CEIA Study for Siddhirganj Power Hub (Package No. S-07) Power Cell, Power Division Final Report Government of Bangladesh September 2016 www.erm.com The business of sustainability FINAL REPORT Power Cell, Power Division Government of Bangladesh CEIA Study for Siddhirganj Power Hub (Package No. S-07) 03 September 2016 Reference # I11078/0304345 Prepared by : ERM in association with EQMS Consulting Limited, Bangladesh Reviewed & Neena Singh Approved by: Partner This report has been prepared by ERM India Private Limited a member of Environmental Resources Management Group of companies, with all reasonable skill, care and diligence within the terms of the Contract with the client, incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client. We disclaim any responsibility to the client and others in respect of any matters outside the scope of the above. This report is confidential to the client and we accept no responsibility of whatsoever nature to third parties to whom this report, or any part thereof, is made known. Any such party relies on the report at their own risk. CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.1.1 BACKGROUND 1 1.1.2 THE CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 2 1.1.3 LIMITATIONS 6 1.1.4 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT 6 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 7 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION 7 2.1.2 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK APPLICABLE TO THE CEIA 7 2.1.3 THE ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP 12 2.1.4 ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT IN BANGLADESH 12 2.1.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO LAND ACQUISITION IN BANGLADESH 13 2.1.6 APPLICABLE EHS STANDARDS 13 3 METHODOLOGY 15 3.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY 15 3.1.2 PROPOSED APPROACH 15 3.1.3 DETERMINING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES 16 3.1.4 STAKEHOLDER MAPPING 18 3.1.5 INVENTORY OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES 18 3.1.6 IDENTIFICATION OF OTHER DEVELOPMENT INFLUENCES 19 3.1.7 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY VECS 19 3.1.8 DETERMINING PRESENT CONDITIONS OF VECS 20 3.1.9 IDENTIFYING PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AREA OF INFLUENCE 20 3.1.10 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 20 3.1.11 RECOMMENDATION TOWARDS MANAGEMENT OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS 20 3.1.12 INFORMATION SOURCES 21 4 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SIDDHIRGANJ MEGHNAGHAT REGION 22 4.1.1 INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE REGION 22 4.1.2 SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL AREA 23 4.1.3 SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER 23 4.1.4 KANCHPUR INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER 26 4.1.5 RUPGANJ INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER 26 4.1.6 DEMRA INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER 27 4.1.7 MEGHNAGHAT INDUSTRIAL AREA 28 4.1.8 MEGHNAGHAT NORTH INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER 28 4.1.9 MEGHNA SOUTH INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER 29 4.1.10 RESOURCES AND POLLUTION SOURCES 31 4.1.11 OTHER DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES 32 4.1.12 URBANIZATION 32 4.1.13 SURFACE TRANSPORT & ROAD TRAFFIC 32 4.1.14 WATERWAYS & RIVER TRAFFIC 32 4.1.15 REASONABLY FORESEEABLE FUTURE ACTION 35 5 SIDDHIRGANJ MEGHNAGHAT REGION – EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 38 5.1.1 REGIONAL SETTING 38 5.1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF VECS 38 5.1.3 DETERMINATION OF PRESENT CONDITION OF VECS 40 5.1.4 AIR QUALITY 40 5.1.5 ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT (NOISE) 47 5.1.6 ROAD & TRAFFIC 51 5.1.7 SURFACE WATER RESOURCE & QUALITY 52 5.1.8 GROUND WATER RESOURCES 59 5.1.9 LAND USE 63 5.1.10 ECOLOGY & BIODIVERSITY 74 5.1.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 78 5.1.12 COMMUNITY HEALTH 85 6 BENCHMARKING STUDIES 89 6.1.1 THE POWER SECTOR 89 6.1.2 CEMENT INDUSTRY 93 6.1.3 STEEL MILLS 96 6.1.4 PAPER MILLS 99 6.1.5 TEXTILE & GARMENT INDUSTRY 102 7 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT 105 7.1.1 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT (DOE) 105 7.1.2 POWER PLANT OPERATORS 107 7.1.3 URBAN LOCAL BODIES (ULBS) 107 7.1.4 HEALTH INSTITUTIONS 108 7.1.5 COMMUNITIES 109 7.1.6 OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES 110 8 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 111 8.1.1 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 111 8.1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY VECS 111 8.1.3 INDICATORS AND THRESHOLD TO ASSESS CUMULATIVE IMPACT 113 8.1.4 ASSESSING SIGNIFICANCE OF CUMULATIVE IMPACT 115 8.1.5 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALES 115 8.1.6 ACTIVITY/ PROJECT- VEC INTERACTION AND EFFECT 116 8.1.7 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS- SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL AREA 118 8.1.8 AIR ENVIRONMENT (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) 118 8.1.9 SURFACE WATER (WATER QUALITY) 135 8.1.10 GROUND WATER (RESOURCE) 148 8.1.11 LAND ENVIRONMENT (LAND USE CHANGE) 151 8.1.12 SOCIAL WELL BEING 154 8.1.13 COMMUNITY HEALTH 157 8.1.14 SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON VECS IN SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL AREA 160 8.1.15 CUMULATIVE IMPACT- MEGHNAGHAT INDUSTRIAL 172 8.1.16 AIR ENVIRONMENT (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) 172 8.1.17 SURFACE WATER (WATER QUALITY) 182 8.1.18 GROUND WATER (RESOURCE) 194 8.1.19 LAND ENVIRONMENT (LAND USE CHANGE) 197 8.1.20 SOCIAL WELL BEING 200 8.1.21 COMMUNITY HEALTH 203 8.1.22 SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON VECS IN MEGHNAGHAT INDUSTRIAL AREA 206 8.1.23 SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON VECS 216 9 RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY 217 9.1.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT 217 9.1.2 POWER SECTOR 218 9.1.3 REGULATORS 221 9.1.4 PLANNING AUTHORITIES 223 9.1.5 ACTION PLAN 228 9.1.6 MONITORING 240 9.1.7 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION 243 9.1.8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR THE POWER SECTOR PLAN 244 9.1.9 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION 244 9.1.10 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION BY LOCAL GOVT. ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (LGED) 245 9.1.11 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION BY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT (DOE) 247 9.1.12 INTER INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TASK FORCE 249 TABLES Table 2.1 Policy and Legal Framework Applicable to the CEIA Study 8 Table 3.1 List of Stakeholders Identified 18 Table 4.1 Industries in Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster 23 Table 4.2 Power Plants in Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster 25 Table 4.3 Industries in Kanchpur Industrial Cluster 26 Table 4.4 Industries in Rupganj Industrial Cluster 27 Table 4.5 Industries in Demra Industrial Cluster 27 Table 4.6 Industries in Meghnaghat (N) Industrial Cluster 28 Table 4.7 Power Plants in Meghnaghat North Industrial Cluster 29 Table 4.8 Industries in Meghnaghat (S) Industrial Cluster 31 Table 4.9 Natural Resource Requirement & Source of Pollution 33 Table 4.10 Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions (RFFAs) 35 Table 5.1 Comparative Analysis of Air Quality in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Area 46 Table 5.2 Hourly Noise Level in Meghnaghat and Siddhirganj Industrial area 50 Table 5.3 Status of Road Traffic 52 Table 5.4 Status River Traffic 52 Table 5.5 Comparative Analysis of Surface Water Data of Sitalakhya River 58 Table 5.6 Comparative Analysis of Surface Water Data of Meghna River 58 Table 5.7 Comparative Analysis and Inferences – Siddhirganj 62 Table 5.8 Comparative Analysis and Inferences – Meghnaghat 63 Table 5.9 Land use Change in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 64 Table 5.10 Land use Change in Meghnaghat Industrial Area 68 Table 5.11 Species Diversity Indices of Sitalakhya and Meghna River 78 Table 8.1 Indicators & Threshold Value for Assessment of Cumulative Impacts 113 Table 8.2 Predicted 24-Hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration of PM10 126 Table 8.3 Predicted 24-Hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration of NOx 131 Table 8.4 Summary of Cumulative Impacts on VECs in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 161 Table 8.5 Predicted 24-Hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration of PM10 174 Table 8.6 Predicted 24-Hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration of NOx 179 Table 8.7 Summary of Cumulative Impacts on VECs in Meghnaghat Industrial Area 207 Table 8.8 Summary of Cumulative Impacts on the VECs 216 Table 9.1 Action Plan for Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Areas 229 Table 9.2 Monitoring Plan 240 FIGURES Figure 1.1 Locations of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Areas 4 Figure 3.1 Overall Approach for Cumulative Impact Assessment 16 Figure 3.2 Spatial Boundaries for the CEIA Study 17 Figure 4.1 Siddhirganj and Adjacent Industrial Area Location Map 24 Figure 4.2 Meghnaghat Industrial Area-Location Map 30 Figure 4.3 Potential Location for Future Industrial Development - Siddhirganj Industrial Area 36 Figure 4.4 Potential Location for Future Industrial Development - Meghnaghat Industrial Area 37 Figure 5.1 Regional Setting Map 39 Figure 5.2 Air Quality Monitoring in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Area 40 Figure 5.3 Air & Noise Quality & Traffic Monitoring Locations: Siddhirganj Industrial Area 41 Figure 5.4 Air & Noise Quality & Traffic Monitoring Locations: Meghnaghat Industrial Area 42 Figure 5.5 Location Wise PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 43 Figure 5.6 Location wise NOx Concentrations in the Siddhirganj Industrial Area 44 Figure 5.7 Station wise PM 2.5 and PM10 Concentrations in Meghnaghat Industrial Area 45 Figure 5.8 Location wise NOx Concentrations in the Meghnaghat Industrial Area 46 Figure 5.9 Hourly Noise Monitoring Locations in the Siddhirganj Industrial Area 48 Figure 5.10 Hourly Noise Monitoring Locations in the Meghnaghat Industrial Area 49 Figure 5.11 Noise Monitoring in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Areas 50 Figure 5.12 Noise Contours (Equivalent Noise Levels) in Siddhirganj Area 50 Figure 5.13 Noise Contours (Equivalent Noise Levels) in Meghnaghat Area 51 Figure 5.14 Surface Water Quality Monitoring in Sitalakhya and Meghna River 54 Figure 5.15 Surface, Ground Water, Sediment and Biomonitoring Monitoring Location Map: Siddhirganj Industrial Area 55 Figure 5.16 Surface, Ground Water, Sediment and Biomonitoring Monitoring Location Map: Meghnaghat Industrial Area 56 Figure 5.17 Sediment Sampling in Sitalakhya and Meghna River 58 Figure 5.18 Water Table Variations in Narayanganj Sadar Upazila Monitoring Wells of BPDB 59 Figure 5.19 Water Table Variations in Sonargaon Upazila Monitoring Wells of BPDB 60 Figure 5.20 Water Table Variations in Monitoring Wells of DPHE in Siddhirganj Area 61 Figure 5.21 Water Table Variations in Monitoring Wells of DPHE in Meghnaghat Area 61 Figure 5.22 Ground Water Quality Monitoring in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat 62 Figure 5.23 Land use Change in Siddhirganj Industrial area (2005-15) 65 Figure 5.24 Land use of Siddhirganj Industrial Area (2005) 66 Figure 5.25 Land Use of Siddhirganj Industrial Area 2015 67 Figure 5.26 Land use Change in Meghnaghat Industrial area (2005-15) 68 Figure 5.27 Land Use map of Meghnaghat Industrial Area (2005) 69 Figure 5.28 Land Use Map of Meghnaghat Industrial Area: 2016 70 Figure 5.29 Overlay of Siddhirganj Industrial Area on the Dhaka Structure Plan (2016-2035) 72 Figure 5.30 Overlay of Meghnaghat Industrial Area on the National Zoning Map of Ministry of Land73 Figure 5.31 Growth of Different Type of Household Structure in Last Two Decades 82 Figure 5.32 Availability of Sanitation Facilities 82 Figure 5.33 Livelihood Pattern in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat over the Time Series 84 Figure 5.34 Disease Pattern of the Industrial area 86 Figure 5.35 Status of Respiratory and Water Borne diseases in Upazilas where Industrial Area is Located in Respect to National Condition 88 Figure 6.1 Location of Power Plants in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 91 Figure 6.2 Location of Power Plants in Meghnaghat Industrial Area 92 Figure 6.3 Location of Cement Plants in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 94 Figure 6.4 Location of Cement Plants in Meghnaghat Industrial Area 95 Figure 6.5 Location of Steel Mills in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 98 Figure 6.6 Location of Paper Mills in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 100 Figure 6.7 Location of Paper Mills in Meghnaghat Industrial Area 101 Figure 6.8 Location of Textile and Garment Industry in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 103 Figure 6.9 Location of Textile and Garment Industry in Meghnaghat Industrial Area 104 Figure 7.1 Stakeholders Consulted during the CEIA Process 106 Figure 8.1 Logical framework for identification of Key VECs 112 Figure 8.2 Key VECs for CEIA Study 113 Figure 8.3 Activity/Project – VEC Interactions and Effects for Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Regions 117 Figure 8.4 Map showing Location of Emission Sources (Existing + Proposed) 119 Figure 8.5 Annual Wind rose Diagram of the Study Domain 121 Figure 8.6 Receptor Network and Emission Sources 122 Figure 8.7 Particulate Matter Concentrations in Air - Cause Effect Relationship 129 Figure 8.8 NOx Concentrations in Air - Cause Effect Relationship 134 Figure 8.9 Ambient Temperature of River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship 137 Figure 8.10 BOD Concentrations (Organic Load) of the River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship141 Figure 8.11 Toxic Metal Concentration in the River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship 144 Figure 8.12 Ecological Health of the River - Cause Effect Relationship 147 Figure 8.13 Depletion of GW Resources - Cause Effect Relationship 150 Figure 8.14 Loss of Agricultural Land and Wetlands - Cause Effect Relationship 153 Figure 8.15 Social Well Being – Cause Effect Relationship 156 Figure 8.16 Community Health – Cause Effect Relationship 159 Figure 8.17 Particulate Matter Concentration in Air - Cause Effect Relationship 177 Figure 8.18 NOx Concentrations in Air - Cause Effect Relationship 181 Figure 8.19 Ambient Temperature of River Water - Cause Effect Relationship 184 Figure 8.20 BOD Concentrations (Organic Load) of the River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship187 Figure 8.21 Toxic Metal Concentration in the River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship 190 Figure 8.22 Ecological Health of the River - Cause Effect Relationship 193 Figure 8.23 Depletion of Ground Water Resources - Cause Effect Relationship 196 Figure 8.24 Loss of Agricultural Land and Wetlands - Cause Effect Relationship 199 Figure 8.25 Social Well Being – Cause Effect Relationship 202 Figure 8.26 Community Health – Cause Effect Relationship 205 Figure 9.1 Implementation Process for Sector Plan for Power Sector 244 Figure 9.2 Institutional Structure for Program Implementation 245 Figure 9.3 Implementation Process for Land use Planning & Zoning Control 246 Figure 9.4 Implementation Process for Poverty Assessment Study and Slum Improvement Program247 Figure 9.5 Implementation Process for Environmental Improvement Program for Small and Medium Scale Industries 248 Figure 9.6 Implementation Process for Regional Environmental Monitoring Plan 249 ANNEX Annex A EHS Standards Applicable to the CEIA Annex B Information Sources Annex C Inventory of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Regions Annex D Present Condition of the VECs Annex E Concept Notes on Key Recommendations of the CEIA ABBREVIATIONS AOI Area of Interest BBS Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics BEPZA Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Waterway Transport Authority BMD Bangladesh Meteorological Department BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand BPDB Bangladesh Power Development Board BRTC Bureau of Research, Testing and Consultation BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board CASE Clean Air and Sustainable Environment CCPP Combined Cycle Power Plant CEIA Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment CLAC Central Land Allocation Committee COC Chain of Custody COC Chamber of Commerce COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DAI Direct Area of Influence DLACs District Land Allocation Committees DO Dissolved Oxygen DOE Department of Environment DPHE Department of Public Health Engineering ECA Ecologically Critical Area ECR Environment Conservation Rules EGCB Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh EHS Environment, Health & Safety EIA Environment Impact Assessment EMP Environment Management Plan EPZ Export Promotion Zone ETP Effluent Treatment Plant GLCs Ground Level Concentrations GOB Government of Bangladesh GOB Government of Bangladesh HFO Heavy Furnace Oil HSD High Speed Diesel IEE Initial Environmental Examination IFC International Finance Corporation IWM Institute of Water Modelling IDA International Development Association LGED Local Government Engineering Department LGI Local Government Institutions MLGRDC Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives MoI Ministry of Industries MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forest MPEMR Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources MW Mega Watt NCC Narayanganj City Corporation NEMAP National Environmental Management Action Plan NEPC New England Power Company PAH Poly Aromatic Hydro Carbon PM Particulate Matter PAP Program Action Plan PPA Participatory Poverty Assessment PPE Personnel Protective Equipment QA Quality Assurance QC Quality Control RERED Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development RFFAs Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions SIP Slum Improvement Programs SRDI Soil Research Development Institute TDS Total Dissolved Solids TOC Total Organic Carbon TPD Tons Per Day TSS Total Suspended Solids UP Union Parishad VECs Valued Environmental Components VOC Volatile Organic Compounds WHO World Health Organisation WPR Work Participation Rate ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ERM wishes to convey its appreciation and gratitude to Power Cell, Power Division, Ministry of Power, Energy & Mineral Resources, Government of The People’s Republic of Bangladesh for awarding the contract for rendering the consultancy services for “Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) Study for the Siddhirganj Power Hub”. The Project has been a great learning experience in itself for the CEIA Study Team. ERM greatly acknowledges the scholarly advice, meticulous scrutiny, scientific approach and guidance and visionary thinking provided by Mr. Juan D. Quintero, acclaimed international CEIA Expert and Advisor to Power Cell in accomplishing the task to a great extent. It is our genuine pleasure to express our deep sense of thankfulness and gratitude to Mr. Mohammad Hossain, Director General, Power Cell and Mr. Musaddeq Ahmed, Director (Private Power), Power Cell and the entire Power Cell Team for their overwhelming attitude to help and support the CEIA Study Team and also for their guidance at different stages of the study. We thank profusely Department of Environment (DOE), Dhaka and Regional Offices at Munshiganj and Narayanganj for their kind guidance and cooperation throughout the study. Mr. Mohammad Mozahidul Islam, the Nodal Officer nominated from DOE for the CEIA Study, deserve special appreciation for his support and guidance and for his continued efforts in informing the CEIA with the requisite information relevant to the industrial environment. ERM greatly acknowledges the guidance and technical inputs from Mr. Md. Iqbal, Senior Energy Specialist and Task Manager of Siddhirganj Power Project, Mr. Iqbal Ahmed, Environmental Specialist and other distinguished experts from the World Bank, Dhaka Office at different stages of the CEIA study. It is our privilege to thank all the other Government Departments – Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Soil Research Development Institute (SRDI), Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS), Bangladesh Inland Waterway Transport Authority (BIWTA) and Health Department Officials for sharing data and information necessary for the study. We are extremely thankful to the representatives of Narayanganj City Corporation, Tarabo Paurosabha, Dhamgarh Union Parishad, Madanpur Union Parishad, Kanchpur Union Parishad, Baluakandi Union Parishad, Hossaindi Union Parishad, Pirajpur Union Parishad, Sarulia Union Parishad and Demra Union Parishad for their support and for sharing of relevant information with the CEIA Study Team. ERM acknowledges power sector agencies of Government of Bangladesh - Bangladesh Power Development Board (BWDB) and Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh (EGCB) for their support in conducting the study. Special thanks to Dr. Kazi M. Humayun Kabir, Manager Environment of EGCB for his support, review and technical inputs to the CEIA Study. We will also like to thank private sector power companies e.g. Orion Group, Summit Group, Pendekar Energy, Desh Energy, NEPC; as well as the Adamjee EPZ and other industries in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial areas who welcomed us at their industrial facilities and helped with gathering information for the study. ERM also express deep sense of gratitude to all the community members of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Areas for sharing their valuable experiences during our series of interactions held with them. 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1.1 BACKGROUND The Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh has received financing from the International Development Association (lDA) toward the cost of Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development II (RERED II) Project. As part of the generation program, a major expansion of power generating capacity to the tune of 3,400 MW have been planned on the bank of Sitalakhya River in Siddhirganj region in Bangladesh. The last couple of decades have seen a rapid growth in the power sector in Bangladesh, with the Siddhirganj region emerging as one of the major power hubs. Already a number of power plants with large infrastructure have been commissioned in this region while a few more are presently under construction. The improved power scenario has also induced industrial development and this region has accordingly witnessed the growth of different types of industries like cement plants, pulp and paper mills, steel re rolling mills, spinning mills and garment industries, brick kilns, etc. This industrialisation has in turn promoted rapid urban developments that have occurred along the stretch of the river. The existing power plants and other industries within the Siddhirganj area are contributing to environmental impacts on Valued Environment Components (VECs), like water bodies or watercourses, community health, ambient air quality, socioeconomic wellbeing, etc. The overall industrial pollution from this region has led to deterioration of the environmental quality in the regional airshed as well as in the river systems. The industrial growth in this region has also resulted in a huge population influx to serve as the workforce for the industries. Provision of low cost makeshift accommodation for the work-force has resulted in slumification in the Siddhirganj Industrial area. The anthropogenic demand exerted by the unplanned urban sprawls, and coupled with a polluted industrial environment has had its effect on the social wellbeing as well as the community health. Over the years, project level Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) studies have been carried out in the region before development of power plants and larger industrial units confirming with the regulatory requirements in Bangladesh. However such assessments have restricted themselves to the project being studied, without any consideration of surrounding power plants or industrial units. Till date no attempts have been made for any regional or cumulative assessment of environmental impacts resulting from the simultaneous operation of numerous power plants as well as the industrial units in this region. Now Power Cell, a technical advisory wing of the Power Division of the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources (MPEMR) of Government ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 1 of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, has long term plans for future power developments in this area. Therefore in view of the situation prevailing in this industrial region, it is important to understand the cumulative impact of the existing power plants and industries as well as other activities that have been planned in future in this region on the VECs. Therefore Power Cell intends to carry out a Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment (CEIA) study for the Siddhirganj Power Hub. Meghnaghat is another industrial hub, located within 9-12 km to the south east of the Siddhirganj Power Hub. It also has several existing industries including power plants, shipyards, cement plant, pulp and paper mills, chemical processing industry, etc. The Meghnaghat industrial area is also being considered for this CEIA study. The location of the two industrial hubs is presented in Figure 1.1 Power Cell has engaged ERM India, in association with local sub-consultants EQMS Consulting Limited, Bangladesh to carry out the aforementioned CEIA study under the RERED-II Project of the World Bank. The World Bank is looking at possibilities for Restructuring and Additional Finance to Siddhirganj Power Project – a 335 MW gas fired combined cycle unit presently being constructed within the Siddhirganj Power Hub (the “Project under Consideration” for this CEIA). This present opportunity and likely funding arrangements for future projects is expected to make a major contribution to increase the supply of electricity in Bangladesh and strengthen the institutional capacity of the implementing agencies. The CEIA study has been carried by aligning with the prevailing administrative framework of the Government of Bangladesh and guidelines of the World Bank Group and its private sector financing arm of International Financing Corporation (IFC). 1.1.2 THE CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT Cumulative impacts refer to direct/indirect impacts on valued environment components from combination of past, present and future human activities on a regional and long term scale. The CEIA study was planned across two separate stages. In the first stage a scoping study along with a rapid cumulative environmental impact assessment was carried out. A Rapid CEIA Report, based on available secondary information and supplemented with information collected during field visits and limited stakeholder consultations, was prepared by ERM and submitted to Power Cell during July 2015. This first stage of the assessment helped in understanding the high level impacts and in identifying the VECs ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 2 likely to be effected. It also helped in understanding the critical information required for conduct of detailed CEIA at a later stage. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 3 Figure 1.1 Locations of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Areas ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB –FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 4 It was understood that limited secondary information was available to carry out a proper assessment of present conditions of the VECs in Siddhirganj Meghnaghat region. The data available on most VECs was oftentimes not relevant to the areas being studied and also skewed in nature. Reasonable efforts were made to supplement the information collected from secondary sources through key informant interviews with agencies like DOE / BWDB / DPHE / BIWTA/Power Cell / Industries, etc. and also through consultations with communities being conducted. However the data gaps were still existent and an urgent need was felt to collect the missing information through a primary monitoring framework, to be able to comprehensively assess the VECs as part of the CEIA. Accordingly a comprehensive primary data collection framework was planned by ERM, to help in overcoming the data limitations that were encountered and put forward to Power Cell in form of an additional works proposal to carry out Primary Environmental Monitoring Study for the CEIA. After rounds of deliberations on the scope between Power Cell, ERM and the World Bank, an agreement was reached and a formal acceptance on this proposal was provided by Power Cell during January 2016. Immediately thereafter, a focused primary monitoring program was initiated by ERM between Jan – March 2016 by engaging reputed and accredited agencies from Bangladesh and India. The primary monitoring program enabled generation of high quality data that will really improve the cumulative impact assessment process and will also be the reference point of regional monitoring programs in the future. The second stage of the CEIA focused on clearly establishing a conclusive statement on the significance of cumulative impacts in the two industrial regions. This time around a much better understanding of the VEC conditions and their interactions with project actions and industrial/development stressors was available for undertaking a robust assessment of the cumulative impacts. In view of the fact that the primary monitoring studies were ongoing till end of March 2016 and complete set of results were not expected to be available before mid-April 2016, it was agreed upon that a Draft CEIA Report based on the available information and a qualitative assessment of impacts will be presented before end of March, 2016. Accordingly a qualitative CEIA Report was prepared and submitted to Power Cell by ERM before end of March 2016. This version of the CEIA was further strengthened through inclusion of the complete set of results for the primary monitoring of VEC conditions and with addition of quantitative analyses based on the mathematical models. Around the same time ERM also organized a Stakeholder Workshop at Narayanganj on 15 May 2016 to disseminate the findings of the study and seek inputs from various stakeholders. The comment and recommendation received during the Stakeholder Workshop was worked upon and duly incorporated in the Report. The present deliverable includes a revised draft of the CEIA updated ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 5 with the complete set of data and findings on the VECs, quantitative analyses in form of mathematical simulations on VECs and reflecting the issues and concerns as voiced by the stakeholders during the dissemination workshop. The ultimate goal of this analysis is to capture the total effects of many actions over time from past, existing and realistically future actions and to also include activities / projects that may be inadvertently missed by evaluating each action individually. To encourage informed decision making, ERM team has tried to assess the relative contribution of the Power Plants and other industrial projects in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions to the overall cumulative effects. The CEIA describes the additive or combined result of the alternatives as they potentially interact with actions external to the Project and other past, existing and realistically future projects. It is critical to focus the CEIA on meaningful cumulative impact issues, rather than on all conceivable impact relationships. 1.1.3 LIMITATIONS In order to deliver a comprehensive CEIA, quantitative data is required on the Project and the other reasonably foreseeable future actions (RFFAs). Currently there is very little quantitative data available for other RFFAs upon which to make an informed CEIA for the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial regions. ERM has analysed growth trends in these industrial regions and accordingly made rational assumptions on the RFFAs to proceed with the assessment of cumulative impacts. For this reason, the CEIA process is constrained to providing an overview of the likely cumulative impacts and mitigation measures available to limit environmental impact. 1.1.4 LAYOUT OF THE REPORT The report is structured as under: Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 2: Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework Chapter 3: Methodology Chapter 4: Developments in the Siddhirganj Meghnaghat Region Chapter 5: Siddhirganj Meghnaghat Region – Existing Environment Chapter 6: Stakeholder Engagement Chapter 7: Benchmarking Studies Chapter 8: Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment Chapter 9: Recommendations and Conclusion ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 6 2 POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 2.1.1 INTRODUCTION To address the environmental and social risks from industrial and infrastructure growth and to protect and conserve the environment from any adverse impacts, the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has specified policy, regulations, and guidelines. This section focuses on national and local regulatory framework of Bangladesh, under the purview of which the CEIA study will be governed. A review of the national legal and administrative framework helped to understand the existing provisions especially with regards to protection and conservation of the Valued Environmental Components (VECs). In addition, the international guidelines and standards on Environment, Health and Safety (EHS) of the World Bank Group (World Bank / IFC) and World Health Organisation (WHO) have been referred and compared with the National Standards for appropriately deciding on legal thresholds for VECs in course of assessment of cumulative impacts in the two industrial regions. 2.1.2 POLICY AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK APPLICABLE TO THE CEIA The policy and legal framework of Bangladesh applicable to this CEIA is presented in Table 2.1. The Table indicates the VECs that have been specifically addressed through different policies / regulations and also indicates the agencies responsible for enforcement/implementation. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 7 Table 2.1 Policy and Legal Framework Applicable to the CEIA Study Sl. Policy/ Regulations / Responsible / Enforcement Key Elements /Provision Applicability No. Guidelines Agency A. Policies 1. National Environmental Department of Environment • Maintaining ecological balance and ensuring To conduct EIA studies for all new Policy, 1992 and Ministry of Environment sustainable development; public and private industrial and Forests • Identifying and regulating all activities that pollute developments and adopt mitigation and destroy the environment; measures to protect VECs like air, • Ensuring sustainable and environmentally sound water, land and ecology and management of the natural resources. biodiversity 2. National Conservation Department of Environment • All industries shall be subject to an EIA and the Adoption of environmental sound Strategy, 1992 and Ministry of Environment adoption of pollution prevention/control technology to prevent pollution and and Forests technologies shall be enforced; protect VECs like air water, land, • Import of appropriate and environmentally-sound acoustic environment technology shall be ensured. 3. National Environment Department of Environment • Identification of actions necessary to halt or reduce Adoption of control measures to Management Action Plan, and Ministry of Environment the rate of environmental degradation; protect VECs like air, water, land 1995 and Forests • Conservation of habitats and bio-diversity; and ecology and biodiversity. • Improvement of the quality of life of the people. 4. The National Water Ministry of Water Resources • Protection of water quality; Protection of water environment Policy, 1999 • Sanitation and potable water; (resource & quality); and aquatic • Fish and fisheries. ecology for propagation of fish. 5. National Biodiversity Ministry of • Conserve, and restore the biodiversity of the Provision for conservation of Strategy and Action Environment and Forest country; aquatic biodiversity. Plan (2004) • Strategy and Action - maintain and improve environmental stability of ecosystems. 6. Draft Wetland Ministry of • Maintenance of existing level of biological diversity; Provision to protect wetland from Policy, 1998 Environment and Forest • Maintenance of the functions and values of industrial and urban land use wetlands; change. • Promotion and recognition of the value of wetland functions in resource management and economic Conforms and overlaps with Water development. Policy; careful definition of wetlands is required ERM CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 8 Sl. Policy/ Regulations / Responsible / Enforcement Key Elements /Provision Applicability No. Guidelines Agency 7. National Land use Policy, Ministry of Land • Deals with several land uses including: agriculture Applicable for proposed industrial 2001 (crop production, fishery and livestock), housing, development and land use change forestry, industrialization, railways and roads, tea (loss of agricultural land and and rubber; wetlands). • Identifies land use constraints in all these sectors. Institutional structure required for implementation of landuse policy B. Legislation 1. The Environment Department of Environment • Declaration of Ecologically Critical Areas; Protection of ecological sensitive Conservation Act, 1995 and Ministry of Environment • Issuing Environmental Clearance Certificate; area – Sitalakhya River declared as (subsequent amendments and Forests (MoEF) • Promulgation of standards for quality of air, water, Ecologically Critical Area 1; in 2000, 2002 and 2010) noise, and soils for different areas and for different purposes; Provision to regulate pollution of • Promulgation of acceptable limits for discharging air, water, land acoustic and emitting waste; and environment by specifying emission • Formulation of environmental guidelines relating to and discharge standard. control and mitigation of environmental pollution, conservation and improvement of environment. Need to expand the action program further. Need for institutional strengthening, and regular enforcement of laws and regulations. Compliance to emission norms (stack emission from industries) needs to be enforced and monitored. 2. Environment Department of Environment • The National Environmental Quality Standards Protection the ecologically sensitive Conservation Rules and Ministry of Environment (EQS) for ambient air, surface water, groundwater, areas (Sitalakhya River), (ECR), 1997 (subsequent and Forests drinking water, industrial effluents, emissions, noise amendments in 2002 and and vehicular exhaust; Environmental mitigations 2003) • Procedure for damage-claim by persons affected or measures through implementation likely to be affected due to polluting activities or of EMP, proposed in the EIA report. activities causing hindrance to normal civic life. 1The Sitalakhya River, including fore shore area on both banks, has been declared by the MoEF, Government of Bangladesh as an Ecologically Critical Area under relevant provisions of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995 and Environment Conservation Rules, 1997 and also following a directive in this regard by the Hon’ble Supreme Court of Bangladesh (Ref: Gazette Notification (Regd. No. DA1) of the Government of Bangladesh dated 01 Sep 2009 (No. / Environment-3/5/Case – 04/2009/385) ERM CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 9 Sl. Policy/ Regulations / Responsible / Enforcement Key Elements /Provision Applicability No. Guidelines Agency Adequate monitoring and enforcement to implement Polluter Pays Principle needs to be strengthened 3. The Vehicle Act, 1927; Bangladesh Road Transport • Exhaust emissions Control of air and emission from The Motor Vehicles Authority • Vehicular air and noise pollution vehicle through specifying emission Ordinance, 1983; and standard and enforcement The Bengal Motor Vehicle provisions Rules, 1940 4. Water Supply and Ministry of Local • Management and Control of water supply and Social wellbeing: Provisions for Sanitation Act, 1996 Government, Rural sanitation in urban areas supply of water and sanitation to all Development and urban people. Cooperatives The implementation of water pollution measures for urban areas needs to be further strengthened 5. The Ground Water Upazila Parishad • Management of ground water resources Regulate ground water use - prior Management Ordinance, • Installation of tube-wells at any place after license permission required before sinking 1985 from Upazila Parishad only of bore wells. The implementation of the regulation is weak. 6. Ground Water Upazila Parishad • These detail the tube well licensing process, which Regulate to ground water use- prior Management Rule 1987s includes how to obtain, cancel and suspend of these permission required before sinking licenses etc. of bore wells. 6. The Protection and Ministry of Fisheries and • Regulation of certain activities which may cause Protection of fish resources and Conservation of Fish Act Livestock pollution of water bodies. diversity of rivers. Agency can (1950) and Fish Rules regulate the industrial discharge (1985) into the river though this Act. 7. National Water Bodies Town development • The characterization of water bodies as rivers, Protection of wetlands; prior Protection Act, 2000 authority/Municipalities canals, tanks or flood plains identified in the master approval is required for conversion plans formulated under the laws establishing of wetlands for industrial uses. municipalities in division and district towns shall not be changed without approval of concerned ministry. The implementation of the regulation is weak. ERM CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 10 Sl. Policy/ Regulations / Responsible / Enforcement Key Elements /Provision Applicability No. Guidelines Agency 8. The Acquisition and Ministry of Land • Current GOB Act and Guidelines, relating to This Ordinance provides the Requisition of Immovable acquisition and requisition of land. Deputy Commissioner (DC) with Property Ordinance 1982 the power to initiate the acquisition and subsequent of any property in any locality amendments in 1994, within his district that is likely to be 1995 and 2004 needed for a public purpose or in the public interest. Private land acquisition/ purchase is not applicable 9. Administrative and Ministry of Land • Regulation of land acquisition process by certain Applicable only for Govt. land Regulatory Guidelines administrative instructions and procedural acquisition. The compensation rate, and Instructions for Land requirements. etc. can be decided. Acquisition 10. Noise Pollution (Control) Ministry of Environment and • Prevention of Noise pollution; Provision to control the industrial Rules 2006 Forests • Standards for noise levels. noise by specifying noise level and also through monitoring and legal action. 11. The Factories Act, 1965 Ministry of Labour • Occupational rights and safety of factory workers Occupational safety and labour and the provision of a comfortable work rights of industrial workers Bangladesh Labour Law, environment and reasonable working conditions. 2006 Source: Websites of DOE, Legislative and Parliamentary Affairs Division: Bangladesh Laws and Bangladesh Board of Investment: Business Laws ERM CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 11 The review of the policy and legal framework in Bangladesh, as has been presented above, brought out the various requirements as applicable to different VECs that are expected to be important from the perspective of the CEIA study. However it did not establish any specific requirements of the regulatory regime for conducting Regional Environmental Assessments or Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessments in Bangladesh. 2.1.3 THE ADMINISTRATIVE SETUP 2.1.4 ADMINISTRATIVE SET-UP RELATED TO ENVIRONMENT IN BANGLADESH The Ministry of Environment & Forest (MoEF) is responsible for overseeing all environmental matters relating to national environmental policy and regulatory issues in the country. The MoEF oversees the activities of the following technical/implementing agencies: • Department of Environment (DOE); • Forest Department (FD); • Bangladesh Forest Industries Development Corporation (BFIDC); • Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI); and • Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH). Other Related Organizations There are several other organisations under the administrative framework which also governs social and environmental functions, namely: • Ministry of Land: Land Reform and Land Acquisition Directorate; • Ministry of Water Resources: Bangladesh Water Development Board; • Ministry of Fisheries and Livestock; • Bangladesh Wildlife Advisory Board and • Local Government Engineering Department (LGED). Department of Environment (DOE) The DOE has been placed under the MoEF as its technical wing and is statutorily responsible for the implementation of the Environment Conservation Act, 1995. The Department was created in 1989, to ensure sustainable development and to conserve and manage the environment of Bangladesh. The principal activities of the DOE are: • Defining EIA procedures and issuing environmental clearance permits - the latter being the legal requirement before any project can be implemented; • Providing advice or taking direct action to prevent degradation of the environment; • Pollution control, including the monitoring of effluent sources and ensuring mitigation of environmental pollution; ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 12 • Setting the Quality Standards for environmental parameters; • Declaring Ecologically Critical Areas (ECAs), where the ecosystem has been degraded to a critical state; and • Review and evaluation of Initial Environmental Examinations (IEEs) and EIAs prepared for projects in Bangladesh. 2.1.5 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS RELATED TO LAND ACQUISITION IN BANGLADESH The current Government of Bangladesh (GoB) legislation governing the land acquisition is The Acquisition and Requisition of Immovable Property Ordinance 1982 and its subsequent amendments in 1994, 1995 and 2004. Under the law, owners affected by the acquisition are eligible for compensation. The administrative process for land acquisition initiates with an application to the Ministry of Land through the concerned ministry requesting for or transfer of land. A detailed statement specifying whether the land mentioned in the application is needed for public or private purpose, the area of land, a sketch- map, purpose for which it will be used should be submitted. The Ministry of Land scrutinizes the application and sends it to the concerned Deputy Commissioner (DC) for necessary action. The DC then authorises the Additional Deputy Commissioner related to the land (ADC-Land) to prepare a requisite plan of action and execute it. The DC in turn issues a public notice regarding the requisition with a view to settling matters relating to payment of compensation to the owner or owners of the property or any other person/persons entitled to compensation, and any other related issues. When any property is required temporarily for a public purpose or in the public interest, the DC may requisition it by an order in writing. In case of such requisition of property, compensation shall be paid to the owner/ owners of the property determined in accordance with legal provisions and the decision taken by the government. There may not be any further requirement for land acquisition in Siddhirganj Industrial Area as the region is already saturated with less scope for industrial expansion – however some acquisition of land might be required for future urban infrastructural improvement programs like expansion of roads, installing urban infrastructure in form of pipeline (water supply /sewerage) or setting up of solid waste management facilities. Meghnaghat region has the potentiality for future industrial development and has land availability. The land requisition and acquisition process can be undertaken so as to establish a planned land use in the region with better industrial zoning. 2.1.6 APPLICABLE EHS STANDARDS The relevant environmental standards for thermal power plants and also for other industry types as applicable in context of the CEIA study have been reviewed. The national standards in Bangladesh have been compared with international guidelines and standards of the World Bank / International Finance Corporation (IFC) / World Health Organisation (WHO). As stated ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 13 earlier this has helped in the deciding on legal thresholds for VECs in course of assessment of cumulative impacts in the two industrial regions. A list of EHS Standards consulted included: • Air Emission Standards / Guidelines – Power Plants • Air Emission Standards / Guidelines – Other Industries • Ambient Air Quality Standards / Guidelines • Effluent Standards / Guidelines – Power Plants • Effluent Standards / Guidelines – Other Industries • Standards for Sewage Discharge • Noise Level Standards / Guidelines Further details are included under Annex A. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 14 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The broad objectives of the CEIA study include the following: 1. Delineate the spatial and temporal boundary for this CEIA; 2. Identify the key VECs and determine their present conditions; 3. Mapping of major polluting industries and different sources of impacts i.e. stressors affecting the VECs; 4. Assess cumulative impacts and evaluate their significance over VECs predicted future conditions; 5. Provide recommendations to wards management of cumulative impacts and development of Environmental and social management plan. 3.1.2 PROPOSED APPROACH Increase in power generation capacities is being planned in both Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat power hubs in the near future. These hubs already have a number of polluting industries apart from the power plants. The gaseous emissions and discharges from the existing industrial and other developmental activities have potential to cause adverse impacts on VECs. It is important to recognize that future activities and projects planned in the region may further contribute to detrimental effects on the VECs. The CEIA thus focusses on assessing the cumulative impact on the VECs by the existing industries and other developmental activities including reasonably foreseeable future actions that can be predicted at this point in time. The CEIA methodology was developed in reference to the guidance that has been issued by the International Finance Corporation (IFC) in form of the Good Practice Handbook for Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management: Guidance for the Private Sector in Emerging Markets (2013) 1. Figure 3.1 illustrates the overall approach that has been adopted for the CEIA study. 1The Good Practice Handbook for Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management: Guidance for the Private Sector in Emerging Markets (2013) of IFC presents a useful approach for developers in emerging markets the conduct of a rapid cumulative impact assessment (RCIA). ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 15 Figure 3.1 Overall Approach for Cumulative Impact Assessment Step-1 Determine spatial and temporal boundaries ↕ ↕ Analysis of the existing legal, institutional, Identify VECs in Identify all developmental Step-2 consultation with ↔ and natural and social stakeholders & site visit stressors affecting the VECs and governance framework ↕ ↕ Step-3 Determine present conditions of VECs ↕ Step-4 Assess cumulative impacts and Step-5 evaluate their significance over VECs’ predicted future conditions ↕ Design and implement: (a) adequate strategies, plans, and procedures to manage cumulative impacts, (b) appropriate Step-6 monitoring indicators, and (c) effective supervision mechanisms Source: RCIA Six Step Process, Good Practice Handbook: Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management, IFC 3.1.3 DETERMINING SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL BOUNDARIES Boundaries for the assessment i.e. direct area of influence was identified in terms of geographical and temporal extent of impacts (from present and predictable future developments) that influence VEC conditions throughout the time period during which projects impacts will occur. Boundaries were expanded to the point at which the particular VEC is no longer affected significantly or the effects are no longer of scientific concern or of interest to the affected communities. The general criterion used for defining the spatial boundaries is indicated in the box below: Box 3.1 Criteria for Defining Spatial boundary Direct Area of Influence (DAI) is the area directly affected by existing developmental activities. - Listing of important resources (VECs) within the DAI. - Define if the VECs occupy a wider area beyond the DAI. - Consider the distance an effect can travel, and other impacts the VEC may be exposed to within its range. - Compare the VEC with the acceptable level of change. Source: Good Practice Handbook: Cumulative Impact Assessment and Management, IFC The temporal boundary was determined through a listing of the operating as well as industries approved for development along with other reasonably foreseeable future developments. In course of the scoping study, the entire Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial area was considered as the spatial boundary for the CEIA. The temporal boundary was initially fixed for next 10 years of developmental activities. The subsequent assessments corroborated the boundaries selected and they were retained without any revisions for the detailed CEIA stage. The spatial boundary for the CEIA Study is presented in Figure 3.2. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 16 Figure 3.2 Spatial Boundaries for the CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 17 3.1.4 STAKEHOLDER MAPPING The stakeholder engagement process typically refers to the efforts made to understand and involve identified stakeholder groups to find solutions to shared challenges within the wider socio-economic and ecological context. The process essential begins with identification of relevant stakeholders impacting or being impacted by the project. As part of the present study an initial stakeholder mapping was carried out by the Consultants in discussion with Power Cell and accordingly, a preliminary list of stakeholders was developed. Stakeholders identified as part of the CEIA Study are listed in Error! Not a valid bookmark self-reference.. Table 3.1 List of Stakeholders Identified Sl. Category Stakeholder Identified No. Direct Stakeholders 1. Local Community Local residents and migrant workers residing in the industrial regions 2. Industries Power Plants Other Industries (RMGs, Cement Industries, Steel Re- rolling mills, Food products, Pulp and Paper, etc.) 3. Regulatory Body Power Cell Indirect-Stakeholder 4. Urban Local Bodies Union Parishads, Paurosabhas (Municipalities) and City Corporation 5. Regulatory Body Department of Environment (DOE) 6. Health Sector Govt. Hospitals, Office of Civil Surgeon, Primary Institutions Health Centres, Private Practitioners. Focussed group discussions, key informant interview and other modes of engagement were employed to effectively engage with each stakeholder group during the process of the CEIA. The outcome of the stakeholder engagement process have been summarised in Chapter 7 of this report with further details being presented inAnnex B 3.1.5 INVENTORY OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES The purpose of this task was to identify past and existing activities within the spatial boundary, contributing effects on VECs. This included: - Industry Mapping: All the major polluting industries (including Power Plants, Cement Plants, Paper Mills, Textile Mills, Garment Industries, Shipbuilding Yards, Chemical Industries, etc.) in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat areas were identified through field surveys and mapped in a GIS platform ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 18 - Resource Utilization: Efforts were made to understand industry wise natural resource consumption from various secondary data sources and in consultation with relevant stakeholders - Pollution Assessment: Efforts were made to understand the pollution load (type, quantity and characteristics for emissions and discharges along with outlets/discharge point) from the identified polluting industries through data available from secondary sources and supplemented with information gathered during field visits and stakeholder consultations. 3.1.6 IDENTIFICATION OF OTHER DEVELOPMENT INFLUENCES The purpose of this task was to assess different sources of impacts i.e. routine stressors and non-routine events and non-industrial developmental influences that are also contributing effects/stresses on the VECs - Roads / Waterways: The existing road / waterway transport systems were being utilized quite extensively by the industries for movement of raw materials and finished goods. Attempts were made to collect relevant information on existing roads and waterways networks within the area of interest, their capacities and existing traffic volumes along with information on future developmental proposals from secondary sources and through consultation with concerned stakeholder agencies. - Urban / Anthropogenic Sources: Urban and anthropogenic activities also affect the VECs. Spatial distributions of such sources were also mapped. 3.1.7 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY VECS Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas are quite densely populated with rural environmental setting along the fringes. Efforts have been made to identify the key VECs which have direct and indirect interactions with industrial and other developmental activities. They were identified through dependency on resources for existing and proposed developmental activities and also if they act as the sink/receiver of pollutant (disposal, discharges and emissions). The following candidate VECs were identified for the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions: • Air Environment (Ambient Air Quality) • Surface Water Resources & Quality • Landuse, Soil and Sediment Resources • Ground Water Resources & Quality • Acoustic Environment (Noise) • Biodiversity & Habitats • Socioeconomic & Cultural Environment • Community Health ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 19 The candidate VECs were further screened by application of a logical framework (as detailed out under Chapter 8) to arrive at the final list of the key VECs selected for the Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment. 3.1.8 DETERMINING PRESENT CONDITIONS OF VECS The purpose of this task was to define the existing condition of VECs, understand potential interaction with development influences and stressors. During the initial stage of the study, secondary data from veritable sources was collected and reviewed. To overcome the limitations in the existing secondary data, a robust program for collection of primary data was initiated. The findings and results from the primary monitoring programs helped in understanding the present conditions of various VECS in the two industrial regions. Cause Effect (Network) diagrams were also developed to clearly understand the interactions between the key VECs and the industrial and developmental stressors. 3.1.9 IDENTIFYING PROPOSED DEVELOPMENTS IN THE AREA OF INFLUENCE Reasonably foreseeable future actions i.e. proposed developmental activities including new industrial developments, expansion/upgradation of existing industries and other developmental influences within the spatial boundary for this study needed to be identified in consultation with stakeholder departments. Efforts were also made to collect available information on location, capacity, resource requirement, and estimated pollution loads from such planned activities. A critical aspect in this regard is also the pace at which such development happens and efforts were made to understand the same from concerned departments and stakeholder agencies. 3.1.10 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT Analysis of cumulative impacts on VECs involves estimating the present and future state of the VECs that may result from the impacts they experience from present and predictable future developments. The objective is to estimate the state of VECs as it results from the aggregated (cumulative) stresses that affect them. Indicators were established for expression of VEC condition. The effects on all indicators associated with a VEC were aggregated to arrive at the cumulative impact on the VECs. More details on methodology adopted for the cumulative impact assessment is presented in Chapter 8 of this Report. 3.1.11 RECOMMENDATION TOWARDS MANAGEMENT OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS Recommendations were made towards overall management of the signification cumulative impacts that have been assessed as part of this CEIA study. The recommendation will be further detailed with more specific information as part of the next stage of delivery planned along with development of Environmental and Social Management/ Action Plan. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 20 3.1.12 INFORMATION SOURCES The information sources for this CEIA Study of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial regions principally included: • Literature Reviews • Consultations with Department of Environment (DOE) • Consultations with Power Plant Operators • Consultations with Urban Local Bodies • Consultation with the Health Department • Consultation with Other Government Agencies • Consultations with the Communities. • Stakeholder Workshop The details to this effect are available under Annex B. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 21 4 DEVELOPMENTS IN THE SIDDHIRGANJ MEGHNAGHAT REGION 4.1.1 INDUSTRIALISATION IN THE REGION The present study focusses on two key industrial regions in Bangladesh close to Dhaka i.e. Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat. The Siddhirganj industrial areas as well as major portion of the Meghnaghat industrial area (north of the Meghna River) are located within the Narayanganj district. Incidentally Narayanganj has played a very important role in the process of industrialisation in Bangladesh. This area grew in importance during 17th and 18th century after Portuguese and British business men came into this area. The first to develop was the west bank of Sitalakhya. Narayanganj only became important in the nineteenth century, when the Rally Brothers started a company exporting jute to the west in 1830. From 1947, with the formation of East Pakistan, the economy transformed from being primarily a jute production center to also include jute milling. Adamjee Jute Mill, the world’s largest jute mill was setup on eastern side of Sitalakhya River in 1951. The Karim Jute mill, Beximaco Jute mill, etc. soon followed and were subsequently setup on both sides of the Sitalakhya River. However with passage of time the growth of the jute industry declined due to arrival of cheaper synthetic fabrics. Presently the industry is going through a bad phase and most of the jute mills are closed now. Sonargaon, another important area of Narayanganj district and falling with the influence of the present study, was famous for producing fine cotton - Maslin. The first cotton mill, Dhakesari Cotton mill, was set in 1927 on eastern bank of the Sitalakhya River. Subsequently, the Chittaranjan Cotton Mill and Laxmi Narayan Cotton Mills were set up in 1929 and 1932 respectively. The mills are now mostly closed since last 15-20 years. In the early 1980s, small-scale independent investments in the readymade garments (RMG) sector started. Within a decade, the RMG industry in Bangladesh had flourished. The export oriented RMG industry has shown a spectacular growth during the last two and a half decades and become the major revenue earner for the country. To meet the power demand of the country, a number of power plants were also constructed in this region. Along with textile and garment units, other industries like paper mills, cement plants, steel plants (re-rolling units) were also setup within these industrial areas. This present chapter focuses on these two industrial regions i.e. Siddhirganj and its adjacent industrial areas and the Meghnaghat industrial area and briefly goes on to describe the current industrial setting in each region. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 22 4.1.2 SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL AREA For the purposes of the present study the Siddhirganj and adjacent industrial areas have been divided into four industrial clusters based on their location and predominant industry types, namely (i) Siddhirganj industrial cluster, (ii) Kachpur industrial cluster, (iii) Rupganj industrial cluster and (iv) Demra industrial cluster. The industrial zones are presented in Figure 4.1. A brief description of the industrial cluster is presented in the following sections. 4.1.3 SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER The Siddhirganj industrial cluster is situated on both eastern (Kanchpur Second bridge to Dock road) and western banks (Kachpur Second Bridge to Godnail) of the Sitalakhya River. Administratively cluster falls within the Narayanganj Upazila of Narayanganj district. Sitalakhya River acted as the development axis and has played an extremely important role for this area by providing water for industries, allowing for water transport and acting as a sink for discharge of waste water. Historically, this cluster was famous for cotton and jute industries, but now it’s characteristics have changed over last two decades. At present, this cluster includes a number of power plants along with a host of different industries as highlighted in Table 4.1. Table 4.1 Industries in Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster Power / Industrial Sectors Number Details Power Plant 8  2X120 MW Peaking Power Plant of EGCB  210 MW Steam Turbine Power Plant of EGCB  100 MW Quick Rental Power Plant of Desh Energy  335 MW CCPP of EGCB  100 MW Engine based Power Plant of Orion Group  360 MW CCPP at Haripur of Pendekar Energy  412 MW New Haripur CCPP of EGCB  110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant of NEPC Steel Mill 2  H K Steel Limited  Shammim Steel Paper Mill 1  Partex Pulp & Paper Mill Cement Plant 1  Seven Horse Cement Factory Textile / RMG Unit 5  R K Spinning Mill  KCL Limited  Knit Garments  Textile Virtuso Ltd  Rahim Composite Textile Mill Oil Depots / Tank Farm 2  Meghna Oil Depot  Padma Oil Depot EPZ / SSU Cluster 1  Adamjee EPZ Shipyard 1  Dockyard & Engineering Particle Board Factory 1  Partex Star Group Industry Others 1  Khaja Limes TOTAL 23 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 23 Figure 4.1 Siddhirganj and Adjacent Industrial Area Location Map ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 24 Power Plants The Siddhirganj industrial cluster is now one of the major power hubs in Bangladesh. Presently, there are seven operating power plants and one proposed power plant in this area. The total capacity of these power plants is 1867 MW. The power plants are either operated on natural gas or on fuel oils (like HFO, HSD). Type and capacity of the power plants in this cluster is presented in Table 4.2. Table 4.2 Power Plants in Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster Sl. Name & capacity Location Operator Fuel Cooling system No. used 1 2X120 MW Peaking Siddhirganj EGCB Natural Once through Power Plant Power Hub gas cooling system 2 210 MW Steam Turbine Siddhirganj EGCB Natural Once through Power Plant Power Hub gas cooling system 3 100 MW Quick Rental Siddhirganj Desh Energy HSD Once through Power Plant Power Hub cooling system 4 335 MW Combined Siddhirganj EGCB Natural Closed Cooling Cycle Power Plant Power Hub gas system (Under Construction) 5 100 MW Engine based West Bank of Dutch Bangla HFO Once through power plant of Orion Sitalakhya Power and cooling system Group river Associates 6 360 MW Combined East Bank of Pendekar Natural Once through Cycle Haripur Power Sitalakhya Energy Haripur gas cooling system Plant river Power Ltd. 7 412 MW New Haripur East Bank of EGCB Natural Closed loop Combined Cycle Power Sitalakhya gas cooling system Plant river 8 110 MW Barge Mounted East Bank of NEPC (wholly HFO Once through Power Plant the Sitalakhya owned by cooling system river Pendekar) A 335 MW gas fired combined cycle unit presently being constructed within the Siddhirganj Power Hub. This project is being implemented by the Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh (EGCB) with financial assistance from the World Bank and is the “Project under Consideration” for this CEIA Study. Industries At present, prominent industries in this cluster includes textile & garment industries, particle board unit, cement mill, paper mill, ship building yard and oil depots. The Adamjee Export Promotion Zone (EPZ) accommodating a number of export oriented units (textile, garment, leather products, etc) is also located within this cluster. More details on the Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster are available under Annex A. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 25 4.1.4 KANCHPUR INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER The Kanchpur industrial cluster is located on both sides of the Dhaka- Chittagong Highway. It is located in Sonargaon Upazila of Narayanganj District. Steel processing units (i.e. steel re-rolling and re-casting units) are located mainly in the northern part of this industrial cluster. Different industries in this cluster are listed in Table 4.3 Table 4.3 Industries in Kanchpur Industrial Cluster Power / Industrial Sectors Number Details Power Plant - Steel Mill 6  Sonargaon Steel Mill  Rahim Steel Mill  Bikram Rolling Mill  Bandar Steel Industry Limited  RSML Steel Mill  Jhonda Steel Mill Paper Mill 1  Gazi Paper Mill Cement Plant - Textile / RMG Unit 4  Hairdory Textiles & Garments  Zaheen Knitwares  Yard Spinning Mill  Garter AED (BD) Food Processing Unit 1  Olympic Industries EPZ / SSU Cluster 1  Bisik Silpa Nagari Others 2  SQ Wires & Cables  Mousumi Industries TOTAL 15 Power Plants No power plants are located within this cluster. Industries Kanchpur is principally a ‘steel cluster’ with as many as six steel mills being located within this cluster. Other prominent industries include garments and textile factories and food processing units which are primarily located in the southern part of this industrial cluster. More details on the Kanchpur Industrial Cluster are available under Annex A. 4.1.5 RUPGANJ INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER Rupganj industrial cluster is situated on eastern bank of Sitalakhya River and along the Dhaka-Sylhet Highway, in between Kanchpur Second Bridge and Demra Bridge. This industrial cluster is located in the Rupganj Upazila of Narayanganj district. Different industries in this cluster are listed in Table 4.4 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 26 Table 4.4 Industries in Rupganj Industrial Cluster Power / Industrial Number Details Sectors Power Plant - Steel Mill 2  H K Steel Limited  Shammim Steel Paper Mill 1  Himalaya Paper & Board Mills Cement Plant 1  Scan Cement Textile / RMG Unit 12  Sinha Group of Industries  Jaya Group of Industries  Esquire  Poly Fabric  SFM Textile  Nasa Taipei Textile Mill  Jabeeda Textiles  Pacific Spinning Mill  Islam Textile Mills  Mazeed a Fabrics  Apurba Dyeing & Finishing Ltd  Beximo Bextex Limited Food Processing Unit 1  Shabnam Vegetable Oil Jute Mill 1  Beximo Bextex Jute Mill Shoe Factory 1  Bangladesh Exports Tropical Shoe Industries Glass / Ceramic 1  Bangla Ceramic Industries Industry Others 2  Islam Oxygen  Super Thi Plastic TOTAL 22 Power Plants No power plants are located within this cluster. Industries Rupganj is principally a ‘textile and RMG Cluster’. Other industry types include Steel Mills, Cement Plant, Paper Mill, Jute Mill and food processing units. More details on the Rupganj Industrial Cluster are available under Annex A. 4.1.6 DEMRA INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER Demra industrial cluster is located in Dhaka district on west side the Sitalakhya River and on the northern side of Siddhirganj industrial cluster. Different industries in this cluster are listed in Table 4.5 Table 4.5 Industries in Demra Industrial Cluster Power / Industrial Sectors Number Details Power Plant - Steel Mill 4  Prabhati Rolling Mill  Apollon Ispat & C.R. Coils  Metro Steel Re-rolling Mills  Al Akshi Steel Paper Mill 1  Bangladesh Paper Mill ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 27 Power / Industrial Sectors Number Details Cement Plant - Textile / RMG Unit - Glass / Ceramic Industry 3  JMS Glass Factory  Samsad Glass Factory  Bangla Glass Factory Food Processing Unit 2  Super Oil Mill  Danish Condense Milk Jute Mill 1  Karim Jute Mill Chemical Industry 1  Sunrise Chemicals Foil Manufacturing 2  J K Foils and Plastic  Classic Foils Others 2  Vidyut Bangladesh Pvt. Ltd  Rahman Cold Storage TOTAL 16 Power Plants No power plants are located within this cluster. Industries The only operating jute mill in this region, the Karim Jute Mill is located in northern part of this industrial area. This cluster has 5-6 steel processing plants and rerolling mills and also units manufacturing steel coils, blades, etc. More details on the Demra Industrial Cluster are available under Annex A. 4.1.7 MEGHNAGHAT INDUSTRIAL AREA Meghnaghat industrial area is located on the north and south bank of the Meghna River, near the Meghna Bridge. For the purposes of the present study the Meghnaghat industrial area has been demarcated into Meghnaghat north industrial cluster and Meghnaghat south industrial cluster. A map showing the two industrial clusters is presented in Figure 4.2. 4.1.8 MEGHNAGHAT NORTH INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER The Meghnaghat north industrial cluster is located on north bank of the Meghna River. It is located in the Sonargaon Upazila of Narayanganj district. Different industries in this cluster are listed in Table 4.6. Table 4.6 Industries in Meghnaghat (N) Industrial Cluster Power / Industrial Sectors Number Details Power Plant 3  100 MW Engine based Power Plant of Orion Group  337 MW Duel Fuel CCPP of Sumit Group  450 MW Meghna CCPP of Pendakar Energy Steel Mill 1  Tanveer Steel Mill Paper Mill 5  Basundhara Paper Mill Unit-1  Basundhara Paper Mill Unit-2  Magura Paper Mill  Multi Paper Mill  Tanveer Paper Mill ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 28 Power / Industrial Sectors Number Details Cement Plant 5  Tiger Cement Plant Unit 1  Tiger Cement Plant Unit 2  Holcim Cement Plant Unit 1  Holcim Cement Plant Unit 2  Fresh Cement Plant Textile / RMG Unit - Shipyard 3  Ananda Shipyard  Islampur Shipyard  Meghna Shipbuilding & Dockyard Food Processing Unit 2  Meghna Group of Industry  Abdul Monem Sugar Refinery Chemical Industry 2  Meghna Chemicals  Meghna Group of Industry Others - TOTAL 21 Power Plant Presently, there are three operating power plants in this cluster with total capacity of 887 MW. These power plants are either operated by natural gas or heavy furnace oil (HFO). Type and capacity of plant is presented in Table 4.7. Table 4.7 Power Plants in Meghnaghat North Industrial Cluster Sl. Name & capacity Location Operator Fuel Used Cooling System No. 1 100 MW Engine based Meghnaghat Orion Power HFO Once through Power Plant Power Hub Meghnaghat cooling system Ltd. 2 337 MW Duel Fuel CCPP Meghnaghat Sumit Meghna Natural Once through Power Hub Power Co. Ltd gas/ HFO cooling system 3 450 MW Meghna CCPP Meghnaghat Power Tech, Natural gas Once through Power Hub Pendekar cooling system Industries Prominent type of industries located in this industrial includes cluster cement plants, pulp and paper mills, ship building yards and food processing industries mostly of the Meghna Group of Industries. More details on the Meghnaghat (N) Industrial Cluster are available under Annex A. 4.1.9 MEGHNA SOUTH INDUSTRIAL CLUSTER Meghnaghat south industrial cluster is located on the south bank of Meghna River. It is located in Gazaria Upazila of Munshiganj district. Different industries in this cluster are listed in Table 4.8. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 29 Figure 4.2 Meghnaghat Industrial Area-Location Map ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 30 Table 4.8 Industries in Meghnaghat (S) Industrial Cluster Power / Industrial Sectors Number Details Power Plant - Steel Mill - Paper Mill - Cement Plant 1  Anwar Cement Plant Textile / RMG Unit 2  Esquire Colour Coating Mill  Esquire Accessories Shipyard 2  T K Shipyard  Khan Brother Shipbuilding Particle Board Factory 1  Super Board Mills Ltd. Chemical Industry 1  Samuda Chemicals Oil Depots / Tank Farm 1  Rupsha Tank Farm Others - TOTAL 8 Power Plants No power plants are located within this cluster. Industries Prominent industry types located in this cluster include cement plants, ship building units and textile and garment industries. More details on the Meghnaghat (S) Industrial Cluster are available under Annex A. 4.1.10 RESOURCES AND POLLUTION SOURCES This section is focusing on the utilization of natural resources by the industries in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions and pollution sources from them. Major types of industries identified in the two industrial areas have been listed in the sections above. Efforts have now been made to assess the water requirement for major industrial units. This aspect has been assessed through consultation with relevant stakeholder (e.g. DOE Officials and EHS/Operation Managers for some of the operating power plants) and through review of the available EIA reports and other documents available for the industrial areas. Additionally, sectoral EHS Guidelines of the World Bank Group and other sectoral guidance documents have also been utilized. Similar efforts have also been made to assess the emission and discharge from each type of industry. The understanding gained from DOE with respect to sectoral emission/discharge practices was supplemented by referring to the sectoral technical / EHS guidelines and reference reports. Major air polluting industries were identified as thermal power plants, steel re-rolling mills, cement grinding unit, particle board manufacturing units, etc. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 31 The water polluting industries were identified as pulp and paper mills, textile and garments, food processing and chemical industries. These industries are mostly located along the river front as these industries have a significant intake of water for operation of plant and /or use the waterway for extensive transport of raw material / finished products and /or regularly need to discharge their process effluents in the river. Thermal pollution in the rivers is caused by the operating power plant, especially the combined cycle plants with once through cooling systems. More details on natural resource requirements and major pollutants generated for specific industry types are qualitatively presented in Table 4.9. 4.1.11 OTHER DEVELOPMENTAL INFLUENCES 4.1.12 URBANIZATION Siddhirganj industrial area is a densely populated area. The power hub and EPZ have their own residential colonies. The domestic wastewater from the urban and semi-urban areas is directly or indirectly discharged in the river which also increases the pollution load in the receiving Sitalakhya River. The Meghnaghat industrial area was mostly build on reclaimed land. The western part of the Meghnaghat North Cluster has two small settlements. Eastern part of this cluster has moderately dense population. The wastewater from domestic sources is directly discharged into the Meghna River. 4.1.13 SURFACE TRANSPORT & ROAD TRAFFIC Dhaka-Chittagong and Dhaka-Sylhet Highways are passing through the Siddhirganj industrial area. The Dhaka-Chittagong Highway also passes through the Meghnaghat industrial area. Heavy traffic load was reported on both these arterial roads. Vehicular emission from traffic plying on these highways also contributes to the pollution load in these industrial areas. Dhaka and Narayanganj metropolitan areas are located adjacent to Siddhirganj industrial area. The emission from urban traffic load is also contributing to the air pollution load in the Siddhirganj air shed. 4.1.14 WATERWAYS & RIVER TRAFFIC Sitalakhya and Meghna rivers are important waterways in Bangladesh. It is reported that a large number of commercial vessels and passenger ferries are operating on these waterways. Most of the river traffic is utilising mechanical vessels operated on fuel oils. The spillage and leakage from vessels possibly adds to the pollution level in the rivers. Bilge and ballast water discharges from commercial vessels are also expected to add to the pollution levels in the river. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 32 Table 4.9 Natural Resource Requirement & Source of Pollution Sl. Type of Industry Number of Industry Natural Resource Dependency Air Emission Effluent Discharge No Siddhirganj Meghnaghat Water Source Pollutant Control Pollutant Control Requirement Mechanism Mechanism 1. Gas based 5 (1 under 2 Once through Open cycle NOx – 0.31 g/ kWh to 0.67 Low NOx Thermal Neutralization thermal power construction) cooling system: cooling water g/ kWh burner and discharge from pit plant 105 to 107 m3/ sourced from river 60-70 m stack once through 2. Oil based thermal 3 1 MWhr Closed cooling HFO based Power Plant: cooling system, power plant system makeup • NOx - 0.99 g/ kWh; cooling tower Closed cooling water and • SO2 - 11.6 g/ kWh and blow down, system: 1.7 to consumptive • PM - 0.74 g/ kWh boiler blow 2.1 m3/ MWhr water sourced down, DM reject No from ground HSD based Power Plant: • NOx - 0.48 g/ kWh; water • SO2 - 1.38 g/ kWh and • PM- 0.04 g/ kWh 3. Cement Plants 2 6 170-350 KLD Ground water Raw material handling is Cyclone Cooling water Cooling water per unit 11.1 g/ton of material separator and domestic discharged (cooling and handling and from process and Bag filter water into the river. domestic is 219 g/ton of cement. Domestic requirements) water treated through septic tank and soak pit 4. Pulp and Paper 4 5 (one under 100 lit/kg of Ground water Emission from back up DG 75 lit/kg of waste Effluent Mills construction) paper set water generated. treatment alkaline in nature plants with high BOD, COD and TDS 5. Steel Mills 14 1 (non- 250-300 KLD Ground water Stack emission: IFD fan, Cooling water Cooling water operational) per unit • NOx-33.6 g/ton of steel; swing hood and domestic discharged • PM 400.02 g/ton. and chimney water into the river. Fugitive emission: (20-30 m) Domestic • NOx-562.87 g/ton of steel; water treated • PM- 2297.49 g/ton of steel through septic tank and soak pit ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 33 Sl. Type of Industry Number of Industry Natural Resource Dependency Air Emission Effluent Discharge No Siddhirganj Meghnaghat Water Source Pollutant Control Pollutant Control Requirement Mechanism Mechanism 6. Particle Board 1 1 15-20KLD Ground water PM - Domestic waste Treated Factories water through septic tank and soak 7. Ship Building 1 5 20-30 KLD River and ground Fugitive emission No and Repair Yards water 9. Chemical 1 3 60-80 KLD Ground water - - 30-40 KLD ETP Industry 10. Food Processing 4 2 Not assessed Ground water Emission from back up DG - Units 11. Textile and 21 2 200-400 KLD Ground water - - 150-330 KLD, ETP Garment Units Effluents with TSS, TDS, Oil & Grease, Chromium, Sulfide and Phenolic Compound 12. Jute Mills 2 (1 - Not assessed River water - - High BOD, COD - operational) and TDS 13. Brick Kilns 10 2 Water required Ground water PM and CO Stack - - for mud preparation 14. Oil Depots 2 - - - Fugitive emission from Spillage & tankers seepage of oil during unloading and loading activity 15. EPZ/SSU Cluster 2 - 11,350 KLD Ground water PM. NOx from back up - Waste water with ETP (for Adamjee DG sets high BOD, COD EPZ) and TDS ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 34 4.1.15 REASONABLY FORESEEABLE FUTURE ACTION Efforts have been made to identify the future industrial developmental activities in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions. Based on discussions with different stakeholder groups (DOE, Power Cell, Govt. agencies, Power Plant Operators, Adamjee EPZ officials, local community, etc.), information gained during site visits and information available on public domain, an ambitious estimate of the reasonably foreseeable future actions (RFFA) in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions have been made. At present the RFFAs have been categorised into three broad categories, viz. (i) Industries under construction, (ii) Planned industrial development and (iii) Potential for future development. Refer Table 4.10 and Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4. Table 4.10 Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions (RFFAs) Sl. No Type of Industry Siddhirganj Meghnaghat A. Industries under Construction 1. Power Plant 335 MW CCPP of EGCB at Nil Siddhirganj Power Hub 2. Other industries Pharmaceutical Complex of Paper Mill of Meghna Group of Orion Group Industries B. Planned Industrial Development 1. Power Plant 50 MW Gas based captive 2 x 750 MW LNG based Power power plant at Adamjee EPZ plant of BPDB at Meghnaghat Power Hub 520 MW coal based power plant of Orion Group at Char Balaki Island 635 MW coal based power plant of Orion Group at Char Balaki Island 282 MW coal based power plant of Orion Group at Char Balaki Island 2. Other Industries Meghana Economic Zone (over 245 acres of land) of Meghna Group C. Potential for Future Development Power Plants Gas based power plant at Haripur Area Gas based captive power Captive power plant at Meghna plants (30-50 MW) for large Economic Zone industries (5-7 nos.) Other Industries Steel Mill near Kanchpur Paper Mills at Meghnaghat South industrial cluster (1-2 Nos) Industrial cluster (2-3 Nos.) Cement Plants at Demra Cement Plants at Meghnaghat Industrial cluster (1-2 Nos.) South Industrial Cluster Redevelopment 1 EPZ/ Textile & Garment Industries through redevelopment of closed cotton and jute mills: • Chittaranjan Cotton Mill • Lakhinarayan Cotton Mill • Dhakesari Cotton Mill • Bangladesh Jute Mill Note: Highlighted Projects are the ‘Projects under Consideration (PUC)’ for this CEIA Study 1 These mills offer large chunks of developed industrial land at a particular location and may be re-developed in future into industrial area like Adamjee EPZ (which was earlier a Jute Mill and then re-developed into an EPZ) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 35 Figure 4.3 Potential Location for Future Industrial Development - Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 36 Figure 4.4 Potential Location for Future Industrial Development - Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 37 5 SIDDHIRGANJ MEGHNAGHAT REGION – EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 5.1.1 REGIONAL SETTING The present section focuses on the condition of the existing environment in the industrial areas in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat. The Siddhirganj industrial area is located on both side of the Sitalakhya River. The industrial area is quite well connected with two important transport corridors i.e. the Dhaka-Chittagong and the Dhaka-Sylhet Highways. So the Sitalakhya River on one side as well as the transport corridors on the other side has served as the development axes for the Siddhirganj industrial area and most of the industrial developments have happened around them. The densely populated Dhaka and Narayanganj urban habitations are situated on western side of Siddhirganj industrial area, Dhaka at a distance of about 13 Km while Narayanganj town being located at about 7 Km. The Meghnaghat industrial area has developed on both banks of the Meghna River. It is situated at around 25 Km south-east of Dhaka city, 9 Km east of Narayanganj City Corporation and 13 km south-east of the Siddhirganj industrial area. The population density in Meghnaghat is quite low compared to urban centres of Dhaka and Narayanganj. The regional setting map is presented in Figure 5.1. From the map it can be observed that Siddhirganj industrial area is located within the administrative boundaries of Narayanganj and Dhaka Zilas (Districts) while Meghnaghat industrial is located in Narayanganj and Munshiganj Zilas. 