E4715 V2 REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER RESOURCES COMMITTEE FOR WATER RESOURCES Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Phase-11 (SYNAS-11) Project Feasibility Study Report 3 Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment {Book 2) PC «Institute Kazgiprovodkhoz» Almaty, 2014 . REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN . . MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER RESOURCES COMMITTEE FOR WATER RESOURCES Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Phase-II (SYNAS-11) Project PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (Pre- EIA) Sub-project: FS Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems PC «Institute Kazgiprovodkhoz» Almaty, 2014. Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS II) REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN MINISTRY OF ENVIRONMENT AND WATER RESOURCES COMMITTEE FOR WATER RESOURCES Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea, Phase-II (SYNAS-11) Project PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (Pre-EIA) Sub-project: FS Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems Chairman of PC «Institute Kazgiprovodkhoz» Ryabtsev A. D. Chief engineer of the project Yeliseev M.M. SYNAS II Report Organisation General Explanatory Note (Summary Report) Thematic Reports : Report 1: Water Management Information System Report 2: Hydraulic Report Report 3: Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment Report IActual report (Book 1, Book 2) Report 4: Socio-economic Assessment Report Technical Reports: Volume 1 Project Package for Syrdarya River Basin Management 1. Flood, protection dikes at Karmakchi an Kazalinsk districts of Kzylorda ob- last 2. Syrdarya riverbed straightening at Korgansha and Turimbet sites in Zhala- gash district of KZylorda oblast (Book 1, Book 2) Volume 2 A: Left-Bank Irrigation Offtake at Kzylorda Barrage (Book 1,Book 2) Volume 3 B: Road Bridge near Birlik settlement at Kazalinsk district of Kzylorda oblast Volume 4 C: Rehabilitation of Kamyshlibash and Akshatau Lake System (Book 1, 2, 3, 4) Volume 5 D: Reconstruction and extension of fishery ponds at Tastak site of Kamyshlybash fish hatchery in Aralsk district of Kyzylorda reg ion . Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS II) Table of contents SYNAS 2 Report Organization Passport FS 3 Introduction 4 Policy, legal and administrative structure 6 1.1 General information 6 1.2 International agreements 6 1.3 International support 7 2 Evaluation of the existing status and geological conditions in the area of proposed measures 13 2.1 General information 13 2.2 Natural conditions . 17 2.3 Hydrography and hydrology 20 2.4 Surface water quality 30 2.5 Hydro-geological conditions 34 2.6 Soil conditions 36 2.7 Biological resources 37 2.7.1 Vegetation 37 2.7.2 lchthyofauna 43 2.7.3 Fauna 45 2.7.4 Avifauna 49 3 .Analysis of modern status of the main economic branches at the Project area 54 3.1 Fishery 54 3.2 Muskrat breeding 57 3.3 Reed stocking 57 3.4. Pastures and hayfields 57 3.5 Cattle breeding 58 3.6 Amount of fish catches and realization of fish products 58 4. Social peculiarities of the Project area 62 4.1 Changes in population size 62 4.2 Population health status 63 4.3 Health care 64 4.4 Employment 64 4.5 Population standard of living 66 5 Analysis of the alternative solutions on the proposed option 68 5.1 Predictive estimation of ecological situation in case if no measures are taken («Inaction»), if the Project is not realized 68 5.2 Alternative options 69 6 Main technical-technological solutions 69 6.1 Brief characteristic of the selected technology of the object operation 69 6.2 Object' needs in the required water resources 73 6.3 · Evaluation of Syrdarya river delta provision with water resources in the perspective taking into account Koksarai re-regulating reservoir operation 78 6.4 Requirements to the main hydraulic stru"ctures, fulfillment of which provides the object technological and ecological safety 79 6.5 Production-technological structure and the object' content 80 6.6. Points of hydraulic structures' allocation within the object 80 7 Environmental Impact Assessment 85 7.1 Characteristic of the design object 86 7.2 Evaluation of the environment' status 86 7.3 Object impact during construction 86 7.4 Object impact on the air basin 86 7.5 Object impact on the land resources 86 7.6 Object impact on the water resources 87 7.7. Object impact on biological resources 87 7.8 Impact of construction works on the biota' separate components 88 7.9 Object impact on recreation resources and landscape 91 7.10 Object impact on social-economic conditions and population health 91 7.11 Object impact on historic monuments 91 7.12 Evaluation of possible accidents at the object 92 7.13 Conclusions and recommendations 93 7.14 Summary Environmental Impact Assessment 96 8 Environmental management and training of staff 96 8.1 Administration and staff 96 8.2. Training of staff 96 9 Monitoring program 98 ANNEXES 102 Annex n 1 Assessment of impact and environmental protection measures in the Project under study 103 Annex n2 Main factors of impact during construction of weir, canals and dikes 105 Annex n3 Residual impact on the environment 106 Annex n4 DRAFT STATEMENT ON ECOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES 107 Annex n5 TERMS OF REFERENCE 110 Annex n 6 AGREEMENT N23/13 dated 15.01.2007 113 Annex n.7. ADDENDUM N21 TO THE MAIN CONTRACT 116 Annex n.8 NOTIFICATION ON THE CONTRACTS' REGISTRATION 120 Annex n 9. MINUTES OF THE PUBLIC HEARINGS ON THE FS MAIN TECHNICAL SOLUTION 123 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS II) ' , GLOSSARY I LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACBK Association for Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan ASBP Aral Sea Basin Programme asl above sea level (Baltic Sea) km 3 Billion Cubic Meters (km 3 ) BVI Basin Water Inspection CES Consulting Engineers Salzgitter CITES Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species CWR Committee on Water Resources under the MoA DANI DA Danish Organization for International Development Assistance DDT Dichloro-Diphenyl-Trichloro-Ethane EA Environmental Assessment EC Electrical Conductivity EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMIS Environmental Management Information System EMP Environmental Management Plan ES Environmental Screening EU European Union g/I grams/liter GEF Global Environmental Facility GIS Geographic Information System GoK Government of Kazakhstan GPS Global Positioning System GTZ Gesellschaft fUr Technische Zusammenarbeit (Organization for Technical Cooperation) H&E Health , Safety and Environment (Department) HCCH Hexa-Chloor-Cyclo-Hexane HllD Harvard Institute for International Development HPS Hydro-power Station IBA Important Bird Areas (according to classification criteria by Birdlife Interna- tional) IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development ICWC Interstate Commission on Water Coordination IFAS International Fund for the Aral Sea JEP Joint Environment Programme JICA Japanese International Cooperation Agency Kazgidromet Kazakh National Department for Hydro-Meteorology KazNllRKh Kazakh Scientific Research Institute for Fishery KDI Kazgiprovodhoz Design Institute KSB Kazakhstan Syrdarya Basin KZT Kazakh T enge • .. ..,J..,._" • ... ....,..,..,. .o..& , ....... a .o ~• ......... .a&/ LAS Large Aral Sea M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoEP Ministry of Environmental Protection MoH Ministry of Health NAS Northern Aral Sea NEAP/SD National Environmental Action Plan for Sustainable Development NEC/SD National Environmental Centre for Sustainable Development NGO Non-governmental organization OP Operational Policy (of the World Bank) PCB Poly-Chlorinated Biphenyl PPF Project Preparation Facility sco Shanghai Cooperation Organization SYNAS Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Project TACIS EU Technical Assistance Programme for the Commonwealth of Independent States · UNCED United Nations Commission on Environment and Development UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNECE United Nations Economic Commission for Europe UNEP United Nations Environmental Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNICEF United Nations Children's Emergency Fund USAID United States Agency for International Development USO US Dollar WARMAP Water Resources Management and Agricultural Production Project / Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Passport FS «Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems in Aralsk district of Kzylorda re- gion. 1 Name FS«Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems » Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Environment and Water 2 Client Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan 3 Contractor Production cooperative «Institute Kazgiprovodhoz». The Terms of Reference on development of FS «Rehabilitation of Ka- Grounds for design myshlybash and Akshatau lake systems » in Aralsk district of Kzylorda re- 4 gion approved by the Comm ittee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Ag- riculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 01 2009 . Feasibility Study of water supply of lake systems and use their biodiversi- 5 Purpose ty by the natural users and population . 6 Object' location Aralsk district , Kzylorda region ( Syrdarya river delta) Total area of lake- Kamyshlybash lake system - 28029 ha swamp systems including : lakes - 26589 ha with adjacent territo- Total on systems -40459 ha swamps -1440 ha 7 ries of the annual including: lakes - 33979 ha Akshatau lake system -12430 ha flooding and flood- swamps - 6480 ha including: lakes - 7390 ha ing during floods of swamps - 5040 ha , rare recurrence Sources of water Syrdarya surface runoff. Volume of water consumption in the year with 75% 8 supply probability of runoff 529,9 min. m3/year «Amanotkel -2 weir m • Design flow of 5% probability - 400 3/s3 9 on Syrdarya river • Verifying flow of 1% probability - 800 m /s • Maximum head - 5,4 m • Number - 8 pcs 10 Water supply canals • Design flow - 5-40 m3/s • Total length - 26,75 km 11 Offtakes • Design flow - 5-40 m3/s • Number - 8 pcs • Design flow - 10-15 m3/s 12 Outlet canals • Number - 2 pcs • Total length -13,3 km Planned production Fish, tons - 2829,3 - Muskrat, th . fells/year - 56,6 ' from lake systems Hays, tons - 7380,0 Deficit of water resources .Non-coordination of decision-making on water 13 Possible risks distribution of Syrdarya river runoff 14 Sources of financing Republican budget and World Bank Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems 15 Expected results Improvement of social-ecological and sanitary-epidem iological conditions for population in Aralsk district Introduction Feasibility Study on «Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems» is developed by PC «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute» in accordance with the Terms of Reference approved by the Com- mittee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated Septem- ber 1st, 2009 (Annex n 5) . Development of the present FS is an integral part of realization of Program on «Particular ac- tions on improvement of ecological situation in the Aral Sea basin» approved by the Heads of the Cen- tral-Asian states at Nukus conference in January 11th, 1994. Within this Program Kazakhstan is realiz- ing the large-scale «Syrdarya Control and the Northern Aral Sea» Project (SYNAS I, II , Ill). One of the components of this Project is «Increase of fishery potential in the Northern Aral Sea and Delta lakes, creation of fishery infrastructure» . Realization of the given Program and Project at the inter-state and regional levels is supported by the International Fund on the Aral Sea Saving and its units, investments of the World Bank and Ka- zakhstan republican budget,.with participation of the foreign companies: USAID, TACIS, EBRO, ADB , GET, NATO, etc .. The main purpose of the investments is to improve water supply of the lakes systems and use of their biodiversity by the nature users and population . It is necessary to point out that in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 7th , 2006 «On specially protected natural territories» the Government of the Republic of Kazakh- stan approved the list of the objects of the state natural-preserved fund of the republican significance. Kamyshlybash lakes and Akshatau lake are included into this list (Regulation NQ932 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 28th , 2006). It is necessary to point out that in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 7th , 2006 «On specially protected natural territories» the Government of the Republic of Kazakh- stan approved the list of the objects of the state natural-preserved fund of the republican significance. Kamyshlybash lakes and Akshatau lake are included into this list (Regulation NQ932 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated September 28th , 2006). So, rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems as well as the others in future in the Syrdarya river delta and on the NAS seashore area will be the start of the reinstatement of the wa- ter ecosystems, their potential for fishery, musk beavers' breeding and use of the other products with economic benefits for population , for example, use of reeds for forage and dwelling construction . Measures developed within the FS and aimed to maintain favorable regime in the water bodies are the practical realization of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 7th , 2006 «On special- ly protected natural territories» (Chapter 5, Clause 30) and Concept of ecological safety of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the years 2004-2015 adopted by Decree NQ1241 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 3rd, 2003. General information on the FS, aim of the works, some parameters and anticipated results are given in the FS Passport. Feasibility Study on «Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems» is developed based on the archive and departmental materials, scientific researches and previous designs, statisti- cal reporting , target programs and projects using multi-spectral probing of the Project area (satellite images and GIS technologies). Besides in September 2009 the staff of PC «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute» performed the field survey of the existing water intake hydraulic structures and water supply canals to provide water to the lake-swamp systems. Total area of the Project territory studied in the FS is 110040 ha, including 40460 ha occupied by Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake-swamp systems. 4 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Total area of Kamyshlybash lake system is 28029 ha, including : lakes - 26589 ha, swamps - ' - 1440 ha. Water supply of the lakes and swamps is from the Syrdarya river along water supply canals Sovetzharma, Taupzharma, Taldyaral , Kobikty, Kuly, Kerager. Total area of Akshatau lake system is 12430 ha, including : lakes - 7390 ha, swamps - 5040 ha. Water supply of the lakes and swamps is from the Syrdarya river along water supply canals Beszhar- ma, Akkoisoigan, etc .. Consumptive use of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems at normal regime (years with the Syrdarya runoff probability of 75%) is defined in a volume of 525,9 min. m3/year. In the FS the technical measures providing the reconstruction of existing as well as construc- tion of new hydraulic structures to supply water to the lake systems in the required amount and terms are developed. Public hearing and discussions on the main technical solution of the FS held in September 51h, 2009 in Karateren settlement of Aralsk district of Kyzylorda region chaired by Akim of Aralsk district Mr. N. Musabayev with participation of Akims of rural districts. Preliminary Environmental Impact Assessment (Pre-EIA) within the FS «Rehabilitation of Ka- myshlybash and Akshatau lake systems» is performed in Accordance with the Environmental Code and standard - technical documentation approved by the Ministry of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan , SNiP 1.02.01-85 and «Manual. .. » to it as well as «Instructions on Environ- mental Impact Assessment of the planned economic and other activities during development of pre- planned, planned, pre-design and design documentation» approved by Order N2 204-n of the Minister of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 28th, 2007. The Pre-EIA purpose is to determine the ecological and other consequences of the accepted administrative and economic decision on the FS as well as to develop recommendations on the envi- ronment' improvement, prevention of destruction, degradation , damage and exhaustion of the natural ecosystems and natural resources. The Pre-EIA purpose is to determine the ecological and other consequences of the accepted administrative and economic decision on the FS as well as to develop recommendations on the envi- ronment' improvement, prevention of destruction, degradation , damage and exhaustion of the natural ecosystems and natural resources. The Pre-EIA of the planned economic activities is performed based on analysis of technical so- lutions and use of available archive and specialized scientific materials. Types and intensity of the planned economic activities' impact are defined according to the similar projects. Qualitative and quantitative parameters (em issions, spillages, industrial and domestic wastes, land areas allocated for temporary and permanent use, etc.) received as a result of preliminary as- sessment in accordance with the «Instructions ... » are preliminary and are not subject to approval as the standards for the nature use. Production Cooperative «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute» is the developer of the FS «Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems» . PC «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute» has a license rcn N2 000383 dated 26.05.1995 to perform the works in the sphere of architectural, town-planning and construction activities on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Certificate of Conformity N2 KZ.7500176 dated August 20th, 2008 (per- formance of the design and survey works in accordance with the requirements of ST RK ISO 9001- 2001 ). PC «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute» has a license rcn N2 000383 dated 26.05.1995 to perform the works in the sphere of architectural , town-planning and construction activities on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Certificate of Conformity N2 KZ.7500176 dated August 20th, 2008 (per- formance of the design and survey works in accordance with the requirements of ST RK ISO 9001- 2001 ). Address of PC «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute»: Almaty, Almaly district, Seifullin avenue, building 434. Certificate on the State Re-registration of a legal entity N2 · 19278 - 1910 - npK, Business-identity number (BIN) - 921240001039 dated May 29th , 1998 With the Statistic Card . RNN 600400025468. Development of the Pre-EIA is performed by PC «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute»: (State License rcn N2 01035P dated 13.07.2007 for environmental protection design, rating , issued by the Ministry of Environmental Protection) . 1 Policy, legal and administrative structure Purpose of the policy of the new ecological legislation' formation in a state is the necessity to provide the proper legal regulation of ecological relations under changing economic cond itions. Func- tions of the ecological legislation may be achieved only with the help of sound system of legislative and other standard legal documents. 1.1 General information Control on the natural resources in Kazakhstan is regulated by the following laws of the Repub- lic of Kazakhstan : «On environmental conservation» (15.07.1997.); «On ecological expertise» (18.03.1997) ; «On land» (24.01 .2001 .). Law « On Environmental protection in the Republic of Kazakhstan» defines, the legal , economic and social basis for the environmental protection and is directed on the provision of ecological safety. Law of Republic of Kazakhstan «Ori ecological expertise» regulates the social relations under the conditions of the environmental expertise in order to avoid the negative consequences of the ad- ministrative , economic and other types of activities on the environment, population live and health . Besides, numerous standards, which have the force of the law, are acting . All these laws, Codes and resolutions create the legal basis for protection of water, land and bi- ological resources , for their control in order to prevent prolusion , to solve disputable issues and re- sponsibility for control and , finally, to implement and ratify the international agreements. Environmental requirements containing in the laws and resolutions of the Republic of Kazakhstan are governed by the national legislative standards, norms , rules and instructions directed on preservation of the environ- ment. Moreover, technical solutions should correspond to the international standards on environmen- tal monitoring . 1.2 International agreements. Kazakhstan has signed several important agreements and treaties adopted at the UN Confer- ences on environmental protection and economic development as well as the International Conven- tions on preservation of biological diversity, combating desertification and aridity, and on prevention of climate changes . In 1995 Kazakhstan ratified the Convention on biological diversity and in 1996 - Convention on desertification . 6 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-Il) In 1993 Kazakhstan joined the Lucerne Convention and in 1996 - the Sofia Convention, where it was recommended to create the National Action Plan on environmental protection and realization of Regulations of the Rio-de-Janeiro Conference. In 1996 Kazakhstan was involved into the Global Environmental Information Network under the World National Program of Environmental Protection (WNPEP). The main purpose of the network is to create extensive, accessible, reliable and current information on environment. 1.3 International support The following international organizations provide support on environmental protection to the Central Asian states, in particular - to Kazakhstan: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank). European Union (EU) provides its support via TACIS Program, which solves the environmental issues via improvement of the water resources ' management and irrigated agriculture' control. Policy . Governed by the resolutions of the World Summit in Johannesburg (2002) , Kazakhstan carries out a consecutive policy for sustainable development. The Strategic Development Plan of the Republic of Kazakhstan till 2010, the Concept of Environmental Security for the period 2004-2015 speak in favor of a need to make the social and economic system more environmentally sensitive. The main goal is defined as ensuring the protection of natural systems, of the vital interests of the society and protection of human rights against threats resulting from adverse anthropogenic impacts on the environment ' Other national action programs and government plans determine the policy of environmental protection and sustainable resource use. Prominent examples are the National Environmental Action Plan for Sustainable Development (1998), the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan and the National Action Plan on Combat Desertification· (1998). A problem is that many of these programs and action plans have not been approved at the appropriate level and consequently are not much put into practice. Recently more attention is paid on mainstreaming of the environmental policy by direct inclu- sion in budget planning and appropriate government approval. This has been done e.g. with the Na- tional Program for Combating Desertification (2005-2015). The environmental degradation of the Aral Sea region and the inefficient use of water resources are among the serious environmental threats affecting the social , environmental and economic wellbe- ing in the country. Accordingly the Government of Kazakhstan has adopted a number of important measures on mitigation of the immediate impacts of the Aral Sea disaster and the improvement of the water management in general and in the Aral Sea basin in particular. The policy of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is expressed by the participation in regional multi-country agreements concerning the water management and environmental rehabilitation in the Aral Sea basin (see. 2.3) . In September 1995, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan .signed the joint declaration of five Central Asian Countries pertaining to stable development of the Aral Sea region . In 2003 a Sub-regional Action Plan on combating desertification was agreed by all five Central Asian Countries and since 2004 the countries have started a multi-country initiative for sustain- able land management (CACILM) which is supported by a broad range of donor organizations. National legal and administrative structure. The present study complies with EIA regulations adopted by the World Bank. Requirements de- fined by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan are considered in the level adequate for a pre- feasibility assessment. Environmental protection and the management of natural resources in Kazakh- stan are regulated by the new Environmental code which passed in December 2006. This environmen- tal code replaces a number of laws, among them the laws "On Environment Conservation in the Re- public of Kazakhstan" (15.07 .1997) and "On Ecological Expertise" (18.03.1997). The Environmental code defines the legal , economic and social basis for environmental conservation , the avoiding of neg- ative effects on people's lives and on the environment that could result from administrative decisions, economic activities and other projects. In addition , the laws and regulations listed in Table 1-1 below are relevant to the present project. Table 1.1 Relevant legislation in the Republic of Kazakhstan , pertaining to Environmental Protection and Sustainable Natural Resources Use Land Code (20 June 2003) Water Code (9 July 2003) Law "On mineral resources and use of mineral resources" (27 January 1996) Forest Code (08 July 2003) Law "On social protection of citizens suffering from the environmental disaster in the Pri-Aral region (30 June 1992)" Law "On special protected natural territories" (7 July 2006) Law "On sanitary - epidemiological welfare of the people" (04 December 2002) Decree of Cabinet of Ministers "On the conservation of the environment and the rational exploitation of the natural resources" Decree of Cabinet of Ministers "On ecological measures for restoration of the environment" Decree of Cabinet of Ministers "On the conservation of the forests" Order and approval of complex schemes for management and conservation of water resources List of rare animal species in danger of extinction (Hunting and Fishing Regulation) Regulation on approval and issue of special permits for water resources exploitation (29.12.1994) Ordinance on the establishment of a State Water Survey (24.01.1995) Decree on approval of State control of the water resources exploitation and conservation (20.01.1995) Decree on the payment procedure for water supply of irrigated lands (04.03.1997) Ordinance on the estimation of natural losses caused by violation of environmental legislation (27.06.1995) . Decree on the approval of the Resolution "On funds for environmental protection in Kaz?khstan and payment procedures for pollution of the environment" On protection and use of Historical and Cultural Heritage (1992) These laws and resolutions form the legal basis for the management and conservation of water, soil and biological resources and for pollution control. Some of the more recent enactments also reflect provisions listed in international conventions that have been ratified by Kazakhstan. 8 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) An important provision in these enactments is that technical designs of development projects must comply with international standards relating to environmental protection and monitoring. The Environmental code makes an Environmental Impact Assessment mandatory for any type of economic or other activity which can have direct or indirect impacts on the environment and the health of the population . The results of the EIA are considered as integral part of the pre-project and project documentation, including feasibility studies. The documentation is subject to an Environmental clearance by the organ in charge of environmental protection, depending of the category of the planned object at the republic, oblast or local level. The central agency in charge of all water management issues is the Committee on Water Re- sources (CWR) under the Ministry of Environment and Water Resources. The subordination , structure and functions of the CWR are defined by the Decree Nr. 310 of the Government of the Republic of Ka- zakhstan "On the approval of the Order about the Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture" (6 April 2005). The River Basin Authorities (RBis) are subunits of the CWR, responsible for the management and utilization of the water resources in the area of Kazakhstan 's river basins. These river basins are adminfstratively defined areas, determined under consideration of the natural watersheds. The areas covered by each BVU contain usually of two or more oblasts, in the case of the Syrdarya RBI the ob- lasts South Kazakhstan and Kyzylorda . The RBis legal basis is provided by the Water code of the RK, article 40, and relevant bylaws. On the oblast level exist state enterprises, "OblVodKhoz" (e.g. in South Kazakhstan Oblast "Yugvodkhoz") which are directly responsible for the allocation and delivery of irrigation water. Hydro-geological-ameliorative expeditions are subordinated to the CWR and carry out monitor- ing of the ameliorative status of irrigated lands, of the quality of irrigation and drainage waters in the oblasts with significant irrigated arable lands. In the KSB the Kyzylorda and South-Kazakhstan Hydro- geological-ameliorative expeditions are active. The legislation on water and land use provides for the creation of rural water-users associations - voluntary associations of physical and (or) legal entities owning and using land lots on the irrigated territories for joint management of hydro-technical facilities and equipment. The main task of such as- sociations is ensuring rights of equal access to water for all water users; protection of their interests; support of the regime of rational use of water and land resources and environmental protection. Until now the establishment of these associations is slowly advancing . International agreements Kazakhstan has signed a number of international environmental conventions and agreements, including some that resulted from the UN Conference on Environmental Conservation and Economic Development (UNCED, Rio de Janeiro, 1992). In 1996, Kazakhstan became involved in a global net- work of environmental information exchange, under the aegis of the UNEP. Only recently, Kazakhstan has ratified the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, also known as the RAMSAR Convention and the Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention) . Some wetland sites which form parts of the project area of SYNAS-11 may qualify for inclusion in the RAMSAR list. Since 19 April 2000 the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is in force in Kazakhstan. International treaties and conventions pertaining to Environmental Protection and Natural and Cultural Heritage Preservation that have been signed and ratified by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan are listed in Table 1.2. Table 1.2 International Conventions and Treaties pertaining to Environmental Protection and to Natural and Cul- tural Heritage Preservation , Signed or Ratified by Kazakhstan Convention I Treaty Date of Signing /Ratification International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damage 05-06-1994 Convention on Safety of Sea-Living Organisms Convention on Protection of the World 's Cultural and Natural Herit- 07-06-1994 age 09-07-1994 Convention on Biological Diversity UN Framework Convention on Climate Change 06-09-1994 Convention on World Meteorological Organization 17-05-1995 Convention to Combat Desertification 13-04-1993 Vienna Convention on Protection of the. Ozone Layer 09-07-1997 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 26-08-1998 Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects 26-08-1998 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild 17-12-1994 Fauna and Flora (CITES) 19-04-2000 Convention on Migratory Species Convention on Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar) 01-05-2006 02-05-2007 In 1993, Kazakhstan , together with Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan , Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan , con- cluded the "Agreement for Joint Actions Aimed at Solution of the Aral Sea Problem and Environmental Rehabilitation and Socio-Economic Development of the Aral Sea Region". The Nukus Declaration (1995) among these five Central Asian countries acknowledged the formulation of the Aral Sea Basin Sustainable Development Conventions as a high priority. Following this convention , IFAS was estab- lished , as well as a Commission on Sustainable Development, and an Interstate Commission on Water Economy. A long-term water and energy agreement for the Syrdarya River Basin was signed in Febru- ary 1998 between Kazakhstan , Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan (the Almaty Declaration). A new agreement is currently considered to be signed in the frame of the SCO. Also in 1998, an "Agreement for Coop- eration in the field of Environment and Rational Use of Nature was signed by the Governments of the Central Asian countries. In the same year, these countries decided to set up a Regional Environmental Centre with a network of national branches. World Bank Environmental Procedures The World Bank defines the requirements for Environmental Assessments by the category to which projects are assigned. Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have significant adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive , diverse , or unprecedented. These 10 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYN AS-II) impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works . EA for a Cate- gory A project examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts, compares them with those of feasible alternatives (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate for adverse impacts and improve en- vironmental performance. For a Category A project, the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA) . The SYNAS-1 project was classified as a category A project. This classification can be as well applied to SYNAS-11 as its extension, contributing to the same basic objectives and having principally the same character, temporal and spatial extent of environmental impact. In addition the transboundary impacts on the LAS and the Arnasay depression in Uzbekistan determine 1he requirements for the EIA. Operational Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment The EA for the present FS complies with the Bank's OP 4.01 and with the guidelines for EA laid down in the EA Source Books, Vol. 2 and 3. Its content is in accordance to the requirements for EIA. The EMP in accordance to this OP is given in the present Volume . Operational Policy 4.04 Natural Habitats The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the envi- ronment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protec- tion , maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions in its economic and sector work, project financing , and policy dialogue. The Bank does not support projects that, in the Bank's opinion , involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats and if the environ- mental assessment indicates that a project would significantly convert or degrade natural habitats, the project includes mitigation measures acceptable to the Bank. The measures proposed in the FS will likely have impact on significant areas of natural habitats and in some cases even critical natural habitats, according to the definitions provided in OP 4.04 An- nex A. Natural habitats include water areas of the Syrdarya River, the delta lakes and many other lakes, wetlands and terrestrial ecosystems, most notably semi-desert and desert ecosystems. These are areas with known high suitability for biodiversity conservation ; and sites that are criti- cal for rare, vulnerable, migratory, or endangered species (e.g. assigned and potential Important Bird Areas and potential Ramsar sites). The Tugay forests in the Syrdarya floodplain can also be consid- ered as critical natural habitats as they represent an ecosystem type specific for Central Asian rivers , extremely in decline and inhabited by several endemic and vulnerable species. Operational Policy 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources In the course of history, the Aral Sea and its periphery, and the Syrdarya River valley and adja- cent plains, have been the scene of a succession of ancient civilizations. At present, a large number of sites of historical and cultural significance have been discovered and marked for preservation , both in the international and national context. For this reason , due note is taken of the Bank's OP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Resources , in order to guarantee that the proposed measures will in no way interfere with the nation's cultural property. This includes measures for avoiding , minimizing or mitigation of ad- verse impacts. Operational Policy 4. 12 Involuntary Resettlement This OP is of relevance in case if resettlement is required in floodplain areas remaining under regular flooding or at risk in cases of exceptional high water (to be determined what flood level and fre- quency justifies resettlement) . In the present FS the construction of new and strengthening of the existing dikes is foreseen at some places to protect the settlements. Operational Policy 4.36 Forests This policy applies to the following types of Bank-financed investment projects that have or may have impacts on the health and quality of forests . Forest by the definition in Annex A is as an area of land of not less than 1.0 hectare with tree crown cover (or equivalent stocking level) of more than 10 percent that have trees with the potential to reach a minimum height of 2 meters at maturity in situ .. It includes as well young stands which have yet to reach the crown density of 10 per cent and clear cut areas with the potential to revert to forest. In countries with low forest cover, the definition may be ex- panded to include areas covered by trees that fall below the 10 percent threshold for canopy density, - but are considered forest under local conditions . The tugay forests can be considered as critical natural forests in accordance to the definition in . the Annexes A of OP 4.04 and OP 4.36. The present FS proposes measures directed on improvement of the forests ' water supply as required by the Bank for financing of projects. Operational Policy 4.37 Safety of Dams Small dams are normally less than 15 meters in height. This category includes dikes . The final design will include generic dam safety measures designed by qualified engineers and additional inde- pendent analysis and methods of control complying with the provisions of ODP 4.37 on Dam Safety. 12 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) 2 Evaluation of the existing status and geological conditions in the area of the proposed measures 2.1 General information The lake systems and water-swamp areas in the Syrdarya river delta are the basis of the stable existence of water and pre-water ecosystems of Kazakhstan Aral sea region , base for fishery , musk beaver breeding and forage production , important condition for life activities of population in Kazal insk and Aralsk districts in Kyzylorda region. The most important among them are Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems located in Aralsk district. Kamyshlybash lake system occupies the right-bank territory of the Syrdarya river middle delta. All lakes and swamps are supplied from Syrdarya via separate water supply canals : Sovetzharma (4 ,0 km) , Taupzharma (4,4 km) , Taldyaral (0 ,2 km) , Kobikty (0 ,3 km) , Kuly (0 ,9 km) , Keragar (Zhasulan) (2 ,2 km) , , as well as via inter-lake canals connecting them: Raim , Kutumsyk, Tursyn , Zhaibike, Karbo- get. Hydraulic connection exists between the lakes and swamps of the system. This provides practical- ly similar water level in them . There are 8 water bodies (5 lakes and 3 swamps) distinguished in Kamyshlybash lake system. Akshatau lake system occupies the left-bank territory of the Syrdarya river middle delta being the smaller mirror reflection of Kamyshlybash lake system . All lakes and swamps are supplied from Syrdarya via separate water supply canals : Beszharma (6,0 km) , canal N21 (0,9 km) , canal N22 (0 ,8 km) , Akkoisoigan (1 ,5 km) as well as via inter-lake canals connecting them. Hydraulic connection ex- ists between the lakes and swamps of the system . This provides practically equal water level in them similar to regime in Kamyshlybash lake system . There are 3 water bodies (2 lakes and 1 swamp) distinguished in Akshatau lake system Separately located system of Makpalkol lake (right bank of the Svrdarya river) Makpalkol lake is supplied from Syrdarya via water supply canal Kenesaryk (35 km) . It is also replenished by collector-drainage water (CDW) from irrigated areas of Kazalinsk right-bank canal. Vol- ume of replenishment is quite significant and amounts to approximately 50% of total runoff coming into the lake. Makpalkol lake is not included into the list of the objects , which have the special ecological , scientific and cultural significance. There is no hydraulic connection with Kamyshlybash lake system. All these facts give the basis not to include Makpalkol lake system into Kamyshlybash lake system but to consider it as an independent object, which water supply is directly connected to the irrigated areas of Kazalinsk right-bank canal. Kokko! , Zhaltyrkol and Kokshekol swamps are included into this sy.stem beside Makpalkol lake. Separately located Shomishkol lake and Shakhai swamp (right bank of the Syrdarya river) Shomishkol lake and Shakhai swamp are supply from the Syrdarya river via water supply canal Ardana (3,2 km). There is no hydraulic connection with Akshatau lake system. That's why it is not in- cluded into Akshatau lake system and is considered as an independent object. Separately located Kotankol lake (left bank of the Syrdarya river) Kotankol lake is supplied from Syrdarya, from Kazalinsk left-bank canal and collector-drainage water (CDW) from irrigated areas. Kotankol lake is not included into the list of the objects, which have the special ecological , scientific and cultural significance. There is no hydraulic connection with Akshatau lake system. All these facts give the basis not to include Kotankol lake into Akshatau lake system but to consider it as an independent object, which water supply is directly connected to the irri- gated areas of Kazalinsk left-bank canal. The listed above lakes and swamps , which are not included into Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems , should be developed within the separate projects, for which development of the Feasibil- ity Stud ies is not requ ired in accordance with Regulation N2 2225 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 291h, 2009. Scheme of allocation of water bodies in Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lakes systems within the borders of the Project area accepted in the FS is given on Figure 2.1. 14 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) ,/ / ,/ Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems ,/ / in modern conditions ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ / /,' ,/ / ! / / / / / / / ,/' / ,,,,,,. .... //' ___ ,,,, .. - # . . .,.,,,,, . . . . / - - ----- -- -- ,.,../ ",,,.- ·"' . / .... ,/ _.,,.- _,/ ,/ ,/' ,/ ,/ / / / / / ,// / / ,/ / I / / / / / / .' / '\ _,/· I I I I I ' I I I I Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Territory of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems within the established borders is under authority of different land-users' categories : JSC «Aralrybprom» , Kamyshlybash , Amanotkel , Raim , Koszhar, Zhetys-Bi rural districts and other land-users. There are no data available on the land balance. That's why it was necessary to collect addi- tional materials and conduct other surveys. At that the specialists should visit the object. Total area of the Project territory and its distribution by content of land plots under modern con- ditions received from the satellite images with further decoding with the help of GIS technologies is given in Table 2.1. In preparation of the present Section the materials of NATO Project «Integrated water resources man- agement for rehabilitation of wetlands in the Aral Sea basin» were used Table 2.1 Distribution of the Project area by content of land plots under modern conditions Area, kmz N Type of land plots Total, by Kamyshlybash Akshatau systems system system 1 2 3 4 5 Lakes and swamps with adjacent territo- 404,6 280,3 124,3 ries Including: - open water surface with reeds at shallow 298,0 208,3 89,7 1 water places; - lands of annual short-term flooding (selected 46,3 29,5 16,7 ·hayfields, spawninq areas, etc.); - lands flooded during floods of rare occur- 60,3 42,4 17,9 rence (selected hayfields) Areas occupied by tugai bushes with sin- gle oleaster and poplar trees in combina- 2 73,32 40,3 33,0 tion with grass-licorice meadows (natural complex) Pastures on hilly sands, hills and emi- 3 608,5 428,6 179,9 nences 4 Syrdarya river and water supply canals 4,4 2,2 2,2 5 Fish hatchery 2,1 2,1 - 6 Settlements 5,9 4,7 1,2 7 Roads (railroads, asphalt, gravel) 1,6 1,6 - Total 1100,4 759,8 340,6 2.2 Natural conditions. Climate Climate in the territory under study is continental , with long hot summer, cold for such latitude · winter, significant variations in annual and daily air temperature, high air aridity, small cloudiness , low precipitation with non-uniform distribution during the year and low snow cover. To characterize the climatic conditions of the territory under study the average long-term obser- vation data for two meteorological stations Kazalinsk (66 m asl) and Aral sea (62 m asl) for the years 1936-80 are accepted . Within-year distribution of values of the main meteorological elements is given in Table 2.2. Table 2.2 Average monthly and annual values of the main climatic parameters Months Meteorological sta- Year ti on I II 111 IV v VI VII VIII IX x XI XII 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Average monthly and annual air temperature, (°C) Kazalinsk -11.3 -9.8 -1 .8 10.2 18.7 23.9 26 23.8 17 8.2 -0.9 -7.8 8.1 Aral sea -13.1 -12 .1 -3.8 9.1 17.8 23.5 26.2 24 17.2 7.6 -1 .5 -8 .9 7.2 Average monthly and annual air relative moisture, (%) Kazalinsk 79 78 73 54 44 43 45 44 50 61 73 79 60 Aral sea 81 80 77 57 47 42 42 40 45 60 74 80 60 Monthl 11 and annual precipitation, (mm) Kazalinsk 13 12 18 15 13 7 7 7 9 15 13 16 145 Aral sea 11 10 13 14 12 10 10 9 6 17 12 13 137 Average monthly and annual deficit of saturation , (gPa) Kazalinsk 0.6 0.8 2.1 7.3 14 19.6 21 .2 18.9 11 .6 5.1 1.9 0.8 8.7 Aral sea 0.4 0.5 1.4 6.2 13 18.7 21.8 19.5 12.3 4.8 1.6 0.6 8.4 Average monthly and annual wind velocit 1 , (m/sec Kazalinsk 3.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 3.4 2.9 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.2 Aral sea 4.8 5.2 5.3 5.3 5.0 5.0 4.9 4.6 4.4 4.8 4.7 4.7 4.9 AveraQe monthly and annual soil temperature , (°C) Soil - solonchak sierozem Kazalinsk -11 -9 -1 12 23 30 32 28 19 9 -1 -8 10 Soil - densely consolidated sand with silt admixture Aral sea -13 -12 -3 11 22 29 31 28 20 9 -1 -9 9 The territory under study is subject to sharp weather changes in winter. At Kazalinsk meteorological station the recurrence of thaw 6-.10 days long is 10,4%. In some cases the positive air temperatures are kept continuously during 20 - 30 days. During thaw air temper- ature may increase to 10 -15°C. The intensive increase of air temperature starts in February - March. Stable freezing of soils usually starts in the third ten-day period of November on the north till mid-December on the south. It reaches maximum depth in the mid-February. Depth of the soil season freezing below surface not covered with snow is defined based on thermal-technical calculations due to absence of observation data. Calculations are performed in accordance with requirements of SNiP: «Construction climatology and gee-physics » SNiP 2.01 .01-82, SNiP 2.02.01-83 and « Construction climatology» SNiP PK 2.04-01-2001 . Average depth of freezing in the territory under study is 133 cm . It is necessary to point out that during the last 20-30 years the changes in climatic conditions of the territories adjacent to the Aral Sea (within 100 km) occurred . They are explained , on the one side, 17 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-Il) by global changes in climatic conditions, on the other side - by influence of the Aral Sea decrease on climate of the seashore area. Temperature Absolute observed maximum is +45°C (Aral sea meteorological station). Daily variations of temperature during summer period are also large and may be 2·1 - 26°C. Absolute observed minimum is -42°C (Aral sea meteorological station). Annual variations are one of the signs of the climate continentality. At the territory under study they are high and in average are 32-39°C. Stable temperature transition from negative values to positive values occurs in February - March, average data of temperature transition over 0°C is 20/ Ill - 26/111 (Kazalinsk meteorological sta- tion, Aral sea meteorological station). In autumn the temperature transition over 0°C is observed in av- erage at 12/XI - 8/XI (Kazalinsk meteorological station, Aral sea meteorological station). Duration of period with average daily temperature above 0°C at Kazalinsk meteorological sta- tion is 236 days, at Aral sea meteorological station - 226 days. Above 5°C - 207- 200 days, and above 10°C - 177 - 171 days (Kazalinsk meteorological station , Aral sea meteorological station). Average date of spring frost is 17/IV at Aral sea meteorological station, 15/IV - at Kazalinsk me- teorological station , autumn frost 1O/X - 1O/X (Aral sea meteorological station, Kazalinsk meteorologi- cal station). Duration of frost-free season in average is 175 - 177 days (Aral sea meteorological sta- tion, Kazalinsk meteorological station). Sum of positive temperature above 10°C for Aralsk district is 3500-3650 degrees, for Kazalinsk district - 3650-4000 degrees. Air moisture Orographic conditions of the territory influence the distribution of annual values of the air rela- tive moisture but not the altitude. Air relative moisture has the backward motion within the year evi- dencing the air aridity. Precipitation The largest monthly sum of precipitation is during spring period (March), the lowest precipitation occurs usually in August - September. Summer period is characterized by clear dry weather. Precipita- tion during warm period of the year at Kazalinsk meteorological station and Aral sea meteorological station is 73 - 78 mm. Snow cover On the territory under study winters with stable snow cover are not observed in 8-24% of cases . The first appearance of snow-cover is usually observed in the third ten-day period of November. Stable snow cover is usually established in 20-30 days after its first occurrence. Snow accumulation lasts till the end of February. Numerous thaws during winter result in complete or partial snow melting. Maxi- mum snow reserves, in average, occur in the third ten-day period of January - beginning of February (51-74 mm, Kazalinsk meteorological station, Aral sea meteorological station) . Start of spring snow melting in average is observed in 10-15 days after date of establishment of maximum snow reserves . Average height of snow cover during winter is 9 - 11 cm , the highest during winter - 29 - 39 cm (Aral sea meteorological station, Kazalinsk meteorological station). Before start of snow melting the snow cover height is decreasing and in average is 1 cm. Snow cover density at the beginning of winter usually is 0,20 g/cm 3 , increasing before the end of winter and start of snow melting amounting in aver- age to 0,25 g/cm 3 (Aral sea meteorological station, Kazalinsk meteorological station). Snow cover es- capes in average in the second and third ten-day periods of March, though in some years it may es- cape already in the second ten-day period of February (the earliest) or in the third ten-day period of April (the latest). Snow cover escapes, in most cases, before stable positive average daily air tempera- tures under influence of direct solar radiation . Duration of snow melting on the territory varies within 10 - 20 days. Average date of snow cover escape is March 17 - 22 (Kazalinsk meteorological station , Aral sea meteorological station) . Duration of snow cover occurrence in average is 75 - 86 days (Kazalinsk meteorological station, Aral sea meteorological station}. Wind Large area of the site under study and complex relief stipulate the significant differences in wind velocity and direction . Average annual wind velocity on the territory under study is 3,2 - 4,9 mis · (Kazal insk meteorological station , Aral sea meteorol9gical station). During October - April on the most part of the territory the northern and northern-east winds are blowing under influence of the Asian anti- cyclone branch . Their recurrence is 16 - 19 and 21 - 24% respectively. Average wind velocity during winter is 3,8-5,3 mis (Kazalinsk meteorological station , Aral sea meteorological station) . In summer the southern-east and southern winds have larger recurrence - 6%. Velocities of hurricane wind reach 24-28 mis. Dust storms are observed on the territory under study during warm period of the year: from 0.7 (Kazalinsk meteorological station) to 64.1 days (Aral sea meteorological station) per a year (Table 2.3). Salt and dust transfer from the dried Aral sea bot- tom is of significant danger for the environment. Snow storms are relatively rare events, in average they are observed at Aral sea meteorological station - 72.9 hours, at Kazalinsk meteorological station - 8.9 hours during winter season (Table 2.4) . During snow storms at Aral sea meteorological station the southern and south-west direction are mainly prevailing with recurrence of 22.4-29.0 respectively on direction , at Kazalinsk meteorological station - south-west and western directions are prevailing with recurrence of 33.7-27 .9 respectively on direction (Table 2.5). Table 2.3 Average number of days with dust storm Meteorological Month station II Ill IV v VI VII VIII IX X XI XII Year Aral sea 0.07 0.5 2.3 9.6 11 .0 9.7 9.8 7.3 7.1 4.7 1.5 0.6 64.1 Kazalinsk 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.07 0.1 0.7 Table 2.4 Average duration of snow storms, hours Month Meteorological Average duration of station IX x XI XII I II Ill IV v Year snow storm per a day with snow storm ' Aral sea 0.7 4.4 10.7 29.0 19.3 8.6 0.1 72.9 7.2 Kazalinsk 0.2 0.3 3.7 3.3 1.5 8.9 6.1 Table 2.5 Recurrence of different wind directions during snow storms, % Wind direction, rhumbs Meteorological sta- ti on N NE E SE s SW w NW Aral sea 11.1 10.2 2.6 5.8 22.4 29.0 12.7 6.1 Kazalinsk 2.9 4.8 2.9 1.0 18.3 33.7 27 .9 8.7 Solar radiance Duration of solar radiance is about 8 hours per a day, during summer time it may reach 12 hour/day, decreasing in winter to 3.5 hour/day. 19 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-Il) Ground surface icing Number of days with ground surface icing on the territory under study is observed in average from 6 to 7 days, with rime - from 10 to 15 days. Fogs are prevailing during cold season , in average they are observed during 25 days. Evaporation Average long-term value of evaporation layer from the water surface during the period of 1970- 1992 is 89 ,7 cm , and precipitation layer - 12,7 cm (data of SYNAS-1 Project). 2.3 Hydrography and hydrology. Hydrography The Syrdarya river is formed by confluence of Naryn and Karadarya rivers , small tributaries in Fergana valley and middle course , tributaries Akhangaran , Chirchik, Keles , Kurukkeles and Arys. More than 30 % of total area of the Syrdarya river basin is within the Republic of Kazakhstan . The other part of the basin belongs to Kyrgyzstan , Uzbekistan and Tajikistan . Two regions of the Republic of Kazakh- stan - South-Kazakhstan and Kyzylorda reg ions - are almost completely located in the Syrdarya river basin (except Suzak district of the South - Kazakhstan region) . Within the Republic of Kazakhstan the Syrdarya river length from gauging station at Chinaz rail- road station to the inflow to the Aral sea is 1746 km , from Shardara dam downstream to the inflow in the Northern Aral sea -1647 km. Downstream the confluence with the Arys river Syrdarya is flowing between low meandering banks, forming numerous branches, canals and old riverbeds. In the Syrdarya river basin , in the down- stream reaches among the sand massifs of Kyzylkum desert there are a lot of ancient dry riverbeds. The larges among them are : Zhanadarya , Kuandarya , lnkardarya. These riverbeds are very meander- ing and have general direction from the east and north-east to the west and south-west. Some of the riverbeds are used to transit water from the Syrdarya river, supplied for irrigation and watering of pre- Syrdarya part of Kyzylkum desert. In high-water years water is incoming into them as a result of the Syrdarya river overflow. Downstream city of Kyzylorda Karaozek branch is separated from the main Syrdarya riverbed to Zhusaly town. At this section between the main Syrdarya riverbed and Karaozek branch is located an island more than 100 km long and 20-30 km wide . These lands are used for irriga- tion , water meadows and hayfields. Downstream Zhulasy station to city of Kazalinsk the Syrdarya river has no overflows between desert-sandy territories. Kazalinsk barrage had been put into operation in 1970 upstream the city of Kazalinsk. Upstream Kazalinsk barrage water is taken for irrigation of the left-bank and right-bank irri- gation massifs. The gauging station range (city of Kazalinsk) may be accepted as the top of the Syrdarya river delta. Due to man-made decrease of water inflow and sediments brought along the Syrdarya river to the delta top, changes in water flow regime caused by the runoff control mainly for power generation and irrigation, the natural processes of the delta formation at present time are damped. They are main- ly expressed by the river mouth ' relocation towards the sea. Process of the delta degradation is signifi- cantly accelerated due to decrease of water level in the receiving water body (Aral sea) . A lot of lakes, mainly large and remote from the river, during the last years significantly decrease in their size. They are still existing only due to river water inflow along the artificially deepened natural canals . Some of the lakes are replenished by wastewater from the system of Kazalinsk right-bank irrigation canal. Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems studied in this FS are the ones among other sys- tems in the Syrdarya river delta. They are located within the section from the range at 1560,7 km (So- vetzharma canal) to the range at 1583,2 km (Amanotkel) from Shardara dam downstream reach . Hydrological studies. Quality of input data The studies of the Syrdarya river and its basin started at the beginning of the last century: since 1904 - 1913, when the first observations were organized at several water measuring points (Tumen- Aryk, Kyzylorda, Karaozek, Kazalinsk and Shaulder). Development of the basic network of observation points was rather non-uniform. 77 gauging stations were opened in the Syrdarya river basin within the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the present time only 28 gauging stations of previously available 77 gauging station are ac- tive . All of them belong to Kazhydromet. Results of hydrological observations in the Syrdarya river ba- sin are published in the «Hydrological yearly books» and are contained in monographs: «Surface water resources of the USSR. Volume 14, Issue 1. Central Asia , the Syrdarya river basin» , «Main hydrologi- cal characteristics, Volume 14, Issue 1», «Long-term data on regime and resources of inland surface water» . For water balance calculations the following gauging stations are basic: Chinaz - Kokbulak, Shardara dam downstream reach , Koktobe , Tumen-Aryk, Tasbuget, Zhusaly, Kazalinsk. Short duration of observations and non-uniform allocation of the gauging stations are the main disadvantages of the data on the river runoff. Quality of observation data at gauging stations used in the FS may in general be considered as satisfactory. But in the obs.ervation data, especially during the last years , some inaccuracies are found in the provided information . So, doubtful and incomplete data were determined more exactly, correct- ed , and in some cases - reinstated according to the other sources using the scientific checked meth- ods. So, hydrological study of the Project area may be .accepted as sufficient regarding the FS pur- poses. Conditions of the runoff formation . Water regime Character of soils, hydrographic factors , accumulation and infiltration capacities of the riverbed , vegetation , character of interconnection of surface and groundwater are influencing the water re- sources formation together with such factors as relief and set of climatic factors. Factors of underlying surface are especially influencing the value of moisture loss in the catchment areas. The Syrdarya river runoff is mainly formed in the upstream and middle parts of the catchment area. Factors, which deter- mine the river peculiarities in the downstream part of the catchment area, are: spreading of the flood wave , infiltration losses from the riverbed and runoff losses in the floodplain , swamps, lakes, and in the vast closed depressions due to evaporation and transpiration by vegetation . Most of the rivers in the Syrdarya river basin in the upstream and middle sections belong to the Tian-Shan type characterized by floods during warm period. Rain water is of the secondary signifi- cance in total replenishment of the river runoff. Groundwater plays a significant role in replenishment of the river runoff during low-water periods in the river middle reaches. Start of snowmelt flood in the rivers of the Syrdarya river basin with catchment areas of altitude up to 1500 m asl, formed mainly by melted water of season snow at the low and middle mountain hori- zons , occurs in average in April , end of snowmelt flood - in June. The highest flows in these rivers are stipulated mainly by melting of season snow, in some years - by rainfall. Especially high floods occur during heavy rains occurred in the snow-melting period . Significant changes in the Syrdarya river regime in the last decades resulted from the economic activities . The following may be attributed to the main econom ic factors : water consumption for irrigation and other economic needs; return of the part of water back to the rivers (return water) ; construction of reservoirs , ponds and corresponding conditions of the river runoff for- mation . Water consumption significantly reduces the runoff volume and changes its natural reg ime. Construction of the reservoirs and ponds has the significant influence on the river runoff. Reservoirs and , to some extent, ponds have the regulating significance for the river runoff due to re-distribution of the part of runoff accumulated in full-water period to low-water period . Besides, additional evaporation from the reservoirs ' surface and filtration in the bed decreases the water resources ' volume. 21 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Quantitative parameters of the river runoff' changes under the factor of previous econom ic ac- tivity are used to reinstate the natural runoff series. Regime of the river runoff in the delta Under natural conditions the Syrdarya riverbed within the delta had the length of 189 km , at av- erage bottom inclination of 6,35 cm/km it provided passage of average water discharge about 490m 3/sec to the Aral sea. Average annual water consumption for flood ing of the delta territory during that period was about 60 m3/sec. The fill ing phase of the delta water bodies was observed in April - June. Drawdown phase was observed in August - March . At that the regime of the delta flooding was determined by water level in the Syrdarya river. Man-made reduction of the Syrdarya river runoff in the 1960ies and decrease of the Aral sea level (base level) made the issue of the delta flooding nagging. In the 1970-ies two temporary water- lifting structures were constructed (Akiak in 1975 and Amanotkel in 1976), providing gravity water sup- ply to the delta lake systems via canals. After construction of water-l ifting structures, during the period from 1975 till 1987, rather stable water regime was formed in the delta. At that, water inflow to the delta top amounted in average to 2,5km 3/year. Of this inflow 1,0 km 3 was used for economic needs, 0,6 km 3 was used for flooding of the lake systems and 0,9 km 3 was spilled to the Aral sea (with variations in some years from 0,4 to 4,0km 3/year) . Annual runoff. Natural water resources The Syrdarya river basin within Kazakhstan territory belongs to the areas, which have very low volume of own surface water resources. Total volume of natural water resources in the Syrdarya river basin within the area of runoff formation in average during long-term period is 37.1 km 3 . The main part of runoff (71 %) is formed in the upstream reaches of the basin before outlet from Fergana valley. Downstream to the city of Shardara, the runoff of right-bank tributaries (Akhangaran, Chirchik, Keles rivers) is 23% of total water resources . Part of the Arys river and rivers flowing from Karatau ridge is small - less than 6% . By the area of formation the runoff distribution between the countries is as fol- lows: the main river runoff - about 78% - is formed on the territory of Kyrgyzstan , about 15% of the Syrdarya river runoff is formed in Uzbekistan, in Kazakhstan - about 6% , in Tajikistan - about 1%. The territory downstream Shardara reservoir is located in the area of runoff dissipation. The Ar- ys river is the only tributary inflowing into Syrdarya at this section . Small rivers of the south-west slope of Karatau ridge practically do not bring their water to the Syrdarya river. Water resources of the Syrdarya river basin within the Republic of Kazakhstan are formed by: inflow to Shardara reservoir, including the residual runoff of Keles and Kurukkeles tribu- taries; runoff of the rivers and small waterways (Arys, etc.), formed on the territory of the South- Kazakhstan and Kyzylorda regions. Hydrological regime of the rivers in the Syrdarya river basin is strongly distorted by the econom- ic activities. Already in the 1920 - 30-ies the river runoff was diverted for irrigation. Especially signifi- cant changes in conditions of formation and regime of the Syrdarya river runoff occurred starting from the 1960-ies. Analysis of domestic inflow to Shardara reservoir for the period of 1912 - 2006 allows making of the following conclusions: Period before the year 1961 may be considered as conditionally natural. Period of intensive water-economic development (starting from 1961) may be divided into 4 typ- ical periods: 1961 - 1972 - realization of large-scale irrigation works , Charvak, Shardara and other reservoirs were put into operation ; 1973 - 1987 - continuation of the irrigation areas' extension , construction of Toktogul reservoir for multi-annual control of the runoff; 1988 - 1992 - completion of construction and initial filling of the largest reservoirs; ra- ther stable irrigation areas; gradual transition of Toktogul reservoir operation from irriga- tion regime to power generation regime; general increase of releases, especially during - winter period, in order to increase power generation ; 1993 - 2005 - almost complete transition of Toktogul reservoir operation to power gen- eration regime, at which winter inflow to Shardara reservoir is up to 70% of annual vol- ume in some years . Distribution of inflow to Shard°ara reservoir by seasons: winter (X - Ill) and summer (IV - IX), during typical periods of water-economic development of the Syrdarya river basin territory upstream Shardara reservoir is given in Table 2.6. Data provided in Table 2.6 illustrates changes of inflow to Shardara reservoir: so, during the conditionally natural period in X - Ill passed only 37%, in IV - IX - 63% of annual runoff; starting from the year 1961 distribution of inflow to the reservoir changed to- wards increase of winter runoff, and in the period of 1993 - 2005 it reached 66% of annual inflow. Table 2.6 Distribution of inflow to Shardara reservoir (domestic runoff) by seasons (in % of annual runoff) Period x - Ill IV-IX · 1912 /13- 60/61 37 63 1961 /62 - 72/73 45 55 1973 /74 - 87188 49 51 1988 /89 - 92/93 55 45 1993 /94 - 05106 66 34 As the main part of the surface water resources is concentrated on the territory of Kyrgyzstan, ublic of Kazakhstan . The issues .issues of the inter-state water distribution are quite critical for the Rep_ of the Syrdarya river runoff' distribution became especially nagging due to long-term low-water period of the years 1974 - 1987, when very difficult conditions were created for water-supply of the down- stream reaches, where only residual runoff is inflowing . Taking this into account The State Expert Commission of the State Planning Committee (Gos- plan) of the USSR in its Regulation NQ11 dated 05.05.82 established the principles of water distribution, according to which the inflow to Shardara reservoir should be provided in volume of 12,0km 3 in the year with average water content and not less than · 10 km 3 in the year with low water content of 90% probability. Besides, the volume of water resources in the Syrdarya river basin within the Republic of Ka- zakhstan id defined by: water supply to CHAKIR irrigation area and former massif "Glodnaya steppe" as well as the runoff of the rivers and small water ways (Arys, etc.) formed on the territory of the South- Kazakhstan and Kyzylorda regions . The limit of runoff in amount of 1,25 km 3 is accepted as the available surface water resources in Kazakhstan part of CHAKIR irrigation area, allocated for the Republic of Kazakhstan from the joint wa- ter resources with Uzbekistan of the whole CHAKIR irrigation area. It includes the runoff of Keles and Kurukkeles rivers, inflow of BCMC, Khanym , Zakh , and other canals , and collector-drainage wastewater. This limit was established in the "Scheme of complex use of the Aral sea basin' water re- sources" (Sredazgiprovodkhlopokh, Tashkent, 1973) and legalized by Decision NQ 2 dated February ?'h, 1973 of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan) of the USSR. In the same Decision NQ 2 dated February ?'h, 1973 of the State Planning Committee (Gosplan) of the USSR the limit of irrigation water supply in volume of 1,38 km 3 from was allocated for the former massif "Golodnaya steppe" . Water should be delivered along the main canal "Dostyk" - former canal named after S. Kirov. . So, total volume of water resources supplied to the Republic of Kazakhstan from Uzbekistan may be estimated as being 14,63 km 3 . 