and chemical handling plan the plant. NEMA can budget is will be prepared and also monitor the not required implemented by KCC condition of the site vis-a-vis this aspect during routine audit of the plant Handling Land and surface water Localised Life span Septic tank and soak pit Environmental Officer Within and pollution of the arrangement will be made at the of KCC will monitor operational disposal of project plant for handling domestic this during routine budget domestic wastewater. environmental audit of liquid & All solid waste generated at the the plant. NEMA can solid waste plant will be collected and also monitor the disposed suitably. condition of the site vis-a-vis this aspect during routine audit of the plant (III) Impact associated with Closure and Post Closure phase activities: Decommissi Generation of residual Localized Closure After the life of LFG flaring plant KCC will be Same as the oning and leachate in nature and post is over, a monitoring program for responsible for cost of post closure Sudden explosion of closure leachate observation and leachate relevant activity methane gas from treatment will continue until management and aspect landfill leachate generation is completely venting. during Decommissioning of stopped. Decommissioning construction the LFG plant shall Abandoned landfill will be contractor will stage but generate dust, noise provided with vents at suitable prepare and submit with a and debris that may location to vent off any residual the pollution escalation create pollution if not gases from site. management plan factor for handled properly Standard procedures for handling for number of dust, noise an debris during decommissioning years down decommissioning will be and KCC will the time Kampala City Council 75 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility implemented by KCC while monitor the scale dismantling the plant. implementation of the same (B) Social Management Plan Work Impact on health of the Immediat During A Health Program will be Contractor will Camps, workers and STD e constructi established to educate and prepare and submit Work Areas Law and order surroundi on activity provide health services to the the plan for KCC's & Labour problem ng workforce relative to the verification before Force prevention and control of diseases implementation. vectors, communicable and KCC will monitor sexually transmitted diseases. the implementation Special attention will be given to of the same. HIV/AIDS awareness KCC will Security arrangement to handle coordinate with any law and order problem will be local law made near work camps. enforcement agency in case of any need Transporter Immediat During Drivers of the vehicles shall be KCC will issue notice s of e constructi educated not to indulge in conflict to the Transporters and construction surroundi on activity with local community and keep undertake routine material ng themselves within site limits inspection. Wage Disparity in wages of male Site Constructi KCC will not allow any disparity KCC during operation distributi and Female workers and workers on and in the wages given to male and of the plant and employees for similar kind and operation female labour where involved. constrution contractor of work employees phase during construction of the plant Use of Involvement of child Site Constructi Any worker below 15 years of age KCC during operation labour for labour workers on and will be treated as child labour and of the plant and construction and operation KCC by order of law will not constrution contractor and employees phase allow employment of child labour during construction of Kampala City Council 76 Activity/Im Direct and Indirect Boundary Proposed Management Plans Implementation/ Budget pact Impacts of the project Monitoring Receptor Space Time Responsibility operation by itself or by the contracted the plant work organizations. Access to Lack of controlled Entry Landfill Througho The entire site will be fenced and Construction Within the site and exit points will cause site ut controlled through single entry contractor during operational health and safety problems operation and exit point for visitors. A construction stage and budget phase register will be maintained for KCC during operation recording visitor to the site and stage of the project plant. © Health and Safety Plan Constructio Minor accidents and Landfill During A first aid box will be kept in the Construction Within n and incidents site constructi office with all necessary items and contractor during operational operation of Major accidents and on medicines required for first aid construction stage and budget the plant emergency situations operation Detailed health and safety plan KCC during operation and will be designed for tackling stage of the project closure of emergency situations the plant (d)Community Benefit Measures Community benefit measures will be implemented by KCC as part of its sustainable development mission. The landfill activities have adverse impact on the quality of life of local people. Although CDM project will solve most of the environmental and social problems that community have today, yet community