5.1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF VECS Efforts have been made to identify the key VECs which have direct and indirect interactions with project under consideration (i.e. 335 MW CCPP at Siddhirganj Power Hub and Meghnaghat: 2 x750 MW LNG based Power Plant) at Meghnaghat Power Hub. They have been identified through dependency on resources for existing and proposed industrial and developmental activities and also if they act as the sink/receiver of pollutant (disposal, discharges and emissions). The VECs that have been finally identified for the purpose of the present assessment include: - Air Quality - Surface Water Quality - Ground Water Resources - Land use - Socioeconomic Well Being - Community Health ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 38 Figure 5.1 Regional Setting Map ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 39 The present conditions of the VECs have been described in the following section of this chapter. In additions to these VECs, the chapter also provides information on other environmental and social aspect in these industrial area like acoustic environment (Noise) and traffic, surface water resources, ground water quality, sediment quality, ecology and biodiversity, etc. 5.1.3 DETERMINATION OF PRESENT CONDITION OF VECS 5.1.4 AIR QUALITY Air quality has been selected as a VEC because of its intrinsic importance to the health and wellbeing of humans, vegetation and wildlife. Air is an important pathway that can transfer contaminants to water, land and vegetation and also to human environments. To understand the present condition in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat area, secondary and primary data on air quality was collected. The primary monitoring was carried out 10 locations in Siddhirganj Industrial Area and at 6 locations in Meghnaghat Industrial Area (Refer to Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4 for air monitoring locations) between Jan – March 2016. The key parameters monitored were PM10, PM2.5, SOx and NOx. In addition CO was also monitored close to major traffic intersections (two locations in Siddhirganj and one location in Meghnaghat) as indicated in Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4 In order to assess the seasonal air quality and pollution trends, regional air quality data of Narayanganj area monitored by DOE under the Clean Air and Sustainable Energy (CASE) Project was also reviewed. The CASE monitoring at Narayanganj station is approx. 7 km from the Siddhirganj Power Hub, and is representative of this industrial area. Figure 5.2 Air Quality Monitoring in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 40 Figure 5.3 Air & Noise Quality & Traffic Monitoring Locations: Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 41 Figure 5.4 Air & Noise Quality & Traffic Monitoring Locations: Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 42 Present Condition of Air Quality-Siddhirganj Industrial Area Concentration of Particulate Matter (PM2.5 & PM10): The PM concentration in the entire Siddhirganj Industrial area was high compared to National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS). The PM2.5 concentration varied from 147.5 μg/m3 to 274.8 μg/m3 (NAAQS: 65 μg/m3) while the PM10 concentration varied from 237.2 μg/m3 to 502.1 μg/m3 (NAAQS: 150 μg/m3). High concentration was specifically observed at certain locations due to presence of air polluting industries in the vicinity. The PM concentration in Tatki, Jatramura was high because of the contribution of cement plant and steel mills. PM concentration was also high in Chandpur, Madanpur area because of presence of three large scale steel mills. At Chapatuli Bandar the high PM concentration can be attributed to the contributions from a particle board manufacturing unit in the vicinity. The location wise average PM concentration is represented in Figure 5.5. The results indicated that contribution from the air polluting industries affected the quality of the local air environment. The particulate emissions were principally localised in nature and did carry to greater distances. Details on the primary monitoring results are provided in Annex D. Figure 5.5 Location Wise PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations in Siddhirganj Industrial Area 300 265 233 232 236 250 203 220 204 PM2.5 (μg/m3) 200 182 174 163 150 PM2.5 (Average ) 100 NAAQS (65μg/m3) 50 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ8 AQ9 AQ10 500 455 432 408 390 357 380 400 PM10 (μg/m3) 272 289 263 300 253 PM10 (Average) 200 NAAQS 100 (150 μg/m3) 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ8 AQ9 AQ10 Seasonal Variation and Trend of PM Concentration The DOE –CASE monitoring results (2014-15) reveals that the PM concentration (both PM2.5 and PM10) was higher compared to NAAQS for winter, summer and post monsoon seasons. The last two years trend shows that PM10 has an increasing trend, whereas for PM2.5 a slightly decreasing trend is observed. The summarized data of CASE project is presented in Annex D. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 43 Concentration of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) The concentration of NOx in Siddhirganj Industrial varied from 49.7 μg/m3 to 117.2 μg/m3. In general the NOx concentrations though not exceeding the NAAQS (exceeded at 2 locations) were significantly higher. The higher NOx concentration was observed at Tatki, Jatramura and Chandpur, Madanpur areas - representative of the NOx emissions from the steel mills located close to these areas. Figure 5.6 Location wise NOx Concentrations in the Siddhirganj Industrial Area 120 113 106 98 100 77 76 87 NOx (μg/m3) 80 68 66 59 61 60 Average 40 NAAQS (100 μg/m3) 20 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 AQ7 AQ8 AQ9 AQ10 Seasonal Variation and Trend of NOx Concentration The DOE –CASE monitoring results reveals that NOx concentration was higher compared to NAAQS during winter season. But NOx concentration was within the NAAQS during summer and post monsoon seasons. In last two years a slightly decreasing trend was reported. The summarized data of CASE is project presented in Annex D. Concentration of Sulphur di Oxides (SO2) The concentration of SO2 in Siddhirganj Industrial varied from 10.3 μg/m3 to 51.7 μg/m3, well below the NAAQS (365 μg/m3). The DOE-CASE monitoring results also indicated a similar trends. Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Monoxide (CO) was monitored close to two important traffic intersections (Intersection of Dhaka-Chittagong Highway and Siddhirganj-Adamjee Road and Intersection of Dhaka-Chittagong Highway and Dhaka-Sylhet Highway) in the Siddhirganj industrial area. The concentration of CO in Siddhirganj Industrial varied from 5.94 ppm to 7.21 ppm which is below the NAAQS (9 ppm). In general the CO concentrations though not exceeding the NAAQS were significantly higher. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 44 Present Condition of Air Quality-Meghnaghat Industrial Area Concentration of Particulate matter (PM2.5 & PM10) The PM concentration in Meghnaghat Industrial area was well within the NAAQS. The concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 varied from 20.5 μg/m3 to 58.3μg/m3 and 38.5 μg/m3 to 185.3 μg/m3 respectively; only at one of the locations (Islampur), the concentration of PM10 was higher than NAAQS, indicative of localised contribution from cement plant and other external factors like traffic. The station wise average PM concentration is presented in Figure 5.7. Figure 5.7 Station wise PM 2.5 and PM10 Concentrations in Meghnaghat Industrial Area 70 60 52 50 45 PM2.5 (μg/m3) 47 40 34 PM2.5 (Average) 30 26 26 NAAQS 20 (65 μg/m3) 10 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 200 172 160 132 PM10 (μg/m3) 124 120 PM 10 (Average) 87 80 NAAQS 52 40 (150 μg/m3) 40 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 Trend of PM Concentration The ambient air quality data monitored during 2012 in Meghnaghat Industrial area (Source: ESIA of 305-350MW Dual Fuel Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Meghnaghat) reveals that PM10 concentration was well below the NAAQS; i.e. less than 50 μg/m3, except for at one location near the Power Hub. The general trend clearly shows that PM concentration over the period has been increased. The summarised data is provided in Annex D. Concentration of NOx The concentration of NOx in Meghnaghat industrial region varied from 9.4 μg/m3 to 52.3 μg/m3. In general, the NOx concentrations were not exceeding the NAAQS, however, at only one location (Islampur, close to the ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 45 Meghnaghat Power Hub) NOx concentration were found to be significantly higher (probably due to contribution from the Power hub). The location wise average NOx concentrations for the Meghnaghat area are presented in Figure 5.8. Trend of NOx Concentration The ambient air quality data monitored in this region during 2012 (Source: ESIA of 305-350 MW Dual Fuel CCPP at Meghnaghat) indicates that that NOx concentration was well below the NAAQS; i.e. less than 100 μg/m3. The general trend clearly shows that NOx concentration over the period has increased. The summarised data is provided in Annex D. Figure 5.8 Location wise NOx Concentrations in the Meghnaghat Industrial Area 120 100 80 NOx (μg/m3) 55 Average 60 NAAQS 40 28 29 (100 μg/m3) 20 18 20 10 0 AQ1 AQ2 AQ3 AQ4 AQ5 AQ6 Concentration of SO2 The concentration of SO2 was varied from 3.5 μg/m3 to 23.59 μg/m3. The Concentration of SO2 at all locations was observed to be within the prescribed NAAQS limits of 365μg/m3. Concentration of Carbon Monoxide (CO) Carbon Monoxide (CO) was monitored near to the toll Plaza of Meghna Bridge in Meghnaghat industrial area. The concentration of CO in Meghnaghat Industrial varied from 5.53 ppm to 6.24 ppm which is below the NAAQS (9 ppm). General the CO concentrations though not exceeding the NAAQS were significantly higher. Table 5.1 Comparative Analysis of Air Quality in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Area Parameter CEIA Study, CEIA Study, CASE DOE, National World Bank 2016 2016 Feb 2014 & 15 Standards Guidelines (Siddhirganj (Meghnaghat (Narayanganj (ECR, 97) Area) Area) CAM) PM10 (μg /m3) 237.2-502.1 34.1 - 167 300 - 315 150 50 PM2.5 (μg /m3) 147.5-274.8 22.7 – 41.1 175 -180 65 100 SOx (μg /m3) 10.3-51.7 3.5 – 23.59 26.2-62.8 365 50 NOx (μg /m3) 49.7-117.2 9.4 – 52.30 69.6 – 133.5 100 40 CO (ppm) 5.94 – 7.21 5.53 – 23.59 0.09 – 4.64 9 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 46 5.1.5 ACOUSTIC ENVIRONMENT (NOISE) The major noise generating sources for both industrial regions have been identified as industrial activities, commercial and anthropogenic activities and traffic plying along transport corridors. Industries generating high noise levels include power plants, cement plants, etc. For such industries the noise generation sources are generally housed within industrial buildings and equipped with acoustic control measures. Other industries like shipyards act as noise generation sources from open work areas. In addition the noise from the traffic plying on the major arterial roads (like Dhaka Chittagong Highway, Dhaka Sylhet Highway, etc.) and other internal roads is also contributing to the overall noise in the region. To assess the baseline noise level in both the industrial areas, 24 hourly noise data was collected from ten (10) locations both in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Area. In addition hourly noise data was also collected from forty (40) locations in Siddhirganj Industrial area and from twenty (20) locations in Meghnaghat Industrial area. Details of noise monitoring locations within the study area are shown in Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4. Present Ambient Noise Quality Siddhirganj Industrial Area The day time level varies from 52.6 dB(A) to 64.4 dB(A), which is well within National Ambient Noise Standard for industrial area 75 dB(A). The night time level varies from 48.5 dB(A) to 58.4 dB(A), which is also well within National Ambient Noise Standard for industrial area 70 dB(A). However, on comparison with Ambient Noise Standards for Mixed Zone, at five locations the monitored noise levels were found to exceed both Day Time [60 dB(A)] as well as Night Time [50 dB(A)] Noise Standards. Meghnaghat Industrial Area The day time level varies from 51.9 dB(A) to 61.8 dB(A), which is well within National Ambient Noise Standard for industrial area 75 dB(A). The night time level varies from 44.8 dB(A) to 56.5 dB(A), which also well within National Standard for industrial area 70 dB(A). However, on comparison with Ambient Noise Standards for Mixed Zone, at three locations the monitored noise levels were found to exceed both Day Time [60 dB(A)] whereas at six locations the noise levels were found to exceed the Night Time [50 dB(A)] Noise Standards. The Ambient Noise quality Monitoring data is provided in Annex D. Hourly Noise Quality data The hourly noise quality (range of maximum and minimum values) for Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial regions is presented in following table. Location wise data is presented in Annex D. The noise monitoring locations are shown in Figure 5.9 and Figure 5.10. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 47 Figure 5.9 Hourly Noise Monitoring Locations in the Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 48 Figure 5.10 Hourly Noise Monitoring Locations in the Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 49 Table 5.2 Hourly Noise Level in Meghnaghat and Siddhirganj Industrial area Industrial Area L min db(A) L max db(A) Siddhirganj 37.7 to 72.1 55.7 to 84.1 Meghnaghat 45.2 to 61.3 50.3 to 68.2 Figure 5.11 Noise Monitoring in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Areas Noise Contours The entire data set on noise levels monitored in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas was utilised to develop contours representing equivalent noise levels. The analyses is presented in Figure 5.12 and Figure 5.13 Figure 5.12 Noise Contours (Equivalent Noise Levels) in Siddhirganj Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 50 Figure 5.13 Noise Contours (Equivalent Noise Levels) in Meghnaghat Area The analyses show that noise levels due to industrial activities or development stressors like traffic (either linearly along major highways or at specific nodes like major intersections) are highly localised in nature. In case of high noise generating industries, the noise levels are experienced generally within the industry premises and do not carry over to the surrounding areas. A similar trend is also observed for traffic noise which is generally limited within a corridor on both sides of the highway / arterial road. The possibility of noise from different sources cumulating and creating disturbance for surrounding communities is not quite envisaged. 5.1.6 ROAD & TRAFFIC Dhaka-Chittagong and Dhaka-Sylhet Highways are passing through the Siddhirganj industrial area while the Meghnaghat industrial area can be accessed through Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. Sitalakhya and Meghna rivers are important waterways in for both the industrial area. To understand the traffic load and emissions from the road/water way traffic, a survey was conducted at three locations viz. Tatki on Dhaka-Sylhet Highways, near Siddhirganj Power Station Gate on Narayanganj Chittagong Link Road and near toll plaza of Meghna Bridge on Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. The river traffic survey was also conducted at one location viz. near Gudhara Ghat in Sitalakhya River (Refer Figure 5.3 and Figure 5.4 for survey location maps) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 51 Present Condition of Traffic Load The traffic survey was conducted continuously for 24 hours, two times (Once on a week day and once during week end) during the study period at three locations. The traffic survey was conducted for both way movement of vehicles and categorized as heavy vehicles (heavy truck/ trailer/ container/8 or more axels), medium vehicle (small truck, big bus, mini bus, micro bus), light vehicle (car, auto rickshaw, utility, motor cycle). A summary of traffic survey results is presented in Table 5.3 Table 5.3 Status of Road Traffic Week Days Week End Tatki Siddhirganj Toll plaza of Tatki Siddhirganj Toll plaza Vehicle Type Power Meghna Power Station of Meghna Station Gate Bridge Gate Bridge Total traffic 19893 28615 23209 18365 18122 19588 volume (Nos)/24 hr Average traffic 829 1192 967 765 755 816 volume/hr Max Traffic 2781 2259 1792 2505 1451 1658 volume (Nos)/hr Min traffic 184 206 138 161 83 91 volume (Nos)/hr Minimum traffic 03.00-04.00 03.00-04.00 03.00-04.00 & 03.00- 03.00-04.00 04.00-05.00 flow hours 04.00-05.00 04.00 Maximum traffic 18.00-19.00 18.00-19.00 15.00-16.00 18.00- 18.00-19.00 15.00-16.00 flow hours 19.00 The river traffic survey was conducted continuously for 24 hours, one time during the study period at one location along the Sitalakhya river. The river traffic survey was done for both way movement of vessels and categorized as Boat, Barge, Container Vessel and Launch. Summary of traffic survey results is presented in Table 5.4 Table 5.4 Status River Traffic Vehicle Type Week Days Week End Total Vessel count (Nos) in 24 hours 1295 1074 Average Vessel count/Hr 54 45 Max Vessel count (Nos)/Hr 109 80 Min Vessel count (Nos)/Hr 20 10 Minimum Vessel Movement Hours 03.00-04.00 & 04.00-05.00 05.00-06.00 Maximum Vessel Movement Hours 17.00-18.00 12.00-13.00 5.1.7 SURFACE WATER RESOURCE & QUALITY The two main rivers Sitalakhya and Meghna are passing through the industrial areas of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat respectively. Surface water is attached a lot of importance by industries and local communities and serves various purpose-it has consumptive uses (industrial cooling & process water, ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 52 domestic and drinking water), serves as a sink for industrial effluent and urban waste water and is used extensively for river transport. So it is selected as VEC for the CEIA. Surface Water Resources Sitalakhya River The river Sitalakhya, a distributary of the Jamuna via the old Brahmaputra River passes through the Siddhirganj Industrial area. The river water is used for industrial cooling. The river water is also used for supply of municipal water (Saidabad Water Treatment Plant, near Demra, upstream of the Siddhirganj Industrial area). The rivers serve as a sink for treated effluents from industries including thermal discharges from power plants which mostly have once through cooling systems. The river is also used for transport of raw material and finished products and construction material and other good. Resource Availability: It is measured through the flow of the river. The maximum discharge (wet months i.e. June to October) at Demra Station 1 was observed as 2010 m3/sec in 1995 where as in 2014 it was recorded as 1150 m3/sec. It was also observed that there has been a declining trend in the maximum discharge levels over the years. Consultation with power plant authorities and local community reveal that water is available for industrial and municipal supply during the lean season. Water levels are also requisite for ship and budge movement. Meghna River The Meghna River originates in Bangladesh by the joining of the Surma and Kushiyara rivers originating from Meghalaya, India. The river water is used for industrial cooling and process water. The rivers serve as a sink for treated effluents from industries including thermal discharges from power plants which mostly have once through cooling systems. The river is also used for transport of raw material and finished products and construction material. The river supports aquatic ecosystem and fish propagation. Resource Availability: It is measured through the flow of the river. The maximum discharge at Bhairab Bazar Station was observed as 13400 m3/sec in 1995 and 10572 m3/sec in 2004. There has been a declining trend in the maximum discharge levels over the years, though the minimum discharge has remained almost same. The maximum and minimum discharge and velocities at Bhairab Bazar in River Meghna is presented Annex D. Meghna is a wide river and water is available throughout the year for consumptive uses of industry as well as for river transport and fish propagation. 1 Source: Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) for Station ID SW179 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 53 Surface Water Quality Pollution of surface waters is considered as one of the most serious problems in industrial and urban areas. The water quality of the river is of particular importance not only for ecological and commercial reasons but also for concerns regarding safe drinking water supply and suitability for industrial use and domestic use. The quality of surface water was assessed through primary monitoring under the CEIA study as well through collection of secondary data from various sources. Surface water quality was monitored at 7 locations in Sitalakhya River and 7 locations at Meghna River. The water sampling locations are indicated in Figure 5.15 and Figure 5.16 . Figure 5.14 Surface Water Quality Monitoring in Sitalakhya and Meghna River Present Condition of Surface Water Quality of Sitalakhya River Ambient water temperature: It is an important parameter for sourcing of industrial cooling water. The ambient water temperature varied from 21.1ºC to 23.5ºC (during January 2016) and 27.8ºC to 29ºC (during March 2016) along the industrial zone of Sitalakhya river. Highest temperatures were observed downstream of Meghna Oil Depot near the outfalls of the thermal power plants and Meghna minor channel in winter and summer respectively. Dissolved Oxygen (DO): DO is one of the most important parameters in any water quality assessment. Its presence is essential to maintain variety of forms of life in the water. Effects of biodegradable waste discharges in a water body are largely determined by the oxygen balance of the system. It can be rapidly removed from the waters by discharge of the oxygen demanding waste. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 54 Figure 5.15 Surface, Ground Water, Sediment and Biomonitoring Monitoring Location Map: Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 55 Figure 5.16 Surface, Ground Water, Sediment and Biomonitoring Monitoring Location Map: Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 56 The DO varied from 3.8 to 4.4 mg/L (during January 2016) and 1.8 to 2.9 mg/L (during March 2016) along the industrial zone of Sitalakhya river. The DO level at the sampling locations is below the critical level (>4 mg/L). Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): The BOD varied from 17 to 51 mg/l (during January 2016) and 12.1 to 19.0 mg/L (during March 2016) along the industrial zone of Sitalakhya river. Highest BOD was observed near Adamjee EPZ both during winter and early summer, possibly due to high organic load from the nearby industries. The BOD level measured at all sampling locations are higher than the country standard for Class ‘E’ water (< 10 mg/l – waters used for processes and industrial cooling). Toxic Metal (Pb, Cr & Cd): Cd (<0.001 mg/L), Cr (<0.01 mg/L) and Pb (<0.005 mg/L) was recorded in low concentration all the sampling locations. The water quality monitoring result are provided in Annex D. Present Condition of Surface Water Quality of Meghna River Ambient water temperature: The ambient water temperature varied from 19.8°C to 24.4°C (during January 2016) and 25.3°C to 28°C (during March 2016) along the industrial zone of the Meghna river. Higher temperatures were observed at a minor channel of the Meghna River during both winter and early summer. Major temperature difference was not observed in the cooling water outfall points of the thermal plants. Dissolved Oxygen (DO): DO varied from 5.9 to 6.5 mg/L (during January 2016) and 1.6 to 6.4 mg/L (during March 2016) along the industrial zone of Meghna river. The DO level at the sampling locations is much above the critical level of 4 mg/L. Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD): BOD level at all sampling location was <2 mg/L in both the season, except for in minor channel of Meghna river, where it was recorded as 142 mg/L and 89 mg/L during winter and early summer respectively ; possibly due to discharge of industrial effluents from paper mills in the minor stream. The BOD level at all the sampling locations are much below the standard for Class ‘D’ water (< 6 mg/l Country Standard for Class D Waters – used by fisheries) Toxic Metal (Pb, Cr & Cd): Cd (<0.001 mg/L), Cr (<0.01 mg/L) and Pb (<0.005 mg/L) was recorded in low concentration all the sampling locations. The water quality monitoring result is provided in Annex D. Surface Water quality Trends Comparative analysis of primary monitoring data, BWDB data (2001-2009) and other scientific research data recorded in Sitalakhya and Meghna River is shown in the Table 5.5 and Table 5.6 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 57 Table 5.5 Comparative Analysis of Surface Water Data of Sitalakhya River Sitalakhya River - Sitalakhya River - Data Monitored Scientific Research, Parameters CEIA Study, 2016 CEIA Study, 2016 by BWDB at (Oct 2012 to Aug (Early Summer) (Winter) Demra, (2001 –09) 2013)# Temperature 27.8-29.0 21.1 to 23.5 24 (April) to 32 21.5 (Feb) to 31.3 o (Aug) (June) ( C) pH 7.3-7.58 7.22 to 7.36 7 (Aug) to 8 (Oct) 6.9 (June) to 8.0 (Feb) DO (mg/L) 1.8-3.1 3.8 to 4.4 0.6 (Aug) to 6.9 0.5 (Feb) to 3.3 (Dec.) (June) TDS (mg/L) 658-695 410 to 460 72 (June) to 350 80 (Oct) to 754 (Feb) (Aug) COD (mg/L) 79.7-39.7 35.3 to 152 - 80 (Oct) to 480 (Feb) Source: # Quantitative Assessment of Toxicity in the Sitalakhya River (at 5 locations between Tarabo and Kanchpur), Jahida B. Isam et all, Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka Table 5.6 Comparative Analysis of Surface Water Data of Meghna River Meghna River Meghna River Other Studies – ESIA Parameters CEIA Study, 2016 CEIA Study, 2016 for CCPP at (Summer) (Winter) Meghnaghat, (2012)# o 25.3-28.0 19.8 to 24.4 31.8 to 32.5 Temperature ( C) pH 6.3-6.8 6.77 to 6.82 6.5 to 6.7 DO (mg/L) 1.6-6.4 5.9 to 6.5 5.9 to 6.6 TDS (mg/L) 118-615 86 to 120 54 - 72 COD (mg/L) <4-293.6 <4 < 5 to 5.7 Source: # ESIA study Report for 300-350 MW dual fuel CCPP at Meghnaghat, 2012 Sediment Quality Siddhirganj industrial area is an old industrial area and has developed over the last 2-3 decades. Meghnaghat industrial area is a more recent development in last 10-15 years’ time. A host of industrial activities like discharge of effluents from industrial, spillage and leakage of oil from oil depots vessel, urban discharge etc. stand to impact quality in the rivers. To assess the sediment quality in both the river primary monitoring was carried out (Refer sediment sampling locations in Figure 5.15 and Figure 5.16 ). Figure 5.17 Sediment Sampling in Sitalakhya and Meghna River Sediment Quality-Sitalakhya River Toxic metals like Cr and Pb was observed at all sampling location of the river. The concentration of Cr varies from 16.1 to 20.4 mg/kg and concentration of Pb varies from 12.3 to 20.9 mg/kg; while concentration of Cd was <2 mg/kg. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 58 The concentration of Cr, Cd and Pb was low when compared to Dutch targeted and intervention value (Dutch targeted and intervention values: Cd 13 mg/kg, Cr III- 180 mg/kg, Cr VI-78 mg/Kg, Pb- 530 mg/kg). Sediment Quality-Meghna River The toxic metals like Cr and Pb was observed at all the sampling location of the river. The concentration of Cr varies from <5.0 to 23.2 mg/kg and concentration of Pb varies from 7.1 to 17. 4mg/L mg/kg while concentration of Cd was <2 mg/kg. The concentration of Cr, Cd and Pb was low compared Dutch targeted and intervention values (Dutch targeted and intervention value: Cd 13 mg/kg, CrIII- 180 mg/kg, Cr VI-78 mg/Kg, Pb- 530 mg/kg). The sediment quality monitoring results of Sitalakhya and Meghna River is provided in Annex D. 5.1.8 GROUND WATER RESOURCES Groundwater is abundant in Bangladesh and the aquifers are highly productive. Water tables vary across the country but are typically shallow at around 1–10 m below the ground surface. These factors have made groundwater an attractive and easily accessible resource. The increase in the amount of surface water (Sitalakhya and Meghna River) pollution in both the industrial areas forced the industries and urban centre to increase their dependency on groundwater. Over abstraction of ground water in the industrial area is causing unusual declining of ground water level. Ground Water Level in the Study Area The Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) has ground water monitoring wells within the study area and data was available for Narayanganj Sadar and Sonargaon Upazilas. The monitored data is graphically represented in Figure 5.18 and Figure 5.19. Figure 5.18 Water Table Variations in Narayanganj Sadar Upazila Monitoring Wells of BPDB ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 59 Source: Plotted from BWDB data for station id DH002 and DH003 for Narayanganj Sadar Upazila Figure 5.19 Water Table Variations in Sonargaon Upazila Monitoring Wells of BPDB Source: Plotted from BWDB data for station id DH082 and DH083 for Sonargaon Upazila From the analysis of the graphs it is evident that there is seasonal variation in the water table and the water table decreases in the dry months of December to April. From equations it is evident that the water table has gradually gone deeper over the years in both the Upazilas. The decline is more evident in the Narayanganj Sadar Upazila, which is near to the Siddhirganj Industrial area. Sonargaon also shows a more prominent decline in the water table over the years. Community consultation also reveals that most of houses in Siddhirganj industrial area install submersible motor driven pump for extracting ground water for their drinking and daily use as ground water level has depleted in last 10 years and they are unable to extract ground water using hand pumps. Conclusively, it can be said that there has been a decline in the water table over the years in both Upazilas and it is more prominent in Narayanganj Sadar Upazila downstream of Siddhirganj Industrial area. This may be attributed to consistent withdrawal of ground water by industries or residential population. Further in this regard, more specific information for locations within Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas was obtained from Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE). The data collected from their permanent monitoring wells over a period spanning well over two decades (1989-2011) is graphically represented in Figure 5.20 and Figure 5.21. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 60 Figure 5.20 Water Table Variations in Monitoring Wells of DPHE in Siddhirganj Area Source: Plotted from DPHE data for Monitoring Wells in Siddhirganj Area Figure 5.21 Water Table Variations in Monitoring Wells of DPHE in Meghnaghat Area Source: Plotted from DPHE data for Monitoring Wells in Meghnaghat Area Analysis of the comprehensive data set collected from BWDB and DPHE for both industrial areas, presents a clear trend of a gradual decline in the water table over the years. The declining water tables can be attributed to the increasing utilisation of ground water by industries as well as development stressors (like surrounding communities) who are increasing finding the river waters unfit for their utilisation. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 61 Ground Water Quality Ground water sample was collected from twelve (12) locations in Siddhirganj Industrial area and from eight (8) locations in Meghnaghat Industrial area and targeted parameters were monitored. Details of ground water sampling locations in the study area are shown in Figure 5.15 and Figure 5.16 and details data is presented in Annex D. Reference was also made to few EIA studies namely EIA of the World Bank Financed 335 MW combined cycle power plant at Siddhirganj by BUET in 2012 and EIA Study of the 330-335 MW CCPP project at Meghnaghat in 2012 carried out in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial area for referring to previous data ground water quality. Figure 5.22 Ground Water Quality Monitoring in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Comparative analysis of secondary data and the primary monitoring data is presented in the Table 5.7 and Table 5.8 Table 5.7 Comparative Analysis and Inferences – Siddhirganj CEIA Study, 2016 EIA of 335 MW Standards - ECR Parameters Units (Siddhirganj CCPP at 97 Area) Siddhirganj, 2012 Colour Hazen <10 9-25 15 Odour --- Unobjectionable Odorless pH at 25°C --- 6.51 - 7.8 6.57 – 7.06 6.5 -8.5 Turbidity N.T.U. <10 – 2.8 0.11 – 8.46 10 Total Dissolved mg/l 253 - 835 546 - 1382 1000 Solids Fluoride (as F) mg/l 0.61 – 0.85 0.26 – 0.29 1.0 Iron (as Fe) mg/l <.05 – 2.42 0.35 -16 0.3 Nitrate (as NO ) mg/l <.05 - 10 3 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.001 - 0.005 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.005 - 0.05 Arsenic (as As) mg/l <0.01 1.33-0.65 0.05 Total Chromium mg/l <0.01 - 0.05 (as Cr) Faecal Coliform /100ml Absent - - Total Coliform MPN/100ml 10 - 110 - - Organism ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 62 Table 5.8 Comparative Analysis and Inferences – Meghnaghat ESIA for 300-350 CEIA Study, 2016 MW dual fuel Standards - ECR Parameters Units (Meghnaghat CCPP at 97 Area) Meghnaghat, 2012 Colour Hazen <10 10-20 15 Odour --- Unobjectionable Odourless Odourless pH at 25°C --- 6.63 – 6.95 7.2 – 7.4 6.5 -8.5 Turbidity N.T.U. <10 -16.4 0.89 – 4.52 10 Total Dissolved mg/l 394 - 590 296 - 508 1000 Solids Fluoride (as F) mg/l 0.64 -0.79 0.32 – 0.48 1.0 Iron (as Fe) mg/l <0.05 – 2.91 0.15 – 0.40 0.3 Nitrate (as NO ) mg/l <0.5 – 3.04 1.07 – 3.42 10 3 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.001 <0.005 0.005 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.005 0.02 - 0.04 0.05 Arsenic (as As) mg/l <0.01 <0.005 – 0.11 0.05 Total Chromium mg/l <0.01 < 0.01 0.05 (as Cr) Faecal Coliform /100ml Absent - Total Coliform MPN/100ml <1.8 - 94 - Organism From the table, it can be observed that all the parameters are within the standard values of ECR 97 and it can be assumed that the ground water quality was satisfactory for drinking both within the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial area. 5.1.9 LAND USE Land use is an important VEC and is subject to rapid transformation in the industrial regions. Environmental effects resulting from future industrial growth on this VEC are defined by interruptions or disruptions to current land use. The current landuse conditions in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas and the change in landuse that has happened over the last decade is briefly discussed in the following sections. Narayanganj grew as a centre for commercial and industrial activities due to the large scale presence of Jute and Hosiery mills. Narayanganj has an important river port within this zone. This zone is connected by three types of transport systems i.e. rail, road and river, mostly in Narayanganj area. The areas surrounding the transport networks gradually developed into industrial hubs - mainly along the Sitalakhya River, Buriganga River and Old Brahmaputra River and on both sides of Dhaka-Chittagong, Dhaka-Sylhet and Dhaka-Mawa highways. Historically, industrialization in Siddhirganj area was initiated during 1930s on both side of the Sitalakhya River. Gradual industrial expansion occurred over time but the real growth of industries (including the export boom for the RMG sector) happened only in last 10-15 years. Urban expansion and industrialization happened mostly by converting the agricultural land and wetlands. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 63 Conversion of agricultural land and wetland was also recorded in the Narayanganj city area (part of area falls under the Siddhirganj Industrial Area) and was analyzed through a land use study report of the city 1. Agricultural land in Narayanganj city decreased by 7.8%, 5.09% and 12.32% during the successive time period of 1978-1988, 1988-1998 and 1998-2009 respectively. Overall 25.21% decrease of agricultural land has occurred in a period of over 30 years during 1978-2009. The wetland area of the city decreased by 3.11%, 0.70% and 3.71% during the successive time period of 1978-1988, 1988-1998 and 1998-2009 respectively. Overall a 7.52% decrease of wetlands has occurred during 1978-2009. During this period the residential areas however had increased to 28.73% (between 1978 and 2009). The industrial land use was not significant within the Narayanganj city area. Land Use Change in Siddhirganj Industrial Area The land use change of the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial was studied analyzing the satellite imagery of 2005 and 2015. Land use Change: The total area under the Siddhirganj industrial region is 18.76 sq. km. A significant loss of agricultural land and wetland has been observed during 2005 -2015 period. The agricultural land has decreased by 54.57% during this period. The wetland area has decreased by 58.56% during this period. A significant increase of industrial and settlement areas has also been observed during the same period. The industrial land and settlement has increased by 57.72% and 26.63% respectively. It is evident from the land use change study that agricultural land and wetland has been converted for industrial growth and urbanization. The land use change is graphically presented in Figure 5.23 and land use map for 2003 and 2016 is presented in Figure 5.24 and Figure 5.25. Table 5.9 Land use Change in Siddhirganj Industrial Area Land use Area 2005 Area 2015 % Change 2005- (in sq. km) (in sq. km) 2015 Agricultural/ 3.46 1.57 - (55.27) Open Land Wetland 2.80 1.16 - (58.56) Industrial land 3.07 4.84 + (57.72) Settlement 6.31 7.99 + (26.63) Source: GIS based decadal analysis of satellite imageries, CEIA Study. 2016 1 Changing Urban Landuse and Agricultural Land Transformation: A Case Study of Narayanganj City ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 64 Figure 5.23 Land use Change in Siddhirganj Industrial area (2005-15) Source: GIS based decadal analysis of satellite imageries, CEIA Study. 2016 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 65 Figure 5.24 Land use of Siddhirganj Industrial Area (2005) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 66 Figure 5.25 Land Use of Siddhirganj Industrial Area 2015 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 67 Land Use Change in Meghnaghat Industrial Area Meghnaghat north industrial cluster was mainly developed on a riverine island while the south cluster was developed along the river side. The total land under Meghnaghat industrial area is 5.68 sq. km. Land use Change: A significant loss of agricultural land and wetland has been observed during period between 2005 -2015. The agricultural land has decreased by 93.82% during this period. The wetland area has also decreased by 33.07% during this period. A significant increase of industrial and settlement land has also been observed during period. The industrial land and settlement has been increased by 194.09% and 65.21% respectively. The open areas have decreased to 0.14 sq. km, which is 8.39% of the industrial area in 2015. This increase is a result of ongoing land development activities in Meghnaghat industrial area. This open area is likely to be used for future industrial development. It is evident from the decadal land use change study that agricultural land and wetland has been converted for industrial and urbanization. The land use change is presented in Figure 5.26 and land use map for 2005 and 2015 is presented in Figure 5.27 and Figure 5.28. Table 5.10 Land use Change in Meghnaghat Industrial Area Land use Area 2005 (in sq. km) Area 2015 (in sq. km) % Change 2005-2015 Agricultural/ 2.32 0.14 - (93.82) Open Land Wetland 0.18 0.12 - (33.07) Industrial land 1.08 3.17 + (194.09) Settlement 0.31 0.51 + (65.21) Source: GIS based decadal analysis of satellite imageries, CEIA Study. 2016 Figure 5.26 Land use Change in Meghnaghat Industrial area (2005-15) Source: GIS based decadal analysis of satellite imageries, CEIA Study. 2016 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 68 Figure 5.27 Land Use map of Meghnaghat Industrial Area (2005) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 69 Figure 5.28 Land Use Map of Meghnaghat Industrial Area: 2016 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 70 Regional Development Plans The Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) is finalising the Dhaka Structure Plan (2016-35) for DMDP 1 area. The entire Siddhirganj industrial area is covered under this plan however, the Meghnaghat industrial area is not falling under the DMDP area. This Structure Plan will provide a policy framework for the next 20 years to promote sustainable development for theDhaka Metropolitan Region. As per this Plan, the western part of the Sitalakhya River (Siddhirganj and Demra Industrial Clusters) is demarcated as Outer Urban Area (OUA). The eastern part of the Sitalakhya River (Kanchpur Industrial Cluster) is demarcated as Growth Management Area (GMA) while the Rupganj Industrial Cluster is demarcated as OUA. Industrial activities with mandatory provision of environmental safeguard measures like ETPs, etc. and causing minimum harm to environment will be encouraged to develop in GMA. The old municipality areas of two city corporations namely, Gazipur and Narayanganj along with two municipalities (Savar and Tarabo) are included in this OUA. Major focus will have given to promote planned urban development, in terms of planned housing development and providing adequate infrastructure. Residential, mixed use development, commercial, open space, industrial zone (with ETP), etc. and supportive uses (healthcare, administrative, institutional and utility services, etc.) will be permitted in OUA. The peripheral areas of Siddhirganj industrial region is demarcated as Agriculture Area (AA). Agriculture area is mainly the high yielding prime agriculture lands, which need to be preserved for future food security. As the primary objective is to protect valuable agricultural lands from urban encroachment, any sizable new urban developments will have to be restricted in the AA. Rural settlements with dwellings and agriculture related facilities will however be allowed. The Siddhirganj Industrial Area has been overlaid on the Dhaka Structure Plan (2016 – 2035) and is presented in Figure 5.29. Government of Bangladesh has also undertaken a major project 2 to prepare land use based zoning for the entire country under the National Land Use Policy 2001. However, the land use zonation map is not available for the entire Narayanganj district. The zonation is available for Gazaria Upzila of Muniganj district is which covers the Meghnaghat South Industrial Cluster. As per land use zonation map (Refer Figure 5.30), the Meghnaghat industrial area is categorised as Agriculture-Increasing Industrial and Commercial Zone basically indicating it as a mixed zone for future commercial / industrial development. 1 DMDP – Dhaka Metropolitan Development Plan 2 National Land Zoning Project of Ministry of Land, Govt. of Bangladesh (http://www.landzoning.gov.bd/) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 71 Figure 5.29 Overlay of Siddhirganj Industrial Area on the Dhaka Structure Plan (2016-2035) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 72 Figure 5.30 Overlay of Meghnaghat Industrial Area on the National Zoning Map of Ministry of Land ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 73 5.1.10 ECOLOGY & BIODIVERSITY Terrestrial Ecosystem The industrial zones and their adjacent areas have been significantly altered due to continued industrial development in these areas. The industrial area and their surroundings have no natural forests. Vegetation: Terrestrial flora is mostly recorded on homestead lands and along the river bank. Most of the industrial facilities in Siddhirganj do not have proper greenbelt areas or vegetative buffers around them; however the older cotton mills like Chittaranjan and Laxminarayan mills are located on large tracts of land and have considerable green cover on unused land within their walled areas. In Meghnaghat industrial area, most of the industries also have no greenbelt plantation, except for the 450 MW Meghna Power Plant of Pendekar Energy. Common plants species recorded in the industrial areas were Mango (Mangifera indica), Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophylla), Coconut (Cocos nucifera), Siris (Albizzia labbek), Khejur (Phoenix sylvestris), Piyara (Psidium guajava), Amra (Spondias mangifera), Tentul (Tamarindus indica), Arjun (Terminalia arjuna), Madar (Erythrina indica), etc. Riparian Vegetation along the Sitalakhya Dust laden Vegetation around a Cement River (Towards Haripur ) Plant in Siddhirganj Area Vegetated Area besides DND Canal Agricultural Land and Homestead Plantation ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 74 Riparain Vegetation along the Meghna Limited Vegetation Buffer in a Cement River (Around Islampur) Plant in Meghnaghat Area Greenbelt in a Power Plant within Meghna Plantation within a School in Baluakandi Power Hub Fauna: The modified habitat like agricultural land, homestead area, fallow land, ditches, etc. provides typical environment for terrestrial fauna. The faunal diversity in the industrial area was poor. Among the mammalian species, small animals are represented by mongoose, jackal, civet, squirrel, rats, mice, bats, etc. The avifauna is represented by maynas, dove, pigeon, barbet, owl, kite, drongo, woodpecker, flycatcher, crows, babler, oriole, sunbird, sparrow, bee-eater, lapwing, etc. The reptiles are represented by common grass snake, krait, green tree snake, rat snake, cat snake, etc. Aquatic Ecosystem Sitalakhya River: The Sitalakhya River receives large amount of untreated sewage and industrial effluent directly or indirectly through the connecting canal systems. Water quality of the river has already exceeded the standard limits in respect of many water quality parameters, for example, DO, BOD5, COD, colour, turbidity, etc. The input of high strength organic waste and inorganic solutions of metals in a reduced state of oxidation in a water course depletes the oxygen content of the water and ultimately affects the presence of all oxygen dependent life. The Sitalakhya river and its foreshore areas have already been declared by Govt. of Bangladesh as an “ecologically critical areas” as describe in Box 5.1 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 75 Box 5.1 Ecologically Critical Area The ecosystem of Sitalakhya River is considered to be threatened to reach a critical state. Sitalakhya River and its foreshore areas were declared as “ecologically critical area”(ECA), according to provisions of the Environmental Conservation Act 1995 and the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997. As result a number of activities in the Sitalakhya River and its foreshores will be restricted. These include all types of hunting, collection of all types of aquatic species living in the rivers, all activities that could result in the destruction of floral or faunal habitats, all activities that could destroy natural characteristics of water and soil, activities detrimental to fishery, installation of polluting industrial units and discharge of domestic/ industrial liquid waste. Till date implementation of the provisions associated with the ECA is pending Meghna River: The aquatic habitat of the Meghna River is highly stressed but the biotic diversity is good. Consultation with local communities revealed that effluent discharged from chemical and pulp & paper industries periodically caused fish kills in the river. Fish Species and Commercial Fishing Sitalakhya River: Consultations with local people and the industries revealed that water quality of Sitalakhya River generally remained bad for most part of the year, except for the 2-3 monsoon months. The fishermen have fish catch from the river only during monsoon months, mostly for subsistence fishing. Fishes like Mystus tengara, Wallago attu, H. fossilis, Anabas testudineus, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala, Catla catla, Channa orientalis, Channa punctatus, etc. were reported from the Sitalakhya River. Meghna River: A fish study in Meghna River conducted during 2013-14 1 reported of the availability of 25 species of fishes. It was also reported that the hilsa fish occurrence has decreased in the Meghna River. About 15 endangered and threatened fish species were reported in the Meghnaghat region. These are Notopterus Chitala (Chital),Labeo calbasu (Kalbaus), Labeo gonius (Gonia), Osteobrama cotio (Dhela), Rita rita (Rita), Ompok Pabda (Pabda), 1Fisheries Study at Meghna River (adjacent and around the power plant site) December 2013 to February 2014; Environmental Quality and Management System (EQMS) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 76 Channa Marulius (Gajal/Gagar), Puntius sarana (Sarputi), Rasbora rasbora (Darkina), Silonia Silondia (Silong), Bagarius bagarius (Baghair), Chaca chaca (Chaga), Chanda nama (Nama chanda), Badis badis (Napit Koi), Macroganthus aral (Tara Baim) 1 Fish and fisheries have been playing a vital role; not only in providing food security to the Bangladeshis but also in shaping the economy of Bangladesh. Consultation with local people and review of various study reports indicates towards earning opportunities in the fishery sector as well as prevalence of subsistence fishing. Fishing: A wide range of fish species are caught from the Meghna River. Their variations are also dependent on the season. Usually, late monsoon (September-October) is the peak time for fishing. In that period water starts to recede. Juvenile and adult fishes also come to the main river from the adjacent floodplain areas. Again, fish species and their amount of catch usually differ from gear to gear. The most common fish species of this river are Rui, Katla, Ayre, Hilsa, Kalbasu, Bacha, Chewa, Gharua, Kaski, Chapila, Kajoli, Prawn, Eel, Puti, Boal, etc. Chewa, Puti, Rui, Katla, Ayre, Boal, Kaski, Bacha, Kajoli,. Ecological Health of the River To understand the ecological health of the river, biomonitoring (plankton and benthos) survey was carried in Sitalakhya and Meghna River during two successive seasons i.e. winter (Jan 2016) and early summer (March 2016). Status of Sitalakhya River Plankton: Winter Season: Only two species of phytoplankton and four species of zoo- plankton were recorded in the up-stream stretches of the river. The recorded species are Polysaprobic organisms (indicators of polluted waters). Early Summer Season: Only two species of phyto-planktons and three species of zooplanktons were recorded. However, in downstream of the river, no zooplankton species was species recorded. Benthos: Winter season: Only three species of benthos were recorded in the up-stream stretches of the river; number of individuals recorded was very low (1 to 3/sq. m). Early summer season: Only two species of benthos was recorded at two downstream locations of the river. 1 ESIA Study for 305-350MW Dual Fuel Combined Cycle Power plant project at Meghnaghat, Narayanganj ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 77 Status of Meghna River Plankton: Winter season: Atotal of 14 species of phytoplankton and 8 species of zoo- planktons were recorded in the Meghna River. Early summer season: 12 species of phyto-plankton and 8 species of zooplanktons were recorded. However at the minor channel of Meghna river, only three species of phyto-plankton and one species of zooplankton was recorded. Benthos: Winter season: Total 5 species of benthos were recorded in the Meghna River. Early summer season: Total 5 species of benthos were recorded in the Meghna River. Diversity Index: The diversity indices of Meghna river is presented Table 5.11. The diversity index indicates that ecological health of the Meghna River was moderate to good. The ecological health of Sitalakhya was poor and practically no lifeform was recorded in the major stretches of the river during the lean season. Table 5.11 Species Diversity Indices of Sitalakhya and Meghna River BM-1 BM-2 BM-3 BM-4 BM-5 BM-6 BM-7 Sitalakhya River Phytoplankton - - - - - - - Zooplankton - - - - - - - Benthos 0.363 0.270 - - - - - Meghna River Winter Phytoplankton 1.497 0.935 0.365 1.497 0.241 0.863 0.93 Zooplankton 1.386 1.082 0.283 0.207 0.363 0.265 0.334 Benthos 0.819 0.623 0.66 - - - 0.346 Early Summer Phytoplankton 1.273 1.526 1.157 1,336 1.010` 0.865 1.169 Zooplankton 1.502 0.831 0.864 1.103 0.641 0.000 0.802 Benthos 0.943 0.690 0.846 0.691 0.368 0.704 0.502 Source: Biomonitoring Survey, CEIA Study, 2016 5.1.11 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT Social Wellbeing has been selected as a VEC because of its intrinsic importance in human life. It is an end state in which basic human needs are met and people are able to coexist in communities. This end state is characterized by equal access to the basic needs of services (water, food, shelter, sanitation etc.). The Siddhirganj industrial area, in Narayanganj and Dhaka district, comprises of 4 unions and 3 paurashavas which according to the administrative hierarchy falls in 4 upazilas under Narayanganj and 1 Thana under Dhaka ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 78 district. As per the Population and Housing Census, 2011 industrial area is characterised by a total population of 998495 individuals and 196587 households. The Meghnaghat industrial area comprises of 3 unions which according to the administrative hierarchy falls in 2 upazilas under Narayanganj and Munshiganj districts. As per the Population and Housing Census, 2011 industrial area is characterised by a total population of 87560 individuals and 19018 households. Slumification Siddhirganj Industrial area, housed under Narayanganj City Corporation and its adjacent Unions Parishads experienced huge unplanned, slum like growth (slumification 1). The situation of Meghnaghat Industrial area is not as critical as Siddhirganj, the region is comparatively a new habitat of industries. Narayanganj was famous for its river port and became a prominent commercial hub due to export of Musline. Post-independence with the emergence of the medium and heavy industries, the region started bearing the pressure of huge migrant work force, especially due to the setting up of the textile industries giving rise to scattered unplanned settlements – slums or slum like settlements. Reasons for slums or slum like growths (slumification) can be credited to the following - population growth, industrialisation, economic growth and demand for more living space. One finds presence of all these catalytic growth factors of slumification in Siddhirganj Industrial region; it may eventually affect the Meghnaghat Industrial region too, if planned actions are not initiated from now. The study reflected that Siddhirganj Industrial region witnessed a massive population growth mainly due to migrated work-force (national decadal growth rate of Narayanganj is 35.62 percent as per 2011 Census, while the national decadal growth rate of Bangladesh is 16.97 percent). Though the region has several industries, the Readymade Garment Sector (RMG) is the most prominent of them all - it is the most labour intensive sector that employs thousands of people. The Siddhirganj industrial area experienced growth of population at a much higher rate than the Meghnaghat; infact all rural unions within Siddhirganj industrial area are densely populated. Slum like situation is more prevalent in Siddhirganj industrial area than Meghnaghat as labour intensive industries (mainly RMG sector) in Baluakandi, Piroijpur and Hossaindi union is less. 1Slumification is a condition resulting from substantial growth of urban informal settlement characterized by substandard housing and squalor with lack of reliable sanitation services, supply of clean water and other basic services ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 79 Industries mostly do not provide residential facilities to its workers except for some (the power plants provide quarters for their staff). As a result there has always been a huge demand for residential houses in the industrial region – especially low cost housing. It is the general tendency of the migrant work- force to save as much earned money as possible and send it back to their host place with preferred staying at low-cost rental houses – the same was also reported during community consultations. To meet the demand of low cost rental residences, small fragmented agricultural plots and low lands were converted into residential areas with makeshift arrangements of drinking water, improper sanitation and drainage facilities and lack of solid waste disposal systems. Lack of durable housing, sufficient living area, access to improved water and sanitation facilities is quite common among this low cost residential unit which creates a slum like situation (slumification) and leads to deterioration of social wellbeing and quality of life of the entire community. Box 5.2 Slumification in Industrial Region Industrial importance of Narayanganj has been both a boon and a bane. An old riverine port, Narayanganj has traditionally been a center for knitwear and hosiery. Study on garment industry estimates that the number of knitwear manufacturers in Bangladesh grew from 700 to 1906 between 2005 and 2013. About 55 percent of these are located in Narayanganj and they employ an estimated 0.7 million workers who have mostly migrated from neighboring districts. However, because industry owners have failed to provide residential facility to their workers, resultantly agricultural land and low lands in the region has been converted into low cost residential structures to meet the rental housing demands of the low wage earning migrant workers. Such low cost housing is usually accompanied with makeshift arrangement for drinking water improper sanitation facilities and lack of waste disposal system. Huge slum like growth has resulted in the region, especially close to the industries region. Such slum like growths had been observed scattered all over the Narayanganj City Corporation area and its adjacent Unions – Madanpur, Dhamgarh, Kanchpur, during the CEIA Study. The Narayanganj City Corporation also identifies slums in ward number 3,4,5,6 (Siddhirganj area) and 26, 27 (Kadamrasul area) as part of the Multi Hazard Vulnerability Atlas of Narayanganj City Corporation, June 2015 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 80 Slum Area (close to Kanchpur Junction and Behind Sinha Group of Industries Health Concerns of the Migratory Workforce Migrant populations inherently have a greater risk for poor health in general and HIV infection in particular; this is due to the impact of socio-cultural patterns of the migrant situation on health, their economic transitions, reduced availability and accessibility of health services and the difficulty of the health care systems to cope with the traditions and practices of migrants. World Bank reports that HIV in Bangladesh has continued to remain at relatively low levels in most at risk population groups. Bangladesh’s latest round of serological surveillance (2011) showed that HIV prevalence among all key populations remained below 1 percent with the exception of intravenous Drug Users (IDU). Although the overall prevalence of HIV was 1.2% among IDU in 2007/08, there is a concentrated epidemic among male IDU in Dhaka. The prevalence of HIV in this cluster increased from 4% in 2002 to 7% in 2007/08, and fell slightly in 2010 to 5.3%. However, spread of HIV/AIDS has not been reported and does not rank among the top ten diseases among the health bulletins published by the government health infrastructures in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial area. Hence, spreading of HIV/AIDS is being ruled out as a key social issue. Low-cost Housing Structure Industrialisation and economic development of a region creates demands for new housing or more housing space for work-force. This encourages local residents for rapid construction of new houses. Rapid development of housing and other infrastructure often produce a variety of discontinuous unplanned developments giving rise to slum like effect with insufficient living area, improper civic infrastructure. Stake holder consultations revealed that with the progress of industrialization, most of the people converted their agricultural land into low cost residential structure. The low-wage earning workers preferred such slum like dwelling units rather than ‘affordable housing’ with all proper basic amenities. Slum like growth due to migrant work force can further be established by reviewing the sudden abnormal growth of Kutcha houses. Growth of different household structures as represented in Census 1991 and 2011 reflects reduction in number of semi-pucca houses in 2011 than 1991 and considerable increase in kutcha housing structures in 2011 that 1991, implicating growth of unplanned residential structures on agricultural and low lands to accommodate the low-wage earning migrant work force. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 81 Figure 5.31 Growth of Different Type of Household Structure in Last Two Decades Excess growth of kutcha housing structures, resulting into slumification or slum like effect, causes major problem triggering poverty and degraded environment. Slums within Narayanganj City Corporation and Union Parishads in the periphery of the industrial area are often high density settlements, highly polluted owing to lack of urban services, such as running water, sewer, solid waste disposal, sanitation facility and paved roads. Secondary data implies that household with sanitary toilets have increased over the decades, however, the percentage of non-water sealed latrines are more than water –sealed latrines, which are more hygienic and reduces spreading of diseases and upholds better environment. Figure 5.32 Availability of Sanitation Facilities 100 80 60 57 60 40 40 27 20 20 0 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011 1991 2001 2011 0 Sanitary Latrine Sanitary Latrine Sanitary Non No Tiolet (Water Sealed) (Non Water latrine Sanitary facility Sealed) Latrine ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 82 Box 5.3 Low-Cost Housing Narayanganj started experiencing huge in-migration of work force from the neighbouring districts in the last decades due to development of Readymade Garment Industries (RMGs). As a result the industrial regions witnessed huge influx of floating population and workers who have rented out residences and have settled there. To meet the housing demand of low wage migrant workers most of the local people converted their agricultural land into low cost residential structure with make shift arrangement of drinking water and sanitation and the rental income has become easy source of earning money for the local community. In 1978, 28 percent of the land in Narayanganj was under agriculture; today not even 3 percent remains for the same. In 1991 average percent of kutcha house in the Unions and Pauroshabhas was 8.70 and the growth of kutcha housing rose to 42.28 percent in 2011, which is higher than the national average. Lack of durable housing, sufficient living area, access to improved water, access to improved sanitation facilities is quite common among these low cost residential unit Change in Occupation Industrialisation and commercial activities in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas created a mass transit in occupational pattern. Agricultural activity had taken a backseat long back and people were more interested to take up different business opportunity generated due to urbanisation and industrial growth. Involvement of people in service sector has shown an increasing trend in the last decade, especially in Siddhirganj. Industrial involvement as a source of livelihood also shows a higher trend in both Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat. The labour intensive RMG sector contributes largely to industrial involvement. People are also involved in ancillary commercial activities like recycling. Figure 5.33 implies that between 2001 and 2011 involvement in service sector has increased faster than the involvement in industries, especially in Siddhirganj region. In Meghnaghat although some people have now started working in industries but agriculture still continues to be a key livelihood for a large section of the community (especially in rural areas surrounding the Meghnaghat Industrial area) ; ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 83 Figure 5.33 Livelihood Pattern in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat over the Time Series 60 Siddhirganj Industrial Area Meghnaghat Industrial Area 50 40 30 20 10 0 Service Service Service Industry Industry Industry Agriculture Agriculture Agriculture 1991 2001 2011 In both the regions, people working in the industries are mostly migrants. The industries prefer to hire workforce who are not local to the area and local people are also not interested to work in the industry as they earn more money from other occupation like rental business. Industrialisation has been responsible for multiple displacements. Community people have been forced to change their occupation due to natural displacement followed by change in occupational pattern due to industrial pollution in Meghnaghat industrial region as highlighted in Box 5.4 and Box 5.5. Box 5.4 Multiple Displacements in Islampur Islampur is small cluster village (Guchchho Gram) located on Government land (Khas jami) just beside the Meghna river in Pirojpur Union of Sonargaon Upazila, in Narayanganj District. It is right next to the Meghna Power Hub. Most of the people of this village came from the opposite shore of Meghna river due to river bank erosion and was resettled here by the Govt. of Bangladesh. With the emergence of Meghnaghat Industries area, the whole village was surrounded from three sides by different industry like power plant, ship-building yard, and cement plant. Industrial activity like raw material handling and finish goods transportation also takes place in the ships anchored in Meghna River. Due to all this industry and industrial activity, local people of Islampur village are faced with critical issue like air and dust pollution, water pollution, and high noise levels.During community consultation, it was reported thet traditional livelihood like fishing, horticulture, agriculture, etc. are also get disrupted due to pollution from surrounding industries and the communities hardly recive any support from the industrial houses. Even the industries are not too keen to engage the local resident as worker. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 84 In Meghnaghat industrial area shift in occupational pattern has also been reported. The fisherman community left their occupation as the fish catch decreased due to pollution of river water by surrounding industries. Details are presented in Box 5.5. Box 5.5 Fishing Community in Pirojpur Union Meghna is one of the most famous rivers in Bangladesh and endures country’s important multi- species commercial fishery. Part of local villages of Dudhghata, Islampur, Ganganagar were entirely dependent on fishing. But with emergence of Meghnaghat Industrial area their livelihood is almost disrupted due to increased industrial pollution. The fisherman community left their occupation as the fish catch decreased due to pollution of river water by the chemical, paper and pulp and dyeing units. The community consultation reveals that fisherman often had to go further downstream towards the confluence to catch fish. This was difficult and they preferred working as daily labourers, contractual workers in industries, rickshaw pullers and in other small business. Informal household industries have flourished in the southern parts of the Siddhirganj industrial zone, especially in Dhamghar Union Parishad area using the waste cloth cut pieces from the RMGs. Here the cut pieces are segregated based on colour (unskilled workers, mostly women, are involved in segregation of cloth pieces) and are made into cotton again using machines. A large number of people (approximately 5000 people and above) are involved into this sector from this union giving rise to a new business concept. Details are presented in the Box 5.6. Box 5.6 Recycling of RMG Waste – A household informal industrial activity Development of informal industries at house hold level using waste generated from RMGs is observed quite frequently observed in Dhamghar Union Parishad area. This informal industrial activity provides employment opportunity and economic boost to the local community but at the same time poses a huge threat to occupational health of the workers engaged in this activity. Lack of proper health safeguard behaviour may be responsible for increased cases of respiratory diseases not only among the workers but also impacting the other household members, especially children and elderly people. It is observed that this sector employs mostly female workers and does not come under the regulatory preview 5.1.12 COMMUNITY HEALTH Community health is a VEC for this CEIA study because of its interactions with current environmental condition of the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial area. There are several polluting industries operating in both the ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 85 industrial areas which may deteriorate health status of the community. Effect of industrial pollution on community in both the industrial area is briefly discussed in the following sections. Consultations were carried out with government health personnel’s and private medical practitioners to understand the health hazard due to industrial development in the region. Health infrastructure is inadequate to sustain the pressure of huge migrant and floating population. There are 5 Upazilla health complexes, 12 Upa Swasthya Kendras and 119 community clinic present with in the district. Health sub-centres are only present in few unions but it caters to only mother and child health. There are no doctors at the sub-centre level. Local people often visit private practitioners for treatment. As per the discussion with the local health practitioners industrial pollution has its impact on the health condition of the local people, diseases like – respiratory problem, skin disease, diarrhoea, etc were commonly reported. As per Government health data, last one year has been more than 500 people admitted in Narayaganj city hospital with respiratory problems and in around 20 cases of fatalities were reported . Water borne diseases like typhoid, jaundice, diarrhoea are also very common with in the industrial area. Living condition of the local and migrants is poor as has been highlighted in the previous section. Figure 5.34 Disease Pattern of the Industrial area 50 40 45 30 34 20 21 10 0 Diseases of the Water Borne Diseases Other Respiratory System Figure 5.34 and Figure 5.35 graphically present the status of respiratory and water borne diseases in the industrial areas are located along with their comparison with national trends ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 86 The analysis portray that respiratory diseases is more prevalent in and around the Siddhirganj Industrial area and is higher than the national level it is also the top ranked disease in last three years in most of the Upazilas (Narayanganj, Bandar, Sonargaon Upazila) Water Borne diseases are also quite common in all Upazilas because mostly of unhygienic living conditions of migrant workers. The Health Bulletin 2015 published by Directorate General of Health Services states that out of 46275 patients admitted in different Upazila Health Complexes and hospitals (General Hospital, 300 bedded Hospital, etc.) in Narayanganj, 13.62 percent people get admitted into hospitals due to various respiratory diseases. This is much higher than the national average of 2.88 percent. Community health condition in Meghnaghat industrial area is comparatively better than the Siddhirganj industrial area as Meghnaghat a newly developed industrial ecosystem and its surrounding zones still have an unpolluted rural character. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 87 Figure 5.35 Status of Respiratory and Water Borne diseases in Upazilas where Industrial Area is Located in Respect to National Condition 35 32.35 30.82 30 25 20.22 18.47 Percentage of patient 20 17.39 with Respiratory Diseases (COPD+ 15 10.67 Bronchiectasis) 10.61 10 7.8 8.14 5.51 3.18 5 3.85 2.63 2.79 2.31 2.04 1.61 3.3 0 Narayanganj General Hospital Rupganj Upazila Health Complex Gazaria Upazila Health Complex Sonargaon Upazila Health Complex Narayanganj Civil Surgeon Office Bandar Upazila Health Complex Medical College Hospitals Narayanganj 300 bedded hospital National level data of Upazila Health Complex National level data of District & General Persentage of patients from water borne diseases (Thphoid+ Diarrhoea+ Cholera+ Hospitals Jaundice) Siddhirganj Industrial area Meghnaghat National Data of Bangladesh Industrial area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 88 6 BENCHMARKING STUDIES The sectoral benchmark study has been carried to understand the existing growth pattern and potential growth in reasonably foreseeable future in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial areas. Efforts have been made to understand the sectoral practices, natural resource uses, pollution sources and control measures adopted by the sector. The benchmark study was carried out through the review of sectoral information provided by DOE, sectoral EIA reports, compliance monitoring reports, research paper and sectoral study reports, IFC EHS Guidelines and other Sectoral Best Practice Documents. This information was supplemented with understanding gained through discussions with various stakeholders (DOE, Govt. Agencies, Communities, etc.). The sectoral benchmark study was carried out for the following key sectors: - Power Plants, - Cement Plants, - Steel Mills, - Pulp& Paper Mills and - Textile and Garment Industries. 6.1.1 THE POWER SECTOR Details on the Power Sector are provided in the Box below: Box 6.1 The Power Sector Present Siddhirganj: Presently eight (8) standalone power plants including one Scenario (1) under construction. Total installed capacity is 1867 MW. Five (5) gas based (1557 MW) and three (3) oil based (310 MW). All the plants are located within 1 km radius area. A captive power plant of 30 MW is located in Kanchpur industrial cluster (Rahim Steel) Meghnaghat: 3 standalone power plants in Meghnaghat Power Hub. Total generation capacity is 887 MW (787 MW gas based and 100 MW oil based). Three captive power plants having a total capacity of 43 MW (2.2 MW, 25.8 MW & 15 MW). Proposed Siddhirganj: 50 MW captive power plant is planned in Adamjee EPZ. Development Meghnaghat: 2X750 MW power plant is planned in Meghnaghat Power Hub. 1500 MW coal based power plant of Orion Group is planned at Char Balaki Island. Potential Siddhirganj: Standalone gas based power plant (350-400 MW) near Development Haripur area and gas based captive power plants (30-50 MW) in large industrial areas (5-7 nos.). ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 89 Water - Once through cooling system: 105 to 107 m3/ MWhr water required Requirement and sourced from river. and Sourcing - Closed cooling system: 1.7 to 2.1 m3/ MWhr water required and sourced from ground water. Pollutant & - Gas based Power Plant : NOx – 0.31 g/ kWh to 0.67 g/ kWh Pollution - HFO based Power Plant: NOx - 0.99 g/ kWh; SO2 - 11.6 g/ kWh Load and PM - 0.74 g/ kWh - HSD based power plant: NOx - 0.48 g/ kWh; SO2 - 1.38 g/ kWh and PM- 0.04 g/ kWh Thermal - Once through cooling system: Cooling water after heat exchange is Effluent & discharged into the rivers Discharge - Closed cooling system: Cooling blow down water discharged into the river; Pollution - The major source of pollution from oil and gas based power plants Control is NOx. Emission of NOx is controlled by using low NOx burners. As per environmental compliance report, submitted to DOE, power plants were compiled the emission standard of Bangladesh for Power sector. Most of the power plants are regularly monitored the emission from stack and same has been submitted to DOE. Power Plants at Siddhirganj Power Plants at Meghanaghat ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 90 Figure 6.1 Location of Power Plants in Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 91 Figure 6.2 Location of Power Plants in Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 92 6.1.2 CEMENT INDUSTRY Details on the Cement Industry are provided in the Box below: Box 6.2 The Cement Industry Present Siddhirganj: Two cement grinding units, total capacity is 11,22,000 MT/ year Scenario Meghnaghat: Six cement grinding units; total capacity is 19,70,000 MT/year Siddhirganj: 1-2 cement plants likely to be set up at Demra industrial cluster. Potential Meghnaghat: 1-2 cement plants likely to be setup at Meghnaghat South Development Industrial Cluster. Cement grinding is a dry process, process water is not required. However, Water cooling and domestic water (300-350 KLD per unit) is required and sourced Requirement from ground water. The cooling blow-down water discharged into river; and Sourcing domestic water treated through septic tank and soak pit. Material handling: The raw material (clinker, gypsum, fly ash, slag, limestone) transported through river. Material unloaded into the hopper through bucket crane- uncontrolled type of emission; Material conveying: The unloaded material is transported through covered conveyor belts; transfer stations having polluting prevention system in the Emission and form of dust collector; control Material storage: Raw material generally stored in the covered storage area, system two plants are now constructing fly ash silos. Fugitive emissions resulting from storage areas; Cement grinding: Clinker, gypsum and additives (fly ash/ slag) are grinded in ball mill; units having Cyclone Type Dust Collection systems; Cement storage: all the plants having cement silos with dust collection system; Cement Packing section: The packing plants having dust collection system Pollution Estimated emission load: (i) raw material handling is 11.1 g/ton of material load handling and from process is 219 g/ton of cement. Most of the cements plants have covered raw material storage area. The clinker and fly ash has been stored in covered storage area not in the silos. The emission from cement mills, packing plants and cement silos has been Existing controlled by bag filter. ECR 1997 specifies the emission standard for cement pollution plants. However, none of the pants has been monitored the stack emission. Control Plants has been monitored the environment air quality in and around the plants under six monthly EC compliance report. The monitoring results under EC compliance submitted to DOE reveals that, concentration of PM level was very high compared to NAAQS. Cement Plants at Meghnaghat area Cement Plants at Siddhirganj area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 93 Figure 6.3 Location of Cement Plants in Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 94 Figure 6.4 Location of Cement Plants in Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 95 6.1.3 STEEL MILLS Details on the Steel Mills are provided in the Box below: Box 6.3 The Steel Mills Present Scenario Siddhirganj: There are 14 operating steel re-rolling mills; three of them have set up for both smelting and re-rolling. Many of the mills have scrap smelting facilities. Meghnaghat: One plant but non-operational Potential Siddhirganj: 2-3 steel mills like to be set up in the Kanchpur Development Industrial Cluster. Process involved Steel making facility: Mild Steel (MS) billet and slabs produced using scrap iron (basically MS scrap). The major raw material -scrap iron (approx.1.28 tons/ 1.0 ton of steel); other raw material - coke (alternatively cast iron and pig iron) - 4 to 5 kg/ ton of steel and lime - 10 to 15 kg/ ton steel. Steel Re-rolling facility: Steel ingots are heated in a furnace and passed through a series of rollers to achieve specific size and shape to form bars, plates, rods or other products. Many of the mills have scrap smelting facilities. Furnaces: gas based furnaces and arc/induction furnaces used in the plants. Water Steel making is a dry process, process water not required. However, Requirement and cooling and domestic water required. The water requirement varies Sourcing 250 to 300 KLD per unit and is sourced from ground water. Cooling water discharged into river/ water body/ land; domestic water treated through septic tank and soak pit. Emission and Scrap Handling: (unloading, segregation and storage) - open storage control system and uncontrolled emission. Scrap Charging and Melting Process - gases and particulates produced during operations of furnaces. Furnace has a single swing type hood connected with a metallic chimney. An induced draft fan (IDF) is used to create high draft inside the chimney to suck and emit the gases and particulates produced during operations. Bangladesh Air Pollution Studies (BAPS) carried out by BUET reported that only a fraction (one third) of the produced gas and particulates during melting process of furnaces enters into the swing hood and goes out through the chimney. Rest of the emission mixes with air inside the shed and goes out through the corrugated sheet made cascade type exit surrounding the factory shed. De-slagging and transferring molten metal into ladle huge emission occurs which mixes with air inside the shed and eventually goes out of the shed and is carried by the ambient air. Air pollution mitigation facilities (cyclone separator followed by a water scrubber) installed in the plants, most of the cases those are not operational. Emission from the steel making process id NO, NO2, SO2 and PM Steel Re-rolling process is less polluted; but most of the plants having scrap melting process; emission characteristics from steel re-rolling are similar to steel plant. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 96 Pollution load Source NO NO2 PM (g/ ton of steel) (g/ ton of steel) (g/ ton of steel) Stack 7.42 26.18 400.02 emission Fugitive 353.74 209.13 2297.49 emission Existing Pollution Control system The furnace is connected with a single swing hood through which a strong IDF sucks the gases and particulates and takes them out through the chimney. The air pollution mitigation facilities (cyclone separator followed by a water scrubber) generally installed to control air pollution. There is emission standard for steel mills. Stack monitoring is not practiced in study area. Ambient air quality monitoring data within the plant premises under six monthly compliance data reveals that the PM level was much higher than the NAAQS. Fugitive Emission from Steel Re-rolling Mill Stack Emission from Steel Plant ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 97 Figure 6.5 Location of Steel Mills in Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 98 6.1.4 PAPER MILLS Details on the Paper Mills are provided in the Box below: Box 6.4 The Paper Mills Present Siddhirganj: Four paper mills, capacity varying from 120 MT/day Scenario to 300 MT/day Meghnaghat: Five paper mills, capacity varying from 100 MT/day to 400 MT/day Potential 1-2 paper mills likely to be set up in Siddhirganj industrial area Development Process 2-3 paper mills likely to be set up in Meghnaghat industrial area. involved Paper mills also like to be set up in proposed Meghna Economic Zone Raw material Major raw materials are imported pulp, and waste paper; chemicals and resource - calcium carbonate, coating material, calcium oxide, lime stone. Gas has been used for gas boilers and supplied from grid connection. Water: approximately, 100 lit of water required to produce 1 kg of paper and sourced mostly from ground water; and also sourced from river. Waste from Liquid effluent: approximately 75 lit of waste water generated per kg paper mill of paper. All the plants have ETP for treatment of effluent. Approximately 70% of waste water (52.5 lit/ kg of paper) used in the process and 30% (22.5 lit/ kg of paper) treated in the ETP; treated waste water discharged into the river. ETP sludge, containing fibber, utilised for making of paper board. DOE reported that sometimes plants are directly discharged untreated effluent into the river. Effluent pH DO BOD COD TDS Characteristics (mg/l) (mg/l) (mg/L) (mg/l) Effluent 9.3 0 99 252 1410 Characteristics ETP Out let 7.9 4.7 42 146 905 Discharge Std. 6-9 4.5 to 8 50 200 2100 Waste Paper - One of the Raw Materials Discharge from Paper Mill ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 99 Figure 6.6 Location of Paper Mills in Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 100 Figure 6.7 Location of Paper Mills in Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 101 6.1.5 TEXTILE & GARMENT INDUSTRY Details on the Textile and Garment Industry are provided in the Box below: Box 6.5 The Textile & Garment Industry Present Siddhirganj: Textile mills are mainly located in Rupganj, Kanchpur and Scenario Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster. Meghnaghat: There is only one factory Potential EPZ/ Textile & Garment Industries in closed cotton & jute mill areas: Development -Chittaranjan Cotton Mill -Lakhinarayan Cotton Mill -Dhakesari Cotton Mill -Bangladesh Jute Mill Textile Textile mainly covers four major sections, all of which together Industries comprise of a Composite Textile Unit. These major four sectors are (i) Spinning, (ii) Weaving/Knitting, (iii) Wet Processing/Dyeing and (iv) Garments Manufacturing. Discharge of Textile and dyeing industries produce wastewater, or effluent, as a bi- effluent & product of their products, which contains several pollutants originated water quality from sizing, bleaching, mercerizing, fancy dyeing, screen printing, yarn dyeing and finishing. In knit dyeing, the local textile dyeing industries higher amount of wastewater which varies from 150 - 330 liter per Kg of fabric, whereas the recommended amount of wastewater that can be discharged from composite textile dyeing industries is 100 liter per Kg fabric as per Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997. Disposal of these large amounts of wastewater with highly toxic compounds to water body and irrigable land is extensively threatening to the ecosystem and aquatic life and it also enters in our food chains. The Bangladesh Center for Advanced Studies (BCAS), analyzed that EC of Sitalakhya River cross the limit and it was 110 mg/l- during 1980 but aggressive industrialization and improper agricultural activities, it is rise up to 1440 mg/l during 1998 and TDS rises 216 to 446 mg/l. Effluent DoE Standards pH EC micro BOD COD TDS Characteristics mho/cm mg/l mg/l mg/l For discharge to 6-9 1200 50 200 2100 inland surface water For discharge to 6-9 1200 100 400 2100 irrigated land Before treatment 10 1701 410 965 1006 After treatment 8.9 0.888 190 560 531 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 102 Figure 6.8 Location of Textile and Garment Industry in Siddhirganj Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 103 Figure 6.9 Location of Textile and Garment Industry in Meghnaghat Industrial Area ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 104 7 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT The stakeholder engagement process provided a platform for two-way communication between the CEIA Study Team and various stakeholder groups. This helped the CEIA Study Team in developing an understanding of the key issues relevant to this study. All through the CEIA study period and at different stages several stakeholder were consulted with a view to (i) gather information on VECs, (ii) understand past and present condition of VECs, (iii) assess cumulative impact on VECs, (iv) suggest appropriate recommendations and (v) to find out about reasonably foreseeable future actions. A dissemination workshop was also conducted to share the findings of the study with key stakeholders; which also paved way for formulating the suggestions and recommendations that have been proposed as part of the CEIA study. Key stakeholders consulted to inform the CEIA study comprised of: • Consultations with the Department of Environment (DOE) • Consultations with the Power Sector • Consultations with the Govt. Agencies • Consultations with Urban Local Bodies • Consultation with the Health Institutions • Consultations with the Communities. Stakeholders consulted during the CEIA process are represented in Figure 7.1. 