23 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Water resources of the rivers formed in Kazakhstan are 3,36 km 3 . Total volume of water re- sources of the Syrdarya river basin in the Republic of Kazakhstan taking into account the water distri- bution is 17,99 km 3 , including inflow from other territories (including runoff of Keles , Kurukkeles, Ugam , Maidantal rivers) - 14,63 km 3 (General scheme of the water resources ' complex use and protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan , «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute», Almaty, 2010» ). According to the studies of possible changes in the Syrdarya river' natural water content for the perspective received during preparation of the Second National Message of the Republic of Uzbekistan for UN RCIC, it may be concluded that practical preservation of modern runoff rates is planned till the year 2030. As regards the changed conditions of the runoff economic use in the Syrdarya river basin up- stream Shardara reservoir during the last 20 years (transition of Toktogul reservoir operation from irri- gation regime to power generation regime, reduction of water consumption for irrigation), the influence of these factors on the inflow to Shardara reservoir is taken into account in further water balance calcu- lations. As it is known , starting from the year 1988 dependence of Kyrgyzstan economy on power gen- eration in winter resulted in gradual transition of Toktogul reservoir operation to power generation re- gime (almost completely power regime since 1993). At that winter inflow to Shardara reservoir started to be about 70% of annual volume in some years . Earlier it was about 40 - 50% of annual volume . In- flow of verge water volume in winter with limited storage capacity of Shardara reservoir and carrying capacity of the Syrdarya riverbed as well as decrease of water discharges from Shardara reservoir to Aidarkul - Arnasai depression in Uzbekistan created serious problems of passage of winter flows , es- pecially in the years with high water content of rare recurrence . Due to the necessity and in the contra- ry to the acting rules winter releases into the Syrdarya river from Shardara reservoir were increased . This resulted in the series of destructive floods , flooding of irrigation systems and separate settlements in the South-Kazakhstan and partially in Kyzylorda regions with significant tangible damages. Reinstatement of the irrigation regime of inflow to Shardara reservoir based on economic agreements with Kyrgyzstan is one of the solutions of the arisen problem. During the last few years , in order to reinstate the Syrdarya river irrigation regime , Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan concluded the agreements on annual compensations to Kyrgyzstan for winter electric energy lost at Toktogul HPP in the form of delivery of energy carriers (coal, gas, etc.). But difficulties in the negotiation processes and their realization as well as the absence of justi- fication of economic advantages of such measures in comparison with other possible measures result- r ed in the decision made on construction of flood-protection Koksarai re-regulating reservoir on the Syrdarya j n the South-Kazakhstan region . In 2008 the construction of Koksarai re-regulating reservoir started in order to reduce maximum winter releases from Shardara reservoir. In 2010 its filling-in start- ed. Beside its main purpose to be operated as flood-protection storage reservoir, Koksarai reservoir also has the other function - to increase water supply of the Syrdarya river downstream reaches. Inflow to Shardara reservoir taking into account Toktogul HPP operation in power regime is ac- cepted as the modern (and perspective) runoff of the Syrdarya river upstream Shardara reservoir. At that the influence of the economic activities , in particular, water consumption for irrigation upstream Shardara reservoir was taken into account. It is anticipated that in the nearest future the water re- sources use in the Syrdarya river basin will reach the level of the year 1990. Values of the distribution curves and volumes (km 3 ) of annual inflow to Shardara reservoir of different probabilities for the years 1912/13 - 2007108 are given in Table 2.7. Table 2.7 Data of the distribution curves and volumes (km 3 ) of annual inflow to Shardara reservoir of different probabilities, 1912/13- 2007/08 Relative error Relative error V0 , km 3 Cv Cs 50% 75% 95% v0 , % c v, % 16,3 3.2 0.31 7,6 2.5Cv 15,6 12,6 9,3 I Vol,umes of the runoff incoming to the downstream reaches (range of the city of Kazalinsk) are accepted in accordance with the materials of «Correction of the Feasibility Study on construction of the flood-protection Koksarai re-regulating reservoir on the Syrdarya river in the South-Kazakhstan reg ion. Volume 5. Water-economic justification , PC «Kazg iprovodkhoz Institute» , Almaty, 2008», which take into account the volumes of water inflow to Shardara reservoir given above, are presented in Table 2.8. Table 2.8 Average long-term Volumes of runoff (km 3 ) of different probability Range volume , km 3 Vo 50% 75% 95% Kazalinsk 5.78 5.78 3.87 2.37 Including for the 1,4 1,4 1,4 1,12 delta Within-year distribution of runoff Under modern conditions and in the perspective the character of within-year distribution of the Syrdarya river runoff (especially for the downstream reaches) depends, first of all , on the operation re- gime of the reservoirs located upstream , chang ing the volumes of water consumption from the basin rivers , as well as on sanitary releases, water losses in the riverbed and volumes of return water. For the pu rposes of the present FS the within-year distribution of the runoff in the year with av- erage water content of 75% (standard) and 95% probability at the range of the city of Kazalinsk is ac- cepted in accordance with the materials of «Correction of the Feasibility Study on construction of the flood-protection Koksarai re-regulating reservoir on the Syrdarya river in the South-Kazakhstan region . Volume 5. Water-economic justification» and is given in Table 2.9. Analysis of calculations performed in this study shows that value of summary discharges for ir- rigation in the downstream reaches , flood ing of the delta, Saryshiganak bay and the Sea is about 60%, sanitary releases and water losses in the riverbed - 40 % of total water volume supplied to the down- stream reaches (water releases from Shardara reservoir + Arys runoff). At that standard water supply of the whole Syrdarya river delta is determined as being 75%, and water volume to be supplied - 1,4 km 3 . Table 2.9 Distribution of runoff incoming to the city of Kazalinsk (with Koksarai re-regulating reservoir) Months x XI XII ·1 II 111 IV v VI VII VIII IX X-111 IV-IX Year Year with average water content Volume, 685 1097 551 551 551 726 201 491 200 200 200 324 4163 1616 5779 min. m3 Flow, 260 417 210 210 210 276 77 187 76 76 76 123 264 102 183 m3/sec Year with low water content of 75% probability Volume, 293 659 351 351 351 337 898 208 87 87 87 156 2343 1523 3867 25 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) min. m" Flow, 111 251 134 134 134 128 341 79 33 33 33 59 149 97 123 m3/sec Year with low water content of 95% probability Volume, 491 1011 78 78 78 78 121 121 79 79 79 79 1813 558 2371 min. m3 Flow, 187 385 30 30 30 29 46 46 30 30 30 30 115 35 75 m3/sec Due to the fact that in reality distribution of annual runoff volumes incoming to Kazalinsk will change depending on many reasons, design options of distribution unfavorable for the delta flooding are accepted for the purposes of the present FS. These options are received as a result of water balance calculations of the series of real inflow to Shardara reservoir for the period of 1977 - 2008. Maximum runoff Due to the fact that the Syrdarya river runoff is controlled by Shardara reservoir, maximum wa- ter levels in the downstream section of the river depend on releases from this reservoir. After. construction of Shardara reservoir maximum water flows in the Syrdarya river were re- duced in winter. But winter inflow to Shardara reservoir increased abruptly after transition of Toktogul reservoir to power generation regime. Idle releases into Arnasai depression and increased releases downstream Shardara reservoir in winter are the consequences of this situation. So, during winter 2004 - 2005 maximum release to Shardara downstream reaches was 866 m 3/sec. Near the city of Ky- zylorda maximum discharges about 990 m 3/sec were observed. As it was mentioned above, high water releases in winter with limited carrying capacity of the Syrdarya riverbed resulted in floods , flooding of the settlements, failure of flood protection dikes. Con- tradicting to the rules of operation , water was released to the irrigation canals , etc. All these resulted in significant tangible damages. At the present time the Committee for Water Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan limits the maximum water releases downstream Shardara reservoir in the year with high water content (and under normal conditions) to the following : period with ice phenomena (XII - 15.111) - 700 (600) m3/sec, period without ice phenomena (16.IV - IX) - 1800 (1500) m3/sec, low season periods (X - XI , 16.111 - 15.IV) - 1500 m3 /sec. In extreme years with probability of P = 0,1% (once in 1000 years) winter releas- es from Shardara reservoir may be increased to 800 m3 /sec. · Maximum water flow of 5% probability (design) at Kazalinsk range , taking into account the op- eration of Koksarai re-regulating reservoir, is 500 m3 /sec (November) , maximum water flow of 1% probability (verifying) is 800 m 3/sec (April - May). Inflow of the Syrdarya river runoff to the city of Kazalinsk in the years with high water content of 5% and 1% probability is given in Table 2.10. Table 2.10 Calculated values of the Syrdarya river runoff at Kazalinsk range in the years with high water content of 5% and 1% probability with Koksarai re-regulating reservoir IV- Months x XI XII .I II Ill IV v VI VII VIII IX X-111 IX Year Year with high water content of 5% probability Vol- ume, 107 130 75 75 70 70 119 553 449 1002 751 903 380 821 700 4 4 0 6 1 1 0 0 3 8 min. m3 Flow, 28 28 26 26 407 497 286 343 145 312 266 453 351 285 318 m3/sec 6 6 6 6 Year with high water content of 1% probability Vol- 121 99 99 100 131 210 210 137 50 22 611 721 1332 ume, 591 909 3 6 3 9 0 2 4 4 3 0 1 0 1 1 min . m Flow, 37 38 19 3 225 462 380 499 800 800 522 84 346 387 457 422 m /sec 7 0 0 Minimum water flows Minimum water flows determine the volume of sanitary releases . According to SNiP 3907-85, volume of sanitary releases ·should not be less than minimum average daily discharge in the year of 95% probability. According to the «Methodic instructions on development of schemes of the small riv- ers' water protection » (RD 33-5.3.02-84) , to determine the sanitary releases the following is used: 1. for non-controlled water ways - the lowest average monthly discharge in the year of 95% probability; 2. for controlled water ways - established guaranteed discharge downstream the dam . Jee regime Frequent warm and cold air surges during winter period are typical for the territory under study. Such surges stipulate instability of cold periods and their replacement by thaws . All these create wide diversity in terms of appearance and disappearance of ice phenomena as well as their instability. Process of ice formation is determined also by the series of hydrological and hydraulic charac- teristics of the river: flow velocity, on which the possibility of freeze-up formation depends, formation of bottom ice; river depth , inclination , roughness of the riverbed bottom, etc. Water flows and other hy- draulic characteristics determine the flow transportation ability, on which the movement of intra-water ice depends. Lithologic structure and distribution of rocks in the basin as well as their fracturing stipulate dif- ferent conditions of underground replenishment, and , consequently, different degree of groundwater influence on thermal ice regime of the rivers . Due to changes in climatic and hydrological conditions along the Syrdarya river, different types of ice regime are peculiar for different sections of the river. Temperature difference in the Syrdarya riv- er basin are so large that in downstream reaches the river is freezing every year, but in upstream - very rare. Border between two phases of ice formation is moving along the river: during cold periods - upstream , during warming - downstream. The Syrdarya river section under study may be divided into 3 sections by character of freezing- up (km from Shardara): 1. section from the sea to 1583,2 km . Always frazil ice (from the NAS to Amanotkel) ; 2. section 1583,2 - 1459 km . Usually it is freezing smoothly, as a pond . Ice mainly is crys- talline (from Amanotkel to Kazalinsk gauging station) ; 3. section 1459 - 1386 km (from Kazalinsk gauging station to Mailybas) is characterized by steep meanders. There the frazil ice is stopped and thick ice jams are created followed by the river overflow. Ice phenomena in the form of shore ice and frazil ice first appear in the Syrdarya downstream reaches , in average, in the third 'ten-day period of November near Kazalinsk (22.XI), and , spreading upstream , reach Shardara reservoir downstream areas, in average, at the end of December. Average number of days with ice phenomena in the downstream reaches is 129 days (Kazalinsk), and in the upstream reaches - only 13 days (downstream Shardara reservoir, based on number of winters with ice phenomena). Average duration of autumn frazil ice drift is two weeks , though in some years it may be 50 and even 70 days. If the frazil ice drift is not interrupted by the next thaw, the freeze-up starts. At that the river freezing-up starts from the river mouth by congelation and stoppage of frazil ice bunches. 27 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) • Movement of ice edge upstream the river in autumn is uneven, by formation of the series of ice cross connections, which (in 72% of cases) are formed in the meanders near their tops. The Syrdarya river freezing-up is from downstream to upstream reaches, by the break of ice cover is going visa versa. Coming from upstream relatively warm water is thawing ice, stipulating movement of ice edge downstream . Simultaneously the pools are formed in ice cover increasing in number and size. Ice cover is broken into the series of cross connections, but not so expressed as dur- ing freezing-up. Based on everything stated above it may be concluded that freezing-up at each sepa- rate point of the river may be considered as ice edge movement from downstream , and break - as ice edge movement from upstream . Comparing velocity of ice edge movement at different distances from the mouth, the following is found out: 1. during break of ice cover dependence of average long-term velocity of ice edge move- ment on distance from the mouth is clearly expressed , at the downstream 200 km it is 50 km/day, at 400 km it decreases to 30 km/day, at the other sections it is unchanged and equal to 17 km/day; 2. during freezing-up such dependence is absent, but there is a certain trend of velocity in- crease towards the mouth. Break of ice cover on the river occurs under influence of thermal and mechanical factors. Break of ice cover occurs due to ice melting at the edge as well as due to its breaking at significant distance from the edge. Average duration of ice drift is 2 - 4 days, in some years it may exceed even 20 days. When the river is freezing-up initially, the highest ice thickness is observed at ice jams, the low- est - at sections with crystalline ice near the pools. Later this difference becomes more uniform. Ice thickness continues to increase till middle - end of February. The highest thickness is mainly observed in the first half of February. Maximum ice thickness in 1969 was 121 cm (near Kazalinsk) . Special observations of ice jams on the Syrdarya river were not conducted . Available data on them at gauging stations are limited to registration of ice jam availability. Ice jams formed in the down- stream reaches of the river are of the most interest. They are followed by high increases of water lev- els, failure of flood protection dikes, flooding of railroad , etc. The highest water level in the downstream sections of the river is usually observed at the edge of ice freezing, when it is moving upstream or downstream . In the most cases the highest water level during winter is observed, when break of ice cover occurs, most often - in the last day with ice cover and in the first day without ice cover. Rarely it is observed during freezing-up and ice cover formation (Table 2.11 ). Table 2.11 Number of winters(%) with the highest level Gauging sta- Total number of winters with obser- during the period of tion vations break of ice freezing ice-formation cover Kazalinsk 52 6 15 79 So, most often the dangerous phenomena are observed at congestion , but not at ice jams. At all gauging stations the highest winter level is, most often, higher than the highest summer level. This happens as frequent as closer to the river mouth. Characteristic of ice phenomena at Kazalinsk range is given in Table 2.12. Table 2.12 Characteristics of ice phenomena on the Syrdarya river near Kazalinsk Autumn and winter ice phenomena Spring ice drift Date • Maximum ice Period Characteristics Duration of freeze- Start of au- Start of Start End thickness, cm up tumn ice drift freeze - up 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Average 23.11(89%) Dec. , 09 109 March 28 March 30 1911- 22, Earliest (the Oct. , 19 10.11 .1976 148 05.03.1958 09.03.1958 121 1923- highest) 32 , Year(% of cases) 1976 No data 1975-76 No data. No data 05.03.1969 1933- Latest (the low- Dec. , 20 17.02.1989 38 12.04.1954 13.04 1927 No data 93 ,95- est) 98 Year(% of cases) 1971(no data) No data 1913 (14) No data 1954 No data Process of ice formation in Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems occurs in November, December and sometimes in January. At that ice on less deep lakes of the system is usually formed earlier than on Kamyshlybash lake. Ice is reaching its highest thickness at the end of winter, up to 60-80 cm. Increase of ice thick- ness is going quite fast. Ice thickness on the main lake varied from 35 to 50 cm already in the second ten-day period of January 1974. Sediment runoff Usually changes in water turbidity and discharge of suspended solids have the same character as changes in water runoff, but variations of the first ones are more abrupt. In all rivers on the territory under study the main part of sediment runoff is transformed during warm season . It is necessary to point out that sediment runoff in the rivers of the Syrdarya river basin is studied insufficiently. The most complete and detailed are the studies performed by KazNll Goscomhydromet (Monographs «Surface water resources» and «Surface water of the South Kazakhstan») . Regime of sediment runoff in some rivers on the territory under study is significantly distorted by water abstraction for irrigation and water supply. Value of sediment runoff is increasing by 3-4 times during the years with high water content comparing to the years with average water content. At that coarse suspended solids are prevailing . In the years with low water content the sediment runoff is decreasing by dozens of times. In these years the finer suspended solids are prevailing. Average discharges of suspended solids for the period of observations at Kazalinsk range are given in Table 2.13. 29 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) t • Table 2.13 Average discharges of suspended solids for the period of observations, (kg/sec) in the Syrdarya river near Kazalinsk Months Summary char- acteristics for the Year period of obser- I. II 111 IV v VI VII VIII IX x XI XII vations Average 56.0 99.0 220 970 960 1100 900 450 220 210 260 110 480.0 The highest 170 470 660 2300 2600 3500 3100 2400 1700 990 910 460 1400 The lowest 3.20 2.70 9.50 110 4.90 0.50 0.14 0.17 0.07 0.18 3.00 8.20 29.0 2.4 Surface water quality Evaluation of water quality is based on PR RK 52.5.06-03 «Methodic recommendations on per- formance of complex studies and evaluation of environmental pollution in the areas subject to intensive man-made impact. Rules on environmental monitoring» approved by the Vice-minister of Environmen- tal Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan at 20.04.2003. In accordance with the «Methodic recommendations ... » pollutants are divided into 6 conditional groups: main ions; biogenic elements; heavy metals; toxic agents; organic matters and chlmine- organic compound~ . Evaluation of water pollution at the controlled range is done by Complex Index of Water Pollution (CIWP), which is an integral parameter of certain pollution indexes for 6 conditional groups. Classification of the water bodies' pollution by CIWP is given in Table 2.14. Table 2.14 Classification of the water bodies' pollution by CIWP value Evaluating indexes of pollution Degree of water pollution CIWP Dissolved oxygen , mg/I BOD, mg/I 1. Standard clean < 1.0 > 4.0 < 3.0 2. Moderately polluted 1,0-3,0 4,0-3,0 3,0-6,0 3. High level of pollution 3,0-10,0 3,0-2,0 6,0-8,0 4. Extremely hiqh level of pollution >10.0 < 2.0 > 8.0 Complex parameters of surface water pollution in the Syrdarya river at Kazalinsk range for the period of 1986 - 2006 by periods of different activity of economic branches are given in Table 2.15 ac- cording to the data of the «Scheme of the water resources' complex use and protection in the Syrdarya river basin on the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan , «Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute», Almaty, 2008» . There the exact pollutants with values exceed ing MPC are given . Complex parameters of surface water pollution in the Syrdarya river at Kazalinsk range for the period of 1986-2006 Table 2.15 Exceeding of MPC by groups of pollutants for fishery (MPC f) and industrial-drinking Evaluation of • Exceed ing of (MPC d) use. Complex index of water pollution (CIWP). water by degree MPC by water of pollution ac- Chlorine - cording to the use Biogenic Organic mat- Main Heavy Toxic organic CIWP Classification elements ters ions metals agents compounds 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1986-1990 3,0 (S04- 1,1 4,72 5.81 1,9 16,0 High level of MPCf (N02-1.1) (Hcp-4.72) Mg-1 .86 (Fe-1 .9) (F-1 6 .0) - 5,34 pollution Na- 1.32) 1,52 (S04- 1,53 1.38 Moderate pollu- MPCd - (Hcp- 1.53) Mg- 1.86 - - - 1,53 tion Min - 1.32) 1991-1999 2,96 (S04- 3,17 1,55 4,73 6.23 10,3 High level of MPCf (N02-1.55) (Hcp-4.73) (Fe-2 .9; (F-10.3) - 4 ,54 pollution Mg-1.6 Cu-3.44) Na- 1.06) 1,33 (S04- 1,17 1.25 1,28 Moderate pollu- MPCd - - - 1,26 (Hcp-1 .17) Mg-1.6 (Fe-1 .28) ti on Min - 1.14) 2000-2006 2,9 (S04- 2,58 1,28 5.74 10,6 High level of MPCf (N02-1 .28) - Mg-1 .64 (Fe-1.24; (F-10.6) - 4,34 pollution Cu-3 .92) Na - 1.33) 1,31 (S04- 1.15 Moderate pollu- MPCd - - Mg-1 .64 - - - 1,31 ti on Min- 1.13) Note: in brackets the order of MPC exceeding by the pollutants is given (n itrite nitrogen - N0 2 ; petro- chemicals - Hep; suphate - 80 4 ; magnesium - Mg ; sod ium - Na; total iron - Fe; copper - Cu ; fluorine - F; miner- alization - Min.). Before regulating and extensive use of the Syrdarya river runoff, water salinity in the down- stream reaches varied insignificantly. Content of salts in water was 500-700 mg/I , and by chemical con- tent water was hydro-carbonate - calcium . Later on , due to development of irrigated agriculture in the 31 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-ll) river basin, increase of inflowing of waste and return water as well as due to significant regulation of the runoff, increase of water mineralization and changes in its chemical content to sulphate - sodium occurred. Values of average mineralization for different periods and years at Shardara and Kazalinsk ranges reflecting the dynamics of the ongoing processes are given in Table 2.16 Table 2.11 Water mineralization at gauging stations, mg/I Years Shardara Kazalinsk Amanotkel 1951-1969 - 711 - 1961-1970 - 1101 - 1971-1975 - 1564 - 1984 1197 1979 - 1986 982 965 - 1987 1204 1520 - 1988 1060 1297 - 1989 1282 1420 1498 1990 1229 1052 1288 1991 1046 1124 1052 The data of Kazhydromet given in Table 2.16 reflect the dynamic of growth of average annual water mineralization . In some periods the increase of mineralization to 2800 mg/I in the river mouth was observed . Water quality for industrial-drinking and cultural-domestic use, according to the data published in Kazhydromet Information Bulletin for the 2n d quarter 2009, Issue 2 (18) «On status of the environ- ment and population health in the Aral sea region» is given in Table 2.17. In the regional districts water sampling was performed at district water intakes (water from the Syrdarya river before treatment and filtration) , from underground sources - deep boreholes, water pipeline network and de-centralized water supply sources (shallow wells , standpipes) . The main criteria of the water samples' quality from municipal and district water intakes, deep boreholes and de-centralized sources are the values of Maximum Permissible Concentrations (MPC) of the harmful substances in water from the water bodies for industrial-drinking and cultural-domestic use, for water pipelines - hygienic standards of harmful substances content in drinking water. In all districts of the region and in the city of Kyzylorda the main pollutants are: color, turbidity, water hardness, sulphates, dry residue. Water from deep boreholes has the best qualities. Water from these sources in the region is exceeding MPC by water hardness (1 ,0-1 ,3 MPC), sulphates (1 ,3-1 ,8 MPC) and dry residue (1 ,0-1 ,5 MPC) . Water from the water pipelines on the whole territory of the region is exceeding MPC by color (1 ,2-1,6 MPC), turbidity (1 ,0-1 ,9 MPC) , dry residue (1 , 1-1,6 MPC) , by water hardness (1 ,1-1 ,6 MPC) , sulphates (1 ,2-1 ,7 MPC). Water from de-centralized water supply sources has high level of color (1 ,0-1 ,2 MPC), turbidity (1 ,1-2,0 MPC) , sulphates (1 ,0-1 ,5 MPC) , water hardness (1 ,0-1 ,6 MPC) , dry residue (1 ,05-1 ,8 MPC) . Water from the surface water sources mixed with water from the underground sources is mainly used in the regional water supply network. So, in the Syrdarya river water coming to the water intake, before its treatment and filtration , high levels of color (1 ,0-1 ,7 MPC), turbidity (1,4-3,3 MPC) , water hardness(1 ,1-1 ,8 MPC) , sulphates (1 ,0-1,4 MPC), dry residue (1 ,1-1 ,9 MPC) are observed . Drinking water has high levels of water hardness and mineralization in all districts of the region Status of water for industrial-drinking and cultural -domestic use in Kazalinsk and Aralsk dis- tricts of Kzylorda region , 2 quarter of the year of 2009 Table 2.17 .' Content of pollutants in the 2 quarter 2009, exceeding MPC Place of sam- piing Average con- Order of MPC ex- Name of sampling Components centration ceeding point, district ma/I De-centralized Water hardness 7,9 1,1 sources Sulphates 521 ,9 1,0 Orv residue 1059,2 1,1 City of Kazalinsk, Color 39,5 1,5 Kazalinsk district Turbidity . 3,0 2,0 District water in- Water hardness 8, 1 1, 1 take Sulphates 725 1,4 Dry residue 1520 1,5 Water hardness 8,4 1,2 Deep boreholes Dry residue 1300 1,3 Turbidity 2,9 1,9 Water hardness 9, 1 1,3 Water pipeline Sulphates 896,5 1,7 Dry residue 1690, 1 1,6 De-centralized Color 27,0 1,1 sources Water hardness 9, 1 1,3 Turbidity 3, 1 2,0 Sulphates 670,0 1,3 Dry residue 1680,5 1,7 City of Aralsk, Color 44 1,7 Aralsk district Turbid ity 5,0 3,3 District water in- Water hardness 12,9 1,8 take Sulphates 690 1,4 Dry residue 1805 1,8 Water hardness 9,0 1,3 Deep boreholes Dry residue 1480 1,5 Water hardness 10,1 1,4 Water pipeline Dry residue 1650, 1 1,6 De-centralized Color 28,4 1, 1 sources Water hardness 11,4 1,6 Turbidity 1,6 1,1 Sulphates 770,0 1,5 Dry residue 1690,0 1,7 Physical - chemical parameters of water in Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems for the year 2005 are given in Table 2.18 (data of Aralsk Branch of SPCF (HnL_\PX)). 33 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Table 2.18 Transparency, Temperature, Oxygen, Mineralization , Lakes Depth , m m c o mg/dm 3 mg/dm 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kamyshlybash 6,0-9,7 0,8-1,4 20,3-22,2 6,2-9,2 5594-6530 Laikol 3,6 2,1 21 ,9 7,0 5797 Kayazdy 4,4 2,5 22,0 7,4 4642 Raimkol 3,1 1,9 22,0 5,8 1204 Zhalanashkol 3,4 1,3 22,3 6,1 1508 Akshatau 6,0-17,0 1,3-1 ,5 19,2-20,3 5,1-7,1 4110-7069 Karakol 8,0 2,7 21 ,3 6,5 4826 Dynamics of changes in water mineralization (g/dm 3 ) in Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake sys- tems in different years is given in Table 2.19. Table 2. 19 Lake system 1971-1978 1993 1994 2000 2004 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kamyshlybash 1,5-7,7 3,9-5,7 2,1-5,5 6,5-8,0 1,5-7,7 Akshatau 1,0-6,0 4,4-3,0 1,3-4,2 5,0-5,5 1,8-7,6 The data given in the tables show that dynamics of the main hydro-chemical parameters in general remains stable from year to year. Mineralization of lake water is more noticeable depending on the volume of fresh river runoff inflowing into the lakes. 2.5 Hydrogeological conditions The present Section is prepared based on the available archive materials and engineering - geological survey specially conducted in September 2009 on the territory studied in the FS. Engineering - geological survey were performed on the sites planned in the FS for construction of the river barrages (by options) at "Amanotkel-2" and "Raim" ranges as well as at the points of offtakes to the water supply canals Sovetzharma, Taupzharma , Beszharma, Akkoisoigan , Akshatau , etc. Detailed report on the performed engineering - geological survey is presented in Volume 5 of the present FS . Below are given the main conclusions from the above-mentioned Report. Geological conditions In the gee-morphological respect the Project area is located in the Strdarya modern delta, with- in which three types of relief are distinguished : table-remnant plain (the Palaeogene plateau); abrasive - accumulative plain and delta-alluvial plain. The plain Sl..lrface is even, complicated by modern floodplain , dry riverbeds , channels, old riv- erbeds and numerous canals and dikes. Formation of the plain is connected , first of all , to accumula- tive activity of the Syrdarya river, and - to less extent - to erosion activity. The river erosion activity is clearly expressed at the sites with close bedd ing of more ancient rocks . All structures proposed in the FS are located within the floodplain part of the river. Surface ab- solute elevations vary from 54 to 58 m asl. Floodplain forms an abrupt ledge 1,5-3,5 m high. The flood- plain relief is disturbed by flood protection dikes 1-2 m high, small canals , shallow gullies and depres- sions 0,5 - 2,5 m and craters with diameter from 1-5 m to 15725 m. The river valley with in the high floodplain is covered with bush vegetation (tugai) . Cll VII Vllllll;;llli:ll lllljli:ll:l tt::.::.r;;;::,::.111r;;;11L Complex of the Quaternary sediments and complex of the upper Eocene formations (P23) of Saxaul suite participate in the geological structure of the Project area (to the investigated depth). Complex of the Quaternary sediments is presented by the soils of alluvial genesis. The full thickness of the sediments is established according to the data of drilling works and varies from 8 to 15m. In the lithologic respect the soils are presented by sands of different coarseness , loamy sands, loams and clays . Lithologic differences are not always consistent by thickness and spreading . Complex of the upper Eocene sediments is mainly presented by greenish-grey and bluish-grey clays , interlayers of greenish-grey sands. Clays have the horizontal bedding . According to the archive materials the thickness of the described sediments is up to 60-120 m . . Hvdro-geological conditions Groundwater bearing complex in the Quaternary sediments is spread within the floodplain and above-floodplain terraces of the Syrdarya river. Soils of different mechanical content with interlayers and lenses of clays , loams and loamy sands are the water bearing rocks. Seepage velocity in the sands of the Syrdarya river' alluvial sed iments varies from 0,2 to 1,3m/day and is up to 0,008 m/day on the pr~-Aral sites. Water level regime of the groundwater in the Syrdarya shoreline directly depends · on the sur- face water reg ime. General direction of the groundwater flow is along the riverbed . Long-term seasonal variations of groundwater table are within 0,37-2,74 m depending on the relief and lithologic composi- tion of the soils, which form the exact site planned for. Watered thickness varies from 2 to 8 m. Mineralization is diverse, but regularity is observed in its distribution by area . Water with mineralization from 2 to 8 g/I are observed as a narrow strip along the Syrdarya riv- er/ Moving away from the river their mineralization increases to 15 g/I. The main groundwater deposits used for water supply are remote from the Syrdarya main riv- erbed and are not stud ied in the present FS . 