benefit plan will go a long way in strengthening relationship between the project implementer- KCC and project monitor- local community. KCC will develop specific community benefit plan(CBP) that has been addressed separately in Community Benefit Plan section. These CBPs were raised by community during stakeholder workshop held on August 20,2008. Kampala City Council 77 6.6 Compliance Monitoring Requirement Monitoring of environmental parameters is required during construction and operation phase of the project. Table 6.2 below summarizes the monitoring requirement for LFG project. Table 6.3 Monitoring Requirements for Mpererwe LFG Flaring project S.N. Environmental Frequency Location Standard against component which monitoring will be done 1 Waste water Monthly Inlet and Outlet Standard for effluent discharge of Leachate discharge into water Treatment plant or land imposed by NEMA and/or Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) 2 Ambient air Monthly As per the Ambient air quality quality requirement of standard which is yet regulation to be finalized by NEMA 3 Noise Monthly As per the Noise standard which requirement of is yet to be finalized regulation by NEMA 4 Ground water Monthly At key locations Drinking water around the standard set by landfill site DWRM 5 Emission quality Monthly Flare stack Uganda Emission from flare standard, if notified operation otherwise UK or any other country's emission standards which are fairly proven Emission standard Flare emission standards have not been developed by all the countries that use this technology. UK has developed emission standard that have been demonstrated at a number of UK landfill sites as being achievable. As per this standard, the combustion air supply should be controlled so as to achieve a minimum temperature of 1,000°C and 0.3 seconds retention time at this temperature whatever the landfill gas composition and throughput within the design parameters. Alternative performance criteria may be deemed more appropriate if they offer equivalent performance and meet the desired emission standard detailed in the paragraph below. Kampala City Council 78 To ensure that flare systems are operating correctly, they should not exceed the following emission concentrations when referred to normal temperature and pressure (NTP = 0°C and 1,013 mbar) and 3% oxygen: carbon monoxide (CO) ­ 50 mg/Nm 3 oxides of nitrogen (NOx) ­ 150 mg/Nm 3 unburned hydrocarbons ­ 10 mg/Nm 3 Additionally, following factors can be used to observe whether combustion efficiency is being maintained to the required limit. Is the emission standard being achieved? Are there odours? Is there excessive noise? Do flames or black smoke appear from the top of the flare? Monitoring records of inlet and outlet gas quality. Is the surrounding radiative heat excessive? Does the flame temperature match the specification? Can the residence time be ascertained? Are there low-temperature spots within the chamber? 6.7 Institutional Framework for Implementation and Monitoring of Mitigation Measures Proposed Environment and Social Plans will be incorporated as key points of discussion in the tender document, which would be issued by KCC for awarding the contract of the construction of the LFG project. Prospective construction contractors will be asked to submit, in their proposal, the implementation response to various requirements of ESMP and health and safety plan along with budget allocation for the same. Selection of the contractor will be influenced by their response to the ESMP and proposed budget. Once finalized, the contractor will be required to implement ESMP as defined in their proposal and approved by KCC, and KCC will monitor the process of implementation. Where KCC decides to subcontract its activities associated with this project, it will still be held responsible, as a principal employer, for its responsibilities associated with monitoring and supervision of ESMPs which have been enumerated in this report. KCC and the subcontracted agencies will work together on preparing, implementing and monitoring various mitigation measures from environmental and social point of view. All the necessary components of ESMP and Health and Safety Plan will be operational before starting pre construction work. ESMP and Health and Safety Plan for operational stage of the project will largely be implemented during design and siting of the plant. A few residual plans related to the process like waste handling, handling and storage of fuels,etc will be implemented under routine activities within operational activities. In order to streamline environmental activities, project will implement environmental management system compatible with ISO-14001 standard. The system will have number of process monitoring steps vis-à-vis safe and environment friendly operation of the plant. Process monitoring will determine during the pre-construction, construction and operation period whether the mitigation measures undertaken by construction contractor and KCC are achieving their objectives. The responsibilities for implementation and monitoring of Kampala City Council 79 Environmental and social management