7.1.1 DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT (DOE) Consultation with the DOE helped in gathering necessary information on the various industries in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas and facilitated selection of industrial stressors that impact the condition of VECs in these industrial areas. Emerging Issues: • Pollution levels in the Siddhirganj area exceeds the limits specified by DoE. The DoE conducts periodic environmental monitoring (six monthly) and accordingly penalises industries who are found to exceed the stipulated standards. However there are existing limitations and it is always not possible to monitor each and every industry on a more frequent basis. At times units are also found to be repeat offenders even after penalising them. • The Polluter Pays Principle should be strictly implemented and the local administration and resident communities should also play a role in industrial pollution monitoring. • Siddhirganj has multiple industries and the area is already polluted, further industrial development should be restricted in this area. • At Meghnaghat the situation is better given its present carrying capacity and natural processes available for pollution abatement. However care should be exercised to prevent the creation of Siddhirganj like environment also in Meghnaghat in future ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 105 Figure 7.1 Stakeholders Consulted during the CEIA Process Power & Industry Government Agency Local Urban Body Health Official Community • Civil Surgeon, • Residents • Power Cell • DOE • Narayanganj City Narayanganj adjacent to Corporation • BPDB • DPHE Power Plants and • Tarabo • Medical • EGCB Industries • BWDB Superintendent Pourashabha • Pendekar and Deputy • Fisherman • BIWTA • Dhamgarh UP Director (Health) Community in Energy • SRDI Meghnaghat • Madanpur UP • Upazila Health • Dutch Bangla • BEPZA Office • Agricultural • Kanchpur UP • Desh Energy Community • BBS • Baluakandi UP residing in • Orion Group • Hossaindi UP Siddhirganj and • Adamjee EPZ Meghnaghat • Saralia UP • Migrant • Pirojpur UP Population ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 106 7.1.2 POWER PLANT OPERATORS Operational power plants in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions are managed by both government and private agencies; this included Govt. agencies like EGCB, BPDB, etc. as well as private players like Pendekar Energy, Desh Energy, Orion Group, etc. Consultation with Power Plant Operators was majorly on their operational aspects that included general features, resource requirements, emissions and discharges, ambient environmental quality, etc. Emerging Issues: • The location of a power plant is a key deciding factor in dictating its impact on surrounding communities. Ideally power plants and industries should be located away from settlements. • The cooling water required in power plant is sourced from Sitalakhya River, but quality is not suitable with high electrical conductivity, trends of increasing water temperature, etc.; poor river water quality is resulting in an increase in the cost of operation of power plants (due to additional treatment requirements for the raw intake water). • High concentration of particulate matter in ambient air is affecting the performance of air-filter of power plants • Industries should be ideally located away from settlements hence, industrial zoning is very helpful and should be implemented • More stringent and frequent monitoring programs should be undertaken for the industries in respect of pollution control and the local authorities as well as the district administration should also play an active role in this regard. • Given the existing environmental conditions in the Siddhirganj industrial area, further expansion of industries in this area should be restricted. The growth of new industries should be encouraged in other area (less developed areas). 7.1.3 URBAN LOCAL BODIES (ULBS) Consultations were carried out with the Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) that house the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial region. These ULBs are responsible for planning and administration of local areas and also provide a range of services to the residents of these regions. The regions have undergone rapid urbanisation due to industrial growth. The consultations helped in understanding the stake of the UBLs in industrial growth and their capacity to handle the burden of the growth. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 107 Emerging Issues: • Siddhirganj industrial area has hardly any space to accommodate further industrial growth but Meghnaghat has future potential to grow • Local administrative units do not have any control over the industry operations. The industrial units obtain their approvals from central agencies and they generally do not require any approvals from ULBs. • Most industries do not participate in any development activity in their surrounding areas; however they are constantly using natural resources and common infrastructure (road, drainage, etc.) • Industrial growth has resulted in high influx of population within the administrative areas especially in Siddhirganj creating a high pressure on civic amenities – especially drainage, solid waste disposal and on roads. Union Parishad roads have been majorly impacted due to constant use by industrial heavy vehicles. • A gradual decline of ground water level over the years has occurred due to extensive use in these industrial regions; earlier water table was at 50-60 ft., whereas now hand pumps get water at 200-300 ft. • Industrial development has resulted in unplanned sporadic urban growths to cater to the residential needs of the migrant work force 7.1.4 HEALTH INSTITUTIONS Consultations with the health institutions were conducted to get an insight into growing health hazards due to rapid industrialisation and associated urbanisation in the region and also to develop an understanding of policies, plans, directives and their status of implementation by various implementing agencies and health care delivery systems. Emerging Issues: • Unplanned industrial development poses health threats to the local residents • Industrial pollution has its impact on the health condition of the local people; respiratory problems, skin diseases, diarrhoea, etc. are quite commonly reported from the industrial areas • Water borne diseases like typhoid, jaundice, diarrhoea are also very common within the industrial areas. • Reported cases of air and water borne diseases among the local residents shows an increasing trend • Poor living condition of the local and migrants generally observed because of high population stress, inadequate civic infrastructure and weak economic conditions. • Health infrastructure is inadequate to sustain the pressure of huge migrant and floating population. • Health and hygiene related awareness among the local people is low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 108 7.1.5 COMMUNITIES Consultations were carried out with community people and migrant population residing in the region across all the Union Parishads, Pauroshabhas and City Corporation area that houses the industrial zone and also in the adjacent Unions to assess the extent of impact on the common people. Emerging Issues: Local Community People • Agricultural field over time have become water logged due to land development activities on surrounding land parcels to facilitate industrial growth. This has also resulted in drainage channels getting blocked due to unplanned sporadic development. • Agricultural lands located around brick kilns have become unproductive as coal wash waters and runoff accumulate in the agricultural lands. • Most members of the fisherman community had to give up their occupation as the fish catch decreased in the river. The principal reason was attributed to the pollution of the river systems from waste water discharges from industries such as chemical factories, paper mills and dyeing units. • Work opportunities for local people in nearby industries are less as the industries prefer to hire people from outside the area to minimise and avoid any conflict situation. • Agriculture is no more a primary activity, more people are now into business and small commercial activities that has evolved over the years due to industrialisation and has also helped in increasing family incomes. • A rapid increase has been observed in construction of low cost housing structures on agricultural land to meet the demand of low income group of migrant workers • The people residing adjacent to industrial units and power plants complained of continuous generation of industrial noise mostly from power plants and also of dust emitted from cement plant and particle board industries and dense smoke emitted from steel rolling mills • Water borne diseases and respiratory diseases are commonly reported from these industrial regions however awareness on health hazards due to industrial pollution among general community is quite low. Migrant Workforce • A large section of the migrant workforce is engaged in the RMG sector. • Except for power plants and EPZs, the other industries do not provide any accommodation facility to its workers; this has resulted in local people renting out residential places to the migrant workers. • Workers reported of low wage rates. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 109 • Workers have rented out make shift residences, that are mostly unplanned and lacks proper civic infrastructure e.g. sanitation and drainage facilities. • Poor economic condition leads to exclusion from basic human rights in some cases (e.g. in many instances children of migrant workers do not attend schools, as the elder children are left back at home to look after their younger siblings) 7.1.6 OTHER GOVERNMENT AGENCIES Stakeholder consultations with other Government agencies of Bangladesh were also conducted. These consultations included discussion and information requests regarding existing / proposed industries along with past and present conditions of VECs in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions. Consultation with a key government agency – the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) is summarised below. Emerging Issues: Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) • Ground water is widely used as portable water supply source for domestic, industrial, commercial purpose in this region. • Ground water extraction and its use by different user groups is currently not regulated • The industries are not required to obtain permits from concerned government departments for digging bore wells and extracting water. No formal approval procedure for withdrawal of ground water is currently being followed for industrial use • This was further corroborated during discussions with Adamzee EPZ that houses more than 50 export oriented units in Siddhirganj. They extract ground water for their daily use but are not aware about any permits for extraction. Further details on stakeholder engagement process conducted with various stakeholder groups are provided in Annex B. The information on various emerging issues that was gathered through this consultative process served as a key input in the process of assessment of cumulative impacts on the VECs in these industrial regions. It also helped in aligning the recommendations that are being proposed as part of the CEIA Study in accordance to viewpoints that have been expressed by key stakeholder groups. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 110 8 CUMULATIVE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT This section presents a qualitative assessment of the cumulative impacts posed by the past, present and foreseeable industrial and development stressors in the Siddhirganj Meghnaghat industrial areas on the Valued Environmental Components (VECs). It also looks at the specific contributions from the World Bank financed power sector projects (referred to as the projects under consideration) toward impacts that cumulate on VECs in these industrial areas. 8.1.1 CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY 8.1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF KEY VECS The VECs considered for cumulative impact assessment has been selected based on the impacts that will be cumulate on VECs directly or indirectly by the ‘project under consideration’ along with past, present and future projects. In case of Siddhirganj industrial area, the project under consideration (PUC) is the 335 MW gas based combined cycle power plant that is presently being constructed by the Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh (EGCB) within the Siddhirganj Power Hub through financial assistance from the World Bank. In case of Meghnaghat industrial area, a project announced by Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDP) within the Meghnaghat Power Hub for a 2 x 750 MW LNG based power plant is being considered as the PUC for the CEIA Study. A dedicated supply of LNG is being ensured for this project by also planning for a floating storage and re-gasification unit (FSRU) at Moheshkhali. This project is in the initial planning stages and the exact technical plans as well as the implementation arrangements and financial modalities are not quite clear at this stage. However it is understood that the project implementation is expected to involve Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and investment proposal to this effect are being discussed by the Power and Energy Ministries of Bangladesh with conglomerates from India. So considering the nature/scale of this project and its location within the Meghnaghat Power Hub and with no other imminent Government led and/or World Bank financed power sector project in Meghnaghat, the LNG based Power Project of BPDP is considered representative of any future power sector growth that can happen in the Meghnaghat region and has accordingly been considered as a PUC for this study. The logical framework used for identification of key VEC is presented in Figure 8.1. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 111 Figure 8.1 Logical framework for identification of Key VECs Valued Environmental and Social Components (VECs) Importance Yes (To Community, No Institutions, Academia, Others Stakeholders) Is it affected by the No Project Under Consideration Yes Is it affected by the No Other Project (Past, Present and Future) Yes Included in CEIA Not Included in CEIA Based on the above mentioned logical framework six key VECs have been identified. The key VECs selected for this CEIA is presented in Figure 8.2. The accumulation of impact is not predicted on VECs like surface water resources, ground water quality, soil quality, biodiversity, noise and cultural environment. This is primarily because: • Surface water resource: The consumptive use of surface water is limited to industrial cooling purpose (only in case of power plants) especially in the stretch of the river being considered under the CEIA study. Cumulative impacts are unlikely from project under consideration (PUC), past and future projects. • Ground water quality: PUC has no direct impact on ground water quality. Again impact due to past and future activities are localised and not expected to cumulate. • Biodiversity and habitats: The aquatic ecosystem in the Sitalakhya river is stressed and mostly devoid of aquatic life, indicating highly polluted waters. The aquatic diversity in the Meghna is comparatively better and indicates moderately polluted waters. However in both cases any direct interactions with PUC is not envisaged. • Cultural environment: Cultural heritage sites have not been identified near the project under consideration or near any of the existing power plants ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 112 and no potential impact on the cultural heritage sites are envisaged due to the activities of the PUC. • Noise quality: Impact on noise quality due to industrial activity is highly localised; i.e. experienced within the premises of the various industrial units. The noise level from past activity, PUC and future activity has no cumulative impacts. • Soil quality: Impact on soil quality is also localised in nature, it has no cumulative impacts. Figure 8.2 Key VECs for CEIA Study 1. Air Environment 1. Air Quality (Ambient Air Quality) 2. Surface Water Quality 2. Surface Water Resources & Quality VEC Selection 3. Ground Water Resources 3. Ground Water Resources & Quality Framework 4. Landuse 4. Landuse, Soil & Sediment Resources 5. Social Wellbeing 5. Acoustic Environment (Noise) 6. Community Health 6. Biodiversity & Habitats 7. Socioeconomic & Cultural Environment 8. Community Health 8.1.3 INDICATORS AND THRESHOLD TO ASSESS CUMULATIVE IMPACT Indicators have been developed to assess the cumulative impact on key VECs. The overall consideration for development of indicator is as follows: • representative of VECs; • easily measurable; and • easily understood by the decision makers and other key stakeholder. The indicators selected for the key VECs are presented in Table 8.1. Threshold levels for the indicators have been developed to assess the significance of cumulative impacts on VECs. The threshold level for an indicator has been considered either in form of national regulatory standard, international guideline (in absence of national standard) or by comparing with national trend. The threshold value of the indicators selected is presented in Table 8.1 Table 8.1 Indicators & Threshold Value for Assessment of Cumulative Impacts Sl. No. VEC Indicator Threshold Level Reference VEC1 Air Quality 1. Concentration of PM10 - 150 µg/m3 Country Standards- ECR, Particulate Matter (PM10 + PM2.5 - 65 µg/m3 1997 PM2.5) in the air shed 2. Concentration of Oxides NOx - 100 µg/m3 Country Standards- ECR, of Nitrogen (NOx) in the 1997 air shed ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 113 Sl. No. VEC Indicator Threshold Level Reference VEC2 Surface Water 1. Temperature of the river < 40oC Country Standards- ECR, Quality waters 1997 2. BOD Concentrations, < 10 mg/l (Class E Country Standards- ECR, representative of the Waters – used for 1997 organic loading in the processes and rivers industrial cooling) < 6 mg/l (Class D Waters – used by fisheries) 3. Toxic metal contamination Cd 13 mg/kg, Cr Dutch Target and (Cr, Cd and Pb) in the III- 180 mg/kg, Cr Intervention Values (Soil river waters VI-78 mg/Kg, Pb- Remediation Circular July 530 mg/kg 2013 Revision) 4. Ecological health of the Diversity indices Mason C. F. (1991) Biology rivers >3 indicates clean of Freshwater Pollution. water; 1-3 indicates 2nd Edition moderately polluted water; and <1 indicates heavily polluted water VEC3 Ground Water 1. Depletion of ground water Depletion rate ≤ State of Groundwater Resources resources natural Management in replenishment rate Bangladesh VEC4 Land use 1. Loss of agricultural land Loss of agricultural Trend in the availability of and wetland land/ wetland ≤ agricultural land in National land Bangladesh, SRDI conversation rate of agricultural land for industry and urbanization VEC5 Social Well 1 Access to quality 100% access to Refers to the percentage of being sanitation facilities quality sanitation the population using facilities and improved sanitation comparison with facilities. Improved national trends sanitation facilities are likely to ensure hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact. They include flush/pour flush (to piped sewer system, septic tank, pit latrine), ventilated improved pit (VIP) latrine, pit latrine with slab, and composting toilet – as stated by WHO/UNICEF. VEC6 Community 1 Number of reported cases Rates of deaths due Health Bulletin published Health of respiratory diseases; to respiratory by Director General of morbidity and mortality diseases against health Services (DGHS), rate reported case of Bangladesh respiratory disease in the industrial ≤ National trends in same respect ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 114 8.1.4 ASSESSING SIGNIFICANCE OF CUMULATIVE IMPACT The significance of cumulative impact has been categorised as high, medium and low. Significance is as follows • High significance is considered if the cumulative impact is higher than the threshold level; • Medium significance is considered if the cumulative impact is close to the threshold value; and • Low impact is considered to be cumulative impact is well below the threshold level. 8.1.5 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL SCALES Spatial Scale Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas have been identified for cumulative impact assessment. The Meghnaghat industrial area is located approximately 10km away from the Siddhirganj industrial area. During initial scoping phase, it was premised that existing power plants as well as power plants likely to come up in future may have cumulative impact on the ambient air quality in the two industrial areas. However in course of further studies it was understood that the maximum stack height for the gas/oil based existing power plants is 70m and similar kind power plants are likely to be set up in the future. The air quality modelling studies carried out during the Rapid CEIA stage study indicated that the pollutants (PM and NOx) can travel maximum up to a distance of 2km from source. Therefore, air pollutants released within an industrial area will not disperse to the other area and cumulative impacts of both industrial areas on the air quality of the regional air shed are not envisaged. However cumulative impacts on the air quality from different sources within an industrial area will be experienced. The Siddhirganj industrial has been developed on both side of the Sitalakhya river; whereas, Meghnaghat industrial area on the north and south banks of the Meghna River. The Sitalakhya river meets with Meghna river (after flowing for 15 km) near Munshiganj, which is approximately 4.5 km downstream of the Meghnaghat industrial area. Previous studies on these river systems indicate that the organic loads as well as toxic contaminants are likely to accumulate within a maximum distance of 1-2 km. and so it is highly unlikely that the pollution load in the Sitalakhya river will cumulate in the Meghna river. Considering the aforementioned rationale, cumulative impact assessment has been carried out two industrial areas separately. Temporal Scale As part of the temporal scale for the assessment, past, present and foreseeable future industrial developments have been considered. Past industrial activities in the industrial areas has been recorded through field surveys and consultations with DOE and Power cell. Details on the past activities have ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 115 been discussed in Chapter 4 of this report. Present activities including the ‘project under consideration’ have been assessed based on site visits and stakeholder consultations along with review of the EIA Report for the PUC (available only for 335 MW CCPP at Siddhirganj. For future project (RFFAs), information available with Power Cell, DOE and other Govt. agencies have been utilised in addition to the insights gained from site visits and consultation with local communities. Information available in public domain on future development treads has also been reviewed. Additionally educated guess, based on development potential in the region, has been attempted. A detailed list of all RFFAs considered for this CEIA study along with tentative location has been presented as part of Chapter 4 (Table 4.10 and Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4) 8.1.6 ACTIVITY/ PROJECT- VEC INTERACTION AND EFFECT The power plants in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial areas have been facilitating the industrial growth in these regions. Employment and economic opportunities have been created. As discussed earlier in Chapter 5, majority of working population are in-migrants. The in-migrant workers along with the local communities are staying in and around industrial area, which are largely unplanned in nature with lack of basic amenities and infrastructure. The past, present and future industrial activities have various interactions with key VECs and leads to cumulative impact on the overall environment. The interaction with VECs in these industrial regions is presented in Figure 8.3. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 116 Figure 8.3 Activity/Project – VEC Interactions and Effects for Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Regions Activity / Projects Valued Environmental & Social Components (VECs) Effects Air Quality Deterioration of Air Power Quality Plants Industrial Development Surface Water Deterioration of Surface Quality Water Quality Depletion of Ground Ground Water Water Resources Influx Resources Land Loss of Land Slumming Deterioration of QOL Gastro Intestinal Social Diseases Wellbeing Pressure on Local Traffic Resources Community Respiratory Health Diseases ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 117 8.1.7 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS- SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL AREA 8.1.8 AIR ENVIRONMENT (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) The VEC interaction & effect diagram (Figure 8.3) indicates that the power plants along with other air polluting industries and development stressors i.e. road and traffic directly interacts with the air environment. The emission from the above mentioned activities leads to deterioration of air quality. The following indicators were used to assess the impacts on the air quality (i) the concentration of particulate matter (PM) and (ii) the concentration of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx). Siddhirganj Industrial Area is a densely populated urban area having numbers of large, medium and small scale industries. The industrial area is connected with Dhaka city, Narayanganj town, Chittagong Port and the city of Sylhet through road ways. The emissions from industrial activities, road and traffic, construction activities of expanding urban area has made the area highly polluted in terms of concentration of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). The air-shed can be categorised as degraded air-shed. In order to understand the contribution of key industrial sources (power plants, cement plants and steel mills), the ambient air quality in the industrial area was predicted by using the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD). Further details on the model used are provided in the Box 8.1. Box 8.1 Prediction of Impacts on Air Quality using AERMOD Impacts due to the operation of the power plant and key air polluting industries (cement plants and Steel mills) were assessed by modelling projected emission rates using the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD). AERMOD is a modelling system consisting of three separate modules: AERMET, AERMAP and AERMOD. AERMET is a meteorological pre-processor and uses hourly surface observations, cloud cover, and upper air parameters from twice-daily vertical sampling of the atmosphere to create two output files consisting of surface and vertical profile data, respectively. The terrain pre-processor AERMAP uses DEM maps as well as user generated receptor grids. AERMAP’s output file consists of the x, y locations of each receptor, mean sea level (MSL) elevation and hill profile parameters. The hill profile parameter is used in determining plume flow around elevated terrain. Information related to capacities, type of fuel used, tentative stack details for the power plants and industries, available from the secondary sources as well as collected during the site reconnaissance, were used. The emission data from the sources was not available in general and hence certain assumptions considering applicable environmental stack emission standards for these industries in Bangladesh as well as emission factors for “External Combustion Sources” (USEPA AP-42) were used. Emission Sources 11 Power Plants, 8 Cement Plants and 14 Steels Mills have been considered within the entire Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas for the purpose of modelling. A total of 101 point sources (stacks), 80 area sources and 10 volume sources (silos) and line sources (traffic) are considered in this study, which are presented in Figure 8.4 and details of emissions sources are provided in Annex E. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 118 Figure 8.4 Map showing Location of Emission Sources (Existing + Proposed) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 119 Model Options: The AERMOD model was run with the following regulatory default options in this assessment: • Stack-tip downwash; • Elevated terrain effects; • Use of calms processing routine; • Use of missing data processing routine; and • No exponential decay Meteorological Data: The input meteorological data for the AERMOD was generated using the MM5 model, which was downscaled to fine grid data suitable for modelling. The data used in the study was site specific and was collected over one year period (2014). In all there were 8760 hours of meteorological data used in the model. This quantity of data allows an adequate assessment of hourly, daily, monthly and annual average pollutant concentrations around the Project site. Dry and wet deposition of the pollutants is considered in this study. Annual wind rose diagram of the study domain has been presented in Figure 8.5. Terrain Data: Terrain data for the AERMAP model were taken from the 90 m SRTM database, while land cover data was sourced from satellite imagery of the Project site and its surroundings. Receptors: The receptor grid or network, defined the locations of predicted ground level concentrations (GLCs) used to assess compliance with the relevant standards or guidelines. From the landuse analysis and site reconnaissance, it is clear that most of the land surrounding is semi-urban and rural with agricultural/fallow land. In order to assess the air quality impact within the study domain, uniform Cartesian receptors with grid size 500 m x 500 m (total 1,681 receptors) and two nested grid networks around the point sources with Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial regions with grid size 50 m x 50 m (total 6,628 receptors) have been considered in this study. In addition to that 16 discrete Cartesian receptors were considered in this study where primary monitoring was carried out during February – March 2016 as part of this study. This network used Cartesian (X, Y) receptors with UTM coordinates. Base elevation of all the receptors were found using terrain elevations interpolated from SRTM (~90 m) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data. Network of receptors with emission sources within the study domain is presented in Figure 8.6 Modelling Results: Maximum ground level concentrations within the study domain with operation of existing and proposed thermal power plants, cement plants and steel mills were predicted. Isopleths of ground level concentrations (GLC) with different averaging periods for each pollutant are presented in Annex E. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 120 Figure 8.5 Annual Wind rose Diagram of the Study Domain ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 121 Figure 8.6 Receptor Network and Emission Sources ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 122 The results from the modelling exercise as described above were utilised in assessing the impacts on the air quality within the Siddhirganj industrial area and also in apportioning the contributions towards the different air polluting sources (power plants, cement mills and steel mills). Details are as follows: A) Concentration of Particulate Matter (PM10 + PM2.5) Stressors and their Contribution The concentration of PM, (both PM10 and PM2.5) in the air-shed of Siddhirganj industrial area was already high, compared to NAAQS. The high PM level in the air-shed was due to industrial activities (power plants, cement plants, steel plants, particle board manufacturing unit, brick kilns, etc.) and development stressors (road and traffic, construction activity, etc.). There are four operating gas based power plants with a total capacity of 1222 MW. The particulates produced by natural gas combustion are usually less than 1 micrometer (micron) in diameter and are composed of low molecular- weight hydrocarbons that are not fully combusted 1. However, the gas based power plants are using HFO as start-up fuel. The PM is also generated due to combustion of start-up fuel (HFO). There are also three (3) operating oil based power plants with a total capacity is 310 MW. Burning of oil generates PM in the form of unburnt carbon particles. The emission of PM from oil based plants is higher than gas based power plants. Industrial activities like cement plants, steel mills, particle board manufacturing unit and brick kilns are major contributor of PM in the air- shed. There are two cement plants located within 3 km radial distance from the Power Hub. The sources of PM from cement plant are uncontrolled emissions from the raw material unloading area; partly controlled emission from raw material transport area (conveyor belt, covered storage and crushing area) and controlled emissions from cement mill, cement packing plant and cement storage unit, i.e. silos (dust collector system). The generation of fugitive dust from cement plants were high; same has been reported in the six monthly compliance monitoring report (as made available by DOE for some of the plants). There are 14 operating steel re-rolling mills in the Siddhirganj industrial region; three of them have both smelting and re-rolling facility and 11 plants have only re-rolling facility. All the steel mills are located within 2.5 km radius area of the Siddhirganj Power Hub. The sources of PM from the smelting units are (i) raw material handing (scrap iron, coke and lime) - uncontrolled emissions, (ii) operation of furnace (material charging and smelting)- partly controlled emission, (iii) de-slagging and transferring molten metal – partly 1 Environmental Protection Agency, National Air Pollution Trends; Update, 1970-1997, EPA-454/E-98-007 (December 1998) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 123 controlled and (iv) casting process (uncontrolled emission). The plants usually have air pollution control facilities (cyclone separator followed by a water scrubber). However, it was reported that the emission from furnace and de- slagging units mostly go out without entering into the pollution control devices. The generation of fugitive dust from steel mills was high; same has been in the six monthly compliance monitoring report (as made available by DOE for some of the plants). The other major industrial activities contributing the PM in the air-shed are particle board manufacturing unit and brick kilns. A large scale particle board manufacturing unit is located within 1.8 km from Power Hub. Major source of PM from this unit is fugitive emission, these are mostly uncontrolled and same is being dispersed in the local environment. High concentration of particulates in the air and associated problems with dust was reported by local people of the area and also from an operating power station in that area. There is a cluster of brick kilns (more than 10) located on the outskirts of Kanchpur area. Brick kilns are generally using coal and wood as fuel; however, it was reported that the kilns are also burn other waste materials like tyres, tubes and plastic. The emissions from kilns are being directly released through low height stacks. The project under consideration (PUC), i.e. 335 MW CCPP is being constructed with the Siddhirganj Power Hub. The plant will be operated by natural gas; however, for boiler start up HFO will be used. Natural gas is a clean fuel and complete combustion is not expected to produce any PM. However, combustion of HFO (during boiler start up) generally produces some unburnt particulate matter. A list of the RFFAs shows that a stand-alone gas based power plant and few captive power plants (5-6 nos.) may come up in future within this industrial area. These power plants will generate PM in the form of unburnt carbon particle during start-up of boilers. It is also expected that 2-3 steel mills and 1- 2 cement plants may come up in this industrial area in future. As discussed, the future cement plant will generate the PM in the form uncontrolled dust (un-loading operation of raw material), partly controlled dust (raw material transport and storage area) and controlled dust (cement mill and cement storage silos). The future steel mills will generate un-controlled and partly controlled emissions if they are operated in mode similar to the existing steel mills in the area. The major source of emission from steel mills will be raw material handling unit, furnace, de-slagging and molten metal transferring unit and casting units. Other than industrial activity, development stressors like road & traffic and construction material handling and storage activities are also contributing to the PM in the air-shed. The two major highways (Dhaka-Chittagong Highway and Dhaka- Sylhet Highway) are passing through the Siddhirganj industrial ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 124 area. The existing traffic load in the highways and internal industrial roads is quite high. The condition of most internal roads is usually bad and traffic congestion is also high. The burning of fossil fuel (oil/gas) in the vehicle plying on these roads has been generating PM through tail pipe emissions. Re- entrained dust due to operation of vehicles on the badly maintained road is also generating considerable amount of particulate. The vehicular emission likely to be dispersed locally along the transport corridors. The future industrial growth and urbanization will lead to an increase in the traffic load and the increased traffic volume will result in more PM emissions. The rapid urbanization in Dhaka and adjacent areas has required a heightened supply of construction material. Construction material (sand and gravel) are mostly transported through waterways. Along the river bank of Sitalakhya River, especially the Demra industrial cluster has a large construction material handling yard (approximately 0.5 sq. km). The unloading and reloading of sand and gravel and crushing of coarser aggregates are carried out at this yard and a number of crushers have been set up from this purpose. The future industrial growth and urbanization is expected to further accentuate the growth of such support services for the construction sector. The contribution of PM from key industrial sources (power plants, cement plants and steel mills) and developmental stressors (traffic) on the ambient air quality in the Siddhirganj Industrial area was understood through predictions from the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD), as described above. The predictions were made at the locations selected for primary air quality monitoring during the CEIA study to enable appropriate comparison and analysis of the predicted results. The air quality modelling results for 24 hourly maximum ground level concentrations (GLCs) are presented in Error! Reference source not found. while the isopleths generated for different scenarios, representing both 24 hourly maximum as well as annual average GLCs is presented in Annex E. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 125 Table 8.2 Predicted 24-Hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration of PM10 Monitored Predicted 24 Hourly Max Concentration of PM10 (µg/m3) Monitoring Locations Conc. of Power Plants Cement Plants Steel Mills All Sources PM10 Traffic (Existing & (µg/m3) Existing Proposed All Existing Proposed All Existing Proposed All Proposed) AQ1 (Tatki) 455 9.72 1.79 10.41 143.33 12.97 143.33 13.24 6.04 15.29 101.93 190.98 AQ2 (Madanpur) 432 2.95 2.31 3.79 11.51 3.58 14.15 6.47 6.77 6.93 75.51 82.67 AQ3 (Kanchpur) 272 8.56 2.09 8.90 22.14 3.89 23.07 8.15 1.88 9.06 74.48 83.27 AQ4 (Chapatuli) 408 4.72 2.54 4.94 12.46 3.41 14.37 9.68 3.47 9.83 48.38 63.84 AQ5 (Jangal Bandar) 390 3.00 2.40 4.23 11.34 3.98 13.93 3.57 1.58 4.41 82.10 84.50 AQ6 (Near Chittaranjan 253 6.45 2.85 6.76 12.58 2.95 14.11 4.07 1.41 4.16 69.64 85.25 Cotton Mill) AQ7 (Sumil Para) 357 24.98 2.14 24.99 19.62 3.02 19.62 6.08 1.91 6.36 85.01 102.86 AQ8 (Silo Road) 289 23.51 1.99 24.42 12.84 3.69 13.25 9.52 1.52 9.85 92.99 95.18 AQ9 (Wapda Colony) 380 12.11 1.77 13.48 32.87 8.31 33.04 4.27 2.27 4.59 148.76 149.72 AQ10 (WASA Road) 263 8.12 1.61 9.18 40.57 22.12 40.91 6.59 1.09 6.96 58.16 61.78 Maximum 455 24.98 2.85 24.99 143.33 22.12 143.33 13.24 6.04 15.29 148.76 190.98 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 126 The air quality modelling study reveals that the predicted contribution of PM10 from existing power plants varied from 2.95 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. only 0.68 % of the monitored PM concentration at AQ-2 (Madanpur located in a cross wind direction of Siddhirganj power plants cluster) to 24.98 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 7.0% of monitored PM concentration at AQ-7 (Sumil Para located near an oil based power plant). The maximum ground level concentration from power plants i.e. 41.29 µg/Nm3 (refer Figure E.7) is predicted near Adamjee EPZ, which is in a downwind direction of an oil based power plant. It was evident that oil based power plants are contributing more towards PM concentrations in the air shed than gas based power plants. The contribution of PM10 from existing cements plants varied from 11.34 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 2.91 % of the monitored PM concentration at AQ-5 (Jangal Badar located in an up wind direction of cement plants) to 143.33 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 31.50% of monitored PM concentration at AQ-1 (Tatki located downwind direction of cement plant). The contribution of PM10 from existing steel mills varied from 3.57 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 0.92 % of the monitored PM concentration at AQ-5 (Jangal Badar located in up wind direction of steel mills) to 13.24 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 2.91% of monitored PM concentration at AQ-1 (Tatki located downwind direction of steel mills). The contribution of PM from the stack emission is low, as major part of the particulate emission from steel mills goes out as fugitive emissions. The contribution of PM from road and traffic varied from 48.38 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 11.66 % of the monitored PM concentration at AQ-4 (Chapatuli located away from major highway) to 148.76 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 39.15% of monitored PM concentration at AQ-9 (Wapda Colony located near major arterial road of Siddhirganj industrial area). The contribution of PM from existing and future industries including power plants and traffic has been predicted through modelling study. The modelling result reveals that industrial, power sector and road & traffic will cumulatively result in increased PM concentrations varying from 61.78 µg/Nm3 (minimum) at AQ-10 (WASA Road located near Karim Jute mill – having less industrial activity and away from main road) to 190.98 µg/Nm3 (maximum) at AQ-1 (Tatki located near major highway, existing industrial area as well as a potential location for future industries). The predicted contribution from power sector (existing and future) varies from 3.79 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 4.58% of predicted cumulative industrial, power sector and traffic contribution at AQ-2 (Mandanpur located in a cross wind direction of power plants cluster) to 24.99 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 25.66% of predicted cumulative industrial, power sector and traffic contribution at AQ-7 (Sumil Para located downwind of an oil based power plants as well as downwind of a future power plant). The contribution towards increase in the PM in the air-shed due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 127 is graphically presented in Figure 8.7. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. Significance of Cumulative Impact The contributions to the PM in the air-shed from past and present activities (industrial and developmental stressors) are already high. The existing PM concentration in Siddhirganj area has already breached the threshold limit for NAAQS for both PM10 and PM2.5. The past, present and future industrial activity along with external factors (rapid urban growth, traffic, construction yards, etc.) will cumulatively impact the condition of the Siddhirganj air shed. The air quality modelling result shows that the cumulative industrial and power sector contribution from past, present and future activities will result in further increase of PM concentration in an already stressed air shed. The cumulative PM concentration will breach the threshold limit for PM10 and PM2.5. The cumulative impact is assessed to be high. However the contribution of PM from PUC towards PM concentrations in the air shed is assessed to be low. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 128 Figure 8.7 Particulate Matter Concentrations in Air - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Power Plants Cement Plants Steel Mills Industries & Consideration 2 Plants ~ 1.1 14 Plants (Melting Other Urban Gas Based - 4 MTPA Oil Based -3 & Re-Rolling) Activities Past and Present Actions Plants ~ 1222 335 MW CCPP Plants ~ 310 MW MW Handling & Particle Board Storage of Present Brick Kilns Factory Traffic Construction 1 Plant Volume Materials and Debris Significance of Impact PM Concentration in the HIGH Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Siddhirganj Air shed Future Growth in Traffic Volume Contribution - PUC LOW Power Plants Power Plants New Cement New Steel • Expansion of Adamjee EPZ New Gas Based Captive Power Plant Mills • Redevelopment of Closed Mills Power Plant at Plants (Gas Based) Haripur – New RMG Clusters / EPZ CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 129 B) Concentration of NOx Stressors and their Contribution The monitored concentration of NOx in Siddhirganj air-shed was high but within the NAAQS, except for at two locations. The contribution of high NOx level in the air-shed was primarily due to industrial activities, which are directly using fossil fuel in their process - power plants and steel plants. The traffic is also contributing to the NOx in the air-shed. There are four operating gas based and three operating oil based plant in Siddhirganj area. Combustion of fossil fuel (gas and oil) at high temperature results in generation of NOx. The emission of NOx from oil based power plants is almost three times higher than gas based power plant. Steel mills (14 numbers) are other major contributing industries in terms of NOx. Two types of furnaces i.e. re-heating furnace (using natural gas) and arc/induction furnace (using electricity) are generally used in the steel plants. Burning of fossil fuel and smelting process in the steel mills is a primary source of NOx. The PUC, i.e. 335 MW gas based CCPP within the Siddhirganj Power Hub will generate NOx during the process of combustion of fossil fuel at high temperature. The proposed power plant will use low NOx burner to meet the statutory standard of NOx emission from the stack. A list of the RFFAs shows that a stand-alone gas based power plant and few captive power plants (5-6 nos.) may come up in future. These power plants will generate NOx, due to combustion of fossil fuel (gas) at high temperature. It is also expected that 2-3 steel mills having smelting facility may come up in this industrial area in future. As discussed burning of fossil fuel (gas) and the smelting process will generate NOx. As stated above, the two major highways passing through the Siddhirganj industrial area act as stressors on the air environment. The existing traffic load and congestion in the highways and on internal industrial roads is high. NOx emission from the traffic is due to burning of fossil fuel and resultant tailpipe emissions. The future industrial growth and urbanization is expected to increase the corresponding traffic load. The increased traffic volume will also result in increase in the NOx emissions. The contribution of NOx from key industrial sources (power plants and steel mills) and developmental stressors (traffic) in the air shed in the Siddhirganj Industrial area was understood through predictions from the AMS/EPA Regulatory Model (AERMOD), as described above. The air quality modelling results for 24 hourly maximum ground level concentrations (GLCs) are presented in Table 8.3 while the isopleths generated for different scenarios, representing both 24 hourly maximum as well as annual average GLCs, is presented in Annex E. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 130 Table 8.3 Predicted 24-Hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration of NOx Monitoring Locations Monitored Predicted 24 Hourly Max Concentration of NOx (µg/m3) Conc. of NOx Power Plants Steel Mills Traffic All Sources (µg/m3) (Existing & Existing Proposed All Existing Proposed All Proposed) AQ1 (Tatki) 113 23.67 14.92 34.36 1.28 0.91 1.63 32.25 45.80 AQ2 (Madanpur) 106 13.20 19.34 23.94 0.54 1.02 1.03 32.01 42.26 AQ3 (Kanchpur) 59 26.66 17.19 33.49 0.83 0.28 0.84 26.61 33.59 AQ4 (Chapatuli) 68 13.82 20.62 21.74 0.57 0.52 0.65 18.94 31.48 AQ5 (Jangal Bandar) 77 11.38 20.03 25.72 0.32 0.24 0.52 31.23 43.22 AQ6 (Near Chittaranjan 76 13.90 23.30 24.11 0.30 0.21 0.31 Cotton Mill) 14.91 24.52 AQ7 (Sumil Para) 66 36.19 18.45 36.27 0.43 0.29 0.48 17.93 38.47 AQ8 (Silo Road) 87 31.53 17.02 39.41 0.66 0.23 0.67 18.03 39.46 AQ9 (Wapda Colony) 98 30.35 15.12 41.97 0.35 0.34 0.39 54.87 59.10 AQ10 (WASA Road) 61 21.97 13.73 32.22 0.47 0.16 0.53 16.40 32.36 Maximum 113 36.19 23.30 41.97 1.28 1.02 1.03 54.87 59.10 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 131 The air quality modelling study reveals that the predicted contribution of NOx from existing power sector at different locations varied from 11.38 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 14.3% of the monitored NOx concentration at AQ-5 (Jangal Bandar located in a cross wind direction of Siddhirganj industrial area) to 36.19 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 54.83% of monitored NOx concentration at AQ- 7 (Sumil Para located upwind of the Siddhirganj Power Hub and close to an oil fired power plant). The predicted contribution of NOx from existing power plants (gas and oil based) is high. The predicted contribution from existing steel mill stack emission at different locations varied from 0.30 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 0.39% of the monitored NOx concentration at AQ-6 (near Chittaranjan Cotton Mill located in upwind direction of Siddhirganj industrial area) to 1.28 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 1.14% of monitored NOx concentration at AQ-1 (Tatki located at down-wind direction of the steel mill). The contribution of NOx from the stack emission is low, as major part of the NOx emission from steel mills is dispersed locally through non-stack emissions. The contribution of NOx from road and traffic varied from 14.91 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 19.62 % of the monitored NOx concentration at AQ-6 (near Chittaranjan Cotton Mill located away from major highway) to 54.87 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 55.9% of monitored PM concentration at AQ-9 (Wapda Colony located near major arterial road of Siddhirganj industrial area). The contribution of NOx from existing and future industries (steel mills), power plants and traffic has been predicted through the modelling study. The modelling result reveals that the industries, power sector and traffic will cumulatively result in increased NOx concentrations varying from 24.52 µg/Nm3 (minimum) at AQ-6 (Chittaranjan Cotton Mill –having less industrial activity and away from main road) to 59.10 µg/Nm3 (maximum) at AQ-9 (Wapda Colony located near major arterial road of Siddhirganj industrial area). The predicted contribution from power sector (existing and future) varies from 21.74 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 69.06% of predicted cumulative industrial and power sector and traffic contribution at AQ-4 (Chapatuli located in a upwind direction of power plants cluster) to 41.97 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 71.02% of predicted cumulative industrial, power sector and traffic contribution at AQ-7 (Wapda Colony located in a downwind of an power plant cluster as well as downwind of location for future power plants). The contribution towards increase in NOx in the air-shed due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.8. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 132 Significance of Cumulative Impact The contributions to the NOx in the air-shed from past and present activities (industrial and developmental stressors) are already high. The existing NOx concentration in Siddhirganj area is within the threshold limit except for at two monitored locations. The past, present and future industrial activity along with external factors (rapid urban growth and traffic) will cumulatively increase the NOx concentration in the Siddhirganj air-shed. The cumulative impact from power and industrial sectors is expected to exacerbate the condition of the Siddhirganj air shed in terms of NOx concentrations (approaching / exceeding threshold levels). Along with the industrial growth, other NOx contributing activities (traffic, smaller and medium industrial sources and urban & commercial activity) will be also be contributing towards additional NOx in the air-shed. Therefore, the cumulative contribution of NOx in the Siddhirganj area from past, present and future industries activities and development stressors is expected to lead to exceedance of NOx threshold levels. The cumulative impact is assessed to be high. The contribution of NOx from PUC is also assessed to be high. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 133 Figure 8.8 NOx Concentrations in Air - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Power Plants Steel Mills Industries & Consideration 14 Plants (Melting Other Urban Gas Based - 4 Oil Based -3 & Re-Rolling) Past and Present Actions 335 MW CCPP Activities Plants ~ 1222 Plants ~ 310 MW Present Traffic Volume Significance of Impact NOx Concentration in the HIGH Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Siddhirganj Air shed Future Growth in Traffic Contribution - PUC Volume HIGH Power Plants Power Plants • Expansion of Adamjee EPZ New Steel Mills • Redevelopment of Closed Captive Power New Gas Based Power Mills – New RMG Clusters /EPZ Plants (Gas Based) Plant at Haripur CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 134 8.1.9 SURFACE WATER (WATER QUALITY) The VEC interaction and effect diagram (Figure 8.3) indicated that the power plants along with water polluting industries and external factors directly or indirectly interacted with surface water quality of the Sitalakhya River. The cumulative impact on water quality is assessed through four key indicators- (i) temperature of the river water, (ii) organic load (BOD) in the river water, (iii) toxic metal contamination (Cr, Cd and Pb) in river the water and sediment and (iv) ecological health of the river. A) Temperature of the river water Stressors and their Contribution Once-through cooling systems in power plants circulate water through the plant a single time to provide cooling during power generation. These systems require large volumes of water, which is usually extracted from the river. This water is cycled through the cooling system and then is discharged, transferring waste heat from the power plant into the river waters causing a local temperature increase. Typical discharge temperatures from once-through cooling systems are found to vary between 5 to 10oC above intake temperatures (depending on season of the year, plant efficiencies and volume of water withdrawn). This heated discharge water then mixes with the river water, with temperature impacts dissipating downstream through radiant transfer or evaporation into the atmosphere. Major contributors to thermal discharges from the Siddhirganj industrial region into the Sitalakhya river are the gas based power plants. In case of engine based power plants the requirement of cooling water is less and discharge is also not significant. Similarly for other industries (cement, paper, steel, etc.), the cooling systems being utilised are mostly closed circuit wet cooling systems or air cooling systems. Cooling water discharges from these industries in the river system is not quite envisaged. Siddhirganj has two combined cycled gas based power plants that are releasing their thermal effluents in the river. The other gas based plants either have closed cooling systems or are operating on open cycles (only gas turbine). It was found that both these power plants were not able to achieve the World Bank Guideline limit of maximum 3ºC increase in ambient water temperature as a result of being located just adjacent to the river (~ 100m). As a result, excess temperature up to 4.7°C from 100 m of outfall was reported in the river water 1. But they are reported to attain the ambient temperature within 1.0 km from the discharge point. 1 EIA Report for 335 MW CCPP at Siddhirganj Power Hub ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 135 In this regard the ambient river water temperature as monitored during the CEIA Study was found to vary between 21.1 to 23.5oC (during winter) and 27.8 to 295oC (during early summer). The variation ambient water temperature of Sitalakhya river along the industrial zone is minor. An increase of temperature was reported (0.1 to 0.5°C) in between Kanchpur Bridge to Adamjee EPZ; i.e. around the Power hub area 1 The PUC (335 MW CCPP) is designed with a closed system with provision of Cooling Towers. This type of cooling system will not generate any thermal effluent which needs to be discharged regularly in the river system. However, cooling tower and boiler blow down will be occasionally discharged in the river. The RFFA list indicates the possibility of a new gas based power plant at Haripur in future. The proposed gas based power plant will generate thermal effluent, if it is operated through once through cooling system. Discharge of thermal effluent is expected to increase the ambient water temperature in the zone of influence (100 m from discharge point). However on use of cooling towers and closed cooling systems, the contribution towards any increase in river water temperature will be minimal. Development stressors like road and traffic and the urban sector is not expected to generate any thermal effluent. The contribution towards variation in the ambient river water temperatures due to different industrial stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.9. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. Significance of Cumulative Impact The contribution of thermal discharges from existing gas based power plants have not led to any significant increase in ambient water temperatures of the Sitalakhya River. The variation in ambient water temperature of river system in along the industrial zone of Siddhirganj is low. An increased water temperature (0.1 to 0.5°C) was reported around the Power Hub area. The past, PUC and future industrial activities is expected to cumulate thermal discharges into the river, that will increase the ambient water temperature only within the zone of influence (within 100 m from discharge point). The cumulative impact is assessed to be low. The contribution from the PUC is also assessed to be low, as it being constructed with cooling towers and closed cooling systems. 1Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water Quality of the Sitalakhya River, Bangladesh: International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 2 No. 6, June, 2012 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 136 Figure 8.9 Ambient Temperature of River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Consideration Past and Present Actions Gas Based - 4 335 MW CCPP Plants ~ 1222 MW Significance of Impact Increase in Ambient Temperature of LOW the Sitalakhya River Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Contribution - PUC LOW Power Plants Power Plants New Gas Based Power Captive Power Plants Plant at Haripur (Gas Based) CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 137 B) Organic load (BOD) in the river: Stressors and their Contribution Sitalakhya has acted as the major development axis for the Siddhirganj region and present industrial activities steer majorly around the river and its foreshore areas. The river and its tributaries serve as a sink for treated effluents from industries including thermal discharges from power plants which mostly have once through cooling systems. The river is also used for transport of raw material and finished products and construction material and other good. The daily vessel count along this river is observed to be quite high (around 1300 vessels over a 24 hour period). In the upstream stretches near Demra, the river is also used by local communities as a source of municipal water supply (at the Saidabad Water Treatment Plant, upstream of the Siddhirganj industrial area). The river receives large amount of untreated sewage and industrial effluent directly or indirectly through the connecting canal systems. Water quality of the river has already exceeded the standard limits in respect of water quality parameters like DO and BOD5. The input of high strength organic waste and inorganic solutions of metals in a reduced state of oxidation in the water course depletes the oxygen content of the water and ultimately affects the presence of all oxygen dependent life. The Siddhirganj industrial area has several categories of industries that pollute the surface water through discharge of their trade effluents. The region has witnessed industrialisation since long; however growth of water polluting industries has been more in recent past. A major contributor in this regard is the textile and garment sector (especially units with wet processing and dyeing facilities). The waste water generated from these units is typically alkaline (high pH) and contains solids, oil and potentially toxic organics, such as phenols (from dyeing), halogenated organics (from bleaching), and also has high BOD/COD load. Most of the textile and garment industries have an ETP, but it was reported that, at times such industries have been found to bypass their treatment system and discharge their effluents directly in the river. Another major contributor to the organic load in the river is the paper manufacturing sector. There are four pulp and paper mills in this industrial region (total capacity 115 TPD) using imported pulp and waste paper as raw material. The waste water generated from the paper manufacturing process has high organic load. The BOD load of untreated waste water from pulp and paper mills varies from 90-150 mg/L and treated load varies from 30-50 mg/L. All these plants have ETP to treat the plant effluent. It was reported during community consultation that at times the effluent from these mills are discharged into the river without treatment. The contribution from pulp and paper mills to the organic loading in the river is considered to be high. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 138 The Power Sector, on the other hand, does not directly contribute towards addition of any significant organic load in the river. The discharge from the power plants (existing oil and gas based power stations and PUC) is expected from cooling tower blow down, boiler blow down and DM plant rejects. These waste waters will be treated in ETP and then discharged in the river. Such treated waste streams usually do not have any high organic load. The domestic waste water (sewage) generated from the residential area of the power hub will be treated through STP/ septic tank and soak pit and possibility of untreated sewage being discharge in the river is low. However the Power Sector has and in future will provide a boost for industrialisation and urban growth which in turn has its effects on the quality of the river waters. Apart from the industries as stressors on water quality of the river, the flow dynamics of the river also has a role to play in this regard. Water flow in Sitalakhya River has been found to be restricted and the river is narrow in width – further exacerbating stagnant and anoxic conditions in the water course. Besides, the industrial pollution, the urban centres (Ghorasal, Rupgonj, Demra, Siddhirganj and Narayanganj) on either sides of the river are also found to be discharging their untreated domestic wastes into the river. Due to continuing process of industrialization and further influx of population as workforce, the slumification effect has taken place. Gross lack of adequate sanitation facilities and waste disposal system further worsens the situation. A list of the RFFAs shows that a stand-alone gas based power plant and few captive power plants (5-6 nos.) may come up in future. Any contributions to the organic load into the river are not envisaged. However a sustainable power source along with continued growth of textile and garments sector is likely to influence setting up of new EPZs/RMG clusters within Siddhirganj. Expansion of the Admjee EPZ (that houses a large number of export oriented RMG units) has already been initiated. Units having wet processing and dyeing facilities will be generating process waste water from their operation. The waste water will contain organic load along with other pollutants and will have a potential to further deteriorate the water quality of the river, unless proper pollution control mechanisms are put in place. The contribution towards increase in the organic load in the river due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.10. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 139 Significance of Cumulative Impact The contributions to the organic load in the Sitalakhya River from past and present activities (industrial and developmental stressors) are already high. The existing BOD level in the river water has already breached the threshold limit for Class E Waters (i.e. used for processes and industrial cooling). The past, present and future industrial activity along with external factors (rapid urban growth) will cumulatively impact the surface water quality in terms of increasing the BOD levels in the river. The cumulative impact is assessed to be high. Direct contribution of any organic load from the PUC (335MW CCPP) is not envisaged. However, the PUC and similar power sector project are likely to fuel further industrial growth and induce in-migration to the industrial regions. This adds to the ongoing process of unplanned urbanization and is likely to increase the organic load in the river; therefore, PUC is indirectly contributing to increase in the BOD load in the river. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 140 Figure 8.10 BOD Concentrations (Organic Load) of the River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Paper Mills Textiles and Urban Growth Consideration 4 Mills ~ 115 Garments and Influx Existing Gas and Oil Based TPD 335 MW CCPP - 7 Plants ~ 1532 MW Past and Present Actions Untreated Sewage Domestic Waste Water from Residential Quarters Significance of Impact BOD Concentration HIGH in the Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Sitalakhya River Domestic Waste Untreated Water from Sewage Contribution - PUC Residential Q t INDIRECT • Expansion of Adamjee EPZ • Redevelopment of Closed Future Urban Power Plants Mills – New RMG Clusters /EPZ Growth and New Gas Based Power Influx Plant at Haripur CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 141 C) Toxic Metal Contamination: Stressors and their Contribution Toxic metals concentration in the Sitalakhya river water was reported below the detectable limit (CEIA Primary Monitoring, January 2016). However, Cr (16.1 to 20.4 mg/Kg), Pb (12.3 to 20.9 mg/Kg) and Cd concentrations (<2 mg/kg) was reported in the sediments of Sitalakhya river. The concentration of Cr, Cd and Pb was low when compared to Dutch targeted and intervention values (Dutch targeted and intervention values: Cd 13 mg/kg, Cr III-180 mg/kg, Cr VI-78 mg/Kg, Pb-530 mg/kg).The presence of toxic metal in the sediment is likely to have accumulated from the past industrial activities. The possible contributors vary from Power Plants to industries such as Textiles and Garments, Pulp and Paper Mills, Shipyards, etc. Proper functioning of the cooling systems in power plants require the treatment of cooling water against corrosion of the equipment, scaling and micro and macro-fouling. Presence of chromium is reported in the chemical used for treatment of cooling water. Therefore, discharge of cooling blowdown water from the existing and proposed plants is possibly contributing towards the Chromium concentration in river water and sediment. However in terms of overall the Chromium levels in the river waters, the contribution from the Power Sector (past, present and PUC) is assessed to be low, as concentration of Chromium in the effluent itself is low. Textiles and RMG has been identified as one of the key contributors towards presence of toxic metals in the Sitalakhya river. Wet processing and dyeing units are generating process waste water. The presence of Zn, Cd and Cu was reported in the textile industry effluent. The discharge of such effluents from existing textile and garment units has contributed to the existing toxic metal load in the river water and sediment. Paper manufacturing is another key contributor in this regard. There are four pulp and paper mills in this industrial region using imported pulp and waste paper as raw material. Large volume (75-100 lit/ kg of paper) of effluent are generated from the pulp and paper mills. The liquid effluent has heavy metal (in forms of Pb and Zn) and other organic toxicants. The discharge of effluent from the paper mills in the river has been contributing to the toxic metal concentration in the river water and sediment. There is also one ship yard within the Siddhirganj industrial area where ship building and repairing activities are carried out. Effluents are generated from paint shops and during the cleaning process of metallic part and equipments (degreasing solvents are widely in use for this purpose). Waste water from the ship yard contains copper, zinc and nickel and the discharge of this effluent in river is possibly contributing towards toxic metal concentration in the Sitalakhya river. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 142 The contribution of toxic metals from urban waste water or other development stressors is presently not envisaged. The list of the RFFAs shows that a stand-alone gas based power plant at Haripur and few captive power plants (5-6 nos.) may come up within this industrial region in future. Expansion of Admjee EPZ and setting up of new EPZs/RMG clusters within Siddhirganj is also anticipated. These RFFAs can be expected to contribute towards release of toxic metals in the river in future. The contribution towards addition of toxic metals in the river waters due to different industrial stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.11. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. Significance of Cumulative Impact Toxic metals concentrations in the river sediments have been detected especially for metals such as Cr, Cd and Pb. However the recorded concentrations were found to be below the threshold limit. The past, present and future industrial activities are cumulatively adding to the toxic metal concentrations in the river water and sediment. The cumulative impact is assessed to be medium. However, the contribution from PUC towards the toxic metal concentration in the Sitalakhya river waters is assessed to be low. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 143 Figure 8.11 Toxic Metal Concentration in the River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Paper Mills Textiles and Garments Shipyard Consideration 4 Mills ~ 115 (Wet Processing and (One Yard) Existing Gas and Oil TPD Dyeing) Past and Present Actions Based - 7 Plants ~ 335 MW CCPP 1532 MW Significance of Impact Toxic Metal Concentration in the MEDIUM Sitalakhya Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions River Contribution - PUC LOW Power Plants Power Plants • Expansion of Adamjee EPZ • Redevelopment of Closed Mills – Captive Power New Gas Based Power New RMG Clusters /EPZ Plants (Gas Based) Plant at Haripur CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 144 D) Ecological health of the river Health of the river tells us how suitable the water quality is for fresh water plants and animals. Water quality is a major indicator to assess the ecological health of a river. In areas where land use is more intensive, water quality for ecological health is usually poorer, as is quite evident in the present case. Siddhirganj Industrial Area The pollution levels in the Sitalakhya river has been found to be increasing. The ecological health of the river is poor especially in the lean season. The biomonitoring (plankton and benthos) surveys carried out as part of the CEIA study over two successive seasons i.e. winter (Jan 2016) and early summer (March 2016) presented a similar picture for the Sitalakhya river. Only a few (3 - 4) species of phytoplankton and zoo-plankton were recorded in the up- stream stretches of the river. The recorded species are Polysaprobic organisms (indicators of polluted waters). The results also indicated toward the presence of only a few Benthos species (2 – 3) in the up-stream stretches of the river; number of individuals recorded was also quite low (1 to 3/sq. m). Overall the ecological health of the Sitalakhya river was found to poor and not quite favorable for growth and propagation of aquatic life. From the power sector, thermal discharges are occurring from the two closed cycle gas based power plants with one through cooling systems. This is expected to lead to an increase in ambient river water temperature in the zone of impact (maximum 100 m from the out fall) and resultantly cause depletion in the dissolved oxygen (DO) levels in the river (solubility of oxygen decreases as water temperature increases). The falling DO levels contribute towards deterioration of the ecological health of the river. However for the other gas / oil fired power plants and the PUC, the requirement of cooling water is less and discharge of thermal effluent is also low. Organic load in the waste waters is also not expected. From the industrial sector discharge of treated and untreated waste water is contributing to the BOD load in the river, which is ultimately depleting the DO levels in the water. Low concentration of DO is affecting the ecological health of the river. The two major contributing industrial sectors in this regard are Pulp and Paper Mills and Textile and Garment Units (with wet processing facilities). The development stressor adversely impacting the ecological health of the river includes urban waste waters. The discharge of untreated urban waste water has been contributing to the organic load in the river which ultimately affects the DO level of the water. The contribution towards deterioration of ecological health of the river is considered to be high. The future industrialization process is likely to increase the influx of migrant workers in this region. Slumification and lack of adequate sanitation facilities will possibly lead to discharge of untreated waste waters in the river. This is ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 145 expected to increase the BOD levels and ultimately lead to DO depletions in the river water (in catering to the oxygen demand exerted by the organic wastes). Associated deterioration of the ecological health of the river can be expected. Assessment of reasonably foreseeable projects shows that gas based power plants and captive power plants are likely to come up in future. Thermal discharges are likely to be generated from gas based power plant and contribute toward deterioration of the ecological health within the river. The other waste water streams from gas based and captive power plant may not have any effect on DO level in river waters. It is also expected that more textile and garment units will come up in the regions, especially within the Economic Zones. The wet processing and dyeing units will be adding to the organic load and ultimately affect the ecological health of the river. The contributions towards deterioration of the ecological health of the river due to different industrial and developmental stressors along with their cause effect relationship are graphically presented in Figure 8.12. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. Significance of Cumulative Impact The general trend of pollution level in the Sitalakhya River is increasing over the years. The ecological health of the river is poor especially in the lean season. The DO level in the river water is quite low when compared to critical level for most part of the year. Major stretches of the river has no presence of plankton and benthos as established during the biomonitoring conducted as a part of the CEIA study (January 2016) - a clear indication of the heavily polluted river waters. The past, present and future industrial activity along with developmental influences is expected to cumulatively affect the river water quality as well as the ecological health of the river. The cumulative impact is assessed to be high. However, contribution from the PUC towards the deteriorating the ecological health of the Sitalakhya River is assessed to be low. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 146 Figure 8.12 Ecological Health of the River - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Paper Mills Textiles and Garments Urban Growth Consideration 4 Mills ~ 115 (Wet Processing and and Influx Existing Gas and Oil TPD Dyeing) Past and Present Actions 335 MW CCPP Based - 7 Plants ~ 1532 MW Untreated Sewage Significance of Impact Ecological Health of the HIGH Sitalakhya Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions River Untreated Contribution - PUC Sewage LOW Power Plants Power Plants • Expansion of Adamjee EPZ Future Urban • Redevelopment of Closed Mills – Growth and Influx Captive Power New Gas Based Power New RMG Clusters /EPZ Plants (Gas Based) Plant at Haripur CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 147 8.1.10 GROUND WATER (RESOURCE) The VEC interaction and effect diagram (Figure 8.2) indicated that power plant along with ground water dependent industries and external developmental influences directly interacted with the ground water resources of Siddhirganj industrial area. The resultant depletion of the ground water resources was quite evident. A) Depletion of ground water resources Stressors and their Contribution Increasing surface water pollution in the Sitalakhya river forced the industries and urban centre to increase their dependency on groundwater. Over abstraction of ground water in the industrial areas is causing a decline in ground water levels. Analysis of the comprehensive data set collected from BWDB and DPHE for Siddhirganj industrial area, presents a clear trend of a gradual decline in the water table over the years. Amongst all industrial activities in Siddhirganj region, textile and garment units involving wet processes and paper mills were found to be most water intensive in nature. The water requirement for textile and garment units and paper mills is 200 to 350 lit/ kg of fabric and 75 to 100 lit of water/kg of paper respectively. Mostly ground water is being used to meet their operational needs. Ground water is also the only potable source of water available to meet the domestic demand of the urban population in the Siddhirganj area as the river waters, especially during the lean periods, is increasingly found to be unfit for all domestic uses. Considering the present density of Siddhirganj, the demand exerted is expected to be quite high. Combined cycled and steam turbine power plants have high water requirements are using the river water for their operational need and mostly to meet their cooling water requirements. The DM plant water and domestic water is only being sourced from ground water sources. The engine based power plants (oil based) are using ground water for their operational need. However, water requirement for these plants is low (1.7 to 2.1 m3/ MWhr) as compared to the gas based power stations. The PUC (335 MW CCPP) is being planned with cooling towers and closed loop cooling systems, thereby reducing its fresh water requirement significantly. The PUC will be using the river water for its industrial needs. Only for smaller consumptive requirements (DM plant and domestic requirement) ground water will be extracted (~150-200 KLD). Other prominent industrial sectors in the Siddhirganj area including cement and steel mills do not require any form of process waters. The water requirement is low and will be met from the ground water sources. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 148 The list of RFFAs indicate that a stand-alone gas based power plant at Haripur, few captive power plants within existing industries and 1-2 cements plants and steel mills are likely to be set up in the Siddhirganj industrial area and water requirement of such industry types is expected to be low. It is also anticipated that the closed mills (jute and textile) will be redeveloped for setting up of RMG cluster and other export oriented units The water requirement for garment unit (involving wet processing) is high (200 to 500 lit/kg of fabric) and same will possibly be sourced from ground water. Future industrialization process is likely to increase the influx of migrant workers in this region. Water demand for domestic needs will increase and will be sourced from ground water. Presently, all potable needs are mostly being met from ground water sources and future growth likely to exert further pressure on this already stressed VEC. The contribution towards depletion of ground water due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.13. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. Significance of Cumulative Impact The ground water table over the years in and around the industrial area has progressively declined due to stresses exerted by past industrial activities. The resource is presently unregulated and the existing abstraction rates are higher than the replenishment rates. The past industrial activity, PUC and future industrial activity is expected to result in further depletion of ground water resources in future. Cumulative impact on depletion of ground water resources is assessed to be high. The direct contribution from PUC is not envisaged, however, it will induce industrial development and urban influx, which in turn will exert a corresponding demand on the ground water resources. The contribution of the PUC is assessed to be indirect and medium. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 149 Figure 8.13 Depletion of GW Resources - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Paper Mills Textiles and Other Industries Consideration 4 Mills ~ 115 – Steel, Cement, Garments Existing Gas and Oil Based TPD SSU Units, etc. Past and Present Actions 335 MW CCPP - 7 Plants ~ 1532 MW Industrial Development (Influx) + Urbanization Significance of Impact Depletion of Ground Water Resources in HIGH Siddhirganj Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Contribution - PUC Future Urbanization and Influx INDIRECT Power Plants • Expansion of Adamjee EPZ New Industries – • Redevelopment of Closed Mills New Gas Based Power Steel, Cement, etc. – New RMG Clusters /EPZ Plant at Haripur CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 150 8.1.11 LAND ENVIRONMENT (LAND USE CHANGE) The VEC interaction and effect diagram (Figure 8.3) indicated that power plant, industries along with development stressors resulted in loss of agricultural lands and wetland in the Siddhirganj industrial area. A) Loss of Agricultural Land and Wetland Stressors and their Contributions Development in the Siddhirganj industrial region started almost a century back, when large tracts of agricultural land were acquired for setting up of Jute and Cotton Mills. At more recent times industrialisation within the Siddhirganj cluster has happened mostly on developed industrial lands. However, for Kanchpur, Demra and Rupganj industrial cluster the more recent industrial development have happened by way of conversion of agricultural land and wetland. The decadal land use change (2005-15) analysis of Siddhirganj Industrial area reveals that 1.89 sq. km of agricultural land (-54.57% of total agricultural land) and 1.64 sq. km of wetlands (-58.56% of total wetlands) has been converted to industrial and urban land use. The past industrial activities like power sector as well as other industries (textile and garment, steel mills, particle board factories, cement plants, etc.) and other development stressors (settlement) were mostly constructed on agricultural land and wetlands. The land use change analysis results shows that 1.77 sq. km of industrial land has been increased over last one decade; which is 57.72% of the total industrial land under 2005. The Siddhirganj Power Hub is an old industrial area, where three power plants were constructed. The 335 MW combined cycle gas based power plant (PUC) is presently being constructed on the existing industrial land of Power Hub. However, the other four plants were constructed on agricultural land. The loss of agricultural land due to past power projects was 0.13 sq. km; i.e. approximately 6.88% of the total converted agricultural land. The other industries in the Kachpur, Demra and Rupganj (part) industrial clusters were mostly constructed on agricultural land and wetlands. The total conversion of agricultural land and wetlands due to other industries was 1.57 sq. km; approximately 43.85% of the total converted agricultural land and wetlands. A major part of Siddhirganj industrial area is situated within urban limits (City Corporation or municipal area). The natural urbanization along with the industrialisation process has influenced a rapid urban growth in these areas. During the last decade, the urban settlement has been increased to 1.68 sq. km (26.63% of the urban settlement area of 2005). The major change that has occurred in the Siddhirganj industrial region was by loss of agricultural land and wetlands. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 151 The list of reasonably foreseeable future actions (RFFA) shows that a stand- alone gas based power plant, few captive power plants (5-6 nos.) 1-2 cements plants and steel mills likely to be come up in the Siddhirganj industrial area. It is also expected that closed mills (jute and textile) will be redeveloped for textile & RMG sector. The stand-alone power plant is likely to be come up in the Haripur, which is primarily comprises of agricultural land. It is also expected that few captive power plants (5-6 nos.) will come up on land existing within the industrial areas or future industrial redevelopment areas. For setting up of such captive power plants agricultural land will not be required. The other industries (cement and steel) are likely to be constructed on agricultural land within the demarcated Siddhirganj industrial area or its peripheral zones. The redevelopment of closed cotton and jute mills is also not expected to cause any loss of agricultural land; but wetland within such mills are likely to be affected. The future industrialization process is likely to increase the number of migrant workers in this region. This will lead to unplanned and haphazard urban growth – in terms of trying to create makeshift residential facilities. This rapid unplanned urbanisation is also likely to exert future stress on agricultural land, wetland and open land presently available within the Siddhirganj Industrial area. The contribution towards loss of agricultural land and wetlands from different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.14. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stressor along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. Significance of Cumulative Impact The land use analysis reveals that total loss of agricultural land over the last decade was 54.57% as compared to national average of 4.16%. Agricultural lands loss has happened due to combine effect of industrialisation and urbanization. The past and future industrial activity along with developmental stressors (urban growth) will cumulatively result in loss of agricultural land and wetland. Cumulative impact is assessed to be high. Contribution from the PUC is not directly envisaged; however, the PUC will indirectly contribute to the loss of agricultural land and wetland due to its possible influence in inducing future industrial and urban growth. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 152 Figure 8.14 Loss of Agricultural Land and Wetlands - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Textile, RMG EPZ & SSU Other Consideration Urbanization Cotton and Sector Clusters Industries Existing Gas and Oil Jute Mills Past and Present Actions 335 MW CCPP Based - 7 Plants ~ 1532 MW Significance of Impact Loss of Agricultural Land and HIGH Wetlands in Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Siddhirganj Contribution - PUC INDIRECT Power Plants • Expansion of Adamjee EPZ New Cement Future • Redevelopment of Closed Plants and Steel New Gas Based Power Urbanization Mills – New RMG Clusters /EPZ Mills Plant at Haripur CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 153 8.1.12 SOCIAL WELL BEING Siddhirganj Industrial area has witnessed huge population influx due to industrial growth. The overall quality of life also stand deteriorated due to over use of local infrastructure resources. So the overall social wellbeing of the community (original residents and in-migrants) stands impacted as a result of the rapid industrialisation in this region. A) Deterioration of Social Wellbeing Stressors and their Contribution The power plants and the industries are not the direct stressors on the social wellbeing of the community people. Industrial development and surge in demand for energy has a direct correlation - availability of sufficient power supply has prompted industrial growth in the region which in turn resulted in huge population influx to serve as the workforce for the industries. Provision of low cost makeshift accommodation for the work-force has resulted in slumification in the Siddhirganj Industrial area. Development of Narayanganj, which houses the Siddhirganj industrial area, as a commercial and industrial hub began way back in British era when the region flourished due to its riverine port, export trade of Muslin and also due to the setting up of the jute and hosiery mills. The region witnessed industrial growth for the second time, after a brief dispersion due to the closure of the jute mills, with medium and large scale industries being set up in the post- independence period. Among all other industries, the Readymade Garment (RMG) Sector has a larger spread in the region (21 RMGs have been identified in the Siddhirganj Industrial area under the CEIA study) and these are mostly labour intensive units. A huge population influx has occurred in this region to serve as the workforce to these industries. The project under consideration (PUC) and other existing power plants are not the direct stressors on social wellbeing. However availability of a dependent power supply in an industrial region has boosted industrialization an induced urban growth. The resultant influx caused slumification and affected the quality of life and social wellbeing of the people. Growth of RMG and other industries has also spawned and facilitated expansion of service sector activities – banking insurance, real estate, hotels and tourism, recycling, consumer good utility services - mostly involving skilled workforce. Along with skilled workers, unskilled work-force too has migrated to cater to the service sector and has also contributed majorly to slumification. This rapid industrial growth led to sporadic, uncoordinated and unplanned infrastructural development. Slums have been identified in ward number 3,4,5,6 of Narayanganj City Corporation (the Siddhirganj area) and also in ward 26, 27 (Kadamrasul area). In addition several slum like growths have taken place in the industrial region to accommodate the low-wage earning industrial workers, who prefer to reside in stringent living conditions in order ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 154 to save money. As reported earlier these makeshift house are deficient in terms of civic amenities like safe water supply, sanitation and waste deposal facilities. Such condition affects personal hygiene and triggers an increase in vector borne diseases. The list of reasonably foreseeable projects indicates the possibility of a gas based power plant at Haripur along with few captive power plants for larger industries in Siddhirganj. 