35 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-ll) Main conclusions • In general the engineering - geological and hydro-geological conditions at the Project site do not contradict with the construction of hydraulic structures planned in the FS. • Water erosion (scour of the banks, etc.), soil salinization and swamping belong to the dangerous physical-geological processes revealed on the given site. • Soils have strong sulphate and mean chloride aggressiveness to concrete and reinforced concrete structures independently on concrete class by impermeability to water with common Portland- cement. • Soils' corrosivity to metals and metal structures is high. • Groundwater has weak and mean sulphate aggressiveness to concrete and reinforced concrete structures with common Portland cement. It also has mean chloride aggressiveness to reinforce- ment of the reinforced concrete structures under periodic wetting . • The Syrdarya river water does not have aggressiveness to concrete and reinforced concrete struc- tures by content of sulphate-ion and chlor-ion. • Dewatering works should be foreseen during construction of the structures' foundations in water- saturated soils. • According to SNiP RK 2.03.04-2001 the Site seismicity is estimated as being 5 degrees. • Average standard depth of freezing is 1,33 m. • : In accordance with SN RK 8.02-05-2002 construction groups of soils by difficulty of excavation by single-bucket excavator are as follows: sands (mean coarse, fine, very fine) - I category; loamy sands (solid , plastic) - I category; loams (solid, soft plastic - II category; Quaternary clays (soft and tightly plastic) - II category; upper Eocene clays .(solid) - IV category. 2.6 Soil conditions Soil cover at the Project are of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems is described accord- ing to the results of the reconnaissance survey with drilling of two boreholes at "Koszhar" site of Ka- myshlybash fish hatchery as well as using the materials of NATO Project «Integrated water resources management for rehabilitation of wetlands in the Aral sea basin». Soil cover at "Koszhar" site of Kamyshlybash fish hatchery is presented by brown desert soils. The Palaeogene saline marine sediments serve as the soil formation rocks. In the relief depres- sions the Palaeogene saline clays are outcropping at some places or are bedded close to the day sur- face . Sor solonchak sites located along the shoreline of Kamyshlybash lake are connected to them. The soil formation rocks are low-carbonate (C0 2 ~ 1-2%) and contain gypsum and easily soluble salts from the depth of 0,5 m. Brown desert soils are characterized by small thickness of humus layers (A+B=20-30 cm) , low humus content (0,5-1 ,0 %) , low content of gross nitrogen (0,05-0,07 %) and elements for plants' feed- ing . Absorption capacity in the upper layer is 6-14 mg-equiv per 100 g of soils. Calcium is prevailing in the foundation ' composition (82-88 %) , content of sodium is less than 5 %. Salinization is observed from the depth of 40-70 cm. J. J Vj\.1\.11. J. HU..3\.1 J..J \IJ .J .l. .. rl.IJ-.J..J.) The following distribution of soil cover is typical for the Project area studied in the FS, equal to 1100,4 km 2 : desert sandy and brown sandy soils - 11 ,5% of the whole territory; brown and grey-brown solonchak soils - 43,9% ; sor solonchak - 2,0%; meadow-swamp and swamp-meadow soils - 15,5% ; The remaining part of the Project area is occupied by water surface - 27, 1%. According to the data of the Soil Science Institute RK (Almaty, 1984), the following elements were found out in the soils of the Syrdarya river delta at the site under study: copper 12-18 mg/kg; zinc 60-90 mg/kg ; molybdenum 0,89-2,4 mg/kg; manganese 900-1250 mg/kg ; cobalt 5-10 mg/kg . Soils' characteristics at the site are not limiting the construction . In accordance with the «Instructions on topsoil cutting during development of mineral deposits, performance of construction , survey and other works connected to disturbance of the soil cover» (Al- ma-Ata, 1980) the limit, which restricts topsoil cutting at the land plots provided for permanent use, is content of humus equal to 1 % in the layer - for soils of desert zone . 2.7 Biological resources Preservation of biological diversity and natural habitats nowadays becomes one of the priority problems of the natural resources ' rational use. The main issues in determining character of impact on biological resources are: protection of species, which are under the threat of disappearance, protection of the most important habitats, and protection and rational use of the sites with the primeval nature. The latter present by themselves the natural territories only slightly disturbed by the humans' activities. They have special value as the habitats of local species of flora and fauna supporting preservation of biolog ical diversity and being , in some cases , one of the sources of economic well-being of local popu- lation. 2.7.1 Vegetation Natural lakes and swamps in the Syrdarya floodplain are covered with typical variable series of plants of swamped territories , for example (from water bodies to dry areas): submersible vegetation (Potamogeton spp.) , bank vegetation (Phragm ites , Typha , Schoenoplectus and other types of reeds) , bush vegetation (tamarisk, oleaster). The whole territory is characterized by very diverse mosaic of the site' peculiarities, certain micro- and meso-relieves, variable groundwater table and processes of min- eralization and desalination connected to them . Vegetation peculiarities are changing with time due to very dynamic conditions of the site as regards relief, foundation layers, salinity and hydrology. Under arid conditions of the area under study with average precipitation about 100-150 mm , grass vegetation is developing under the influence of high groundwater table or temporary flooding joined to the factors preventing establishing of wood vegetation , such as pastures and hayfields. In the floodplains natural water conditions may be suitable for development of grass vegetation , but in the areas outside the river valley such conditions are usually artificial. The so-called limans are the ancient systems of irrigated meadows. They me be compared with the meadows in the river floodplains creat- ed by cutting of bush and wood vegetation but naturally flooded . Plain areas close to the river in spring 37 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea ·Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) , • are flooded approximately by 0.5 - 1 m, usually with the help of the river capture or water diversion via canals . After one or two months the sites are drying out and may be used as hayfields or pastures. Meadow swamps are characterizes by high moisture and domination of different reed species. Usually they are located in small and extended depression. Such reed species as Phragmites australis and Bolboschoenus maritimus mixed with typical plants of swamped areas (Eleocharis argyrolepis, Eleocharis acicularis, Lythrum salicaria, Butomus umbellatus) are dominating in the most limans. This reflects the long-term flooding , higher groundwater table (1-2 m during dry season) and less intensive use (rare cutting). Soils are typical humic and may be turf like. Typical (mesophilous) meadows are developed in the plain areas with groundwater table 1.5- 3m and periodic short-term flooding . Meadow soils are less humic than the soils at meadow swamps. Dominating plants are tall grasses such as Elytrigia repens (Elytrigia, Calamagrostis epigeios, C. pseudophragmites 1.-1 Cynodon dactylon). In more saline soils the associations of Puccinellia tenuissima are formed. Meadow halophytes are developed on solonchak soils with groundwater table close to the surface and mineralization of other meadow types. Usually they are covering only small areas. Domi- nating plants are grasses Aeluropus littoralis, Puccinellia tenuissima , P. dolicholepis, and P. diffusa. There also the reserve plots of reeds are found (Phragmites australis sap. acanthophylla) with partici- pation of annual species of saltwort (Salicornia europaea, pro-strata of Suaeda) , Limonium otolepis, Bolboschoenus, Juncus, Xanthium and Crypsis. Solonchaks are depressions in the desert that are under influence, at least, temporary high groundwater table. Soil is clayey. Capillaries up from saline groundwater due to high evaporation result in high concentration of soluble salts in the soil top layer. If the soil is dried , it has typical solid or swol- len structure. Solonchaks are covered with vegetation of annual salt-tolerant herbs (Salicornia and Salsola spec.) and shrubs (Anabasis salsa, Halocnemum strobilaceum, Halostachys belangeriana). Black saxaul (Haloxylon aphyllum) , tamarisk (Tamarjx hispida and other spec.) and reed (Phragmites australis) may play a certain role in vegetation , where salt content is moderate. Reeds (Phragmites australis) are growing in the dried beds of former lakes. In time , when the areas are overgrown by more dry bush vegetation (Tamarix ramosissima Halimodendron haloden- dron), different species of grasses are also spreading (Karelinia caspia , Limonium otolepis, pseudo camel's thorn , lycyrrhiza glabra) , including annual saltworts (Atriplex tatarica , Climacoptera lanata, Pe- trosimonia oppositifolia, Suaeda acuminata). As a result of desertification in the Syrdarya delta and floodplain caused by the runoff control, reed swamps, small river branches and lakes in the old riverbeds are dried up, and vegetation changes towards large quantity of xerophytic character. Reed , meadow swamps and woodlands are drying par- tially. There the following processes may be observed: on the one side - processes of desertification of the swamped areas, on the other side - formation of a new meadow as the vegetation on the dried lakes. On the other sites new swamped areas are formed by release of surplus water. These sites within several seasons are colonized by typical plants of swamped areas. Weedy herbs (Xanthium strumarium , Lepidium latifolium, Polygonum patulum) and annual salt- worts (Salicornia europaea, Suaeda linifolia, S. prostrata), which were formerly found mainly on aban- doned fields are now more widespread and are often replacing grass species (Calamagrostis epigeios, C.pseudophragmites, Elytrigia repens) in the meadows. Another succession process of the meso- philous vegetation in the Syrdarya valley is the progressing dispersal of shrubs (Halimodendron halodendron , Tamarix ramosissima, T. hispida). Pastures in the delta, according to the records, contained more than 300 fodder plants, 50 herb species, 20 species used for tannin extraction (mainly zhuzgun species, Calligonum spec.), 5 etheric oil-producing plants (including Salicornia from dried area), and 4 insecticide-producing species (includ- ing Anabasis leaves). Bare licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), a valuable medicinal plant is now diminishing. In 1960-1961 , some 15,000 ha of bare licorice herb could still be found on the Syrdarya and Amudarya floodplains , whereas in 1990, less than 500 ha of this herb remained . Prevailing communities (types and modifications of types of fodder areas), average crop capaci- ty of pastures and hayfields, use, cultural - technical status are given below. Reed , reed-weed , reed mace - reed , reed - motley grass are developed on meadow-swamp and alluvial-meadow soils. Selective hayfields have crop capacity of 5,8-16,3 centner/ha of dry mass, spring - summer pastures have crop capacity of 1,9-15,1 centner/ha. White land wormwood , ephemeral white land wormwood , white land wormwood - ephemeral - motley grass are developed on grey-brown , sometimes saline soils, biurgun - on solonetz. Pastures • have crop capacity of 1,4-3,9 centner/ha of dry mass. Tamarisk - saltwort, motley grasses are developed on meadow solonchaks. Pastures have crop capacity of 0,7-6,0 centner/ha of dry mass. Except economic and resource significance the vegetation cover also fulfils such important functions as water protection , erosion protection, landscape stabilization. Any violation of vegetation stimulates the processes of erosion, deflation and finally results in desertification on large areas. The following plants belong to the higher water plants widely spread in the Syrdarya river delta on the shores of lakes and swamps: reed mace, reed mace family, 2 species - broad-leaved reed mace and narrow-leaved reed mace; cane , sedge family, 2 species - lacustrine cane and seaside tu- berous cane , and finally reed , cereal family, one specie - common reed . To typical floating plants belong spatterdock (water lily) and duckweed , submerged - pond- weeds , Chara, water weed and tape grass. Swarm swimming microorganisms known as plankton are divided into plants (mainly algae) , called phytoplankton , and animal (mainly crustaceous and protozoa) called zooplankton . It is necessary to point out that the higher water plants have the unique ability to accumulate substances dissolved in water in their tissues and thereby clean soil-water medium. Map of vegetation of the Project area accepted in the FS at filling of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems to elevation 55,8 m asl is given on Figure 2.2. It Table 2.20 its legend is given . In preparation of the map the materials of NATO Project «Integrated water resources management for rehabilitation of wetland in the Aral sea basin» were used. Materials on investigation of separate lakes are taken from SYNAS - II Project (Report 3 - «Environmental Impact Assessment») . 39 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Praject Phase II (SYNAS-II) ,, Vegetation Map of the project area ,/ / Kamyshlybashskoy Akshatauskoy and lake system ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ // .nereHAa / ,/ Kn acc BblAena ,/ / - CJ Class 1 / I Class 2 Class 3 / / Class 4 / Class 5 / - Class 6 / / CJ Class 7 ,/- Class 8 ,./ CJ Class 9 -----------/ / / / /•' , ,/- /' _:./ Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) t - Table 2.20 Legend to the Map of Vegetation of the Project area for Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems Marked Crop ca- Possible replacement of Type of land out Vegetation characteristics pacity, vegetation at the territory areas class centner/ha drying-up 1 2 3 4 5 Reed and tuberous cane swamp meadows on Water- meadow-swamp soils - Bushes of cane , reed mace and 1 35-55 swamp areas suaeda-saltwort with reed reed at the shallow waters (WSA) on solonchak soils -bush (tamarisk) on meadow sol- onchak Woodreed-reed meadows Thick bushes of reed (2-3 ,5 m) Water- on meadow-swamp soils at the shallow waters and silty- swamp areas (20-25 centner/ha) - salt- 2 swamp and swamp soils along 70-110 (WSA) and wort - reed on meadow the shore (groundwater table selective solonchaks (8-10 cent- <1 m) hayfields ner/ha). Motley grass - cereal Reed , tuberous reed , wood- meadows (5-10 centner/ha) reed-reed on meadow-swamp Selective 3 15-25 - saltwort-zhantak with and swamp-meadow soils hayfields reed desertified meadows (groundwater table >1-2m) (3-5 centner/ha) . Motley grass - cereal and ce- Annual saltwort - motley real - motley grass meadows grass desertified meadows 4 (licorice, woodreed , couch 6-12 Hayfields (licorice, zhantak) (3-7 grass, zhantak) sometimes with centner/ha) - wormwood - participation of bushes bush pastures Tugai bushes (chingil, nitre- Halophyte bushes bush , tamarisk) with single Selective (karabarak, nitrebush, lyci- trees of oleaster and poplar in 5 10-15 hayfields and um) with annual saltwort - combination with cereal - lico- tugai reed cover (3-5 cent- rice meadows (reed , woodreed , ner/ha). couch-orass , barley) Annual saltwort and halophyte 6 bush (halocnemum , saltwort, 2-3 Pastures Territory is not flooded climacoptera) at sor solonchak Zonal desert ephemeral - wormwood , biurgun- 7 wormwood , saltwort - 2-5 Pastures Territory is not flooded wormwood at brown and grey- brown solonchak soils Zonal desert ephemeral - subshrub (saltwort, kokpek) at 8 2-4 Pastures Territory is not flooded brown and grey-brown salon- chak soils .Ephemeral - wormwood , yerkek-wormwood with bush (eurotia, atraphaxis, yeremo- 9 3-8 Pastures Territory is not flooded spartan) on desert sandy soils and brown sandy on plain and low-hilly sands Kamyshlybash lake system. Raimkol and Zhalanashkol lakes were surveyed Raimko/ /ake At the Syrdarya riverbed shelf cocklebur groups (Xanthium strumarium) were found. At the higher elevation of the riverbed shelf in the cocklebur groups crypsis (Crypsis aculeata) and coming-up of oleaster (Elaeagnus oxycarpa) , willow (Salix songorica) , reed grass (Phragmites australis) are found. At the riverbed embankment the dense shrubby bushes were formed - lycium tamarisk - silvery salt tree (Halimodendron halodendron, Tamarix ramosissima, T.hispida, T.laxa, Lycium ruthenicum). At the slopes of the riverbed embankment the tamarisk cenosis (Tamarix hispida, T.ramosissima) with halostachys (Ha/ostachys belangeriana) and annual halophytic (Suaeda acuminata, C/imacoptera bra- chiata, Petrosimonia triandra) grass horizon are presented . The annual halophytic cenosis (Suaeda prostrata, Sa/sofa foliosa) with halophytic bushes (Halostachys belangeriana, Tamarix hispida, Lycium ruthenicum) interchanges with solonchak sites with hyper-halophytic bushes (Suaeda physophora, S.microphila, Kalidium capsicum, K.foliatum, Halocnemum strobilaceum). · At the strongly wetted and shallow water sections of Raimkol lake the reed mace (Typha an- gustifolia, T.minima), juncaceous (Scirpus /acustris, S.littoralis, S.kazachstanicus), reedy (Phragmites australis) and tuber bulrush (Bolboschoenus planiculmis) communities are spread . Around the lake close to the shore line the tamarisk communities are found (ephemer, aeluropus, annual halophytic). The strong man-made disturbance is typical. It is determined by grazing, numerous canals and fires. Around Raim settlement t~e annual halophytic vegetation with anabasis (Climacoptera lanata, • C.aralensis, Petrosimonia triandra, Ceratoracpus utricu/osus, Anabasis aphylla) is widely spread03epo Zha/anashko/ /ake The water and coastal-water communities of tuber bulrush (Bolboschoenus planiculmis) , bul- rush (Scirpus /acustris, S.kasachstanicus), reed mace (Typha angustifolia, T.minima) , reed grass (Phragmites australis) occupy the shallow water and strongly wetted areas of the lower lacustrine ter- race. Further on the annual halophytic cenosis (Sa/icornia europaea, Suaeda prostrata) are found , which are replaced by aeluropus (Aeluropus littoralis) followed by tamarisk strip (Tamarix hispida, T.elongata) . Higher, at the flat slopes of the lacustrine terrace the halophytic - bush cenosis of Suaeda physophora, S.microphila, Halostachys belangeriana, Lycium ruthenicum is presented. At the hills' slopes the ephemer - anabasis vegetation (Anabasis salsa, Eremopyrum orientate, Anisantha tecto- rum, Alyssum desertorum) is spread on the zon_ al brown soils. The strong man-made disturbance is due to grazing . Akshatau lake system . Akshatau and Karakol lakes were investigated. Akshatau lake - at the shallow water areas are found the macereed (Typha angustifolia), reed grass (Phragmites aus_ tralis) cenosis with bulrush (Scirpus /acustris) and Tuber bulrush (Bolboschoe- nus planiculmis) . At the modern low lacustrine terrace the annual halophytic - aeluropus (Ae/uropus littoral/is, Sa/sofa foliosa , Suaeda acuminata) communities ar~ presented. Upper the grain - herb communities are spread with dominating Lepidium obtusum, Apocynum /ancifolium, Acroptilon repens, Leymus multicaulis, Puccinellia dolicho/epis. Further on the tamarisk (Tamarix ramosissima, T.hispida) strip with herb - aeluropus (Ae/uropus littoral/is, Karelinia caspia, Limonium otolepis, Cynanchum sibiri- cum) grass horizon is presented . Behind the tamarisk on the pastured sections of the lower part of low hills are found the groups of weed species consisting of peganum (Peganum harmala) , ceratocephala (Ceratocarpus arenarius) , camel 's thorn (A/hagi pseuda/hag1), karelinia (Karelinia caspia) . On the flat plumes of low hills the zonal ephemeral-white-ground-wormwood (Artemisia terrae-albae, Poa bu/bosa, Carex physodes) with anabasis (Anabasis aphyllum) communities are spread disturbed by the over- grazing. The micro-phytocenosis of peganum (Peganum harmala) , camel's thorn (A/hagi pseuda/hag1) and ceratocephala (Ceratocarpus arenarius) are found . 42 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Around Karakol lake - zonal vegetation is presented by ephemer perennial halophytic white- ground-wormwood (Artemisia terrae-albae, Sa/sofa arbusculiformis, Anabasis aphyllum, Paa bulbosa) communities . The coastal and coastal - water vegetation of Phragmites australis, Typha angustifolia, T.minima, Scirpus /acustris, Bolboschoenus planiculmi is well developed . The area of the intra-zonal vegetation depends on the water supply and depth of the lake depression' cut, its width may vary from 10-30 m to 1 km . The ecological series of the communities in the western part of the lake depression is presented by: reed grass (Phragmites australis) with insertions of Tuber bulrush (Bolboschoenus planiculmis) at the coastal shelf --+ aeluropus (Aeluropus littoralis) --+ goosefoot (Chenopodium album) --+ tamarisk (Tamarix hispida, T. ramosissima) at the low lacustrine terrace --+ ephemer - climacoptera ( Climacoptera brachiata, Climacoptera /anata, Eremopyrum orientate, Paa bulbosa, Alyssum deserto- rum) at the high lacustrine terrace --+ anabasis (Anabasis salsa, Anabasis aphyllum) at the lower part f low hills on the zonal brown solonetzic high-density loams. The strong man-made disturbance is due to the over-grazing. 2.7.2 lchthyofauna In the retrospective review the ichthyofauna of the Syrdarya river downstream reaches includ- ed: Aral roach ; Turkestan ide; rudd ; asp; shemaya; bream ; white-eye ; sabrefish ; barbel ; barb; silver crucian carp; carp; pike; catfish ; pike perch ; perch; ruff; stickleback as well as accidental acclimatizants - snakehead; silverside; goby. Under modern conditions starting from the year 1993 the following species dropped out from the ichthyofauna: barb, barbel , white-eye , crucian carp; population of carp and bream reduced , popula- tion of predatory fish species - pike perch, pike, snakehead - increased. Water bodies of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems are remaining in the fishery fund . lchthyofauna is presented by 34 fish' species, including about 20 local species, the others were acclimatized. Kazakhstan ichthyologists (Mitrofanov, 2004) recommend the avoidance of the establishment and maintenance of reproductive populations of introduced species. Instead of this the protection and reconstruction of autochthonous fish populations should have priority. No new allochthonous species should be introduced. Approved economically important exotic species should be regularly released for only temporary growing , but no reproduction in natural water bodies should be supported. The separate influence of each of these factors would result in the reduction of numbers of some species or forms of fishes , but would likely not result in the disappearance of species. However, the cumulative effect of these factors has caused the full extinction of some species in the reg ion . That's why in the FS, according to recommendations of SRC LLP "KazNllRKH" the stock of 2- years old acclim'atized fish species and their further catch is foreseen. This does not prevent from the possibility to reinstate the native fish species population. Besides the fish pass is foreseen at Amanotkel-2 barrage for free fish passage Rare and endangered fish species in the project area (Under utilization of Mitrovanov. 2004 and Kovshar. 2004) The Svrdarya shove/nose (Pseudoscaphirhynchos fedtschenkoi) , Red Book RK category 1, is probably already extinct. The species has not been registered in Kazakhstan since ... --- ..- ...... almost 30 years . If there is any chance for rehabilita- tion of population remnants or reintroduction needs to be evaluated. The project should avoid additional ad- verse impacts on this species. (Reasons for decrease, limiting factors, requirements for rehabilitation should be checked). It has no commercial value . The Aral Sea sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris), Red Book RK category 1, a sturgeon species, is critically endangered and in the International Red Book the autochthonous Aral Sea population is considered extinct. Acclimatized populations in oth- er areas (e.g. Iii-Balkhash system) are in compara- ble less critical condition and play some commercial role . The protection and rehabilitation of the species in the Syrdarya and Aral Sea would require the es- tablishment of a more natural hydrological regime , removal of barriers hindering migration and the im- provement of the water quality. The SYNAS-11 should contribute to the first two requirements . However, as the spawning of the species is bound to the upper reaches of the rivers a full rehabilitation of the natural reproduction cycle is hardly possible. Artificial reproduction would thus necessary for rehabilitation of a population in the NAS and Syrdarya River. Pike-like asp (Aspiolucius esocinus), Red Book RK category 1, is possibly already extinct in Kazakhstan . The last time it was registered in 1953. The species oc- curred in the Syrdarya and its tributaries. The main reasons for extinction are the construction of hy- dro-technical structures, the withdrawal of irriga- tion water and water pollution . Rehabilitation or reintroduction requires fish-protecting structures at hydro-technical structures. Scientists propose an artificial reproduction. The Aral barbel (Barbus brachycephalus brachycephalus) , Red Book RK category 2, was considered possibly already extinct in the Syrdarya and its tributaries . It has not been met there since several years . But recently it was discovered that it comes to spawn in the Syrdarya River downstream of the Kyzylorda water facilities . Research of Kaz- N 11 RKH conducted in rice fields and irrigation canals of Karmakshinsky rayon (Kyzylorda oblast) reported in th~ falls of 2002 and 2003 great numbers of Aral barbel fries. The, until recently considered , reintro- duction of the species by using individuals from the other (introduced) population found in the Iii- Balkhash basin is thus not necessary. The basic requirement for the species is the existence of suffi- ciently long river sections without barriers preventing migration. Before the regulation of the Syrdarya the species migrated up to the lower sections of the Naryn River. The Turkestan barbel (Barbus capito conocephalus) , Red Book RK category 2, is a subspe- cies limited to the Aral Sea basin , including the Syrdarya and its tributaries, and the Chu River. During the 90s the subspecies has already not been registered . The reason is probably the changed hydrological situation (water flow dy- namics, barriers to migration). The rehabilitation of the population would require the establishment of fish-protecting structures at hydro-technical 44 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) structures. Besides, the ichthyofauna includes such term as "other water animals". One of these species is musk beaver, which earlier existed in large (commercial) quantity in the Syrdarya delta lakes. Rehabilitation of musk beaver breeding requires , first of all, the guaranteed water supply of the lake systems. As it was shown by the materials of ex- pedition «Aral-2003» (Report on «Changes in the Aral sea biota in the second half of 20 centu- ry and beginning of 21 century» . Zoological Insti- tute of Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint- Petersburg , US West-Michigan University), to the year 1961 the ecosystem of the Aral sea and its delta sites was seriously reconstructed due to planned and occasional invaders. Though biodiversity of the water body increased by 14 fish species and 4 invertebrate species, only few of these species have commercial value or are important in nutrition respect. Many fish spe- cies were introduced occasionally and only increased the load on food chain, not bringing benefits for fishery. There was practically no anticipated increase in catches of commercial fish and no increase in fodder value of invertebrate community. At that two local zooplankton species completely disappeared due to the fact that they were eaten away by the introduced fish species or due to competition with the introduced invertebrates. So, the whole complex of acclimatization measures performed in the Aral sea and in the rivers' deltas during the period from 1927 till 1961 may be considered as being against all expectations, and in some cases - even harmful. In order to avoid the similar effect the joint efforts of the scientists - ichthyologists and fish men are required on extermination of such practice of the lakes stocking and control on maintenance of the fishery water bodies operation . 2.7.3 · Fauna The fauna comprises 67 mammals, including 6 species of insectivores, 10 bats, 33 rodents and hares, 13 carnivores , and 5 ungulates. Of these, 16 species are listed in the Red Data Book of Ka- zakhstan , including: - ' Bobrinsky Jerboa (Allactodipus bobrinskil) Gray Putorak (Diplomesodon pulchellum) Pale Pigmy Jerboa 46 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Marbled Polecat White-Bellied Long-Eared Bat 48 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Wide-Eared Free-Tailed Bat Besides, many animals are economically or commercially significant (muskrat, wild boar, many carnivores, Yellow Ground Squirrel). 39 reptile species (turtles, lizards, snakes) , 2 amphibians and 5 large order of hexapods are ob- served at this territory. 2.7.4 Avifauna Birds as well as the other animals are one of the most important components of the world biodi- versity. In their turn the Syrdarya river, Aral sea and territories adjacent to them represent by them- selves one of the most important reservations for the birds of international significance. The Syrdarya river delta and adjacent sites of the Northern Aral sea are proposed to be introduced into the interna- tional RAMSAR list of significant water-swamping areas. Birds as the most suitable object for observations may be one of the main indicators of changes in the environment status during realization of measures proposed in the FS . The bird fauna of the Kazakhstan part of the Aral Sea area recorded some 319 species, of which 173 breeding species. The Aral Sea's Delta lakes and shorelines provided breeding habitats for large numbers of water-fowl (ducks, geese) and other water-birds (pelicans, cormorants , herons, plov- ers, terns, gulls). Since the start of intensive cultivation of the region , before 1990s the population sizes and species' variety reportedly declined (to 160 species of which 100 nesting in the area). 30 species are entered into the Red Book. Reduction of water supply and territory desertification (floodplain , delta), , the lakes and canals shallowing , drying out and salinization resulted in the loss of forage base and, as a consequence , in significant reduction of population of water and peri-water animals, amphieians, birds, fish and other inhabitants of the region . So, the ornithological investigations were an important part of the environmental monitoring and eval uation of the Project impact. According to the results of investigations the following conclusion may be drawn that the main value of the Syrdarya river at the stretch from Kyzylorda to Kazalinsk are the peculiar water-swamping areas in the form of numerous natural and artificial flooded areas with well-developed reed bushes. There a lot of herons, cormorants , ducks, sea gulls, terns , oystercatchers and some specific passerine birds inhabit. The floodplain-bush biotopes are also very valuable as the great number of specific pas- serine and other bird species are nestinQ there. Preservation of these biotopes in their natural condi- tions , especially taking into account that they are surrounded by the waterless desert, is the priority task during realization of measures proposed in the FS. The system of delta lakes will mainly have the positive impact as a result of realization of measures proposed in the FS . It will be expressed in rehabilitation of the normal hydrological regime at all delta lakes, which , in its turn , will result in rehabilitation of natural biotopes of the water-swamping _ i birds' habitat. ' Materials on avifauna investigations given in the FS are taken from SYNAS - 11 Project (Report 3 - «Environmental Impact Assessment»). The eastern part of Kamyshlybash lake. The lake near the banks, mainly - in the bays, is cov- ered by separated reed sites. The bank is flat, partially swamped , at some places there are the shelves and islands, on which the colonies of tarrock and sea gulls are nesting. At the banks there are rare bushes and grass vegetation. In 2 km from the lake Kamyshlybash settlement is located, in 500 m- children 's recreation camp, in which there is rather developed woody vegetation attracting migrating and nesting dendrophilous birds. Though there are good places for birds' nesting , the birds' species content and population at this site is rather low. First of all, this is connected to high disturbance factor due to permanent pres- ence of human beings and cattle. Besides, the reed bushes in the bay are constantly fired and mowed. At that, some interesting bird species of the water-swamping complex are still preserved there . Most of them are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan . The western part of Kamyshlybash lake. Both lakes are divided by the dike with a bridge. Ka- myshlybash has rather large reed massifs near the banks, Laikol lake is overgrown by the sparse reeds only at the middle of summer. The bank is flat, but at the west it is immediately transferred into small hilly eminence. There are no bushes. A small shepherd wintering point is located at the bank of Kamyshlybash lake. It is a very interesting part of the lake with large number of different bird species (Table 2). The most typical representatives of the water-swamping complex at this site are steganopodes, ciconi- iformes , ducks and sea gulls. At the lake banks the different species of lark are numerous. There are a lot of different species of warblers in the reeds. It is anticipated that the situation will be stable in future due to week degree of impact of different negative factors . Laikol lake. This is a running lake with developed reed formations . Water level may vary strong- ly depending on water level in the Syrdarya river. The banks are uncovered, without bush vegetation , of semi-desert type. This lake serves mainly as the feeding point for the majority of the water-swamping birds. The only exception belongs to several species of warblers nesting in the reed bushes near the bridge across the channel between Laikol and Kamyshlybash lakes. The reason for the absence of nesting birds is rather small size of the lake, high degree of disturbance factor and unstable water level. Due to this the normal protection conditions in the form of reed bushes have no time to form. It is possible that under better water supply management there will be observed the improvement of situation and in- crease of bird species nesting there . Zhalanashkol and Raimkol lakes Most part of the lakes is covered with reeds. From the Syrdarya side there are large massifs of bushes and insignificant woody vegetation. The opposite banks are naked , transferring into hilly emi- nence. Though there is a high degree of disturbance factor due to proximity of settlements, the lakes are the good habitats for many birds of the water-swamping complex. There are a lot of nesting and feeding ciconiiformes , ducks, oystercatchers and sea gulls. In the bushes between the lakes and the Syrdarya river different dendrophilous birds, mainly - warblers , are found. Among the rare birds includ- ed into the Red Book of Kazakhstan , the ferrugineus duck is rather usual. Akshatau lake. It is a rather big lake, most part of which is covered with reeds . The banks are flat , on the north they are uncovered, on the south - overgrown with tamarisk. In spring near the lake are formed small tempera~ flooded areas attracting herons and ducks for feeding . The flat hills to the 50 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-Il) south from the lake present by themselves an interesting steppe site, where different lark species are habiting . Akshatau lake is one of the most interesting places in the Syrdarya delta for the water- swamping birds. There is a significant number of grebes, cormorants, herons, geese, mute swans, ducks, oystercatchers, coots and sea gulls there (Table 2). Different species of warblers are numerous in the reed bushes. In the coastal bushes of tamarisk are found : warblers , blue-throated robins, desert finches, red-headed buntings, etc. At the opened sites exactly near this lake the largest diversity of lark species (7 species) is noted. Before it was known that the pelican colony nested at this lake. Water level in this water body is rather stable. Any negative factors , except poaching hunting on swimm ing birds , are not noticed. Karakol lake. This is a lake adjacent to Syrdarya with the most developed reed formations . The banks are uncovered, sometimes - flat, at some places - hilly. Notwithstanding the ideal conditions , as it may seem , for the water-swamping birds'' habitation , the species content and population of birds is very low. The reasons for this are not clear, may be, due to the increased disturbance factor, relatively small size, and some special (feeding or other) local con- ditions. Rare and endangered bird species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakh- stan During the ornithological investigations the special attention was paid to the rare and endan- gered bird species included into the Red Book of the Republic of Kazakhstan . During the investigations 10 such species were noted . Dalmatian Pelican (KYAPflBblM nem1KaH) Pelecanus crispus. In the past it was widely nesting at many water bodies in the region . At the end of the last century it practically disappeared from all places. At the present time some increase of its population is ob- served as well as the reinstatement of its nesting at many water bodies. Eurasian Spoonbill (Ko11m11.