plans(ESMP) will be divided between the KCC site engineer and its environment officer. The site engineer in coordination with construction contractor will handle all implementation issues. All monitoring and auditing activities will be the responsibility of environmental officer who will also act as a point of contact for any conflict on environment or social related issue arising out of implementation of ESMP. Specific roles are explained below: Site Engineer Be a point of contact for the construction contractor's site environmental officer. Review and approve the environmental components of the construction contractor's project plan. Make recommendations to contractors to rectify any failure to perform its obligations in respect of the environmental/social and health and safety measures. Ensure that all environmental and social protection procedures are followed as planned Environmental Officer Environmental officer will regularly undertake internal monitoring and supervision as explained below: Manage and implement the overall monitoring program and audit the monitoring done by other entities, like emission monitoring, water quality monitoring and soil quality monitoring, as imposed by NEMA. Liaison with members of the public,local organizations and governmental and non- governmental organizations. Liaison with businesses potentially affected by the project. Report results of mitigation and monitoring activities to NEMA,the lender and other applicable parties. NEMA shall undertake external monitoring as per its statutory provisions. In addition to this, a committee that was formed during the stakeholder consultation meeting will supervise the project progress from time to time. 6.8 Environmental Auditing Auditing of the environmental compliance of the project will be carried out internally as well as externally. KCC will carry out half yearly audit of its compliance with EMP and any other environmental requirements, such as those imposed by NEMA and/ or the lenders. This responsibility will lie with the environmental officer of KCC who may elect to employ external consultant. Internal audits will also be undertaken as requirement of ISO-14001 certification of the project. The project is highly recommended for developing environmental management system compatible with international standard ISO-14001. External audits of the environmental compliance will be carried out in accordance with the requirements of ISO-14001 certification. The environmental officer of KCC will be responsible for compiling and submitting annual environmental report( based on self auditing) to NEMA and lender, and will consult with NEMA to determine any additional mitigation measures or monitoring that is considered required. 6.9 Community Benefit Plan The Local community raised following two demands during stakeholder consultation meeting: Kampala City Council 80 Provision for free pipe water supply in Kitizee village to those families which are suffering from water scarcity caused by the landfill. Provision for Health care facility in Kitizee village which could be run by KCC at highly subsidized rate The proposed project is in the initial stage of design, over a period of time its features will be known to KCC for final calculation of CDM revenue to be generated by the project. Based on the final estimation of CDM revenue, KCC will allocate budget for community benefit plan. A detailed CBP will then be prepared and implemented by KCC. Kampala City Council 81 CHAPTER 7 CONCLUSION The proposed LFG flaring project is timely intervention in the affairs of Mpererwe landfill site,for handling deteriorating environmental and social conditions. Environmental and social issues are similar to those of any other landfill site. The site, since beginning, was designed and operated as containment site rather than the secured landfill site. Such operation for managing landfill site has inherent flaws, which lead to emergence of various environmental and social problems. With the advent of LFG flaring project, most of the common problems could be solved and an overall improvement in environmental and social conditions will take place. Nevertheless, a few serious concerns will still need attention of KCC, most important of which are handling, treatment and disposal of leachate from the site since it is likely that after LFG project installation and operation, there will be more leachate reaching the plant for treatment and hence an efficient treatment and disposal plant is must tool for eliminating chances of damage to environment. Receiving environment around landfill site is sensitive in nature on east and southeast boundary; this is due the location of wetland, swamp and a natural stream passing by. Ill-treated leachate discharge in the natural stream will have potential to impact users of the stream on downstream side. A comprehensive water quality monitoring will help in establishing whether leachate has any adverse impact of the surface or ground water bodies. Leachate treatment side of the landfill site has plain topography and there will be temptation for the LFG project operator to utilise that land for its infrastructure