2-3 cements plants and steel mills are likely to come up in this industrial area. It is expected that the space available within closed mills (jute and textile) will be redeveloped into RMG/export oriented units or in Adamzee EPZ model. The future industrialization process is likely to increase the number of migrant workers in this region. This can lead to unplanned and disorganised urban growth – in terms of trying to create more makeshift residential facilities. This slumification is likely to affect the social wellbeing and quality of life of the community people of Siddhirganj. The contribution towards deterioration of social wellbeing from different industrial development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.15. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. Significance of Cumulative Impact Analysis of housing structures in the last two decades reveals that rate of Kutcha houses have increased drastically (from 8.72% in 1991 to 42.28% in 2011) on an average among all the Paurosabhas and Union Parishads covering the Siddhirganj Industrial Area. Inadequate sanitation facility is another feature of low-cost housing – the census data points out towards substantial increase in the number of sanitary latrines over the last two decades; however the increase is more of non-water sealed toilets (with associated risk of underlying soil and ground water contamination) rather than water sealed toilets which are more friendly to the environment. The high urban stress on land resulting out of slumification is leading to installation of poor civic infrastructure which in turn is cumulatively impacting natural and societal resources. Future industrialisation along with development of service sector is expected to cumulatively result into further increase in slumification with inadequate basic services thus impacting quality of life and social wellbeing. Cumulatively the impact from past, present and future activities on the social wellbeing of the communities is assessed to be high, however on comparison the contribution of PUC and power sector in general is found to be indirect and low. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 155 Figure 8.15 Social Well Being – Cause Effect Relationship Past and Present Actions Urban Project Under RMG Sector Growth Consideration 335 MW CCPP Influx Slumification Other Power Plants Industries - Cement, Steel, Existing Gas and Oil Particle Based - 7 Plants ~ Significance of Impact Board,etc. 1532 MW Poor Access to Sanitation HIGH Facility Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions New RMG Clusters Power Plants Contribution - PUC New Gas Based Influx Slumification Power Plant at LOW Haripur New Cement Plants and Steel Mills Urban Growth CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 156 8.1.13 COMMUNITY HEALTH Community health is assessed as a VEC in the present study because of its importance in the socio economic wellbeing of the local communities. It also has a strong interaction with existing conditions of other VECs like air and water quality. Respiratory diseases has been selected as the key indicator for the present study as consultations with local health practitioners and government health officials along with analysis of secondary data has brought out the fact that, industrial pollution has been a major contributor towards increased incidence of respiratory diseases in this industrial region. A) Reported Cases of Respiratory Diseases Stressors and their Contribution A number of air polluting industries like power plants (gas based and oil based), cement plants, steel mills, particle board units and brick kiln are presently operating in Siddhirganj industrial area. The PUC (335 MW gas based power plant) is also being constructed within the Siddhirganj Power Hub. Air pollutants like PM (PM2.5 and PM10), NOx, SO2 and CO are being generated from the existing industrial activities. The emission from traffic plying on major arterial road (the highways) and internal roads is also adding to air pollutant like PM, NOx and CO in the air shed. The continuous emission from industries and traffic has deteriorated the air quality of the area. The present condition of air quality in this industrial region indicates that it is a degraded air-shed. The concentration of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) was much above the threshold limit; i.e. NAAQS for Bangladesh. The NOx level is also high, but within the NAAQS, except at 1-2 locations. The seasonal and annual long term ambient air quality monitoring results also represent a similar trend. Therefore, the community in the Siddhirganj area is being continuously exposed to high concentrations of air quality pollutants that have proven detrimental effects on community health. PM10 and PM2.5 are inhalable particles that are small enough to enter into the respiratory system. The health effects of inhalable PM are well documented. Mostly they are due to exposure over both short term (hours, days) and long term (months, years) periods and include: • Respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity, such as aggravation of asthma, respiratory symptoms and an increase in hospital admissions; • Mortality from cardiovascular and respiratory diseases and from lung cancer. There is good evidence of the effects of short-term exposure to PM10 on respiratory health, but for mortality, and especially as a consequence of long- term exposure, PM2.5 (particles < 2.5 μm) poses a stronger risk than the coarser particles of PM10 (particles in the 2.5–10 μm range). Susceptible groups with ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 157 pre-existing lung or heart disease, as well as elderly people and children, are particularly vulnerable to PM2.5 exposure. On the other hand high concentration of NOx in ambient air can reacts with moisture and other compounds to form nitric acid vapors and particles. Inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases mostly in susceptible populations (children, elderly and asthmatics). The continuous exposure to high concentrations of PM 2.5 and NOx is responsible for chronic and acute respiratory diseases or even death. The health status of the Siddhirganj industrial area reveals that the rate of respiratory diseases among the community residing in the industrial area is quite high compared to the neighboring non-industrial area. The percentage of patients admitted to hospitals with respiratory diseases (13.62%) is almost five times higher than the national average 2.88% (considering national average to be the threshold limit). It also reported that death due to respiratory disease in this area was around 36.05% of total fatalities in 2015. The RFFA list also indicates that certain air polluting industries like cement plant, steel mills and power plants are also likely to set up in future in the Siddhirganj industrial area. Emission resulting from these industrial activities as well as from future development stressors like incremental traffic, resulting out of further urbanisation and industrial growth, is also likely to exert further pressure on this already stressed VEC. The contribution towards community health from different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.16. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stressor along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.4. Significance of Cumulative Impact The occurrence of respiratory diseases amongst the communities residing in this industrial region has been found to be significantly higher than the national threshold (almost five times higher). Over all the cumulative impact on community health from past, present and future stressors is assessed to be high. The PUC, a gas based power plant, will be contributing to NOx concentration in the air shed and its contribution to overall cumulative impact is assessed to be medium. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 158 Figure 8.16 Community Health – Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Power Plants Cement Plants 2 Plants ~ 1.1 Steel Mills Industries Consideration 14 Plants Gas Based - 4 MTPA & Other Oil Based -3 Past and Present Actions (Melting & Re- Urban 335 MW CCPP Plants ~ 1222 Plants ~ 310 MW Rolling) MW Particle Board Handling & Garment Factory Storage of Industry 1 Plant Present Construction Traffic Materials and Volume Debris Significance of Impact Prevalence of Respiratory HIGH Diseases Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions New Future Growth Contribution - PUC Garment in Traffic Cluster Volume MEDIUM Power Plants Power Plants • Expansion of Adamjee EPZ New Cement New Steel • Redevelopment of Closed Mills – New RMG Clusters /EPZ Captive Power New Gas Based Power Plant Mills Plants (Gas Based) Plant at Haripur CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 159 8.1.14 SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON VECS IN SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL AREA A summary of the cumulative impacts on each VEC from past, present and future activities in the Siddhirganj industrial area is presented in Table 8.4. The individual contributions from the project under consideration (PUC) and other similar projects from the power sector as well as from key industrial sector have been defined. Impacts from external factors like traffic and urban growth have also highlighted. The table finally summarises the cumulative impacts from all industrial and developmental stressors and evaluates the impact significance over VEC’s predicted future contribution. The contribution of the PUC (power sector) to the overall cumulative impacts is also stated. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 160 Table 8.4 Summary of Cumulative Impacts on VECs in Siddhirganj Industrial Area VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC1- VEC-1 (1) Results of the PUC: The PUC (335 MW Gas based power Plants- Cement plants: Two cement Gas based and captive Cement Plants: Textile & Road & Traffic-The Yes The PM Air Concentration primary monitoring CCPP) will be operated Four gas based (total plants (Seven Horse Cement power plants: One gas Analysing the future Garment: The existing traffic load in concentration in the Quality of Particulate (during Jan-Mar on natural gas with HFO capacity 1222 MW) are Factory - capacity 1.5 Lakh based power plant (350 growth scenario and rapid growth of the major highways ambient air quality Matter (PM10 + 2016) shows that PM as a start-up fuel. Natural generating PM only Tons/ year and Heidelberg to 400 MW) is likely to be the need for cement as textile industries (Dhaka-Chittagong and has already exceeded PM2.5) in the concentration at all gas is a clean fuel and during start-up of Cements - 9.72 Lakh tons/year) set up at the Haripur building material for is expected to Dhaka- Sylhet the threshold limit air shed monitoring locations complete combustion is boilers. The stack heights are located within 3 km radius area. 5 to 6 nos. of gas the flourishing continue in the Highway) and all the (NAAQS). (PM2.5 -147.5 to 274.8 not expected to produce for these plants vary area of the PUC. Both the plants based captive power construction sector in Siddhirganj area. internal roads in the µg/m3; PM10- 244.5 any PM. However, from 60 to 70m. The plant are cement grinding unit, using plants (30 to 50 MW) are Dhaka and it An expansion of industrial area is high. The PUC, past to 502.1 µg/m3) is combustion of HFO emission are being imported clinker, gypsum, slag/ likely to be set up within surroundings, it is Adamjee EPZ The condition of most activity and future higher than the during start-up of boilers released into the air-shed fly ash as raw material. Major the larger industrial units reasonably assumed (housing many internal roads is industrial activity NAAQS (PM2.5- 65 generally produces e and dispersed locally source of PM emission is from (including a 50 MW gas that 1 or 2 cement textile and usually bad and traffic along with the µg/m3 & PM10- 150 unburnt particulate within a 2 km radius area raw material handling based captive power plants are likely to be garment units) is congestion is also high. external factors will µg/m3) and 100% matter. The emission of the plant. The (unloading, conveying and plant for Adamjee EPZ). set up within the presently cumulatively exceedance of from the plant will be contribution from the gas storage) and stack emission from Siddhirganj industrial ongoing. These PM emission from the increase the PM NAAQS at all the released into the air-shed based power plant to the process (milling, storing & The PM emissions from region. PM emission is units will not be traffic is due to burning concentration in the monitoring through a 70 m high stack PM concentrations in the packing). The estimated dust the potential gas based expected from raw directly of fossil fuel (oil/gas) air-shed, which is locations. and it will be dispersed air-shed is assessed to be emission from above mentioned power plant at Haripur material handling contributing to in the vehicle (tailpipe already breached. within a 2 km radius area low. sources is approximately 230 and the captive power (fugitive) as well as the PM load in the emission). Congestion The potential The seasonal PM of from the plant. The g/ton of cement production. plants will be similar to from stack emissions. air environment. of traffic is a common cumulative impact is concentration at start-up of boiler is a Contribution: Low Regular monitoring conducted the existing operating gas The contribution of PM They are likely to feature in this area, and assessed to be high. Narayanganj periodical activity; by DOE indicates that PM based power plant, i.e. from cement plants is result in increases the emission (monitored by DOE) therefore, contribution of Oil based Power Plants- concentration in and around during start up boilers. assessed to be high. migration of load. Other source of Significance of was higher than the PM in the air-shed from Three oil based such plants is usually quite high The contribution of PM industrial works PM is re-entrained road Cumulative NAAQS except for PUC is assessed to be low. operational power plants and exceeding the NAAQS at from gas based and Contribution: High and resultant dust due to operation Impact - HIGH the monsoon season (total capacity 310 MW) most time of the year. The captive power plants is increase in the of vehicles on the badly (May to Sep). Contribution: Low are continuously contribution of Cements Plants assessed to be low. Steel mills: 2-3 steel traffic load; and maintained road – this However, generating PM due to to the PM concentration in the mills having smelting thereby result in is also generating contribution from Air quality results combustion of oil (in the air-shed is assed to be high. Contribution: Low facility are likely to set increased PM considerable amount of PUC is assessed to be over the last two form of unburnt carbon up in the industrial concentration. particulates. The low. years in particles). The emissions Contribution: High area. PM emissions The impact on PM vehicular emission Narayanganj area are being released in the will be generated from from transport likely to be dispersed Contribution of also indicate an air-shed through 30 m Steel Plants: There are 14 raw material handling and traffic is locally along the PUC: LOW increasing trend in high stacks; and operating steel re-rolling mills; as well as from discussed in transport corridors. PM concentrations. dispersed locally within three of them have set up for process. The following column The contribution of PM 1.5 km radius area of the both smelting and re-rolling and contribution of PM under external from traffic is plant. With burning of oil are located within 2.5 radius area (controlled & un- factors (stressors). considered to be high. and release of unburnt of the PUC. Many of the mills controlled) is assessed The future industrial particulates being a have scrap smelting facilities. to be high. Contribution: Indirect growth (cement, steel continuous operational The source of PM in the steel Contribution: High and textile & garment) activity The contribution plants are from material will increase the traffic of PM from these plants handling (scrap irons), and from load. The tailpipe is considered to be the process (material charging, emission and re- medium. de-slugging). The plants usually entrained road dust have air pollution control will be increased. The Contribution: Medium facilities (cyclone separator PM contribution from followed by a water scrubber). road and traffic is . The emission from furnace and assessed to be high. de-slagging units mostly go out without entering into the Contribution: High pollution control devices. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 161 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) Therefore uncontrolled emission is the major source of emissions Construction material from these steel mills. The handling: Rapid emissions are released into the urbanization in Dhaka air-shed through 30-40 high and adjacent areas has stacks. The regular monitoring required a heightened conducted by DOE reveals that supply of construction PM concentration in and around material (mostly such plants is usually high and transported through exceeded the national standards waterways). Sitalakhya for industrial areas during most River in Siddhirganj part of the year. The contribution Industrial area is also from this sector is therefore used for this purpose. assessed to be high. Along the river bank, close to Demra, a large Contribution: High construction material handling yard Brick Kilns: A cluster of brick (approximately 0.5 sq. kilns are mostly located in the km) has been set up. periphery of Kanchpur Industrial Large volume of Cluster, which is approximately construction material 4.2 km from the PUC. The handling (unloading & burning of fossil fuels reloading and crushing (coal/wood) and other materials of gravel) is being like tyres, tubes and plastic are carried out. generating PM. The emission Uncontrolled fugitive from brick kilns are being emission is considered released into the air shed to be a high through 20m high stacks. The contributor. The contribution from brick kiln is future industrial considered to be medium. growth and urbanization is Contribution: Medium expected to further accentuate the growth Particle Board: A large scale of such support particle board manufacturing services for the unit of the Partex Group is construction sector. located in the Siddhirganj industrial area which is Uncontrolled dumps of approximately 2km from PUC. construction material Major source of PM is fugitive and debris handing are emission from the process. also noticed quite Emissions are being released into randomly across the air shed through stack and more entire industrial area in from of uncontrolled fugitive which also contributes emissions. The contribution of to PM concentrations in PM from this industry is the air-shed. Overall assessed to be high. contribution of PM from the construction Contribution: High material supply and is handling activities is assessed to be high Contribution: High ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 162 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC-1 (2) Results of the PUC: As stated above, the Gas based power Plants: Steel Mills: Burning of fossil fuel Gas based and captive Steel Mills: Steel mills Textile & Road & traffic: The Yes The NOx Concentration primary monitoring project under The four operating gas and smelting process in the steel power plant: As stated (2-3 nos.) having garment industry: existing traffic load in concentration in the of Oxides of (during Jan – Mar consideration is the gas based power plant (total mills is the main source of NOx. above a setting up of gas smelting units are A rapid industrial the major arterial road air -shed is already Nitrogen 2016) show that the based CCPP of 335 MW capacity of 1222 MW) are Re-heating furnace uses natural based power plant is likely to be set-up in growth in future (i.e. highways) and high (close to (NOx) in the NOx concentration capacity, under located within 1 km gas as resource, whereas likely at Haripur (350 to the Siddhirganj is expecting in the internal roads in the threshold limit) or at air shed varied between 49.7 construction at the radius area. Combustion arc/induction furnace uses 400 MW). This gas based industrial area. Textile sector. A industrial area is high. time exceeding the and 117.2µg/m3. In Siddhirganj Power Hub. of fossil fuel at high electricity. The smelting process power plant will Burning of fossil fuel major source of NOx emission is from threshold limits general the NOx temperature results in and gas based furnaces are generate NOx due to (gas) and the smelting power for these the traffic is due to (NAAQS). concentrations The PUC will generate generation of NOx. generating NOx. The NOx is combustion of fossil fuel process will generate industries is the burning of fossil fuels though not NOx during the process Existing plants are using released in the environment both at high temperature. The NOx. The NOx will be grid supply; (tailpipe emission). The The past activities, exceeding the of combustion of fossil low NOx burner to in fugitive form as well as gases will be released released into the air- however, these existing NOx PUC and future NAAQS (exceeded fuel at high temperature. reduce their emission through stack emissions. The through the stack shed either in an industries will contribution from industrial activity only 2 locations) are The proposed power from the stack. The stack contribution of NOx from steel (assumed approx. 70 m uncontrolled manner also be using gas traffic is considered to along with external significantly higher. plant will use low NOx heights of gas based industry is assessed to be height) and likely to be (fugitive) form or based backup be high. factors will burner to try and meet the power plants are found medium. dispersed within 2 km through stacks (35-40 generator and gas cumulatively lead to The seasonal NOx statutory standard of to vary from 60 to 70m. radius area around the m height). The based boiler for The future industrial increased NOx concentration at NOx emission from the The emissions are is Contribution: Medium plant. The contribution of contribution of NOx supply of steam. growth and concentration Narayanganj stack. Considering that likely to disperse within NOx from such increase from the steel mills is The gas based urbanization is thereby deteriorating (monitored by DOE) NOx emission will be a radial distance of 2km in power generation assessed to be backup generator expected to increase the the air quality in an was almost equal or continuous and the from the power plant capacity at Haripur is medium. and DG sets will corresponding traffic already stressed air higher than the baseline conditions are cluster. The contribution assessed to be high. generate NOx. load. The increased shed. The cumulative NAAQS during the almost breaching the towards NOx in the air Contribution: Medium The contribution traffic volume will also impact is thus winter months; post threshold, the shed from this cluster of Gas based captive power of NOx from result in increase in the assessed to be high. monsoon contribution of NOx from gas based power plant is plants (5-6 nos.) are also textile industries NOx emissions. The concentrations was the PUC is assessed to be assessed to be high. likely to be set up within is assessed to be contribution of NOx Significance of also high (86-81 high. the larger industrial unit. low. from road and traffic is Cumulative µg/m3) but within Contribution: High NOx will be generated assessed to be high Impact - HIGH the NAAQS. Contribution: High from the plant due to Contribution: Low Oil based power plants: combustion of gas at high Contribution: High The contribution The NOx Combustion process at temperature and same towards NOx concentrations over high temperature in the will be emitted through concentration in air- the last two years in oil based power plants (3 stacks (less than 30 m shed from the PUC is Narayanganj nos. with 310 MW total height). Emissions are also assessed to be indicate a slightly capacities) result in likely to be dispersed high. deceasing trend. generation of NOx. The within 1 to 1.5 radius emission of NOx from oil area around the plant. Contribution of based power plants is The contribution of NOx PUC: HIGH almost three times higher from such captive power than gas based power plants is assessed to be plant. The stack heights high. of the plants are less than 30 m. The stack emissions Contribution: High are likely to be dispersed within 1.5 km from the plant. Their contribution of NOx in the air-shed is assessed to be high. Contribution: High ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 163 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC-2: VEC-2 (1) Ambient river water PUC: The PUC has a Gas based power plants: Other industrial cooling: Gas based CCPP: The Cement Plant & Steel Textile & Thermal discharge Yes Major contributor of Surface Ambient temperature as closed cooling system. Out of four gas based The cooling systems of other gas based CCPP likely to Mills: The cooling garment industry: from other external thermal discharge is Water- temperature of monitored during The plant will not power plants, three industries (cement, paper, steel, be set up in the Haripur system in the cement Thermal factors (traffic, urban from once through quality the river the CEIA Study was generate any thermal plants are CCPP (gas and etc.) are mostly closed circuit wet area, is expected to be plants and steel mills discharge from sectors) is not expected. cooling systems in will be similar to the textile and the closed cycle waters found to vary effluent which needs to be steam turbine) while one cooling system or air cooling close to the existing power plants. between 21.1 to discharged in the river plant is OCPP (gas system. . So cooling water power plant cluster. The existing practices garment industry The contribution of 23.5oC (during system. However, cooling turbine). Again, out of 3 discharges from these industries proposed gas based (closed cycle wet/dry is very unlikely. thermal discharges winter) and 27.8 to tower and boiler blow CCPPs, one plant is in the river system is not power plant will cooling). Thermal and increase in 295oC (during early down will be occasionally having closed cooling envisaged. The contribution is generate thermal discharges from these ambient water summer). discharged in the river. system while the other assessed to be low. effluent, if the power plants are not temperature of The variation The possibility of thermal two power plants are plant is operated through envisaged. Sitalakhya River ambient water discharge from the 335 having once through Contribution: Low once through cooling Contributions from from the past temperature of MW CCPP (PUC) cooling systems and are system. Discharge of these plants are industrial activities is Sitalakhya river resulting in an increase of directly discharging their thermal effluent is assessed to be low. not considered along the industrial river water temperature is thermal effluent in the expected to increase the significant. The Contribution: Low variation in ambient zone is minor. An assessed to be low. river. ambient water river water increase of It was found that both temperature in the zone temperature along temperature was Contribution: Low these power plants were of influence (100 m from the industrial zone of reported (0.1 to not able to achieve the discharge point). The Siddhirganj is low. 0.5°C) in between World Bank guideline contribution of thermal The past, PUC and Kanchpur Bridge to limit of max 3ºC increase discharge from future future industrial Adamjee EPZ; i.e. in ambient water gas based power plant is activities is expected around the Power temperature as a result of assessed to be medium. to cumulate thermal hub area (Source: being located just discharges into the Spatiotemporal adjacent to the river (~ Contribution: Medium river, that will Assessment of Water increase the ambient 100 m). As a result, Quality of the Gas based captive power water temperature excess temperature up to plants- likely to be OCPP only within the zone Sitalakhya River, 4.7°C from 100 m of (only gas turbine). The of influence (within Bangladesh: outfall was reported in 100 m from International Journal the river water But they generation of thermal discharge point). The of Engineering and are reported to attain the effluent (in volumes) and cumulative impact is Technology Volume 2 ambient temperature their discharge into the assessed to be low. No. 6, June, 2012) within 1.0 km from the river is expected to be discharge point (Source: low. Significance of (Source: EIA Report for 335 Cumulative Contribution: Low Impact: LOW MW CCPP at Siddhirganj Power Hub). Contribution of thermal effluent from The contribution these gas fire power from PUC is plants on increased unlikely. However, emergency temperature of the river maintenance and waters is considered to periodic blow down be medium. of cooling tower may Contribution: Medium at times increase the ambient water Oil based power plants- temperature of are engine based, outfall area. Overall requirement of cooling the contribution of water is less and PUC is assessed to be discharge is also not low. significant. Contribution Contribution of is assessed to be low. PUC: LOW Contribution: Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 164 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC-2 (2) The water of PUC: The discharge from Gas based power plants: Pulp & Paper Mills: There are Gas based power plant Cement plant & Steel Textile & Besides, the industrial Yes The BOD level in Organic load Sitalakhya river the PUC is expected from The major discharge four pulp & paper mills (total & captive power plants: Mills: No process garment pollution, the urban river water has (BOD) in the water is being used cooling tower blow down, from the power plant capacity 115 TPD) using The major source of water will be industries: The centres on either sides already exceeded the river water mostly for industrial boiler blow down and having once through imported pulp and waste paper waste water is cooling generated from continuing rapid of the river (Ghorasal, threshold limit for cooling (use DM plant rejects. These cooling systems is the as raw material. The waste water blow down, DM plant cements plants and growth of textile Rupgonj, Demra, Class E Waters (i.e. category E). BOD waste waters will be cooling water. Other generated from the paper reject and boiler blow steel mills. The cooling and garments Siddhirganj and used for processes level along the treated in ETP and then waste water stream manufacturing process has high down. The characteristics water has no organic sector is likely to Narayanganj) also and industrial Sitalakhya river discharged in the river. comprising of boiler organic load. The BOD load of waste water from power load. Therefore, these influence setting discharges their cooling). The past, varied from 17 to 51 These types of waste blow down and DM untreated waste water from pulp plant has low organic industries will not up of new EPZs / untreated domestic present and future mg/L in the winter waters usually have no plant rejects. These waste and paper mills varies from 90- load. Therefore, these contribute to BOD load RMG clusters wastes in the river. The industrial activity season and 12.1 – organic load. Therefore, water streams have no 150 mg/L and treated load plants will not contribute in the river. within contribution of organic along with external 19.4 mg/L during proposed plant is not organic load. Therefore, varies from 30-50 mg/L. All to any BOD load in the Siddhirganj. load from urban waste factors (rapid urban early summer. The expected to directly gas based power plants these plants have ETP to treat the river. Expansion of the water is considered to growth) will values are high contribute to any organic are not contributing to plant effluent. It was reported Admjee EPZ (that be high. cumulatively affect when compared to load in the river. any organic load in the during community consultation Contribution: Low houses a number the surface water Class E (Standard < Domestic waste water river. that at times the effluent from of RMG units) has Contribution: High quality in terms of 10 mg/L) (sewage) will be these mills are discharged into already been increasing the BOD generated from the Contribution: Low the river without treatment. The initiated. Units The future, levels in the river. residential area of the contribution from pulp and having wet industrialization The cumulative Power Hub. The domestic Oil based power plants: paper mills to the organic processing and process is likely to impact is assessed to waste water will be The discharge from oil loading in the river is considered dyeing facilities increase the in-migrant be high. treated through STP/ based power plant and to be high. will be generating workers in this region. septic tank and soak pit simple cycle power plant process waste Resultant slumification Significance of and possibility of is also cooling blow Contribution: High water from their coupled with a gross Cumulative untreated sewage being down, which has no operation. The lack of adequate Impact - HIGH discharge in the river is organic load. Therefore, Textile & Garment unit: Wet waste water will sanitation facilities is low. oil based power plants processing and dyeing units are contain organic expected to exacerbate Direct contribution are also not contributing generating waste water from the load along with the situation. The of any organic load Contribution: Low to any organic load in the processes. The wastewater is other pollutants contribution from the from the PUC river. typically alkaline (high pH) and and will be urban sector is thus (335MW CCPP) is contains solids, oil and treated will be assessed to be high. not envisaged. Contribution: Low potentially toxic organics, such treated through However, the PUC as phenols (from dyeing), an ETP prior to Contribution: High and similar power halogenated organics (from any discharge into sector project are bleaching), and also has high the river. likely to fuel further BOD/COD load. Most of the However industrial growth textile and garment industries considering the and induce in- have an ETP, but it was reported present polluted migration to the that, at times such industries condition of the industrial regions. have been found to bypass their river system and This adds to the treatment system and discharge compliance ongoing process of their effluents directly in the related issues unplanned river. The contribution of textile usually associated urbanization and is and garment industry to the with dyeing units, likely to increase the organic load in the river is the contribution organic load in the considered to be high. from this sector river; therefore, PUC on the organic is indirectly Contribution: High load in the river is contributing to assessed to be increase in the BOD high. load in the river. Contribution: Contribution of High PUC: Indirect ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 165 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC-2 (3) Toxic metals PUC: The PUC has closed Power Plants: Closed Textile & Garments: The Gas based power plant Textile & Contributions towards Yes Cd, Pb and Cr Toxic metal concentration in cycle cooling system. system cooling system presence of Zn, Cd and Cu was & captive power plants: garment toxic metal concentration has contamination river water was Proper functioning of generally use more reported in the effluent Cooling water and industries: Wet concentrations in the . been reported in the processing and sediments of (Cr, Cd and reported below cooling systems requires chemical for treatment of generated from wet processing cooling blowdown water river are not envisaged Sitalakhya river. The Pb) in the river detectable limit. treatment of cooling cooling water against and dyeing units. The discharge may have Zn and Cr dyeing units will from external factors. presence of toxic water & However, Cr water against corrosion of corrosion of the of such effluents from existing from the chemical used be generating metal in the sediment concentration (16.1 the equipment, scaling equipment, scaling and textile and garment units has for treatment. The waste water from sediment is likely to to 20.4 mg/Kg) and and micro and macro- micro and macro-fouling. contributed to the existing toxic discharge of cooling their process. The have accumulated Pb concentration fouling. Presence of Only one operational metal load in the river water and water in river will presence of Zn, from the past (12.3 to 20.9 mg/Kg) chromium is reported in plant has a closed cooling sediment. The contribution from contribute to Zn & Cr Cd and Cu in industrial activities. The concentration of was reported in the the chemical used for system and other two the textile and garment sector on level in the water and effluent will add Cd has already sediment of treatment of cooling have once through the toxic metal concentration in sediment. The to the toxic metal crossed the threshold Sitalakhya river. The waters. Therefore, cooling system. The use the river waters is assessed to be contribution is assessed in water and limit, whereas, Cr Cd, Cr and Pb discharge of cooling of Cr, based chemical medium. to be low. sediment. The and Pb concentration concentration was blowdown water from the may be contributing to contribution from was found to be well below the proposed plant is likely to Cr levels in the river Contribution: Medium Contribution: Low the garment sector below the threshold threshold limit add to the Chromium water and sediment. The towards toxic limit. The past, Pulp & Paper: Large volume (75- present and future levels in the river water contribution is metal industrial activities and sediments. The considered to be low. 100 lit/ kg of paper) of effluent concentration in are cumulatively contribution is assessed to are generated from the pulp and the Sitalakhya adding to the toxic be low. Contribution: Low paper mills. The liquid effluent river waters is metal concentrations has heavy metal (in forms of Pb assessed to be in the river water Contribution: Low and Zn) and other organic medium. and sediment. The toxicants. The discharge of cumulative impact is Contribution: assessed to be effluent from the paper mills in medium. the river has been contributing to Medium the toxic metal concentration in Significant of the river water and sediment. Cumulative Impacts : The contribution from pulp and MEDIUM paper industries on the toxic metal concentration in the However, the Sitalakhya river waters is contribution from assessed to be medium. PUC towards the toxic metal concentration in the Contribution: Medium Sitalakhya river waters is assessed to Shipyard: Ship building and be low. repairing activities are carried out here. Effluents are generated Contribution from paint shops and during the of PUC: Low cleaning process of metallic part and equipments (degreasing solvents are widely in use for this purpose). Waste water from the ship yard contains copper, zinc and nickel. The contribution from ship yard on the toxic metal concentration in the Sitalakhya river waters is assessed to be medium. Contribution: Medium ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 166 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC-2 (4) The general trend of PUC: The discharge from Power Plants: The Pulp & Paper: The discharge of Gas based power plant Cement plants & Steel Textile & The discharges of Yes Cumulative impact Ecological pollution level in the the PUC is expected from thermal discharge from treated and untreated waste & captive power plants: Mills: No garment untreated urban waste on ecological health health of the Sitalakhya river is cooling tower blow down, the two gas based Power water is contributing to the BOD Thermal discharge in the contributions are industries: water are contributing is assessed to be river found to be boiler blow down and Plants (CCPPs) is load in the river, which is river may deplete the DO envisaged from this Wet processing to the organic load in high. The general increasing. DM plant reject. Thermal contributing to DO ultimately depleting the DO level in zone of influence. sector. and dyeing units the river which trend of pollution The ecological discharge from this plant depletion in the zone of levels in the water. Low (100m from the outfall). will be ultimately affects the level in the health of the river is is also not expected as it impact (max. 100 m from concentration of DO is affecting Other waste water contributing to DO level of the water. Sitalakhya River is poor especially in will operate through the out fall). Addition of the ecological health of the river. streams from gas based the organic load The contribution of increasing over the the lean season. The closed cycle cooling organic load and The contribution from pulp and and captive power plant and ultimately development stressors years and the DO level in the river system. The discharge of depletion of DO from the paper industry is considered to may not have any effect affect the towards DO depletion existing DO level water was low the waste water will not other waste streams from be medium. on DO level in river ecological health and ecological health of monitored during compared to critical add to any organic load to the process plants is not waters. The contribution of the river. the river is considered the winter season level (<4 mg/l) for the river waters or lead to envisaged. Contribution: Medium of the power plants on Contribution from to be high. was found below most parts of the an increase in its ambient the ecological health of this sector is Contribution: High critical levels. Major year. water temperature. In case of Oil based Textile & Garments: Textile the river is assessed to be assessed to be stretches of the river Resultantly the discharge power plants, the industry (involving wet low. high. The future, has no presence of Major stretches of is not expected to cause requirement of cooling processing & dyeing process) are industrialization plankton and the river has no any depletion in the DO water is less and contributing the BOD load in the Contribution: Low Contribution: process is likely to benthos as presence of levels in the river waters. discharge of thermal river. It is ultimately affecting the High increase the influx of established during plankton and Therefore, the PUC is not effluent is also low. ecological health of the river by migrant workers in this the CEIA study - a benthos as expected to contribute Organic load in the waste reducing the DO level in the region. Slumification clear indication of established during towards deterioration of waters is also not river water. Contribution from and lack of adequate the heavily polluted biomonitoring the ecological health of expected. this sector is considered to be sanitation facilities may river waters. conducted during the river. high. also lead to discharge the winter season – The overall contribution of untreated waste Significance of indicating that the Contribution: Low of the gas or oil based Contribution: High waters in the river. This Cumulative water is heavily power plants to the is expected to increase Impact - HIGH polluted. deterioration of the the BOD level in the ecological health of the river and ultimately However, the lead to depletion of DO contribution from river is assessed to be PUC is assessed to be low. concentrations and low. associated deterioration Contribution: Low of the ecological health Contribution of the river. The of PUC: Low contribution from urban the sector is assessed to be high. Contribution: High VEC 3: VEC-3 (1) The water table over PUC: The PUC is Gas based power plants: Pulp & Paper: Pulp and paper Gas based power plant: Cement plant & Steel Textile & The future, Yes The ground water Ground Depletion of the years in and planning to use the river Combined cycled and industries are water intensive The cooling water and Mills: The water garment industrialization table over the years Water ground water around industrial water for its cooling water steam turbine power industries. It was reported that other process water likely requirement of these industries: The process is likely to in and around the wet process will industrial area has resources area has declined. requirement. Only for plants are using the river 75 -100 lit/kg of paper is to be sourced from the industries is low; and increase the influx of progressively The depletion rate is smaller consumptive water for their required for pulp and paper river. Therefore, same will be sourced require water. The migrant workers in this declined due to higher than the requirements (DM plant operational need. The mills. The water is being mostly contribution towards from ground water. water region. Water stresses exerted by replenishment rate. and domestic DM plant water and abstracted from ground water. ground water depletion Contribution is requirement for requirement will past industrial requirement) ground domestic water is being The contribution towards is not envisaged. assessed to be low these industries is increase and same is activities. The water will be extracted sourced from ground ground water depletion is high and will be expected to be sourced resource is presently (150-200 KLD). water sources. assessed to be high. Contribution: Low Contribution: Low sourced from from ground water. unregulated and the existing abstraction ground water. Presently, domestic rates are higher than Therefore, contribution of Therefore, contribution Contribution: High The contribution water requirement and the replenishment PUC towards depletion of towards depletion of of textile and drinking water is rates. The past ground water resources is ground water resources garment mostly sourced from industrial activity, ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 167 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) assessed to be low. is assessed to be low. Textile & Garment- involving Captive power plants are industries ground water. The PUC and future wet process require water. The likely to use ground towards depletion contribution of industrial activity is Contribution: Low Contribution: Low water requirement for these water for their of ground water development stressors expected to result in further depletion of industries is high (200 to 350 lit/ requirement of cooling resources is towards ground water ground water Oil based power plants: kg of fabric) and is mostly water and waters for assessed to be depletion is assessed to resources in future. The engine based power sourced from ground water. The other uses. Water high. be high. Cumulative impact plants (oil based) are contribution is assessed to be requirement for engine on depletion of using ground water for high. based power plant is low. Contribution: Contribution: High ground water their operational need. Contribution is assessed High resources is assessed However, water Contribution: High to be low. to be high. requirement for these plants are low (1.7 to 2.1 Cement & Steel Mills: These Contribution: Low Significance of m3/ MWhr). The types of industries do not require Cumulative Impact - HIGH contribution towards water for processes; however, depletion of ground water is required for industrial The direct water level is assessed to cooling and domestic uses (300- contribution from be low. 350 KLD per unit). The water PUC is not requirement is met from the envisaged, however, Contribution: Low ground water sources. The it will induce contribution towards ground industrial water depletion is considered to development and urban influx, which be low. in turn will exert a corresponding Contribution: Low demand on the ground water resources. The contribution (indirect) is assessed to be medium. Contribution of PUC : Indirect VEC-4: VEC-4 (1) The decadal land PUC: The PUC is being Power Sector: Out of Other industries: The decadal Gas based power plant Cement plant & steel Textile & The future Yes Development in the Land Change in use change (2005-15) constructed on existing seven operating power land use analysis (2005-2015) is likely to be set up in mills: 1-2 cement garment sector: A industrialization Siddhirganj Use landuse analysis within industrial land within the plants, three plants are reveals that the industries (textile Haripur by converting plants and 2-3 steel rapid industrial process is likely to industrial region started almost a (loss of Siddhirganj Siddhirganj Power Hub. located within the Power and garment unit, steel mills, agricultural land. mills are likely to be growth in future increase the number of century back, when agriculture & industrial area The proposed project has hub, on developed particle board factories, cement Considering land set up within the is expected in the migrant workers in this large tracts of wet land) revealed that 1.89 no direct contribution in industrial land. plant etc.) in the Kachpur, Demra requirement for gas Siddhirganj Industrial textile and region. This will lead to agricultural land sq. km of loss to agricultural land. However, the other four and Rupganj (part) industrial based power plant (0.5 area. The estimated garment sector. unplanned and were acquired for agricultural land However, increase in plants were constructed clusters were constructed on Sq. Km), contribution is total land requirement These industries haphazard urban setting up of Jute and (54.57% of total power generation on agricultural land. The agricultural land. assessed to be low. for these industries is are expected to growth – in terms of Cotton Mills. At agricultural land) capacities can induce contribution from the approximately about come up through trying to create more recent times Contribution: Low industrialisation and 1.69 sq. km of future industrial growth power sector towards Approximately 1.57 sq. km of 1sq. km. These plants potential makeshift residential within the wetlands (60.34% of in this region. This may loss of agricultural land agricultural/ wetland (43.85% of are likely to be redevelopment of facilities. The decadal Siddhirganj cluster total wetlands) influence the conversion was 6.88% of total loss of total agricultural land and Captive power plants are developed on available the closed cotton land use analysis revels has happened mostly wetland was (loss) of agricultural land agricultural land in wetland) was converted for likely to set up on agricultural land. The or jute mills. that 26.61% of the on developed converted for /wetland for industrial Siddhirganj Industrial industrial purposes. The existing industrial areas contribution to loss of However, a settlement area has industrial lands. industrial and urban uses. region, considered over contribution is assessed to be or re-developed agricultural land from numbers of increased over the last However, for land use, which is the last decade (2005- high. industrial area. This will the industrial sector is wetland are decade. The major Kanchpur, Demra Contribution: Low have no contribution in and Rupganj higher than the 2015). This is low when assessed to be located in these change that has industrial cluster the national trend compared to the overall Contribution: High terms of loss of medium. closed mills and occurred in the more recent (4.16%) loss of agricultural land agricultural land / stand to get Siddhirganj industrial industrial in Siddhirganj Industrial wetlands. Contribution: Medium converted to region was by loss of development have area (54.57%) in the same industrial lands. agricultural land and happened by way of ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 168 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) time period. The national The contribution wetlands. The future conversion of trend over the last in respect of loss urban growth is likely agricultural land and decade stands at 4.16% of wetland is to result in futher loss wetland. Agricultural lands (as recorded by SRDI). assessed to be of agricultural land and loss has happened as The contribution of the medium. wetlands. The a combined effect of power sector to the loss contribution from the industrialisation and of agricultural land is Contribution: urbanisation is assessed urbanization. The considered to be low. Medium to be medium. cumulative impact on loss of Contribution: Low Contribution: agricultural land and Medium wetland is assessed to be high. Significance of Cumulative Impact - HIGH Contribution from the PUC is not directly envisaged; however, the PUC will indirectly contribute to the loss of agricultural land and wetland. Contribution of PUC: Indirect VEC -5: VEC-5 (1) Siddhirganj PUC: A large workforce Power Plants: These RMGs: The Ready Made Power Plants: Textile & garment Cement plant & Service Sector: Growth Yes Living condition of Social Access to the local and industrial area has in the form of skilled and power plants are not Garments (RMG) sector One gas based power sector: The industrial steel mills: The of RMG and other Well Sanitation migrants is poor witnessed huge unskilled workers had labour intensive and experienced an exponential plant at Haripur area and development trend in industrial industries has spawned Being facility because of weak population influx migrated to this industrial require few skilled growth since the 1980s. Most of a few captive power Siddhirganj area development and facilitated economic condition due to industrial area in past and in recent technical professionals to the RMGs in the Siddhirganj plants (30 to 50 MW) for appears that it’s likely trend depicts that expansion of service and densely polluted growth. A large past. Unskilled workers run the units. industrial area have come up the larger industrial units to have more cotton more cement and sector activities – area. Assuming 100 workforce has been involved in construction within the Adamjee EPZ. The are likely to be set up and garment units, steel industries banking insurance, real Accommodation for the percent access to migrating to this of the power plant are RMG sector is highly labour with in the Siddhirganj (especially within the are more likely to estate, packing, hotels power plant employees quality sanitation to area since the setting locally available. intensive – and has contributed industrial area. Aadamjee EPZ) come up in the & tourism, recycling, are provided by the be the accepted up of medium and majorly to the population influx Siddhirganj area. consumer good utility company within Power threshold, the large scale So possibility of in- of a low wage earning workforce These plants require few As stated earlier these services - mostly skilled Hub. Hence, these units percentage of water industries in the migration of unskilled to this industrial region. 80-90% technical professionals to RMG units are labour The population workforce. do not contribute to sealed sanitation post-independence workforce especially for of the workers of the RMGs are run the units. Impact on intensive; there influx for these slumification (low-cost units (more hygienic) period. Rapid construction of the CCPP females. In-migration of low social wellbeing of the remains high units will be However along with kutcha housing and low- is much lower in industrial growth is low and in-migration wage earning workforce for the community is assessed to probability of in- medium as skilled workers cost sanitation) and their comparison to non- has led to sporadic contributing to RMG sector is contributing to be low. migration of low wage workforce unskilled workers too direct contribution is water sealed units unplanned slumification (low-cost unplanned growth of housing earning workforce, requirement is not have migrated to cater expected to be low. (low-cost); The water infrastructural kutcha housing and low- infrastructure (low-cost kutcha However availability of triggering more slum so high as to the service sector – in sealed toilets are development. There cost sanitation), housing and low-cost sanitation), electricity boosts further like growth especially compared to the form of However additional more hygienic than has been a high rate eventually impacting eventually impacting social industrial growth. With in the Union RMG. construction labours for power generation the non-water sealed of growth of low social wellbeing of wellbeing of the community establishment of more parishads. The real estate, delivery capacity has boosted units that cause cost housing community is also not people. The contribution from power plants there is Pauroshabha areas are Impact on quality boys, domestic helps, industrial growth and water borne diseases. structures (kutcha envisaged. the RMG sectors is assessed to be likely to be more RMGs already densely of life of etc. This population has has indirectly A higher rate of house), by mostly high. and other industries populated. community contributed majorly to contributed to the water borne diseases converting Contribution: Low coming up and attracting Thus, impact on people is assessed slumification (more unplanned urban growth than the national agricultural land, to Contribution: High more workers and quality of life of to be medium low-cost houses and which will affect the average indicates accommodate the eventually putting community people is sanitation units) and is ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 169 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) low wage earning social wellbeing of the Other Industries: The other additional pressure on assessed to be high. assessed to have that people live in migrant population. community. sector includes cement plants, amenities. Contribution: impacted quality of life poor hygienic This has triggered steel plants, particle board Contribution: High Medium of the people highly. conditions in this slumification or Overall the contribution factory, brick kilns, ship building Contribution: Low industrial region, slum like growth of Power Plants is yards, food processing unit and Contribution: High thus, affecting their with improper assessed as low. oil depots. Workforce quality of life. arrangement for requirement for these units are drainage, waste Contribution: Low moderate - comprising of both The cumulative management and skilled (technical) and unskilled impact from existing sanitation facilities. workers. These industries too RMGs, other This also affects contribute to population influx. industries and personal hygiene The industries employ service sector on and triggers an considerable number of low quality of life is increase in vector wage earning workers but not as assessed to be high. borne diseases. The high as the RMG sector. The overall quality of contribution is assessed to be Significance of life also stand medium. Cumulative deteriorated due to Impact - HIGH over use of local Contribution: Medium infrastructure and resources. Few However, indicators - contribution from • National decadal PUC is assessed to be growth rate of low. Bangladesh is 16.97% in 2011 Contribution while that of of PUC: Low Narayanganj is 35.62 %. • Rate of kutcha houses in Siddhirganj area - 1991 : 8.70% - 2011 : 42.28% VEC-6: Patients with The Health Bulletin PUC: The power plant Gas based power plants: Textile & garments: Cotton Gas based power plants Textile & garments: Cement Plants The future industrial Yes The cumulative Community Respiratory 2015 published by will be operated on The overall contribution fibres (PM2.5) from the textile and Captive Power Textile and garment and Steel Mills: developments are impact on Health diseases Directorate General natural gas. PM is of NOx and PM from units spread due to cutting, Plants: The contribution industries growth is The future cement expected to increase the community health is of Health Services of NOx from potential expected in expected to be generated existing gas based power sewing, etc. often enters into plant & steel mills traffic load. The assessed to be high. states that out of in the form of unburnt plants are considered to respiratory tract, food pipe and gas based power plant Siddhirganj industrial are likely to add contribution of NOx 46275 patients who particles only during be medium (with PM sticks to the inner wall of the and captive power plants area. Cotton fibres to PM and NOx and PM from road and Significance of are admitted to hospitals in the start-up of boilers and the emissions being only organ, triggering respiratory is likely to be medium. triggers respiratory levels in air shed. traffic is assessed to be Cumulative Siddhirganj emission from the plant during start-up with oil). diseases among the workers of The contribution towards diseases for workforce Their contribution high. The contribution Impact - HIGH industrial area, will be released through Hence, contribution these units (especially those who respiratory diseases is (mostly from towards from transport & traffic 13.62% people get assessed to be medium. surrounding areas). However, the high stack. The emission towards respiratory work for long hours in closed respiratory towards respiratory admitted into The overall contribution from of PM from proposed diseases is assessed to be confined spaces with poor diseases is diseases is assessed to hospitals due to Contribution: Medium contribution towards PUC is considered to various respiratory power plant is expected medium. ventilation arrangements). Since assessed to be be high. respiratory diseases is be medium. diseases. This is to be low while the NOx the RMG units employ a sizeable high assessed to be high much higher than emission due to Contribution: Medium workforce from surrounding Contribution: High the national average Contribution: Contribution of combustion of fossil fuel areas, inherently this also causes Contribution: High of 2.88%. Oil based power plants: High PUC : Medium at high temperature will an impact on community health. be continuous and The overall contribution Contribution from the RMG Consultations with of NOx and PM from expected to contribute to sector towards to respiratory local health existing oil based power high concentration of diseases is assessed to be high. practitioners and NOx in ambient air. plants is considered to be Contribution: High health officials and ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 170 VECs Indicator Status and trends Are there direct or Impacts from past projects Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably predicted Impacts from external Potential Significance indirect impacts from the projects factors traffic, urban cumulative project (s) under Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 growth, etc.) impacts consideration? (Power Plants) (Power plants) analysis of Hence, contribution of much higher than gas Cement plants, Particle Board secondary data PUC (through emission of based power plants. Factory & Steel Mills: revealed that NOx) on respiratory Hence, contribution of oil Cement industries and steel industrial pollution rerolling mills contributes to air diseases is assessed to be based power plants has increased medium. towards respiratory pollution due to increased respiratory diseases considerably in the diseases is assessed to be presence of particulate matter Siddhirganj region. Contribution: Medium high. and NOx. The cement industry contributes particulate matter in Particulate matter Contribution: High form of siliceous dust – a known has been identified health hazard and leads to as the one of the diseases like silicosis, etc. major air polluting factors. According The particle board industry also to WHO, of all air pollutants, fine contributes to pollution of the air particulate matter shed through release of has the greatest particulates in form of wood effect on human fines, sawdust, etc. Its health – causing a contribution is assessed to be board spectrum of high. acute diseases - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease The steel industry contributes to (COPD), being one NOx emissions in the air shed of them. Most fine and the mostly uncontrolled particulate matter high rate of emission is assessed (PM2.5) comes from to be a major contributor fuel combustion, towards increased incidences of both from mobile sources such as respiratory diseases. vehicles and from stationary sources Hence, contribution towards such as power respiratory diseases from cement plants, furnaces, plants and steel mills is assessed industries, to be high households or biomass burning. Contribution: High On the other side primary monitoring of air quality has also revealed high concentration of NOx in the Siddhirganj industrial area which reacts with moisture and other compounds to form nitric acid vapours and particles. Inhalation of such particles may cause or worsen respiratory diseases mostly in susceptible populations (children, elderly and asthmatics). ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 171 8.1.15 CUMULATIVE IMPACT- MEGHNAGHAT INDUSTRIAL 8.1.16 AIR ENVIRONMENT (AMBIENT AIR QUALITY) Meghnaghat Industrial Area (north and south cluster) is situated on both side of the wide Meghna River. The area is not densely populated and mostly having a rural settings. Traffic movement in the internal roads of the industrial area is less compared to Siddhirganj industrial area. The wide Meghna river and vast open area around the industrial area influence efficient dispersal of pollutants. The baseline result shows that, ambient air quality of Meghnaghat was moderately polluted. A) Concentration of Particulate Matter (PM10 + PM2.5) Stressors and their Contribution The monitored concentration of PM, (both PM10 and PM2.5) in the Meghna air- shed was high, but within the NAAQS, except for one location. The contribution of high PM level in the air-shed was due to industrial activity (power plants, cement plants, particle board manufacturing unit) and development stressors (road & traffic, construction activity, etc.). There are two operating gas based power plants with a total capacity of 787 MW located within the Meghna Power Hub. The emission of PM during routine operations is expected to be negligible. However, some PM will be generated in the form of unburn carbon particulates (incomplete combustion) during use of oil as a start-up fuel. There is one operating oil based power plant of 100 MW. Burning of oil is generating PM in the form of unburnt carbon particulates. The emission of PM from oil based plants is higher than gas based power plants. The industrial activities like cement plants and particle board manufacturing units are major contributors of PM in the air-shed. There are six operating cement plants with a total production capacity of 19.7 million tons per annum located within the Meghan industrial area. Five of these cement plants are located within a 2 km radial distance from the Meghna Power Hub. The sources of PM from cement plant are uncontrolled emissions from raw material unloading areas; partly controlled emissions from raw material transport areas (conveyor belt, covered storage and crushing area) and controlled emissions from cement mills, cement packing plants and cement storage units, i.e. silos. The generation of fugitive dust from cement plants was high; same has been reported in the six monthly compliance monitoring report (as made available by DOE for some of the plants). The other major industrial activities contributing towards PM in the air-shed include a particle board manufacturing unit. A large scale particle board manufacturing unit is located in Meghnaghat South Industrial Cluster. Major ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 172 source of PM from this unit is fugitive emissions of wood fines, sawdust, etc., that are mostly uncontrolled and are dispersed locally. The project under consideration (PUC), i.e. 2 x 750 MW LNG based Power Plant will be constructed within the Meghna Power Hub. The plant will be operated by natural gas; however, for start of boiler HFO will be used. Natural gas is a clean fuel and complete combustion is not expected to produce any PM. However, combustion of HFO during start up is expected to produce some unburnt particulate matter. A list of the RFFAs shows that three number coal based power plants with a total capacity of 1500 MW is planned at Char Balaki, an island located approximately 2.8 km south-west of the Meghna Power Hub. These power plants will generate PM in the form of fly ash. It is also expected that 2-3 cement plants may come up within the Meghna industrial area in future. As discussed, the future cement plant will generate the PM in the form uncontrolled dust (un-loading operation of raw materials), partly controlled dust (raw material transport and storage areas) and controlled dust (cement mills and cement storage silos). Other than industrial activities, development stressors like road & traffic and construction material handling yards are also contributing to PM concentrations in the air-shed. The Dhaka-Chittagong Highway is passing through the Meghnaghat Industrial area. The existing traffic load on this highway is high. The burning of fossil fuel (oil/gas) in vehicles plying on this road is generating PM in form of exhaust emissions. Re-entrainment of dust is also caused due to movement of vehicles on poorly maintained roads. The particulates are likely to be dispersed locally along the transport corridors. The future industrial growth is also expected to further increase the traffic load; the increased traffic volume will result in more PM emissions. The air quality modelling results for 24 hourly maximum ground level concentrations (GLCs) are presented in Table 8.5 while the isopleths generated for different scenarios, representing both 24 hourly maximum as well as annual average GLCs, is presented in Annex E. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 173 Table 8.5 Predicted 24-Hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration of PM10 Monitoring Locations Monitored Predicted 24 Hourly Max Concentration of PM10 (µg/m3) Conc. of PM10 Power Plants Cement Plants Traffic All Sources (µg/m3) (Existing & Existing Proposed All Existing Proposed All Proposed) AQ1 (Islampur) 172 4.35 2.75 6.33 98.76 9.40 105.86 31.28 124.89 AQ2 (Pratap Char) 124 2.13 2.78 3.47 49.22 17.26 52.81 70.90 79.96 AQ3 (Jau Char) 87 2.00 3.17 4.72 33.97 10.28 34.17 58.99 60.75 AQ4 (Pirozpur) 132 2.86 2.90 5.35 32.26 7.39 32.26 116.51 133.58 AQ5 (Hoshendi) 52 2.36 2.98 4.56 50.66 6.82 51.83 23.41 71.26 AQ6 (Baluakandi) 26 1.99 1.77 3.32 23.02 38.64 41.35 41.45 61.53 Maximum 172 4.35 3.17 6.33 98.76 38.64 105.86 116.51 133.58 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 174 The air quality modelling study reveals that the predicted contribution of PM10 from existing power plants at different locations varied from 1.99 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 7.6% of the monitored PM concentration at AQ-6 (Baluakandi located in a cross wind direction of Meghnaghat industrial area) to 4.35 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e. 2.53% of monitored PM concentration at AQ-1 (Islampur located near the Meghna power hub and cement plants). The contribution of PM10 predicted from existing cement plants varied from 23.02 µg/Nm3 (minimum), i.e. of 88,54% of the monitored PM concentration at AQ-6 (Baluakandi located in a cross wind direction of Meghnaghat industrial area) to 98.76 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e.57.42% of monitored PM concentration at AQ-1 (Islampur located near power plants and cement plants) The contribution of PM from road and traffic varied from 31.28 µg/Nm3 (minimum), i.e. of 18.19% of the monitored PM concentration at AQ-1 (Islampur located away from major transport route) to 116.51 µg/Nm3 (maximum) i.e.88.27% of monitored PM concentration at AQ-4 (Pirizpur located near Dhaka-Chittagong Highway) The modelling result reveals that industrial, power sector and transport sector will cumulatively result in increased PM concentrations varying from 61.53 µg/Nm3 (minimum) at AQ-6 (Baluakandi - located in a cross wind direction of Meghnaghat industrial area) to 133.58 µg/Nm3 (maximum) at AQ-4 (Pirozpur- located downwind direction of Meghnaghat industrial area and close to a major transport corridor). The contribution towards increase in the PM in the air-shed due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.17. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact The contributions to the PM in the air-shed from past and present activities (industrial and developmental stressors) are already high. The monitored PM concentration in Meghnaghat area is within the threshold limit except for at one monitoring location. The past, present and future industrial activity along with external factors (rapid urban growth and traffic) will cumulatively increase the PM concentration in the Meghnaghat Air-shed. The air quality modelling result shows that the cumulative industrial and power sector contribution from past, present and future activities will result in further increase of PM concentration in the Meghna air shed. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 175 Along with the industrial growth, other PM generating activities (traffic, small and medium air polluting industrial sources, and urban & commercial activity) will be also contributing additional PM in the air-shed. Therefore, the cumulative contribution of PM in the Meghnaghat area from past, present and future industries activities and development stressors is expected to lead to exceedance of PM threshold level. The cumulative impact is assessed to be high. The contribution of PM from PUC towards PM concentrations in the air shed is assessed to be low. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 176 Figure 8.17 Particulate Matter Concentration in Air - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Power Plants Cement Plants Particle Board Development of Consideration 6 Plants Factory – 1 Industries & Factory Gas Based - 2 Oil Based -1 Other Urban 2X750 MW LNG Past and Present Actions Plants ~ 887 MW Plants ~ 100 MW Based Power Plant Handling & Present Storage of Traffic Construction Materials and Volume Debris Significance of Impact PM Concentration in the HIGH Meghnaghat Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Air shed Future Growth in Traffic Volume Contribution - PUC LOW Power Plants New Cement Plant Development of New EPZs: Coal Fired Power Plants in • Meghna EPZ Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 177 B) Concentration of NOx Stressors and their Contribution The monitored concentration of NOx in the air-shed of Meghnaghat industrial area was well within the NAAQS. The NOx levels in the Meghna air-shed was due to industrial activities that are directly using fossil fuel in the processes – primarily power plants. NOx is also generated from road and traffic. There are two gas-based and one oil-based operational power stations in Meghnaghat industrial area. Combustion of fossil fuel (gas and oil) at high temperature results in generation of NOx. The emission of NOx from oil based power plants is almost three times higher than gas based power plants. The PUC, i.e. 2x 750 MW CNG based power plant will be constructed within the Meghna Power Hub and will generate NOx during the process of combustion of fossil fuel at high temperature. The proposed power plants will use low NOx burners to meet statutory standards for NOx emission from stacks. Amongst the RFFAs, the three coal fired power plants with a total capacity of 1500 MW at Char Balaki will generate NOx during coal combustion at high temperature. The plants are expected to use low NOx burners; however, emission from each unit is likely to be around 200-225 g/s. As stated above existing traffic load on the Dhaka Chittagong highway and other internal roads is quite high. The future industrial growth expected to increase the traffic load will also result in an increase in the NOx emissions. The air quality modelling results for 24 hourly maximum ground level concentrations (GLCs) are presented in Table 8.6 while the isopleths generated for different scenarios, representing both 24 hourly maximum as well as annual average GLCs, is presented in Annex E. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 178 Table 8.6 Predicted 24-Hourly Maximum Ground Level Concentration of NOx Predicted 24 Hourly Max Concentration of NOx (µg/m3) Monitored Monitoring Locations All Sources Conc. of NOx Power Plants (µg/m3) Traffic (Existing & Existing Proposed All Proposed) AQ1 (Islampur) 55 12.82 23.71 30.37 12.82 38.36 AQ2 (Pratap Char) 20 8.66 23.60 27.95 28.11 38.99 AQ3 (Jau Char) 28 7.92 27.93 34.83 22.74 36.26 AQ4 (Pirozpur) 29 10.64 25.16 35.28 47.45 64.00 AQ5 (Hoshendi) 18 8.93 25.25 32.63 9.99 36.45 AQ6 (Baluakandi) 10 7.39 14.61 19.43 15.66 25.12 Maximum 55 12.82 27.93 35.28 47.45 64.00 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 179 In Meghnaghat industrial area, major NOx generating industrial source is the thermal power plants. The results of the air quality modelling study show that the predicted contribution of NOx from the power plants at different locations varied from 7.39 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 73.90% of total NOx concentration at AQ-6 (Baluakandi – located in a cross wind direction of Meghnaghat industrial area) to 12.824 µg/Nm3 (maximum); i.e. 23.31% of total NOx concentration at AQ-1 (Islampur – located near the Meghna Power Hub). The existing power plants are contributing towards more than 95% of the total NOx concentration being cumulatively generated from the Meghnaghat industrial area. The contribution of NOx from the transport sector at different locations varied from 9.99 µg/Nm3 (minimum) i.e. 55.51% of total NOx concentration at AQ-5 (Hoshendi – located away from major transport route) to 47.45 µg/Nm3 (maximum) at AQ-4 (Pirozpur – located near the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway). The contribution of NOx from existing and future power plants and the transport sector is also predicted through the modelling study. The results shows that transport sector and power plants (existing and future power plants) will cumulatively result in an increased NOx concentrations varying from 25.11 µg/Nm3 (minimum) at AQ-6 (Baluakhandi, located crosswind of Meghnaghat industrial area and also away from major transport route) to 64.00 µg/Nm3 (maximum) at AQ-4 (Pirozpur, located downwind of Meghnaghat industrial Area and close to major transport route). The contribution towards increase in the NOx in the air-shed due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.18. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact The existing NOx concentration in the Meghnaghat industrial area is within the threshold limits. The past, present and future industrial activity along with external factors (rapid urban growth) will cumulatively impact the ambient air quality in terms of increasing the NOx concentration in the air-shed. However the cumulative contribution of NOx in the Meghnaghat area from past, present and future industries activities and development stressors is not expected to exceed the NOx threshold level. The cumulative impact is assessed to be moderate. The contribution of NOx from PUC is assessed to be high. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 180 Figure 8.18 NOx Concentrations in Air - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Power Plants Steel Mill– 1 Development of Consideration Factory Industries & Gas Based - 2 Oil Based -1 2X750 MW LNG Other Urban Plants ~ 100 MW Past and Present Actions Based Power Plant Plants ~ 887 MW Present Traffic Volume Significance of Impact NOx Concentration in the MEDIUM Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Meghnaghat Air shed Future Growth in Traffic Volume Contribution - PUC Power Plants HIGH Coal Fired Power Plants in Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW Development of New EPZs: • Meghna EPZ CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 181 8.1.17 SURFACE WATER (WATER QUALITY) A) Temperature of the river waters Stressors and their Contribution Meghna is a wide river and water is available throughout the year for consumptive uses of industry as well as for river transport and fish propagation. The ambient water temperature varied from 19.8°C to 24.4°C (during winter) and 25.3°C to 28°C (during early) along the industrial zone of the Meghna river. Major temperature difference was not observed at the cooling water outfall points of the thermal plants located along the river. Presently there are two existing gas based power plants which are discharging their thermal effluents in the Meghna river. These are close cycled power plants (CCPPs) located within the Meghna Powe hub and have once through cooling systems. Thermal effluents are generated by these power stations at around 105 to 107 m3/ MWhr. It was observed that plants are discharging their thermal effluent though 700 to 750 m long open/ closed conveyance channel, which lowers the release temperature of the effluent to be released. The thermal plume is likely to increase the water temperature in zone of influence, i.e. maximum up to 500 m. The cooling systems of oil based and other industries (cement and paper) are mostly closed circuit wet cooling systems or air cooling systems. So cooling water discharges resulting from the other industries in the river system is not envisaged. The PUC (the proposed LNG based Power Plant of BPDB within Meghna Power Hub) is likely to have once through cooling system, considering sustainability of the source (Meghna river) and the trends prevailing in this regard in this regard at the gas fired power stations within Meghna Power Hub also have similar systems. The thermal effluent will be discharged in the Meghna river after meeting with the discharge standards. Meghna is a wide river, having sufficient water flow for dispersion of heat The proposed coal based power plants at Char Balaki are likely to have once through cooling system, as water is sufficiently available in Meghna river. The thermal effluent is likely to be discharged in the river after meeting the discharge standards. The cooling water requirement for the plants will be high (110 to 125 m3/ MWhr) Development stressors like road and traffic and the urban sector is not expected to generate any thermal effluent. The contribution towards increase in ambient river water temperatures due to different industrial stressors along with their cause effect relationship is ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 182 graphically presented in Figure 8.19. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact The contribution of thermal discharges and the rise in ambient water temperature of Meghna River from the past activities (industrial) is not measurable. The past industrial activity, PUC and future industrial activity will cumulatively add thermal discharge in the river, that will increase the ambient water temperature only in the zone of influence. Meghna is a wide river, having sufficient water flow for dispersion of heat at very short distances and so the cumulative impact is assessed to be low. Using similar rationale the contribution from the PUC is also assessed to be low. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 183 Figure 8.19 Ambient Temperature of River Water - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Consideration Past and Present Actions 2X750 MW LNG Gas Based - 2 Based Power Plant Plants ~ 887 MW Significance of Impact Increase in Ambient Temperature of LOW the Meghna River Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Contribution - PUC LOW Power Plants Coal Fired Power Plants in Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 184 B) Organic load (BOD) in the river: Stressors and their Contribution Meghna River flows through Meghnaghat Industrial area. The north and south industrial clusters in Meghnaghat has developed along the banks of this river. The river originates in Bangladesh through joining of the Surma and Kushiyara rivers originating from Meghalaya, India. The river water is used for industrial cooling and process water. The rivers serve as a sink for treated effluents from industries including thermal discharges from power plants which mostly have once through cooling systems. The river is also used for transport of raw material and finished products and construction material. The river supports aquatic ecosystem and fish propagation. Unlike Sitalakhya River Meghna River is less polluted in nature. The river is much wider and has good water flow – the dilution factor plays an important role in limiting water pollution. The organic load in the river is low (BOD<2mg/l) except for in minor channel of Meghna river (where high BOD value were recorded possibly due to discharge of paper mill effluents in a stagnant water course). The BOD level at all remaining sampling locations are much below the standard for Class ‘D’ water (< 6 mg/l Country Standard for Class D Waters – used by fisheries) Pulp and paper mills are the major stressors on water quality in the Meghna River. There are five operating pulp and paper mill using imported pulp and waste paper as raw material. The waste water generated from the paper manufacturing process has high organic load. The BOD load of untreated waste water from pulp and paper mills varies from 90-150 mg/L and treated load varies from 30-50 mg/L. All the plants have installed ETPs to treat their plant effluent; however it was reported during consultation with local communities, that at times the effluents are discharged in the river without any treatment, which results in fish kills in the Meghna river. The organic load from pulp and paper mills is considered to be high. Two large scale food processing units are also located within in Meghnaghat industrial area. These food processing units are generating large volume of waste water containing high BOD. All the units have ETP to treat the waste water and meet the discharge standard. Their contribution to the organic load in the river is expected to be high. The Power Sector, on the other hand, does not directly contribute towards addition of any significant organic load in the river. The discharge from the power plants (existing oil and gas based power stations and PUC – the proposed LNG based Power Plant of BPDB) is expected from cooling tower blow down, boiler blow down and DM plant rejects. These waste waters will be treated in ETP and then discharged in the river. Such treated waste streams usually do not have any high organic load. The domestic waste water (sewage) generated from the residential area of the power hub will be treated through STP/ septic tank and soak pit and possibility of untreated sewage ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 185 being discharge in the river is low. However the Power Sector has and in future will provide a boost for industrialisation and urban growth which in turn has its effects on the quality of the river waters. Interestingly in the Meghnaghat industrial region there is no large urban centers or the slumification effect has not been observed. Meghnaghat still retains its inherent rural character. However untreated domestic waste water from existing residential areas is directly being discharged in the river. The RFFA list indicates that three coal base power plants have been proposed in Char Balaki in Meghnaghat. The waste stream from future coal based plants includes cooling waste waters, DM Plant rejects and boiler blowdown. These waste streams are not expected to have any organic load. However, the power plants will also generate domestic waste waters (which is high in organic load) from office and residential area and are likely to be treated through STP/ septic tank and soak pit. Considering the industrial pattern and demand in local market, 2-3 new paper mills are likely to be setup in the Meghnaghat Industrial Area. The paper mills are water intensive industries and will also generate significant volume of waste water. The waste waters have high organic load and likely to be treated through ETP. Meghna Economic Zone (MEZ) is proposed over 245 acres of land in Meghnaghat Industrial area. This MEZ is promoting industries like Pulp and Paper, Tissue Paper, Sanitary Napkin, Baby Diaper, PVC Plant, Flour Mill, Petrochemicals, Ceramic Factories, etc. The waste streams from the different units of the MEZ are expected to have high BOD. The contribution towards addition of organic load in the river waters due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.20. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact The contribution of organic load in the Meghna River from the past activities (industrial and external factor) is not significant. The existing BOD level in river water was well below the threshold limit for Class D Waters (i.e. used by fisheries). The past, PUC and future industrial activity along with external factors will cumulatively increase the pollution load. The cumulative impact is assessed to be medium. The direct contribution of organic load from the PUC is not envisaged. However, the PUC and similar power project are likely to fuel further industrial growth and possibly induce in-migration in this industrial region. This adds to the ongoing process of unplanned urbanization and is likely to increase the organic load in the river; therefore, PUC is indirectly contributing to increase in the BOD load in the river. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 186 Figure 8.20 BOD Concentrations (Organic Load) of the River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Food Power Plants Consideration Paper Mills Textile Mill Processing 5 Mills 1 Mill Existing Gas and Oil and Chemicals 2X750 MW LNG Past and Present Actions Based - 3 Plants ~ Based Power Plant 987 MW Domestic Waste Water from Residential Significance of Impact BOD Concentration MEDIUM in the Meghna Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions River Domestic Waste Untreated Water from Contribution - PUC Sewage Residential INDIRECT Power Plants Future Urban Growth and Influx Development of New EPZs: Coal Fired Power New Paper Mills • Meghna EPZ Plants in Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 187 C) Toxic metal contamination: Stressors and their Contribution Toxic metals concentration in the Meghna river water was reported below the detectable limit (CEIA Primary Monitoring, January 2016). However toxic metals like Cr and Pb were recorded in the sediments in the Meghna river. The concentration of Cr varies from <5.0 to 23.2 mg/kg and concentration of Pb varies from 7.1 to 17. 4mg/L mg/kg while concentration of Cd was <2 mg/kg. The concentration of Cr, Cd and Pb was low compared Dutch targeted and intervention values (Dutch targeted and intervention value: Cd 13 mg/kg, CrIII- 180 mg/kg, Cr VI-78 mg/Kg, Pb- 530 mg/kg). The presence of toxic metal in the sediment is likely to have accumulated from the past industrial activities. The possible contributors vary from Power Plants to industries such as Pulp and Paper Mills, Shipyards, Chemical factories, etc. Proper functioning of the cooling systems in power plants require the treatment of cooling water against corrosion of the equipment, scaling and micro and macro-fouling. Presence of chromium is reported in the chemical used for treatment of cooling water. Therefore, discharge of cooling blowdown water from the existing and proposed plants is possibly contributing towards the Chromium concentration in river water and sediment. However in terms of overall the Chromium levels in the river waters, the contribution from the Power Sector (past, present and PUC) is assessed to be low, as concentration of Chromium in the effluent itself is low. Paper manufacturing is another key contributor in this regard. There are five pulp and paper mills in the Meghnaghat industrial region using imported pulp and waste paper as raw material. Large volume (75-100 lit/ kg of paper) of effluent are generated from the pulp and paper mills. The liquid effluent has heavy metal (in forms of Pb and Zn) and other organic toxicants. The discharge of effluent into the river adds to the toxic metal concentration in the river water and sediment. There are four operating ship yards in Meghnaghat industrial area. Waste streams from the ship yard (due to paint dilution and use of degreasing solvents) generally contain toxic heavy metals like copper, zinc and nickel. Discharge of this effluent in river is possibly contributing towards toxic metal concentration in the Meghna river. There are two large scale chemical complexes in the Meghnaghat Industrial area. The type of chemical handled or process followed cannot be ascertained at this stage. However, it was reported by the local people, that periodical release of effluent from the chemical plants cause massive fish kills in the Meghna river. The nature of the toxic metals contained in the effluent is not clearly established through this study. However contributions from the chemical sector toward presence of toxic metals in the river and sediments are assessed to be high. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 188 The contribution of toxic metals from urban waste water or other development stressors is presently not envisaged. The RFFA list indicates that three coal base power plants have been proposed in Char Balaki in addition to 2-3 new paper mills and the Meghna EPZ that are likely to be setup within the Meghnaghat Industrial Area. These RFFA are expected to contribute towards release of toxic metals in the river in future. The contribution towards toxic metals in the river water due to different industrial stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.21. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact Toxic metals concentrations in the river sediments have been detected especially for metals such as Cr, Cd and Pb. However the recorded concentrations were found to be below the threshold limit. The past, present and future industrial activities are cumulatively adding to the toxic metal concentrations in the river water and sediment. The cumulative impact is assessed to be medium. However, the contribution from PUC towards the toxic metal concentration in the Meghna river waters is assessed to be low. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 189 Figure 8.21 Toxic Metal Concentration in the River Waters - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Textiles (Wet Paper Mills Chemicals Shipyard Consideration Processing & 5 Mills 3 Units (4 Yards) Past and Present Actions Existing Gas and Oil 2X750 MW LNG Dyeing) Based - 3 Plants ~ Based Power 987 MW Plant Significance of Impact Toxic Metal Concentration MEDIUM in the Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Meghna River Contribution - PUC LOW Power Plants New Paper Mills Development of New EPZs: Coal Fired Power • Meghna EPZ Plants in Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 190 D) Ecological health of the river Stressors and their Contribution The ecological health of Meghna River is stressed but the biotic diversity is good. Consultation with local communities revealed that effluent discharged from chemical and pulp & paper industries caused fish kills in the river. But the river is wide with good flow dynamics and the overall ecological health is much better than the Sitalakhya River. The biomonitoring (plankton and benthos) surveys carried out as part of the CEIA study over two successive seasons i.e. winter (Jan 2016) and early summer (March 2016) presented a similar picture. The diversity index calculated based on the survey results indicated that the ecological health of the Meghna River was moderate to good. At Meghnaghat industrial area there are two gas based power plants that are contributing to DO depletion in the zone of impact but it is low. The project under consideration (PUC) will discharge thermal effluent in the Meghna River however the impacts will be limited to the zone of influence. From the power sector, thermal discharges are occurring from the two gas based power plants with one through cooling systems located within the Meghna Power Hub. This is expected to lead to an increase in ambient river water temperature in the zone of impact (maximum 500 m from the out fall) and resultantly cause DO depletion and deterioration of the ecological health of the river. For the oil fired power plant and the PUC, the requirement of cooling water is less and discharge of thermal effluent is also low. Organic load in the waste waters is also not expected. The Meghnaghat region has several pulp and paper mills - discharge of treated and untreated waste water from these units is contributing towards the organic load in the river water. Apart from pulp and paper mills food processing units are also contributing to the BOD load in the river. It is ultimately affecting the ecological health of the river by reducing the DO levels in the river waters. The discharge of untreated urban waste water contributes to the organic load in the river which ultimately affects the DO level of the river waters. The future, industrialization process is likely to increase the in-migrant workers in this region, which is expected to create an additional BOD load in the urban waste waters. This is expected to lead to depletion of DO concentrations and deterioration of ecological health. The contribution from urban sector is assessed to be high. Assessment of reasonably foreseeable projects shows that three coal based power plants are like to come up in the region. Thermal discharges are likely to be generated from coal based power plant. Thermal discharge in the river may locally deplete the DO level in zone of influence. The other possible projects are pulp and paper mills and the MEZ will contribute to the organic ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 191 load in the river and ultimately affect it’s the ecological health by reducing the available DO levels. The contribution towards deterioration of the ecological health of the river due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.22. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact The ecological health of the river was moderate to good. The DO level in the river water was higher compared to critical level (<4 mg/l). The diversity index varies from 1 to 3 and indicates moderate pollution level in water and sediment. The past activities, PUC and future industrial activity is expected to cumulatively deteriorate the water quality as well as ecological health of the river. However given Meghna is a wide river with good flow dynamics, the impacts are expected to be much less pronounced than in case of the Sitalakhya river. The cumulative impact is assessed to be medium. However, contribution on ecological health of the river from the PUC is assessed to be low. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 192 Figure 8.22 Ecological Health of the River - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Paper Mills Chemicals Urban Consideration Textiles 5 Mills 3 Units Growth and Existing Gas and Oil (Wet Processing Influx 2X750 MW LNG Past and Present Actions Based - 3 Plants ~ and Dyeing) Based Power 987 MW Plant Untreated Sewage Significance of Impact Ecological Health of the MEDIUM Meghna Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions River Untreated Contribution - PUC Sewage LOW Power Plants Development of New EPZs: Future Urban New Paper Mills Growth and Influx Coal Fired Power Plants in • Meghna EPZ Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 193 8.1.18 GROUND WATER (RESOURCE) A) Depletion of Ground Water Resources Stressors and their Contribution Analysis of the comprehensive data set collected DPHE for the Meghnaghat industrial areas, presents a clear trend of a gradual decline in the water table over the years. The declining water tables can be attributed to the increasing utilisation of ground water by industries as well as development stressors (like surrounding communities). Paper manufacturing and food processing are the most water intensive industrial activities in Meghnaghat industrial region. There are five paper mills presently operating in Meghnaghat and water requirement of such units is as high as 75 to 100 lit of water/kg of paper produced. Two large scale food processing units are also operating within Meghnaghat industrial area. These units are abstracting ground water both for industrial requirement as well as their domestic uses. Meghna is a wide river and water is available throughout the year for consumptive uses of the industry. Gases based as well as oil based power plants are using the river water for their operational needs including their high cooling water requirements (the CCPPs in Meghnaghat are operating on once through cooling processes). Therefore, contribution towards depletion of ground water is not envisaged from the power sector. The PUC is also likely to withdraw its requirement for cooling water as well as water for consumptive uses (DM water and water for domestic use) from the Meghna River. Contribution from the power sector towards depletion of ground water is not quite envisaged. However, power plants have facilitated industrial development and urbanization and have an indirect impact on ground water resources. Other prominent industrial sectors in the Siddhirganj area including cement plant do not require any form of process waters. The water requirement is low and will be met from the ground water sources. The list of RFFAs indicates that coal based power plants of around 1500 MW at Char Balaki along with 1-2 cements plants and paper mills are likely to be come up in future in the Meghnaghat industrial region. The Meghna Economic Zone (MEZ) also planned within this industrial region. For the coal based power plants, cooling water and other process waters are likely to be sourced from the Meghna river. Therefore, contribution towards ground water depletion is not envisaged. The future paper mills and the MEZ (proposing units that manufacture paper, tissues, food products, etc.) are water intensive industries. The water demand will be sourced from ground water and requirement is assessed to be high ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 194 Future industrialization process is likely to increase the influx of migrant workers in this region. Water demand for domestic needs will increase and will be sourced from ground water. Presently, potable needs are mostly being met from ground water sources and future growth likely to exert further pressure on this already stressed VEC. The contribution towards depletion of ground water due to different industrial and development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.23. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact The ground water table over the years in and around the industrial area has progressively declined due to stresses exerted by past industrial activities. The resource is presently unregulated and the existing abstraction rates are higher than the replenishment rates. The past industrial activity, PUC and future industrial activity is expected to result in further depletion of ground water resources in future. Cumulative impact on depletion of ground water resources is assessed to be high. The direct contribution from PUC is not envisaged, however, it will induce industrial development and urban influx, which in turn will exert a corresponding demand on the ground water resources. The contribution is assessed to be indirect and medium. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 195 Figure 8.23 Depletion of Ground Water Resources - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Paper Mills Other Industries – Consideration Food Processing Existing Gas and Oil 5 Mills Cement, Chemicals, Shipyards, etc. Past and Present Actions 2X750 MW LNG Based - 3 Plants ~ Based Power Plant 987 MW Urbanization + Influx (From Industrial Significance of Impact Depletion of Ground Water HIGH Resources in Meghnaghat Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Future Urbanization + Contribution - PUC Influx (From Industrial Development) INDIRECT Power Plants Development of New EPZs: New Industries Coal Fired Power Plants in New Paper Mill • Meghna EPZ – Cement, etc. Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 196 8.1.19 LAND ENVIRONMENT (LAND USE CHANGE) A) Loss of Agricultural Land and Wetland Stressors and their Contributions The Meghnaghat industrial area has been developed along the shores of the Meghna River. Before industrialization, the area was mostly utilised for agriculture. There were also few wetlands, which were used for fishing purpose. Presently, all the agricultural land within the Meghnaghat North cluster has been converted to industrial or semi-urban land use. The Meghnaghat South Cluster has also developed mostly on agricultural land; however this cluster still has lands that are presently being utilised for agricultural purposes. A simultaneous process of land development for expansion of new industrial units, by converting agricultural land, was also noticed. The decadal land use change (2005-15) analysis for Meghnaghat industrial area reveals that 2.18 sq. km of agricultural land (93.82% of total agricultural land) and 0.06 sq. km of wetlands (33.07% of total wetlands) has been converted for industrial and semi-urban land use. The past industrial activities like power sector as well as other industries (paper mills, cement plants, food processing units and chemical industries, etc.) and other development stressors (settlements) were mostly constructed on agricultural land and wetlands. The existing power plants are located in the Meghnaghat Power Hub, which was developed on agricultural land. Approximately, 0.66 sq.km of agricultural land (33.31% of total converted agricultural land) in Meghnaghat area was acquired by the Government for development of a power hub in Meghnaghat area. The PUC, i.e. the 2 x 750 MW LNG based power plant will be constructed within this power hub area and is expected not to require any additional land uptake. The other industries in the Meghnaghat North and South Industrial clusters were mostly constructed on agricultural land. The total conversion of agricultural land and wetlands due to other industries was 1.43 sq. km; approximately 65.60% of the total converted agricultural land and wetlands. Meghnaghat has mostly a rural / semi-urban setting; the settlement area in 2015 is 0.51 sq. km, which is approximately 8.98% of the total Meghnaghat industrial area. However, the growth of settlement area was 65.21% in the last decade. The major change that has occurred in the Meghnaghat industrial region was by loss of agricultural land and wetlands. The conversion of agricultural and wetland due to settlement purpose is only about 8.4% of converted land. The list of RFFAs indicates that 1-2 cements plants and paper mills are likely to be come up in future in this industrial region. Meghna Economic Zone ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 197 (MEZ) is also planned within this industrial region. The MEZ is expected to come up on developed lands owned by the Meghna group and new conversion of any agricultural land is not envisaged. Additionally, coal based power plant is also planned to be set up at Char Balaki. The land requirement in this case is expected to be high (~4 sq.km.). Agricultural land in the periphery of Meghnaghat industrial area is likely to be converted for setting up of power plants and other industrial purposes. Urbanization is expected to happen along with industrial growth of the area. The contribution towards deterioration of land environment from different industrial development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.24. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact The land use analysis over the last decade reveals that the total loss of agricultural land was 93.82% as compared to national average of 4.16%. Agricultural lands loss has happened due to combined effect of industrialisation and urban growth. However unlike Siddhirganj, Meghnaghat still has agricultural land/wetlands/open lands available where systemic planning /zoning interventions can be implemented. The past and future industrial activity along with developmental stressors is expected to cumulatively result in loss of agricultural land and wetland. Cumulative impact is assessed to be medium. Contribution from the PUC (2x750 MW LNG based Power Plant of BPDB) is not directly envisaged as it will be constructed within the Meghna Power Hub. However, the PUC will indirectly contribute to the loss of agricultural land and wetland due to its possible influence on future industrial and urban growth. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 198 Figure 8.24 Loss of Agricultural Land and Wetlands - Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Textile, Other Consideration RMG EPZ & SSU Urbanization Cotton and Industries Sector Clusters Past and Present Actions Existing Gas and Oil Jute Mills 2X750 MW LNG Based - 3 Plants ~ Based Power 987 MW Plant Significance of Impact Loss of Agricultural Land and MEDIUM Wetlands in Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Meghnaghat Contribution - PUC INDIRECT Power Plants New Cement Future Development of New EPZs: Plants and Steel • Meghna EPZ Urbanization Coal Fired Power Plants in Mills Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 199 8.1.20 SOCIAL WELL BEING A) Deterioration of Social Wellbeing Stressors and their Contribution Meghnaghat is comparatively a new habitat of industrial development and has scope to accommodate further industrialisation. Development has always taken place along the banks of the river – Meghna being one of the major rivers of Bangladesh has provided ample opportunity for industrial development in this region. This Meghnaghat industrial area is located down south of Siddhirganj industrial area along a major arterial road connection (Dhaka Chittagong highway) with proximity to river – an ideal location for industrialisation in continuation of Siddhirganj. Meghnaghat Industrial area is not as dense or as cluttered as Siddhirganj; consciously or unconsciously an industrial zoning has taken place in the northern part of this cluster. The industrial concentration is mainly in sectors like of cement, pulp & paper, shipyards, chemicals, power and food processing; number of RMG units is few as compared to Siddhirganj. Similar to Siddhirganj there has also been work-force influx into this region as the industries do not prefer to hire local community people as workers; however no slums have been identified in the region. Meghnaghat still retains its rural physical features. Makeshift housing arrangements have been observed at some location but it is scattered and not clustered as a slum. The region also reports of cluster villages where displaced people due to riverbank erosion have been resettled on government land. This region faces inadequacy of basic services. Current industrialisation in the region has not triggered slum growths but has shown traces of slumification (slum like growth). The list of RFFAs indicates that three coal based power plants (total capacity ~1500 MW) is planned on Char Balaki - 2.8 km towards south-west of Meghnaghat. Availability of electricity will boost further industrial growth in the region. A couple of large capacity cement plants are likely to come up in this region; also Meghna Group has planned a Meghna Economic Zone (MEZ) where pulp and paper, food processing units, chemical units, etc. may be set up. Growth of other industries will also facilitate expansion of service sector activities. This will result in influx of both skilled and unskilled workforce in the region. All together this may lead to slumification in near future. Migration of low-wage earning workforce will contribute towards unorganised, unplanned growth of housing structure with inadequate civic infrastructure and will eventually deteriorate the living conditions of the people. The contribution towards deterioration of social wellbeing from different industrial development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.25. A detailed assessment of the impact ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 200 associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. Significance of Cumulative Impact Low-cost housing growth has shown a rapidly increasing trend in the last two decades (from 8.96% in 1991 to 65.86% in 2011) amongst the three Unions of Pirojpur, Baluakandi and Hossaindi housing the Meghnaghat industrial area. Inadequate sanitation facility is another feature of low-cost housing. The census data illustrates that there has been increase in the number of sanitary latrines – but percentage of water-sealed latrines (25.3%) is significantly lower than non-water sealed latrines (57.2%). This actually points out towards a situation similar to Siddhirganj, wherein quality of civic infrastructure is being compromised to cope with the severe pressure from a migrant population; which in turn exacerbates the consequential risks on environmental and societal resources. The situation which has not yet resulted in slumification can very lead to unplanned slums growths, with further advancements of industrialisation, if planned actions are not taken. This can impact quality of life of community people and thus their social wellbeing. The cumulative impact from past present and future stressors is assessed to have a high impact on the social wellbeing of the community. The PUC is expected to contribute to NOx emissions in the air shed during operation of the power plant. However LNG being a clean fuel, emissions are expected to be limited and the contribution of PUC towards overall cumulative impact is assessed to be medium. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 201 Figure 8.25 Social Well Being – Cause Effect Relationship Unplanned Urban Project Under Past and Present Actions RMG Sector Areas Consideration 2X750 MW LNG Based Power Plant Influx Slumification Other Industries - Power Plants Cement, Paper Chemicals, Existing Gas and Oil Food Based - 3 Plants ~ Significance of Impact 987 MW Poor Access to Sanitation HIGH Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Facility New EPZ Power Plants Contribution - PUC Influx Slumification Coal Fired Power Plants in Char LOW Balaki ~ 1500 MW New Cement Plants and Paper Mills Urban Growth CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 202 8.1.21 COMMUNITY HEALTH A) Reported Cases of Respiratory Diseases Stressors and their Contribution Community health is assessed as a VEC in the present study because its importance in the socio economic wellbeing of the local community and its interactions with other VECs. Respiratory diseases is a key indicator to study the health of community in Meghnaghat as reportedly there has been a significant increase in the incidences of respiratory diseases in this region. There are number of air polluting industries like power plants (Gas based and oil based), cement plant are presently operating in Meghnaghat industrial area. The PUC comprises of the LNG based power plant of BPDB within the Meghna Power HUB. Air pollutants like PM (PM2.5 and PM10), NOx, SO2 and CO are being generated from the existing industrial activity. The vehicular emission from major arterial road and internal roads is also releasing air pollutant like PM, NOx and CO. The continuous emission from industries and traffic has impacted the air quality of the area. However on comparison with Siddhirganj, the condition of the Meghna air shed appears much better given its present carrying capacity and the natural process available for pollution abatement. The concentration of PM (PM2.5 and PM10) is well within the threshold limit; i.e. NAAQS for Bangladesh except for at one location (AQ1). The NOx levels in the region are also low and within the NAAQS. The health status of this industrial region reveals that the rate of respiratory diseases among the community residing in this area is low. The percentage of patients admitted to hospitals with respiratory diseases (2.31%) is almost similar to national average (2.88%), considering national average to be the threshold limit. It also reported that death due to respiratory disease in this area was 2.04% out total admitted patient in 2015. The list of RFFAs indicate that certain air polluting industries like cement plant, steel mills and power plants are likely to set up in the Meghnaghat industrial area. Development stressors like traffic load will also be increased due to further urbanization and industrial growth. Therefore emissions from these industries and traffic are expected to cumulatively add to levels of PM and NOx in the regional air shed and potentially impact the health of surrounding communities. The contribution towards deterioration of community health from different industrial development stressors along with their cause effect relationship is graphically presented in Figure 8.26. A detailed assessment of the impact associated with each stress or along with a summary of the cumulative impact and their significance is presented in Table 8.7. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 203 Assessment of Cumulative Impacts and their significance The operation of present and future industries is expected to aggravate the existing situation and possible add to increased incidences of respiratory diseases reported from this region. The combined effect of industrial and development stressors is expected to cumulatively impact the community health in Meghnaghat. The potential cumulative impact assessed to be high. The PUC, an LNG based power plant will be contributing to NOx concentration in the air shed and its contribution to overall cumulative impact is assessed to be medium. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 204 Figure 8.26 Community Health – Cause Effect Relationship Project Under Power Plants Power Plants Cement Plants Particle Board Development of 6 Plants Factory – 1 Industries & 2X750 MW LNG Gas Based - 2 Oil Based -1 Factory Other Urban Based Power Plant Plants ~ 887 MW Plants ~ 100 MW Past and Present Actions Handling & Storage of Present Construction Traffic Materials and Volume Debris Significance of Impact Prevalence of Respiratory HIGH Diseases Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions Future Growth Contribution - PUC in Traffic Volume MEDIUM Power Plants New Cement Development of New EPZs: Plant • Meghna EPZ Coal Fired Power Plants in Char Balaki ~ 1500 MW CONTRIBUTIONS High Medium Low ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 205 8.1.22 SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON VECS IN MEGHNAGHAT INDUSTRIAL AREA A summary of the cumulative impacts on each VEC from past, present and future activities in the Meghnaghat industrial area is presented in Table 8.7. The individual contributions from the project under consideration (PUC) and similar projects from the power sector as well as from other key industrial sector have been defined. Impacts from external factors like traffic and urban growth are also highlighted. The table finally summarises the cumulative impacts from all Industrial and developmental stressors and evaluates the impact significance over VEC’s predicted future contribution. The contribution of the PUC for (power sector) to the over cumulative impacts is also stated. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 206 Table 8.7 Summary of Cumulative Impacts on VECs in Meghnaghat Industrial Area Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC1- VEC-1 (1) Results of the PUC: A 2x 750 MW LNG based Gas based power Plants- Cement plants: Six cement Coal based power Cement Plants: EPZ: Meghna Road & Traffic: Yes The PM Air Concentration primary CCPP will be constructed within There are two operating plants (total capacity 19.7 million plants: 3 coal based The future Economic Zone The Dhaka-Chittagong contribution from Quality of Particulate monitoring during the Meghnaghat Power Hub. Low gas based power plants tons/ year) are located within 2.5 power plants (total growth scenario (MEZ) is planning Highway is passing the past activities Matter (PM10 + Jan-Mar 2016 PM emissions are expected from with a total capacity of km radius area of the PUC. All capacity around 1500 assessed that 1-2 to set up in through the (industrial and PM2.5) in the shows that PM this plant since LNG is inherently 787 MW. The emission of the plants are cement grinding MW) is proposed at Char cements plants Meghnaghat Meghnaghat Industrial external factor) is air shed concentrations a clean fuel. Therefore, PM during routine unit, using imported clinker, Balaki Island, which is are likely to be Industrial area. area. The existing already high; the (PM2.5 -19.9 to 58.3 contribution of PM in the air-shed operations is negligible. gypsum, slag/ fly ash as raw approximately 2.8 Km in set-up in this This is planned traffic load on this ambient µg/m3 and PM10 - from the PUC is assessed to be PM will be generated material. Major source of PM a south west direction industrial area. for pulp & paper, highway is high. The concentrations were 34.1 to 185.3 low. over a short period in the emission is from raw material from the PUC. Imported From these food processing, internal roads within however within the µg/m3) is below form of unburn carbon handling (unloading, conveying coal will be utilised for plants, PM will etc. EPZ will not the industrial areas are PM threshold limit. the NAAQS (PM2.5- Contribution: Low particles (due to and storage) and stack emission these plants. The PM will be generated in be directly in poor condition. The The past industrial 65 µg/m3 & PM10- incomplete combustion) from process (milling, storing & be generated in the form the form of contributing to burning of fossil fuel activity, PUC and 150 µg/m3) except only during start-up. The packing). PM concentration in of fly ash. To control PM fugitive the PM load in the (oil/gas) in vehicles future industrial for at one location. contribution from the gas and around the plants areas was emission from the plants, emission (raw air-shed. It will plying on this road is activity along with based power plant is high (as evident from some of the Electro Static material lead to an increase generating PM in form external factors is assessed to be low. six monthly compliance reports Precipitators (ESPs) will unloading, in the traffic load. of exhaust emissions. expected to made available by the DOE). The be utilised and emissions conveyance and The impact on PM Re-entrainment of dust cumulatively Contribution: Low emission for various sources is from each unit is storage), as well from transport is also caused due to increase the PM contributing to PM concentration expected to be below 50 as through stack and traffic is movement of vehicles concentration in the Oil based Power Plants- in the air-shed. The estimated mg/Nm3. The emissions discussed in on the poorly air-shed and likely There is one operating oil dust emission from above contribution of PM is (milling, following column. maintained roads. The to exceed the based power plant of 100 mentioned sources is assessed to be high. packing). The particulates are likely threshold limit. The MW. Burning of oil is approximately 230 g/ton of contribution PM to be dispersed locally cumulative impact generating PM in the cement production. The Contribution: High in the air-shed is along the transport is assessed to be form of unburnt carbon contribution from the cement assessed to be corridors. The existing high. particulates. The plants is assessed to be high. high. contribution of PM emission will be released from traffic is assessed Significance of in the air-shed through a Contribution: High Contribution: to be high. Cumulative 30 m high stack and High Impact - HIGH dispersed within 1.5 km Particle Board: A large scale Contribution: High radius area of the plant. particle board manufacturing However, The contribution from oil unit is located in the south The future industrial contribution from based power plants is Meghnaghat industrial cluster, growth (cement, MEZ) PUC is assessed to assessed to be medium. which is approximately 1.7 Km will increase the traffic be low. from the PUC. Major source of load. The tailpipe Contribution: Medium Contribution of PM is fugitive emissions from emission and re- this unit. Emissions are being entrained road dust PUC: LOW released into the air shed will be increased. The through stack and also in form of PM contribution from uncontrolled fugitive emissions. road and traffic is The contribution of PM from this assessed to be high. industry is assessed to be high. Contribution: High Contribution: High Construction material handling: Construction material (sand and gravel) is mostly transported through the waterways, in this case the Meghna River . ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 207 Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) and yards handling construction material are observed along the river bank, especially near the Meghna Bridge. The future industrial growth is expected to provide a boost to these supply chain activities. The contribution of PM from construction material handling is assessed to be high. Contribution: High VEC-1 (2) Results of the PUC: The major air pollutant from Gas based power Plants: Steel Mills: Burning of fossil fuel Coal based power plant: Other - Road & traffic: The Yes NOx concentration Concentration primary LNG based power plant is NOx. Combustion of fossil fuel and smelting process in the steel The three coal fired Industries: The existing traffic load in is well below the of Oxides of monitoring (during The proposed power plant will at high temperature at mills is the main source of NOx. power plants at Char contribution the major arterial road threshold limit for Nitrogen Jan-Mar2016) show use low NOx burners to meet the the two operating gas The NOx is released in the Balaki will generate NOx towards NOx (i.e. highways) is high. NOx. The past (NOx) in the that NOx statutory norm for NOx emission based power plants in environment both in fugitive during coal combustion concentration in NOx emission is from activities, PUC and air shed concentration from the stack. Considering that Meghnaghat is form as well as through stack at high temperature. The air-shed is not the traffic is due to future industrial varied from 8.4 to NOx emission will be continuous generating NOx. Existing emissions. The enire plants are expected to envisaged from burning of fossil fuels activity along with 63.2 µg/m3. In and of high concentrations in the plants are using low NOx Meghnaghat cluster has only one use low NOx burners; cement plants in vehicles (tailpipe external factors will general the NOx ambient air, the contribution of burners to reduce the steel mill. The contribution of however, emission from and other emission). The existing cumulatively concentration is NOx is assessed to be high. emission from the stack. NOx from this industry is each unit is likely to be industries. NOx contribution from increase the NOx well within the The stack heights of gas assessed to be medium. around 200-225 g/s. The traffic is assessed to be concentration in the NAAQS. Contribution: High based power plants will contribution of NOx is high. air-shed. The vary from 60 to 70m. The Contribution: Medium assessed to be high. cumulative impact emission of NOx is likely The future industrial is assessed to be to disperse within a Other Industries: The Contribution: High growth will increase medium. radial distance of 2 Km contribution towards NOx the traffic load. The from the power plant concentration in air-shed is not tailpipe emission will Significance of clusters. The contribution envisaged from the other also be increased. The Cumulative from the plant is industries (cement and particle NOx contribution is Impacts-MEDIUM considered to be high. board) assessed to be high The contribution Contribution: High Contribution: High from the PUC is assessed to be high. Oil based power plants: There is a 100 MW oil Contribution of PUC: HIGH based power plant operating within Meghnaghat Power Hub. Combustion of oil at high temperature is also generating NOx. The emission of NOx from an oil based power plant is almost three times higher than any gas based power plant. The stack ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 208 Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) height of the plant is less than 30 m. The stack emissions are likely to be dispersed within 1.5 km from the plant. The contribution of NOx in the air-shed is assessed to be high. Contribution: High VEC-2: VEC-2 (1) The variation in PUC: The PUC is likely to have Gas based power plants: Other industrial cooling: Coal based power plant: Cement Plant: EPZ: Thermal Thermal discharge Yes Major contributor of Surface Ambient ambient water once through cooling system, as Both the gas based CCPP The cooling systems of other The coal based power The cooling discharge from from other external thermal discharge is Water- Temperature temperature of the CCPP in Meghnaghat Power have once through industries (cement, paper, etc.) plants is likely to have system of Meghna EPZ is factors (traffic, urban from the once quality of the river Meghna River Hub also has similar system. The cooling systems. Thermal are mostly closed circuit wet once through cooling cement plants not expected. sectors) is not through cooling waters along the industrial thermal effluent will be effluents are generated cooling system or air cooling system, as water is will be similar to applicable. systems. The past zone is negligible. discharged in the Meghna river by the plant @ 105 to 107 system. So cooling water sufficiently available in existing industrial activity, after meeting with the discharge m3/ MWhr. It was discharges resulting from the Meghna river. The practices (closed PUC and future standards. Meghna is a wide river, observed that plants are other industries in the river thermal effluent is likely cycle wet/dry industrial activity having sufficient water and flow discharging their thermal system is not envisaged. The to be discharged in the cooling). The will cumulatively for dispersion of heat at very short effluent though 700 to contribution is assessed to be river after meeting the contribution is add thermal distances. The contribution of 750 m long open/ closed low. discharge standards. The assessed to be discharge in the thermal effluent from the PUC conveyance channel, cooling water low. river, that will toward increase in water which lowers the release Contribution: Low requirement for the increase the temperature is assessed to be low. temperature of the plants will be high (110 Contribution: ambient water effluent to be released. to 125 m3/ MWhr). The Low temperature only in Contribution: Low The thermal plume is contribution is assessed the zone of likely to increase the to be medium. influence. The water temperature in cumulative impact zone of influence, i.e. Contribution: Medium is assessed to be maximum up to 500 m. low. The contribution from the gas based CCPP is Significance of assessed to be medium. Cumulative Impact: LOW Contribution: Medium The contribution from the PUC is also assessed to be low Contribution of PUC: LOW VEC-2 (2) The water of PUC: The discharge from the PUC Gas based power plants: Pulp & Paper: There are five Coal based power plant: Cement plant: EPZ: Paper and There is no large urban Yes The contribution of Organic load Meghna River is is expected from cooling water, The major discharge operating pulp & paper mill The waste stream from No process food processing centre that has organic load in the (BOD) in the being mostly used boiler blow down and DM plant from once through using imported pulp and waste future coal based plants water will be units are likely to developed along the Meghna River from river water for industrial reject. These waste waters will be cooling system is the paper as raw material. The waste includes cooling waste generated be set up in banks of the Meghna the past activities cooling and treated in ETP and then cooling water. The other water generated from the paper waters, DM Plant rejects cement plants. Meghna Economic river; however (industrial and fisheries (use discharged in the river. These waste water streams manufacturing process has high and boiler blowdown. The cooling Zone (MEZ). The untreated domestic external factor) is category E & D) types of waste waters have no have no organic load. organic load. The BOD load of These waste streams do water has no waste streams waste water from not significant. The BOD level in all organic load. untreated waste water from pulp not have any organic organic load. from the different existing residential existing BOD level monitoring and paper mills varies from 90- load. However, the Therefore, these units of the MEZ areas is directly being in river water was well below the locations were Therefore, PUC will not directly Therefore, gas based 150 mg/L and treated load power plants will also industries will are expected to discharged in the river. threshold limit for ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 209 Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) within <2 mg/L, contribute to the organic load in power plants are not varies from 30-50 mg/L. All the generate domestic waste not contribute to have high BOD. Due to continuing Class D Waters (i.e. except in minor the river. contributing to any plants have installed ETPs to waters (which is high in any BOD load in The EPZ is likely process of used by fisheries). channel of Meghna Contribution: Low organic load in the river. treat their plant effluent; organic load) from office the river. to have common industrialization, The past, PUC and River. however it was reported during and residential area and effluent treatment further influx of future industrial Contribution: Low consultation with local are likely to be treated facility. The population is also activity along with communities, that at times the through STP/ septic tank contribution of expected. Resultant external factors will Oil based power plants: effluents are discharged in the and soak pit. Therefore, organic load from slumification coupled cumulatively The waste water (cooling river without any treatment, contribution of organic the MEZ is with a gross lack of increase the blow down and other which results in fish kills in the load from domestic assessed to be adequate sanitation pollution load. The waste water) has no cumulative impact Meghna river. The organic load waste water is assessed high. facilities will lead to organic load. Therefore, is assessed to be from pulp and paper mills is to be low. additional BOD load in oil based power plants medium. considered to be high. Contribution: the urban discharge. are not contributing to Contribution: Low High The contribution from Significance of the organic load in the Contribution: High the urban sector is thus Cumulative river. assessed to be high. Impacts-MEDIUM Food Processing: There are two Contribution: Low large scale food processing units Contribution: High The direct in Meghnaghat industrial area. contribution of These food processing units are organic load from likely to generate large volume the PUC is not of waste water containing high envisaged. BOD. All the units have ETP to However, the PUC treat the waste water and meet and similar power the discharge standard. The project are likely to contribution from this sector is fuel further assessed to be high. industrial growth and possibly induce Contribution: High in-migration in this industrial region. Textile & Garment unit: Wet This adds to the processing and dyeing units are ongoing process of generating waste water from the unplanned processes. The Meghnaghat urbanization and is (South) Cluster has a couple of likely to increase such units. Their contribution of the organic load in is assessed to be high. the river; therefore, PUC is indirectly Contribution: High contributing to increase in the BOD load in the river. Contribution of PUC: INDIRECT VEC-2 (3) Toxic metals The PUC is likely to have once Power Plants: The Pulp & Paper: The effluents Coal based power plant: Pulp & Paper EPZ: The pulp Contributions towards Yes The presences of Toxic metal concentration in through cooling system. Proper discharge of cooling generated from the operating The use of Cr, based Industry: Being and paper plants toxic metal toxic metals in the contamination river water was functioning of cooling systems water is likely to add paper mills (5 Nos.) contain chemical to treat the a water likely to be set up. concentrations in the sediment have (Cr, Cd and reported below requires treatment of cooling Chromium in low heavy metal (Pb and Zn) and cooling water may be intensive sector, The liquid effluent river are not envisaged accumulated from Pb) in the river detectable limit. water against corrosion of the concentrations to water other organic toxicants. The contributing to Cr in the the upcoming generated from from external factors. past industrial water & However, Pb equipment, scaling and micro and and sediments (due to discharge of effluent into the river water and pulp & paper pulp and paper activities and the sediment concentration (7.1 micro-fouling. Presence of use of antifouling river adds to the toxic metal sediment. The mills will has heavy metal concentrations are to 17.4 mg/Kg) and chromium is reported in the agents). The contribution concentration in the river water contribution is assessed generate large (Pb, Zn) and other recorded well Cr concentration chemical used for treatment of from power plants (gas and sediment. The contribution to be low. volume of organic toxicants. below the threshold of toxic metals from pulp and (9.2 to 23.2 mg/Kg) cooling waters. Therefore, based and oil based) is effluent. The The discharge of limit. The past paper industry is assessed to be was recorded in the discharge of cooling blowdown assessed to be low. liquid effluent is effluent into the activities, PUC and ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 210 Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) sediment of water from the proposed plant is medium. Contribution: Low likely to have river has been future industrial Meghna river likely to add to the Chromium Contribution: Low heavy metal (Pb contributing the activity is expected sediment. The levels in the river water and Contribution: Medium and Zn) and toxic metal to cumulatively concentration of sediments. However the Contribution: Low other organic concentration in increase the metal toxic metal in the contribution from PUC is assessed Shipyard: There are four ship toxicants. The the river water concentration in the sediment is well to be low, as Chromium levels in yards in Meghnaghat industrial discharge of and sediment. The river water and below threshold the effluent itself is low. area. Waste water from ship yard effluent is likely contribution of sediment. The level. generally contains Cu, Zn and increase the toxic metal is cumulative impact Contribution: Low Nil. The contribution is assessed toxic metal assessed to be is assessed to be to be medium. concentration in medium. medium. the river water Contribution: Medium and sediment. Contribution: Significance of The contribution Medium Cumulative Chemical Industry: There are from pulp & Impacts-MEDIUM two large scale chemical industries in the Meghnaghat paper mills is assessed to be The contribution of Industrial area. The type of medium. toxic metal in river chemical handled or process system from the followed by the industry cannot be assessed at this stage. Contribution: PUC is assessed to However, it was reported by the Medium be low. local people, that periodical release of effluent from the Contribution of chemical plants cause massive PUC: LOW fish kills in the Meghna river. The nature of the toxic metals contained in the effluent is not clearly established through this study. However contributions from the chemical sector toward presence of toxic metals in the river and sediments are assessed to be high. Contribution: High Textile & Garments: The presence of Zn, Cd and Cu was reported in the effluent generated from wet processing and dyeing units. The contribution from these units to the toxic metal concentration in the river waters is assessed to be medium. Contribution: Medium VEC-2 (4) The ecological PUC: The thermal discharges Power Plants: The Pulp & Paper: The discharge of Coal based power plant: Cement plants: New Pulp and The discharges of Yes The ecological Ecological health of the river from PUC in river has localised thermal discharges in treated and untreated waste The thermal discharges No Paper Mills and untreated urban waste health of the river health of the is moderate to effect on the DO levels (level in river has localised effect water contributes to the BOD from coal based power contributions EPZ: These plants water are contributing was moderate to will be good. The DO level river good. The DO level zone of influence, i.e. approx. on the DO levels (max load in the river, which is plants in river has are envisaged to the organic load in in the river water in the river water 500m from discharge point). The 500m from discharge ultimately affected the DO level localised effect on the DO from this sector. contributing the the river which was higher was well above the other waste water streams are not point). The other waste in the water. Low concentration levels. The other waste organic load and ultimately affect the compared to critical critical level (<4 expected have any adverse impact water streams are not of DO affects the ecological water streams are not ultimately affect DO level of the water. level (<4 mg/l). The mg/l). on the DO levels. The DO expected have any health of the river. The expected have any the ecological The contribution is diversity index ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 211 Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) depletion locally affects the adverse impact on the contribution is assessed to be adverse impact on the health of the river. assessed to be high. varies from 1 to 3 The diversity index ecological health of the river, DO levels. The high. DO levels. The Contribution from and indicates varies 1 to 3, however the impacts will be contribution is assessed contribution is assessed this sector is The future, moderate pollution Contribution: High level in water and indicates moderate limited to the zone of to be low. to be low. assessed to be industrialization sediment. The past pollution level in influence.The contribution is high. process is likely to activities, PUC and water and assessed to be low Contribution: Low Textile & Garments: Textile Contribution: Low increase the influx of future industrial sediment industry (involving wet Contribution: migrant workers in this activity is expected Contribution: Low processing & dyeing process) are High region. This lead to to cumulatively contributing the BOD load in the additional BOD load in deteriorate the Contribution: Low river. It is ultimately affecting the the urban waste water. water quality as ecological health of the river by well as ecological The discharge of health of the river. reducing the DO level in the untreated waste water However given river water. Though very few in will increase the BOD Meghna is a wide numbers in the entire in the river water and river with good Meghnaghat area but ultimately lead to flow dynamics, the contribution from this sector is depletion of DO impacts are considered to be high. concentrations and expected to be much less impact the ecological Contribution: High pronounced than in health of the river. The case of the contribution form the Sitalakhya river. Chemicals: There are two large urban sector is assessed The cumulative scale chemical industries in the to be high. impact is assessed Meghnaghat Industrial area. It to be medium. was reported by the local people, Contribution: High that periodical release of effluent Significance of from the chemical plants cause Cumulative massive fish kills in the Meghna Impacts-MEDIUM river. The effluents from such chemical units appear to be toxic However, contribution on though their exact nature is not ecological health of quite established through this the river from the study. However contributions PUC is assessed to from the chemical sector toward be low. presence of toxic metals in the river and sediments are assessed Contribution of to be high. PUC: LOW Contribution: High VEC 3: VEC-3 (1) The water table PUC: The PUC is likely to Gas based power plants: Pulp & Paper: Pulp and paper Coal based power plant: Cement plant: Paper mills and The future, Yes Cumulative impact Ground Depletion of over the years in withdraw its requirement for Gas based as well as oil industries are water intensive cooling water and other The water EPZ (having pulp industrialization towards depletion Water ground water and around cooling water as well as water for based power plants are industries. It was reported that process waters are likely requirement of & paper process is likely to of ground water resources industrial area has consumptive uses (DM water and using the river water for 75 -100 lit/kg of paper is to be sourced from the these industries industries) are increase the in-migrant resources is declined. The water for domestic use) from the their operational needs. required for pulp and paper river. Therefore, is less; and same water intensive workers in this region. assessed to be high. depletion rate is Meghna River. Therefore, any Therefore, a contribution mills. The water is being mostly contribution towards will be sourced industries. The Water requirement will higher than the contribution towards depletion of towards depletion of abstracted from ground water. ground water depletion from ground water is likely to be increased and same Significance of replenishment rate. ground water is not envisaged. ground water is not The contribution towards is not envisaged. water. be sourced from will be sourced from Cumulative However, power plant will envisaged. ground water depletion is However, power plant Contribution is ground water. the ground water. Impact - HIGH facilitate industrial development assessed to be high. will facilitate future assessed to be The contribution Presently, domestic and urbanization, which will exert industrial development low. towards depletion water requirement and The direct their demand on ground water Contribution: High and urbanization, which of ground water is drinking water is contribution from resources. So indirectly, the PUC will exert a demand on Contribution: assessed to be mostly sourced from PUC is not will contribute towards depletion Cement plants: These types of ground water resources. Low high. the ground water. The envisaged however, of ground water resources. industries do not require water So indirectly, the PUC contribution towards it will facilitate for processes; however, water is Contribution: industrial ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 212 Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) required for industrial cooling will contribute towards High ground water depletion development and Contribution : Indirect and domestic uses. The required depletion of ground assessed to be high. urbanization and water is being abstracted from water resources. will indirectly the ground water. The Contribution: High impact ground contribution is assessed to be Contribution : Indirect water resources in low. this industrial region. Contribution: Low Contribution of Food processing Units: Water PUC : INDIRECT requirement for the food processing unit is also high and same is being sourced from ground water. The contribution towards depletion of ground water is assessed to be high. Contribution: High VEC-4: VEC-4 (1) The entire The PUC will be constructed on Power Sector: Other industries: All the Coal based power plant: Cement plants Meghna Economic The decadal land use Yes The cumulative Land Change in Meghnaghat existing industrial land within the Meghnaghat Power Hub industries in Meghnaghat Three coal based power and pulp & Zone (MEZ) is change reveals that impact on loss of Use landuse Industrial area was Meghnaghat Power Hub. The was developed on Industrial Area were constructed plants (total capacity of paper mills: planning to 8.53% of the settlement agricultural land (loss of developed on proposed project has no direct agricultural land. on agricultural land. 1500 MW) is planned in These industries develop on 235 area has increased in and wetland is agriculture & agricultural land. contribution in loss to agricultural Approximately, 0.66 Approximately 1.43 sq. km of the Char Balaki island, are likely to be acres of land. The Meghnaghat. A assessed to be wet land) The decadal land land. sq.km of agricultural agricultural land (65.66% of total which is currently not constructed on present land use majority of this change medium. use changes land (30.31% of total agricultural land) was converted included within the agricultural of the area reveals occurred by way of loss revealed that 2.18 However, it will promote the agricultural land) in for industrial purpose. The Meghnaghat industrial land. The that, it is vacant of agricultural land. Significance of Meghnaghat area was area. The current land contribution Cumulative sq. km (93.82% of future industrial development. contribution towards loss of land. However, The future urban use pattern reveals that, Impacts-MEDIUM agricultural land This will cause indirect acquired by the agricultural land is assessed to towards loss of decadal land use growth is also likely to all the identified areas and wetland) was contribution towards loss of Government for be high. agricultural land change analysis affect the loss of are presently agricultural However, there will converted for agriculture land/wetland. development of the is assessed to be reveals that earlier agricultural land and lands. It is estimated that be no direct industrial purpose power plants in Contribution: High medium it was an wetlands. However, 1000 to 1100 acres of contribution from due the past Contribution : Indirect Meghnaghat. The agricultural land. since labour intensive agricultural land will be the PUC. activities. decadal land use change Contribution: The contribution industries (like RMG) acquired for these reveals that 93.82% of Medium towards loss of are less prevalent in projects. Contribution of agricultural land loss The power plants in Char agricultural land this industrial area, the PUC : INDIRECT occurred in Meghnaghat Balaki are also likely to is assessed to be rate of future influx industrial area as promote future industrial medium and urbanisation is compared to a national growth in the island and expected to be much trend of 4.16% (rate of also in surrounding areas Contribution: lower as compared to conversion of and might further Medium Siddhirganj. The agricultural land)as accentuate the process of contribution of registered by SRDI. The conversion of developmental contribution from the agricultural lands for stressors towards loss power sector towards industrial and urban of agricultural/ loss of agricultural land uses. The loss of wetland is assessed to is considered to be agricultural land for be medium. medium. proposed coal based power plants is assessed Contribution: Contribution: Medium to be high. Medium Contribution: High ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 213 Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC 5- VEC-5 (1) Population growth PUC: The power plants require Power Plants: Other Industries: Workforce Power Plants: Three coal Cement Plants- EPZ: Meghna Service Sector: Growth Yes: Meghnaghat still Social Access to rate of limited number of skilled Contribution to in- requirement for other industries based power plants (total The population Economic Zone of other industries will retains its rural Well Sanitation Narayanganj technical professionals to run the migration impacting are moderate - comprising of capacity 1500 MW) is influx for these (MEZ) is planned facilitate expansion of features and Being facility (35.62%) is much units. Generally the plants social wellbeing and both skilled (technical) and planned on Char Balaki- units will be in Meghnaghat service sector activities. infrastructure higher than the provide accommodation facilities quality of life of unskilled workers 2.8 km towards south- medium as Industrial area. This will result in development is national growth to its workers. community people is west of Meghnaghat. The workforce Planned for pulp influx of both skilled awaiting rate of Bangladesh low. The industries do not prefer to coal based power plants requirement is & paper, food and unskilled advancement. The (16.97%). Decadal Hence, possibility of in-migration hire local people. These require more workforce not so high. processing, etc. workforce in the infrastructural Growth rate of contributing to slumification (low- Contribution: Low industries too contribute to than gas based power region. The rate of setup is inherently Munshiganj shows cost kutcha housing and low-cost population influx. The industries plants. However it is not Impact on Impact on quality migration of unskilled as per its rural an increase (8.88% sanitation), eventually impacting employ considerable number of expected to include quality of life of of life of workers is expected to feature and has not in 2001 and 11.27% social wellbeing of community low wage earning workers. significant influx of community community is be high to work as been subjected to in 2011), although people as a result of the PUC is workers that contribute people is assessed to be labourers in real estate, major change due to it is lower than the also low. In-migration of low wage to unplanned slum like assessed to be high as the EPZ is delivery boys, domestic in-migration. The national average. earning workforce for the other growth which eventually medium as expected to helps, etc. This cumulative impact In migration in Contribution: Low industries contribute to growth worsens quality of life of these units will engage a large population will from past, present Meghnaghat of low-cost kutcha housing and community people as the have lesser workforce. contributed majorly to and future activities industrial area is low-cost sanitation housing power plants require number of low slumification (more on quality of life less compared to structure, eventually impacting more technical personnel wage earning Contribution: low-cost houses and due to is assessed to Siddhirganj as social wellbeing. Impact on in the operational stage workers. High sanitation units) and be high. existing industries quality of life of community and also provide them the impact on quality of in the Meghnaghat people is assessed to be medium. with accommodation Contribution: life of the people is Significance of area are less labour facilities. Impact on Medium assessed to be high. Cumulative intensive than Contribution: Medium quality of life of Impact - HIGH textile and RMG community is assessed to Contribution: High units in be low. Siddhirganj. Meghnaghat is Availability of electricity comparatively a will boost positive However, new Industrial industrial growth in the contribution from area. The region. This will attract PUC is assessed to population density more workers and be low. of the Union eventually put burden on Parishads that local resources. Contribution of house Meghnaghat PUC: LOW industrial area Contribution: Low shows a higher trend than the national population density (1,015/Sq. Km in 2011). Percentage of Kutcha Houses: 1991 – 8.96% 2011 – 65.86% -indicating in- migration of people (mostly low wage earning or daily labours) from rural areas in search of better livelihood. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 214 Impacts from projects under construction and reasonably Are there direct or indirect Impacts from past projects Impacts from external Potential predicted projects VECs Indicator Status and trends impacts from the project (s) factors traffic, urban cumulative Significance Other similar projects Other sectors Similar projects Other sectors 1 Other sectors 2 under consideration? growth, etc.) impacts (Power Plants) (Power plants) VEC-6: VEC-6 (1) Reported cases of PUC: The power plants will be Gas based power plants: Cement Plants: Cement Coal based power plant: Cement plants: - The existing traffic load Yes The operation of Comm Patients with respiratory operated on liquid natural gas. The emission of PM is industries contribute to air Three coal based power Cement plants on the major arterial existing industries unity Respiratory diseases are low in The PM is expected to be negligible from the two pollution due to increased plant (1500 MW) is likely are likely to be road (i.e. highways) in along with Health diseases Meghnaghat generated in the form of unburnt operational gas based presence of particulate matter. to be set up at Char set up in the the industrial area is proposed industrial industrial area in particles in low concentration and power plants. However, The contribution of particulate Balaki Island. The PM Meghnaghat high. The future units is expected to comparison to the emission from the plant will some particulates are matter from cement industries and NOx emissions from industrial area. industrial growth aggravate incidence Siddhirganj. be released through a high stack. being generated in the (siliceous dust) is assessed to be the coal based power The emission of (cement, paper mill and of respiratory The emission of PM from form of unburn carbon high. The uncontrolled high rate plant is considered to be PM is expected EPZ) will increase the diseases. The Gazaria Upazila proposed power plant is expected particles (mostly during of emission is assessed to be high high. The contribution from raw traffic load. The potential (southern to be low while the NOx emission start off) but the on respiratory diseases. towards respiratory material emission due to cumulative impact Meghnaghat due to combustion of fossil fuel at emissions are low. diseases from coal based handling and burning of fossil fuel is assessed to be industrial area) high temperature will be Combustion of fossil fuel Contribution: High power plants is stack emission and road dust is high. reports 2.31 percent continuous and contribute to high at high temperature also considered to be high. from the expected to increase. of admission to concentration in ambient air. generates NOx. The NOx Particle Board Industry: The processes. The PM contribution Significance of hospitals due to contribution from the particle board industry also Contribution: High Therefore from transport and Cumulative respiratory The contribution of NOx from plant is considered to be contributes to pollution of the air contribution to traffic is assessed to be Impact - HIGH diseases, much less PUC on respiratory diseases is high. The contribution of shed through release of respiratory high on respiratory than the national assessed to be medium. NOx from gas based particulates in form of wood diseases is diseases. The contribution fines, sawdust, etc. Its assessed to be from PUC is average rate. South power plant is assessed contribution is assessed to be Contribution: High assessed to be low of Sonargoan Contribution: Medium to be medium on high. Upazila houses the respiratory diseases. high. Contribution of northern part of the Contribution: PUC: MEDIUM Meghnaghat Contribution: Medium Contribution: High High industrial area – rate of hospital Oil based Power Plants: admission due to Continuous combustion respiratory of fossil fuel generate PM diseases is 8.14 in the form of unburnt percent. But this carbon particles. The covers the contribution of PM from Siddhirganj area these plants is considered also. to be medium. The This is much higher generation of NOx from than the national oil based power plants is average of 2.88%. more (almost 3 times) compared to gas based power plants. Hence the contribution of NOx and particulate matter from oil based power plant is assessed to be high on respiratory diseases Contribution: High ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 215 8.1.23 SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ON VECS The overall summary of cumulative impacts as separately assessed in both the industrial regions is presented in Table 8.8. The Table also presents the specific contributions from the Power Sector (i.e. Projects under Consideration) against each of the VECs. Table 8.8 Summary of Cumulative Impacts on the VECs Siddhirganj Industrial Area Meghnaghat Industrial Area VEC Indicator Significance PUC Contribution Significance PUC Contribution Air Environment PM High Low High Low (Air Quality) NOx High High Medium High Surface Water River Water Temp. Low Low Low Low (Water Quality) BOD High Indirect Contribution Medium Indirect Contribution Toxic Metal Medium Low Medium Low Ecological Health of River High Low Medium Low Ground Water Depletion of GW Resource High Indirect Contribution High Indirect Contribution (Resource) Land Loss of Agricultural Land High Indirect Contribution Medium Indirect Contribution (Landuse Change) and Wetlands Social Well Being Access to Improved High Low High Medium Sanitation Facility Community Respiratory Diseases High Medium High Medium Health ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 216 9 RECOMMENDATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY The cumulative impact assessment of the VECs selected has clearly indicated that there is stress on the VECs not only due to the thermal power plants but also due to the rapid industrial growth and has resulted in influx of people in both Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas, which were studied. In order to reduce further adverse impacts on the VECs as well as to mitigate some of the impacts, which were identified as key differentiators, following recommendations have been provided for better environmental and social management. 9.1.1 RECOMMENDATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT In order to manage the cumulative environmental and social impact on VECs, due to the existing projects as well foreseeable future actions, management strategies are required to be developed at multiple tiers. Since the projects under consideration as part of this CEIA study are linked to power sector and hence, the first level intervention is required from the power sector itself. The other tiers will include regulators, planning agencies and other stakeholders. The key stakeholders in this regard include: a) the Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resources, Government of Bangladesh as well as Power Cell and different power generation companies working within the study region of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat or companies who are planning to set up new power stations in these regions. b) the Regulators, i.e. the Ministry of Environment and Forest, , Ministry of Water Resources, Public Health and Engineering, etc. of Government of Bangladesh and associated departments, such as Department of Environment (DoE), Department of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE), which are already regulating these areas and are required to be further strengthened. c) the Planning Agencies at the Districts level and local administration level (City Corporation, Paurosabhasa and Union Parishads) within which the study areas fall as well as of Dhaka Region, which can help in better planning and enforcement, particularly in case of future developments in the study regions. d) The communities residing in these industrial areas who are constantly being exposed to high levels of pollution resulting from the industrial and power sectors. Key recommendations for all the tiers have been presented below: ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 217 9.1.2 POWER SECTOR Power sector is a key driver of industrial and economic growth of the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions. Based on the scientific CEIA study undertaken, along with insights gained through several consultations with power sector stakeholders, the following strategies have been chalked out as presented below. These strategies have been further elaborated in a concept note on ‘Environmentally Sound Sectoral Plan for Power Plants’ presented as Annex F.1 A) Siting of Power Plants Addition air pollution load can be effectively controlled by proper siting of power plants. Ambient air quality in Siddhirganj industrial area is highly stressed and has exceeded the threshold limits. Additional pollution load will further degrade the air quality. Therefore, setting up new air polluting industries should be restricted. The ambient air quality of Meghnaghat industrial area is already stressed. Therefore setting up of air polluting industries should be regulated. DOE will be responsible for implementation the siting guidelines through environmental clearance process. Details are presented in the concept note presented under Annex F.1. B) Air Emissions Control The primary emissions to air from the combustion of fossil fuels in power plants and industries as well as the emissions being generated by development stressors like traffic and anthropogenic activities is deteriorating the condition of the air sheds in these industrial regions, especially in terms of air pollutants like Particulate Matter, NOx and CO. The amount and nature of air emissions depends on factors such as the fuel (e.g., coal, fuel oil, natural gas, etc.), the type and design of the combustion unit (e.g., reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, or boilers), operating practices, emission control measures (e.g., primary combustion control, secondary flue gas treatment), and the overall system efficiency. Accordingly an approach has been outlined for management of significant sources of emissions, including specific focus for assessment and monitoring of impacts. Further details on specific emission controls like use of clean fuel, power generation technology, emission control for gas and oil based power plants and emission control for oil fired power plants are presented in the concept note under Annex F.1. C) Regular Monitoring and Disclosure Review of current environmental monitoring practices adopted by power sector indicates that monitoring is being carried out at emission sources and within the project boundary (e.g. for air quality). Periodic monitoring reports are being submitted to the DoE as part of the regulatory compliance ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 218 requirements by the power plants. For example, considering that the air quality impacts will be more prominent away from the sources and outside the project areas due to tall stacks provided for better dispersion and monitoring within site will be in the shadow zone, which will be having minimum impact. It is therefore, recommended to redesign the monitoring locations in such a manner to ensure monitoring at the maximum impact zone. The results of all the environmental monitoring parameters (e.g. air quality and air emissions, water quality, noise etc.) should be disclosed within site as well as at platforms such as power company website, DoE website, etc. for easy access of information to the stakeholders including general public. Further details are presented in Annex F.1. D) Water Availability and Consumption The potential effect of groundwater or surface water abstraction for project activities shall be properly assessed through a combination of field testing and modelling techniques, accounting for seasonal variability and projected changes in demand of the project area. Boiler units require large amounts of cooling water for steam condensation and efficient thermal operation. The cooling water flow rate through the condenser is by far the largest process water flow, normally equating to about 98 percent of the total process water flow for the entire unit. In a once-through cooling water system, water is usually taken in the plant from surface waters/ ground waters in the study region by power plants. Out of 11 existing power plants within the study region, 6 are combined cycle power plants and 5 are engine based power plants. Only 2 power plants are currently having cooling towers to reduce/ avoid any impact of thermal water discharge from the plants. Considering the existing environmental condition and ecological health of the rivers, where final discharge takes into place, it is recommended that cooling towers shall be mandatory for all upcoming and future combined cycle / steam cycle projects. This will not only help in reducing the impact of thermal water discharge but also reduce the overall fresh water requirement for cooling purpose. E) Greenbelt Development Out of the 11 existing power plants within the study region, only one plant is having greenbelt developed within the project site. It was also observed that even the environmental regulator (i.e. DoE) is enforcing the requirement of greenbelt development within the project areas (about 25 to 30 percent of total project area). Considering the benefits of greenbelt to provide as sink for pollutants as well as acting as barriers, ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 219 • all the existing power plants shall develop greenbelt based on the climatic conditions of the area with indigenous plantation at available spaces within their respective project areas; and • all new power plants shall be planned in such a manner to provide at least 33 percent area dedicated for greenbelt. Further details are presented in Annex F.1. F) Solid Wastes Handling The coal-fired thermal power plants generate large amount of solid wastes due to the relatively high percentage of ash in the fuel. The high volume of wastes is generally managed in ash ponds or may be applied to variety of beneficial uses. Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control the volume of solid wastes from thermal power plants include: • Dry handling of the coal combustion wastes, in particular fly ash, should be practiced. • Reuse of fly ash (100%) should be encouraged. The fly can be used in cement plant, brick manufacturing units and for land filling purposes. • Area of ash pond should be kept at minimum- that will encourage reusing of fly ash. G) Community Safety The key elements to be considered are as follows: Community Health and Safety Traffic Safety: Both construction and operation of a power plants increase traffic volume, in particular for facilities with fuels transported via land and waterway, including heavy trucks carrying fuel, additives, etc. The increased traffic can be especially significant in densely populate areas such as Siddhirganj, where 8 thermal power plants are located. Prevention and control of traffic related injuries as suggested in the Section 3.4 of the WB/IFC General EHS Guidelines as well as water transport safety Transport of Hazardous Materials: Projects shall have procedures in place that ensure compliance with local laws and international requirements applicable to the transport of hazardous materials. The hazard assessment shall identify the potential hazard involved in the transportation of hazardous materials by reviewing: • The hazard characteristics of the substances identified during the screening stage • The history of accidents, both by the company and its contractors, involving hazardous materials transportation ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 220 • The existing criteria for the safe transportation of hazardous materials, including environmental management systems used by the company and its contractors The hazard assessment shall be used to determine what additional measures may be required to complete the plan. H) Community Health & Wellbeing and Education Improvement Programs The power plant companies should ideally come together, and if not feasible, develop their own individual Community Outreach Programme (CORP) related to health and health awareness as well targeted at the immediate neighbourhood community. These programmes should provide access to improved health care facilities to the community, especially for the women, children and vulnerable group, etc. and raise awareness about general health improvement, while also tracking health indicators in the region so that data can be monitored and timely interventions. Based on the feedback received from entities that are being impacted and other interested stakeholders and effective strategies can be developed around: • Community outreach programs • Periodic health check-ups • Health and hygiene, social awareness and nutrition • Ambulance service • External aid to differently abled persons • Strengthening of school infrastructure Further details are presented in Annex F.1. 9.1.3 REGULATORS Regional Monitoring Programs The industrial clusters of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat are heterogeneous in nature. Current monitoring practices by the industries are limited to regulatory compliance and there is no consolidation of the information available with the regulators. It is therefore important to develop a regional monitoring plan for both the industrial clusters, which can be implemented either by the regulators itself or guided by the regulators and implemented by the industries. Prime focus of this monitoring should be on air emissions and ambient air quality, surface and ground water quality including effluent discharge monitoring, ecological health monitoring of the rivers, surface and water resources monitoring with seasonal variations, etc. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 221 Regulating ground water resources In Siddhirganj area, all the industrial units are dependent on ground water resources, whereas in Meghnaghat area, industrial units are using both surface and ground water to meet their fresh water requirements. Considering this fact, there is lot of dependency on the ground water resources in the region, which is also being used for agriculture and domestic usage. However, at present the resource is un-regulated and there is no accounting of the ground water resources being used by the industrial units. It is therefore recommended to regulate the ground water resource usage by the industrial units. All industrial units (existing or new) need to seek permission from the Department of Public Health and Engineering (DPHE) before abstraction of any ground water for their industrial or potable uses. DPHE and the BWDP maintain updated information on ground water resources (including availability, water table depth, annual utilisation and replenishment, etc.) through collection of periodic information from their network of monitoring wells. It is proposed that DPHE utilises this regional database before allowing for drilling of any new ground water wells and also stipulates the maximum quantity that can be withdrawn over a specific period. It is recommended for all users of ground water to install water meters within the industry premises to measures and record the ground water abstracted per day. The record of water usage needs to submitted six monthly to the DPHE. Regulating Small and Medium Scale Industries The heterogeneous nature of the industrial clusters in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat comprise of number of small and medium scale industrial units that are currently operational. Some of these units are having poor emission/ effluent control systems, which are resulting into overall impacts on the environment. The environmental performance of these industrial units remains weak due to several factors - they use obsolete technology; lack finance; lack of awareness; are resistant to change; and, the decision-making is done singlehandedly by the owners of these companies. There is a need to strengthen and improve pollution control mechanisms in these industrial units. This activity can be taken up as a strategic measure, in which relevant government actors (appropriately the DOE) can engage with partners and funding agencies to provide technical assistance and financial support / assistance for small and medium scale industries to move to cleaner technologies and energy efficiency. More specifically following program components can be adopted: • Emission and Discharge Inventory: Emission and discharge inventory of all the industrial units operating in the industrial area; ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 222 • Generating Awareness: The fundamental obstacle to improving environmental performance of the small and medium scale industries is a lack of knowledge and information concerning environmental issues. To aware the small and medium scale units regarding information on the cost-benefits of improving environmental performance – the following program can be taken up: - Information dissemination through local support and Industry Association (IA); - Strengthening roles of industry associations for information flow and active communications; - External pressure and incentive for these industries. • Implementation Program: The following initiatives can be taken up for these industrial units: - Moving towards cleaner technologies with better pollution control mechanisms - Adoption of an Environmental Management System (EMS) which can serve as an effective tool for improving the environmental performance in small & medium scale units as it encourages resource efficiency in the production process. Consequently, it can help to minimise waste, pollution and energy consumption; - Promoting resource sharing and application of shared facilities through industrial clustering and networking; - Setting up of Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) for similar industry clusters; - Promoting energy and waste exchange centres: Taking waste from one company and using it as a raw material in another company helps to create new revenue, is cost-saving and simultaneously addresses social and environmental concerns. • Monitoring & Enforcement: Reginal monitoring and enforcement is essential to assess the control and mitigation measures adopted for A concept note in Annex F.2, presents a programmatic approach that can be adopted for small and medium industrial installations, with an objective to improve the condition of VECs, especially in respect of river water quality. 