-'a) . Platalea leucorodia. Several bird species were found only at Kamyshlybash lake, where it is nesting at the reed gorges in the eastern part of the lake. It is pos- sible that as a result of the biotopes' rehabilitation at the Northern Aral sea and some lakes, the population of this species will increase. Lil v 11 v111JJ~1aa1 uupavt n;:,.:>~.:>.:>111~11L FerruQ_ineus Duck (5enoma3ast llepHeTb) Aythya nyroca. It inhabits practically at all water- swamping areas. There is the densest population in comparison fo all other regions of Kazakhstan . That's why the local population of these ducks is very valuable . So, preservation of natural biotopes in the Syrdarya floodplain has great significance. Serpent eater Steppe Eagle (CTenHoill open) Aquila nipalensis. It is a rare nesting species near some delta lakes. There the areal periphery is located , so the population is not numerous. Imperial Eagle (Mor11111bHMK) Aquila heliaca. It is not numerous nesting spe- cies of the desert outskirts in the Syrdarya river valley and delta lakes. It is mainly nesting at the OVL props. Everything described above for the steppe eagle, also relates to this species. Great Black-headed Gull (4epHoronoBblM XOXOTYH) Larus ichthyaetus. The migrating birds were regularly observed at the delta lakes and the Northern Aral sea and sometimes at the Syrdarya river between Kyzylorda and Kazalinsk. The main habitat of this spe- cies in the region is the Northern Aral sea. So, the pros- perity of this species depends on the future situation at this site. 52 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Black-bellied Sandgrouse (4epHo6ptoxMlll pS160K) Pterocles orientalis. It is not numerous nesting species of the deserts and semi-deserts in the region . It is flying to the water-swamping areas for feeding and wa- tering . Pin-tailed Sandgrouse (5e1106ptoxMlll ps.6oK) Pterocles alchata. It is a usual nesting species of the deserts in the region . Significant number of this spe- cies was observed between Aralsk and Kamyshlybash railroad station . It prefers to water at numerous artesian water bodies in the desert, so it was not found in direct vicinity to the delta lakes .. 3 Analysis of modern status of the main economic branches at the Project area. 3.1 Fishery Regions of the Northern Aral sea and lake systems in the Syrdarya river delta are inseparably - inter-connected in administrative respect, in the system of governmental , inter-regional and regional management on fishery, fish catches , it commercial processing and realization of finished products. Within the competence of the Committee for Fishery of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Repub- lic of Kazakhstan the governmental management of fisheries, special and control-supervision functions as well as inter-branch coordination in the sphere of fishery within the administrative borders of Ky- zylorda and South-Kazakhstan regions are assigned to the following institutions: Aral-Syrdarya inter-regional basin fishery department; Zhambyl regional territorial fishery department. Limit for fish catch is approved by the Regulation of the Government of the Republic of Kazakh- stan based on biological justification of the scientific-research institutions. JSC "KazAgrolnnovation" (former KazNllRKH) belongs to these scientific-research institutions. It includes: Aralsk branch of the State Scientific - Production Fishery Center, which together with Aralsk branch of the Scientific-Production Fishery Center (HnL_\PX) performs the scientific researches on the water bodies of Kyzylorda and Aktobe regions. Unit of Fishery Inspection for Aralsk district is accountable to the Committee for Fisheries of MoA RK. Taking into account the significance of the object under design, in 2009 PC "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute" had concluded an Agreement on performance of the scientific-research works on "Develop- ment of piscicultural-biological justification of the biological productivity of the Northern Aral Sea and lake systems in the Syrdarya downstream reaches" for the purposes of the Feasibility Study with LLP "Kazakh Scientific - Research Fishery Institute". The results of this scientific - research work were used during the development of the Feasibil- ity Study on "Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems". Besides, during the works on the object several meeting were conducted with the specialists of LLP "Kazakh Scientific - Re- search Fishery Institute" on coordination of the solutions to be accepted in the Feasibility Study. Public organization «Aral - Teniz» , Aralsk, is created to support fisheries in the northern part of the Aral sea. It had contacts with «Danida» and Danish NGOs. It organized the fish men and operated more than 150 boats. The purposes of «Aral - Teniz» organization are to improve social , economic and ecological well-being of the Aral fish men and their families . It provides support to local population and organizations dealing with stable fishery, attracts the investors and donors interested in the Aral sea rehabilitation . Public organization «Aral - Teniz» establishes contacts with the territorial and interna- tional non-governmental organizations, exchanges the experience with them and provides support to the scientific-research and design institutions in conduction of the investigations. It manages the Fish- ery Production Center «Cambala-Balyk» with 30 fish men and fish-processing enterprise. Fishery farms, registered and received the quota for fish catch from the Committee for Fisheries of MoA RK, which won the bids on fish stocking of the water bodies of the Republican (the Aral sea, Syrdarya river, Shardara reservoir) and local significance, to which the lake systems belong. The most part of fishery farms is distributed in the Northern Aral sea, Kamyshlybash lake system and Tushibas lake. They are presented in the Table below. Professional fishery farms in the Aralsk district and amounts of fish catch in 2007 (source: Kaz- NllRKH) are given in Table 3.1. 54 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Table 3.1 Amount of fish catch N2 (tons) by professional fish Number of Name of an enterprise men fishery sites Quota Actual I Northern Aral sea 1910 1910 1 PC «Akbasty» 190 190 2 PC «Zhambyl» 190 190 3 LLP «Kuanysh » 189,32 189,32 4 LLP «Asta» 375 375 5 Kamyshlybash fish hatchery 398,4 398,4 6 Collective enterprise «Bakhyt » 190 190 LLP Fish-processing center «Cambala - 7 375 375 Balyk» 8 Scientific researches 2,285 2,285 II Kamyshlybash lake system 365 365 1 Kamyshlybash fish hatchery 261 ,9 261 ,9 2 LLP «Alizhan» 36,5 36,5 3 Individual entrepreneur «Beltiken » 44,5 44,5 4 Reserve lakes 21 ,77 21 ,77 5 Scientific researches 0,33 0,33 Ill Tushibas lake 16,5 16,5 1 Agricultural production cooperative "Bugen" 16,5 16,5 Distribution of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems between farmers with rent period up to 10 years: Kamyshlybash lake - RSPE «Kamyshlybash fish hatchery» (A. Aimbetov) ; Laikol lake - PE «Beltigen» ; Kayazdy lake - PO «Shartkent Ata» (K. Sarzhanov); Zhalanash lake - LLP «Alizhan» (Tursunbayev) ; Raim lake - LLP «Kambash-Balyk» (A. Yesenov) ; Akshatau lake - APC «Zhambyl» (T. Alenov) ; Karakol lake - APC «Kyzylzhar» (A. Abdikov) . Beside this , the list of professional crews hired by separate settlements for fishing , mainly on private basis, is also stably increasing. In 2005 only 501 persons worked in 92 crews (teams) , but in 2007 already 646 persons were registered in 104 crews . This number may be added by 130 persons more. So, in total 776 persons found the job in fishery sector. About 10% of fish men from the rural settlements said that they are completely selling their fish catch , about 55% said that they are completely consuming their fish catch . About 30% are selling and consuming fish for private needs. Dynamics of fish catch in Kamyshlybash lake system is based on the materials of «Report on scientific researches. Development of recommendations on rational fishery use of Kamyshlybash lake system under modern conditions» (SPC of Fishery, Aralsk branch , 2003). Dynamics of fish catch in Kamyshlybash lake system is given in Table 3.2. CH VII Vlllllt:llldl 11 llj.Jdl,;l /"\.:>:>t::>:>Hlt:lll Table 3.2 • Fish spe- Years (tons) cies 1967 70 73 76 79 82 85 88 91 94 97 2000 01 02 03 10 17 106, 29, 28, Bream 606 190 108 95,3 97 46 15 18 10,5 238 0 3 1 4 5 130, 33 Sazan 8 11 ,6 20 18 8,5 3 9 18 6 - 5,94 4,7 5,5 0,4 0,2 39 362, 10 36 34 23 Roach - 753 0 212 5 9 2 4 1 82 37,4 6,7 3,5 0,9 1,0 Asp 1,5 5,2 4,0 - 0,3 3 - - - - - 3,5 0,3 - - Pike perch 21 11,6 20 3,4 78,1 22 3 61 12 5 35,4 5,2 24 ,7 5,6 6,5 Catfish 8,1 12,7 1 0,2 0,2 2 - 5 - - 3,06 1 0,3 0,9 1 26 3,6 18,4 1,2 14,2 2,4 0,8 Pike 55 67 71 4 44 36 9 0,6 0 Snake- head - - 1 - 0,8 9 - - - - - 2,2 0,4 - - Carp - - - - - - - - - - - 9,9 4,7 0,5 0,8 Ordinary 12 225, 50, fi sh - - 0 2 52 1 - - - - - 1, 1 0,3 42 9 Crucian 18 12 231 , ca rp - - 5 35,4 5,3 0 2 25 52 90 2 1,3 9,5 2 - Sabrefish - - - - - - 62 11 1 - 74,2 - 0,3 0,5 0,7 Grass ca rp - - - - - - - - 8 19 0,53 0,4 0,8 - - Silver carp - - - - - - - - 4 1 - - - - - Perch 120 91 571, 806, 95 60 54 35 21 330, 288, 168, 90, Total 1367 0 6 3 5 4 0 2 7 3 9 2 8 83 2 In Aralsk the fish-process ing plant "Cambala-Balyk" (capacity up to 300 tons per a year) located in the former bakery is functioning . Besides, the local fish men in Aralsk organized three private fish-processing enterprises, which are treating , freezing and storing the fish products: 1. Private enterprise «Karasai-Kazy»; 2. LLP «Akbidai-2» ; 3. LLP «Aknur»; 4. There are also three private fish-processing enterprises; 5. Collective enterprise «Bakhyt» ; 6. Private enterprise «Torebek» . Center on fi sh processing is also available in Koszhar settlement of Kamyshlybash lake system . During the yea r 2007 about 400-600 tons of fish products was processed at these three enter- prises . 56 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-ll) It is planned to open two fish-processing plants in Aralsk district: «Atameken Holding» (design capacity 8000 tens/year) in the city of Aralsk and «Kambash Balyk» (design capacity 250 tens/year) in Kamyshlybash settlement, which will use fish caught in the northern part of the Aral sea (Small Aral sea) and in Kamyshlybash lake. It is anticipated that the Northern Aral sea and lake systems will produce ten - eleven thou- sands tons of commercial fish . Commission on inventory of the water bodies and determination of potentially suitable for fish- ery dried lake systems, their water supply, fish stocking and processing is created in Kyzylorda region . 3.2 Muskrat breeding Realization of the governmental control on protection, reproduction and use of fish resources and other water animals as well as fishery belongs to the main tasks of the Committee for Fishery of Mo ARK. Muskrat belongs to the other water animals. Its acclimatization started in 1948. More than 120 animal units were released in the Syrdarya river delta. Stocking of muskrat fur started in 1951 , and about one thousand furs were stocked. Maximum of 68,0 thousands furs was achieved in 1965. In 1970 stocking of muskrat fur decreased to 36,0 thou- sands due to low productivity of man power, employed in muskrat breeding and abrupt increase of cost of fur stocking in 1975 almost by six times (from 97 copecks to 5 roubles 84 copecks) . In the following years the mass death of muskrats was observed due to decrease of the Aral sea level and low water supply of the delta. So, that production branch was abandoned. Rehabilitation of this economic branch is possible under controlled water level in the lake sys- tems during respective phases of muskrat development - wintering , brood (1 5 \ 2nd, 3rd). 3.3 Reed stocking Reed stocking for private needs as construction material and forage for cattle as well as for commercial purposes was widely spread in the past. In 1958 in the city of Kyzylorda the construction of cellulose - carton plant started . Karaozek and Koksu massifs should be the base for the plant as they are located close to the city. Later on they have lost their industrial value . Industrial reed bushes in Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts had the secondary significance. Reed stocking is usually conducted in autumn or winter, when the reed stems are dried . In spring a new sprout is formed at the places of reed stocking. Population uses the parts of these areas for forage or for pastures. At the present time in the Syrdarya river delta the largest amount of reed is stocked and real- ized in Aksai and Kuandarya systems. Average income per capita due to realization of reed is 2300- 4600 KZT/month. Average income per capita in Kamyshlybash and other lake systems is about 400- 500 KZT/month. This type of business activity, providing opportunity to earn money (partially) for life should be allowed to local population , eradicating the existing formalities as regards the governmental and other property on these land plots, etc. 3.4 Pastures and hayfields Status of pastures and hayfields in Kamyshlybash lake system is not studied practically. That's why general information on their status is given based on the materials of SIC ICWC RK SIBICO BHV for Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts. Vast land areas in Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts are historically used as pastures for sheep, camels, horses and significantly less - for cattle. Sagebrush , biurgun, eurotia , etc. pastures for spring-summer-autumn use on brown and grey- brown loams, loamy sands and solonetz as well as wormwood and psammous-bush pastures on sands mainly used in spring and winter, and autumn-winter halocnemum and saltwort pastures at sol- onchaks serve as natural forage base for cattle breeding . The territory has small number of hayfields. Indigenous hayfields in the Aral sea region are presented by reed , cereal, tuber bulrush and _ motley grass communities . Hayfields' degradation started after cessation of releases obtaining the irreversible character since 1974, when average annual water flow at Kazalinsk range decreased almost by 1O times in com- parison with the year 1960. Changes of ecological conditions due to decrease of groundwater table resulted in abrupt re- duction of hayfield areas. During the period from 1960 till 1985 their area decreased: in Aralsk district - by more than 7 times (from 59,1 th. ha to 8,4 th. ha) , in Kazalinsk district - by more than 3 times (from 92 ,3 th. ha to 29,4 th . ha). Increase of water releases to the Aral sea region after the year 1989 sup- ported the improvement of fodders' quality and increase of hayfields' crop capacity , but there were no changes observed in the area. In 1960 the hayfields' crop capacity was 12,8 centner/ha or 5,1 centner/ha fodder units. with to- tal forage reserve of 772 ,1 th . centner fodder units, in 1990-1991 it decreased to 3,2 centner/ha (1 ,2 centner/ha fodder units). The reed hayfields were subject to the largest transformation , which in 1960 occupied 39,9 th . ha or 62% of hayfield area in Aralsk district and 43,5 th. ha (47%) in Kazalinsk district. Before 1990 their area decreased by 14 times in Aralsk district and by more than 4 times in Kazalinsk district. Crop capacity of hayfields areas during this period in the whole Aral sea region decreased by 3,5 times from 19,6 centner/ha (7 ,4 centner/ha fodder units) to 5,6 centner/ha (1 ,9 centner/ha fodder units) . Using the pastures and hayfields the population is experiencing the same formal difficulties as stocking the reeds. 3.5 Cattle breeding For local population living within the Syrdarya river delta on the territory of Kamyshlybash , Akshatau and other lake systems, cattle breeding occupies the last stages of employment due to such negative factors as insufficient provision with forage and structural system of rural economic manage- ment. Mainly cattle breeding is aimed on provision of flood products for domestic use and -in insig- nificant amount -for realization at the basis of goods exchange. In the cattle content are prevailing : sheep and goats - 70%, cattle -up to 20% , horses, camels - 10%. Cattle productivity is not high and decreased during the period since 1985. Milk yield is about 850 I/year per forage cow. Astrakhan sheep breeding is absent. The economic branch' development will improve to some extent as water supply of the lake systems improves. Its role in well-being of rural households will increase. 3.6 Amount of fish catches and realization of fish products Evaluation of existing and perspective fish catch and processing is given based on the Report on Social-Economic Assessment within the Syrdarya Control and the Northern Aral Sea Project, Phase II (SYNAS-11) CWR MoA RK, 2008. Amounts of fish catch in the Northern Aral sea are as follows : 2004 - 50 tons , 2005 - 700 tons , 2006 - 1390 tons , 2007 - 1910 tons . The catch figures may be misleading as they do not include the high number of persons from individual households involved in fisheries and their regular catches . 58 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Still an indicative value of increase of fish catches from year to year due to improving ecological conditions can be taken from them . Lo9king at the statistics from 2004 to 2007, a steady yearly in- crease can be registered between 2004 and 2007. Increase reached between 2006 and 2007 amounts to 37 %. Recent harvest, prices, income and gross margin (accepting 30% of the income as cost) achieved from 2007 are shown in table 3.3. Table 3.3 Exchange rate Aral-Syrdarya Fish Inspection , Report 2007 . 1US$ =120KZT Whole-sale Total Gross mar- Market KZT/kg Quantity, Observa- th. KZT, Income, gin Fish type price from a fish tons tions whole- US$ us $/t (30% KZT/kg man sale expenses) Pike 210 300 110 23100 192,500 1225,00 perch Bream 35 65 410 14350 119,583 204,17 Roach 35 110 370 12950 107,917 204,17 Flounder 35 60 640 sea 22400 186,667 204,17 Sazan 100 200 260 26000 216,667 583,33 Asp 100 140 80 8000 66,667 583,33 Sabrefish 60 - 40 2400 20,000 350,00 Pike 75 140 17 lake Rudd 35 60 43 lake Cat-fish 200 300 Crucuian 4 lake carp Perch 22 lake Total (only NAS) 1910 109200 910,000 57 ,17 Average price 0,48US$ KZT 333 ,51 $/ton Planned measures in fishery as regards fish processing are as follows : construction of fishing processing factory - JSC Financial Industrial Unit - "Atameken - holding" with 60 t storage facility, 15 ton fast freezer and a total processing capacity of 5000 tons per a year; construction of deep-freezer in fishing center Bugun ; construction of fishing factory with the fish hatchery in Aralsk city, on the place of former fishing factory "Aralrybprom". The above shows, that enough processing facilities exist to absorb in the com ing years in- creases in fish catch . A ready market is found in Kazakhstan Russia and Georgia. Simultaneous cool- ing capacity of all enterprises amount presently to 830 tons and freezing capacity amounts to 30 tons per day. The actual fish processing of 2840 tons, more than the official quota of the professional fish- ery, indicates the magnitude of private fish ing activities. Capacities are expanded at the moment for an additional 5000 ton per year, which will be enough to absorb the increase of fish harvest for the next years if the expansion of the last years of more than 30 % annually can be taken as a measure. In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 9th , 2004 «On protection, reproduction and use of the fauna» , the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan approves via its Regulations the limits of fish catch and other water animals in the fishery water bodies for each year. Establishment of the limits of fish catch is based on the biological justification provided by the scientific - research institutions. Dynamics of the limits approved by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Ka- myshlybash and Akshatau lake systems is given in Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Approved limits of fish catch , tons/year System name 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kamyshlybash 467,8 421 ,0 365,0 317 ,0 286,0 Akshatau 214,5 220,0 180,0 146,0 110,0 Total 682,3 641 ,0 545,0 463,0 396,0 The data given in Table 3.4 shows that steady decrease of the lake systems' fish productivity takes place. Consequently, the limits of fish catch are also decreasing caused, first of all, by water factor (insufficient water volume and regime of water supply). Hydrological - hydro-chemical , hydro-biological parameters for Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems are given in Table 3.5, and in Table 3.6 - design values of fish productivity (kg/ha) under conditions of their stocking and maintenance of the required water regime (without natural fish produC:- tivity of the lakes). Data are provided by Aralsk Branch of SPC of Fishery, 2003, and Report on scien- tific researches of LLP «KazNllRKH» , 2010. Table 3.5 Hydrological- hydro-chemical , hydro-biological characteristics and commercial ichthyofauna of Ka- myshlybash lake system Parameters Kamyshlybash Laikol Kayazdy Zhalanashkol Raimkol Akshatau Karakol Area, ha 16526 891 461 1179 71 4 4790 1190 Depth , m: maximum 11 5 5 7 8 23 ,5 9,0 averaqe 6 2 3 4 3,5 6,0 6,5 Mineralization , g/I: maximum 8,25 7,4 7,0 2,0 2,1 6,3 1,8 minimum 6,7 6,6 5,9 1,5 1,8 5,8 1,6 Active pH reac- tion : maximum 8,4 8,0 8,3 8, I 8,3 8,3 8,2 minimum 7,9 7,6 8, 1 7,6 7,9 7,9 7,9 Dissolved oxy- gen: 5,8 - 7,5 6,5 mg/I 6,1 - 10,4 8,9 - 9,5 7,0 - 7,7 6,4 - 9,1 6,0 - 8,1 % 72,6 - 120,5 94,9 - 83,2- 82,4 73 ,2- 102,9 68,0 - 109,5 85 , 1 Oxidabil ity, mgO/I 9,6 - 13,4 9,1 - 10,0 - 12,0 9,2 - 10,9 10,1 - 3,8 - 7,5 .. 11,8 11,68 Biogenic ele- ments: P04 0,0035 - 0,09 0,01 - 0,0 1 0,01 - 0,02 0,01 - 0,009 - 0,002 N02 0,0004 - 0,006 0,04 0,0005 - 0,0004 - 0,005 0,03 0,021 0,05 0,0004 - 0,0006 0,3 - 0,4 0,0005 - 0,002- 1, 16 60 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) 0,2 - 0,5 0,005 0, 1 - 0,4 0,023 - 0,025 0,006 0,012 0,65 N03 0,021 - 0,026 0, 1-0,3 0,02 - 0,05 0,1 - 0,4 1,0 -2,96 NH4 0,022 - 0,022 - 1,22- 1,97 0,028 0,025 Overgrowing, %: maximum 40 40 40 40 40 50 50 minimum 20 20 20 20 20 10 10 Zooplankton bi- amass, q/m 3 0,89 1,27 1,06 0,16 0,29 0,62 0,14 Benthos bio- mass, g/m 2 3,56 2,04 5,5 2,53 2,36 0,23 5,08 * Lakes area is given at NOL Table 3.6 Fish productivity (kg/ha) Lakes Spotted silver Carp Grass carp Silver carp Total carp Kamyshlybash 37,5 4,5 7,5 10 59,5 Zhalanashkol 37,5 7,5 6,0 10 61 ,0 Raimkol 30,0 9,0 7,6 10 56,6 Kayazdy 30,0 10,5 6,0 15 61,5 Laikol 33,7 9,0 6,0 15 63,7 Akshatau 45,0 3,0 13,5 10 71 ,5 Karakol 41 ,3 7,5 12,0 10 70,8 As it is seen , fish productivity and, as a consequence , increase of the limits of fish catch in Ka- myshlybash and Akshatau lake systems may be increased with the help of complex of measures. One of the priority measures is the improvement of the lakes' water regime (measures proposed in the FS) and their artificial fish stocking. Taking into account the lakes' natural fish productivity, total fish productivity at the expense of fish stocking is increasing up to 139 kg/ha, as it was accepted earlier in SYNAS - I Project. So, design amounts of fish catch in Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems will be 3575,2 tons/year (Table 3.7). Table 3.7 Area at NOL, Fish productivity, Amounts of fish catch, N Object name ha (kg/ha) t 1 Kamyshlybash 16526 139 2297, 1 2 Zhalanashkol 1179 139 163,9 3 Raimkol 714 139 99,2 4 Kayazdy 461 139 64, 1 5 Laikol 891 139 123,8 6 Akshatau 4790 139 665,8 7 Karakol 1190 139 161 ,2 Total 25721 139 3575,2 Fish-processing enterprises existing in Aralsk district as well as plants under construction pro- · vide the possibility to process these amounts of fish . 4 Social peculiarities of the Project area The Social Section in the effective area of the FS under design is presented based on materials of yearly books «Kazakhstan regions» of the Statistic Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan as well as on information provided by the governmental authorities and enterprises of Kyzylorda region, Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts within the lake systems in the Syrdarya river delta and the Aral sea region. Be- sides, «Economic evaluation of local joint measures on reduction of social-econom ic damage in the Aral sea region» of SIC ICWC was used . To some extent it was added by information on the economic development in the last years received during reconnaissance survey performed by PC "Kazgiprovod- khoz Institute" specialists. 4.1 Changes in population size Changes in population size for Kyzylorda region and Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts, in wh ich the lake systems are located , are given in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 At the beg inning of the year, th. persons. Reg ion , district 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1. Population-total Kzylorda region 603.8 607 .5 612.0 618.2 625.1 Aralsk district . 69.1 69.4 70.0 70.8 71 .5 Kazalinsk district . 70.4 70.7 71 .2 71.8 72.6 Total by districts . 139.5 140.1 . 141 .2 142.6 144.1 Including: urban population Kzylorda region . 360.5 362.3 364.2 368.1 372. 1 Aralsk district. 43.0 42.9 43.1 43.5 43.7 Kazalinsk district. 41 .0 41.1 41 .3 41 .7 42 .2 Total by districts . 84.0 84.0 84.4 85.2 85.9 Including : rural population Kzylorda region . 243.3 245.2 247.8 250.1 253.0 Aralsk district. 26.1 26.5 26.9 27.3 27.8 Kazalinsk district. 29.4 29.6 29.9 30. 1 30.4 Total by districts . 55.5 56.1 56.8 57.4 58.2 2.Components of changes in population size in Kzylorda region Total growth - persons 3687 4557 6201 6821 Natural growth-persons 7963 9611 9236 10399 Migration growth-persons -4276 -5054 -3035 -3578 Total growth per a year % 0.61 0.75 1.01 1.10 In total population of Kyzylorda region , in Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts in 2003-2007 portion of women amounted to 50,2% , including: urban - 30,4% , rural - 19,8% ; men - 49,8% , urban - 29, 1, rural - 20,7%. Within the Project area rural population is living in the rural districts of Aralsk district. 62 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) , • Population size within the Syrdarya delta' lake systems is given in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 (th. persons.) Yeras Districts, lake systems 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 1. Aralsk district: Sub-total 14.37 14.51 14.66 14.81 14.98 including : Kamyshlybash 7.60 7.66 7.74 7.82 7.91 Akshatau 2.83 2.88 2.91 2.94 2.97 Right-bank 1.56 1.57 1.59 1.60 1.62 Left-bank 2.38 2.40 2.42 2.45 2.48 2. Kazalinsk district: Sub-total 20.37 20.52 20.72 20.95 21.19 including : Aksai 18.13 18.26 18.44 18.64 18.85 Kuandyk 2.24 2.26 2.28 2.31 2.34 Total: 34.74 35.03 35.38 35.76 36.17 4.2 Population health status Health status of population living in the area of ecological disaster, to which Aralsk and Kazal insk districts of Kyzylorda region belong, is estimated based on mortality parameters due to dif- ferent reasons and population ' sickness rate , birth rate and provision of Kyzylorda region with medical institutions and physicians. Main parameters of the population health status' evaluation are given in Table 4.3. Table 4.3 Mortality in Kzylorda region by reasons of mortality per 100 000 persons for the years 2000 and 2006. Years Aralsk Kazalinsk Kzylorda region Republic of Death reason 2000/2006 district district Kazakhstan Total number of 2000 852.18 858.59 739.45 1026.25 dead, all reasons 2006 845.42 851 .77 733.58 1026.97 Including Circulatory system 2000 365.58 357.17 316.59 500.50 diseases 2006 435.78 425.75 377 .38 533.08 Accidents etc. 2000 59.65 66.97 93.47 140.73 2006 59.44 66.73 93.14 150.28 Malignant neo- 2000 143.17 86.72 96.98 154.13 plasms 2006 138.58 84.00 93.94 118.60 Respiratory organs 2000 107.38 170.86 84.04 71.06 diseases 2006 52.41 83.40 41 .02 53.86 Infections and para- 2000 176,40 176,87 148,37 159,83 ' sites , other reasons 2006 152,30 191 ,85 128,10 171 ,15 These are calculated based on the data of the State Statistic Agency and Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan . High mortality rates of population in Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts due to such death reasons as: ci rculatory system ' diseases; respiratory organs' diseases; infections (includ ing tuberculosis) and 1:.1 IV U VJ llllCJJldl UllJ.'d\,.,L /'"\.:::>:::>C:::>:::>lllCllL parasitic diseases are the direct reflection of unfavorable ecological situation, unsatisfactory quality of water supply and, of course , low level of medical services. It is necessary to point out the significant differences in population health status between Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts of Kyzylorda region and the Republic of Kazakhstan. 4.3 Health status Improvement of social living conditions , environmental status, growth of rural population well- being will have a positive impact on population health only in case of sufficient level of the health care system ' development. Poor health status of population in Kyzylorda region , especially in Aralsk and Kazal insk districts, awakes special concerns. The respective decisions are made in the Target Pro- gram under support of the foreign investors. Table 4.4 Provision of Kzylorda region with medical institutions and physicians Years 2002 2003 2004 · 2005 Number of physicians (all specialties ): Persons 1958 2280 1970 1967 Per 1O 000 persons 32.4 37.8 32.4 31 .8 Number of paramedical personnel : Persons 6084 6643 6226 6372 Per 10 000 persons 100.8 109.3 102.5 103.1 Number of hospitals 61 52 66 67 Total number of beds: 5930 5735 5930 6065 Per 10 000 persons 98.2 95.0 97.6 98.1 Number of medical institutions providing ambulatory - polyclinic 122 126 127 137 care to population Number of maternity welfare clinics and medical institutions with 44 45 43 29 maternity welfare clinics Number of beds for preQnant and parturient women 559 561 55 585 Number of beds fo r sick children 857 902 932 949 In Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts the provision with medical institutions and physicians is lower (Table 4.4). The children's health camp is located on the shore of Kamyshlybash lake (Aralsk district, Kam- bash settlement) within the area of the Project influence. Operation regime is all-the-year-round , num- ber of beds - 192. It has 4 sleeping buildings; club; hotel; ambulance room ; laundry; 3 auxiliary build- ings. It requires capital repair. 