purposes. There will be emphasis not to use this area for sensitive construction purpose due to its proximity with wetland and swamp as well as the stream. However, under extreme conditions if it is unavoidable then all the ESMPs recommended in this report shall be ready in hand of the construction contractor before starting the work. Flora and fauna species found in the area are commonly available in other areas around the district and are not in the category of threatened or endangered species. These will be temporarily affected during construction work and expected to be back in normal conditions after the work is over. Flare siting is another aspect that can have negative effect if not positioned judiciously. Site under consideration here is surrounded by habitation and hence all aspect reflected upon in this report vis- a-vis flare siting will be discussed with project consultant before finalising the location of flare. Landfill gas combustion process emits polluting gases some of which may be highly toxic. The best way of handling such pollution is to opt for best feasible technology and adhering to the best practices of operating the plant as recommended by the manufacturer of the plant. Generally,less efficient operation of such plant creates conditions for high pollution. In LFG flare plant, retention time of gas and temperature of combustion are two important aspects for achieving good combustion and minimised pollution emission. KCC will take a holistic decision based on factors listed in this report for selecting a LFG flaring plant. KCC has already tried to minimise pollution impact from the plant by choosing closed flare than the open flare, which is economical and would have been preferred selection for KCC. Rest of the environmental impacts could be well managed by implementing mitigation measures as enumerated in this environmental assessment report. Most importantly, all ESMPs shall be kept ready before starting project preparation work. The framework for monitoring and auditing will be Kampala City Council 82 implemented in its true spirit by KCC to ensure honest implementation of ESMPs and associated responsibilities. Most of the social problems will no longer exist after the installation of LFG flaring project. Nonetheless, a community benefit plan will be developed by KCC that is based on consultation with the local community. Local community demanded pipe water supply in project affected area and a health clinic in Kiteezi village, which should be either free of cost or highly subsidized. KCC intends for sustainable development of the area and community benefit plan will go a long way in fostering strong relationship between local community and KCC. This relationship is the foundation over which the proposed LFG flaring project is likely to succeed as a project in Kampala and bring benefits not only to the local people but also to the project participants from the republic of Uganda, eventually benefiting larger base of people in the country and the world at large. Kampala City Council 83 CHAPTER 8 Technical Aspects of LFG Plants . This chapter focuses on some technical aspects of LFG plant, which KCC should consider prior to finalising the design of the plant on site. The technology of a landfill gas flare is conceptually very simple: landfill gas is brought into contact with a supply of air and ignited. A variety of configurations of conduits and chambers can be used for the purpose. Whatever the exact design of the flare, however, it will comprise a number of basic elements, in addition to piping, valves and the body of the flare. The flaring process is sensitive to operational practices. Technology has been improved over a period by consistent research and development by the countries that have been using this technology for quite sometime. LFG Flaring activity as a successful CDM project activity depends heavily upon the gas yield from the landfill and the gas yield itself is influenced by many factors, three most important of which are described below. (1) The quality of the capping material will significantly influence the degree to which landfill gas escapes through the surface of the site to atmosphere and the quantities of water that may enter the body of the waste; (2) As a landfill ages further and the intensity of anaerobic activity subsides, so the rate of gas generation will decline. It is expected that the rate of gas extraction will decrease proportionately, though relatively greater quantities of air might be drawn in; (3) Leachate recirculation can enhance landfill gas production, but too much moisture within the waste can also decrease gas production. All the above mentioned three factors are applicable to the Mpererwe landfill site. When waste inputs and monitoring of a site indicate that a sufficient quantity and quality of landfill gas exist to sustain an enclosed flare, the landfill operator should carry out a representative pumping trial to assess the most appropriate landfill gas control option. Gas Collection Technique Following are the elements of a LFG gas collection and control system. 