9.1.4 PLANNING AUTHORITIES (A) Land Use Planning and Zoning Control Landuse Planning Industrial planning, one of the key aspects for effective pollution control is almost absent in case of Siddhirganj. Industrial development has entwined with commercial and residential activities within this industrial area and this has resulted into mixed land use. Furthermore, this unplanned and uncontrolled development has resulted into narrow access roads and traffic ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 223 congestion and has also resulted into poor civic infrastructure (drainage and sanitation, etc.). Though the Meghnaghat industrial cluster is relatively new and slightly better planned (in particular the power plants complex), certain pockets within this industrial area were observed to have mixed land use. Industrial zoning and land use control is therefore required for a sustainable growth of these industrial regions. Some of the key components that need to be covered include: • Overall town planning for industrial areas and future development areas; • Dedicated road networks for industrial clusters; • Zoning of industrial units; • Provision of dedicated sites for hazardous and solid waste disposal; • Provision of common treatment facilities for small and medium scale industries with homogenous effluent qualities; • Adequate space provision for vehicle parking, laydown areas, greenbelt and associated infrastructure; • Provision of buffer zones between communities and river network; • Control of polluting industries in the new industrial areas or re-developed industrial areas through land use control (unplanned growth of polluting industries can be regulated/discouraged through a land use zoning approval process). In addition to the above planning aspects, following measures is expected to be helpful: • Regional Risk Management and Disaster Planning Initiative (tying up industry preparedness with regional/district level systems for emergency management). • Local Hire Policy for the industrial units to reduce or regulate influx in the areas. • Training and skill building programs to be undertaken for local communities by larger industrial houses operating in these industrial regions. Buffer Zones and their Management Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas have been developed on both banks of River Sitalakhya and Meghna respectively. The Sitalakhya River is under various stresses due to industrial and anthropogenic activities. The river and its foreshore areas were declared as “ecologically critical area”, according to provisions of the Environmental Conservation Act 1995 and the Environmental Conservation Rules 1997. Currently, there is no mechanism to control /restrict the riverside land use. The rapid industrial growth in Meghnaghat can pose a similar threat to the Meghna river ecosystem in future if proper planning interventions are not adopted at this stage. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 224 Vegetation buffer along the riverbank provides a myriad of benefits for the water body, the upland area and nearby residents and users. Vegetation helps to stabilize soils, which filter pollutants and fine sediments, contributing to improved water quality. Trees and shrubs provide habitat for many species and provide food for aquatic species. Buffers are generally recognized as a “separation zone” between a water body and a land use activity (e.g., industrial and urban development) to protect ecological processes, structures, and functions and mitigate the impact on river. More details on green belts and vegetative buffers (especially for the Power Sector) are outlined in Annex F.1. Similar interventions for the industrial sector are also required maybe through a joint programmatic approach by DOE, Urban bodies and concerned industries. The vegetation buffer zone is therefore required for both the industrial area to protect the river. Some of the key components need to be covered shall include: • Mapping of the riverbank shall be carried out to identify the developed area, undeveloped area, etc. • Create a vegetation buffer zone considering the developed, undeveloped and critical area; • Prepare a regulated / prohibited/ allowable activity in the buffer zone • Implement through regulatory permit/clearance process Protection of Wetland & Water Bodies In the last decade, wetlands have been converted for industrial and urban development in both the industrial areas, especially in the Siddhirganj industrial area. The land use change analysis (2005-2015) in Siddhirganj reveals that 1.64 sq. km of wetland was converted to industrial and urban land uses over the last decade. Analysis of the future industrial development scenario indicates a strong possibility of redevelopment of the closed industrial mills (cotton mills, jute mills) into RMG Clusters and EPZs. These closed mills have number of waterbodies and wetlands, which stand to get converted to industrial uses (in course of land development activities), as has happened in case of the Adamjee EPZ area in Siddhirganj industrial region. Other wetlands in and around the industrial regions also stand a chance to get converted to support future industrial development. Wetlands have a lot of environmental significance and the ecological services associated with them and so an urgent need is felt to protect the remaining wetlands in these industrial regional against any future encroachment that might occur from future industrial / urban activities. To protect the waterbodies and wetland within the industrial regions, certain regulatory provisions need to be strongly enforced along with some awareness building initiatives. A few key steps in this regard include: ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 225 • Demarcation of water bodies as per Water Act 2013; • Prepare a list of water bodies, those need to be protected; • Prepare a Master Plan for protection of water bodies; • Create awareness among all stakeholders about the importance of the wetland and the ecosystem services they support. Also generate public opinion on the Master Plan for protection and conservation of waterbodies. Creation of a Zoning Master Plan for Industrial Areas Based on the findings on the existing planning initiatives for the two industrial areas, it was evident that is an urgent need to develop robust Industrial Zoning Plans for the two industrial areas. These zoning plans will comprehensively taking into account the mitigation / management mechanisms as has been suggested above for various environmental and social aspects. These zoning plans will also tie up with regional and urban plans of local bodies like the City Corporations and Pourasabhas (e.g. The Dhaka Structure Plan: 2016-2030 of RAJUK; Multi Hazard Vulnerability Atlas of NCC, Plans prepared under National Land Zoning Project of Ministry of Land of Govt. of Bangladesh, etc.) It is also understood that overall application of this plan will be more effective in Meghnaghat (where the planning process is in its midcourse) and there are opportunities to implement adequate planning interventions. However developments in the Siddhirganj area has significantly progressed with most open spaces having already been used for industrial and urban development. However Siddhirganj still has a strong potential in terms of redevelopment of closed industrial mills (cotton, textile, jute, etc.) with high open spaces within these mills and with a high future possibility of development of these areas into RMG/EPZ cluster on the lines of the Adamjee EPZ model. Therefore the proposed zoning plans can be developed for both industrial areas but applicability and implementation can vary significantly based on the industrial area being assessed. The zoning plans can be developed by the planning cells of the urban local bodies with specific input coming from all stakeholder Govt. Departments (DOE, Power Cell, DPHE, etc.) and also have sectoral representations from industrial and power sectors. The option of engaging a professional planning agency with sufficient relevant experience of developing such plans in similar setting as well as specific experience of working in Bangladesh can be considered. The Zoning Plans will be developed using a stakeholder centric approach, and several levels of consultation and disclosure all along the process, needs to be undertaken to ensure that relevant stakeholder opinion is adequately factored in the plan ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 226 The approved and updated zoning plans for the industrial areas will be made available to the DOE to ensure their appropriate implementation together with the Site Clearance process for new industrial and power sector installation. It is proposed that any new industrial unit or power station will mark their site location on the approved Zoning Plans and also submit a compliance statement as to how the proposed units are conforming to various requirements stated under the Zoning Plan. The DOE only on satisfactory conformance to the Zoning Plan and its requirements will issue site clearance certificate to the proposed industrial units. Through this process it is possible to curb and regulate the growth of highly polluting industries. (B) Slum Improvement Programs A major finding of the CEIA Study is the slumification effect in the Siddhirganj Industrial area resulting due to unplanned, uncoordinated growth of residential facilities with inadequate sanitation, drainage, drinking water and solid water disposal facilities to accommodate the huge low-wage earning migrant work-force as a culmination of intense industrialisation. Slums pockets and slums like growths have been observed that further degraded the environment and affects the social wellbeing of community people. Targeted Study on Social Exclusion – A Poverty Assessment Study One of the most enduring physical manifestations of social exclusion (denial of basic human rights) in cities is proliferation of slums and informal settlements. People living in these settlements experience the most deplorable living and environmental conditions impacting their quality of life. The CEIA study captured the unplanned structural growth due to in-migration of low wage earning workforce through consultations with ULBs and community people, but had limited scope to establish poverty and deteriorated quality of life of the slum population. A Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) will be undertaken to have better insight into the poverty and slumification issues. The findings from the PPA will facilitate to develop the Slum Improvement Programme (SIP) more appropriately and specific to each slum or similar settlement. The SIP will try to alleviate the poor living standards of slum dwellers through bringing in infrastructural improvements - on rehabilitating and building assets for water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste and small access roads and also trans-municipal infrastructure and providing education, healthcare facilities, skill development trainings and income generation programme for women, thus making an effort to improve their social wellbeing Slum Improvement Programme (SIP) Upgradation of slums includes physical, social, economic and environmental improvements to be undertaken by the planning and local administrative authorities. The main objective of slum upgrading is to alleviate the poor living standards of slum dwellers. Many slums lack basic services such as ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 227 provision of safe drinking water, sanitation, wastewater and solid waste management. Slum upgrading is used mainly for projects inspired by or engaged by the World Bank and similar agencies. It should be considered by the proponents a necessary and important component of urban development. This can be mitigated and the quality of life of the people of the industrial region can be improved by undertaking planned urban infrastructure development programmes in those ULBs that house the industrial population. During the course of the CEIA Study and several consultations with different stakeholders, the issues of ‘slumification’ as a major area of concern has surfaced time and again as a factor that is contributing to environmental degeneration chiefly. A concept note given in Annex F.3 outlines the indicators of the poverty assessment study and components of slum improvement program which is much needed. 9.1.5 ACTION PLAN This section discusses the various components of an action plan that would allow the Power Cell to address the recommended measures proposed in the Cumulative Environmental Impact Assessment study. The proposed time- frame for implementation of the various actions range from immediate (within six months), short-term (1-3 years), medium-term (3-5 years) and long-term (5+ years) as shown in Table 9.1. Each of these action items are discussed in turn below. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 228 Table 9.1 Action Plan for Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Areas Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund A Environmentally Sound Sectoral Plan for Power Plants A.1 • Concentration of power Siting of Power Plants plants in Siddhirganj and A.1.1 Formulation of siting guidelines for Regulate the power Siting guidelines Short Term Department of Ministry of Meghnaghat region and Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat plants and considering Environment Environment hence pollution in both the region to regulate setting up of minimise environmental (DoE) / Power and Forests industrial areas new/ expansion of existing power cumulative impact and social Cell (MoEF) plants (gas, oil and coal based) on air quality, sensitivities • Plans to set up more considering proximity to urban which is presently power plants including areas and high existing pollution degraded/ coal based power plants. levels, as key criteria. stressed. A.1.2 Integration of newly adopted siting Approval of new Short Term DoE - • Unplanned industrial criteria in the DoE site clearance power plants in developments have process compliance with resulted in power plants siting guidelines A.2 being located within or in Adoption of Emission Control Measures close proximity to densely A.2.1 populated urban area. Use of Clean Fuel A.2.1.1 Issuance of policy/directive related Regulating Policy / directive Medium Power Cell Ministry of • Environmental compliance to preferential use of clean fuel in development of related to use of Term Power monitoring carried out for any new power plants being new power plants clean fuel Energy and within the plant site only. proposed in Siddhirganj and in the industrial considering Mineral Meghnaghat region e.g. regions and potential Resources • Lack of proper greenbelt promoting use of cumulative (MPEMR) (i) natural gas is preferable to oil, around the plant or plants clean fuel. impacts on the which is preferable to coal; not having sufficient land air-shed for creation of greenbelts. (ii) low ash content (less than 15%) and sulphur contained coal(less than 0.6%) for coal based power plants. A.2.1.2 Integrating the requirements of the Approval of Medium Power Cell - newly adopted policy/directive, power plants only Term related to use of clean fuel in the on conformance industrial zones of Siddhirganj and with policy / Meghnaghat region, with the directives with project approval process of Power respect to use of Cell. clean fuel ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 229 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund A.2.2 Adoption of Efficient Power Generation Technology A.2.2.1 Issuance of guidelines for use of Use of efficient Guidelines on use Medium Power Cell MPEMR efficient power generation power generation efficient power Term technology like combined cycle gas technology to generation turbine for gas and oil fired units; reduce potential technologies super-critical / ultra-supercritical impacts on the technology for coal fired power environment plants A.2.2.2 Integration of the requirements Approval of new Medium Power Cell - under the new guidelines related to power plants only Term adoption of efficient power on conformance generation technology in the to guidelines with industrial zones of Siddhirganj and respect to efficient Meghnaghat region with the project power generation approval process of Power cell technology A.2.3 Adoption of Emission Control Measures A.2.3.1 Issuance of directive related to To minimise New emission Short Term DoE / Power MoEF more stringent emission standards addition pollution standard with Cell for PM (50 mg/Nm3) and new load from power implementation standard for NOx and SO2 plants guidelines considering degraded air-shed and proximity to urban areas in the industrial zones of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat region. (Referring to IFC General EHS Guidelines on Air Emissions and Ambient Air Quality especially in reference to degraded air sheds). Issuance of directive related to adoption of control measures to achieve emission standards, e.g.: i) use of low NOx burners/ installation of additional NOx control burners; ii) Installation of efficient dust control system (99% removal efficiency) like ESP to achieve proposed standard of 50 mg/Nm3. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 230 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund iii) Installation of FGD to control the SO2 emission from fuels with high sulphur content. A.2.3.2 Integration of newly adopted Issue of EC to Short Term DoE - emission standard for power plants Power Plants only located in industrial zones of on conformance Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat with with stringent the Environment Clearance (EC) emission process from DOE. standards and due consideration of the regional monitoring data A.3 Regular Compliance Monitoring in Targeted Areas and Disclosure of Results A.3.1 Issuance of directive related to To assess the Guidelines on Short Term DoE / Power MoEF compliance monitoring in targeted effectiveness of compliance Cell areas (potential impact zone) and environmental monitoring to be disclosure of monitoring results control measures conducted by through the company's website. Power Plants A.3.2 Integration of newly adopted Renewal of EC to Short Term DoE - compliance monitoring circular power plants only with DoE's EC and renewal of EC on conformance process. with the new directive A.3.3 Regular compliance monitoring by Periodical Short Term Power Plant Power power plant operators as per the compliance Operators Plants directive issued with respect to monitoring and compliance monitoring and disclosure disclosure of monitoring results in the company’s website. A.4 Use of Efficient Cooling System A.4.1 Issuance of directive To minimise the Guidelines on use Short Term Power Cell MPEMR recommending use of only surface water consumption of efficient water for cooling purposes and use by power plants cooling systems of closed cycle cooling systems and hot water (with Colling Towers) for all new discharges in the steam cycle / combine cycle power receiving water plants bodies ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 231 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund A.4.2 Integration of the requirements Approval of new Short Term Power Cell - under the new directive related to power plants only use of efficient cooling systems with if they are the project approval system of planned with Power Cell. closed cycle cooling systems A.5 Effective Greenbelt Development A.5.1 To create visual Guidelines on Short Term DoE / Power MoEF Issuance of directive related to buffer and an development of Cell development of at least 33% effective pollution greenbelts compulsory greenbelt for new sink power plant and compensatory / offset plantation for existing plants. This should also be made applicable for other large scale industrial units in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial regions. A.5.2 Issue/Renewal of Short Term DoE - Integration of the requirements of EC to power the new directive regarding plants after due greenbelts with EC/EC Renewal considerations of Process greenbelts. A.6 Effective Solid Waste Handling for Coal Based Power Plants A.6.1 Issuance of directive related to To minimise the Power plants Short Term DoE / Power MoEF effective handling and utilisation of environmental having fly ash Cell fly ash generated from coal fired impact from fly ash utilization plan power plants (i.e.100% utilization of fly ash, covered storages, and minimization of fly ash disposal areas, etc.) A.6.2 Integration of the requirements in Issue/Renewal of Short Term DoE - the new directive related to EC to power effective handling of fly ash with plants only on the EC/EC Renewal Process having effective fly ash utilization plans ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 232 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund A.7 Safe Handling of Hazardous Material A.7.1 Preparation of guidelines for safe Securing Implementable Short Term DoE / Power MoEF transportation, storage and community safety Hazardous Waste Cell handling of Hazardous materials Management Plan A.7.2 Integration of requirements stated Issue/Renewal of Short Term DoE - in the new guidelines for safe EC to power handling of hazardous material plants on having with the EC/EC Renewal Process Hazardous Waste Management Plans A.8 Adoption of Community Health Improvement & Wellbeing Programs A.8.1 Prepare a community outreach Improve health and Number of Immediate Power Plant Power Plant program (CORP) and allocate a wellbeing for community Operator budget. surrounding outreach communities programs undertaken A.8.2 Implementation of CORP through Immediate Power Plant - independent agencies and disclose Operator program details and its progress in the company’s website B Regional Environmental Monitoring Program B.1 • No regional monitoring Preparation of program for regional To monitor the A monitoring Immediate DoE DoE stations for both the monitoring including provision of pollution trend of program with due industrial areas. infrastructure and manpower the region and considerations of requirement assess the regional pollution • Project specific limited effectiveness of sources and environmental monitoring control and receptors. being carried out during mitigation EIA Studies and measures being subsequently during adopted and periodic compliance initiate course monitoring- it is usually corrections (if limited with power plant required) following B.2 Setting up Regional Monitoring Lab, Monitoring Short Term DoE MoEF / premises and is not an adaptive hiring of manpower and other laboratory with External representative of the management resources. adequate Funding regional air shed. approach facilities. Agency ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 233 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund B.3 Regular regional monitoring and Monitoring as Continuous DoE Funding disclosure of cumulative data on per plan and activity Agency monitoring at a regional level disclosure of /DoE information. B.4 Periodical review of regional Pollution trends Continuous Task Force MoEF monitoring program and tracking and quality of activity of cumulative indicators by the task environment. force. Based on review of regional monitoring data, the task force (if required) can inform MoEF / DoE to consider appropriate steps to regulate industries by linking it with issue of Environmental Clearance or decision about new industries or industrial mix. C Regulating Ground Water Resources C.1 • Industries are mostly Issuance of directive related to To minimise Issuance of Immediate Department of DPHE dependent on ground mandatory permission required for ground water directive in Public Health water. Decreasing trends abstraction of ground water from depletion respect of ground Engineering in ground water levels in Upazila Parishads under the water abstraction (DPHE) / both the industrial area. Ground Water Management Upazila • Process of ground water Ordinance and also introduction of Parishads abstraction is currently not a cess for use of water. regulated C.2 • Local communities raised Integration of mandatory ground Compliance with Immediate DoE - concerns about fall in water clearance requirements with the directive ground water levels. the EC/EC Renewal Process. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 234 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund C.3 Regular monitoring of ground Annual ground Short Term DPHE / DPHE/ water table; defining ground water water depletion / Bangladesh BWDB potential zones (excellent, good replenishment Water moderate, poor, very poor); rates. Development formulation of a plan for setting up Board (BWDB) of permissible limit for the different user categories D Environmental Improvement Program for Small and Medium Scale Industries D.1 Emission & Discharge Inventory D.1.1 • Number of small and Preparation of a comprehensive To prepare a Comprehensive Short term DOE (nodal External medium scale industries is database for small and medium comprehensive database with agency) in Funding operating in the industrial scale industries in Siddhirganj and database of small identification of association Agency regions which are highly Meghnaghat industrial regions, and medium scale problem areas / with partners polluting. They have related to location of industry, industries key issues and and funding limited / no pollution capacity, resource utilization, concerns agencies control measures and pollution (emission, effluent, solid some are not even under & hazardous waste), existing the regulatory net (i.e. pollution control mechanism, operating without valid regulatory compliance status and regulatory approvals). gaps, etc. Individual small scale D.2 industries are not able to Generating Awareness for Adoption of Environmentally Sound Production Processes D.2.1 invest in pollution control Sharing of information to the Creation of Inclusions of Short term Department of Ministry of measures or operate unorganised sector on the cost- awareness amongst targeted small Industries Industries pollution control systems benefits of improving the small and and medium scale (DoI) / (MoI) / (given their scale of environmental performance. medium scale industries under Chamber of Chamber of operations). industries about this program. Commerce/ Commerce • Enforcement of regulation benefits of DoE D.2.2 against this sector is weak. Promoting environmentally sound pollution Short term DoI/ Chamber MoI/ production processes and green prevention of Commerce / Chamber of procurement. measures. DoE Commerce D.2.3 Initiating media campaigns to Short Term DoI/ Chamber MoI/ stimulate the green market. of Commerce / Chamber of DoE Commerce ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 235 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund D. 3 Technical Interventions D. 3.1 Formulation of Environment DoE to engage with Number of Short term DoE / DoI External Management Systems focusing on partners and industries Funding environmentally sound production funding agencies to covered under Agency processes, efficient resource develop and this program management to minimise waste, implement a pollution and energy consumption. regional program to provide D. 3.2 Promoting resource sharing Medium DoE / DoI External technical /financial (common water treatment plant, Term Funding support for small effluent treatment plant and waste Agency and medium scale disposal facility) and application of industries to move shared facilities through industrial towards cleaner clustering and networking. technologies and D. 3.4 Research, development and pilot energy efficiency Medium DoE / DoI External programs for adoption of cleaner Term Funding technology Agency D. 4 Program Monitoring and Review (To be implemented together with Regional Environmental Monitoring Program as described under Sl. No. B) D.4.1 Formulation of regional monitoring Assess the Improvement in Medium DoE Funding plan including infrastructure effectiveness of the quality of Term Agency requirement/ manpower program environment requirement, etc. (effectiveness of control and D.4.2 Setting up of regional monitoring mitigation Medium DoE Funding facilities measures being Term Agency adopted) and D.4.3 Continuous DoE DoE/ Periodical performance monitoring initiate course activity Funding and disclosure of information corrections (if Agency required) following D.4.4 Periodical review of the program Continuous Task Force MoEF an adaptive and results and accordingly activity management following an adaptive management approach approach, to initiate changes (if required) to programs adopted for small and medium industries in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 236 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund E Land use Planning and Zoning Control E.1 • The Dhaka Structure Plan Land use Planning and Creation of Zoning Master Plan for Industrial Areas E.1.1 (2016-2035) covers the Identify /authorise preferably a To control the Landuse plan Short Term Local LGED entire Siddhirganj area single agency with proper unplanned considering all Government while the National Zoning jurisdiction / mandate to develop industrial environmental Engineering Map for Munsiganj district and monitor implementation of a development and and social Department covers the Meghnaghat landuse zoning plan for the restrict/ regulate sensitivities (LGED) South region. Presently, industrial regions further growth of there is no landuse plan polluting industries E.1.2 for Meghnaghat North Review of existing plans (Dhaka Medium- Narayanganj Funding in the already Region. Structure Plan, National Zoning term City Agency industrialised • No industrial zoning plan Plan for Munshiganj, etc.) and Corporation zones by enforcing is available for Siddhirganj landuse transform trends and (NCC) and zoning controls and Meghnaghat regions accordingly develop a Union Parishad • Plans are macro level plan comprehensive landuse zoning plan - not defining the for Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat exclusive industries zones areas with due consideration of key or type of industry. environmental issues and concerns E.1.3 • Unplanned mixed use Review of land use planning and Medium- Task Force MoEF development has occurred proposed zoning control through a term in the industrial regions newly created Task Force to ensure inclusion of key environmental concerns in the plan. E.1.4 Plan implementation through Medium- NCC /Union LGED responsible agencies term Parishads E.1.5 Integration of requirements under Continuous DoE - proposed zoning control with activity DoE's site clearance process E. 2 Creation of Buffer Zones along the River and their Management E.2.1 Detailed mapping of riverbank land use Regulate use of Creation of buffer Short Term NCC and Funding of Sitalakhya and Meghna (delineation river bank to zones considering Union Parishad Agency of existing industrial areas and potential reduce the environmental development areas) pollution load in sensitivity the rivers. E.2.2 Prepare a river bank management Short Term NCC and Funding plan for Sitalakhya and Meghna Union Agency rivers highlighting on permitted/ Parishads / prohibited/ regulated activities. DoE ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 237 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund E.2.3 River bank land use control through Continuous NCC and - local authorities activity Union Parishad E.2.4 Control of industrial development Continuous DoE - along river banks through due activity integration of proposed buffer zone considerations with DoE’s site clearance process E.3 • Wetlands are getting Protection of Wetlands and Water bodies E.3.1 converted for industrial Inventorization of wetlands/water To protect Implementation Immediate NCC and Funding development and bodies in both the industrial area and wetlands and of protection Union Parishad Agency urbanization in potential industrial growth zones water bodies from measures to conversion to other protect water E.3.2 • Enforcement of law Prepare a master plan for uses (such as bodies / wetlands Short Term NCC and Funding related to conversion of conservation of wetland/ water industrial, from conversion. Union Parishad Agency wetlands is weak bodies residential, E.3.3 Conducting extensive awareness commercial, etc.) Short Term NCC and NCC/UP programs on importance of Union Parishad protection of wetlands and water bodies E.3.4 Implementation of wetland Continuous NCC and conservation plan by integrating plan activity Union Parishad requirements with the approval process for wetland conversion required under Natural Water Bodies Protection Act 2000 from Town Development Authority/ Municipalities E.3.5 Integrating the requirements under Continuous DoE - the Waterbodies and Wetland activity Conversion Process with DoE's site clearance process F Slum Improvement Program F.1 • Considerable section of Formulation of Slum Improvement Programs (Conducting Poverty Assessment Study) F.1.1 the population lives in Planning a Participatory Poverty • To understand Availability of Short Term Local External slums and informal Assessment Study in the industrial poverty recent Government Funding settlements characterized regions in Siddhirganj and situation in information on Engineering Agency by poor living conditions Meghnaghat urban slums. poverty status of Department • Rapid unplanned urban • To measure the slum population (LGED) growth lacks proper ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 238 Sl. No. Key Issues Recommendations Objective Key Performance Timeframe Actor / Source of Indicator Agencies Fund F.1.2 infrastructure like Carrying out poverty assessment extent of social and slum like ULBs (NCC, sanitation, drinking water study exclusion and growth areas Pauroshabhas, facility, solid waste poverty level of Union disposal facility, drainage, slums Parishads) F.1.3 etc. Monitoring the poverty assessment population. LGED • Significant proportions of study • To develop F.1.4 slums are not recognized Assessment of poverty and based on programs for LGED by government and ULBs. the findings prepare slum poverty improvement program (SIP) reduction. F.2 Slum Improvement Program - Implementation and Monitoring F.2.1 Slum profiling based on findings of • To improve the Education Availability Medium LGED External Participatory poverty assessment infrastructure and access to Term Funding F.2.2 Action plan for program formulation and amenities of educational facilities LGED Agency the slums Health care F.2.3 Reviewing SIP planning to ensure Task Force Incidence rates of inclusions of all environmental • To achieve the diseases concerns goal of economic Slum Infrastructure F.2.4 Program implementation improvement Improvement ULBs (NCC, through income Access to improved Pauroshabhas, generation sanitation facility, Union activities and safe drinking water Parishads thrift & credit; Income Generation F.2.5 Monitoring SIP implementation to Task Force Program ensure that environmental concerns • To enable Percentage of are addressed children get vulnerable person, access to women and men education (slum population) facilities at employed in primary level; livelihood activities. • To deepen Skill Development Training primary health Proportion of person care facilities received training and and referral are employed system. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 239 9.1.6 MONITORING A plan has been developed for monitoring the measures that has been recommended as part of the CEIA. This plan tracks on the progress of the program/actions during the implementation phase and accordingly informs agencies that are responsible for implementation / supervision. Principally the monitoring will entail: • Collection of data on the implementation of activities and outputs, according to the indicators specified in the recommended action plan; • Collecting data on the delivery of results and impacts according to the indicators identified in the monitoring framework and evaluation programs to be able to follow an adaptive management approach to initiate any changes (if required) to the programs that have been proposed as part of the CEIA Study; The detailed plan is presented in Table 9.2. Table 9.2 Monitoring Plan Sl. No. Management Action Parameters to be Timeframe Responsibility Monitored for Supervision A. Environmentally Sound Sectoral Plan for Power Plants A.1 Siting Guidelines for Power Plants A.1.1 Formulation of siting Inclusion of key During formulation of Task Force guidelines environmental and social siting guidelines (Draft while formulating siting / Final) guidelines for Power Plants A.1.2 Integration of Siting Approval of power During site clearance MoEF Guidelines with the plants only on stage for power plants site clearance process conformance with siting of DoE guidelines A.2 Adoption of Emission Control Measures A.2.1 Use of Clean Fuel A.2.1.1 Issuance of Consideration of During formulation of Task Force policy/directive potential cumulative policy / directive related to preferential impact on air quality related to clean fuel use of clean fuel associated with use of (Draft / Final) different fuel A.2.1.2 Integration of the Approval of Power Project approval stage MPEMR requirements under Plants on conformance the new policy / with new policy / directive related to directives with respect to clean fuel with the use of clean fuel project approval process of Power Cell A.2.2 Adoption of Efficient Power Generation Technology A.2.2.1 Issuance of guidelines Consideration of During formulation of Task Force related to adoption of potential impacts guidelines on efficient efficient power associated with use of power generation generation technology different generation technology (Draft / technology Final) A.2.2.2 Integration of Approval of power Project approval stage MPEMR requirements under plants on conformance the new guidelines with guidelines with related to adoption of respect to power efficient power generation technology generation technology ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 240 Sl. No. Management Action Parameters to be Timeframe Responsibility Monitored for Supervision with the project approval process of Power Cell A.2.3 Adoption of Emission Control Measures A.2.3.1 Issuance of stringent New emission standard During formulation of Task Force emission standardfor with implementation new emission power plants located guidelines related to standards (Draft / in the industrial zones emission control Final) A.2.3.2 Integration of newly Approval of Power During project MoEF adopted emission Plants on conformance clearance stage standard with the EC with stringent emission process of DoE standards A.3 Regular Compliance Monitoring in Targeted Areas and Disclosure of Results A.3.1 Issuance of directive Issuance of directive with During formulation of MoEF related to compliance guidelines related to new directive related monitoring and compliance monitoring to compliance disclosure by Power to be conducted monitoring (Draft / Plants Final) A.3.2 Integration of Renewal of EC to new Annually during MoEF requirements under power plants on project the new directive conformance with the implementation related to compliance new directive on monitoring with the compliance monitoring EC renewal process A.3.3 Compliance Regular compliance During project DoE monitoring and monitoring and implementation – disclosure by Power disclosure as per quarterly / six Plants requirements monthly A.4 Use of Efficient Cooling Systems A.4.1 Issuances of directive Directive with guidelines During formulation of MoEF related to cooling new directive related system to cooling systems (Draft / Final) A.4.2 Integration of Approval of power During project MPEMR requirements under plants on conformance approval stage the new directive with new directive related to cooling related to cooling systems with the systems power plant approval process A.5 Effective Greenbelt Development A.5.1 Issuance of directive Directive with guidelines During formulation of MoEF related to greenbelts new directive related to greenbelts (Draft / Final) A.5.2 Integration of Approval of power During project MoEF requirements under plants on conformance clearance stage the new directive with new directive related to Greenbelts related to greenbelts with the EC process A.6 Effective Solid Waste Handling for Coal Based Power Plants A.6.1 Issuance of directive Directive with guidelines During formulation of MoEF related to utilization of new directive related fly ash to ash handling (Draft / Final) A.6.2 Integration of Approval of power During project MoEF requirements under plants on conformance clearance stage the new directive with new directive related to ash handling related to ash handling with the EC process ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 241 Sl. No. Management Action Parameters to be Timeframe Responsibility Monitored for Supervision A.7 Safe Handling of Hazardous Materials A.7.1 Guidelines for safe Guidelines covering all During formulation of MoEF handling of hazardous aspects of handling of new guidelines related material hazardous materials to hazardous materials (Draft / Final) A.7.2 Integration of Approval of power During project MoEF requirements under plants on conformance clearance stage the new directive with new directive related to hazardous related to hazardous wastes with the EC wastes process A.8 Adoption of Community Health Improvement & Wellbeing Programs A.8.1 Prepare a community Number of community During program Power Cell outreach program outreach program formulation stage (CORP) A.8.2 Implementation and Number of successful Every year Power plant disclosure implementation program operators B Regional Environmental Monitoring Program B.1 Regional monitoring Program considering During program Task Force program regional pollution formulation stage sources and receptors B.2 Setting up of Regional Monitoring lab with During setting of MoEF Monitoring Lab adequate facilities Regional Lab B.3 Regular monitoring Monitoring as per plan Every six month after MoEF and disclosure of and disclosure of initiation of program cumulative data on information monitoring at a regional level B.4 Periodic review Pollution trends and Every six month after Task Force quality of environment initiation of program C Regulating Ground Water Resources C.1 Directive related to Issuance of directive During formulation of Task Force mandatory permission directive (Draft / required for Final) abstraction of ground water C.2 Integration of Every six month after Compliance with circular Task Force mandatory ground issuance of the water clearance directive related to requirements with the abstraction of ground EC Process water C.3 Periodical Monitoring Ground water depletion Every six month after Task Force / replenishment rates. initiation of program D Environmental Improvement Program for Small and Medium Scale Industries D.1 Emission and Comprehensive database After completion of MoEF Discharge Inventory of with identification of inventorisation small and medium problem areas / key scale industries issues and concerns D.2 Generating awareness Include targeted After every three Task Force for adoption of industries under this months during environmentally program program sound production implementation process D.3 Technical Number of industries Every six months Task Force interventions (EMS, covered under this during program Resource Sharing, program implementation R&D) D.4 Monitoring and review Improvement in quality Every six months Task Force of program of environment. during program implementation E Land use Planning and Zoning Control ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 242 Sl. No. Management Action Parameters to be Timeframe Responsibility Monitored for Supervision E.1 Land use planning for Plan considering all During draft and final Task Force Siddhirganj and environmental and social stages of plan Meghnaghat Region sensitivity preparation and its integration Compliance with plan Every six month after Task Force with DoE’s site requirements plan implementation clearance process E.2 Protection of wetland Implementation of During draft and final Task Force and water bodies measures to protect stages of plan through development water bodies / wetlands preparation of Master Plan and from conversion integration of plan Compliance with plan Every six month after Task Force requirements with requirements plan implementation DoE’s site clearance process. E.3 Creation of a zoning Creation on planned During draft and final Task Force master plan for industrial areas stages of plan industrial areas considering preparation environmental and social sensitivities Compliance with plan Every six month after Task Force plan implementation F Slum Improvement Program F.1 Targeted study on Availability of recent During draft and final Task Force social exclusion information on poverty stage of the study (Participatory Poverty status of slum population report Assessment Study and slum like growth areas F.2 Slum Improvement Improvement of Every six month of the Task Force Program (SIP) education, health care, implementation phase slum infrastructure, income generation and skill development of targeted people 9.1.7 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR IMPLEMENTATION The outcome of the CEIA study specifies four major initiatives/ programs that have been recommended to manage the cumulative environmental and social impact on VECs, due to the existing projects as well foreseeable future actions. The actions and management strategies suggested for the following recommended programs requiring multi-sectoral involvements. • Program#1: Land Planning and Zoning Control • Program#2: Environmental Improvement Program for Small and Medium Scale Industries • Program#3: Regional Environmental Monitoring Program • Program#4: Poverty Assessment and Slum Improvement Program The CEIA has also recommended for implementation of a Sector Plan for the Power Sector which is proposed to be executed by Power Cell. The CEIA has also brought out the need for regulating the ground water resource, which is presently unregulated. This initiative is proposed to be duly implemented through the existing institutional mechanisms of the Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) and in association with Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) and Upazila Parishads. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 243 9.1.8 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT FOR THE POWER SECTOR PLAN The Environmentally Sound Sector Plan for the Power Sector, as has been proposed as part of the CEIA, will be implemented through Power Cell, under the aegis of Ministry of Power, Energy and Mineral Resource (MPEMR). Power Cell will be responsible for developing an implementable plan for recommendations proposed for the power sector in the CEIA Study. As suggested, Power Cell will drive proper siting, use of clean fuel as well as technological interventions to minimise cumulative environmental impacts from the Power Sector in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas. The pollution control and monitoring related intervention will however be implemented through DOE. The following diagram explains implementation of the Sector Plan for the Power Sector. Figure 9.1 Implementation Process for Sector Plan for Power Sector Power Cell DOE • Siting Guidelines for Power Plants • Use of Clean Fuel • Adoption of Stringent Emission Control • Adoption of Efficient Power Measures Generation Technology • Regular Compliance Monitoring and Disclosure • Use of Efficient Cooling Systems • Including cumulative/regional indicators in decision making on granting ECs. 9.1.9 INSTITUTIONAL STRUCTURE FOR PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION Implementation of the four dynamic programs as mentioned above will require involvement of two major actors/agencies under two ministries – Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) and Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (MLGRDC). Department of Environment (DOE) and Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) under MOEF and MLGRDC respectively, will be the two main nodal departments responsible for program planning, implementation and monitoring. At the grass root level, Program#1 (Land Planning and Zoning Control) and Program#4 (Poverty Assessment and Slum Improvement Program) will be executed by the urban local bodies (ULBs), especially Narayanganj City Corporation, Pauroshabhas and Union Parishads that house the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial regions whereas Program#2 (Environmental Improvement Program for Small and Medium Scale Industries) and Program#3 (Regional Environmental Monitoring Program) is proposed to be implemented by the DOE regional offices in Narayanganj and Munshiganj. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 244 As the implementation of these programs requires involvement of multi- disciplinary agencies, there is a need for a Task Force for maintaining coordination, monitoring program implementation and also to address complex issues related to industrial growth and sustainable environment. The nodal ministry in this regard is MOEF with a larger stake and responsibility as the programs prosed under this CEIA Study principally target to control, regulate and minimize impacts on the environment. Hence, an Inter Institutional Environmental Task Force will be formed under the aegis of MOEF but will have suitable representations from other concerned ministries and departments. Institutional details of this proposed task force is further delineated in a subsequent section in this chapter. The following diagram explains the institutional structure for program implementation. Figure 9.2 Institutional Structure for Program Implementation MOEF MLGRDC TASK FORCE DOE LGED • Program#2: Environmental Improvement • Program#1: Land Planning and Program for Small & Medium Industries Zoning Control • Program#3: Regional Environmental • Program#4: Poverty Assessment Monitoring Program and Slum Improvement Program Regional Office of DOE ULBs (Narayanganj and (NCC, Paurosabhas and Munshiganj) Union Parishads) The programs as mentioned above will be implemented by the different agencies as stated below. It is to be noted here that the recommended actors for the programs are solely suggestive and the concerned ministries and nodal agencies have the authority to draft out Program Action Plan (PAP) for effective implementation. 9.1.10 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION BY LOCAL GOVT. ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT (LGED) Local Government Engineering Department (LGED) is an organ of Government of Bangladesh created to provide technical support to the rural and the urban local government institutions (LGIs) and to help with planning and implementation of infrastructure development projects in the rural and urban areas under the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 245 Cooperatives. LGED works in a wide range of diversified programs like construction of roads, bridges, culverts, etc. and also on issues like social mobilization, empowerment and environmental protection. Program#1: Land Use Planning and Zoning Control LGED under the Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives will be the responsible agency for implementation of this program. The land use plans are generally prepared by the respective Urban Local Bodies (ULBs); it is essential to bring all the land use plans prepared by the ULBs and zoning of the industrial development under one umbrella – for effective planning and zoning control for an industrial region. Hence, LGED will be the coordinator and the responsible agency for bringing together the planning of all the ULBs in one platform and in ensuring that the required regulatory controls are reinforced by the DOE. Figure 9.3 Implementation Process for Land use Planning & Zoning Control Coordination & Overseeing Implementation Process LGED DOE ULBs (NCC, Other Pauroshabhas & Union Parishads) • Prepare a comprehensive long term • Control of industrial perspective land use plan and development through site implementation through LGIs clearance/ environment • Prepare guidelines of prohibited/ clearance process through regulated/ allowable activity along the integration of: river banks and its implementation - Land use and zoning plan through LGIs - Buffer zones and their • Wetland protection measures: Master management plan and its implementation. - Protection of wetland and • Industrial Zoning control; Updating water bodies existing plan and prepare new plan and its implementation Program#4: Poverty Assessment and Slum Improvement Program Several slum improvement projects had been implemented under LGED since 1985 at municipality and city corporation levels. Poverty reduction and infrastructure development are key mandates of LGED. The body had been instrumental in implementing ‘Urban Poverty Reduction Project’ and ‘Dhaka Slum Improvement Project’ in Dhaka City Corporation area. LGED as a lead ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 246 actor will initiate and undertake a targeted study for poverty assessment and social exclusion in collaboration with the Narayanganj City Corporation (NCC), Pauroshabha, and Union Parishads covering the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial regions. LGED will also support the NCC, respective Pauroshabhas and Union Parishads carve out slum improvement programs (SIP) based on the findings of the poverty assessment study. Figure 9.4 Implementation Process for Poverty Assessment Study and Slum Improvement Program • Identifying responsible agency for planning and implementation of poverty assessment study LGED • Monitoring the poverty assessment study • Assessing the findings of the poverty assessment study and helping the concern ULBs to carve out SIP • Carrying out SIP in collaboration with respective ULBs • Carrying out poverty assessment study • Assessing findings of poverty assessment and formulating slum improvement program with ULBs support of LGED • Carrying out SIP 9.1.11 PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION BY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT (DOE) DOE is an organ of Government of Bangladesh created to ensure sustainable environmental governance for achieving high quality of life for the benefit of present and future generation under the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF). DOE’s prime mandate is to secure a clean and healthy environment through the fair and consistent application of environmental rules and regulations. DOE is also constantly involved in guiding, training, and promoting awareness of environmental issue and through sustainable action on critical environmental problems that demonstrate practical solutions, and that incite public support and involvement. So DOE is ideally positioned to implement Program#2 and Program#3 that have been proposed under the CEIA Study for environmental improvements in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial regions. Program#2: Environmental Improvement Program for Small and Medium Scale Industries One of the core activities of DOE is enforcement of Bangladesh Environment Conservation Act, 1995 (as amended up to 2010) for the conservation of environment and control of environmental pollution. The bigger industries ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 247 generally operate within the realms of environmental compliance. DOE is able to keep a regulatory control and monitors the industries at regular intervals. However some of the medium and small scale industries, especially the smaller dyeing and textile units are operating outside the ambit of the regulatory net of DOE but at the same time adding significant pollution load to the regional environment, especially the river systems. The environmental performance of these industries has traditionally remained weak due to several interlinked factors such as use of obsolete technologies, poor of pollution control system, lack of finance, lack of awareness, etc. So there is an urgent need to strengthen and improve the environmental performance of these industrial units, especially their pollution control mechanisms, and also to bring them under regulatory purview. DOE can thus adopt an Environmental Improvement Program for these small and medium industrial units as a strategic measure to reduce the pollution level from these units and also to ensure compliance with existing regulatory requirements. Figure 9.5 Implementation Process for Environmental Improvement Program for Small and Medium Scale Industries • Preparation of comprehensive database related to location of industry, capacity, resource utilization, pollution & existing pollution control mechanism, etc. • Formulation of regional Monitoring Plan including infrastructure requirement/ manpower requirement, etc. • Setting up of regional monitoring setup • Periodical performance monitoring and disclosure of information DOE • Sharing of information on the cost-benefits of improving environmental performance to the unorganised sector. • Research, development and Pilot program for adoption of cleaner technology • Promoting environmentally sound production processes and green procurement. • Initiating the media campaigns to stimulate the green market. • Formulation of Environment Management System focusing on environmentally sound production process, efficient resource management to minimise the waste, pollution and energy Program#3: Regional Environmental Monitoring Plan Current monitoring practices by the industries are limited to regulatory compliance and there is no consolidation of the information available with the regulators. It is therefore important to develop a regional monitoring plan for both the industrial clusters, which can be implemented through a network of regional offices of the DOE, present near the two industrial regions. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 248 Figure 9.6 Implementation Process for Regional Environmental Monitoring Plan • Preparation of program for regional monitoring including infrastructure and manpower requirement DOE • Setting up Regional Monitoring Lab, hiring of manpower and other resources. • Regular Regional Monitoring and disclosure of Information 9.1.12 INTER INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL TASK FORCE As stated earlier the implementation of these programs will require involvement of multi-disciplinary agencies and hence an Inter Institutional Environmental Task Force has been proposed for maintaining coordination, monitor program implementation and also to address complex issues related to industrial growth and sustainable environment in the two industrial regions. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF) has a major stake and responsibility in this regard as the programs are principally targeted towards improvement of the environmental quality in these industrial regions. Hence, this proposed Task Force will be formed under the aegis of MOEF but will have suitable representations from other concerned ministries and departments. A guiding outline is provided below however MOEF has the full authority to frame and carve out the composition as well as the role and responsibilities of the Task Force to best suit the requirements for future implementation of the programs recommended. Objective The prime objective of the Task Force will be to address the issues related industrial growth and sustainable environment in the two industrial regions of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Mandate It will be the mandate of the Task Force to ensure effective implementation of the four programs suggested, to facilitate the complex issues of industrial growth and prevent them from being continued stressors on environment, in order achieve the goal of sustainable environment in the industrial region. Slogan Clean, Green & Healthy Programs for Sustainable Environment in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 249 • The Task Force will update and advise the two concerned Ministries (MOEF and MLGRDC) and guide and advise the Nodal Agencies • The Task Force will be instrumental in reviewing the plans and strategies developed for program implementation and provide approval; • The programs will be monitored and policies will be reviewed in regular intervals; • If the plans do not yield effective results the Task Force will niche out Adaptive Management Plans • The Task Force will also have the responsibility to review and approve Program Action Plans (PAPs) that have been suggested in this study. Composition of Task Force • Secretary, Ministry of Environment and Forests (MOEF)/ Chairperson • Additional Secretary, Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives (MLGRDC)/ Member Secretary • Director General, Power Cell, Power Division, MPEMR /Member • Director General, DOE, MOEF/Member • Chief Engineer, LGED, MLGRDC/ Member • Subject specific academicians from universities • Chairperson, Narayanganj City Corporation Citizen’s Forum A Citizen’s Forum, an apolitical group, will be in place that will serve as ‘better environmental regulation watchdog’ and voice the concerns of the community. They will serve as the eyes and ears to the Task Force at grass root level. The groups may be formed based on the industrial clusters both in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat. The groups will update NCC and other ULBs on probable ‘red-flag’ issues to minimize the stressors on environmental and social VECs Formation As the vital industrial cluster being Siddhirganj, NCC will take the leadership to form the Citizen’s Forum at all the industrial cluster levels along with support of other ULBs that house the industrial regions. Objective To be watchful advocates for Transparent, Clean and Honest Governance towards achieving sustainable environment Mandate • Appraise NCC and other ULBs from time to time on conditions of VECs (environmental, social, public health related issues) • Conduct specific studies, prepare report and submit to NCC based on requirements of Task Force ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 250 • Conduct awareness programs for community people with support of NCC and ULBs. Composition • Chairperson of NCC will be the Chairperson of the Citizen’s Forum by virtue of his/her position • Academicians/ University Teachers/Principals of Colleges/Teachers • Members of civil society organisations • Medical Practitioners / Representatives from Health Institutions • Chairman of business associations at Union Parishad level Functioning Mechanism • The Chairperson of NCC by virtue of the position will preside over all the meetings of Citizen’s Forum or will appoint a representative in his/her place in case he/she fails to attend the meetings. • A suggestion/complaint box may be placed at the NCC/Pauroshabhas/ Union Parishads that will be the receiving point of the suggestions and complaints from the citizens’ of the ULBs. • The citizens’ may also put in their suggestions/complaints online. The NCC web portal may be modified to set up an online system for registering of grievances from the two industrial regions. • Every three months a meeting will be called by the Chairperson of the Citizen’s Forum to review the suggestions/ complaints and discuss on the probable action plan with the forum members to address the suggestions and complaints. • The probable action plan may be forwarded to the Task Force for review and approval. Some major issues that needs policy decisions may be forwarded directly to Task Force for their action. • A special drive will be taken by the ULBs to sensitize their citizen’s about the existence of the Citizen’s Forum and that they are open to put in their suggestions for an environment friendly region. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 251 Annex A EHS Standards Applicable to the CEIA Annex A- EHS Standards Applicable to the CEIA Air Emission Standards / Guidelines – Power Plants Parameter Unit Bangladesh* World Bank** PM10 mg/Nm3 150 (Capacity >200 MW) 50 (liquid fuel) 350 (Capacity <200 MW) Not specified- SO2 % sulphur Not specified Use less than 0.5% sulphur content in fuel (liquid fuel) liquid fuel % sulphur Not specified Not specified- content in natural gas NOx mg/Nm3 Not specified 152 (74 ppm) – liquid fuel mg/Nm3 30 ppm (Capacity <200 MW) 51 (25 ppm) – natural gas 40 ppm (Capacity: 200-500 MW) 50 ppm (Capacity: >500 MW) Dry Gas, Excess O2 % Not specified 15 (natural gas) Content % Not specified 15 (liquid fuel) Note: * Schedule 11 (Standards for Gaseous Emission from Industries or Projects) of the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997. ** Emission Guidelines for Combustion Turbines, WB/IFC EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants (Source: EU (LCP Directive 2001/80/EC October 23 2001), EU (Liquid Fuel Quality Directive 1999/32/EC, 2005/33/EC), US (NSPS for Stationary Combustion Turbines, Final Rule – July 6, 2006). Air Emission Standards / Guidelines – Other Industries Industry Parameter Unit Bangladesh Standard* Cement Industry a) Cement Manufacturing PM10 mg/Nm3 250 b) Grinding Unit Production > 1000 TPD PM10 mg/Nm3 200 Production : 200-1000 TPD PM10 mg/Nm3 300 Production : < 200 TPD PM10 mg/Nm3 400 Boiler of Industrial Units Gas Based PM10 mg/Nm3 100 Oil Based PM10 mg/Nm3 300 Gas Based NOx mg/Nm3 150 Oil Based NOx mg/Nm3 300 Note: * Schedule 12 (Standards for Sector-wise Industrial Effluent or Emission) of the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997. Ambient Air Quality Standards / Guidelines Parameter Bangladesh** WHO *** 24 hourly (µg/m3) Annual (µg/m3) 24 hourly (µg/m3) Annual (µg/m3) SPM 200 - - - PM10 150 50 50 20 PM2.5 65 15 25 (guideline) 10 37.5 (Interim Target-3) SO2 365 80 20 - NOx - 100 - 40 CO* 10,000 - 10,000 - ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 A-1 Note: * CO concentrations and standards are 8-hourly only. ** The Bangladesh National Ambient Air Quality Standards have been taken from the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997 which was amended on 19th July 2005 vide S.R.O. No. 220-Law/2005. *** WHO Ambient Air Quality Guideline Values (2005 and 2000), which are also being referred in the World Bank and IFC’s General EHS Guidelines (2007) Effluent Standards / Guidelines – Power Plants Parameter Unit Bangladesh* WB/IFC** pH - 6-9 6-9 Total Suspended Solids mg/l 150 50 (TSS) Oil and grease mg/l 10 10 Total residual chlorine mg/l - 0.2 Chromium (total) mg/l 0.5 0.5 Copper mg/l 0.5 0.5 Iron mg/l 2.0 1.0 Zinc mg/l 5.0 1.0 Lead mg/l 0.1 0.5 Cadmium mg/l 0.5 0.1 Mercury mg/l 0.01 0.005 Arsenic mg/l 0.2 0.5 Temperature increase at °C 40 (summer) Site specific requirement to be the edge of the mixing 45 (winter) established by the EA. zone Elevated temperature areas due to discharge of once-through cooling water (e.g., 1 Celsius above, 2 Celsius above, 3 Celsius above ambient water temperature) should be minimized by adjusting intake and outfall design through the project specific EA depending on the sensitive aquatic ecosystems around the discharge point. Note: * Schedule 10 (Standards for Waste from Industrial Units or Projects Waste) of the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997. ** Effluent Guidelines, WB/IFC EHS Guidelines for Thermal Power Plants. Effluent Standards / Guidelines – Other Industries Industry / Parameter Unit Bangladesh Standard* Composite Textile Plant pH 6.5-9 Suspended Solids mg/L 100 BOD5 20oC mg/L 150 (Physico Chemical Processing) Oil & Grease mg/L 10 Total Dissolved Solids mg/L 2100 Waste Water Flow 100 per kg of fabric processed Special parameters based on classification of dyes used Total Chromium, as Cr mg/L 2 Sulfide, as S mg/L 2 Phenolic compounds, as C6H5OH mg/L 5 Production Capacity Pulp and Paper Industry > 50 TPD < 50 TPD pH 6-9 6-9 Suspended Solids mg/L 100 100 BOD5 20oC mg/L 30 50 COD mg/L 300 400 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 A-2 Industry / Parameter Unit Bangladesh Standard* Waste Water Flow m3 200/Ton of paper 200/Ton of paper (Agricultural raw materials) 75/Ton of paper (Produced from waste paper) Food Processing, Fish Canning, Dairy, Starch and Jute Industries pH 6-9 BOD5 20oC mg/L 150 Waste Water Flow 100 Starch 8 Cubic Meter per Ton of raw materials Jute Processing 1.5 Cubic Meter per Ton product Dairy Products 3 Cubic Meter per Ton of Milk Note: * Schedule 12 (Standards for Sector-wise Industrial Effluent or Emission) of the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997. Standards for Sewage Discharge Parameter Unit Standard Limit (Bangladesh)* BOD mg/l 40 Nitrate mg/l 250 Phosphate mg/l 35 Suspended Solid mg/l 100 Temperature °C 30 Coliform No./100 ml 1000 Notes: (1) This limit shall be applicable to discharges into surface and inland waters bodies. (2) Sewage shall be chlorinated before final discharge. * Schedule 9 (Standards for Sewage Discharge) of the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997 Noise Level Standards / Guidelines Category of Bangladesh* IFC-WHO*** Area/ Receptor Day (dB(A)) Night (dB(A)) Day (dB(A)) Night (dB(A)) Silent Zone 45 35 55 45 Residential Area 55 45 55 45 Mixed Area 60 50 - - Commercial Area 70 60 70 70 Industrial Area 75 70 70 70 Note: * The Bangladesh National Ambient Noise Standards have been taken from Schedule 4 (Standards for Sound) of the Environmental Conservation Rules, 1997 amended September 7, 2006. ** Guidelines values are for noise levels measured out of doors. Source: Guidelines for Community Noise, World Health Organization (WHO), 1999. *** As per IFC EHS noise level guidelines, Noise impacts should not exceed the levels presented in the above table or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 A-3 Annex B Information Sources Annex B- Information Sources A) Literature Review and Information Collected during the CEIA Key documents used to inform this CEIA include: 1. Environmental Impact Assessment of World Bank Financed Siddhirganj 450 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant (CCCP)Project, Siddhirganj, Narayanganj, Draft Final Report, Prepared by Dr. M N Newaj, Environmental Specialist, Siddhirganj 450 MW CCCP Project for EGCB Ltd., November 2010 2. Updating the Environmental Impact Assessment of the World Bank Financed 335 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant at Siddhirganj, Draft Final Report, Prepared by Bureau of Research, Testing and Consultation (BRTC),Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET), Dhaka for Power Cell, July 2012 3. Environmental Assessment of World Bank Financed 2 x 150 MW Gas Turbine Power Plant at Siddhirganj, Final Report, Prepared by BRTC, BUET, Dhaka for Power Cell, March 2008 4. Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of 305-350MW Dual Fuel Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Meghnaghat, Narayanganj, Draft ESIA Report, Prepared by SGS India Private Limited for Summit Meghnaghat Power Company Limited, 2012 5. Environmental Impact Assessment for 450 MW Combined Cycle Gas Turbine Power Station at Meghnaghat, Final EIA Report, Prepared by ESG International Inc. for AES Meghnaghat Limited, September 2000 6. Environmental Impact Assessment for Shipyard at Hossendi, Gazaria, Munshiganj, EIA Report, Prepared by Environmental Quality and Management System (EQMS) Dhaka for Khan Brothers Shipbuilding Limited 7. Fisheries Study at Meghna River (Adjacent and Around the Power Plant Site), Prepared by Environmental Quality and Management System (EQMS) Dhaka for Meghnaghat Power Limited - 450 MW Power Plant Project – 1st Quarter Report (Jan-Feb 2013), 2nd Quarter Report (Jun- Aug 2013), 3rd Quarter Report (Sep-Nov 2013), 4th Quarter Report (Dec 2013-Feb 2014) and Final Combined Report (Dec 2013-Feb 2014) 8. Community Report, Narayanganj Zila, Population and Housing Census 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, June 2012 9. Community Report, Munshiganj Zila, Population and Housing Census 2011, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, June 2012 10. Compendium of Environment Statistics of Bangladesh 2009, Capacity Building of Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics Project, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-1 11. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh, 2012, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, August 2013 12. District Statistics 2011, Narayanganj, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, Dec 2013 13. District Statistics 2011, Munshiganj, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, Dec 2013 14. Survey of Manufacturing Industries 2012, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning, Dec 2013 15. Health and Morbidity Status Survey, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Statistics and Informatics Division, Ministry of Planning 16. Land and Soil Resources, Sonargaon Upazila, Narayanganj District, Soil Research Development Institute 17. Land and Soil Resources, Rupganj Upazila, Narayanganj District, Soil Research Development Institute 18. Dhaka Structure Plan (2016-2035), Rajdhani Unnayan Kartripakkha (RAJUK) 19. Multi-Hazard Vulnerability Atlas of Narayanganj City Corporation, Prepared by Dr. M. Shahidul Islam, Prepared with Assistance from UNDP, Dhaka Office In Collaboration with Narayanganj City Corporation, June 2015 20. Spatiotemporal Assessment of Water Quality of the Sitalakhya River, Bangladesh: International Journal of Engineering and Technology Volume 2 No. 6, June, 2012 21. Changing Urban Landuse and Agricultural Land Transformation: A Case Study of Narayanganj City, Asib Ahmed and Shahnaz Huq Hussain, ASA University Review, Vol. 6 No. 1, January–June, 2012 22. Slum Improvement Project in Dhaka Metropolitan City Case Study: Slum Area in Dhaka, Bangladesh, a report by Quamrul Islam Siddique, A B M Ashraful Alam , Mohibbur Rahman, Aminur Rahman and Hasin Jahan 23. An exploratory Study of Slum Development Projects in Dhaka City: A Case Study of UBSDP and WASTSAN, A Dissertation By Shakila Parveen Khan 24. Clean Air and Sustainable Environment (CASE) Project, Department of Environment, Govt. of Bangladesh (http://case.doe.gov.bd/) 25. National Land Zoning Project of Ministry of Land, Govt. of Bangladesh (http://www.landzoning.gov.bd/) 26. Specific Information on Surface and Ground Water Resources and Quality collected during the CEIA Study from Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) 27. Specific Information on Ground Water Resources and Quality collected during the CEIA Study from Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Govt. of Bangladesh 28. Specific Information on Existing and Planned Projects in the Power Sector in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas from Power Cell, Govt. of Bangladesh ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-2 29. Specific Information on Waterways collected during the CEIA Study from Bangladesh Inland Waterway Transport Authority (BIWTA) 30. Specific Information on Industries including resource and pollution assessment and status on regulatory compliance from Offices of Department of Environment (DOE) at Narayanganj and Munshiganj 31. Response on a targeted questionnaire circulated to operating agencies for existing power stations in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions 32. Results of Primary Environmental Monitoring and Surveys conducted during the CEIA Study in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas on Ambient Air Quality, Ambient Noise Levels, Road and Waterway Traffic, Surface and Ground Water Quality, Sediment Quality, Bio- monitoring in Rivers and Ecological Surveys B) Stakeholder Consultations The following stakeholders were consulted to collect relevant information for the purposes of the CEIA: • Consultations with Department of Environment (DOE) • Consultations with Power Plant Operators • Consultations with Other Govt. Agencies • Consultations with Urban Local Bodies • Consultation with the Health Institutions • Consultations with the Communities. B1) Consultations with Department of Environment (DOE) The ERM team held several meetings with DOE at their different offices in Dhaka, Narayanganj and Munshiganj, details of which are as follows: • Consultation was held with Syed Nazmul Ahsan, Director (Environmental Clearance), DOE Dhaka. Md. Samsuzzaman Sarker, Assistant Director, DoE was also present. The DOE team was briefed on the background of the CEIA Study and discussion held during the progress review meeting held on 29 Oct, 2015. ERM was informed that DOE has nominated Mohammad Mozahidul Islam from DOE Naryanganj Office as the nodal officer, with whom regular interactions can be held for obtaining the necessary information on industries in Siddhirganj Meghnaghat region. The official letter to this effect has been issued by DG, DOE (Letter No. 22.02.0000.011.06.013.15-24 dated 17 Jan 2016). A copy of this letter was shared with ERM. • Consultation was held with Mohammad Mozahidul Islam, Chief Chemist and In-Charge of DOE, Narayanganj and Sheikh Mojahid from DOE Narayanganj. The entire Siddhirganj Power Hub and the Meghnaghat North industrial cluster are under the jurisdiction of Narayanganj DOE (which includes around 90% of the industries identified). The scope and ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-3 background of the CEIA Study and the data/information requirements was explained. The industry inventory developed along with location maps of the industrial clusters was also shared. Mr. Islam appreciated the progress made in this regard and promised of necessary cooperation required from their end. He also vetted the industry list that ERM had prepared and further informed of the upcoming developments in that region for which applications have reached DOE. It was agreed that the Consultants team will be subsequently visiting this office and the required information for the industries of interest will be made available for review. • Accordingly the Consultants arranged subsequent daylong session at the Narayanganj DOE Office. The information that DOE maintains on projects was made available for review. The Consultants tried to select a mix of sectors like paper mills, cement plants, steel mills, shipyard, food processing units, textile mills, dyeing units, ceramic factories, etc. The information available for review included issue/renewal of Environmental Clearance (EC) for industrial project including important correspondences, site visit reports conducted by DOE, compliance monitoring data, applications submitted during EC which contained good information on projects with process flow charts, EIA reports (only in some cases for the larger projects) and other useful information. Through a continuous process of interactions in the month of January and February 2016, the Consultant team reviewed the project documents and extracted the information of interest as available. DOE shared the documents for over 45 projects and the Consultants were able to extract the information from all of them. • A similar approach was also adopted for consultation with Mia Mahmudul Haque, Senior Chemist and In-Charge of DOE, Munshiganj. The Meghnaghat South industrial cluster is under the jurisdiction of Munshiganj DOE (includes only about 10% of the industries identified). The scope and background of the CEIA Study and the data/information requirements was explained. The industry inventory developed along with location maps of the industrial clusters was also shared. Mr. Haque requested for an official request letter to be submitted from the Consultant’s describing all information which was subsequently submitted. He also informed the Consultants of the upcoming developments in that region for which applications have reached DOE. It was agreed that the Consultants will submit a structured format to DOE and the information sought as available will be accordingly provided. A format was prepared and submitted to DOE along with the list of industries and accordingly the information was provided to ERM. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-4 Consultations with DOE Consultations with Officials of DOE at their Regional Offices in Narayanganj and Munshiganj B2) Consultations with Other Government Agencies ERM conducted stakeholder engagements with other Government agencies of Bangladesh. These consultations included discussion and information requests regarding existing / proposed industries and past and present conditions of VECs in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions. A kick off meeting with stakeholder agencies was organised on 04 June, 2015 in presence of Power Cell and the World Bank officials. A second meeting with stakeholder agencies was held on 15 June, 2015, also attended by representatives from Power Cell and the World Bank. This was followed with individual interactions with the Government Departments in course of study period for the CEIA. Periodic progress review meeting on the CEIA were also organised (Nov 2015 and March 2016) which was attended by officials from Power Cell, World Bank and key Govt. Departments. Consultation occurred with the stakeholders are listed as follows: Consultation with Government Agencies Agency Mode of Engagement Officials Power Cell Stakeholder meetings Mohammad Hossain, Director General and follow up CFK Musaddeq Ahmed, Director discussions. Progress (Private Power) Review Meetings Mohit Alam, Assistant Director (Private Power) Bangladesh Power Stakeholder meeting Mustak Ahmed, Member (Generation) Development Board (BPDB) Electricity Generation Progress Review Humayun Kabir, Environmental Company of Bangladesh Meetings Specialist Ltd. (EGCB) Department of Public Consultation Tushar Mohan Sadhukha, Health Engineering Supp. Engineer (Planning) (DPHE) Bangladesh Water Consultation Mohiuddin Ahmed, Development Board System Analyst (BWDB) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-5 Agency Mode of Engagement Officials Bangladesh Inland Consultation Md. Kabir Hussein, Waterway Transport Dy. Director Authority (BIWTA) (Naval Security & Traffic Wing) Soil Research Consultation Md. Saiful Islam Development Institute Publication & Liaison Officer (SRDI) Bangladesh Export Consultation Md. Ataur Rahman, Dy. Manager (C.O.) Processing Zones Adamjee Processing Zone Authority (BEPZAI) A.K.M. Humayun Kabir Dewan, Environment Counsellor Cum Inspector (National), Adamjee Processing Zone Md. Arafat Alam, Environment Counsellor Cum Inspector (National), Adamjee Processing Zone B3) Consultations with Power Plant Operators ERM conducted stakeholder engagements with agencies managing operational power plants in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions. This included Govt. agencies like Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh Ltd. (EGCB) as well as private players like Pendekar Energy, Desh Energy, Orion Group, etc. These consultations included discussion and information requests regarding their operating power stations in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions. A targeted questionnaire, seeking information on various operational aspects of the power plants such as general features, resource requirements, emissions and discharges, ambient environmental quality, etc., was developed and circulated to such agencies. In addition ERM also conducted visits to three operating power plants in the Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions to have a first-hand experience of the operational aspects and also hold relevant discussions with the plants’ operation / HSE Managers. The facilities visited include: • 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant at Siddhirganj of NEPC Consortium Power Ltd. • 360 MW Combined Cycle Haripur Power Plant at Siddhirganj of Haripur Power Ltd. • 450 MW Combined Cycle Power Plant at Meghnaghat of Meghnaghat Power Ltd. Consultation occurred with the power plant are listed as follows: Consultation with Power Plant Operators Agency Mode of Engagement Officials Electricity Generation Stakeholder meetings A.M. Mansurul Alam, Executive Company of Bangladesh Ltd. Director (Finance) (EGCB) Kazi MH Kabir, Environmentalist Pendekar Energy (L) Ltd. Stakeholder meeting Md. Abdul Hye, EEM Dutch Bangla Power and Stakeholder meeting Abdullah Al Saiful Islam, Associates Ltd. (Orion Group) Plant Manager Desh Energy Stakeholder meeting Md. Javed Hasan, GM (Admin SHR) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-6 Agency Mode of Engagement Officials NEPC Consortium Power Ltd. Plant visit and A.H.M Nasimullah, Plant Manager (Subsidiary of Powertek - consultations Md. Nasir Chowdhury, Pendekar Energy) Technical Services Manager Md. Motaleb Hossain, Chief, EHS & Compliance Haripur Power Ltd. Plant visit and Mahtab Uddin Ahmed (Subsidiary of Powertek - consultations HSE Manager, Haripur Power Station Pendekar Energy) Meghnaghat Power Ltd. Plant visit and Sushanta Kumer Paul [Subsidiary of Powertek - consultations Operations Manager, Meghnaghat Pendekar Energy] Power Station Mohammad Mahfuzul Islam, Assistant Manager (Engineering) Meghnaghat Power Station Visits to Operational Power Plants 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant of NEPC Consortium Power Ltd. (Siddhirganj Industrial Area - East Bank) 450 MW CC Meghna Power Plant of Meghnaghat Power Ltd. (Meghnaghat Industrial Area (North Bank)) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-7 B4) Consultations with Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) The Urban Local Bodies (ULBs) are the administrative bodies at the local level responsible for basic planning development and administration of the local area. They ULBs provide wide range of services to the residents of its area. Consultations were carried out with the Narayanganj City Corporation, Tarabo Paurosabha, Kadamrasul Paurosabha and the Union Parishads that has undergone rapid urbanisation due to industrial growth in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat region. Consultations were conducted to understand the stake of the UBLs in industrial growth and their capacity to handle the burden of the growth. In Bangladesh rural to urban migration has contributed to more than 40 percent of the change in urban population. Consultations with ULBs Consultations at Kanchpur Union Consultations at Madanpur Union B5) Consultations with Health Institution Consultations with the Health institutions were conducted to get an insight into growing health hazards due to industrialisation and urbanisation in the region and also to understand policies, plans, decisions and how it is translated into actions by various implementing agencies and health care delivery system. B6) Consultations with Communities Community consultation is central to every impact assessment study because it helps to gather the opinion of the public on the proposed project and assess its potential effect on the public especially vulnerable groups. Consultations were carried out with community people and migrant population residing in the region across all the Union Parishads, Pauroshabhas and City Corporation area that houses the industrial zone and also the adjacent Unions to assess the extent of impact on the common people. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-8 Consultations with Communities Dhakeshwari 2 No., Siddhirganj Industrial Area Sumil Para, Siddhirganj Industrial Area Islampur. Meghnaghat Power Hub Wapda Colony, Behind Karim Jute Mill Santi Nagar, Baluakandi Union Jauchar Village, Pirijpur Union The brief outcome of the consultations with the key stakeholder groups are listed below followed by a detailed listing of all stakeholders consulted as part of the CEIA Study. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-9 Summary of Stakeholder Consultations S. N. Stakeholder Profile Key Points Discussed Outcomes in brief 1 Community People This stakeholder group • Impact of industrial activity 1.Industrial Activity comprises of 926,120 • Work opportunities of local population in the study area people in the neighbouring Local community people covering Siddhirganj and industries and economic • Local residents around particle board industries Meghnaghat Industrial Area. upliftment complained about dust pollution. Dust The populations include both • Availability of basic amenities – accumulates on the leaves of the trees and this local residents and the drinking water, sanitation, solid has reduced fruit bearing capacity and this has migrant workforce. The local waste, road led to economic loss of the local people. community people are • Impact on health status due to • Most agricultural field have become water engaged mainly into different industrial activity and logged due to rising of surrounding lands for the types of commercial activity availability of health services industrial development and blockage of (shops, eateries, small drainage channels for unplanned sporadic ancillary units, etc.) and development. renting of houses. In • Agriculture lands (located in and around brick Meghnaghat where industrial kiln) have become unproductive as coal wash development is still in waters and runoff is accumulated in the progress, agriculture and agricultural lands. fishing is done. • The fisherman community had to give up their occupation as the fish catch decreased due to pollution of river waters by the chemical, paper and dyeing industries. Fisherman often had to go further downstream closer towards the confluence for their catch. This was getting increasingly difficult and they preferred working as daily labourers, contractual workers in industries, as rickshaw pullers or in small businesses. • Conversation of agricultural land to residential land to provide rented accommodation facilities to migrated workers. Migrant Workforce • People from Barishal, Bhola and Sylhet migrated to work in the power plants and also in the neighbouring industries, especially in the RMGF sector. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-10 S. N. Stakeholder Profile Key Points Discussed Outcomes in brief • Migrant workforce mainly works in the RMG sector. • Apart from the power plants none of the industries provide accommodation facility to the migrant workers. This has resulted into local people renting out residential places to the migrant workers. • Workers reported about low wage rates. 