4.4 Employment Size of economically active population (in the age from 15 years old and elder) is given in Table 4.5 based on the materials of the «Regional statistical yearly books for Kyzylorda region» taking into · account place of living (urban , rural) in Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts , and location of the lake-swamp systems in the Syrdarya river delta. Table 4.5 Size of economically active population Total Including Administrative units Th. I in% to la- Urban I Rural 64 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) persons bour re- in% to la- in% to la- Th. Th. sources bour re- bour re- persons persons sources sources 2002 Kyzylorda region 275,3 80,1 168,7 78, 1 106,6 83,5 Aralsk district 32,7 88,5 25,5 89,8 7,2 84,3 Kazal insk district 27 ,3 69,9 18,6 71 ,6 8,7 66,5 2003 Kyzylorda region 287,5 80,6 154,9 78,0 132,6 83,9 Aralsk district 33,5 84,3 24,8 82,9 8,7 88,6 Kazalinsk district 31 ,2 77,6 22,5 79,3 8,7 73,3 2004 Kyzylorda region 297,4 82,1 156,5 80,8 140,9 83,5 Aralsk district 31 ,0 80,5 17,6 74,5 13,4 90,1 Kazal insk district 35,5 85,9 23,5 88,9 12,0 80,5 2005 Kyzylorda region 301 ,9 81 ,2 171 ,7 73,5 130,2 70,9 Aralsk district 33,3 83,1 19,2 69,6 14,1 74,0 Kazalinsk district 37,0 87,6 24,3 79,6 12,7 74,8 Percentage of employed and unemployed population in the content of the economically active population during the studied year is as follows : In Aralsk district: employed 81 ,6% (2003), 88,5% (2005) , unemployed 11 ,5% (2005), 18,4% (2003) ; In Kazalinsk district: employed 85,3% (2002) , 91 ,3% (2004) , unemployed 8,7% (2004), 14,8% (2002). In the rural areas the share of economically active population (of total population) is: in Aralsk district - 52,4%, in Kazalinsk district - 42,5%. Based on stated above it may be concluded that the Syrdarya delta area has enough labour re- sources, and realization of measures on rehabilitation and operation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems allows improving of the population employment. Attraction of companies - contractors from the other regions (tender) on construction and rehabilitation of hydraulic structures is not exclud- ed. But the main part of workers will be local. Table 4.6 Aralsk district Kazalinsk district Total population, 2005, th. persons 70,0 71,2 Rural population, 2005, th . persons 26,9 29,9 Economically active population , th. persons 14, 1 12,7 % of total population 52,4 42,5 Population in the group of lake systems, th . persons 14,66 20,72 lncludinq economically active population , th . persons 7,68 8,80 '-'"vu u11111<011La1 llllpu"'' r IL rIVJ"'"'' r ua""' 11\01 1~n.0-11; 4.5 Population standard of living Standards of living of rural population, living in one household, joining (completely or partially) their incomes and property, jointly doing monetary and proprietary expenses for food and non-food goods and paid services is reflected insufficiently in the governmental statistics. Specialists of the for- eign companies at the regional level have conducted the household selective survey Table 4.7 Average monthly salary by types of economic activity (KZT) Years Parameters 2002 2003 2004 2005 Total in the region : 17046 19928 26399 30948 including: Aralsk district 13683 15504 19896 23125 Kazalinsk district 15623 18590 24497 28757 Including : by types of econom ic activity Fishery 8233 9632 13694 17154 Education 123 63 13955 16861 19538 Health care and social services 11207 12608 15905 18458 Source State Statistic Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan ' Table 4.8 Monetary incomes and expenses of the surveyed households in rural areas of Kzylorda reg ion (average per capita in KZT). Years Kamyshlybash fish hatchery 2002 2003 2004 2005 Households in rural areas Monetary incomes, total : 43343 55957 60766 71323 Including labour income 32161 42415 47580 58057 Monetary expenses, total : 31563 42298 46195 59650 Including: food goods; 18957 22639 19919 30220 non-food goods; 7111 10444 13799 15760 paid services 4596 7175 9322 11097 Comparison of the data from Table N2 4.8 with similar data for the Republic of Kazakhstan shows that monetary incomes in Kyzylorda region are significantly lower and amount only to 45%, ex- penses are 79% respectively. At that the component of expenses for food is equal to 85% of the repub- lican. So, the most part of the household budget is allocated for food products. Rural population living in the area of the lak~ systems is engaged in fisheries , cattle breeding , hunting , reed stocking and other types of activities . Products of fishery and cattle breeding are partially sold on the market, but the most part of it (accord ing to the information provided by population) is food for household members. Average monetary income per capita (KZT per a months) in the area of Ka- myshlybash and Akshatau lake systems were as follows : in 2000 - 9540,00 KZT per a month, in 2001 -6150,00 KZT per a month , in 2002-1840,00 KZT per a month , in 2003- 3060,00 KZT per a month. 66 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) ' . Such income (in three of four years) did not exceed minimum salary size. The povetry of rural popula- tion is obvious. In 2008 according to the data of Regional Department on employment coordination and social protection programs 236 min. 800 th . KZT were allocated for the socially vulnerable population in Ky- zylorda region. The aqdressed social support was assigned to 21599 persons for the total sum of 159 min. 800 th. KZT. The regional budget foresees 942 min. KZT for monthly welfare payment for ch ildren younger than 18 years from families with low income.· As a result of works on two projects fulfilled earlier (Projects INTAS RFBR-1733 and INTAS- 1059 «Aral - 2000») the social , economic and ecological damages were defined , direct and indirect components were revealed based on generalization of the scientific and research expedition results. The works were performed by the specialists from Kazakhstan , Russia , Uzbekistan under coordination of Austrian specialists. Damages for Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems, determined within Project INTAS- 1059 «Aral - 2000», are given in Table 4.9. Table 4.9 Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems Types of damage (min. USO) Decrease of land plots 4,5 Decrease of amounts of milk production 0,74 Deterioration of conditions for cattle breeding 1,41 Decrease of amounts of sea transportation 0,18 Termination of reed processing 1,9 Reduction of amounts of astrakhan fur stocking 0,12 Indirect losses in fisheries - 0,15 Indirect losses in fur processing 0,35 Reduction of fish catch 1,42 Termination of muskrat fur stocking 0,13 Losses in recreation and tourism 2,4 Social losses - due to migration processes 0,26 - due to deterioration of living conditions 3,35 - due to increase of sickness rate 0,4 - due to decrease of life span 0,12 Total 17,43 The data given above show that realization of measures planned in the FS and directed on re- habilitation of the lake systems also will have the significant positive impact on improvement of social- econom ic situation in the region . So. it may be said that measures proposed in the FS has ecological - social character and are quite actual. It is also necessary to point out that the region has enough labour resources for the object con- struction and operation. ~·· ... -·····-···-· ····1"'--· . ·~~-~~···-··· 5 Analysis of the alternative solutions on t~e proposed option 5.1 Predictive estimation of ecological situation in case if no measures are taken ( "Inaction") if the project is not realized Analysis of dynamics of the negative processes development in the environment during the last period allows to do the exact future forecast in case if no measures are taken (if the Project is not real- ized) . Comparison of the required design water volumes for the lake systems with the volumes, which may be supplied to the lake systems via water supply canals existing at the present time for hydro- graphs of the Syrdarya river runoff (75% and 95% probability) allows estimating of the lakes' water supply under modern conditions as follows: for the year of 75% of the runoff probability water supply of Kamyshlybash lake system was estimated as being 51 % of the required volume , Akshatau lake system - 36% . for the year of 95% of the runoff probability water supply of Kamyshlybash lake system was estimated as being 35% of the required volume , Akshatau lake system - 25% . So, it may be concluded that under current conditions Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake sys- tems are undersupplied with water. To increase water supply of the lake systems and provide reliable operation of the water intake structures without the barrage construction it is necessary to provide special releases along the Syrdarya river. It is obvious that option «Inaction» is the most cost-effective from the economic point of view because it does not require the construction of special river barrage and reconstruction of the water supply canals . But, as it is shown by the real life, to provide a special release along Syrdarya required for the lake systems is not only a difficult task, but sometimes even unrealizable. So, with option «Inaction» the lake systems will be undersupplied with water. The evidence of everything mentioned above is the construction of Koksarai flood-protection re- regulating reservoir caused by the following circumstances . Due to the fact that interested parties failed to agree on regime of releases from Toktogul reservoir (Kyrgyzstan), the limitation of volumes released to Arnasai depression was introduced with the help of special hydraulic structures (Uzbekistan) . Under created conditions, in order to provide ecological safety, the construction of Koksarai re-regulating res- ervoir was started (Kazakhstan). The other striking example from the nearest past was the period of Toktogul reservoir filling -in aggravated by low-water period . Under conditions created at that moment the only and really per- formed measure on saving of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake ecosystems was construction of Amanotkel weir with spillway sill at elevation 55,0 m asl. The main disadvantage of that measure was the desire to solve the issue of the lake systems' saving at minimum expenses based on assumption that the created situation had temporary character, and after filling of Toktiogul reservoir everything would be normal again . Amanotkel weir fulfilled its function while minimum flows were passed along the Syrdarya river. When the flows increased to 200-250 m3/sec and higher, the weir was taken out of operation by opening of the left-bank cofferdam . At the present time the river formed a new riverbed at this section , which is obvious comparing the cartographic sur/ey of those years with modern satellite images. The issue of Amanotkel weir' rehabilitation was studied in the previous designs, which contain the conclusion on inexpediency of such measures. Indeed, in order to guarantee its reliable operation under such range of discharges, which were and will be passed along the Syrdarya river, it is neces- sary to construct actually a new structure principally differing from the previous one by its parameters. The given examples show that theoretically it is possible to realize «Zero» option or «Inaction», and solve the issues of water supply of the lake systems and other water users by making the mutually 68 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) agreed administrative decisions. In practice nobody succeeded to doo this , and in the nearest future, as the process of negotiations between Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan shows, nobody will succeed. Taking into account everything stated above, option «Inaction» for rehabilitation of Ka- myshlybash and Akshatau lake systems is evaluated in the present FS as being unpromising and quite risky from the point of view of the environmental safety. 5.2 Alternative options An alternative to the measures on construction of a weir at «Amanotkel-2» range, proposed in the FS , is an option of construction of a barrage at «Raim» range. That's why in the present FS the detailed comparison of allocation of the river weirs at «PaviM» and «Amanotkel-2», modified to similar conditions from the point of view of the issue to be solved by them (rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems) was performed. But, as the design developments performed under the present FS show, the option of the weir at «Raim» range requires more investments than the proposed option at «Amanotkel-2». Besides, «Raim» range has disadvantages in comparison with «Amanotkel-2» range due to condition of the construction realization , weir operation under floods of rare recurrence and environ- mental requirements. This is due to the fact «Raim» weir is located practically in the center of the lake systems, so, during construction and following operation it will have the largest negative impact on the ecosystems 6 Main technical-technological solutions 6.1 Brief characteristics of the selected technology of the object operation The object operation technology accepted in the FS (Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake sys- tems) is required , first of all, to provide its environmental safety. As it is known , the main purpose of the environmental safety is provision of protection to natural systems, vital public interests and personal rights from threats appeared as a result of manmade and natural environmental impacts. At that the term "impact" means any consequence of planned economic or other activity for the environment including people's health and safety, fauna and flora, soils, depths, air, climate, land- scape, historic monuments and other tangible objects. In the low-water period of 1980-1988 the most part of water-swamping areas was subject to complete disappearance due to absence of replenishment from the Syrdarya river. The process of the water ecosystems' restoration started at the beginning of 1990-ies due to in- crease of water content and water inflow to the lakes systems. With transition of Toktogul HPP to winter regime of operation and significant increase of winter releases downstream, the main ecosystems· were rehabilitated . This was supported by systematic works on dredging and widening of the canals connecting the Syrdarya river with the lake systems. · During the period from 2002 to 2007 water releases downstream Shardara reservoir in winter (October - March) period in average amounted to 9,61 km 3 per a year. This runoff equal to 48,8% of annual runoff was used for ecological purposes except insignificant losses in the riverbed . · But, notwithstanding the noticeable improvement of water supply of the water-swamping are;:is in the downstream reaches , the issue on their water regime is not solved yet. Usually under natural conditions inflow into the lakes occurred as a result of water overflow from the riverbed over natural riverbed terrace or via natural shallow canals. l lVJ \.IL 1- 11a,::, 11\,iJ1 1'11""\ - 11) Under modern conditions due to dredging of natural (supply) canals or construction of special water supply canals designed for low water levels in the river, the incoming water spills back to the riv- er during summer low-water period. This results in the lakes' shallowing. The other serious disadvantage is winter regime of flooding instead of spring flood ing , which ex- isted under natural conditions. Disadvantages of winter regime are showed in stresses of fish life, in • disappearance of tugai forests, in unfavorable conditions for muskrat, etc. At the same time more or less regular but abrupt physical disturbances, coming from outside, may keep the lakes' ecosystem at a certain intermediate stage of development creating the so-called compromise between youth and maturity. In this case we are dealing with «ecosystems with varying water level» or «ecosystems with impulse stability» . The lakes' littoral area is kept at earlier, relatively fertile stages due to seasonal variations of water level. Life cycles of many organisms are tightly connected to this periodicity. Periodic changes in water level form the basis of the most ancient ways of food production by human beings. Periodic filling-in and drying of the ponds during many centuries was one of the habitual methods in fishery in Europe as well as in the East. It is necessary to point out that impulse stability acts only in the case when the whole communi- ty (i.e. not only plants but also animals and microorganisms) is adapted to a certain intensiveness and frequency of disturbances. Adaptation (created under influence of selection) requires time measured by the evolution scale. The majority of physical stresses created by the human beings are very sudden , very intensive or very arrhythmic for creation of adaptation at the ecosystem level. That's why they result in strong variations , but not in stability (Y. Odum «Fundamentals of economy» , Print House «Mir» , Moscow, 1975). Based on everything mentioned above, the FS accepted the technology of «ecosystems with varying water level», which provides preservation and rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems naturally adapted to spring flooding. Water level regime in the lake svstems In the designs performed earlier by Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute development of the level regime graphs was done for the lake systems of the Iii river delta, which took into account the ·interests of the ecosystems' components . Principal scheme of the ecological complex' elements and graph of the lake systems' level re- gime developed for optimum regime of the lake systems' water supply - «ecosystem with varying water level» are given on Figures 6.1 and 6.2. Maintenance of the proposed regime (techno. logy) of the object operation allows not only sup- . plying of the delta, but to do this in accordance with the requirements of the main elements of the lake ecosystems (reed , fish , muskrat, swimming and swamp birds, etc.) naturally adapted to such regime . It is necessary to point out that such technology of the object operation was proposed also in the earlier performed works (SYNAS Project, phase 1, 1998). 70 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-ll) Principal Scheme of the elements of the ecological complex and design depth in the lake systems of the Syrdarya river delta 1. Flooded meadows and spawning areas 2. Muskrat areas 3. Lodge 4 . Complex burrow in the bank 5. Water fowl and swamp birds 6 . Fattening areas and wintering pits 7. Reed roots, depth of penetration into the soil= 2.0 m (canals of air circulation) 8 . Syrdarya river 9. Trees, bushes 10. Riverbed terrace 11. Syrdarya river Figure 6.1 71 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Typical Schedule of level regime of controlled lake systems 4M In the Syrdarya river delta with ecosystem' components 3 'V MOL Duration of freezing-over: 2 Average, 109 days Earliest, 148 days/1975 Latest, 38 days/1913 0 Average monthly air temperatures Meteorological station II Ill IV v VI VII VIII IX x XI XII Kazalinsk -11 .3 -9 .8 -1 .8 10.2 18.7 23.9 26.0 23.8 17.0 8 .2 -0.9 -7.8 Aral sea - 13.1 - 12. 1 -3 .8 9 .1 17.8 23 .5 26.2 24.0 17.2 7 .6 -1 :5 -8.9 Main components of the ecosystem and phases of their; development Ecosystem' components I II Ill I IV v I VI I VII VIII l IX l x XI I XII Reed Moderate flooding Drying-out 1st harvest 2nd harvest of alterfeed 1 Reed Iha~ 2 Fish Wintering Spawning Growing, fattening Winterina Wintering heat 1st brood, 2nd brood, 3rd brood of separate female, Winterina 3 Muskrat 1 mass young animals species ana 6 .?';'o !emales ol the 1st brood Waterfowl and Nesting and Baby bird Babr_ bird 4 swamp birds egg laying__., sitting growing Figure 6.2 72 • Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) 6.2 Object' need in the required water resources • Water is the main resource required for the object' normal" operation (Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems) in accordance with the accepted technologies. Water balance calculations , which allow estimating of volumes of water consumption and re- leases from the lake-swamp systems, were performed in order to define demands in this resource. Simultaneously requirements to the main parameters of hydraulic structures (dams and dikes crest elevations, design discharges of water supply and outlet structures, approach and return chan- nels) were defined . As the input data the following was used for calculations : topographic characteristics of lakes and swamps received based on the dynamics of changes in areas and volumes (lakes and swamps) for the period of 2006-2007 , which is given in materials of NATO Project «Integrated water resources management for rehabilitation of wetlands in the Aral sea basin» ; Final Report of the Institute of Geog- raphy RK as well as the materials of KazNllRKH «Studies on conditions of fish reserves' reproduction in the Aral sea basin and development of ways of the fish productivity' increase under regulation of the Syrdarya river runoff» , Section «Biological regime and ichthyofauna status in the lakes located in the Syrdarya downstream reaches» ; «Status of Kamyshlybash lakes, their forage base and ichthyofauna» (51h Intermediate Report (Aralsk Branch) , Aralsk, 1975); and cartographic materials in Scale 1:25000, 1:10000 and satellite images of the project area. Besides, the materials of NATO Project «Integrated water resources management for rehabilita- tion of wetlands in the Aral sea basin» , decoding of satellite images taken from «Environmentally friendly development in Kyzylorda region (the Northern Aral sea region)» (EDIKO) Project under TACIS European Union Program realized by Arcadis Euroconsult, AFC Consultans International and MNT Consulting , were used to define the areas occupied by woody-bush vegetation , pastures, etc. Data on evaporation from the open water surface, surface covered with reeds , precipitation , underground outflow were accepted according to the materials of SYNAS Project (Phase 1, 1998), NATO Project «Integrated water resources management for rehabilitation of wetlands in the Aral sea basin» , Final Report of the Institute of Geography RK and Section «Climate» of the present FS. Data on areas and volumes of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems at respective water levels accepted in the FS are given in Tables 6.1 - 6.3. Table 6.1 Kamyshlybash lake system (right bank of the Syrdarya river) • Storage capaci- Storage capaci- Area at NOL ' Area at MOL, N Object name ty at NOL, min . ty at MOL, min. • km 2 km 2 m3 m3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lakes 1 Kamyshlybash 165,26 181 ,0 568 ,82 673 ,29 2 Zhalanashkol 11 ,79 17, 14 10,02 18,61 3 Raimkol 7,14 10,59 6,32 11 ,59 4 Kayazdy 4,61 6,03 4,85 8,02 5 Laikol 8,91 10,85 12,88 18,77 Sub-total, lakes 197,71 225,61 602 ,89 730,28 Swamps 1 Kuly 8,22 8,9 3,97 9, 1 2 Taldyaral 1,3 1,9 0,39 1,35 3 Kobikty 1,1 1,44 0,33 1,09 Sub-total, swamps 10,62 12,24 4,69 11 ,54 Sub-total, lakes and 208,33 237,85 607 ,58 741 ,82 swamps NOL - 55 ,8 m asl ; MOL~ 56 ,4 m asl ; Table 6.2 Akshatau lake system (left bank of Syrdarya river) Storage capaci- Storage ca- 2 2 NQ Object name Area at NOL, km Area at MOL, km ty at NOL, min . pacity at MOL, m3 3 min . m 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lakes 1 Akshatau 47 ,9 53,5 372 ,7 402 ,9 2 Karakol 11 ,6 13,4 37,52 44 ,99 Sub-total , lakes 59,5 66,9 410 ,22 447,89 Swamps 1 Karakol 30,2 39 ,53 26,13 38 ,19 Sub-total , swamps 30,2 39,53 26,13 38 ,19 Total , lakes and swamps 89,7 106,43 436 ,35 486,08 NOL - 55 ,8 m asl ; MOL - 56 ,4 m asl ; 74 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Table 6.3 Summary table for Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems Area at Area at Storage capacity at Storage capacity at N Object name NOL, km 2 MOL, km 2 NOL , min . m3 MOL, min. m3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Total , lakes and 298,03 344,28 1043,93 1227,9 swamps Water consumption rates (net) according to SYNAS Project materials: Evaporation from open water surface - 7700 m3/ha ; Evapo-transpiration by semi-submerged reed vegetation - 14000 m3/ha , taking precipi- tation into account - 12730 m3/ha; Filtration losses from the lakes -4740 m 3/ha ; Hayfields - 9200 m3/ha; Natural complex - 8500 m 3/ha. Due to the fact that areas occupied by semi-submerged reed vegetation are different at each object, water consumption volumes were calculated separately for each lake (swamp). Filtration losses are accepted as being approximately 1,3 mm/day as for average geological conditions. At that annual filtration from 1 ha of the lakes is 4740 m3/ha . For the accepted in the FS technology of «ecosystems with varying water level» , which pro- vides preservation and rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems naturally adapted to spring flooding , it is planned to fill them in the following proportion (to required volume) : 60% in spring (March , April) and 40% in autumn (October, November) . The rates (gross and net) for different water consumers are given in Table 6.4 taking into ac- count the losses in the distribution network (without main canals) with available coefficient of efficiency equal to 0,85: Table 6.4 lrriQation rate , m3 /ha N Water consumers Net Gross 1 Open water surface 7700 8855 2 Evapo-transpiration of semi-submerged reed vegetation 12730 14640 3 Losses for filtration from the lakes 4740 5450 4 Hayfields 9200 10580 Natural complex 8500 9775 5 Fish hatchery 12440 14306 Calculated volumes of water consumption and water supply of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems are given in Tables 6.5 - 6.6. Table 6.5 Design volumes of water consumption by the systems ' lakes Unit. N Option of water Object name Bank Of Total March April October November n/n consumption meas. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 Kamyshlybash normal mln .m 271 ,26 40,69 122,07 54,25 54,25 1 right 3 lake maximum mln .m 290,26 43,54 130,62 58 ,05 58,05 3 normal mln .m 15,45 2,32 6,95 3,09 3,09 2 Ra imkol lake right 3 maximum mln .m 19,10 2,87 8,60 3,82 3,82 3 Zhalanashkol normal mln .m 23 ,44 3,52 10,55 4,69 4,69 3 right 3 lake maximum mln .m 30,15 4,52 13,57 6,03 6,03 3 normal mln .m 9,06 1,36 4 ,08 1,81 1,81 4 Kayazdylake right 3 maximum mln .m 11 ,14 1,67 5,02 2,23 2,23 3 normal mln .m 16,49 2,47 7,42 3,30 3,30 5 Laikol lake right 3 maximum mln .m 25 ,33 3,80 11,40 5,07 5,07 3 Taldyaral normal mln .m 3,30 0,49 1,48 0,66 0,66 6 right swamp maximum mln .m 3 4,48 0,67 2,01 0,9 0,9 3 normal mln .m . 2,50 0,37 1,12 0,50 0,50 7 Kobikty swamp right 3 maximum mln .m 2,64 0,40 1,18 0,53 0,53 3 normal mln .m 15,95 2,39 7,18 3, 19 3,19 8 Ku ly swamp right 3 maximum mln .m 16,79 2,52 7,56 3,36 3,36 3 Sub-total, Right normal mln .m 357,45 53,62 160,85 71 ,49 71 ,49 right 3 bank maximum mln.m 399 ,89 59,98 179,95 79,98 79,98 3 normal mln .m 83,27 12,49 37,47 16,65 16,65 9 Akshatau lake left 3 maximum mln .m 85,37 12,81 38,42 17,07 17,07 3 normal mln .m 20,21 3,03 9,09 4,04 4,04 10 Karakol lake left 3 maximum mln .m 25,11 3,77 11 ,30 5,02 5,02 3 normal mln .m 64,97 9,75 29,24 12,99 12,99 10 Karakol swamp left 3 maximum mln .m 75,84 11 ,38 34,13 15,17 15, 17 3 Sub-total , Left normal mln .m 168,45 25 ,27 75,80 33,69 33,69 left bank maximum mln.m 3 186,32 27,95 83,85 37,26 37,26 3 normal mln.m 525,90 78,89 236,66 105,18 105,18 Total, lake sys- terns maximum mln .m 3 586,21 87,93 263,80 11 7, 24 117,24 Note : normal regime of water consumption (years w ith the runoff probability of 75%) foresees the lakes filling-in to elevation 56,4 m asl ; maximum (years with the runoff probability of 1 % and lower) . 76 ' . Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Table 6.6 Design water flows to be supplied to the lakes Option of water Unit of Max. N!! Object name Bank March April October November suooly meas. fl ow 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 3 Kamyshlybash normal m /sec 15, 19 47 ,09 20,26 20,93 47 ,1 1 right lake maximum 3 m /sec 16,26 50 ,39 21 ,67 22,40 50,4 3 normal m /sec 0,87 2,68 1, 15 1, 19 2,7 2 Raimkol lake r ight 3 maximum m /sec 1,07 3,32 1,43 1,47 3,3 3 Zhalanashkol normal m /sec 1,31 4,07 1,75 1,81 4, 1 3 right lake maximum 3 m /sec 1,69 5,23 2,25 2,33 5,2 3 normal m /sec 0,51 1,57 0,68 0,7 1,6 4 Kayazdylake right 3 maximum m /sec 0,62 1,93 0,83 0,86 1,9 3 normal m /sec 0,92 2,86 1,23 1,27 2,9 5 Laikol lake right 3 maximum m /sec 1,42 4,40 1,89 1,95 4,4 3 normal m /sec 0,18 0,57 0,25 0,25 0,6 6 Taldyaral swamp right 3 maximum m /sec 0,25 0,78 0,33 0,35 0,8 3 normal m /sec 0,14 0,43 0,19 0, 19 0,4 7 Kobikty swamp right 3 maximum m /sec 0, 15 0,46 0,2 0,2 0,5 3 normal m /sec 0,89 2,77 1, 19 1,23 2,8 8 Ku ly swamp right 3 maximum m /sec 0,94 2,91 1,25 1,30 2,9 3 Sub-total , right normal m /sec 20 ,02 62 ,06 26,69 27,58 62,1 right bank maximum 3 m /sec 22,40 69,43 29,86 30,86 69,4 3 normal m /sec 4,66 14,46 6,22 6,43 14,5 9 Akshatau lake left 3 maximum m /sec 4,78 14,82 6,37 6,59 ' 14,8 3 normal m /sec 1, 13 3,51 1,51 1,56 3,5 10 Karakol lake left 3 maximum m /sec 1,41 4,36 1,87 1,94 4,4 3 normal m /sec 3,64 11 ,28 4,85 5,01 11,3 10 Karakol swamp left 3 maximum m /sec 4,25 13, 17 5,66 5,85 13,2 3 Sub-total , left normal m /sec 9,43 29,25 12,58 13,00 29,2 left bank maximum 3 m /sec 10,43 32 ,35 13,91 14,38 32 ,3 3 normal m /sec 29,45 91 ,30 39,27 40,58 91, 3 Total, lake sys- terns 3 45,23 101 ,8 maximum m /sec 32 ,83 101 ,77 43,77 Note : normal regime of water supply (years with the runoff probability of 75%) foresees the lakes filling- in to elevation 56,4 m asl ; maximum (years with the runoff probability of 1% and lower). 6.3 Evaluation of the Syrdarya river delta provision with water resources in the perspective taking into account Koksarai re-regulating reservoir operation . Evaluation of water volumes and flows requ ired to supply the lake systems in the Syrdarya river delta had already been conducted in the earlier performed works under SYNAS (Phase 1, 1998) as well as in the other studies. So, in the present FS water consumption for the Right-bank and Left-bank lake systems in the downstream section of the Syrdarya delta as well as water consumption for Kotankol , Shomishkol, Makpalkol lakes with adjacent swamps and hayfields is accepted according to the materials of SYNAS (Phase 1, 1998). Water consumption for Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems is accepted based on our calcula-tions (Table 6.5) for normal regime of water supply, i. e. for the runoff probability of 75% . Taking into account the accuracy of input data and , first of all , data on areas of water consum- ers, evaporation from water surface, evapo-transpiration of semi-submerged vegetation , the unac- counted volumes of water consumption amounting to 6,6% of the delta total water consumption equal to 1400 min. m3 were included into summary volume of the delta water consumption . . Design water consumption of the Syrdarya delta with distribution within the year _ is given in Ta- ble 6.7. Table 6.7 Year, N Water con- Water consumption by months, min . m3 min. sumers m3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Lake systems, 1 including hay- 0,0 0,0 282,3 281,4 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 142,2 140,6 0,0 846,6 fields Forests and 2 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 8,1 bushes Natural com- plex (small 3 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 104,0 101 ,0 0,0 205,0 lakes and swamps) 4 Fish hatcheries 0,0 0,0 86,5 86,5 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 7,5 7,5 0,0 188 Water losses 5 in the Syrdarya 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 3,2 5,9 7,5 8,2 7,4 5,3 2,6 0,0 40,0 riverbed Water losses 6 in approach 0,0 0,0 5,8 5,6 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 4,3 4,2 0,0 20,0 canals Unaccounted volumes , all 7 0,0 0,0 25,3 25,1 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 21 ,9 20,1 0,0 92 ,3 water consum- ers Total , Delta 0,0 0,0 399,9 398,6 3,2 14,0 7,5 8,2 7,4 285,2 276,0 0,0 1400,0 78 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYN AS-II) The Syrdarya delta' total water consumption equal to 1400 min. m3 given in Table 6.7 corre- sponds to the volume foreseen for the delta earlier in the design of Koksarai re-regulating reservoir, i. e. it may be said that the delta is provided with water resources of 75% probability by 100%. But, distribution of this resource (75% probability) within the year is quite uneven, and such sit- uations, in which water yolume (spring period) required for the lake systems, should be taken from the river during 30-45 days. Such limitation requires that water levels (spring period) in the Syrdarya river at the water intake points provide maximum inflow of water volumes into the water supply canals . It is possible only if the river barrage i~ available creating backwater effect on the river section upstream . Also there are limitations of the carrying capacity of existing water supply canals due to topo- graphic conditions of their routes. Surface inclination from the river towards the lakes (swamps) is in- sufficient. It is possible to provide the depth of filling in the canals more than 2,0-2 ,5 m only with the help of the dikes. Under such conditions , it is more reasonable to increase carrying capacity of the ca- nal increasing the canals' bottom width . 6.4 Requirements to the main hydraulic structures, fulfillment of which provides the object' technological and ecological safety The main requirement, the execution of which provides the object' technological a_ nd environ- mental safety, is - for the option Amanotkel-2 structure - passage of the design and verifying flows of the Syrdarya river via the spillway. In accordance with SNiP RK 3.04-01-2008 «Hydraulic structures. Main design regulation» dur- ing design of permanent river hydraulic structures it is necessary to accept the design maximum water flows based on annual probability of exceedance (probability) established depending on the structure' class for two design cases - main and verifying . In our case Class 4 is accepted for the structures in the Syrdarya delta. For this Class the main design case is 5% probability and verifying case - 1% probability. Besides, independently on class of the weir structures located in cascade , the passage of the flows of design case should not result in violation of normal operation of the main hydraulic structures . located downstream. Maximum water flow of 5% probability (design) at Kazalinsk range , taking into account opera- tion of Koksarai re-regulating reservoir, is 500 m3/sec (November), and maximum water flow of 1% probability (verifying) is 800 m3/sec (April) (based on balance with Koksarai re-regulating reservoir). Winter water flow of 5% probability at Kazalinsk range , taking into account operation of Koksarai re-regulating reservoir, is 286 m3/sec (December) , and winter water flow of 1% probability is 380 m3/sec (January). Based on the main principles of establishment of design water flows at cascade allocation of three barrages (Kazalinsk barrage - planned weir - Akiak weir) the design and verifying flows of the planned river weir were determined. Design flow via the weir, excluding water abstracted for Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake sys- tems , is accepted as equal to 400 m3/sec, and verifying flow - 800 m3/sec (flood 2 months long) . For winter conditions the flow equal to similar flow at Akiak weir - 400 m3/sec - is accepted. Beside this main requirement, there are other requirements : creation of necessary backwater effect at the Syrdarya section, where water intakes for Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems are located, to provide guaranteed water supply to the lakes even at low water flows in the river; passing the flows of 800 m3/sec there should be no flooding of the settlements located upstream the planned weir; the weir should provide the passage of freight motor transport to the other river bank; .L....111VUVl1111'-'1 ll.U.I llllj-IU.'-'l. f \..JJ'-'J.:>1 ll'-'11\.. the weir should provide free passage of fish from downstream to upstream reaches, etc. Scheme of the existing cross-flows between the lakes should be maximally kept because in this case the abrupt changes in created hydro-chemical regime of the water bodies will not occur. In accordance with these requirements the Scheme of the lake systems' water supply was de- veloped and the required hydraulic .structures were design in the FS (ref. Section 6.6). 