1. LFG collection points 2. Vertical extraction wells 3. Horizontal collectors/trenches 4. Connection to existing vents,wells,etc. 5. Network of interconnecting piping 6. Elements of condensate management 7. Flow control 8. LFG blower/combustion device Technology adopted for gas collection is very important aspect for a successful LFG flaring project because this is influenced by a lot of factors having positive as well as negative effect given a particular landfill site characteristics. Factors influencing appropriateness of a particular choice and other factors that should be taken into consideration for choosing Gas Collection Techniques are explained in following sections, where an assessment has been made of the positive and negative features of Horizontal and vertical gas extraction systems. LFG Collection System Kampala City Council 84 The two common ways to recover LFG are vertical extraction wells and horizontal collectors. The standard and most commonly used is the vertical extraction well. The well is drilled into the landfill at spacing typically ranging from 45 to 90 m. 2 to 8-inch diameter pipes (typically PVC or HDPE) are placed in the holes, which are backfilled with 1-inch-diameter, or larger, stones. The pipe is perforated in the lower section where the LFG is collected. Horizontal extraction collectors or trenches may be installed instead of/ or in combination with vertical wells to collect LFG. They consist of excavated trenches (similar to a pipeline trench) which are backfilled with permeable gravel. Perforated, slotted, or alternating diameters of pipe are installed in the trench. Horizontal extraction collectors are less expensive than vertical extraction wells and are particularly suitable for installation in active filling areas. The advantages of a horizontal extraction collector are low effects from high leachate level problem in landfill, less obstruction for landfill operations caused by collector headers and easy installation. The disadvantages of a horizontal extraction collector are high effects from waste settlement and a low recovery efficiency rate per well. The LFG collection system should be used in concert with good leachate management practices. Leachate accumulation within the refuse can dramatically impact the rate of LFG recovery because liquid in the extraction well and collection trenches effectively restricts their ability to collect and convey LFG. Field experiences indicate that horizontal extraction collectors are more suitable for landfills with a very high leachate level. A few more specific characteristics of these two collection systems are described below. Vertical Extraction Wells: Vertical wells allow greater operating flexibility. Typically, LFG collection is achieved by sinking vertical wells within the waste mass, but the effective length of the wells is limited to the depth of the unsaturated zone below the landfill cap. This often restricts the efficiency of such wells and so several are required to cover a small area effectively. The installation of each vertical extraction well gives rise to a potential weakness in the cap, air ingress can result in aerobic conditions developing in the landfill, perhaps causing landfill fires and/ or the development of explosive gas concentrations within the gas extraction infrastructure. To avoid air ingress, the upper 2-3m of the well is sleeved, thereby reducing the effective length of the well. Each vertical well requires expensive pipe work for connection to the extraction system, the volume of gas produced by each well is variable and in order to achieve control of the subsurface gas pressures each well needs to be balanced - this is operationally labour intensive. Vertical boreholes produce a large quantity of spoil when they are drilled; disposal of spoil can be problematic, especially if it is contaminated. Horizontal Collectors: Horizontal collectors are usually installed during refuse filling in the landfill. Horizontal collectors are typically more sensitive to Differential settlement and Leachate flooding. Horizontal collector can be installed in a single layer just below cap as "surface collectors". It is thought that horizontal collector wells could be used to improve the efficiency of LFG extraction systems from low yielding, shallow and laterally extensive landfill sites. LFG extraction using horizontal well technology has been applied in the past but in most instances the extraction wells have been installed as vent trenches in virgin ground beyond the periphery of the landfill site, or as gas drains within an operational landfill as filling progresses. These installations have been constructed using conventional installation methods, principally trenching and excavation. Such methods are undesirable in closed landfills because the integrity of the engineered cap is Kampala City Council 85 compromised and a large volume of spoil is produced. It is considered that the disadvantages associated with conventional installation methods can be overcome by installing the horizontal collector wells using directional drilling technology, by penetrating the landfill cap at the points of entry and exit only, damage is minimised, and, drilling using low volumes