6.5 Production -technological structure and the object' content In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July ih, 2006 «On specially protected natural territories» the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan accepted the list of the objects of the state natural - preserve fund of the Republican significance, in which Kamyshlybash lake system and Akshatau lake were included (Regulation N2932 of the Government of the Republic of Ka- zakhstan dated September 281h, 2006). But, there was no further practical realization of this Regulation of the Government RK. Regime of the objects' protection was not established. Passports of the objects in the required format are not available. So, the production - technological structure and the object' content are formed in the present FS as recommendations. First of all, it is recommended to establish the reserve regime of protection of the unique natural water objects (Kamyshlybash lakes, Akshatau lake) . The preserve may be used for scientific, ecological - elucidative, tourist, recreation and limited economic purposes. The owners of land plots and land users have the right to conduct economic ac- tivity in the state natural preserve with maintenance of the established limitations. It is necessary to point out that limitations in the economic activity are also existing nowadays. First of all, limit of fish catch in the lake systems established by the Regulations of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for each year belongs to them . It is obvious that cattle overgrazing , reed burning, poaching , trees cutting are prohibited . It means thaf on the preserve territory all types of economic activities and their scale are to be regulated by the respective limits, which are established based on biological justification and recom- mendations of scientific organizations. Such type and kind of the state natural preserve is created on land plots of all categories with- out their exception from the owners of land plots and land users. The nature protection institutions, to which the state natural preserve is assigned , organize measures on protection and rehabilitation of the state natural-preserve fund ' objects located in it. Due to the fact that the only governmental authorized body, to which at the present time Ka- myshlybash and Akshatau lake systems are assigned, is Aral - Syrdarya Basin Fishery Inspection , it is recommended to assign "Kamyshlybash and Akshatau complex state natural preserve" to it. Operation of the hydraulic structures proposed in the FS , including their operative control will be conducted by the existing water organization (Aralsk production - operation department). Its staff should be increased based on increasing of amount of works to be performed. 6.6 Points of hydraulic structures' allocation within the object "Scheme 1" with Amanotkel-2 weir and allocated hydraulic structures accepted in the FS was discussed and agreed during the Public Hearings on the main technical solutions of the FS, which held at September 51h, 2009 in Karateren settlement in Aralsk district of Kyzylorda region chaired by Mr. N. Musabayev - Akim of Aralsk district with participation of akims of rural districts. 80 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Points of hydraulic structures' allocation according to "Scheme 1" are given on Figure 6.3, the content of main structures and their technical parameters are given in Table 6.8. Detailed description of the structures is given in Volume 1 - «Explanatory Note» , drawings - in Volume 2 - «Layouts and drawings» of the present FS. Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Planned water supply measures in Kamyshlybash / / and Akshatau lake systems ,/ ,/ (Scheme 1 - with river barrage Amanotkel 2) / ,/ ,/ ,/ Design / N2 Name of wate r supply canal Bank Le ngth, km d ischarge, m3/s / ,/' 1 2 3 4 5 ,/ 1 Beszharma 5963 10 / 2 Cana l N21 780 5 // 3 Canal N22 680 5 / Left 4 Akkoisoigan (Aks hatau ) 8960 20 /' Total: 16387 40 / 5 Outlet canal 10518 10 / / 6 Sovetzharma 4000 10 / 7 Taupzharma 4250 10 / 8 Taldyaral 140 10 / Right 9 Kerager (Zhasulan ) 2200 40 / 10590 70 ,/' Total: / 10 Out let canal 2763 15 ,,,,, .... /;" ,,,- ,,..-- ,,,--_,,--"'' _ .. .. ., ,,,,,,. ' ,,,-' _ / ,/' /' ,/ ,/ ,/ ,/ / / ,/ / / ,/ I / / / / / /, / ,/ ' ,/ . ~,,-'/ _,/' / Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Table 6.8 Content of main structures for rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems, op- tion with Amanotkel-2 barrage N2 Structure name Unit of meas. Quantity River barrage Panel spillway: design discharge at P5% probability m3 /sec 400 1 verifying discharge at P1 % probability m3/sec 800 2 Fish pass m3/sec 10 3 Conjugating dikes on right and left banks km 5,4 4 Reserve spillway N21 m 3 /sec 180 5 Reserve spillway N22 m3 /sec 180 Water supply canals with structures Head works, offtakes - regulators 3 6 Sovetzharma offtake m /sec 10 7 Beszharma offtake m 3/sec 10 8 Taupzharma offtake m3/sec 10 9 Offtake to canal N21 m3/sec 5 10 Offtake to canal N22 m3/sec 5 11 Taldyaral offtake m 3/sec 10 12 Offtake to Akkoisoigan - Akshatau m3/sec 20 13 Kerager offtake m3/sec 40 14 Offtake to canal Akkoisoigan - Akshatau , Chainage nK13+57 m3/sec 5 Water suoolv canals m3 /sec 10 15 Sovetzharma canal km 3,88 3 m /sec 10 16 Beszharma canal km 5,86 m3 /sec 10 17 Taupzharma canal km 4,25 3 m /sec 5 18 Canal N21 km 0,78 m3 /sec 5 19 Canal N22 km 0,68 m3 /sec 10 20 T aldyaral canal km 0,14 m3 /sec 20 21 Akkoisoigan - Akshatau canal km 8,96 m3/sec 40 22 Kerager canal km 2,2 3 m /sec 110 Sub-total: km 26,8 Outlet canals with structures Canals m3 /sec 10,0 23 Outlet canal from Akshatau lake km 10,5 m 3 /sec 15,0 24 Outlet canal from Laikol lake: km 2,8 m3/sec 25,0 Sub-total: km 13,3 Offtakes 25 Offtake - 1 (from Akshatau lake to sor) m 3/sec 10 26 Offtake - 2 (from sor to the river) m 3/sec 10 27 Offtake (from Laikol lake to canal) m 3/sec 15 28 Shaft drop (from canal to the river) m3/sec 15 Power supply 29 OVL 10 kV operational km 19, 1 30 Package transformer substation KTnH 100/10 pcs 1 31 Transformer substation KTn 25/1 O pcs 5 32 Cells 10 kV pcs 2 Other structures (objects) 33 Inter-lake canals km 19,2 34 Flood protection dikes km 14,9 35 Operational earth roads km 37 36 Piped crossings pcs 4 37 Bridge across Raim canal PCS 1 84 ' . Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) 7 Environmental Impact Assessment In 1992 Law N 1468-XI I of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated June 30th, 1992 «On social pro- tection of citizens aggravated due to ecological disaster in the Aral sea region» was adopted . The main criteria for determination of the borders of the ecological disaster area in accordance with this Law were accepted as follows: stable growth of population mortality; forced migration due to ecological reasons; exceeding of the standards of the pollutants maximum permissible concentrations in the environment in sizes threatening population life; complete destruction of the ecosystems and loss of their ability for self-rehabilitation ; catastrophic shallowing of the water bodies exceeding the secular.variations . Territories of Aralsk and Kazalinsk districts of Kyzylorda region were included into the area of ecological disaster. Program on «Exact actions on improvement of ecological situation in the Aral sea basin» ap- proved by the Heads of the Central Asian states at Nukus Conference was accepted at January 11 th, 1994. Within this Program Kazakhstan under the World Bank support with participation of foreign or- ganizations, banks: USAID; TACIS, EBRO, ADB , NATO, GET, etc. , is realizing Syrdarya Control and the Northern Aral Sea Project (SYNAS I, II , Ill). One of the components of this Project is «Increase of fishery potential in the Northern Aral sea and delta lakes, creation of fishery infrastructure» . «Ecological studies and Environmental assessment» were performed earlier in a separate Sec- tion of the Syrdarya Control and the Northern Aral Sea Project (CWR MoA RK, GES/ SOGREAH I Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute, September 1998). Preparing the environmental assessment, the respective standards of the Republic of Kazakh- stan and World Bank were used: Instructions on the Projects' ecological evaluation «Environmental assessment», «WB Operational Policy SD 4.01 ». The continuation of this work was the Syrdarya Control and the Northern Aral Sea Project, Phase - II (SYNAS - II) performed by Consortium of Companies Euroconsult - Mott MacDonald, Ja- cobs-Babtie, Danish Hydraulic Institute, Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute, February 2008. Within this Project Report 3 "Environmental Impact Assessment" was prepared . Due to the fact that the present FS is developed within SYNAS II Project, component «Increase of fishery potential in the Northern Aral sea and delta lakes, creation of fishery infrastructure», material of the above mentioned Report 3 were used in it. Speaking about Project (FS) impact on the environment five main inter-connected tasks to be solved by it may be distinguished . They are prioritized as follows: General task of preservation of the unique natural complex of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems in the Syrdarya river delta, improvement of ecological and so- cial-economic situation in the Project area; Task on provision of guaranteed water abstraction for the lake systems and its further release according to the required water and level regime close to natural regime. This is especially important for fishery and muskrat breeding and other components of the eco- system ; Task on increase of fish productivity of the lakes systems; Task on provision of cleaning of the Syrdarya river water incoming to the lake systems with the help of natural filters (higher water plants: reed mace, cane, reed) being one of the main components of the lakes' ecosystem ; Task to register abstracted and released water. As it is seen from the list of tasks to be solved, all of them, per se, are nature protection tasks and are aimed on termination of the Syrdarya river delta' degradation. " • ..,,J __ .. " ... _ ._. _ ~- , ...... ~" •• - -- ~~/ 7.1 Characteristics of the design object 1) Amanotkel weir on the Syrdarya river . • Design Syrdarya flow at the weir range (P5%) 400 m 3/s • Verifying flow (P1 %) 800 m 3/s • Area of lake-swamp systems at NOL (55 ,8) 1 298,03 min. m 3 • Area of lake-swamp systems at MOL (56,4) 2 344 ,28 min. m 3 • Volume of lake-swamp systems at NOL (55 ,8) 1043,93 min. m 3 • Volume of lake-swamp systems at MOL (56,4) 1227,9 min. m 3 2) Water supply canals length 26,8 km 3) Operational roads 37 ,0 km 4) Flood protection dikes length 14,9 km 7.2 Evaluation of the environment status Evaluation of the environment' status is performed in the FS in accordance with the standard documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan and is given in Annex n - 1. 7.3 Object impact during construction . The works , which result in temporary worsening of the environment will be conducted on the object' territory during construction . It is anticipated that temporary air pollution by dust and combustion products from the operating construction machinery and motor transport will occur on the roads and construction site. 7.4 Object impact on the air basin After completion of construction the negative impact of the water objects on the air basin is not anticipated as they are not the enterprises producing waste emissions into the atmosphere. 7.5 Object impact on the land resources Impact on the land resources expressed by deterioration of soil cover and vegetation on the part of the territory is anticipated only at: • territory located along the routes of the dikes , dams, roads, canals and under water intake structures ; • access roads during construction period ; • territory of the construction camp. 1 Without territories flooded annually and during floods ofrare recurrence 2 Without territories during floods of rare recurrence 86 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) • Soils Impact on lands adjacent to the object including protected natural territories . Destruction of soil layer and vegetation is anticipated only on part of the territory located along the routes of dikes, dams, roads, canals and below the water outlet structures. Preparation of construction sites for water objects as well as construction itself includes the following measures: cutting of vegetation layer up to 30 cm and its stockpiling for further use; compensation planting of trees instead trees uprooted during con- struction ; at the borrow pits vegetation layer is also cut and stockpiled with further reclamation of the borrow pits' area; during construction all earth roads , on which the construction machinery and transport should be moved, should be regularly watered in order to avoid dust dispersion. Geological environment Due to the fact that Amanotkel-2 weir does not create the reservoir, but is designed for tempo- rary water level increase in the Syrdarya river as well as for reliable operation of water intakes, there will be no re-development of the shoreline. At the same time temporary increase of water level in the lake systems will be positive for the ecosystems, because it corresponds to the natural regime of the lakes' water supply. The same is ap- plied to the siltation processes. Land use Land reclamation calculations determine the summary area of land to be allocated for the ob- jects of water construction , which amounts to 446 ha. By its type the selected area to be allocated for construction belongs to selective hayfields. 7.6 Object impact on water resources Hydrological regime and surface water quality Construction of Amanotkel weir will not have negative impact on water medium . At that the fact of long-term natural water abstraction for the lake systems, which has already formed Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems in the Syrdarya river delta, is meant. Water quality will remain the same as the additional polluting factors are absent. Level regime and groundwater quality Construction of Amanotkel weir will not result in significant changes in level regime and groundwater quality. 7.7 Object impact on biological resources Flora and fauna As it was pointed out above, the Project area includes two lake systems - Kamyshlybash and · Akshatau (Figure 2.1), on which the following measures to be realiz,ed. The Project foresees the following measures: • construction of Amanotkel-2 weir, fish pass, reserve spillways, motor bridge across the weir, right-bank and left-bank dikes; • reconstruction of existing canals, along which the lake-swamp systems of the right and left banks are supplied; • construction of water intake structures at the beginning of water supply canals ; • construction of motor bridge across inter-lake canal Raim ; • construction of flood protection dikes and roads ; • construction of outlet structures and canals from the lake systems; • construction of OVL to the weir, water intake structures. As a result of realization of these measures the following factors will have impact on the eco- systems, flora and fauna of the Project area: Movement of motor transport and other construction and supplementary machinery. This factor will take place at the construction sites within the Project area. Its impact will be especially strong at the sites of construction of weir, water intakes, bridge, roads , OVL, dikes, reconstruction of the ca- nals. Influence of this factor by time will be rather long . As a result the structure of the soil cover will be disturbed , and vegetation cover will be completely destroyed at the construction sites. Due to the fact that in the region under study the soils of light mechanical content are prevailing (sand and loamy sand) , the processes of erosion and deflation stimulated by winds will be observed . They will be ex- pressed till the time , when the disturbed territories are protected by vegetation . Vegetation cover at the construction sites and along the temporary earth roads will be com- pletely destroyed. At the desert sites with zonal vegetation the processes of erosion and deflation will slow down the natural rehabilitation of vegetation . As a result, the vegetation at the eroded soils will rehabilitate gradually during 3-5 years after stoppage of impact. In the first two years the pioneer groups of weed erosiophylos species will prevail. Them the rarefied communities with participation of species typical for these habitats will be formed , which will gradually obtain the appearance and floristic content close to the natural cenosis. It is necessary to point out that on this territory the soils' projective coverage with vegetation in the zonal desert communities does not exceed 60 %. So, there will be no complete obliteration as there is no complete obliteration in the nature. Solonchanks and sors will not overgrown at all due to the natural peculiarities or, in rare cases, the rarefied halophytic groups will be formed . At the sites of hydromorphic habitats with close groundwater table under natural conditions the soils' projective coverage with vegetation is 60-100%. At such sites rehabilitation of vegetation after disturbance will be faster. Under condition of impact stoppage they .will overgrow during 2-3 years. Impact of this factor on the fauna will be connected , first of all , to light (alight headlights in the even ing , lighting of the personnel camps) and noise effects, which will have deterrent character. Direct- ly at the construction sites the burrows of rodents and shrews (sandpipers , jerboas, etc.) will be dis- turbed. Also the death of these animals under the transport wheels is possible . Factors, sources, potential types of impact and the environment components under influence are given in Annex n 2. The residual impact after completion of the measures is given in Annex n 3. 7.8 Impact of construction works on the biota' separate components Fish: During construction of dikes and other structures impact on fish will be connected to: • disturbance of bottoms and bottom sediments in the water bodies; • water abstraction ; • physical factors (noise, light) ; • physical presence of backfilled soil on the bottom at the construction sites of canals and dikes. Disturbance of bottom and bottom sediments Taking into account small bottom area disturbed by the construction machinery, trenches and soil disposals, it seems unlikely that physical presence of such objects may have significant impact on 88 ' - Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) fish migration routes and its reproduction. Impact of construction machinery and, in future, remaining soil terraces along canals and dikes will be, probably, revealed in time and insignificant changes in routes of fish' feeding and pre-spawning migration. These changes will have local character and will not have significant impact on reproduction and fattening of fish inhabiting there Water abstraction for technical and technological needs. will be done constantly during construc- tion period. Equipping of water intake jets with special devices (fish protection grids) allows decreasing of negative impact on the ichthyofauna. Physical factors Production noise originated during construction works may have negative impact on fish. Oper- ation and presence of machinery may support fish migration from the area of construction works. Fish picks up acoustic vibrations in the ware medium in the range of 50-30000 hertz (Platt, Popper, 1981 ). But different fish species may have different reaction on sound. It is determined that radius of fish avoidance of sound noise may be 100 - 1000 m, and threshold of sensivity to noise is 25 dB. It is as- sumed that acoustic impact at the sites of dikes' construction will have insignificant impact on fish be- havior causing fish migration within several hundreds meters. Lighting of transport and infrastructure structures during dark time will cover local sites with small area and will have no impact on fish behavior. Physical factors of impact and presence of construction machinery will have local impact of low intensiveness on fish . In general spatial scale of negative impact on fish resulted from disturbance of the water bodies' bottoms during construction of dikes and canals is estimated as being limited, temporary impact is long-term, impact intensiveness is /ow. Birds. As a result of production activities connected to construction of dikes and canals the main impact on birds will be due to the following : • disturbance of habitats; • physical impact (light, noise); • visual impact (presence of machinery, people) . Disturbance of habitats during construction works . Construction of the weir, water intakes, ca- nals and dikes will cover different types of biotopes of shallow waters and lakes' shore occupied by reed bushes, meadow massifs, bushes, desert sandy and plain sites. The highest concentration of birds is typical for hydromorphic habitats, in particular, reeds and bushes. Here the places of feeding and resting of many bird species as well as nesting places are located. The largest number of birds in this area is observed in autumn and spring periods. The area of reed bushes, where the construction works to be done, is (especially in certain seasons) a highly sensitive habitat for birds and presents by itself "the area of high ecological sensi- tiveness". Due to this reason all construction works in this area are planned to be performed taking into account that works will not be conducted during the certain periods of special sensitiveness (April 1st - June 1si, sometimes May 15th, and September 15th - October 30th). Desert sites are not the places with high concentration of birds, their population here in all seasons is low and reaches only few dozens of species. Physical presence of machinery and physical factors connected to it - low-frequency noise dur- ing movement of tractors, excavators, and operation of different machinery as well as production and construction equipment, lighting of transport and structures in dark time may result in changes in the birds behavior and may lead to their relocation to the adjacent sites. They are the source of nervous- ness for the birds using the lakes and land plots for feeding. It is assumed that noise impact on birds will be more strong in the reed areas, where construc- tion works are to be conducted in the close vicinity to places of birds gathering. Works with application of construction machinery are the source of rather intensive noise. Reduction of noise level of the sound source to the rates established for population on the open sites is anticipated at a distance of L I I " u VI 1111\.lllLU.1 u11p<.&.\.ll r\.,:)..)\,,..),::u11\.lt IL not more than 1.5-2.0 km . But, the reed bushes will be good noise-absorbing barrier, which will de- crease the distance of strong noise spreading. At the width of reed strip of 10-15 m noise reduction will be about 4-5 dBA; at the width of reed strip of 16-20 m reduction of noise level will be 5-8 dBA. (SNiP - 11-12-77). Taking into account the other peculiarities of the birds' behavior reactions at the site of strong • noise sources, it may be anticipated that birds will soon adapt to the new sources of sound and their gradual return to the initial habitats after flushing . This is confirmed by the studies of noise and artificial light impact on behavior of waterfowl birds (Hill , 1992). It is found out that they quite quickly get used to new sounds or light, and show anxiety or fright only if new sound occurs, and after short period of time return to their normal activity. Impact of physical factors (noise, light) on birds may be estimated in spatial scale as being a limited impact, by its intenseness - weak, by time - long-term . Other vertebrate animals. The most possible construction negative impact on the vertebrates is anticipated from : • physical presence of people, transport and construction machinery; • operation noise and construction site' lighting during night time ; • reduction of fattening areas due to disturbance of natural biotopes. Physical factors (noise. light). Allocation of communities or individual species of these animals will depend on forage base and watering points. In spring and summer the animals show the reactions of avoidance, when people or motor transport is coming close , at a distance of 100-150 m. Taking into account the results of studies on the animals' reactions on noise of different intensiveness (Richard- son, 1991 ), it may be assumed that many species will quickly get used to construction noise and will not migrate far from their usual habitats (i.e. impact will be low) . Light impact will have local character and may only insignificantly influence the animals' behav- ior at the construction site. In general the spatial scale of negative impact on the vertebrates during construction works is estimated as being local, time scale - Jong-term , impact intensiveness - from insignificant. Vegetation. Vegetation is formed under influence of environmental conditions at places of growing. Annual overground part of grass plants is dyeing out, and bushes are often deformed under wind influence. As a result of production activity connected to construction of dikes and. canals the main impact will occur under the following types of activity: • movement of transport and machinery on land and shallow waters ; • preparation of canals, soil excavation and embankment during construction of the weir, water intakes, canals and dikes. Reduction of negative im·pact on vegetation may be achieved if the construction works are per- formed at the site of water-swamp areas in late autumn and winter. Machinery movement. Use of tractors, bulldozers and other machinery at the site of dikes' con- struction will result in disturbance of vegetation growing in the movement corridors. Vegetation disturbance will occur due to soil excavation or backfilling. Vegetation will be also damaged during operations connected to packing and refueling of transport and other machinery. At shallow water sites, in case the works are conducted during summer period, operation of caterpillar and_amphibian transport for the equipmen.t transportation will result in disturbance and destruction of vegetation along the machinery' traffic routes. Issue of vegetation disturbance is related to the factor of mechanical damage to vegetation and its ability to natural rehabilitation. The fact that all types of perennial vegetation is effectively repro- duced by seed or vegetative way supports the natural rehabilitation of vegetation . Such characteristics provide its stability to mechanical damage and improve its ability to rehabilitation and distribution . One- 90 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-Il) time mechanical damage resulted from machinery movement will not lead to irreversible changes in ' . the plants' communities. But permanently repeated mechanical damage on one and the same site may result in changes or transformation of vegetation communities , or even in complete destruction of vegetation . The most vulnerable are the sites with weakly fixed vegetation (solonchaks, sands) . Negative impact due to increase of machinery movement during construction works may be es- timated as follows : by area scale - as linear-areal, by time of impact - long-term, by intensiveness - from moderate to strong depending on the site relief and soils. Preparation of canals, trenches, disposal sites. The canals' deepening and preparation and soil disposal will result in complete destruction of vegetation at this site and , partially, under the soil dis- posals formed during the canals' construction . It is calculated that as a result of impact due to deepening and backfilling , complete rehabilita- tion of vegetation may require several years (5-7). During construction works the vegetation rehabilita- tion is not anticipated because of its continuous damage by construction operations. Plants dusting caused by construction works will result in settling of large amounts of dust on the plants leaves, which will be followed by worsening of photosynthesis and plants' breathing , and even in their death due to settling of large amounts of dust and plants' burial under it. During construction the spatial scale of the most intensive impact on vegetation is estimated as being linear-areal, time scale - Jong-term, impact intensiveness - from low to strong depending on re- moteness from the construction site. 7.9 Object' impact on recreation resources and landscape Construction of water objects will result in changes of landscape structure formed during the last years . The landscape with presence of manmade forms will appear (weir, water intakes, dikes, canals, roads , offtakes) . Areas of aqua landscape will increase and land landscape will decrease on the territo- ries of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems. Microclimate of the adjacent territory will improve. The possibility to organize a recreation zone at Kamyshlybash lake will appear. In general the impact may be characterized as positive. 7.10 Object' impact on social-economic conditions and population health Impact on the social-economic situation will be positive as the construction of the object allows: •increase of population employment and income during the period of construction of water ob- jects as well as after its completion (object' operation); • provide stimulation of development of agricultural production, processing enterprises as well as social-economic infrastructure for trade , service , transport, communications, etc. 7.11 Object' impact on historic monuments By Decree N23859 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated February 2?1h, 1998 the Governmental Program of the Republic of Kazakhstan on «Reconnaissance of the Silk Way histor- ic centers, preservation and successive development of cultural heritage of the Turkic-speaking coun- tries , creation of tourism infrastructure» was adopted. The main aim of the Program is to reinstate na- tional , social-econom ic and international role of historic system of urbanization of Kazakhstan part of the Silk Way route. The remnants of Raim fortification (Raim) located on the Project area belong to the stated ob- jects. It was established in 1847, received the name of Aralsk fortification and existed till 1854, when it L..111f1J.V11l11\.111l.UI .l11lt-'U'-' '- J.J.o.J"'-'""llJ\.llll. 1 IVj'-''-''- J. 11~J'-' J..l \ U J. J.~J. l.U J.J.j 3 was liquidated . It received its initial name from Satyr Raim , the remnants of whose aba were included into the fortification borders. In 1853 the state steamship enterprise (Aralsk flotilla) was founded there. It was established for the military purposes and performed navigation upstream the Syrdarya river for - 500 miles. So, the safety line of communication with China via western Turkestan was opened for Eu- rope . In Raim fortification the exiled poet - soldier Taras Shevchenko created the series of its pic- tures (Figure 7.1), the so-called genre paintings. There his poetic creative works were continued . Measures proposed in the FS do not touch Raim fortification because it was initially constructed on higher elevations , which were not flooded by the Syrdarya river water even during the most signifi- cant floods . So, realization of Project on «Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems» , which includes also the improvement of road network, will have positive impact on development of tourism , hunting and fishing on the Project territory . . ·p111.1F.HH R .> P 11. I RI! I P-.MP'I •a · (I I' I Figure 7.1 7.12 Evaluation of possible accidendts at the object As the analysis of water-economic situation in the Syrdarya river basin for the period of 1960 - 2009 shows, the most dangerous situations, which may occur on the object, are caused , first of all , by 3 aba - warm clothes of Arabic nomads 92 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYN AS-II) non-coordination in decision-making as regards distribution of the Syrdarya river runoff at the inter- state and republican levels. In this case the natural unevenness of runoff worsened by the human factor causes the occl!r- rence of two critical situations in the Syrdarya downstream reaches, where the object designed in the present FS is located . This is indicated by supply of extremely small volumes and flows of water during periods, when they are required by the ecosystems, as well as by release of large water volumes and flows to the downstream reaches Koksarai re-regulating reservoir and flood protection dikes are not solving these problems com- pletely for the Project area under study. That's why in the present FS it is proposed to construct Amanotkel weir and other hydraulic structures, which will provide water supply of the lake systems even with minimum flows in the Syrdarya river as well as protect the settlements from flooding . When water flows in the Syrdarya river downstream Kazalinsk barrage are 800 m3/sec, and their duration is more than two months (flood of rare recurrence of 1 % probability and lower) , the nor- mal operation of the object is provided as follows: During the first month of flood one part of water is used for filling of the lake systems, the other part is passed via spillway of Amanotkel-2 weir. During the second month, when the lake systems are completely filled , and discharge of 620 m3/sec is passed via the weir spillway, the surplus flow of 180m 3/sec is passed via reserve spillways (fuse plug cofferdams) on the left bank. Places of allocation of these reserve spillways (cofferdams) are selected on the by-pass route, which in the years with especially high water content, before construction of the reservoirs on the Syrdarya river, had been the natural by-pass route for passage of high water flows at this range of the river. After passage of the flood of rare recurrence these cofferdams are to be rehabilitated. Such technical solution accepted in the FS allows significant reduction of expenses on con- struction of a spillway at Amanotkel-2 weir and does not contradict with requirements of SNiP RK 3.04- 01-2008, which permits to destroy the dams at separate sections during passage of extreme floods , not causing damage to the weir and flooding of the settlements. 7.13 Conclusions and recommendations On the territory of Kamysh/ybash and Akshatau lake systems, as a result of sufficient wa- ter supply, hygro- and meso-phytization of vegetation will take place. Desert vegetation will be replaced by intra-zonal vegetation . Meadow and bush communities will prevail. As a result, the communities' productivity and resource_status will increase as well as the species bio-diversity. In accordance with the conditions of habitats the fauna will change. Species of the water-swamp complex will prevail. Number of species of pre-water and waterfowl birds will increase significantly. The area of grass-reed swamps and swamping meadows will also increase significantly. Hygro- and meso-phytization of vegetation at the adjacent territories due to increase of groundwater table will be observed. Analysis of the hydro-technical measures' impact shows that increase of areas of hydromorphic habitats is anticipated, consequently, increase of flora and fauna bio-diversity, improvement of status of the forage areas, improvement of microclimate at the adjacent territories, increase of areas and im- provement of status of Saxaul forests and bushes on the Project area is anticipated. Negative impact of the measures to be performed on vegetation , fauna and ecosystems in general will be connected to technical measures on the construction sites: operation of machinery, dis- turbance of soil cover, extension of the earth roads network, long-term presence of staff at the site, noise and light effects, which fright animals, possible poaching. - - _ J _ _ _ - ---·- - -- , - - - ·- - - --./ So, it is recommended to fulfill the following important measures on minimization of impacts and their consequences : • from mid-May till mid-September and also in November - December it is recommended to limit traffic on the earth road network causing the disturbance of soil-vegetation cover; • prohibition of washing of cars and other machinery in the natural water bodies in order to avoid • surface water pollution ; • minimization of lighting during night time on the territory of temporary construction camps or shift camps ; • minimization of noise especially during the sensitive seasons; • complete prohibition of cutting of saxaul and other bushes; • complete prohibition of hunting especially on waterfowl birds and saiga being under threat of disappearance as well as other species of wild ungulates; • construction and other technical works should be conducted in periods of the lowest sensitive- ness of flora and fauna. It is necessary to avoid active works during nesting period of the water- fowls (mid-April - mid-June) as well as during period of mass· concentration of birds for fatten- ing before flying-away (September - October) . During these periods mass migration of migrant birds is observed. In spring the majority of animals and birds are breeding , plants' vegetation starts including blooming of rare types of tulips; • usually such projects attract a lot of workers; machinery supplementary personnel, who are not only the factor of disturbance, but often are the reason of direct extermination of animals, source of poaching . It is reasonable to strengthen control on performance of the environmental protection legislation and establishment of regular inspections via the respective authorities (hunting inspection, fish inspection) as the important environmental protection measure; • for further success of rational use of local resources with minimum negative impact on fauna it is necessary to develop the system of monitoring of consequences of the human activities' in- fluence; • to perform scientific and other research works in the lake systems (monitoring) it is recom- mended to use block-module self-propelled scientific - research complex np.6801/M (Figure 7.1) developed by OJSC «Caspian Engineering Bureau» . This complex np.6801 /M allows per- forming of works even on very shallow and strongly overgrown territories . Use of a mover in the complex and low immersion of the boat allows to navigate under conditions of shallow water and availability of water vegetation with relatively low noise level. Sizes and mass of separate blocks of casing as well as input components of the complex allows its transportation to the re- quired place by motor transport. Technical parameters of np.6801/M complex: the largest length - 12,5 m; total width - 7,0 m; width of one block-module - 2·,2 m; height of a side- 1,25 m; average immersion - 0,65 m; engine power - 2 x 100 horse forces . 94 • Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Figure 7.2 • to change cross-sections and water flows at different ranges of the river and canals and to do investigations in the lakes it is recommended to use the acoustic Doppler profilographs (ADP). These devices are designed to perform mobile and autonomous measurements of usual and extreme hydrological phenomena decreasing the expenses and efforts under increase of measurements number. Several companies as ROI , SonTek are manufacturing them. The de- vice presents by itself a portable system (Figure 7.3) , which may be installed on any boat or catamaran . The system has low weight and may be transported in rigid plastic case on wheels. The system includes: • acoustic Doppler profilographs ADP ; •compass I inclination gage; •external DGPS interface; •autonomous power source; •software RiverSurveyor. • Figure 7.3 7.14 Summary Environment Impact Assessment Forecast of the environmental status and possible consequences in the social-public sphere by the results of the object' activity. During operation the water-economic objects will not have negative impact on the environment and social-public sphere. Living conditions of population will improve, em- ployment will increase. 8 Environmental management and training of staff 8.1 Administration and staff . Comm ittee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan should be responsible for realization of the Program on mitigation measures, monitoring and environ- mental management. Also these functions may be entrusted with authorities dependent on CWR. For this purpose it is proposed to create an ecological group, which should be completed by all required specialists to solve any issues arising during construction and operation of the object. 8.2 Training of staff Under local conditions the environmental management is a new term for the environmentalists, who as usual do not have· special training . For effective realization of the design ecological solutions it is necessary not only improve qualification of the practicing environmentalists but also to train the eco- logical staff of the medium level to manage the environment. At the present time in the Republic of Kazakhstan are legally created all conditions for compre- hensive training of population in the sphere of ecological knowledge. One of the components of environmental education is the Republican Education - Consulting Center on improvement of qualification and staff training , environmental education in all labour collec- tives. At that the special attention is paid to the saving of natural resources, care attitude to nature, 96 • Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) t - minimization of harmful emissions (releases) , reduction of wastes , systematic re-attestation of officers and specialists relating with activities on nature use with issuing of the special certificate 9 Monitoring Program • Realization of the Monitoring Program in the area of the Project' influence on environment is - necessary to correct technical solution on prevention , elimination or mitigation of negative conse- . quences during construction and operation. The purposes of the Monitoring Program are: • determination of sufficiency of mitigation measures, foreseen in the design , during con- struction and operation by the method of control ; • evaluation of the measures' effectiveness on mitigation of negative impacts and strengthening of positive impact. Changing of these measures or development of the new ones as a response on the non-effective measures or changes of conditions ; • determination and mitigation of any other negative impacts, which are not foreseen in the design , but arise as a result of the object' construction and operation. The proposed Monitoring Program corresponds to the level of information at the FS stage. At the next stages of design it is possible to add it. Land resources a) Soils It is necessary to control the soils quality because the pollutants will enter the Syrdarya river to- gether with storm and snow water from the catchment area. It is necessary to foresee soil sampling in spring and autumn . Water resources a) Surface water It is necessary to control quantity and quality of water flowing to Amanotkel weir as well as vol- umes of releases to the downstream reaches. For this purpose water-measuring wells are foreseen in the FS at the weir. It is necessary to control quantity and quality of water incoming by water supply canals into Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems. b) Groundwater It is necessary to control quantity and quality of groundwater. Air basin It is necessary to control quantity and chemical content of precipit;:ltion in the area of the object' operation . Biological resources It is necessary to control diversity and integrity of communities of plants and animals. Due to absence of accurate and complete data on the modern status of flora and fauna at the site under study, it is impossible to give accurate forecast of their changes after construction . So, first of all , it is necessary to perform expedition survey at this area. Social - economic resources and population health It is necessary to conduct in-depth rnedical survey in order to receive modern information on true level of population health on the territory under study Program of ecological monitoring with indication of responsible performers is given in Table 9.1 98 easibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea , :nvironmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Table 9.1 Program of ecological monitoring Ac- Period/ igory Subject Plan and methodology Institution Performers count Frequency ability ruction period Manmade disturbance of soil During construction Construction of the weir, dikes, CWR Engineers - inspectors CWR cover period roads and canals . Reclamation of controlling the construe- disturbed lands ti on Use of heavy technical During construction Monitoring of use of heavy CWR Engineers - inspectors CWR equipment and machinery period equipment in order to prevent soil controlling the construe- compaction ti on Possible pollution of soils by During construction Control on storage and use of CWR Engineers - inspectors CWR combustive - lubricating ma- period combustive-lubricating materials controlling the construe- terials . on the Project territory ti on 1ical Disturbance of rest of wild During construction Field survey Ministry of envi- Staff of the Department CWR -ces animals inhabiting there due period ronmental pro- on wild animals' protec- to construction tection ti on r re- Risk of combustive - lubricat- During construction Control on use of combustive- CWR Engineers - inspectors CWR ~s ing materials' seepage into period lubricating materials on the Pro- controlling the construe- the soils ject territory ti on >nment Collection of construction During construction Control on debris collection CWR Engineers - inspectors CWR debris after completion of period controlling the construe- construction works ti on Dust During construction Prevention of dust emergence CWR Engineers - inspectors CWR period during earthworks and transpor- controlling the construe- tat ion ti on ration period 99 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Soils Monitoring of the soils' water 1 time in 5 years 1. Selection of monitoring object Scientific- Laboratory tests , sam- c' -physical properties at the and points of allocation of the research Center piing to be done by field permanent ecological plat- permanent ecological platform on land workers form 2. Soil sampling in genetic layers at the depth of 2 m. Laboratory tests. Results' processing and analysis. Monitoring of the soils' salini- 3 time per a year Soil sampling in genetic layers at Scientific- Laboratory tests, sam- C\ zation at the permanent eco- the depth of 2 m. Laboratory research Center piing to be done by field logical platform tests. Results' processing and on land workers analysis. Monitoring of content of 1 time per ayear Soil sampling from the top layer Scientific- Field workers Scientific- c' heavy metals, pesticides, for laboratory tests. Results' pro- research Center research Center on land herbicides in the soils at the cessing and analysis. on land and farmers permanent ecological plat- form Surface wa- Volume of surface runoff At the weir -every Field measurements at gauging The weir' opera- Specialists of the units C\ ters day in automatic re- stations on the river and tion staff gime Amanotkel weir as well as at wa- ter intakes to water suooly canals pH, temperature , electric Every ten days dur- Field measurements at gauging rrM3 Specialists of the units C\ conductivity, ing flood period stations on the river and rrM3 transperency. Amanotkel weir as well as at wa- ter intakes to water supply canals Mineralization , Na, K, Ca, 3 times during flood Water sampling at gauging sta- rrM3 Specialists of the units C\ Mg , Cl, HC03, N, NH4, P, period tions equipped on the river. Tests rrM3 S04, N02, N03, petrochem- should be done in laboratory icals. conditions. Micro-elements: Cu, Zn, Mn, 3 times during flood Wat~r sampling at gauging sta- rrM3 Specialists of the units C\ Ni, Pb, Fe, Cr, F, Cd , Co, Hg , period tions equipped on the river. Tests rrM3 biological testing , bacterio- should be done in laboratory loQical analysis conditions. Biological Flora With interval of one Determination and classification Department of Field workers C\ resources year after comple- of inhabiting vegetation species. plants' protec- tion of construction Creation of the catalogue of in- tion of the Minis- habiting vegetation species with try of ecology photos and biological resources 100 easibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea . '. nvironmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Fauna With interval of one Determination and classification Department on Field workers CWR year after comple- of inhabiting species of wild ani- wild animals' tion of construction mals. Creation of the catalogue protection of the of inhabiting species. Ministry of ecol- ogy and biologi- cal resources - Monitoring of use of pesti- In a year after com- Sampling during the period of Republican and Field workers CWR mic cides and heavy metals and pletion of construe- maturing from the commercial regional veteri- ces their residual quantities in tion , then - every 3 - part of the crops; analysis of pes- nary laborato- organisms and agricultural 5 years milk and ticides, nitrates. The same ap- ries , regional crops meat of animals and plies to fish. and district sani- fish should be stud- tary- ied; vegetation epidemiological products - annually stations Status of the weir, dikes, ca- During operation pe- Control and field observations The object' op- CWR nals and other hydraulic riod eration staff structures 101 ANNEXES 102 ~asibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea nvironmental Impact ~ssessment Project Phase II (SYN AS-II) nnex n1 - Assessment of impact and environmental protection measures in the Project under study I ... .5 0 I Influencing element Affected factor Type and character of impact (anticipated) Main impact Secondary impact Possible result of im- pact Measures on prevention or mitigation of negative i impact ..... Construction of the weir, Quality of at- Formation of dust, in- Worsening of visibility, espe- Worsening of health Minimization of non- ro water intakes, canals, mospheric air crease of salts' concen- cially in windy weather; Dust status of people in the regulated field motor roads (.) ·c dikes, organization of trations, emissions of and salts settling on vegeta- area of influence, aller- and prevention of fracturing (!) .r::. temporary field camps; pollutants into the at- tion and worsening of pro- gic reactions, impact of sor - solonchak surface; a. (/) 0 movement of transport mosphere cesses of breathing and pho- on vision Maintenance of machinery E ...... and construction ma- tosynthesis; Worsening of in operation condition <( chinery. breathing of people and ani- ..- mals ' Construction of the weir, Structure of soil Cutting of top fertile soil Disturbance of the soils' nat- Loss of natural condi- Cutting and stockpiling of water intakes, canals, cover and soil layer, mixing of soil lay- ural structure and soil cover, tions for plants' grow- top fertile soil layers, espe- ..... (!) dikes, organization of layers ers, soil compaction development of erosion and ing and animals living , cially alluvial , with their fur- > along the routes of mo- deflation processes, chemi- especially burrow ani- ther placing back at dis- 0 (.) temporary field camps; - ·5 movement of transport tor roads and loosening cal pollution (combustive- mals, formation of sites turbed sites, regulation of Cf) and construction ma- on the waysides lubricating materials, etc.) with eroded soils and transport and machinery N chinery. deflation on sands traffic, especially on the soils with light mechanical content. Construction of the weir, Surface water Local stirring-up and Temporary worsening of Decrease of plenty, Prohibition of car and other (!) I water intakes, canals, quality pollution with technical conditions of habitats of wa- productivity and spe- machinery washing in the ..... (/) ..... (!) dikes, organization of and domestic wastes, ter flora and fauna cies diversity of water natural water bodies and (!) (.) ..... ro ::I temporary field camps; combustive-lubricating flora and fauna rivers ~ 0 (/) movement of transport materials and construction ma- "" chinery. Construction of the weir, Flora and fauna Destruction of vegeta- Decrease of biodiversity at Replacement of natural Prohibition of non-regulated water intakes, canals, species, natural tion and habitats of construction sites, loss of vegetation communi- transport traffic, minimiza- ro ...... dikes, organization of vegetation cov- some species of ani- habitats of some animal spe- ties by secondary rare- tion of sites of so'il cutting 0 en temporary field camps; er, habitats of mals at construction cies tied groups of weed and excavation , limitation of ~ movement of transport wild animals sites or transport pas- species, locally - loss light and noise impact and construction ma- sage, frightening of an- of habitats of some chinery. imals animal species 103 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Continuation of Annex n1 Filling of the lake Microclimate of Daily and annual air temper- Evaporation from water Improvement of microcl imate Creation of water pro- I ..... ·- systems accord- (/) o ro adjacent territo- ature is changing on the ad- surface will increase, in (positive) tection area not less E .s.? ...., ..... ing to proposed ry jacent territories, absolute cold seasons the occur- than 100 m <( Q) schedule of level and relative air moisture will rence of fogs is possible, . ..c I.() c... reg ime increase (positive) which has negative impact on people ..... Filling of the lake Soils physical - Strengthening of hydro- On sign ificant territory re- Changes in soil cover' struc- Minimization of the Q) > systems accord- chemical prop- morphic processes in the soil placement of auto-morphic ture due to formation of more soil cover' disturbance 0 (.) ing to proposed erties and struc- cover at the significant area, desert soils by hydro- fertile soils of meadow and and pollution ·5 schedule of level tu re of soil cover increase of soils' moisture, morphic and semi-hydro- swamp series CJ) regime reduction of salinization of morphic soils (positive) cri top layers ..... (/) Filling of the lake Hydrological, Increase of surface water Level regime in the lake Increase of water-swamp area Prohibition of car and Q) Q) ...., (.) ..... systems accord- hydro-chemical area; filling of lakes in spring systems will be maximally (positive) other machinery ~ ::::J 0 ing to proposed and thermal re- - summer period ; increase of close to natural washing in the lakes r-...: ..... Q) (/) schedule of level gimes groundwater table and rivers regime Filling of the lake Flora, fauna , Replacement of desert and Increase of flora and fauna Communities of trees and Increase of fish re- systems accord- vegetation cov- semi-hydro-morphic habitats biod iversity, increase of bushes will be formed , land- production . The lakes ing to proposed er, wild animals' of vegetation and animals by hayfields, pastures and scape esthetic value will im- stocking c:md creation schedule of level habitats hydro-morphic with respec- reed bushes areas prove; number of water and of fishery farms , strict regime tive flora and fauna pre-water species of flora and control on seasons of fauna , especially birds, will in- hunting and fishing ; ro ...., crease; increase of number of prohibition of trees 0 plankton species and biomass, and bushes' cutting ; co benthos and water vegetation rational use of hay- cci providing forage base for fish fields and pastures and birds ; opportunity to hunt, fish , recreation for population will appear (positive) ; signifi- cant increase of number of sanguivorous and mosquitoes (negative) . 104 . - . . . - ' - '' . - - > 16awcKoro pb16on111TOMHlllK8 c BK/lt0'18Hl/leM B Hero AeTailbHOrO npoeKTlllpOBaHl'IR «Pacw111peH111e BblpOCTHblX npyAOB Ha y1.1acTKe TacTaK KaMb1Wnbl6awcKoro pb16on111TOMHMKa (1-bl~ nycKOBOH KOMnneKc)» ; 6. 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J 112 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral .- Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Annex n6 - 3 dated 15.01.2007 AGREEMENT N23/1, Translation Agreement N2 3/13 on financing in the year 2009 the Contract on Consulting Services, no number, dated 15.01.2007 Program 027 "Syrdarya Control and the Northern Aral Sea" Sub-Program 016 "Project realization by co-financing from the republican budget" Specifics 149 "Other services and works" Specifics 159 "Other current expenses" Astana September 15 \ 2009 State Enterprise Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, hereinafter called the Client, in the person of Deputy Chairman Kenshimov Amirkhan Kadyrbekovich , acting on the basis of Regulation "Issues of the Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan", approved by Regulation NQ 650 dated 20.10.2008 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan , and Loan Agree- ment NQ 4609 KZ, signed between the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and Republic of Kazakhstan, on the one hand , and PC "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute", located at: Almaty, Seifullin avenue, 434, hereinafter called the Consultant, in the person of Chairman of the Board Dmitriev Leonid Nikolayevich , acting on the basis of the Charter, on the other hand, have concluded the present Agreement about: 1. Total sum of the Agreement on the Contract without number dated 15.01 .2007 for the consulting services is 70 413 000 (seventy millions four hundred thirteen thousand) KZT, includ- ing VAT 7 435 397 (seven millions four hundred thirty five thousand three hundred ninety sev- en) KZT. The present Agreement should be considered as an integral part of the Agreement on Contract without number dated 15.01 .2007. According to the present Agreement the Consultant is obliged to perform in 2009 the works foreseen and described in the Agreement for the sum of 62 409 710 (sixty two millions four hundred nine thousand seven hundred ten) KZT. 2. For the performed works satisfying the Client's requirements in 2007 was paid 7 255 000 KZT and VAT 748 290 KZT. For the works performed in 2009 satisfying the Client's require- ments, the payment for consulting services is foreseen on Specifics 149 "Other services and works" in amount of 55 722 955 (fifty five millions seven hundred twenty two thousand nine hundred fifty five) KZT and on Specifics 159 "Other current expenses" in amount of 6 686 755 (six millions six hundred eighty six thousand seven hundred fifty five) KZT. 3. The Contractor is obliged to provide completion of all types of works under the present Agreement not later than at December 31st. 2009. 4. The present Agreement comes into force after its registration by the Client in the territo- rial body of the Treasury of the Ministry of Finances of the Republic of Kazakhstan and is valid till December 31st, 2009. 5. The legal norms of the Agre_ ement are the legislative acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Client: Performer: State Enterprise Committee for Water PC "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute" Resources of the MoA RK JSC "KazlnvestBank" Treasury Committee MF RK, Astana RNN 600400025468 RNN 600700010438 BIK 190501920 BIK 195301070 llK 009467775, KBE 17 llK 000120200 Almaty, Seifullin av. , 434 Astana , Orynbor str. , 8 ------- A Kenshimov - - - - - - - - L.Dmitriev a Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-ll) rr 6 - JI:OroBoP .NB/13 oT 1s.01.2001 -. ,ll.oroeop .N"t 3/13 Ha cl>HHatlCHpOBatt.He 8 2009 ro;zy KOHlpaKTa Ha KOHCYJib'ra.QHOHHI.Je ycnyrn 6/H OT 15.01.2007r. IIporpaMMa 027 «PeryJIHpoBaHHe pycna pe.KH C1>rp;::i:ap1>n .e: coxpaHem1e ceBepHoii qacm ApaJil>CKOfO MOpK>> Ilo;::i:nporpa.M.Ma 016 <) CrrenHqnnaTi.m r. ACTaHa « l » ceHTa6p.11 2009 ro;::i:a rY KoMHTeT rio B0,I1;HbIM pecypcaM MmmcrepcTBa Ce.JlbCKOro X03mCTBa PK, .H.MeHyeMhlH B JJ.aJibHeliweM 3axa3tmK. B JIHlle 3aMecTHTCJIH Ilpe.nce.uarem1 KeHIIIHMOBa AMHpxaHa Ka,zu,rp6eKOBl{tla., .neAc"IByiom:ero Ha OCHOBatt:HH Ilono:>K.eHWI <ecy: r.AJIMaTLI, np.CeiiyroH. cropom.1. 33KJIIOtnmH HaCTomu;e:A Jlorosop o HIDKecne;::i:yiomeM: 1.06m:aH C)'MM8 CornameHIDI no KOHTp8KfY 6/H OT 15.01.2007r. H.a KOHCYJibTaIJ.HOHHNe yc.rryrn COCTaBMer 70 413 000 (CeMb)].ecwr MHJDIBOHOB 11e11i1pecra 'IpHH8.ZlllaTI. TLICgtJ) reHre, B TOM qffCJie HJlC 7 435 397 (CeMI> MH.JlJIHOHOB "'IeTblpecTa. rp~an. rum. ThICri 'IpHCTa ,n;eBHHOCTO ceMb) Teare. Jla.HHbm ,D;orosop paccMaTpHJSaeTCH, KaIC HeoT"beMJieMIIIOmDrrl> B 2009 ro.iey pa6oTt>T, npe.eycMOlJ>eHHhle H orosope~e B CornameHHH Ha C)'MMY 62 409 710 (illecmweoim <}6a MWutuoua 'i.emblpecma oeBRmb mblCR~ CeMbCOm OeCRmb) meH?.e. 2. 3a ycnyrn, y.uoBJTe1''BOp}llOlllHe -rpe6oBaHIDIM 3axa3tmKa, B:blIIOJIHeHHhle 6wm 2007 ro.uy 7 255 000 rettre H ~C 748 290 TeHre. 3a BhllJJia~e1m . s BbillOJIHeHHble paOOn.1 B 2009 .ro.ny,. y.no.BJie:mop11t0~He. -q>e.6oBa.H..WIM3aJca3qmra, rrpe.uycMa-rpHBaercg orunrra KOHcym.Tau;HOHm.rx ycJTyr no cnel{H¢HKe 149 «IlpOqifC yC.ll)TH H pa6oThI» B C}'MMe 55 722 955 OJRmh()ernm nflmb .M1.L!l.llllOH06 CeMbCOnt Oeaoyamb Oea mhlCRl.la <}e6flmbCOm nJl.m&iJecJl.m mlmb) meHce II ITO crreII;HqnIKe 159 «Ilpo-cme re1cynvre 3a.Tparbrn s cyMM·e 6 686 755 (ll]ecmb M WLRUOHOe zaecmbcom eoce.MbiJec;im wecmb mnicR'l ce.Jt.ibCom nRmbdecRm 1151.mb) meHze. - ----··--·- - ---- ·- -- --- ---- ---- ·------ --~-- 114 Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) 3. Ilo,n;px,ll'IHK ofo13yeTCH o6ecrretJHTIJ 3aBepweHHe sc~x BH.llOB pa6oT no HacTmnneMy ,[(oroeopy tte no3.llHee 31 .neICa6p$1 2009 ro,ZJ;a. 4. Hacroxrn:itii ,l.{oroBOp BczynaeT B cwry nOCJie ero perHCTpauHH 3aica3imKoM B repp1nopHaJI1>HOM opraIIe Ka3aaqeit:CTBa MKmicTepc-rsa HHaHCOB Pecny6JIHKH Ka.3axcnm H .rte:HcTByeT JJ:O 31 ,n;eKa6pH 2009 ro,M. 5. TTpaBOBhIMH HOpMaMH ,l{orosopa jfBJ')))J{)'fCH 3aKOHOJWTeJI1>m.re aicrI:J Pecny6mtKH Ka.3aXCTIUI. 3aKal-tHK: HCDOJDIHTe.Jlh: fY KOMHTeT IIO BO,IIHbIM pecypca.M TIK «MHcnnyr Ka3mnpOBO)IX03», MCXPK AO «KmHHBecr6aHIC» KoMUTeT Ka3Ha11eiicnsa M PK PHH 600400025468 r.ACTaHa f;l11( 190501920 PHH 600700010438 llMK 00946777 5, KEE 17 EHK 195301070 HHK 000120200 Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Annex n7- ADDENDUM N21 TO THE MAIN CONTRACT Translation Addendum N2 1 to the Main Contract The main Contract on consulting services on detailed design of "Extension of the grow- ing ponds at Tastak site of Kamyshlybash fish hatchery (1st start-up complex)" is per- formed within the "Syrdarya Control and the Northern Aral sea" Project (SYNAS, Phase 1), component "Rehabilitation of water resources and fishery development". Addendum N2 1 The present Addendum N2 1 is to be considered together with the main Contract on consulting services between State Enterprise Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan a·nd PC "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute" dated 15.01 .2007. ·The terms and conditions of the Contracts and Annexes to it remain valid except changes and additions introduced by the present document. Due to the fact that: (a) From the date of the Project' commission some requirements and tasks have changed . During the period of start of the design-survey works as well as the technological and fishery calculations , "Kazg iprovodkhoz Institute" together with Aralsk Branch of the Scientific - Produc- tion Fishery Center (SPFC) in coordination with SRPE "Kamyshlybash fish hatchery" has found out that in order to receive the design number of fries of sturgeon fish species for the 1st start-up complex in amount of 890 000 units it is required to have not two ponds of 10 ha each, but 22 ponds for different purposes - head ponds, wintering , summer and growing ponds - with area from 0,5 to 2,25 ha, total area - 24,5 ha. Besides, it is foreseen to have not 1 fish species, but 5 sturgeon species (white sturgeon, spike, sturgeon , stellate sturgeon , bester). (b) According to SP RK 1.02-21 .2007 and Temporary methodic instructions on application of the acting documents for consideration and approval of the Feasibility Studies and construction projects to be financed at the expense of the governmental investments (Order N2 15 of the Comm ittee on Construction of the Ministry of Economy and Trade RK dated January 251h, 2001 ), before performance of the detailed design stated in item (a) it is necessary to develop the Feasibility Study for the whole object. Only after approval of the Feasibility Study, which serves as the basis for opening of financing for development of design - cost-estimation docu- mentation , it is permissible to start the detailed design. (c) Due to lack of funds , construction works on extension of the growing ponds at Tastak site of Kamyshlybash fish hatchery are transferred to Phase 2 of SYNAS Project. The expenses foreseen earlier in the main Contract for technical construction supervision (Table 1b) and reim- bursable expenses (Table 2) will be used for development of the FS on "Reconstruction and ex- tension of ponds at Tastak site of Kamyshlybash lake system". (d) After agreement reached during discussions of SYNAS-1 Project between the repre- sentatives of the Consultant, Committee for Water Resources MoA RK and World Bank, it was decided to re-consider the Terms of Reference on the design adding it with the development of the Feasibility Study "Rehabilitation of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems" and replac- ing Annex A by Annex A-1. (e) Taking into account everything stated above and according to item 4.2 (c) of the main Contract, the appeared additional works , which are out of the Scope of Works stated in Annex A (Terms of Reference) , the calculated terms of use of the main staff, stated in Annex E, should be extended . At that payment of fees under the present Addendum N2 1 will exceed the limit sum stated in Article 6.1 (p) of the Special Conditions of the Contract. (f) Increase of working time of "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute" staff from 21 man-months to 154,5 man-months. Due to this period of development of two Feasibility Studies and tender de- sign is extended by 4 months from the date of signing of the present Addendum N2 1, and sum of expenses will increase by 57 713 000 KZT. 116 . Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) Due to everything stated above at the present time the Parties under the Contract agree about the following: • Replace Annex A (Terms of Reference) by Annex A-1 . • Exclude Annex E to the main Contract replacing it by Annex E-1 in accordance with the present Addendum , including in it from Annex E of the main Contract Table 1a for the amount of already performed works on detailed design (1 51 start-up complex) for the sum of 8 003 290 KZT with VAT, and increasing amount of additional works by sum of 5 996710 KZT with VAT on detailed design. Add to Annex E-1 the additional works on preparation of: A). FS on "Reconstruction and extension of ponds at Tastak site of Ka- myshlybash fish hatchery" for the sum of 14 600 000 KZT with VAT; B) . FS "reconstruc- tion of Kamyshlybash and Akshatau lake systems" for the sum of 25 025 000 KZT with VAT. • Besides, all remaining expenses, included in Annex E in Tables 1a,2 and 3 in the sum of 4 696 710 KZT, should be transferred to Annex E-1 in Table 1a-1 (896 710 KZT) , in Ta- ble 2-1 (400 000 KZT) and in Table 3-1 (3 400 000 KZT), and also add to Table 2-1 (12 488 000 KZT - expenses for additional field investigations) and to Table 3-1 (900 000 KZT). • Total cost of expenses on Annex E-1 with already performed works on Annex E of the main Contract will be: 70 413 000 KZT, including : only additional works on Annex E-1 minus 12 700 000 KZT (Annex E of the main Contract) will be 57 713 000 KZT. Certifying this the Parties provided the signing of the present Addendum N2 1 in the city of Astana on their behalf at September 15 \ 2009. On behalf and on the instructions of the CLIENT: State Enterprise Committee for Water Resources of the MoA RK Astana, Orynbor str. , 8, Building N2 3 Administrative Building "House of Ministries" RNN 600700010438 llK 000120200 BIK 195301070 Treasury Committee of the Ministry of Finances RK, Astana Acting as the Chairman Of the Committee for Water Resources MoA RK On behalf and on the instructions of the CONSULTANT: 050000, Almaty, Seifullin av., 434 Fax: 279 -16-14, Phone: 279-35-22 PC "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute" JSC "KazlnvestBank" llK 009467775, KBE 17 BIK 190501920 RNN 600400025468 Certificate on registration as VAT payer, Series 30305 N2 0036398 Chairman of the Board of PC "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute" Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-11) II 7 - ~OIIOJIHEHHE .NH K OCHOBHOMY KOHTPAKTY AonontteHMe N21 1t Oc:HOBHOMY KoHlpany .. 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B YAocroeepeHHe 'fflf"O Cropottw o6ecneaKC 791614, Tell . 793522 nK « V1HCTMryT KaJn.tnpoBOAX03» AO ttKa3MHeecr6aHK» HHK 00946n75; K6E 17 6HK 1B0501920 PHH 600400025468 CeH.QeTenbCTeo no nocrattOBKe no H,QC, cepHR 2 - -- ·--- ·- ·--· ' Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYNAS-II) Annex n 8- NOTIFICATION ON THE CONTRACTS' REGISTRATION Translation Form NQ 4-02 . Report is done at: 16-11-2009 14:54:24 Page 1 of 1 Notification on the Contracts' Registration Application NQ 2120035/09-0401 Date of the obligation' registration: 16-11-09 Notification on registration of the civil - legal transaction (obligations) of the State Enterprise NQ 846823 Receiver of money: PC "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute" RNN : 600400025468 Code of receiver of money: 3115 Department: PC "Kazgiprovodkhoz Institute" Agreement NQ 3/13 dated 2009/09/01 00:00:00 Description Sum Other services and works (consulting services) , llK 009467775 55 ,722,955.00 BIK 190501920 Code , name of the State Enterprise: 2120035 State Enterprise Committee for Water Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture RK Code of budget classification of expenses 212027016 000149 Head of the State Enterprise Head of the receiver of money Orman A.O. - - - - - - - - (name, signature) (name, signature) Stamp Stamp Chief accountant of the State Enterprise Chief accountant of the receiver of money Myrzayev I. A. · - - - - - - - - (name, signature) (name , signature) Information on advance payment Total sum of Notification 55 ,722,955.00 Sum of advance payment 0.00 Balance 55,722,955.00 (Not more than % of total sum of Notification) Head of territorial department of Treasury Stamp 120 • Feasibility Study Syrdarya Control and Northern Aral ... Sea Environmental Impact Assessment Project Phase II (SYN AS-II) Responsible performer ¢>opxa Iii . 4-02 16 - 11 - 2009 14 : 54:24 CTpaHH~a 1 H3 1 YBEnOMTIEHl1E 0 PErl1CTPAUtti1 ,llOfOBOPOB +------- ---- ------ ------------- -+ +- ---------- ---- -· . -- ----- ------------- ----+ I l .na-ra perHcTpa~HH o6R3aTeJll.CTDa 16-11-09[ l3a5iaKa * 7. 12 0 035 / 09-Q401 I Yae.r101>1.neH1KueHH>r l"YKOM>!TeT no BO.QHblH pecypcaM Ml!!HHC:'l'CPCTOU. cenbCKOrO X03.l!HCTl'!a PK Ko.ri 610Jl)Ke 'rHOi1 KnacCHcpHKat1HH pa CX0.!10!! 212027016 000149 ~~:~:o~~~~m, roe .~;~~~~~ii~~ ;~"::;;:,,."'7t> . 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