of drilling fluids at a high pressure has been shown to minimise, or eliminate, spoil returns from the borehole. Horizontal collectors may offer several advantages over vertical wells, such as: The larger zone of influence of horizontal wells may increase gas yields and/ or reduce the number of wells required. This advantage will be particularly evident at shallow sites. The Fewer wells will require less pipework and less balancing, and the length of sealed sections at the entry and exit points of the well can be increased without significantly reducing the effective length of the well. Kampala City Council 86 APPENDIX 1 These set of conditions imposed by NEMA on Mpererwe site are supposed to be met with by December 31,2008 S.N Conditions 1 Obtain license annually from NEMAto transport waste to the site and ensure that the vehicles transporting waste are effectively covered to avoid littering,vehicles transporting waste are effectively covered to avoid littering, along the transportation routes; 2 Ensure that private waste transporters have obtained licences for transportation of waste to the site before entering into agreements with KCC to transport the waste to the site, and ensure that the licenced transporters transport the waste collected to Kiteezi Waste Dump Site and avoid dumping such waste in other places such as wetlands; 3 Ensure that the disposed solid waste is covered with at least 15 cm (6') murram at the end of each operating day to control vectors, fires, blowing litter, offensive odour and scavenger. KCC shall also consider employing low cost technologies for suppressing odours including sprinkling of leachate; 4 Erect and maintain a fence around entire site used for waste disposal to restrict access and place appropriate hazard signs at strategic points of of the fence; 5 Landscape the site to ensure that runoff rain water does not stagnate on the site resulting into vector breeding pools of water;; 6 Obtain a Waste water Discharge Permit from the Directorate of Water Resources Management 7 Institute and document a proper waste management system on site including checks at the gate to establish the composition of wastes and the sources, plus proper record keeping to ensure that wastes that were not approved for disposal on the site are not allowed and that the disallowed waste is properly tracked so that it does not endanger human health and the environment; 8 Ensure that empty drums and any containers disposed of on site are first emptied and perforated before disposal on site to avoid serving as disease vector breeding grounds; 9 Comply with the requirements in the Operations Monitoring Plan (OMP) regarding environmental management reporting; 10 Undertake an Environmental Impact Assessment ( EIA) of the project to be implemented under the CDM and obtain approval of the environmental aspects of the project from NEMA before implementation of the project; 11 Extend the existing water supply system to areas neighbouring Kiteezi Waste Disposal site to include supplies for watering of animals and agricultural uses; 12 Regularly undertake checks on the entire drainage system of the landfill to ensure that there are no leakages of leachate before drainage into the Leachate Treatment Plant; 13 Ensure that the Leachate Treatment Plant treats leachate to levels manageable by the Reed Bed System and undertaking monitoring of discharges into the reed bed system based on flow rates and quality to ensure that the levels of pollutants released into the system are within the levels for which the system was established. Such monitoring should be undertaken on a daily basis and monitoring reports submitted to NEMA and the directorate of water resource management(DWRM) on a quarterly basis Kampala City Council 87 14 Re-engineer the Reed bed system to consist of sedimentation and root system components, properly developed and functioning to further polish the effluent from the treatment plant to levels acceptable under the National Environment (Standards for Discharge of the Effluent into Water to Land) Regulations, 1999; 15 Monitor ground water quality on a regular basis to ensure that the leachate does not pollute the water and just in case it happens corrective measures should be undertaken through remediation. Such monitoring should be designed based on the findings of geotechnical surveys undertaken on site and should cover a control well. The monitoring reports should be submitted to NEMA and the Directorate of Water Resources Management (DWRM) on a quarterly basis; 16 Regularly monitor the quality of surface water, including the Walufumbe stream before and after the Leachate Treatment Plant discharge point, down stream of the Leachate Treatment Plant discharge point and down steam after the discharge point from the proposed reed bed and further down stream in Bitarabeho's farm. Monitoring reports should be submitted to NEMA and the DWRM on a quarterly basis; Kampala City Council 88 This document was created with Win2PDF available at http://www.win2pdf.com. The unregistered version of Win2PDF is for evaluation or non-commercial use only. This page will not be added after purchasing Win2PDF.