2. Work opportunity, livelihood pattern and economic upliftment Local community people • It is reported that local people hardly get opportunity to work in the adjacent industries. The industries prefer to heir people from outside the area to minimise and avoid any conflict situation. • Local people are involved in small business more, as like grocery shops, furniture making, and other allied activities that meet the basic necessities of the people and have claimed that their earnings have increased. • Consultations with the community people revealed agricultural activities have taken a back seat and more people are into business and small commercial activities that has evolved over the years due to industrialisation and has helped in increasing their family income. • The rental income has become easy source of earning money. • In some instances there has been total shift in livelihood pattern due to industrialisation - The fisherman community had to give up their occupation as the fish catch decreased due to pollution of river waters by the chemical, paper and dyeing industries. Fishing downstream closer to confluence was difficult and they ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-11 S. N. Stakeholder Profile Key Points Discussed Outcomes in brief preferred working as daily labourers, contractual workers in industries, as rickshaw pullers or in small businesses. • Decrease in income from agricultural activity due to reduced fertility of soil. Agricultural lands that were double cropped, is being cultivated once by the farmers, now, due to water logging problems. • Small industries have flourished in the southern parts of the Siddhirganj industrial zone, especially in Dhamghar Union Parishad area using the waste cloth cut pieces from the RMGs. Here the cloth cut pieces are made into cotton again using machines. A large number of people (approximately 5000 people and above) are involved into this sector. Migrant Workforce • The Readymade Garment (RMGs) units are labour intensive; as a result the industrial regions witness huge influx of floating population as reported by the workers of RMG. Workers have rented out residences and have settled there. As a consequence, the development in the area is largely unplanned. 3. Availability of basic amenities Local community people • Construction low cost housing structure on agricultural land to meet the demand of low income group of migrant workers • Majority of the population with in the industrial area is dependent on tube well. Very few people of the Pourashava area have access to water supply. As per the community consultation, most of houses in Siddhirganj industrial area install submersible pump for extracting ground water for their drinking and daily use as ground ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-12 S. N. Stakeholder Profile Key Points Discussed Outcomes in brief water level has depleted in last 10 years due to heavy industrial extraction. • Community people reported that the solid waste is poorly managed in both Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial area • Heavy vehicular movement for transporting raw materials and finished products – deteriorates road condition. • Large number of Daily commuters increases the risk of accidents and impacts road congestion as large number of vehicles’ ply. Migrant Workforce • Low cost non-water sealed sanitary latrine is available in rented house which is not proper for the good hygiene practice 4. Health status and availability of health services • Water borne diseases and respiratory diseases are very common among the local people • The community members complained about noise and dust pollution. 2. Union Parishad, Porashava The Siddhirganj industrial • Industrial growth with in Industrial growth with in administrative area and City Corporation area, in Narayanganj and administrative area • Industrial development is very sporadic and Dhaka district, comprises of 4 • Alliance between Industries and unplanned unions and 3 paurashavas local administrative unit • In Siddhirganj industrial area there is hardly any which according to the • Impact of industrial activity space for further growth but Meghnaghat has administrative hierarchy falls future potentiality to grow in 4 upazilas under Narayanganj and 1 Thana Alliance between Industries and local under Dhaka district. administrative unit • Local administrative unit do not have any The Meghnaghat industrial control over the industry as industry get area comprises of 3 unions permission from higher concern department which according to the • Dependence of industries on local administrative administrative hierarchy falls bodies is only regarding the issuance of trade in 2 upazilas under license and the Local administrative unit Narayanganj and Munshiganj receives holding tax only ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-13 S. N. Stakeholder Profile Key Points Discussed Outcomes in brief districts. • Industries do not participate in any development activity with the local administrative unit though they are using natural and common resources (Road, Drainage, ground water) • It was by the member of local administrative bodies mentioned that conversion of playground and water bodies in to industrial land will be prevented to arrest further industrial congestion Impact of industrial activity • Industrial growth has resulted in to high influx of population with the administrative areas specially in Siddhirganj area creating enormous pressures on civic amenities • Industry dispose their solid waste outside their premise without any permission from local administrative unit • Due to waste discharge by the industries in to local drainage system creates water logging problem in some of the area • The members of the Union Parishads complained about the condition of the village roads. The village roads are capable to carry load upto 5 tons but road condition deteriorates due to the local industries plying vehicles upto 60 ton. 3 Department of Environment Department of Environment • Objective and progress of CEIA • The scope and background of the CEIA Study ensures conservation of the study and the data/information requirements was environment, improvement of • Support required for secondary explained. The industry inventory developed the environmental standards information along with location maps of the industrial and control as well as clusters was also shared and verified. mitigation of environmental • DOE shared information on the upcoming pollution as has been industries in the region. provided for in the • Obtained the necessary information on Bangladesh Environment industries in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Conservation Act, 1995 (Act region. The information available for review no. 1 of 1995) and Bangladesh included issue/renewal of Environmental ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-14 S. N. Stakeholder Profile Key Points Discussed Outcomes in brief Environment Conservation Clearance (EC) for industrial project including Rule, 1997 important correspondences, site visit reports conducted by DOE, compliance monitoring data, applications submitted during EC which contained good information on projects with process flow charts, EIA reports (only in some cases for the larger projects) and other useful information. 4. Health Sector Headed by the Ministry of • Health hazard due to industrial • Health infrastructure is inadequate to sustain the Health and Family Welfare, development pressure of huge migrant and floating the healthcare network spread • Availability and access to health population. across the country comprises service delivery • Health sub-centres are present in few unions but of entities that takes down it caters to only mother and child health. There health service delivery to the are no doctors at the sub-centre level. Local community level. people often visit private practitioners for treatment. Narayanganj 300 Bedded • Discussion with the local health practitioners Hospital, Office of Civil revealed industrial pollution has its impact on Surgeon, Narayanganj Union the health condition of the local people, like – level health centers and respiratory problem, skin disease, diarrhoea, etc. private practitioners • Water borne diseases like typhoid, jaundice, diarrhoea are also very common with in industrial area. • Living condition of the local and migrants is very poor because of weak economic condition and densely polluted area. • As per the government health data in last one year more than 500 people were admitted in the 300 Bedded hospital with respiratory problem and more than 20 deaths occurred in the particular hospital due respiratory problem in last one year. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-15 List of Stakeholders Consulted Date Stakeholder Consulted Location Consultation with Government Agencies 04th June, 2015 Power Cell and World Bank Power Cell Office (Kick Off Meeting) 15th June, 2015 Power Cell and World Bank Power Cell Office (Stakeholder Meeting) 29th October 2015 Power Cell and World Bank Power Cell Office (Progress Review Meeting) 1st March 2016 Power Cell and World Bank Power Cell Office (Progress Review Meeting) 21st March 2016 Power Cell and World Bank Power Cell Office (Internal Workshop with International CEIA Expert) 15th May 2016 Power Cell and World Bank NCC Office (Stakeholder Dissemination Workshop) 2nd July 2015 Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) DPHE Office, Dhaka 1st July 2015 Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) BWDB Office, Dhaka 2nd July 2015 Soil Research Development Institute (SRDI) SRDI Office, Dhaka 5th July 2015 Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZA) BEPZA Office within Adamjee EPZ 29th October 2015 Department of Environment, Dhaka Power Cell Office (Progress Review Meeting) 19th January 2016 Department of Environment, Dhaka DOE Office , Dhaka 19th – 21st January 2016 Department of Environment, Narayanganj DOE Office , Narayanganj 16th – 18th February 2016 19th January 2016 Department of Environment, Munshiganj DOE Office , Munshiganj Consultations with Power Sector 04th June, 2015 Member Generation, Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) Power Cell Office (Kick Off Meeting) 04th June, 2015 Executive Director (Finance), EGCB Power Cell Office (Kick Off Meeting) 15th June, 2015 Power Cell Office (Stakeholder Meeting) 04th June, 2015 Manager Environment, EGCB Power Cell Office (Kick Off Meeting) 15th June, 2015 Power Cell Office (Stakeholder Meeting) 29th October 2015 Power Cell Office (Progress Review Meeting) 1st March 2016 Power Cell Office (Progress Review Meeting) 15th May 2016 NCC Office (Stakeholder Dissemination Workshop) 04th June, 2015 EEM, Pendekar Energy (L) Ltd. Power Cell Office (Kick Off Meeting) 04th June, 2015 Plant Manager, Dutch Bangla Power and Associates Ltd. (Orion Group) Power Cell Office (Kick Off Meeting) 04th June, 2015 GM (Admin SHR), Desh Energy Power Cell Office (Kick Off Meeting) 6th July, 2015 Plant Manager & Chief - EHS & Compliance, NEPC Consortium Power Ltd. Barge Mounted Power Plant, Haripur 6th July, 2015 HSE Manager, Haripur Power Ltd. Haripur Power Station 6th July, 2015 Operations Manager & Asst. Manager (Engg.), Meghnaghat Power Ltd. Meghnaghat Power Station Consultations with Local Administration 12th October 2015 Secretary and Ward Councillor, Dhamgarh Union Parishad Dhamgarh Union Parishad Office 12th October 2015 Chairman and Ward Councillors, Madanpur Union Parishad Madanpur Union Parishad Office 12th October 2015 Secretary, Kanchpur Union Parishad Kanchpur Union Parishad Office 13th October 2015 Mayor, Narayanganj City Corporation (NCC) Mayor’s Office, Narayanganj City Corporation 14th October 2015 Urban Planner, Narayanganj City Corporation Narayanganj City Corporation Office ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-16 Date Stakeholder Consulted Location 14th October 2015 Secretary, Tarabo Municipality Tarabo Municipality Office 15th October 2015 Secretary, Baluakandi Union Parishad Baluakandi Union Parishad Office 15th October 2015 Chairman and Ward Councillors, Hossaindi Union Parishad Hossaindi Union Parishad Office 17th October 2015 Secretary, Saralia Union Parisad Saralia Union Parishad Office 17th January, 2016 Consultation with Secretary and Land officer at Baluakandi Union Baluakandi Union Parishad Office 17th January, 2016 Chairman and Ward Councillors, Hossainde Union Parishad Hossinde Union Parishad Office 19th January, 2016 Consultation with Deputy Secretary and CEO of NCC Narayanganj City Corporation Office Consultations with Education and Health Officials 13th October 2015 Teachers, Sumilpara Government Primary School Sumilpara Government Primary School, Iylpara, Ward 6, NCC 13th October 2015 Manager, Sufia General Hospital Sufia General Hospital, Godnail 13th October 2015 Superintendent & Resident Doctor, 300 Bedded Government Hospital 300 Bedded Government Hospital, Narayanganj 13th October 2015 Civil Surgeon, Narayanganj District Office of Civil Surgeon, Narayanganj District Hospital 19th January, 2016 Consultation with Upazila Education Officer, Primary Education, Nrayanganj Upazila Office Narayanganj Upazila 19th January, 2016 Consultation with Upazila Education Officer, Secondary Education, Nrayanganj Upazila Office Narayanganj Upazila 19th January, 2016 Consultation with Upazila Health Officer, Narayanganj Upazila Nrayanganj Upazila Office 19th January, 2016 Civil Surgeon, Narayanganj District Office of Civil Surgeon, Narayanganj District Hospital Community Consultations 29th June 2015 Community members Dhakeshwari 2 No, Siddhirganj Industrial Area 29th June 2015 Community members Sumil Para, Siddhirganj Industrial Area 30th June 2015 Community members Islampur, Meghnaghat Industrial Area 30th June 2015 Community members Sikirgaon, Meghnaghat Industrial Area 30th June 2015 Community members Lokhonkhola, Meghnaghat Industrial Area 13th October 2015 Community members Munshipara, Kalabagh (East), Ward 5, Narayanganj City Corporation 15th October 2015 Community members Santinagar, Ward 2 & 3, Baluakandi 17th October 2015 Community members Mirergaon, Ward 7, Tangrarchar Union Parishad 17th October 2015 Community members Kazipara, Ward 3, Gazaria Union Parishad 17th January, 2016 Community members Islampur village of Pirojpur Union 17th January, 2016 Community members Jhauchar Village of Pirojpur Union 18th January, 2016 Community members Saruilia Village of Sarulia Union 18th January, 2016 Community members Jangal Village of Dhamgar Union 18th January, 2016 Community members Chandpur Village of Madanpur Union 18th January, 2016 Community members Chaptuli, Narayanganj City Corporation 18th January, 2016 Community members Kutubpur Village of Kanchpur Union 18th January, 2016 Community members Godnail of Narayanganj City Corporation 18th January, 2016 Community members Sumilpara of Narayanganj City Corporation 18th January, 2016 Community members Wapda Colony, Narayanganj City Corporation 20th January, 2016 Community members Pratap Char, Pirojpur Union 21st January, 2016 Community Member Behind Adamji EPZ Residential area, Narayanganj ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-17 Date Stakeholder Consulted Location Workshops 17th – 23rd March, 2016 – Mr. Juan D. Quintero, International CEIA Expert, Power Cell EQMS Office at Dhaka Internal Workshop Power Cell and World Bank Power Cell Office 15th May, 2016 – Power Cell, World Bank, Department of Environment (DOE), Electricity Narayanganj City Corporation Stakeholder Workshop Generation Company of Bangladesh (EGCB), Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB), Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE), Narayanganj City Corporation (NCC), Directorate of Secondary & Higher Education (DSHE), Office of Civil Surgeon Narayanganj, Department of Agriculture, Bangladesh Knit Dyeing Owner’s Association (BKDOA) and others ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-18 C) Stakeholder Workshop ERM conducted several stakeholder engagements at various stages of the CEIA study to gather information and understand the existing environmental and societal situation and needs. In line of the same, a multi-stakeholder workshop was conducted for sharing and receiving feedback on the CEIA Study and possible mitigation measures. The workshop was organised on 15th May, 2016 at the Conference Hall of Narayanganj City Corporation, which was attended by several stakeholders. The workshop was held with a purpose of sharing the findings of the CEIA study, especially on topics like Industrial & Development Stressors, Present Condition of the VECs, Cumulative Impact on the VECs’ and Recommendations proposed. The opening address was made by Director of Power Cell (Private Power), followed by a presentation made by the Consultants (ERM- EQMS) and an interactive Q&A session. Observations, inputs and questions put across by various participants were adequately responded by Consultants and Power Cell. The various issues that were discussed are broadly presented in following paras. Issues Discussed a. Md. Mujahidul Islam, Assistant Director, Department of Environment (DoE), Narayanganj and Designated Nodal Officer for CEIA • It is observed that the pollution levels in the Siddhirganj area exceeds the limits specified by Department of Environment (DoE), GoB. The DoE conducts periodic environmental monitoring (six monthly) and accordingly penalises industries who are found to exceed the stipulated standards. However there are existing limitations and it is always not possible to monitor each and every industry on a more frequent basis. At times units are also found to be repeat offenders even after penalising them. • The Polluter Pays Principle should be strictly implemented and the local administration and resident communities should also play a role in industrial pollution monitoring. In this regard the recommendations made for creation of task force and citizen group are welcome. • As Siddhirganj has multiple industries and the area is already polluted, further industrial development should be restricted in this area. • At Meghnaghat the situation is better given its present carrying capacity and natural processes available for pollution abatement. However care should be exercised to prevent the creation of Siddhirganj like environment also in Meghnaghat in future. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-19 b. Md. Moinul Islam, Urban Planner, Narayanganj City Corporation • A new Dhaka Structure Plan (2016 – 2035) has been recently prepared and includes the Siddhirganj industrial area as part of the NCC. It is recommended that this structure plan be reviewed to ensure that there are no potential conflicts between the Plan and the CEIA recommendations. A copy of this plan will be shared with the Consultants. c. Mohammad Morshed Alam, Superintending Engineer, Electricity Generation Company of Bangladesh Limited (EGCB) • We have seen instances in the past when the water quality of the Sitalakhya river has been made to drastically improve over a short period of time and that too during the lean season prior to the inauguration of the Haripur Power Plant in March 2011. So with stringent measures it is possible to improve the water quality of the river • The water polluting industries like paper mills, RMG units, textile and dyeing units are responsible for river water pollution. It will be of interest to know what mitigation measures are being adopted by these industries in this regard and how they are being monitored by DOE • There are many medium and small scale industries in Siddhirganj area and they are not able to set up any pollution control methods especially for effluent treatment. Regional initiatives like setting up of a Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) for similar industry clusters will be very helpful in this regard. • The CEIA Study has rightly captured the issue of influx of migratory workforce in the industrial regions, in this regard the study should also look at the issue of HIV AIDS and related aspects in these industrial areas. d. Md. Manjur-Ul-Alam, Manager Operations, Siddhirganj Power Station, Bangladesh Power Development Board (BPDB) • The location of a power plant is a key deciding factor in dictating its impact on surrounding communities. Ideally power plants and industries should be located away from settlements. In this regard the recommendations made in this study regarding industrial zoning is very useful and should be implemented considering social conditions. • The water quality of the Sitalakhya river is bad and it has been observed that the Electrical Conductivity of the river waters is as high as 800-1100 µS/cm for most part of the year except for during monsoons when it falls to around 300 µS/cm. The poor quality of the river water is resulting in an increase in the cost of operation of the power plants (due to additional treatment requirements for the raw intake water). • All the power plants need to be designed with Cooling Towers to drastically reduce the intake requirements for river water. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-20 • The local communities are generally not aware of the mitigation and monitoring measures that are proposed or adopted by industries. There should be some means of disseminating this information. • More stringent and frequent monitoring programs should be undertaken for the industries and the local authorities as well as the political /district administration should also play an active role in this regard. • Given the existing environmental conditions in the Siddhirganj industrial area, further expansion of industries in this area should be restricted. The growth of new industries should be encouraged in less developed areas. e. Md. Salim Ullah Khan, Deputy Director, Power Cell • With respect to the outcome of the CEIA Study, it will be useful to know the extent of additional power generation that might be possible in future from these areas and limiting conditions if any f. CFK Musaddeq Ahmed, Director (Private Power), Power Cell • The DOE is already monitoring the industries through their existing systems and mechanisms. It will be useful to know the additional efforts in this regard that can be adopted to increase the efficacy of existing systems for pollution control and need for capacity building initiatives, if required any in this regard. g. Iqbal Ahmed, Environmental Specialist, World Bank • A comprehensive presentation has been made by the Consultants which capture all necessary issues and various impacts on the VECs. The World Bank is interested in adopting some environmental improvement initiatives for these industrial regions. So World Bank will be interested to have more specific recommendations from the study and also concept notes on the key measures suggested h. Md. M Rahman Habib, CE, Narayanganj City Corporation • The CEIA is a new concept and a welcome initiative. We would like to thank Power Cell and World Bank for taking up this initiative. It is expected to help in indicating the acceptable threshold for future industrial development. • For effective pollution control the need is for right environmental governance and political ecology and only with the necessary political will, the right kind of initiatives can take effect. The workshop ended with vote of thanks from the Consultants. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-21 Workshop Participants Name Designation Agency Iqbal Ahmed Environmental Specialist World Bank CFK Musaddeq Ahmed Director (Private Power) Power Cell Md, Salim Ullah Khan Deputy Director Afrin Abdullah AD (P&D) Dr. Kazi M Humayun Kabir Environmental Specialist Electricity Generation Company Mohammad Morshed Alam Superintending Engineer of Bangladesh Limited (EGCB) Md. Muzahidul Rahaman Assistant Director Department of Environment Md. Kawser Ahmed Representative Bangladesh Knit Dyeing Owner’s Association (BKDOA) Md. Abdul Aziz Superintendent Engineer Narayanganj City Corporation Md. Moinur Islam Urban Planner (NCC) Sharmin Habib Binni Panel Mayor – 03. (NCC) Md. Mahumuder Rahim Habib CECD Md. Manjur-ul-Alam SE (Manager Operations) BPDB, Siddhirganj Power Station Md. Habibur Rahaman Assistant Engineer Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) Nayyar Sultana Upazilla Secondary Directorate of Secondary & Education Officer Higher Education (DSHE) Dr. Prabir Kumar Dash Medical Officer Office of Civil Surgeon, Narayaganj Md. Abdul Gaffar Upazila Agriculture Officer Department of Agriculture Representatives of EQMS Consulting Limited Representatives of ERM India Private Ltd. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 B-22 Annex C An Inventory of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Regions Annex C: An Inventory of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial Regions SIDDHIRGANJ INDUSTRIAL AREA As stated earlier for the purposes of the present study the Siddhirganj and adjacent industrial areas have been divided into four industrial cluster based on their location and predominant industry types, namely (i) Siddhirganj industrial cluster, (ii) Kachpur industrial cluster, (iii) Rupganj industrial cluster and (iv) Demra industrial cluster. A zone wise description of major industries is presented in the following sections. Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster Siddhirganj industrial cluster is situated on both eastern (Kanchpur Second bridge to Dock road) and western banks (Kachpur Second Bridge to Godnail) of Sitalakhya River. Siddhirganj industrial cluster is located within the Narayanganj Upazila of Narayanganj district. Sitalakhya River has played an important role for this industrial area by providing water for industries, allowing for water transport and acting as a sink for discharge of waste water. Historically, Siddhirganj industrial cluster was famous for cotton and jute industries, but now it’s characteristics have changed over last two decades. At present, predominant industries in this cluster includes thermal power plants, textile & garment industries, particle board units, cement mills, ship building yards and oil depots. Thermal Power Plant Siddhirganj industrial area is now one of the major power hubs in Bangladesh. Presently, there are seven operating power plants and one proposed power plant in this area. The total capacity of these power plants is 1867 MW. The power plants are either operated on natural gas or on fuel oils (like HFO, HSD). The major source of air emission from the gas based power plant is NOx and CO whereas for oil based power plant it is NOx, SOx, CO and PM. All the power plants in this region are depending on the Sitalakhya for their water intake which is being used for cooling, DM plant feed / makeup and for other uses. The combined cycle power plants require large quantity of cooling water as compared to air or water cooled engine based power plants. Generally, combined cycle power plant require about 80 m3/MWhr and engine based power plant requires 0.5 m3/MWhr. All the plants are once through cooling system except for the 412 MW New Haripur Combined Cycle Power Plant of EGCB. Thermal discharges from the power plants are generally released from a single outfall back in the river for most plants. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-1 Power Plants in the Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster Siddhirganj Power Station (EGCB) Engine Based Power Plant (Orion Group) New Haripur Power Plant (EGCB) Haripur Power Plant (Pendekar) EPZ The area within the Adamjee Jute mill, after its closure, was redeveloped for the Adamjee EPZ. The EPZ was developed by the Bangladesh Export Processing Zones Authority (BEPZAI). Around 55-65 industries were planned in this EPZ and presently 45 industries are operating. Major industry types include textile, garment, leather products, etc. The list of industries in Adamjee EPZ is provided in Annex 4.1. Consultations with EPZ officials revealed that a 50 MW captive gas based power plant is now being planned within the Adamjee EPZ. From the discussions it was also understood that about 30 lakh gallon (13,620 m3) of water is presently being abstracted per day from bore wells within the EPZ for supply of water to individual units. Out of 45 operating units, 18 industries are water intensive industries and also generate process effluents. This also includes two dyeing units. Presently, major air polluting units are not located in the EPZ. During consultations it was understood that the water intensive units all have their own ETP. After treating process effluents, the waste waters are discharged in the Sitalakhya River. Presently there is no common ETP, but the authorities have plan for installing such facilities in future. It also reported that the river water is not suitable for use in the garment and textile industrial units. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-2 BEPZAI periodically monitors the quality of the wastewaters discharged from the individual industrial units and they are mostly found to comply with national discharge standards. In fact most of the units have to comply with standards followed by their international buyers which are stricter than the local standards. However at this stage of the study, quantitative data was not available to be able to review the quality, flow, etc. of the treated process effluents being released in the river from the EPZ. So considering the EPZ as a significant source for release of industrial effluents in the river, attempts would be made during the CEIA stage to collect relevant and authentic data from secondary / primary sources to obtain a better understanding in this regard. Adamjee EPZ Adamjee EPZ Outfall from EPZ into Sitalakhya River Oil Depots Sitalakhya River is navigable river and has a river port at Narayanganj. To supply the fuel oil, this region has two major oil depots, namely Meghna oil depot and Padma oil depot. Oil from Chittagong port is transported to these oil depots through water ways and unloaded and stored in the oil tank in these depots. The oil is supplied to various industrial and commercial users through oil tankers on roadways and also through ships and barges. Loading and unloading activities carry a potential risk of spillage of oil in the river. Access roads to the oil depots are narrow and oil tankers operating on these roads were observed to be haphazardly parked all along the road. The area is densely populated and the present mode of operation of these depots does pose an element of risk to the surrounding communities due to potential fuel oil spillage and road accidents. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-3 Oil Depots in Siddhirganj Padma Oil Depot Meghna Oil Depot Textile & Garments Dhakesari Cotton Mill, Chittaranjan Cotton Mill and Laxmi Narayan Cotton Mill located in Godnail are all closed since last two decades. However, readymade garments, textile and spinning mills are regularly operating in Godnail area and also in the southern part of Siddhirganj industrial cluster. Pulp & Paper Mills Other polluting industry types located in the Siddhirganj region include pulp & paper. A pulp and paper mill (Partex Paper Mill) is located on northern part of the industrial cluster. Generally imported pulp is used and waste/recycled paper is also used as a raw material. The pulping and bleaching process of paper manufacturing traditionally have the most significant environmental impacts. In some processes, sulfur compounds and nitrogen oxides are emitted to air and chlorinated and organic compounds, nutrients and metal are discharged through the wastewaters into the river system. Particle Board Industries A large particle board manufacturing unit (Partex Star Group Industry) is located on eastern bank of the Sitalakhya River near the 360 MW Haripur power plant of Pendekar Energy. The particle board manufacturing unit result is significant generation of fine particulate dust. Cement Plant A cement grinding unit (Seven Horse Cement Factory) is located adjacent to the 100 MW Power plant of Orion Group. Clinker (raw material for the plant) is transported through ships and unloaded at their own jetty within the plant. Fugitive dust from raw material handling and process emissions, i.e. from grinding and packing sections is main source of pollution from cement plant. During the consultations held, the locals complained of dust nuisance generated from the Cement Plant. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-4 Ship Building Unit A ship building unit (Dockyard and Engineering) is also located on the eastern bank of the Sitalakhya River. Air pollution from a ship building unit comprises fugitive emissions and VOCs. Also many of the construction / repair activities are carried out in open yard and result in generation of high noise levels within the industry premises and also in the immediate vicinity. Lime Processing Unit A lime processing unit (Khaja Lime) is located on northern part of the Siddhirganj industrial cluster. Limestone is transported to plant through the waterways. The main source of pollutant is PM and CO2. Construction Material Manufacturing / Processing Units in Siddhirganj Seven Horse Cement Factory Khaja Limes A map of the Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster is presented in the following page. The map has been prepared based on a detailed field exercise of inventory and mapping of major polluting industries carried out in course of the present CEIA study. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-5 Map of Siddhirganj Industrial Cluster ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-6 Kanchpur Industrial Cluster The Kanchpur industrial cluster is located on both sides of the Dhaka- Chittagong Highway. It is located in Sonargaon Upazila of Narayanganj District. Southern Steel processing units (i.e. steel re-rolling and re-casting units) are located mainly in the northern part of this industrial cluster. Garments & textile factories and food processing units are other industry types in the cluster and are located primarily in the southern part of this industrial cluster. Steel Rerolling Mills There are five steel re-rolling mills located within a stretch of 1.0 km along the Dhaka-Chittagong Highway close to the Kanchpur Second Bridge. These industries are mainly using scrap steel and iron for producing steel plates and same is being transported mainly through road ways. These mills use gas- fired furnaces to process steel ingots into iron rods and flat bars. Fugitive emissions and stack emissions (dense black fumes) from some of the units were observed during the site visits. It appeared that pollution control devices were not being used to control the process emissions. During site visits, around 3-4 stacks of 50-60 m height were observed for most of the units. However, the capacity of these re-rolling mills and other information related to air emission loads was not available at the present stage of the study. Steel Re-rolling Mills in Kanchpur Industrial Cluster Bandar Steel Industries Sonargaon Steel Mill Garment & Textile Units Only a few garment and textile units are located in this cluster along both sides of the Dhaka Chittagong highway. Process effluent with high suspended solid and BOD are the main source of pollution from these units. Brick Kilns Brick kilns, about 10 numbers in a cluster were observed in the eastern side of Dhaka-Chittagong Highway. All these brick kilns are having around 20 m ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-7 long stacks. Wood and coal is being utilized as fuel. Particulate matter (PM) is the main pollutant from such brick kilns. Brick Kilns in Kanchpur Industrial Cluster Brick Kilns in Kanchpur Industrial Cluster Other Industries Other major industry types found in the Kanchpur industrial cluster includes are soap making units and food processing industry (Mousumi Industries). A map of the Kanchpur Industrial Cluster is presented in the following page. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-8 Map of Kanchpur Industrial Cluster ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-9 Rupganj Industrial Cluster Rupganj industrial cluster is situated on eastern bank of Sitalakhya River and along the Dhaka-Sylhet Highway, in between Kanchpur Second Bridge and Demra Bridge. This industrial cluster is located in the Rupganj Upazila of Narayanganj district. Garments & Textile Units Textile and garment units are predominant industry types located in the south-western part of this industrial cluster. The major industrial processes involved with this sector include cuttings, sewing, finishing, washing and sometimes dyeing. Washing and dyeing activities generate waste water effluents, which is the major source of pollution from such industries. Larger garment and textile units (like Sinha Group of Industries) have their own ETPs, and the treated effluent is mostly discharged in the Sitalakhya River. Generally, these industries source their water from bore wells within their factory premises. These industries also require steam for ironing of finished items and have their own natural gas operated small boilers, which also acts as source for NOx emissions. Garment and Textile Units in Rupganj Industrial Cluster Sinha Group of Industries Sonargaon Steel Mill Cement Plant A large cement grinding unit (Scan Cement Factory of Heidelberg Cements) is located within the Rupganj industrial cluster. Apparently the unit is having bag-filters as pollution control devices in all storage area (raw material and finished product) and for cement mills. Raw materials are transported through ships and unloaded at the river front unloading site. Fugitive dust emissions are observed to be occurring from the Grinding Unit. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-10 Steel Rerolling Mill Some steel processing units (re-rolling mills) like Islam Re-rolling Mill and Eastman Steel are located within the Rupganj industrial cluster along the Dhaka-Sylhet road. Stack and fugitive emission are released from such units with pollution control devices being mostly absent. Major pollution from these industries includes particulate matter and NOx emissions (from gas fired furnaces). Pulp & Paper Mills Other polluting industry types located in the Rupganj cluster includes pulp & paper. A large pulp and paper mill (Himalaya Paper and Board Mills) is located on the eastern bank of the Sitalakhya River. Generally the pulp is imported and waste/recycled paper is also used as a raw material. The major source of pollution includes process effluents which are discharged in the Sitalakhya River. Other Industries Two non-operating jute mills, located close to the Sitalakhya River, have been observed in this industrial cluster. Other prominent industries in this cluster include ceramic factories, plastic processing units and shoe making industry. Ceramic and plastic processing industries are air polluting units. A map of Rupganj industrial cluster is presented in the following page.. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-11 Map of Rupganj Industrial Cluster ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-12 Demra Industrial Cluster Demra industrial cluster is located in Dhaka district on west side the Sitalakhya River and on the northern side of Siddhirganj industrial cluster. Jute Mills The only operating jute mill in this region, the Karim Jute Mill is located in northern part of this industrial area. Major source of pollution from this industry is process waste water containing high suspended solids and BOD. Steel Rerolling Mills & Glass Factories This cluster has 5-6 steel processing plants and rerolling mills and also units manufacturing steel coils, blades, etc. Major pollution from these units is due to fugitive and stack emission mostly particulate matter and NOx. Three glass factories are also located within the Demra industrial cluster. These units are sources for air pollutants viz. PM and NOx. Building Construction Material Storage & Processing Zone Entire stretch of the Sitalakhya river bank is being utilized for unloading of construction materials (boulder, sand and aggregates), crushing of boulders, storage and their supply through road ways. Crushing, handling and storage of coarse and fine materials resulting in fugitive emission is the main pollution source from this zone. Building Construction Material Storage and Processing Zone Transport through the River Crushing ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-13 Food Processing Plant A large food processing industry (Danish Condense Milk Unit) is located in the central part of this industrial cluster. Major source of pollution from this industry is process waste water containing high BOD. Pulp & Paper A pulp and paper mill (Bangladesh Paper Mill) is located along the Sitalakhya River. Major source of pollution from this unit mill is process effluent which is discharged in the Sitalakhya River. A map of Demra industrial cluster is presented in following page. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-14 Map of Demra Industrial Cluster ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-15 MEGHNAGHAT INDUSTRIAL AREA Meghnaghat industrial area is located on the north and south bank of the Meghna River, near the Meghna Bridge. For the purposes of the present study the Meghnaghat industrial area has been demarcated into Meghnaghat north industrial cluster and Meghnaghat south industrial cluster. Meghnaghat North Industrial Cluster The Meghnaghat north industrial cluster is located on north bank of the Meghna River. It is located in the Sonargaon Upazila of Narayanganj district. Type of industries located in this industrial cluster include power plants, cement plants, pulp & paper mills, food processing industries and ship building industries. Thermal Power Plant The Meghnaghat Power hub is situated on eastern side of this industrial cluster. In 1984, Acres International Limited (Acres) and BPDB jointly undertook a 20 year Power System Master Plan (PSMP). The 1985 PSMP identified two key sites for large power generation facilities in Bangladesh: Meghnaghat and Baghabari. Following the recommendations in the PSMPs, the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR) assigned the BPDB the responsibility to develop 1,200 - 1,300 MW of electricity generation capacity in three phases at the Meghnaghat Power Sites Area (MPSA). Presently, there are three operating power plants in this and total capacity is 887 MW. These power plants are either operated by natural gas or heavy furnace oil (HFO). Major air emissions from gas based power plant include NOx and CO whereas for oil based power plant it is NOx, SOx, CO and PM. All the power plants in this region are using river water for cooling, DM water intake and other water uses. The combined cycle power plants require large quantities of cooling water. All the plants have once through cooling systems and cooling water is discharged into the Meghna River usually from a single point of discharge. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-16 Power Plants in the Meghnaghat North Industrial Cluster Meghnaghat Power Limited (Pendekar) 337 MW Combine Cycle Power Plant (Summit) Cement Plants The Meghnaghat north industrial cluster has 5 cement grinding mills owned by three different companies (Holcim, Meghna Group and Madina Group). All these units are located adjacent to each other. Raw material is generally transported through ships and unloaded at the jetties and transported to storage silos through conveyor belts. Major emissions from the cement plants is of PM. Emissions from raw material storage areas and from milling, packing and storage of cement from such units have been mitigated through installation of bag filters at adequate locations. Consultation with local people revealed that PM from clinker and fly ash unloading facilities regularly creates dust nuisance and health related problems for the local communities. Food Processing Industries Meghna Group of Industries, a private industrial group in Bangladesh has set up various food processing units in the Meghnaghat region. These units are mainly located on western side of Dhaka-Chittagong road and along the eastern part of this industrial cluster. Major source of pollution from these industries is from process wastewaters. The units located in this cluster are: Meghna Group of Industries – Units in Meghnaghat Units Product Tanveer Food Ltd. Powder Milk, Spices United Sugar Mills Ltd. Sugar Janata Flour and Dal Mills Ltd. Flours and Pulses Tanveer Oil Ltd. Refined Soybean, Palm Oil and Dalda United Mineral Water & Piety Industries Ltd. Piety Bottles, Mineral Water United Feeds Ltd. Poultry and Fish Food Tanveer Food Ltd. Tea Sonargaon Salt Ltd. Salt Surma Mustard Oil Mills Ltd Mustard Oil ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-17 Food Processing Industries in the Meghnaghat North Industrial Cluster Meghna Group of Industries – Food Processing Units Pulp & Paper Industries There are four operating pulp and paper mills in this region while a fifth unit is presently under construction. Capacity of the plant and information on pollution load from these units could not be gathered during the present stage of the study. The consultation with local people revealed that pulp is mostly imported and waste /recycled paper is also used in making of pulp. Major pollution from these industries is from process effluents. Chemical Industry Meghna Group has a chemical plant within this cluster; however information on type of chemicals manufactured / processed in this plant could not be established at this stage of the study. Consultation with locals reveals that discharge of effluent from chemical industry and pulp and paper mills causes of periodic fish kills in the Meghna River. Shipbuilding Units There are two ship building units (Ananda and Islampur Shipyards) located in the western part of the Meghnaghat North industrial cluster. Emission from these units primarily include PM and VOCs. High noise levels are also generated from these units. Steel Rerolling Mill There is only one small steel re-rolling mill located adjacent to Dhaka- Chittagong Highway. Major emission from this unit includes PM and NOx. A map of Meghnaghat North industrial cluster is presented in the following page. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-18 Industries Location Map on Meghnaghat North Industrial Cluster ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-19 Meghna South Industrial Cluster Meghnaghat south industrial cluster is located on the south bank of Meghna River. It is located in Gazaria Upazila of Munshiganj district. Industry types located in this cluster include cement plants, ship building units and textile & garment industries. Ship Building Units There are two ship building units (Khan Brothers Shipyard and Samuda Shipyard) located within this industrial cluster. Major pollution from these units is in the form of fugitive dust and VOCs from use of paints. High noise levels are also generated from these units. Particle Board Factories There is a particle board manufacturing unit of T.K. (Samuda) Group located in this cluster. Major pollution is from fugitive emissions from industrial processes. Local people complained about regular dust nuisance. Chemical Industries The T.K Group has a chemical plant within this cluster. However at present information on type of chemical manufactured / processed here was not available for review. Industrial Units of T.K. Group in Meghnaghat South Industrial Cluster T.K. Group of Industries – Industrial Units in Meghnaghat South Industrial Cluster Cement Plant One cement grinding unit (Anwar Cement Mill) is also located in this industrial cluster. Major emission from the unit is of PM. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-20 Garment & Textile Industry Two textile and garment units (Esco Colour Coating Mill and Esquire Accessories) are also located in this industrial cluster. Process effluents are the principal source of pollution from these units. A map of Meghnaghat South industrial cluster is presented in the following page. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT - ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-21 Industries Location Map on Meghnaghat South Industrial Cluster ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 C-22 Annex D Present Condition of VECs Primary Ambient Air Quality Monitoring for PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx: Siddhirganj Industrial Area Station Location Concentration in μg/m3 Name PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx AQ1 Tatki, Jatramura Max. 241.5 502.1 36.8 117.2 Min. 219.4 423.5 29.7 107.5 Avg. 233.0 454.6 34.0 112.5 AQ2 Chandpur, Madanpur Max. 213.9 448.3 42.5 114.5 Min. 192.7 418.6 33.8 97.8 Avg. 202.7 432.4 37.5 105.5 AQ3 Kanchpur Max. 179.2 283.1 20.4 63.3 Min. 168.5 257.6 13.2 54.7 Avg. 174.1 272.4 16.7 58.6 AQ4 Chapatuli Bandar Max. 274.8 426.1 23.1 75.3 Min. 257.2 319.5 14.2 59.4 Avg. 265.2 407.7 18.1 67.8 AQ5 Jangal, Bandar Max. 239.8 406.7 17.3 84.2 Min. 224.7 374.1 11.8 69.6 Avg. 232.1 390.3 14.6 77.0 AQ6 Near Chittaranjan Cotton Mill Max. 182.4 268.4 21.4 87.4 Min. 147.5 237.2 14.5 67.1 Avg. 163.4 252.8 17.5 75.7 AQ7 Sumil Para Max. 231.1 372.4 38.9 73.5 Min. 208.4 341.8 26.2 57.3 Avg. 220.1 357.1 32.4 65.5 AQ8 Silo Road Max. 214.2 309.1 29.1 97.3 Min. 192.6 273.8 16.6 77.7 Avg. 203.5 289.1 22.5 87.2 AQ9 WAPDA Colony Max. 253.8 396.2 51.7 104.8 Min. 218.7 354.5 33.4 88.6 Avg. 236.2 379.5 42.3 97.5 AQ10 WASA Road, Sarulia Bazar Max. 195.3 284.7 17.9 70.1 Min. 165.6 244.5 10.3 49.7 Avg. 182.2 262.8 13.9 60.7 National Standards (24 Hourly) 65 150 365 100* World Bank Standards 50 100 50 40* Note: * Annual Standards Source: Primary Monitoring 2016, CEIA Study Primary Ambient Air Quality Monitoring for CO: Siddhirganj Industrial Area Location Concentration of CO in ppm Max. 7.21 Intersection of Dhaka-Chittagong Min. 6.68 Highway and Siddhirganj-Adamjee Road Avg. 6.93 Max. 6.86 Intersection of Dhaka-Chittagong Highway Min. 5.94 and Dhaka-Sylhet Highway Avg. 6.41 National Standards (8 Hourly) 9.00 Source: Primary Monitoring 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-1 Primary Ambient Air Quality Monitoring for PM10, PM2.5, SO2 and NOx: Meghnaghat Industrial Area Station Location Concentration in μg/m3 Name PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx AQ1 Islampur Max. 58.3 185.3 28.3 63.2 Min. 48.7 162.3 17.5 47.1 Avg. 52.2 172.0 22.2 55.1 AQ2 Pratap Char Max. 40.5 134.7 13.2 28.4 Min. 29.8 112.4 8.17 12.8 Avg. 34.0 124.4 10.16 20.5 AQ3 Jau Char Baby Stand Max. 53.6 96.3 8.5 34.7 Min. 37.4 73.8 6.2 23.9 Avg. 44.8 86.5 7.2 28.0 AQ4 Dhaka Chittagong Highway Max. 54.2 155.2 14.5 37.4 (Near Pirozpur) Min. 38.9 110.7 6.8 23.6 Avg. 47.2 131.9 9.4 29.5 AQ5 Hoshendi Max. 33.2 63.8 7.2 25.7 Min. 19.9 38.5 5.4 12.3 Avg. 26.1 52.0 6.2 17.8 AQ6 Baluakhandi Union Office Max. 30.8 48.5 5.2 13.2 Min. 20.5 34.1 3.5 8.4 Avg. 26.1 40.25 4.1 10.3 National Standards (24 Hourly) 65 150 365 100* World Bank Standards 50 100 50 40* Note: * Annual Standards Source: Primary Monitoring 2016, CEIA Study Primary Ambient Air Quality Monitoring for CO: Siddhirganj Industrial Area Location Concentration of CO in ppm Max. 6.24 Near Toll Plaza of Meghna Bridge Min. 5.14 Avg. 5.63 National Standards (8 Hourly) 9.00 Source: Primary Monitoring 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-2 Regional Air Quality - CASE Project, DOE Concentration of PM2.5 (in μg /m3) at Narayanganj (2014-2015) 250 230 225 208 192 200 180 175 150 127 115 100 88 NAAQS : 65 μg /m3 Average 74 74 56 50 39 NAAQS 36 38 31 25 27 18 0 May-14 May-15 Apr-14 Dec-14 Jan-14 Mar-14 Jun-14 Aug-14 Apr-15 Oct-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 Jun-15 Aug-15 Feb-14 Jul-14 Oct-15 Nov-15 Sep-14 Feb-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Winter Summer Monsoon Post Winter Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon Monsoon 205 197 200 200 200 141 150 150 150 101 100 100 100 81 NAAQS : 65 μg /m3 NAAQS : 65 μg /m3 47 50 50 50 0 0 0 Winter-2014 Winter-2015 Post Monsoon-2014 Post Monsoon-2015 Summer-2014 Summer-2015 Source : Clean Air and Sustainable Energy (CASE) Project, Department of Environment, Bangladesh ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-3 Regional Air Quality - CASE Project, DOE Concentration of PM10 (in μg /m3) at Narayanganj (2014-2015) 450 397 400 361 341 352 350 315 300 312 300 267 250 215 200 181 165 157 161 168 150 Average 91.2 77 114 99 100 69 57 68 54 62 NAAQS 50 0 May-14 Apr-14 Dec-14 May-15 Jan-14 Mar-14 Jun-14 Aug-14 Apr-15 Oct-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 Jun-15 Aug-15 Feb-14 Jul-14 Oct-15 Nov-15 Sep-14 Feb-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Winter Summer Monsoon Post Winter Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon Monsoon 400 358 400 400 321 350 350 350 300 300 300 218 250 250 250 194 200 200 162 200 172 NAAQS : 150 μg /m3 NAAQS : 150 μg /m3 NAAQS : 150 μg /m3 150 150 150 100 100 100 50 50 50 0 0 0 Winter-2014 Winter-2015 Summer-2014 Summer-2015 Postmonsoon-2014 Postmonsoon-2015 Source : Clean Air and Sustainable Energy (CASE) Project, Department of Environment, Bangladesh ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-4 Regional Air Quality - CASE Project, DOE Concentration of NO2 (in ppb) at Narayanganj (2014-2015) 80 73 71 70 66 59 60 NAAQS : 53 ppb 51 50 46 44 40 37 35 30 27 Average 18 NAAQS 20 13 15 16 11 10 10 8 10 6 4 0 May-14 Dec-14 May-15 Apr-14 Jan-14 Mar-14 Jun-14 Aug-14 Apr-15 Oct-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 Jun-15 Aug-15 Feb-14 Jul-14 Oct-15 Nov-15 Sep-14 Feb-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Winter Summer Monsoon Post Winter Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon Monsoon 70 70 70 65 60 60 60 NAAQS: 53 ppb NAAQS : 53 ppb 52 NAAQS : 53 ppb 50 46 50 50 43 40 40 40 30 30 21 30 18 20 20 20 10 10 10 0 0 0 Winter-2014 Winter-2015 Summer-2014 Summer-2015 Postmonsoon-2014 Postmonsoon-2015 Source : Clean Air and Sustainable Energy (CASE) Project, Department of Environment, Bangladesh ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-5 Regional Air Quality - CASE Project, DOE Concentration of SO2 (in ppb) at Narayanganj (2014-2015) 160 NAAQS : 140 ppb 140 120 100 80 60 Average 40 NAAQS 19 24 20 12 11 10 1 2 4 6 0 May-14 Dec-14 May-15 Apr-14 Jan-14 Mar-14 Jun-14 Aug-14 Apr-15 Oct-14 Nov-14 Jan-15 Mar-15 Jun-15 Aug-15 Feb-14 Jul-14 Oct-15 Nov-15 Sep-14 Feb-15 Jul-15 Sep-15 Winter Summer Monsoon Post Winter Summer Monsoon Post Monsoon Monsoon 160 160 160 NAAQS : 140 ppb NAAQS: 140 ppb NAAQS : 140 ppb 140 140 140 120 120 120 100 100 100 80 80 80 60 60 60 40 40 40 22 20 20 20 11 6 0 0 0 Summer-2014 Summer-2015 Postmonsoon-2014 Postmonsoon-2015 Winter-2014 Winter-2015 Source : Clean Air and Sustainable Energy (CASE) Project, Department of Environment, Bangladesh ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-6 Air Quality at Meghnaghat 2012 Source: Environmental and Social Impact Assessment of 305-350MW Dual Fuel Combined Cycle Power Plant Project at Meghnaghat, Narayanganj, Draft ESIA Report, Prepared by SGS India Private Limited for Summit Meghnaghat Power Company Limited, 2012 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-7 Noise level at Siddhirganj Industrial Area Code Leqday Leqnight L10 L50 L90 Tatki, Jatramura (Opposite Scan Cement NQ1 64.4 58.4 66.7 60.2 56.0 and Close to Faisal Rolling Mill) Kanchpur Bridge Junction NQ2 53.4 47.2 55.3 50.3 45.8 Kanchpur NQ3 62.9 52.4 54.4 58.6 50.9 Chandpur, Madanpur NQ4 55.5 49.5 57.2 52.7 47.7 Chapatuli, Bandar NQ5 60.6 51.4 62.2 58.2 48.8 Near Chittaranjan Cotton mill NQ6 52.6 48.5 54.3 50.2 46.5 DND Road and Meghnaghat Oil Depot NQ7 53.1 48.5 54.7 50.6 46.6 Junction Siddhirganj Power Hub, Residential NQ8 61.8 51.8 63.6 58.6 48.2 Area, Silo Road Wapda Colony NQ9 62.8 54.6 64.4 59.5 51.1 Wasa Road, Sarulia Bazar NQ10 56.6 49.4 58.0 54.0 46.9 (Behind Karim Jute mill) Source: Primary Monitoring, CEIA Study Noise level at Meghnaghat Industrial Area Location ID Leqday Leqnight L10 L50 L90 Near Meghnaghat Power Hub NL1 51.9 49.7 53.4 50.6 48.1 Islampur NL2 57.6 50.3 59.3 55.1 48.8 Pratapnagar NL3 58.4 52.3 59.7 56.6 50.1 Jau Char Baby Stand NL4 61.3 56.5 63.3 58.8 55.4 Residential area (Char between 2 minor NL5 57.2 50.6 58.9 54.8 48.9 Channels) Residential area Taharpur NL6 54.9 49.0 56.2 50.6 47.2 Pirozpur NL7 60.1 51.3 56.1 54.3 49.9 Near Khan brothers NL8 50.2 42.5 52.7 45.2 40.8 Near TK Group NL9 61.8 55.4 63.6 59.0 54.1 Baluakandi NL10 52.6 44.8 53.7 47.2 43.7 Source: Primary Monitoring, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-8 Hourly Noise Monitoring Result for Siddhirganj Industrial Area Noise Levels in dB(A) No. Location Lmin Lmax Leq N1 Nepali Quarter Beside Bauwani Dighir Par 52.7 65.1 78.46 N2 Beside Owazed Ali Bhiyaan Memorial High School 64.1 75.5 88.06 (Tarar Bazaar Main Road) N3 In Front of Fine Tex (Dighi Borabo) 64.1 71.4 86.34 N4 Dighir Bar Saeed Market, Rupganj (Near Fahim Textile) 65.5 71.4 86.02 N5 Purba Hazinagar (Near Hazinagar Bhuiyan Academy) 53.8 65.1 78.41 N6 Beside Scan Cement 50.6 59.1 73.08 N7 Tatki, Beside Dhaka-Sylhet Highway 53.1 60 74.18 N8 Bahir Tengra (Ward No. 5) 37.7 55.7 66.32 N9 Sarulia Bazar, Demra 66.5 70.2 86.13 N10 In front of GTCL (City Gate Station), Demra 58.1 75.2 87.05 N11 Beside Kanchpur Bridge 54.9 72.4 83.43 N12 Dewanbag, Kanchpur (Fashion Mill) 52.8 58.8 73.49 N13 Shimrail Mor, in front of Boropir Steel House, Kanchpur 72.1 84.1 95.81 N14 Kanchpur Puran Bazaar 60.4 69.6 83.06 (Near Bhai Bhai Telecom and Computer Center) N15 Beside Sonargaon Timber Complex, 58.3 65.1 79.38 Kanchpur Khaspara, Sonargaon N16 Painadi (Near M.M. Ala Variety Store) 52.1 65.1 78.45 N17 Ajibpur Rail Line (Near Mayer Dua Saw Mill) 52.7 65.2 78.93 N18 Shonali Bander Jame Mosjid (Muradpur) 49.4 60.3 73.96 N19 Madanpur Bus Stand (Near Sohana Medical Hall) 67.3 78.5 91.56 N20 Kewdhala Bus Stand (Near Abdul Ajij Super Market) 63.3 73.4 86.11 N21 Kadamtoli Uttarpara (Near Selim Variety Store) 52.9 59.6 73.12 N22 Natun Bazar (In front of Adamjee EPZ) 55.4 71.1 83.11 N23 Chapatoli (Near Namira Kendriyo Jame Mosjid) 50.2 63.2 75.83 N24 Gulbag, Modonpur (Near Jamiya Islamia Alim Madrasa) 62.9 70.2 85.01 N25 Jangal (Near Jangal Chaw Rasta Jame Mosjid) 65.1 71.2 86.06 N26 Dakkhinpara (In front of Navana City) 52.1 58.4 72.61 N27 Adamjee Nagar (Near Saleha Super Market) 59.1 73.3 86.37 N28 Kathaltola, Kuripara Bus Stand, Bandar, Narayanganj 52.1 73.9 83.86 N29 Khocher Chora Eid Gah, Bander, Narayanganj 47.5 57.9 72.0 N30 Mailbag, Barpaara, Bandar, Narayanganj 53.2 61.7 74.7 (Near Brain Check Kinder Garden and Coaching) N31 Dhonokunda, Godnail (Near Ma Fashion) 57.9 67.9 81.25 N32 Shonachorabag, Bander, Narayanganj 52.5 58.9 74.18 N33 Saiyodpara Road (Near S.A. Jewellery) 53.8 68.8 80.43 N34 Uttar Lakkhankhola, Bander 50.8 59.2 73.45 N35 Chawdhury Bari (Near New Richuli Apparels) 55.4 72.8 84.05 N36 Lakkhinarayan Bazar, Godnail 52.7 65.5 78.09 (Near Lakkhi Narayan Cotton Mills High School) N37 Chawrapara (Near Pond) 44.9 56.9 70.26 N38 Haziganj (Near I.E.T Government High School) 52.7 65.1 79.18 N39 Nabiganj tusion road (Near Hashem Munshi Jame Mosjid) 63.1 74.9 86.91 N40 Nabiganj Bus Stand, Kaikartek Road, 64.2 74.1 87.33 (Near Mohammadiya Thai Aluminium) Source: Primary Monitoring, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-9 Hourly Noise Monitoring Result for Meghnaghat Industrial Area Noise Levels in dB(A) No. Location Lmin Lmax Leq N1 Babrokpur, Narayanganj 72.47 (Beside Mayer Dua General Store) 51.7 57.4 N2 Shilmandi, Sonargaon (Beside Chaity Group) 61.3 67.9 83.08 N3 Dowlerbag, Sonargaon 51.8 56.9 72.53 N4 Bhabanathpur, Sonargaon 47.2 54.9 69.31 N5 Batibander, Sonargaon 49.1 62.7 72.07 N6 Near Sonargaon University College Jame Mosjid 51.2 55.6 71.58 N7 Mograpara Bus Stand 45.2 50.8 65.63 N8 Chengakandi, Sonargaon 58.5 64.8 79.8 N9 Chengakandi, Sonargaon 55.6 61.8 76.62 N10 Jhawchar, Near Paper Mills 52.1 58.9 73.33 N11 Mangaler Gaw 49.4 56.9 71.73 N12 Chander Chak 49.6 55.6 70.59 N13 Near Meghnaghat Sugar Mill, Meghnaghat 57.4 65.2 80.42 N14 Near Meghnaghat Power Plant 47.5 57.5 69.7 N15 Meghna Bepari Bazar 57.5 63.9 78.94 N16 Near Bashundhara Papers Mills Ltd. (Unit 2), Meghnaghat 57.9 68.2 81.08 N17 Choroblahi (Shahid Nagar) 47.5 53.6 68.38 N18 Baluakandi, Near Meghna River 45.2 50.3 65.43 N19 In Front of Anwar Group 49.9 61.4 74.84 N20 Backside of Tajmahal Restaurant, Baluakandi 48.5 55.6 70.32 Source: Primary Monitoring, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-10 Maximum & Minimum Discharge & Velocities at Demra Station in River Sitalakhya S.No. Year Discharge (m3/sec) Corresponding Maximum Velocity (m/sec) 1. 1995 Maximum 2010 1.20 Minimum 127 0.14 2. 1996 Maximum 657.09 0.62 Minimum 376.93 0.40 3. 1997 Maximum 1765.57 0.98 Minimum 203.69 0.17 4. 1998 Maximum 2742.20 1.48 Minimum 338.17 0.28 5. 1999 Maximum 1363.75 0.86 Minimum 429.98 0.46 6. 2000 Maximum 1094.00 0.79 Minimum 518.95 0.50 7. 2001 Maximum Not available Minimum Not available 8. 2002 Maximum 1429.95 1.10 Minimum 195.53 0.22 9. 2003 Maximum Not available Minimum Not available 10. 2004 Maximum 1213.67 0.98 Minimum 681.77 0.71 11. 2005 Maximum 1829.32 1.30 Minimum 685.60 0.55 12. 2006 Maximum 755.57 0.68 Minimum 467.32 0.52 13. 2007 Maximum Not available Minimum Not available 14. 2008 Maximum 1557.09 1.01 Minimum 297.09 0.34 15. 2009 Maximum 973.46 0.71 Minimum 347.64 0.39 16. 2010 Maximum 814.37 0.72 Minimum 275.83 0.29 17. 2011 Maximum 1297.71 1.00 Minimum 112.55 0.18 18. 2012 Maximum 763.42 0.61 Minimum 322.29 0.36 19. 2013 Maximum 784.79 0.66 Minimum 124.33 0.17 20. 2014 Maximum 1149.98 0.78 Minimum 172.83 0.18 Source: Data collected for Station ID SW179-Demra from BWDB ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-11 Maximum and Minimum Discharge and Maximum and Minimum Velocities at Bhairab Bazar Station in River Meghna S.No. Year Discharge (m3/sec) Maximum Velocity (m/sec) 1. 1995 Maximum 13400 1.31 Minimum 2190 0.36 2. 1996 Maximum 10900 1.11 Minimum 5140 0.65 3. 1997 Maximum 7825.17 1.08 Minimum 1767.07 0.29 4. 1998 Maximum 14669.93 1.34 Minimum 2050.32 0.27 5. 1999 Not available Not available 6. 2000 Maximum 12109.94 1.36 Minimum 3197.2 0.53 2001 Maximum 11630.75 1.28 Minimum 3735.18 1.55 7. 2002 Maximum 16558.27 1.58 Minimum 4448.7 1.05 2003 Maximum 13229.21 1.74 Minimum 2938.21 0.80 8. 2004 Maximum 10571.47 1.40 Source: Data collected for Station ID SW275-Badyar Bazar from BWDB ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-12 Present Condition of Water Quality of Sitalakhya River during Winter (Jan 2016) Sampling Location Parameter Unit SW1 - Confluence SW2- Near SW3 - Near SW4 - SW6 -Downstream SW7 - Near SW5 - Near of Balu and Beximo Jute Kanchpur Kutubpur of Meghna Oil Chittaranjan Adamji EPZ Sitalakhya River Mill Bridge Ghat Depot Cotton Mill pH at 25°C --- 7.25 7.23 7.31 7.36 7.25 7.27 7.22 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l 410 460 440 436 440 435 432 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/l 84.6 108 56.2 92 138 127 90 Temperature °C 21.1 23 23 22 23.2 23.5 23.1 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 4.2 4 4.4 4.1 3.8 4 4.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 34 27.4 17 26 51 32 24 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 106 98 35.3 90 152 117 106 Oil and Grease mg/l <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 Faecal Coliform /100ml Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Total Coliform Organism MPN/ 100ml 140 170 120 130 34 84 33 Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study Present Condition of Water Quality of Sitalakhya River during Early Summer (Mar 2016) Sampling Location Parameter Unit SW1 - Confluence SW2- Near SW3 - Near SW4 - SW6 -Downstream SW7 - Near SW5 - Near of Balu and Beximo Jute Kanchpur Kutubpur of Meghna Oil Chittaranjan Adamji EPZ Sitalakhya River Mill Bridge Ghat Depot Cotton Mill pH at 25°C --- 7.3 7.34 7.49 7.5 7.5 7.32 7.58 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l 658 674 685 679 688 695 689 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.005 0.01 0.02 <0.005 <0.005 0.01 0.01 Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/l 57 48 37.5 37.0 34.5 36 55.0 Temperature °C 27.8 28.5 28 28.5 29.0 28 28.0 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.7 1.8 2.9 3.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l 12.4 16.4 17.4 15.0 12.1 19.0 13.4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 79.7 63.5 71.4 75.4 59.5 67.5 39.7 Oil and Grease mg/l 4.9 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 3.9 Faecal Coliform /100ml Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Total Coliform Organism MPN/ 100ml 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 1600 Source: Primary Monitoring, March 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-13 Present Condition of Water Quality of Meghna River during Winter (Jan 2016) Sampling Location Parameter Unit SW 1 -Outfall of SW 2-Outfall SW 4- Near SW 5- Near SW 6- SW 7-Near Bridge SW 3- Sumit Power of Meghna Meghna Meghna Chemical Upstream of on Meghna Minor Ashrabadi Plant Power plant Bridge Complex Industrial Area Channel pH at 25°C --- 6.82 6.81 6.68 6.77 6.68 6.82 6.78 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l 90 100 120 88 105 86 685 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.005 0.02 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 0.01 0.14 Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/l <2.5 7.1 3.0 2.7 <2.5 3.9 97 Temperature °C 20.2 21.1 20.9 21 19.8 19.9 24.4 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.5 6.2 6.3 6.5 6.5 5.9 5.9 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 142 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 <4.0 354 Oil and Grease mg/l <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 Faecal Coliform /100ml Present Present Present Present Present Absent Present Total Coliform Organism MPN/ 100ml 6.8 4.5 140 13 14 1.8 150 Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study Present Condition of Water Quality of Meghna River during Early Summer (Mar 2016) Sampling Location Parameter Unit SW 1 -Outfall of SW 2-Outfall SW 4- Near SW 5- Near SW 6- SW 7-Near Bridge SW 3- Sumit Power of Meghna Meghna Meghna Chemical Upstream of on Meghna Minor Ashrabadi Plant Power plant Bridge Complex Industrial Area Channel pH at 25°C --- 6.62 6.8 6.51 6.41 6.3 6.6 6.67 Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) mg/l 174 153 146 129 118 150 615 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 Total Chromium (as Cr) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) mg/l 7.2 8.9 8.4 7.5 7.2 11.4 193 Temperature °C 26.2 26.5 26.0 25.3 26.0 26.0 28.0 Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.4 6.3 6.2 6.4 6.4 6.2 1.6 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) mg/l <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 89 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) mg/l 7.9 <4.0 7.9 <4.0 7.9 <4.0 293.6 Oil and Grease mg/l <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 <1.4 8.4 Faecal Coliform /100ml Present Present Present Present Present Present Present Total Coliform Organism MPN/ 100ml 140 540 1600 1600 79 1600 540 Source: Primary Monitoring, March 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-14 Sediment Quality Analysis of Sitalakhya River Confluence Near Downstream Near Chitta of Balu and Near Beximo Kutubpur Near Location Kanchpur of Meghna Ranjan Sitalakhya Jute Mill Ghat Adamji EPZ bridge Oil Depot Cotton Mill River Date of Sampling 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 Latitude 23°43'18.1''N 23°42'50.3''N 23°42'22.9''N 23°41'24.3''N 23°40'25.5''N 23°39'52.6''N 23°38'38.8''N Longitude 90°30'00.3''E 90°30'34.3''E 90°30'58.9''E 90°31'31.6''E 90°31'51.1''E 90°31'14.8''E 90°31'07.8''E No. Parameter Unit Method Result Result Result Result Result Result Result IS 2720 (Part 26)-1987; 1 pH (1:2.5) at 25°C --- 6.83 7.38 7.28 7.46 7.36 7.35 6.87 Rffm:2007 2 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg EPA 7000 B-February,2007 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 3 Lead (as Pb ) mg/kg EPA 7000 B-February,2007 17.5 17.9 20.9 19.2 12.3 17.2 15.9 Polynuclear Aromatic US EPA 8270C- December 4 mg/kg <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 Hydrocarbons (as PAH ) 1996 5 Total Chromium (as Cr ) mg/kg EPA 7000 B-February,2007 18.1 18.5 20.4 25.7 16.1 18.5 19.2 TPM/MSK/E/1/AL, Soil 6 Texture --- Sandy Loam Clay Clay Loam Clay Clay Loam Clay Clay & Plant Analysis, C.S.Piper IS 2720 (Part 22)-1972; 7 Total Organic Carbon % 0.67 1.25 1.0 0.76 0.85 0.94 1.08 Rffm:1995 Source: Primary Monitoring, Jan 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-15 Sediment Quality Analysis of Meghna River Near Outfall of Outfall of Near Upstream Near Bridge on Sumit Meghna Meghna of Location Ashrabadi Meghna Meghna Power Power Chemical Industrial Bridge Minor Plant plant Complex Area channel Date of Sampling 23.01.2016 23.01.2016 23.01.2016 23.01.2016 23.01.2016 23.01.2016 23.01.2016 23°36'08.4'' 23°36'38.8'' 23°35'30.9'' 23°36'42.1'' 23°37'39.6'' 23°38'0.7'' 23°37'14.5'' Latitude N N N N N N N 90°35'24.4" 90°35'22.3" 90°35'35.2" 90°37'08.9" 90°37'29.8" 90°37'19.2" 90°36'37.1" Longitude E E E E E E E Sl. Parameter Unit Method Result Result Result Result Result Result Result No. IS 2720 (Part 26)-1987; 1 pH (1:2.5) at 25°C --- 6.3 6.28 6.51 6.82 6.36 6.12 6.62 Rffm:2007 2 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/kg EPA 7000 B-February,2007 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 3 Lead (as Pb ) mg/kg EPA 7000 B-February,2007 17.4 16.4 15.3 7.1 15.2 13.8 11.1 Polynuclear Aromatic US EPA 8270C- December 4 mg/kg <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 Hydrocarbons (as PAH ) 1996 5 Total Chromium (as Cr ) mg/kg EPA 7000 B-February,2007 23.2 20.4 20.5 9.2 14.8 20.5 <5 TPM/MSK/E/1/AL, Soil Loamy Loamy 6 Texture --- Clay Clay Clay Loam Clay Clay Loam & Plant Analysis, C.S.Piper Sand Sand IS 2720 (Part 22)-1972; 7 Total Organic Carbon % 0.52 0.66 0.4 0.42 0.29 0.45 2.4 Rffm:1995 Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-16 Ground Water Quality of Siddhirganj Industrial Area Siddhirganj Adamji EPZ Near WASA Road, Power Hub, Near Meghna Near Chittaranja Chapatuli Near Kanchpur Location Wapda Colony Uttar Para Residential Dhkeshaweri Kanchpur Tarabo Sarulia Bazar Residential Oil Depot Cotton Mill Bhandar Bridge Area Cotton Mill Area, Silo Road Date of Sampling 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 21.01.2016 21.01.2016 21.01.2016 22.01.2016 23.01.2016 23.01.2016 22.01.2016 22.01.2016 Latitude 23°13'01.5''N 23°41'53.2''N 23°41'16.9''N 23°41'04.0''N 23°40'31.46''N 23°40'06.7''N 23°38'50.3''N 23°39'07.5''N 23°40'55.4''N 23°42'06.1''N 23°42'39.4''N 23°44'13.4''N Longitude 90°29'55.6"E 90°30'53.2"E 90°30'41.9"E 90°31'24.9"E 90°31'10.17"E 90°31'23.1"E 90°30'57.3"E 90°31'34.8"E 90°32'17.1"E 90°31'19.1"E 90°31'04.0"E 90°31'39.4"E Sl Parameter Unit Method Result Result Result Result Result Result Result Result Result Result Result Result No. APHA 22nd Edtn- 1 Colour Hazen <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2012, 2120B <1.0 APHA 22nd Edtn - 2 Odour --- Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable 2012, 2150B APHA 22nd Edtn- 3 pH at 25°C --- 6.85 7.72 7.43 6.91 7.43 6.55 7.8 7.77 6.75 7.66 6.51 2012,4500-H+B 7.31 APHA 22nd Edtn- 4 Turbidity N.T.U. <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 3.0 <1.0 <1.0 2012,2130B 2.8 Total Dissolved APHA 22nd Edtn 5 mg/l 492 254 510 284 228 366 610 652 835 605 405 Solids (as TDS) 2012, 2540C 253 APHA 22nd Edtn- 6 Fluoride ( as F ) mg/l 1.07 0.63 0.73 0.69 0.78 0.61 0.61 0.85 0.74 0.53 0.42 2012, 4500 F C 0.61 APHA 22nd Edtn- 7 Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.16 <0.05 0.09 <0.05 <0.05 0.07 <0.05 <0.05 2.42 0.22 <0.05 2012, 3500 Fe B 0.69 APHA 22nd Edtn- 8 Nitrate (as NO3 ) mg/l 1.11 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 1.56 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 2012, 4500NO3 E <0.5 APHA 22nd Edtn- 9 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 2012, 3111 D, 3113A <0.001 APHA 22nd Edtn- 10 Lead (as Pb ) mg/l <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 2012,3111 B, 3113A <0.005 APHA 22nd Edtn- 11 Arsenic( as As) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 2012, 3114 C <0.01 Total Chromium ( as APHA 22nd edtn- 12 mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 Cr ) 2012,3111D <0.01 APHA 22nd Ed. 13 Faecal coliforrm /100ml Absent Present Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 9221E Absent Total Coliform APHA 22 ED 2012 14 MPN/100ml 79 4.5 110 94 21 < 1.8 40 84 < 1.8 20 58 organism 9221B 48 Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-17 Ground Water Quality of Meghnaghat Industrial Area Near Dhaka Jau Char Baby Near Tanvir Near Location Islampur Pratap Char Meghnagath Chittagong Near Hoshendi Stand Paper Mill Baluakhandi housing colony Highway Date of Sampling 20.01.2016 20.01.2016 20.01.2016 20.01.2016 20.01.2016 20.01.2016 20.01.2016 20.01.2016 Latitude 23°36'29.7''N 23°36'59.3''N 23°37'31.8''N 23°37'08.1''N 23°36'59.6''N 23°37'21.3''N 23°35'41.8''N 23°36'51.4''N Longitude 90°36'15.0"E 90°37'11.4"E 90°37'08.9"E 90°36'51.7"E 90°36'25.1"E 90°36'25.0"E 90°36'28.8"E 90°38'24.4"E Sl Parameter Unit Method Result Result Result Result Result Result Result Result No. 1 Colour Hazen APHA 22nd Edtn-2012, 2120B <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 2 Odour --- APHA 22nd Edtn -2012, 2150B Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable Unobjectionable 3 pH at 25°C --- APHA 22nd Edtn-2012,4500-H+B 6.79 6.95 6.69 6.74 6.91 6.67 6.63 6.77 4 Turbidity N.T.U. APHA 22nd Edtn-2012,2130B 16.4 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 5.0 <1.0 5 Total Dissolved Solids (as TDS) mg/l APHA 22nd Edtn 2012, 2540C 590 580 394 490 572 508 572 440 6 Fluoride ( as F) mg/l APHA 22nd Edtn-2012, 4500 F C 0.66 0.80 0.67 0.79 0.69 0.71 0.64 0.75 7 Iron (as Fe) mg/l APHA 22nd Edtn-2012, 3500 Fe B 2.91 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.20 0.92 0.23 8 Nitrate (as NO3 ) mg/l APHA 22nd Edtn-2012, 4500NO3 E <0.5 3.04 <0.5 <0.5 <0.5 0.61 <0.5 1.02 9 Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l APHA 22nd Edtn-2012, 3111 D, 3113A <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 10 Lead (as Pb ) mg/l APHA 22nd Edtn-2012,3111 B, 3113A <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 <0.005 11 Arsenic( as As) mg/l APHA 22nd Edtn-2012, 3114 C <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 12 Total Chromium ( as Cr ) mg/l APHA 22nd edtn-2012,3111D <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 13 Faecal coliforrm /100ml APHA 22nd Ed. 9221E Present Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent 14 Total Coliform organism MPN/100ml APHA 22 ED 2012 9221B 4.5 15 22 < 1.8 84 < 1.8 94 < 1.8 Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-18 Phytoplankton Diversity in the Sitalakhya River during Winter (Cells / L) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Sitalakhya River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1 Microspora Sp. 30 - - - - - - 2 Pleurosigma Sp. - 20 - - - - - Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study Phytoplankton Diversity in the Sitalakhya River during Early Summer (Cells / L) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Sitalakhya River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1 Microspora Sp. 20 10 - - 10 - 30 2 Pleurosigma Sp. - - - 10 - 10 10 Source: Primary Monitoring, March 2016, CEIA Study Phytoplankton Diversity in the Meghna River during Winter (Cells / L) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Meghna River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1 Anabaenopsis Sp. 740 320 - - - 400 - 2 Aphanocapsa Sp. - - 790 100 - - 10 3 Chlorclla Sp. - 80 - 200 - 350 - 4 Lyngbia Sp. 10 - - 30 - - - 5 Melosira Sp. - - - - 30 - - 6 Microcystis Sp. 880 200 - - - 200 - 7 Microspora Sp. 1150 1200 1100 - 300 - 150 8 Oscillatoria Sp - 120 - 20 - - - 9 Pediastrum Sp. 750 - - 30 - 40 - 10 Pleurosigma Sp. - 240 - - - - 40 11 Scenedesmus Sp. - 120 - - - - - 12 Spirulina Sp. 1055 - - 100 40 - 20 13 Synedra Sp. - 230 - - - - - 14 Volvox Sp. 1120 770 - - - - - Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study Phytoplankton Diversity in the Meghna River during Early Summer (Cells / L) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Meghna River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1 Anabaenopsis Sp. 380 240 560 420 360 180 270 2 Aphanocapsa Sp. - 170 - 50 - - - 3 Chlorclla Sp. 170 - - - - - 110 4 Lyngbia Sp. 30 20 60 - - - - 5 Microcystis Sp. 120 350 - 30 70 - - 6 Microspora Sp. 230 1170 1040 970 - - 1200 7 Oscillatoria Sp - 30 20 70 - 20 10 8 Pleurosigma Sp. - 110 - - - - 310 9 Scenedesmus Sp. 30 20 80 - - 120 40 10 Spirulina Sp. - 130 240 - - - - 11 Synedra Sp. - - - 40 20 - 30 12 Volvox Sp. 1430 1820 760 890 140 - 280 Source: Primary Monitoring, March 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-19 Zooplankton Diversity in the Sitalakhya River during Winter (Cells / L) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Sitalakhya River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1. Daphnia Sp. 10 10 - - - - - 2. Cyclops Sp. 15 - - - - - - 3. Bosmina Sp. 30 20 - - - - - 4. Brachionus Sp. 20 20 - - - - - Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study Zooplankton Diversity in the Sitalakhya River during Early Summer (Cells / L) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Sitalakhya River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1. Daphnia Sp. - 30 - 10 - - - 2. Cyclops Sp. 10 - 10 - - - - 3. Brachionus Sp. 10 - - - - - - Source: Primary Monitoring, March 2016, CEIA Study Zooplankton Diversity in the Meghna River during Winter (Cells / L) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Meghna River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1. Bosmina Sp. 450 310 - 240 - 350 210 2. Brachionus Sp. 600 430 - - 40 - - 3. Cyclops Sp. 120 70 - - - - - 4. Daphnia Sp. 30 60 40 25 30 55 60 5. Diaptomus Sp. - 125 - - - - - 6. Diffugia Sp. 10 - - 35 - - - 7. Keratella Sp. 20 - - - - - - 8. Naupilus Sp. - - - - - 20 - 9. Others 355 - 230 - - - - Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study Zooplankton Diversity in the Meghna River during Early Summer (Cells / L) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Meghna River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1. Bosmina Sp. 250 470 310 180 - - - 2. Brachionus Sp. 370 110 70 420 - - 20 3. Cyclops Sp. 250 90 - - 30 - - 4. Daphnia Sp. 130 20 20 40 10 30 70 5. Diffugia Sp. 90 - - 35 - - - 6. Keratella Sp. - - 10 30 - - - 7. Naupilus Sp. - - 10 - 20 - 10 8. Others - 120 100 - 10 - - Source: Primary Monitoring, March 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-20 Benthos Diversity in the Sitalakhya River during Winter (Individual / m2) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Sitalakhya River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1 Viviparous sp. - 2 - - - - - 2 Pila sp. 2 - - - - - - 3 Lamellidens sp. 3 1 - - - - - Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study Benthos Diversity in the Sitalakhya River during Early Summer (Individual / m2) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Sitalakhya River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1 Viviparous sp. - - - - - 2 - 2 Pila sp. - - - - 3 7 - Source: Primary Monitoring, March 2016, CEIA Study Benthos Diversity in the Meghna River during Winter (Individual / m2) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Meghna River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1 Viviparous sp. 8 2 8 - 4 - 3 2 Pila sp. 7 5 3 - - - 7 3 Chironomus larva 37 - - 6 - - - 4 Tubifex sp. - - 5 - - - - 5 Lamellidens sp. 12 9 - - - - - Source: Primary Monitoring, January 2016, CEIA Study Benthos Diversity in the Meghna River during Early Summer (Individual / m2) Sl. Species Sampling Locations in the Meghna River No. BM1 BM2 BM3 BM4 BM5 BM6 BM7 1 Viviparous sp. 6 - 6 - - - 2 2 Pila sp. 18 11 6 7 3 11 16 3 Chironomus larva 29 13 23 - - 12 - 4 Tubifex sp. - - 14 8 2 - 1 5 Lamellidens sp. - - 7 - 3 1 1 Source: Primary Monitoring, March 2016, CEIA Study ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 D-21 Annex E Emissions Sources and Isopleths for Ground Level Concentrations (GLCs) for PM10 and NOx Emission Sources for PM10 AERMOD View - Source Parameters MS Excel - Lakes Format: Version 2.0 Supported Source Types: Point, Rectangular Area, Circular Area, Polygon Area, Volume, Open Pit, Line Volume, Line Area Parameters Units Description Type POINT, AREA, AREA_CIRC, AREA_POLY, VOLUME, OPEN_PIT, LINE, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA ID Source ID up to 12 characters Desc Optional description SourceID_Prefix Text prefix up to 4 characters long for generated LINE_VOLUME and LINE_AREA sources Base_Elev [m] Source base elevation above mean sea level Height [m] Release height above ground Diam [m] Inner stack diameter (POINT) or circular area radius (AREA_CIRC) Exit_Vel [m/s] Exit velocity (POINT only) Exit_Temp [K] Exit temperature (POINT only) Release Type VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, CAPPED (POINT only) - HORIZONTAL and CAPPED are non-default beta options SigmaY [m] Initial sigma Y (VOLUME only) SigmaZ [m] Initial sigma Z (AREA, AREA_CIRC, AREA_POLY, VOLUME, LINE, and LINE_AREA only; optional for AREA, AREA_CIRC, AREA_POLY, and LINE) Length_X [m] X side length (AREA, VOLUME, OPEN PIT, and LINE_AREA only; optional for VOLUME, will be used to calculate SigmaY) Length_Y [m] Y side length (AREA and OPEN PIT only); width for LINE sources Rotation_Angle [degrees] Clockwise rotation from North of Y side (AREA and OPEN PIT only) Pit_Volume [m^3] Volume of the open pit (OPEN PIT only) Emission_Rate [g/s or g/s/m2] Emission rate (g/s for POINT, VOLUME, and LINE_VOLUME; g/s/m2 for AREA, AREA_CIRC, AREA_POLY, OPENPIT, LINE, and LINE_AREA) Configuration LINE_VOLUME configuration: Separated, Adjacent or Separated2W LineVolumeHeight [m] Plume Height or Building Height for LINE_VOLUME source PlumeWidth [m] Plume width for LINE_VOLUME source LineVolumeType LINE_VOLUME type: None, Surface-Based, Elevated, Elevated Building LineArea_Ratio1 Ratio 1 for LINE_AREA sources Num_Coords Number of coordinate pairs (POINT, AREA, AREA_CIRC, VOLUME, OPENPIT = 1; AREA_POLY >= 3; LINE = 2; LINE_AREA, LINE_VOLUME >=2) X1 [m] X coordinate of source location [m] Y1 [m] Y coordinate of source location [m] X2 [m] Secondary X coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA sources only) Y2 [m] Secondary Y coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA sources only) X3 [m] Additional X coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA only) Y3 [m] Additional Y coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA only) X4 [m] Additional X coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA only) Y4 [m] Additional Y coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA only) Base_Elev_m [m] Base Elevation for LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA Nodes Rel_Height_m [m] Release height for LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA Nodes NOTE: you may keep adding additional coordinate pairs for an AREA_POLY or LINE_VOLUME sources, be sure to add the headers as well (eg. X5, Y5, etc) Type ID Desc SourceID_Prefix Base_Elev Height Diam Exit_Vel Exit_Temp Release_Type SigmaY SigmaZ Length_X Length_Y Rotation_Angle Pit_Volume Emission_Rate Configuration LineVolumeHeight PlumeWidth LineVolumeType LineArea_Ratio1 Num_Coords X1 Y1 [m] [m] [m] [m/s] [K] [m] [m] [m] [m] [deg] [m^3] [m] [m] [m] [m] POINT STCK1 2 x 120 MW Peaking Plant (Stack 1) 15.78 60 5.5 20 623 VERTICAL 2.52 1 247695.00 2621337.00 POINT STCK2 2 x 120 MW Peaking Plant (Stack 2) 12.22 60 5.5 20 623 VERTICAL 2.52 1 247738.00 2621361.00 POINT STCK3 210 MW Steam Turbine Power Plant (Stack 1) 10.08 70 6 20 383 VERTICAL 2.52 1 247445.00 2621319.00 POINT STCK4 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 1) 9.06 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247364.00 2621228.00 POINT STCK5 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 2) 9.05 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247369.77 2621227.75 POINT STCK6 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 3) 9.05 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247374.83 2621227.64 POINT STCK7 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 4) 9.04 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247380.28 2621227.53 POINT STCK8 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 5) 9.04 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247384.55 2621227.46 POINT STCK9 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 6) 9.04 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247389.63 2621227.44 POINT STCK10 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 7) 9.03 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247394.55 2621227.47 POINT STCK11 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 8) 9.03 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247398.29 2621227.32 POINT STCK12 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 9) 9.02 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247401.53 2621227.27 POINT STCK13 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 10) 9.02 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247404.38 2621227.27 POINT STCK14 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 11) 9.02 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247407.81 2621227.53 POINT STCK15 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 12) 9.02 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.09 1 247410.44 2621227.46 POINT STCK16 335 MW Siddhirganj Power Plant (SC Stack) 7.4 35 5.5 30 843 VERTICAL 0 1 246683.52 2621529.05 POINT STCK17 335 Siddhirganj Combined Cycle Power Plant (CC Stack) 7.42 70 6 20 383 VERTICAL 2.52 1 246681.79 2621506.67 POINT STCK18 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 1) 8.09 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247500.47 2619887.17 POINT STCK19 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 2) 8 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247512.31 2619877.96 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-1 POINT STCK20 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 3) 7.92 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247524.14 2619870.73 POINT STCK21 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 4) 7.76 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247535.32 2619863.50 POINT STCK22 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 5) 7.49 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247548.47 2619856.26 POINT STCK23 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 6) 7.16 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247560.31 2619849.03 POINT STCK24 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 7) 6.74 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247573.46 2619842.46 POINT STCK25 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 8) 6.86 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247585.95 2619834.56 POINT STCK26 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 9) 6.89 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247597.13 2619826.02 POINT STCK27 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 10) 7.01 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247609.63 2619819.44 POINT STCK28 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 11) 7.08 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247625.41 2619809.58 POINT STCK29 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 12) 7.16 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.73 1 247639.22 2619802.34 POINT STCK30 360 MW Haripur Power Plant (SC Stack) 11.43 35 4.8 20 843 VERTICAL 0 1 248391.90 2620795.62 POINT STCK31 360 MW Haripur Combined Cycle Power Plant (CC Stack) 11.04 60 6.5 20 365 VERTICAL 2.52 1 248390.17 2620773.24 POINT STCK32 412 MW new Haripur Power Plant (SC Stack) 8 35 4.8 30 843 VERTICAL 0 1 248025.25 2621540.43 POINT STCK33 412 MW new Haripur Power Plant (CC Stack) 7.57 65 6.5 20 383 VERTICAL 2.52 1 248023.52 2621518.05 POINT STCK34 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 7) 7.86 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 247911.17 2621671.78 POINT STCK35 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant(Stack 8) 8 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 247915.72 2621664.75 POINT STCK36 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 1) 7.24 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 247889.11 2621713.52 POINT STCK37 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 2) 7.3 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 247891.71 2621707.58 POINT STCK38 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 3) 7.39 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 247895.09 2621700.64 POINT STCK39 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 4) 7.48 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 247898.12 2621694.87 POINT STCK40 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 5) 7.58 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 247901.98 2621687.12 POINT STCK41 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 6) 7.7 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 247906.25 2621679.02 POINT STCK42 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 7) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254376.92 2613249.71 POINT STCK43 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 8) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254391.94 2613252.10 POINT STCK44 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 9) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254407.91 2613253.51 POINT STCK45 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 10) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254422.77 2613254.60 POINT STCK46 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 11) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254437.47 2613256.32 POINT STCK47 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 12) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254451.02 2613257.34 POINT STCK48 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 1) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254297.98 2613241.87 POINT STCK49 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 2) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254312.48 2613243.81 POINT STCK50 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 3) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254324.45 2613244.42 POINT STCK51 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 4) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254337.91 2613245.40 POINT STCK52 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 5) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254347.64 2613247.15 POINT STCK53 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 6) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 0.73 1 254362.18 2613249.31 POINT STCK54 337 MW Dual Fuel Combined Cycle Power Plant (Natural Gas) 4.16 75 5.5 20 410 VERTICAL 2.52 1 254958.28 2612994.25 POINT STCK55 337 MW Dual Fuel Combined Cycle Power Plant (Natural Gas) 4.59 75 5.5 20 410 VERTICAL 2.52 1 254956.55 2612971.87 POINT STCK56 450 MW Combined Cycle Meghana Power Plant (Main Stack) 7 60 5.7 20 374 VERTICAL 2.52 1 255231.55 2612997.30 POINT STCK57 450 MW Combined Cycle Meghana Power Plant (CC Stack) 7 60 5.7 20 374 VERTICAL 2.52 1 255229.82 2612974.92 POINT STCK58 Potential Gas based power Plant (350-400 MW) 13.98 60 5.8 20 383 VERTICAL 2.52 1 247512.26 2618976.57 POINT STCK59 2 x 750 MW CNG based (Stack 1) 7 80 6 20 383 VERTICAL 5.04 1 254500.57 2612965.21 POINT STCK60 2 x 750 MW CNG based (Stack 2) 7 80 6 20 383 VERTICAL 5.04 1 254510.72 2612889.05 POINT STCK61 520 MW coal based power plant 4.48 275 7.5 20 398 VERTICAL 50.8 1 252540.78 2611502.98 POINT STCK62 635 MW coal based power plant 4.95 275 7.5 20 398 VERTICAL 61 1 251972.13 2610858.66 POINT STCK63 282 MW coal based power plant 4.03 200 6 20 398 VERTICAL 27.7 1 252418.67 2610736.34 POINT STCK64 HK Steel Limited (20 TPD) 11.55 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.09 1 246646.80 2621694.30 POINT STCK65 HK Steel Limited (20 TPD) 11.14 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.09 1 246628.08 2621693.40 POINT STCK66 Shammim Steel Ltd (25 TPD) 7.97 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.11 1 246107.07 2618202.60 POINT STCK67 Shammim Steel Ltd (25 TPD) 7.81 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.11 1 246080.73 2618204.61 POINT STCK68 Sonargaon Steel Mill (75 TPD) 8.19 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.14 1 248465.00 2623444.96 POINT STCK69 Sonargaon Steel Mill (75 TPD) 8.66 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.14 1 248402.24 2623438.05 POINT STCK70 Sonargaon Steel Mill (75 TPD) 10.57 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.14 1 248379.94 2623214.04 POINT STCK71 Sonargaon Re-rolling Mill (75 TPD) 8.08 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.34 1 248426.01 2623550.60 POINT STCK72 Sonargaon Re-rolling Mill (75 TPD) 6.47 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.34 1 248419.42 2623693.24 POINT STCK73 Sonargaon Re-rolling Mill (75 TPD) 8.96 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.34 1 248252.04 2623455.73 POINT STCK74 Rahim Steel Mill (60 TPD) 9.06 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.13 1 248656.10 2622842.34 POINT STCK75 Rahim Steel Mill (60 TPD) 8.37 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.13 1 248932.68 2622658.11 POINT STCK76 Rahim Steel Mill (60 TPD) 9.36 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.13 1 248908.03 2622642.22 POINT STCK77 Rahim Re-rolling Mill (60 TPD) 9.48 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.27 1 248898.27 2622651.62 POINT STCK78 Rahim Re-rolling Mill (60 TPD) 10.01 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.27 1 248893.13 2622632.93 POINT STCK79 Rahim Re-rolling Mill (60 TPD) 8.6 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.27 1 248845.26 2622848.00 POINT STCK80 Bikram Rolling Mill (15 TPD) 6.06 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.7 1 249136.02 2622434.20 POINT STCK81 Bikram Rolling Mill (15 TPD) 6.18 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.7 1 249115.43 2622423.48 POINT STCK82 Bandar Steel Industry Limited (60 TPD) 5.73 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.13 1 249128.42 2622289.35 POINT STCK83 Bandar Steel Industry Limited (60 TPD) 5.74 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.13 1 249109.72 2622289.98 POINT STCK84 Bandar Steel Industry Limited (60 TPD) 6.93 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 1.13 1 249028.60 2622254.45 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-2 POINT STCK85 Bandar Re-rolling (60 TPD) 8.85 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.27 1 248980.18 2622158.63 POINT STCK86 Bandar Re-rolling (60 TPD) 7.58 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.27 1 249034.76 2622200.78 POINT STCK87 Bandar Re-rolling (60 TPD) 6.62 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.27 1 249041.32 2622235.45 POINT STCK88 RSML Steel Mill (45 TPD) 6.46 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.2 1 248842.21 2621933.54 POINT STCK89 Islam Re-rolling Mill (15 TPD) 7.39 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.13 1 245855.88 2625839.66 POINT STCK90 Eastman Steel Mill (45 TPD) 7.94 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.2 1 246915.00 2625323.41 POINT STCK91 Eastman Steel Mill (45 TPD) 8.06 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.2 1 246917.32 2625309.83 POINT STCK92 Eastman Steel Mill (45 TPD) 8.31 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.2 1 246919.19 2625287.32 POINT STCK93 Prabhati Steel Mills Ltd. (15 TPD) 9.75 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.13 1 244859.06 2624899.52 POINT STCK94 Al Akshi Steel (15 TPD) 8.39 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.13 1 245260.97 2624254.35 POINT STCK95 Apollo Ispat & C.R. Coils (40 TPD) 7.9 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.36 1 245567.26 2623925.15 POINT STCK96 Metro Steel Re-rolling Mills (30 TPD) 10.57 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.27 1 245824.51 2623546.34 POINT STCK97 Zhongda Steel Re-rolling Mills (40 TPD) 7.17 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.12 1 248453.65 2622216.37 POINT STCK98 Zhongda Steel Re-rolling Mills (40 TPD) 7.04 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.12 1 248469.01 2622219.18 POINT STCK99 Zhongda Steel Re-rolling Mills (40 TPD) 7.25 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0.12 1 248479.51 2622219.92 POINT STCK100 Potential Steel Plant 1 (60 TPD) 11.24 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 3.39 1 247261.26 2624717.44 POINT STCK101 Potential Steel Plant 2 (60 TPD) 6.52 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 3.39 1 249890.14 2621633.82 VOLUME VOL1 Seven Horse Cement Factory (Cement Silo) 10.55 55 2.32558 12.791 10 0.008590758 1 247445.34 2619669.15 VOLUME VOL2 Scan Cement (Cement Silo) 10.03 55 2.32558 12.791 10 0.055668109 1 246640.46 2624613.75 VOLUME VOL3 Potential Cement Factory (Cement Silo) 6.74 55 2.32558 12.791 10 0.018326949 1 246360.98 2625698.76 VOLUME VOL4 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Cement Silo) 8.44 55 2.32558 12.791 10 0.020617818 1 255803.87 2613438.58 VOLUME VOL5 Holcim Cement Unit -2 (Cement Silo) 7.96 55 2.32558 12.791 10 0.022908687 1 256095.48 2613000.64 VOLUME VOL6 Tiger Cement Unit-2 (Modina Cement) (Cement Silo) 8.69 55 2.32558 12.791 10 0.020617818 1 255979.22 2612968.73 VOLUME VOL7 Fresh Cement (Unique Cement) (Cement Silo) 10.65 55 2.32558 12.791 10 0.017181515 1 256156.74 2613153.51 VOLUME VOL8 Holcim Cement Unit -1 (Cement Silo) 14.03 55 2.32558 12.791 10 0.022908687 1 256473.41 2613162.38 VOLUME VOL9 Anwar Cement Mill (Cement Silo) 4.1 45 2 10.465 8.6 0.010308909 1 257609.94 2612209.93 VOLUME VOL10 Proposed Cement Plant -1 (Cement Silo) 5.58 45 2 10.465 8.6 0.018326949 1 259018.83 2613330.94 VOLUME VOL11 Proposed Cement Plant -2 (Cement Silo) 6.83 45 2 10.465 8.6 0.018326949 1 259056.30 2613178.28 AREA AREA1 Seven Horse Cement Factory (Unloading from ship through bucket cran) 7.74 5.4 1.255 4 4 0 0.0039125 1 247612.90 2619636.69 AREA AREA2 Seven Horse Cement Factory (Through covered conveyor belt (80m) - Tr 7.74 7.6 1.7674 2 2 0 0.001044016 1 247612.90 2619636.69 AREA AREA3 Seven Horse Cement Factory (Through covered conveyor belt (80m) - Tr 8.54 10.7 2.4884 2 2 0 0.001044016 1 247575.19 2619652.73 AREA AREA4 Seven Horse Cement Factory (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 10.27 11.3 2.6279 0.5 0.5 0 0.020880314 1 247523.93 2619672.40 AREA AREA5 Seven Horse Cement Factory (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust Col 11.15 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 3.818114478 1 247474.00 2619678.00 AREA AREA6 Seven Horse Cement Factory (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 11.19 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 0.009545286 1 247471.07 2619681.32 AREA AREA7 Scan Cement (Unloading from ship through bucket cran) 4.6 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.025369581 1 246352.25 2624549.12 AREA AREA8 Scan Cement (Through covered conveyor belt (310m) - Tr 4.61 9.1 2.1163 2 2 0 0.006765222 1 246352.23 2624549.22 AREA AREA9 Scan Cement (Through covered conveyor belt (310m) - Tr 10.68 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.006765222 1 246420.54 2624598.51 AREA AREA10 Scan Cement (Through covered conveyor belt (310m) - Tr 10.66 20 4.6512 2 2 0 0.006765222 1 246503.18 2624575.21 AREA AREA11 Scan Cement (Through covered conveyor belt (310m) - Tr 10.16 35 8.1395 2 2 0 0.006765222 1 246639.12 2624618.09 AREA AREA12 Scan Cement (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 11.49 15 3.4884 0.5 0.5 0 0.135304432 1 246530.13 2624592.59 AREA AREA13 Scan Cement (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust Col 11.08 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 24.74138182 1 246623.24 2624650.00 AREA AREA14 Scan Cement (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 10.78 45 10.465 0.5 0.5 0 0.061853455 1 246653.12 2624656.63 AREA AREA15 Potential Cement Factory (Unloading from ship through bucket cran) 3.98 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.008352125 1 245681.09 2625051.63 AREA AREA16 Potential Cement Factory (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 3.98 9.1 2.1163 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 245681.09 2625051.63 AREA AREA17 Potential Cement Factory (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 11.42 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 245929.39 2625166.10 AREA AREA18 Potential Cement Factory (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 9.69 20 4.6512 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 246207.72 2625232.03 AREA AREA19 Potential Cement Factory (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 8.04 35 8.1395 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 246285.17 2625431.37 AREA AREA20 Potential Cement Factory (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 8.74 25 5.814 0.5 0.5 0 0.044544669 1 246274.10 2625495.28 AREA AREA21 Potential Cement Factory (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust Col 6.18 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 8.145310887 1 246382.65 2625560.49 AREA AREA22 Potential Cement Factory (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 5.7 45 10.465 0.5 0.5 0 0.020363277 1 246445.66 2625598.17 AREA AREA23 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Unloading from ship through buc 3.39 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.009396141 1 256066.93 2612802.90 AREA AREA24 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt ) 4.1 9.1 2.1163 2 2 0 0.002505638 1 256077.16 2612821.19 AREA AREA25 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt ) 8.76 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.002505638 1 255991.43 2613037.47 AREA AREA26 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt ) 9.8 17 3.9535 2 2 0 0.002505638 1 255942.61 2613119.54 AREA AREA27 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt ) 10.37 22 5.1163 2 2 0 0.002505638 1 255897.72 2613233.56 AREA AREA28 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt ) 4.12 35 8.1395 2 2 0 0.002505638 1 255851.15 2613399.93 AREA AREA29 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Covered Storage with Dust Colle 9.16 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 0.050112753 1 256057.96 2613029.89 AREA AREA30 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Mill Location with Cyclone Type 2.61 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 9.163474747 1 255880.92 2613501.00 AREA AREA31 Tiger Cement Unit-1 (Modina Cement) (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 7.41 45 10.465 0.5 0.5 0 0.022908687 1 255816.24 2613466.08 AREA AREA32 Holcim Cement Unit -2 (Unloading from ship through bucket cran) 4.21 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.010440157 1 256111.45 2612836.63 AREA AREA33 Holcim Cement Unit -2 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 4.21 9.1 2.1163 2 2 0 0.002784042 1 256111.45 2612836.63 AREA AREA34 Holcim Cement Unit -2 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 7.6 17 3.9535 2 2 0 0.002784042 1 256087.00 2612904.00 AREA AREA35 Holcim Cement Unit -2 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 9.19 22 5.1163 2 2 0 0.002784042 1 256046.00 2613017.00 AREA AREA36 Holcim Cement Unit -2 (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 9.16 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 0.055680836 1 256057.96 2613029.89 AREA AREA37 Holcim Cement Unit -2 (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust Col 8.41 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 10.18163861 1 256088.35 2613026.40 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-3 AREA AREA38 Holcim Cement Unit -2 (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 7.3 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 0.025454097 1 256115.56 2612980.30 AREA AREA39 Tiger Cement Unit-2 (Modina Cement) (Unloading from ship through buc 3.26 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.009396141 1 256065.46 2612799.84 AREA AREA40 Tiger Cement Unit-2 (Modina Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt ) 4.35 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.002505638 1 256056.16 2612820.62 AREA AREA41 Tiger Cement Unit-2 (Modina Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt) 4.3 17 3.9535 2 2 0 0.002505638 1 256075.81 2612825.22 AREA AREA42 Tiger Cement Unit-2 (Modina Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt) 9.02 22 5.1163 2 2 0 0.002505638 1 256044.46 2612918.00 AREA AREA43 Tiger Cement Unit-2 (Modina Cement) (Covered Storage with Dust Colle 9.38 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 0.050112753 1 256012.51 2612907.23 AREA AREA44 Tiger Cement Unit-2 (Modina Cement) (Mill Location with Cyclone Type 9.13 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 9.163474747 1 255987.86 2612942.73 AREA AREA45 Tiger Cement Unit-2 (Modina Cement) (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 9.09 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 0.022908687 1 255948.50 2613048.34 AREA AREA46 Fresh Cement (Unique Cement) (Unloading from ship through bucket cra 5.74 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.007830118 1 256245.19 2612879.33 AREA AREA47 Fresh Cement (Unique Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) 5.74 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.002088031 1 256245.19 2612879.33 AREA AREA48 Fresh Cement (Unique Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - 6.72 17 3.9535 2 2 0 0.002088031 1 256274.12 2612913.63 AREA AREA49 Fresh Cement (Unique Cement) (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - 8.94 22 5.1163 2 2 0 0.002088031 1 256285.05 2612990.39 AREA AREA50 Fresh Cement (Unique Cement) (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 9.55 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 0.041760627 1 256257.58 2613043.79 AREA AREA51 Fresh Cement (Unique Cement) (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust C 9.91 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 7.636228956 1 256218.21 2613081.08 AREA AREA52 Fresh Cement (Unique Cement) (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 8.67 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 0.019090572 1 256191.72 2613023.35 AREA AREA53 Holcim Cement Unit -1 (Unloading from ship through bucket cran) 6.09 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.010440157 1 256550.00 2613013.00 AREA AREA54 Holcim Cement Unit -1 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 6.64 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.002784042 1 256542.89 2613026.10 AREA AREA55 Holcim Cement Unit -1 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 9.73 17 3.9535 2 2 0 0.002784042 1 256512.98 2613086.00 AREA AREA56 Holcim Cement Unit -1 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 8.52 22 5.1163 2 2 0 0.002784042 1 256463.51 2613078.82 AREA AREA57 Holcim Cement Unit -1 (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 10.07 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 0.055680836 1 256440.85 2613122.76 AREA AREA58 Holcim Cement Unit -1 (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust Col 10.56 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 10.18163861 1 256418.18 2613166.69 AREA AREA59 Holcim Cement Unit -1 (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 13.69 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 0.025454097 1 256462.83 2613191.18 AREA AREA60 Anwar Cement Mill (Unloading from ship through bucket cran) 1.05 5.1 1.186 4 4 0 0.004698071 1 257619.36 2612299.34 AREA AREA61 Anwar Cement Mill (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 4.27 9.1 2.1163 2 2 0 0.001252819 1 257637.19 2612245.79 AREA AREA62 Anwar Cement Mill (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 5.18 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.001252819 1 257667.19 2612245.79 AREA AREA63 Anwar Cement Mill (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 6.33 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 0.025056376 1 257651.37 2612213.18 AREA AREA64 Anwar Cement Mill (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust Col 6.25 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 4.581737374 1 257635.54 2612180.57 AREA AREA65 Anwar Cement Mill (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 2.77 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 0.011454343 1 257607.44 2612247.21 AREA AREA66 Proposed Cement Plant -1 (Unloading from ship through bucket cran) 0.77 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.008352125 1 258612.65 2612968.01 AREA AREA67 Proposed Cement Plant -1 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 0.77 9.1 2.1163 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 258612.65 2612968.01 AREA AREA68 Proposed Cement Plant -1 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 6.69 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 258984.23 2613158.85 AREA AREA69 Proposed Cement Plant -1 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 5.98 17 3.9535 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 259074.08 2613224.15 AREA AREA70 Proposed Cement Plant -1 (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 5.98 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 0.044544669 1 259074.815 2613260.15 AREA AREA71 Proposed Cement Plant -1 (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust Col 5.99 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 8.145310887 1 259075.55 2613296.15 AREA AREA72 Proposed Cement Plant -1 (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 5.74 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 0.020363277 1 259063.62 2613397.91 AREA AREA73 Proposed Cement Plant -2 (Unloading from ship through bucket cran) 1.7 6.1 1.4186 4 4 0 0.008352125 1 258629.52 2612976.04 AREA AREA74 Proposed Cement Plant -2 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 1.7 13 3.0233 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 258629.52 2612976.04 AREA AREA75 Proposed Cement Plant -2 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 7 17 3.9535 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 258809.78 2612934.58 AREA AREA76 Proposed Cement Plant -2 (Through covered conveyor belt (770m) - Tr 6.66 22 5.1163 2 2 0 0.002227233 1 258994.6 2612979.85 AREA AREA77 Proposed Cement Plant -2 (Covered Storage with Dust Collector) 6.7 30 6.9767 0.5 0.5 0 0.044544669 1 259004.925 2613012.46 AREA AREA78 Proposed Cement Plant -2 (Mill Location with Cyclone Type Dust Col 6.73 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 8.145310887 1 259015.25 2613045.07 AREA AREA79 Proposed Cement Plant -2 (Packing Plant Dust Collector) 5.47 35 8.1395 0.5 0.5 0 0.020363277 1 258889.07 2613149.95 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-4 Emission Sources for NOx AERMOD View - Source Parameters MS Excel - Lakes Format: Version 2.0 Supported Source Types: Point, Rectangular Area, Circular Area, Polygon Area, Volume, Open Pit, Line Volume, Line Area Parameters Units Description Type POINT, AREA, AREA_CIRC, AREA_POLY, VOLUME, OPEN_PIT, LINE, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA ID Source ID up to 12 characters Desc Optional description SourceID_Prefix Text prefix up to 4 characters long for generated LINE_VOLUME and LINE_AREA sources Base_Elev [m] Source base elevation above mean sea level Height [m] Release height above ground Diam [m] Inner stack diameter (POINT) or circular area radius (AREA_CIRC) Exit_Vel [m/s] Exit velocity (POINT only) Exit_Temp [K] Exit temperature (POINT only) Release Type VERTICAL, HORIZONTAL, CAPPED (POINT only) - HORIZONTAL and CAPPED are non-default beta options SigmaY [m] Initial sigma Y (VOLUME only) SigmaZ [m] Initial sigma Z (AREA, AREA_CIRC, AREA_POLY, VOLUME, LINE, and LINE_AREA only; optional for AREA, AREA_CIRC, AREA_POLY, and LINE) Length_X [m] X side length (AREA, VOLUME, OPEN PIT, and LINE_AREA only; optional for VOLUME, will be used to calculate SigmaY) Length_Y [m] Y side length (AREA and OPEN PIT only); width for LINE sources Rotation_Angle [degrees] Clockwise rotation from North of Y side (AREA and OPEN PIT only) Pit_Volume [m^3] Volume of the open pit (OPEN PIT only) Emission_Rate [g/s or g/s/m2] Emission rate (g/s for POINT, VOLUME, and LINE_VOLUME; g/s/m2 for AREA, AREA_CIRC, AREA_POLY, OPENPIT, LINE, and LINE_AREA) Configuration LINE_VOLUME configuration: Separated, Adjacent or Separated2W LineVolumeHeight [m] Plume Height or Building Height for LINE_VOLUME source PlumeWidth [m] Plume width for LINE_VOLUME source LineVolumeType LINE_VOLUME type: None, Surface-Based, Elevated, Elevated Building LineArea_Ratio1 Ratio 1 for LINE_AREA sources Num_Coords Number of coordinate pairs (POINT, AREA, AREA_CIRC, VOLUME, OPENPIT = 1; AREA_POLY >= 3; LINE = 2; LINE_AREA, LINE_VOLUME >=2) X1 [m] X coordinate of source location [m] Y1 [m] Y coordinate of source location [m] X2 [m] Secondary X coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA sources only) Y2 [m] Secondary Y coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA sources only) X3 [m] Additional X coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA only) Y3 [m] Additional Y coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA only) X4 [m] Additional X coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA only) Y4 [m] Additional Y coordinate of source location [m] (AREA_POLY, LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA only) Base_Elev_m [m] Base Elevation for LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA Nodes Rel_Height_m [m] Release height for LINE_VOLUME, LINE_AREA Nodes NOTE: you may keep adding additional coordinate pairs for an AREA_POLY or LINE_VOLUME sources, be sure to add the headers as well (eg. X5, Y5, etc) Type ID Desc SourceID_Prefix Base_Elev Height Diam Exit_Vel Exit_Temp Release_Type SigmaY SigmaZ Length_X Length_Y Rotation_Angle Pit_Volume Emission_Rate Configuration LineVolumeHeight PlumeWidth LineVolumeType LineArea_Ratio1 Num_Coords X1 Y1 [m] [m] [m] [m/s] [K] [m] [m] [m] [m] [deg] [m^3] [m] [m] [m] [m] POINT STCK1 2 x 120 MW Peaking Plant (Stack 1) 15.78 60 5.5 20 623 VERTICAL 19.125 1 247695.00 2621337.00 POINT STCK2 2 x 120 MW Peaking Plant (Stack 2) 12.22 60 5.5 20 623 VERTICAL 19.125 1 247738.00 2621361.00 POINT STCK3 210 MW Steam Turbine Power Plant (Stack 1) 10.08 70 6 20 383 VERTICAL 33.29166667 1 247445.00 2621319.00 POINT STCK4 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 1) 9.06 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247364.00 2621228.00 POINT STCK5 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 2) 9.05 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247369.77 2621227.75 POINT STCK6 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 3) 9.05 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247374.83 2621227.64 POINT STCK7 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 4) 9.04 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247380.28 2621227.53 POINT STCK8 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 5) 9.04 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247384.55 2621227.46 POINT STCK9 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 6) 9.04 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247389.63 2621227.44 POINT STCK10 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 7) 9.03 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247394.55 2621227.47 POINT STCK11 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 8) 9.03 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247398.29 2621227.32 POINT STCK12 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 9) 9.02 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247401.53 2621227.27 POINT STCK13 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 10) 9.02 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247404.38 2621227.27 POINT STCK14 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 11) 9.02 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247407.81 2621227.53 POINT STCK15 100 MW Quick Rental HSD based Power Plant (Stack 12) 9.02 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 1.083333333 1 247410.44 2621227.46 POINT STCK16 335 MW Siddhirganj Power Plant (SC Stack) 7.4 35 5.5 30 843 VERTICAL 0 1 246683.52 2621529.05 POINT STCK17 335 Siddhirganj Combined Cycle Power Plant (CC Stack) 7.42 70 6 20 383 VERTICAL 30.45833333 1 246681.79 2621506.67 POINT STCK18 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 1) 8.09 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247500.47 2619887.17 POINT STCK19 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 2) 8 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247512.31 2619877.96 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-5 POINT STCK20 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 3) 7.92 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247524.14 2619870.73 POINT STCK21 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 4) 7.76 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247535.32 2619863.50 POINT STCK22 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 5) 7.49 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247548.47 2619856.26 POINT STCK23 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 6) 7.16 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247560.31 2619849.03 POINT STCK24 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 7) 6.74 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247573.46 2619842.46 POINT STCK25 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 8) 6.86 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247585.95 2619834.56 POINT STCK26 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 9) 6.89 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247597.13 2619826.02 POINT STCK27 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 10) 7.01 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247609.63 2619819.44 POINT STCK28 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 11) 7.08 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247625.41 2619809.58 POINT STCK29 100 MW Engine Based Power Plant (Stack 12) 7.16 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2.298665049 1 247639.22 2619802.34 POINT STCK30 360 MW Haripur Power Plant (SC Stack) 11.43 35 4.8 20 843 VERTICAL 0 1 248391.90 2620795.62 POINT STCK31 360 MW Haripur Combined Cycle Power Plant (CC Stack) 11.04 60 6.5 20 365 VERTICAL 19.7 1 248390.17 2620773.24 POINT STCK32 412 MW new Haripur Power Plant (SC Stack) 8 35 4.8 30 843 VERTICAL 0 1 248025.25 2621540.43 POINT STCK33 412 MW new Haripur Power Plant (CC Stack) 7.57 65 6.5 20 383 VERTICAL 37.5 1 248023.52 2621518.05 POINT STCK34 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 7) 7.86 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 3.1 1 247911.17 2621671.78 POINT STCK35 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant(Stack 8) 8 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 3.1 1 247915.72 2621664.75 POINT STCK36 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 1) 7.24 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 3.1 1 247889.11 2621713.52 POINT STCK37 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 2) 7.3 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 3.1 1 247891.71 2621707.58 POINT STCK38 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 3) 7.39 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 3.1 1 247895.09 2621700.64 POINT STCK39 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 4) 7.48 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 3.1 1 247898.12 2621694.87 POINT STCK40 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 5) 7.58 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 3.1 1 247901.98 2621687.12 POINT STCK41 110 MW Barge Mounted Power Plant (Stack 6) 7.7 37 1.4 20 653 VERTICAL 3.1 1 247906.25 2621679.02 POINT STCK42 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 7) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254376.92 2613249.71 POINT STCK43 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 8) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254391.94 2613252.10 POINT STCK44 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 9) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254407.91 2613253.51 POINT STCK45 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 10) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254422.77 2613254.60 POINT STCK46 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 11) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254437.47 2613256.32 POINT STCK47 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 12) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254451.02 2613257.34 POINT STCK48 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 1) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254297.98 2613241.87 POINT STCK49 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 2) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254312.48 2613243.81 POINT STCK50 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 3) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254324.45 2613244.42 POINT STCK51 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 4) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254337.91 2613245.40 POINT STCK52 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 5) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254347.64 2613247.15 POINT STCK53 100 MW HFO Fueled engine based Power Plant (Stack 6) 7 30 0.9 20 653 VERTICAL 2 1 254362.18 2613249.31 POINT STCK54 337 MW Dual Fuel Combined Cycle Power Plant (Natural Gas) 4.16 75 5.5 20 410 VERTICAL 23.8 1 254958.28 2612994.25 POINT STCK55 337 MW Dual Fuel Combined Cycle Power Plant (Natural Gas) 4.59 75 5.5 20 410 VERTICAL 23.8 1 254956.55 2612971.87 POINT STCK56 450 MW Combined Cycle Meghana Power Plant (Main Stack) 7 60 5.7 20 374 VERTICAL 17.8 1 255231.55 2612997.30 POINT STCK57 450 MW Combined Cycle Meghana Power Plant (CC Stack) 7 60 5.7 20 374 VERTICAL 17.8 1 255229.82 2612974.92 POINT STCK58 Potential Gas based power Plant (350-400 MW) 13.98 60 5.8 20 383 VERTICAL 32.6 1 247512.26 2618976.57 POINT STCK59 2 x 750 MW CNG based (Stack 1) 7 80 6 20 383 VERTICAL 65.2 1 254500.57 2612965.21 POINT STCK60 2 x 750 MW CNG based (Stack 2) 7 80 6 20 383 VERTICAL 65.2 1 254510.72 2612889.05 POINT STCK61 520 MW coal based power plant 4.48 275 7.5 20 398 VERTICAL 408.3 1 252540.78 2611502.98 POINT STCK62 635 MW coal based power plant 4.95 275 7.5 20 398 VERTICAL 490 1 251972.13 2610858.66 POINT STCK63 282 MW coal based power plant 4.03 200 6 20 398 VERTICAL 223 1 252418.67 2610736.34 POINT STCK64 HK Steel Limited (20 TPD) 11.55 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 246646.80 2621694.30 POINT STCK65 HK Steel Limited (20 TPD) 11.14 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 246628.08 2621693.40 POINT STCK66 Shammim Steel Ltd (25 TPD) 7.97 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 246107.07 2618202.60 POINT STCK67 Shammim Steel Ltd (25 TPD) 7.81 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 246080.73 2618204.61 POINT STCK68 Sonargaon Steel Mill (75 TPD) 8.19 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.19 1 248465.00 2623444.96 POINT STCK69 Sonargaon Steel Mill (75 TPD) 8.66 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.19 1 248402.24 2623438.05 POINT STCK70 Sonargaon Steel Mill (75 TPD) 10.57 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.19 1 248379.94 2623214.04 POINT STCK71 Sonargaon Re-rolling Mill (75 TPD) 8.08 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248426.01 2623550.60 POINT STCK72 Sonargaon Re-rolling Mill (75 TPD) 6.47 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248419.42 2623693.24 POINT STCK73 Sonargaon Re-rolling Mill (75 TPD) 8.96 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248252.04 2623455.73 POINT STCK74 Rahim Steel Mill (60 TPD) 9.06 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.17 1 248656.10 2622842.34 POINT STCK75 Rahim Steel Mill (60 TPD) 8.37 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.17 1 248932.68 2622658.11 POINT STCK76 Rahim Steel Mill (60 TPD) 9.36 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.17 1 248908.03 2622642.22 POINT STCK77 Rahim Re-rolling Mill (60 TPD) 9.48 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248898.27 2622651.62 POINT STCK78 Rahim Re-rolling Mill (60 TPD) 10.01 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248893.13 2622632.93 POINT STCK79 Rahim Re-rolling Mill (60 TPD) 8.6 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248845.26 2622848.00 POINT STCK80 Bikram Rolling Mill (15 TPD) 6.06 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 249136.02 2622434.20 POINT STCK81 Bikram Rolling Mill (15 TPD) 6.18 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 249115.43 2622423.48 POINT STCK82 Bandar Steel Industry Limited (60 TPD) 5.73 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.17 1 249128.42 2622289.35 POINT STCK83 Bandar Steel Industry Limited (60 TPD) 5.74 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.17 1 249109.72 2622289.98 POINT STCK84 Bandar Steel Industry Limited (60 TPD) 6.93 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.17 1 249028.60 2622254.45 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-6 POINT STCK85 Bandar Re-rolling (60 TPD) 8.85 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248980.18 2622158.63 POINT STCK86 Bandar Re-rolling (60 TPD) 7.58 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 249034.76 2622200.78 POINT STCK87 Bandar Re-rolling (60 TPD) 6.62 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 249041.32 2622235.45 POINT STCK88 RSML Steel Mill (45 TPD) 6.46 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248842.21 2621933.54 POINT STCK89 Islam Re-rolling Mill (15 TPD) 7.39 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 245855.88 2625839.66 POINT STCK90 Eastman Steel Mill (45 TPD) 7.94 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 246915.00 2625323.41 POINT STCK91 Eastman Steel Mill (45 TPD) 8.06 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 246917.32 2625309.83 POINT STCK92 Eastman Steel Mill (45 TPD) 8.31 20 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 246919.19 2625287.32 POINT STCK93 Prabhati Steel Mills Ltd. (15 TPD) 9.75 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 244859.06 2624899.52 POINT STCK94 Al Akshi Steel (15 TPD) 8.39 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 245260.97 2624254.35 POINT STCK95 Apollo Ispat & C.R. Coils (40 TPD) 7.9 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 245567.26 2623925.15 POINT STCK96 Metro Steel Re-rolling Mills (30 TPD) 10.57 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 245824.51 2623546.34 POINT STCK97 Zhongda Steel Re-rolling Mills (40 TPD) 7.17 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248453.65 2622216.37 POINT STCK98 Zhongda Steel Re-rolling Mills (40 TPD) 7.04 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248469.01 2622219.18 POINT STCK99 Zhongda Steel Re-rolling Mills (40 TPD) 7.25 15 0.82 15 328 VERTICAL 0 1 248479.51 2622219.92 POINT STCK100 Potential Steel Plant 1 (60 TPD) 11.24 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.51 1 247261.26 2624717.44 POINT STCK101 Potential Steel Plant 2 (60 TPD) 6.52 36.5 0.82 21.5 328 VERTICAL 0.51 1 249890.14 2621633.82 ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-7 Figure E.9.7 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Existing (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-8 Figure E.9.8 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC –Proposed (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-9 Figure E.9.9 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Existing + Proposed (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-10 Figure E.9.10 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Existing (Cement Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-11 Figure E.9.11 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Proposed (Cement Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-12 Figure E.9.12 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Existing + Proposed (Cement Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-13 Figure E.9.13 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Existing (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-14 Figure E.9.14 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Proposed (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-15 Figure E.9.15 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Existing + Proposed (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-16 Figure E.9.16 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – Vehicular Emissions ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-17 Figure E.9.17 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum PM10 GLC – All Sources: Power + Cement + Steel + Traffic (Existing and Proposed) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-18 Figure E.9.18 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Existing (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-19 Figure E.9.19 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Proposed (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-20 Figure E.9.20 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Existing + Proposed (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-21 Figure E.9.21 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Existing (Cement Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-22 Figure E.9.22 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Proposed (Cement Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-23 Figure E.9.23 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Existing + Proposed (Cement Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-24 Figure E.9.24 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Existing (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-25 Figure E.9.25 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Proposed (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-26 Figure E.9.26 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Existing + Proposed (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-27 Figure E.9.27 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – Vehicular Emissions ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-28 Figure E.9.28 Isopleths of Annual Average PM10 GLC – All Sources: Power + Cement + Steel + Traffic (Existing and Proposed) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-29 Figure E.9.29 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum NOx GLC – Existing (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-30 Figure E.9.30 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum NOx GLC – Proposed (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-31 Figure E.9.31 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum NOx GLC – Existing + Proposed (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-32 Figure E.9.32 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum NOx GLC – Existing (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-33 Figure E.9.33 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum NOx GLC – Proposed (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-34 Figure E.9.34 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum NOx GLC – Existing + Proposed (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-35 Figure E.9.35 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum NOx GLC – Vehicular Emissions ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-36 Figure E.9.36 Isopleths of 24-Hourly Maximum NOx GLC –All Sources: Power + Steel + Traffic (Existing and Proposed) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-37 Figure E.9.37 Isopleths of Annual Average NOx GLC – Existing (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-38 Figure E.9.38 Isopleths of Annual Average NOx GLC – Proposed (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-39 Figure E.9.39 Isopleths of Annual Average NOx GLC – Existing + Proposed (Thermal Power Plants) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-40 Figure E.9.40 Isopleths of Annual Average NOx GLC – Existing (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-41 Figure E.9.41 Isopleths of Annual Average NOx GLC – Proposed (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-42 Figure E.9.42 Isopleths of Annual Average NOx GLC – Existing + Proposed (Steel Mills) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-43 Figure E.9.43 Isopleths of Annual Average NOx GLC – Vehicular Emissions ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-44 Figure E.9.44 Isopleths of Annual Average NOx GLC – All Sources: Power + Steel + Traffic (Existing & Proposed) ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 E-45 Annex F Concept Notes on Key Recommendations of the CEIA Annex F.1: Concept Note on Environmental Sound Sector Plan for Power Plants Background There are seven operating and one under construction thermal power plants located within Siddhirganj industrial area. Out of eight power plants, three are oil based while five are gas based. All the oil fired power stations are engine based and were commissioned under quick rental power program of Govt. of Bangladesh. Out of five gas based power plants, three are combined cycle (gas and steam turbine), one is steam turbine and other is a single cycle (gas turbine). However out of all existing power stations, only two are having closed cooling system (cooling tower). The cooling waters for the power plants are being sourced from Sitalakhya River. All the eight power plants are located within a radius of 2 km radius. Apart from these stand-alone power plants, there are few gas based captive power plants within the large industrial houses. Other air polluting industries like cement plants (2 Nos.), steel mills (14 Nos.) particle board manufacturing unit (1 Nos.), and brick kilns are also located within the Siddhirganj area. A list of the Reasonably Foreseeable Future Actions (RFFAs) within the Siddhirganj industrial area indicates that one stand-alone gas based power plant and few captive power plants, steel mills (1-2 Nos.) and cement plant (1 No.) are likely to come up in future in this industrial area. The Siddhirganj air-shed can be categorised as degraded air-shed, as the PM concentrations all across the entire region is higher than the NAAQS during all seasons except for monsoon. The concentration of NOx is also high and approaching the NAAQS in most cases and higher than the NAAQS also at certain locations. The Sitalakhya river passing through the Siddhirganj industrial area which is also quite polluted. The water is not suitable for municipal, industrial and potable uses. In the Meghnaghat industrial area, two gas based combined cycle and one oil based power plant is located in the Power Hub. Both the combine cycle power plants having once through cooling system and water is being sourced from the Meghna River. The other air polluting industries like cement plants (6 nos.) and one particle board manufacturing unit are operating in this industrial area. The list of RFFAs for Meghnaghat industrial area indicates that a 2 x 750 MW LNG based power plant along with 1-2 cement plants are likely to come up in this industrial area. Additionally, three coal based power plants (total 1500 MW capacity) are also proposed at Char Balaki Island, which is approximately 2.5 km south of the Meghnaghat Power Hub. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-1 The air-shed of Meghna region is moderately polluted. PM level was high but within the NAAQS, except for at one or two locations. Water quality of Meghna river is moderate to good. Need: The power plants of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat regions mostly meet the power demands of Dhaka city, Narayanganj city and the industrial areas in Dhaka and Narayanganj. In fact the nearest power hub of Dhaka city is at Siddhirganj. New power plants are likely to be setup in both these industrial areas to meet the growing demand of the urban centers and the new industrial installations. The Siddhirganj air-shed is already degraded and Meghnaghat air-shed is under stress. The status of the two major rivers (i.e. Sitalakhya and Meghna) in these industrial regions also portrays a similar scenario. Therefore, to minimise the pressure on air-shed and water resource in these region, certain focussed efforts in form of judicial site selection, stringent emission norms, good industrial practices, stricter enforcement of norms, dissemination and disclosure to stakeholders, etc. need to be adopted for the power sector. Proposed Initiatives: A) Siting of Power Plants The contribution of addition air pollution load can be controlled by proper siting of power plants. Ambient air quality in Siddhirganj industrial area is highly stressed and exceeded the threshold limit. Additional pollution load will further degrade the air quality. Therefore, setting up new air polluting industries should be restricted. The ambient air quality of Meghnaghat industrial area is already stressed. Therefore setting up of air polluting industries should be regulated. DOE will responsible for implementation the siting guidelines through environmental clearance process. The siting guidelines for Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial area are as follows: Siddhirganj Industrial Area (Refer to Figure F-1): • New or expansion of oil based power plants shall not be allowed in Siddhirganj industrial area or within a 2 km radius area. • The coal based plant shall not be allowed in Siddhirganj industrial area or within its 5 km radius area. • Gas based power plants shall not be allowed within the Siddhirganj industrial area; however, this shall be regulated within the 5 km radius area of the Siddhirganj industrial cluster Meghnaghat Industrial Area (Refer to Figure F-2): • New or expansion of oil based power plants shall not be allowed in Meghnaghat industrial area or within its 2 km radius area. • The coal based plant shall not be allowed in Meghnaghat Industrial area or but it shall be regulated within in 5 km radius area. • New or expansion of gas based power plant shall be regulated. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-2 Figure F-1 Siting Restrictions for Setting up of New/Expansion of Power Plants in Siddhirganj Industrial Areas ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-3 Figure F-2 Siting Restrictions for Setting up of New/Expansion of Power Plants in Meghnaghat Industrial Areas ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-4 B) Air Emissions Control The primary emissions to air from the combustion of fossil fuels are sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), and greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide (CO2). The amount and nature of air emissions depends on factors such as the fuel (e.g., coal, fuel oil, natural gas, etc.), the type and design of the combustion unit (e.g., reciprocating engines, combustion turbines, or boilers), operating practices, emission control measures (e.g., primary combustion control, secondary flue gas treatment), and the overall system efficiency. The existing power plants in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas are gas / oil based. Coal fired power plants are proposed at Char Balaki, which is approximately 2.5 km south of Meghnaghat Power hub and at a distance of 11.2 km from the Siddhirganj Power Hub. Gas-fired plants generally produce negligible quantities of particulate matter and sulphur oxides, while emission levels for NOx are about 60 percent of those from plants using coal (without emission reduction measures). This guidance provides an approach to the management of significant sources of emissions, including specific focus for assessment and monitoring of impacts. It is also intended to provide additional information on approaches to emissions management in projects located in areas of poor air quality, where it may be necessary to establish project-specific emissions standards. The selected prevention and control techniques may include one or more methods of treatment depending on: • Regulatory requirements • Significance of the source • Location of the emitting facility relative to other sources • Existing ambient air quality, and potential for degradation of the air-shed from a proposed project • Technical feasibility and cost effectiveness of the available options for prevention, control, and release of emissions. The recommended measures to prevent, minimize and control air emissions are as follows: Clean Fuel: Use of the cleanest fuel economically available (natural gas is preferable to oil, which is preferable to coal) and is consistent with the overall energy and environmental policy of Bangladesh. However, considering the present condition of the air-shed, only natural gas based power plants with necessary environmental safeguards should be allowed within Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas. In case of coal, only low ash content and sulphur contained coal (Sulphur content less than 0.6percent and maximum 15 percent ash content) in power stations, that are at least 5 Km away from the existing industrial regions, may be allowed. Power Generation Technology: The best power generation technology need to be selected for the fuel chosen to balance the environmental and economic ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-5 benefits. The choice of technology and pollution control systems will be based on the site-specific environmental assessment. These are as follows: • Combined cycle gas turbine system for natural gas and oil-fired units, and • Supercritical, ultra-supercritical for coal based power plants. Emission Control for Gas and Oil Based Power Plants: The emission of NOx is the main concern in gas and oil fired power plants. The following emission control measures should be taken to minimise the impact in a stressed air shed: • Use of low NOx burners with other combustion modifications, such as low excess air (LEA) firing, for boiler plants; • Installation of additional NOx controls for boilers may be necessary to meet emissions limits; a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system can be used for oil-fired, and gas-fired boilers; • Use of dry low-NOx combustors for combustion turbines burning natural gas; • Optimization of operational parameters for existing reciprocating engines burning natural gas to reduce NOx emissions. Emission Control Measures for Coal Based Power Plants: There are presently no coal based power plants in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas. However three coal based power plants are proposed to be developed at Char Balaki close to Meghnaghat. In case such plants are constructed in this region, the following emission controls should be taken up to minimise the impact in a stressed air shed: Particulate Matter: Recommendations to prevent, minimize and control particulate matter emissions include: • Installation of dust controls capable of over 99% removal efficiency, such as ESPs or Fabric Filters (baghouses). The emission standard should be 50 mg/Nm3. • Control of fugitive emission- Use of covered coal stock pile yards; use of loading and unloading equipment that minimizes the height of fuel drop to the stockpile to reduce the generation of fugitive dust and installing of cyclone dust collectors; use of enclosed conveyors with well designed, extraction and filtration equipment on conveyor transfer points to prevent the emission of dust. Nitrogen Oxides: Formation of nitrogen oxides can be controlled by modifying operational and design parameters of the combustion process (primary measures). Additional treatment of NOx from the flue gas (secondary measures) may be required in some cases depending on the ambient air quality objectives. Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control NOx emissions include: • Use of low NOx burners with other combustion modifications, such as low excess air (LEA) firing, for boiler plants. • Installation of additional NOx controls for boilers may be necessary to meet emissions limits; a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system can be ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-6 used for pulverized coal fired, or a selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) system for a fluidized-bed boiler; Sulphur Dioxide: Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control SO2 emissions include: • Use of fuels with a lower content of sulphur where economically feasible; • Use of lime (CaO) or limestone (CaCO3) in coal-fired fluidized bed combustion boilers to have integrated desulfurization which can achieve a removal efficiency of up to 80-90 percent through use of Fluidized Bed Combustion; • Depending on the plant size, fuel quality and potential for significant emissions of SO2, use of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems for large boilers using coal or oil and for large reciprocating engines. C) Regular Monitoring and Disclosure Review of current environmental monitoring practices adopted by power sector indicates that monitoring is being carried out at emission sources and within the project boundary (e.g. for air quality). Periodic monitoring reports are being submitted to the DoE as part of the regulatory compliance requirements by the power plants. For example, considering that the air quality impacts will be more prominent away from the sources and outside the project areas due to tall stacks provided for better dispersion and monitoring within site will be in the shadow zone, which will be having minimum impact. It is therefore, recommended to redesign the monitoring locations in such a manner to ensure monitoring at the maximum impact zone. The results of all the environmental monitoring parameters (e.g. air quality and air emissions, water quality, noise etc.) should be disclosed within site as well as at platforms such as power company website, DoE website, etc. for easy access of information to the stakeholders including general public. More details on these key components are further highlighted below: Emission Monitoring: Emissions and air quality monitoring programs provide information that can be used to assess the effectiveness of emissions management strategies. A systematic planning process is recommended to ensure that the data collected are adequate for their intended purposes. It is therefore recommended that regular monitoring programs along with disclosure of results be made mandatory for all power plants. The air quality monitoring program should consider the following elements: • Monitoring parameters: The monitoring parameters selected should reflect the pollutants of concern associated with project processes. For combustion processes, indicator parameters typically include PM (PM10 and PM2.5), NOx, SO2, CO, etc. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-7 • Baseline calculations: Before a project is developed, baseline air quality monitoring at and in the vicinity of the site should be undertaken for at least one completes season (other than monsoon) to appropriately assess representative background levels of key pollutants, in order to differentiate between existing ambient conditions and project-related impacts. • Monitoring type and frequency: Data on emissions and ambient air quality generated through the monitoring program should be representative of the emissions discharged by the project over time. Emissions monitoring frequency and duration may also range from continuous for some combustion process operating parameters or inputs (e.g. the quality of fuel) to less frequent, monthly, quarterly or yearly for stack tests. • Monitoring locations: Ambient air quality monitoring should be carried out by the project sponsor, the competent government agency, or by collaboration between both. The location of ambient air quality monitoring stations should be established based on the results of scientific methods and mathematical models to estimate potential impact to the receiving air- shed from an emissions source taking into consideration such aspects as the location of potentially affected communities and prevailing wind directions. • Sampling and analysis methods: Monitoring programs should apply national or international methods for sample collection and analysis, such as those published by the International Organization for Standardization, or the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Quality Assurance / Quality Control (QA/QC) Plans for sampling and analysis should be applied and documented to ensure that data quality is adequate for the intended data use. Disclosure of Monitoring Results: The results of all the environmental monitoring parameters (e.g. air quality and air emissions along with quality of other components like water quality, noise etc.) should be displayed outside the plant boundary (near main gate) as well as at platforms such as the company’s website, etc. for easy access of information to the stakeholders including general public. Copy of monitoring results should be regularly submitted to DOE as per current regulatory requirements. D) Water Availability and Consumption Typical cooling systems used in thermal power plants include: (i) once- through cooling system where sufficient cooling water along with a receiving surface water body (to act as a sink) is available; (ii) closed circuit wet cooling system; and (iii) closed circuit dry cooling system (e.g., air cooled condensers). The power plants using once-through cooling systems require large quantities of water which are discharged back to receiving surface water body with elevated temperature. Water is also required for boiler makeup, auxiliary station equipments, etc. The withdrawal of such large quantities of water has the potential to compete with other important water users. Withdrawal and ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-8 discharge with elevated temperature and chemical contaminants such as biocides or other additives, if used, may affect aquatic life. It is recommended to conserve water resources (rivers) and also safeguard their quality through adoption of the following for new combined cycle / steam cycle power plants: • New plants with once through cooling system should not be permitted. • Use of a closed-cycle, recirculating cooling water system (e.g., natural or forced draft cooling tower), or closed circuit dry cooling system (e.g., air cooled condensers) should be proposed to prevent any adverse impact on the water resources. E) Development of Greenbelt Green belts are thought to be effective in such scenarios, where plants form a surface capable of absorbing air pollutants and forming sinks for pollutants. Leaves with their vast area in a tree crown, absorbs pollutants on their surface, thus effectively reduce the concentrations in the ambient air. Apart from functioning as pollutant sinks, greenbelts will provide other benefits like aesthetic improvement and providing possible habitats for birds and animals. Two types of approaches are recognised while designing green belts - i) source oriented approach and ii) receptor- oriented approach. Both these approaches have their own advantages and limitations. It is generally felt that the first approach is advantageous where a single industry is situated and the pollutants emitted by the same are sought to be contained. The latter approach is desirable in urban- industrial complexes with multiple sources of pollution in an industrial - urban mix. Most industries in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat industrial areas have no effective greenbelt around them. Only one power plant located within Meghna Power Hub has proper greenbelt. Availability of space required for plantation is a critical issue and most existing industries have no space for proper greenbelt development. The following options can be implemented for existing and new plants: • For new power plants projects, the source oriented approach should be followed. The new power plants project should have at least 33 percent greenbelt. The proponent should earmark the green belt area in the plant layout and accordingly procure land for future power stations. This condition shall be clearly recommended during the site clearance stage by DOE. • For the existing units of Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat Industrial areas receptor based approach is most suitable. The following options can be explored: o The DOE as part of the EC renewal process can instruct the power station operators to submit an existing landuse plan of the plant earmarking the existing green belt area on it. They should identify ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-9 open spaces within the plant (in case if it is available) and accordingly develop and submit a green belt development plan to DOE. The EC application will be renewed only if the green belt development plan is acceptable to DOE. However in case sufficient space is not available within the plant premises, the operator will be asked to carry out offset plantation (at other locations) as per instructions of DOE. o Common property land like community land, road side, canal and river side areas, which are vacant, can be used for receptor side greenbelt plantation. To implement this, potential land for developing greenbelts can be identified through urban bodies like City Corporation, Pouro Sabhas, Union Parishad; and can be demarcated as potential greenbelt area. Financial requirement will be met through a common pool generated by companies operating in the area. The urban bodies will be responsible for execution of the plan. F) Solid Wastes Handling The coal-fired thermal power plants generate large amount of solid wastes due to the relatively high percentage of ash in the fuel. The high volume of wastes is generally managed in ash ponds or may be applied to variety of beneficial uses. Recommended measures to prevent, minimize, and control the volume of solid wastes from thermal power plants include: • Dry handling of the coal combustion wastes, in particular fly ash, should be practiced. • Reuse of fly ash (100%) should be encouraged. The fly can be used in cement plant, brick manufacturing units and for land filling purposes. • Area of ash pond should be kept at minimum- that will encourage reusing of fly ash. G) Community Safety The key elements to be considered are as follows: Traffic Safety: Both construction and operation of a power plants increase traffic volume, in particular for facilities with fuels transported via land and waterway, including heavy trucks carrying fuel, additives, etc. The increased traffic can be especially significant in densely populate areas such as Siddhirganj, where 8 thermal power plants are located. Prevention and control of traffic related injuries as suggested in WB/IFC General EHS Guidelines as well as water transport safety guidelines, will be implemented Transport of Hazardous Materials: Projects shall have procedures in place that ensure compliance with local laws and international requirements applicable to the transport of hazardous materials. The hazard assessment shall identify the potential hazard involved in the transportation of hazardous materials by reviewing: ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-10 • The hazard characteristics of the substances identified during the screening stage • The history of accidents, both by the company and its contractors, involving hazardous materials transportation • The existing criteria for the safe transportation of hazardous materials, including environmental management systems used by the company and its contractors The hazard assessment shall be used to determine what additional measures may be required to complete the plan. H) Community Health & Wellbeing and Education Improvement Programs The key elements to be considered are as follows: Community Outreach Programs - The power plant companies should ideally come together, and if not feasible, develop their own individual Community Outreach Programme (CORP) related to health and health awareness as well targeted at the immediate neighbourhood community. These programmes should provide access to improved health care to the community, especially for the women, children and vulnerable group, etc. and raise awareness about general health improvement, while also tracking health indicators in the region so that data can be monitored and timely interventions. The CORPs are expected to helps in two-way communication between the industry and the community and enables exchange of information and transparency. It helps the companies to listen to and solicit feedback from entities that is being impacted and other interested stakeholders and strategize effective planning and for smooth operation of the industries. The proposed interventions are suggested following the discussions held with Power Cell during the Dissemination Workshop. Periodic health checkups – Periodic (monthly) health checkups through health camps and Mobile Health Unit (MHU) services, especially in remote localities to be organized. An annual calendar should be prepared encompassing the intervention locations where health camps will be held. The proponent should collaborate with the Government Health Department and other prominent Medical Institutions and hospitals for sourcing Doctors to organize the said health camps. Similarly, the MHU should be equipped with basic medical facilities such as; saline, oxygen (cylinders and masks), first aid box etc. along with attendants and paramedic support staff. Health and hygiene, social awareness and nutrition are critical components in the study area. It has been observed that personal health and hygiene within the marginalised society is limited. Poor hygiene and health practices restricts the socio-economic, psychological and health wellbeing of adolescents, especially girls and women. Awareness generation programmes on health and hygiene, hand washing, nutrition, prenatal and post-natal care for mother and child, etc. should be conducted. The community based health awareness ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-11 program to combat the larger problems faced by the communities –like respiratory diseases, gastro-intestinal diseases, skin diseases, anaemia, malaria, etc. can also be conducted. Ambulance service – Ambulance service should be facilitated for meeting emergency medical requirements. It is expected that this service will be able to successfully respond to the unforeseen medical scenarios such as accidental injuries, need for mobilizing critically ill patients to nearby hospitals etc. For the purpose, a mobile helpline number should be created. The number needs to be widely displayed across all conspicuous locations in the intervention locations. The handheld number shall be operated by the health team of the proponent. External aid to differently abled persons – Material support should be extended to differently abled persons such as Wheel chairs, hearing aid devices, artificial limbs etc. Differently abled people with need for physical aid should be linked with existing Government schemes, programmes and NGOs working in the sphere so as to enable them to source the material required at their end. The health team of the proponent should oversee the entire process of identifying differently abled people and addressing their concerns. Strengthening of school infrastructure – The proponent in collaboration with the Government education department should locate schools with a deficient infrastructure. Financial assistance should be provided to such schools for refurbishing/ expanding their existing infrastructure – additional rooms, computer laboratories, multipurpose activity hall, toilets, teaching-learning materials, furniture, etc. Consultations should be held with the School Committee, Head Teacher and other teachers of the identified schools in order to understand their infrastructure-related problems and other needs so as to arrive at a consensus on the extent of financial aid to be provided. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-12 Annex F.2: Environmental Improvement Program for Small & Medium Scale Industries Background Textile and garment industry is one the most important sector of Siddhirganj industrial area. Textile industry uses large quantity of water in its production processes and generates highly polluted and toxic waste waters. As per Environmental Conservation Rules 1997, fabric dyeing and chemical treatment industries fall under the Red category. As per existing laws, all these industries must have ETPs and they should be operating throughout the year to meet the national water quality standards. Most of the factories were reported polluting air and water significantly as they did not have ETPs or other devices to check pollution. At present, bigger textile installations are generally being operated mostly within the realms of environmental compliance. Small and medium factories are the exceptions and most of these were built at least 20 years ago. The medium and small textile units are outside the ambit of the regulatory net and mostly do not have the financial ability to set up full-scale and adequate capacity ETPs. The pollution level of Sitalakhya River is quite high. Textile and garment industries are the one of the contributor of river water pollution. There is no comprehensive database on small and medium scale industries, their pollution potential, environment control methods and their regulatory conformance status. Need: The small and medium scale industries play a significant role in the economic development in this region; but they also exert considerable pressure on the environment, not individually, but collectively. There are a number of problems that prevent these industries from achieving their full potential: they use obsolete technology; lack finance; lack of awareness; are resistant to change; and, the decision-making is done singlehandedly by the owners of these companies. These problems contribute to environmental degradation largely. As threats to the environment by small and medium scale industries increase, immediate measures to improve the condition of VECs are necessary. Nevertheless, these industries are incapable and/or indifferent to conform to environmental-friendly practices due to financial constraints, lack of proper information and a lack of motivation. Under the current situation, Development Finance organisations along with concerned government agencies, must play important roles in to improve the environmental performance of these industries. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-13 Recommendation: The heterogeneous nature of the industrial clusters in Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat comprise of number of small and medium scale industrial units that are currently operational. Some of these units are having poor emission/ effluent control systems, which are resulting into overall impacts on the environment. There is a need to strengthen and improve pollution control mechanisms in these industrial units. This activity can be taken up as a strategic measure, in which the relevant agencies of the Govt. of Bangladesh (most appropriately the Department of Environment) can engage with partners and funding agencies to provide technical assistance and financial support / assistance for small and medium scale industries to move to cleaner technologies and energy efficiency. More specifically the following program components can be adopted: Stage I: Emission & Discharge Inventory There is no comprehensive database available for these industries. Therefore it is proposed to prepare an industry inventory for small and medium scale industries in these regions. This includes: • Location of the industry; • Type of industry; • Fuel used- type and quantity; • Resource utilization details- especially water (surface and ground water) • Volume, characteristics and discharge location of effluent; • Existing control or treatment mechanism, if any; • Emission characteristics and any control measures adopted; Stage II: Generating Awareness Information on the cost-benefits of improving environmental performance The fundamental obstacle to improving environmental performance of the small and medium scale industries is a lack of knowledge and information concerning environmental issues. These industries generally have a perception that the only driving force to improve environmental performance is legislative compliance. Moreover, small and medium scale industries tend to believe that their processes have little or no impact on the environment due to their small-scaled production. This perception is derived from the fact that they have limited information on the operational losses in their production processes. Accordingly, these industries keep running their businesses as usual and resist change. In order to motivate these industries to improve their environmental performance, critical information on cost-benefits can illustrate the benefits of environmental improvement and help to develop a positive attitude regarding environmental improvement. However, it seems that such information is not widely disseminated in these industries. The following strategies can be adopted: • Information dissemination through local support and Industry Association (IA): There is inadequate information on better technological options for these ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-14 industries, and the present structure of these industries necessitates innovative approaches for reaching out to the small and medium scale units that are dispersed in clusters in different geographical locations. In accelerating information dissemination of cleaner technologies among small and medium scale units, local support services/IAs is expected to play important roles. Critical instruments, such as partnership between different stakeholders and improving awareness/capacity–building, need to be explored in order to achieve better results. • Strengthening roles of industry associations for information flow and active communications: The industrial associations (IAs) can play a central role in gathering and sharing information. This information ranges from the availability of environmentally-sound technologies (EST) to financial supports programmes that assist small and medium scale units’ environmental performance. Moreover, by using existing networks and/or establishing new networks, IAs, in collaboration with local organization, would be able to host training sessions/seminars on such topics as environmental education targeting and corporate responsibility. External pressures/incentives The regulatory instruments were applied to force polluters to comply with regulations and standards. However, due to the large number and distribution of these industries, the command and control approach became less efficient due to resource limitations in terms of the monitoring and inspecting of personnel and budget allocation. While public pressure regarding environmental conservation and requirements by global markets on environmental standards increases; particularly those producing goods for export, are focussing on developing environmentally-friendly products. However, most of the small and medium scale industries, unlike large-scale industries, are not fully aware of the trend in the international market since they are often isolated from it. The following strategies can be taken up: Greening the supply chain with the prospect of social responsibility: • Greening the supply chain refers to buyers (most cases large companies) requesting their suppliers/manufactures (in most cases small & medium scale units) to practice environmental responsibility in their business operations. This includes environmentally-sound production processes and green procurement. This can be a powerful tool that can influence companies into greener operations and allow them to be more socially responsible in their practices. • Initiating media campaigns to stimulate green markets: Awareness is the basic tool for the protection of the environment. It is important to take a concrete step to raise the awareness of environmental problems for the local people, since public awareness can be a driver for small & medium units to improve their environmental performance. In the positive aspect, customers’ preferences on green products may provide opportunities for small & medium units to take advantage in meeting the need of niche ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-15 markets. Moreover, raising environmental awareness in general public also assists in strengthen public participation in environmental management, particularly at local level. As a result, local communities can monitor environmental quality in local areas and also play a critical role as a watchdog group to monitor environmental impacts from local factories. Stage III: Implementation • Financial resources - One of the major obstacles is the limited financial resources of these industries since the majority of the small and medium scale industries is pursuing a survival business strategy. They suffer from financial problems, such as late payment of bills and lack of access to loan financing, they find it difficult to adapt to the changing markets and they lack the capability to attract new financial resources. • Human resources – Lack of trained and qualified human resources is another barrier that requires improvement. • Technologies – Utilisation of outdated technology, as a result of limited capital investment, makes the small & medium scale units less competitive. The majority of small & medium scale units is relying on dated technologies that cause pollution and are inefficient in production. In addition, inappropriate pollution abatement technologies result in inefficiencies in pollution treatment. The following initiatives can be taken: • Promoting the adoption of Environmental Management System (EMS) for medium and small scale industries: An Environmental Management System (EMS) can serve as an effective tool for improving the environmental performance in small & medium scale units as it encourages resource efficiency in the production process. Consequently, it can help to minimise waste, pollution and energy consumption. A policy framework to promote EMS is comprised of three main actors: the major responsible agency as the project owner; collaborators from various sectors with a wide range of expertise; and, participating small & medium scale units. The main actors can be linked to the “satellite model” in which the responsible governmental agency (Chamber of Commerce /Department of Industry) plays the leading role in the implementation while Task Force can play an active part in working closely with the small & medium scale units to systematically develop the EMS in their firms. • Promoting resource sharing and application of shared facilities through industrial clustering and networking: In Siddhirganj and Meghnaghat area, industrial establishment has evolved haphazardly. The small & medium scale units in industrial zones cannot be distinguished from those in urban zones and this poses serious concerns to environmental and health impacts. Recently, much attention was paid to industrial clusters because of their competitiveness. Many international organisations, including the UNIDO and the World Bank, recognised industrial clusters as a promising measure to economic development. Accordingly, industrial relocation and clustering with an appropriate application of shared waste treatment ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-16 facilities can be a promising approach to tackle the problem holistically while providing advantages to small & medium scale units in terms of cost-sharing and supply chain management. This policy option can be promoted through the provision of economic incentives to the target industries while strengthening the regulatory framework to provide pressure on the small & medium scale units. Moreover, partnerships and institutional arrangements are crucial supporting instruments that contribute to the success of the implementation of policy. • Developing research, development and demonstration programmes for adoption of cleaner technologies in small & medium scale units: It is important to consider that the small & medium scale units, in general, do not have the inherent financial and technical capacity to undertake research or adaptation activities that would help them improve their energy and environmental performance. It is generally accepted that small & medium scale units are in a special situation and require support from the government, specifically with regard to their research and development-related issues. The various instruments that could be used for the development of such specific RD&D programmes are technologies, partnerships, awareness/capacity-building and organisational structures. Such programmes should be developed through dialogue that involves all the stakeholders. • Promoting energy and waste exchange centres: Taking waste from one company and using it as a raw material in another company helps to create new revenue, is cost-saving and simultaneously addresses social and environmental concerns. However, this mechanism is not widely applied in the industrial sector as a viable exchange practice that requires a well-established network of potential waste/energy providers and users. In order to stimulate waste/energy exchange, information on by-product synergies, energy and steam cascading, alternative fuels and energy auditing and co-generation must be developed systematically. The action can be led by coordinating bodies that organise and manage waste/energy exchange information systems appropriately to create a matching mechanism for material exchange and waste recycling activities within the industrial sector. Stage IV: Monitoring & Enforcement The emission discharge from large scale, medium & small scale industries, emission from road & traffic and urban discharge causes degraded environment in both the industrial areas. The emission control of industries is limited. The treatment of industrial wastewater is limited and handling and disposal of industrial hazardous waste are insufficient. So the air and water environment has been deteriorated over the period. The problem is expected to increase over coming years as the sector expands. The routine monitoring of air, water within the industrial premises does not cover pollution load of the industrial area or effectiveness of industrial control measures. Therefore regional monitoring initiatives program should be taken up. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-17 • Regional Air Quality Monitoring Network: Reginal air quality monitoring network need to be established based on source and receptor of the area. DoE can implement this program. The following points need to be considered: - Some air monitoring stations are clustered near industrial facilities primarily to monitor compliance with respect to ambient concentrations; consequently data collected from these stations represents the air quality near those industrial facilities and not the air quality for the region as a whole. - Similarly, continuous air monitoring stations that are located in specific communities represent air quality only in those communities. - Air monitoring stations located in more remote areas provide information about how both industrial and non-point sources (e.g. transportation) releases disperse within the region. They also provide data for understanding longer term effects of emissions within the region. • Regional Water Quality Monitoring Network: The following points need to be considered for setting up of regional surface water quality: - Up-stream monitoring location to targeted industrial will provide the pollution load from upstream users. - Monitoring location close to targeted industrial cluster will provide the pollution load from the industry and its pollution control measures. - Monitoring locations in other tributaries (stream or canal) will provide data on pollution for other area or industries. • Setting up of Indicators, Triggers and Limits: Indicators will provide information about whether or not a regional objective is being met. - For Air quality it can be PM, NOx, etc. For Surface water quality, it can be pH, EC, DO, BOD, Toxic metals. - Setting ambient air quality triggers and limits for key indicators is a proactive approach to managing air/ water quality. The limits can be determined by the national standard for particular parameter. For example, limit for PM2.5 -65µg/Nm3. - Triggers signal the need to undertake a management response to: assess the ambient air quality; determine if there is an issue and identify and implement management actions if needed. • Disclosure of Monitoring Data: The results of all the environmental monitoring parameters (e.g. air quality and air emissions, water quality, noise etc.) should be disclosed - DoE website, etc. for easy access of information to the stakeholders including general public. • Capacity Building of Implementing Agency: To conduct the intensive regional monitoring program, the implementing agency should have capacity the program. DoE is the suitable agency to implement this program. However, consultations with DoE, it reveals that capacity building is required for the DoE. The following pints need to be considered for this program: - Setting up of Reginal Lab for reginal monitoring. The funding agency can support this program. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-18 - Manpower development- trained man power need to be engaged for this program; - Development of on-line system for storage the data and public disclosure system. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-19 Annex F.3: Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) and Slum Improvement Project in Siddhirganj Industrial Area Background One of the most enduring physical manifestations of social exclusion (denial of basic human rights) in cities is proliferation of slums and informal settlements. People living in these settlements experience the most deplorable living and environmental conditions impacting their quality of life. The CEIA study captured the unplanned structural growth due to in-migration of low wage earning workforce through consultations with ULBs and community people, but had limited scope to establish poverty and deteriorated quality of life of the slum population. A targeted study can be undertaken to have better insight into the slumification issues and understanding the poverty level so as to improve quality of life of slum population and subsequently undertake slum infrastructure development program based on the findings of the study. The Siddhirganj industrial area and northern part of Meghnaghat industrial area are both experienced high in-migration due to industrialisation. In- migration of workforce has resulted into slumification or slum like situation or growth which is more prevalent in Siddhirganj industrial area triggering urban poverty. A huge slum like growth has resulted, especially in the industrial region, to accommodate low income group workforce. Agricultural land and low lands in the region has been converted into low cost residential structures with makeshift arrangements of drinking water, improper sanitation facility and lack of solid waste disposal system, to meet the rental housing demands of the low wage earning migrant workers. Such slum like growths had been observed scattered all over the area under the Narayanganj City Corporation area and in its adjacent Unions – Madanpur, Dhamgarh, Kanchpur, during the CEIA Study. Demra Union, portion of which is also included within the industrial area – has been included in the Dhaka city Slum Improvement Project as the union is on the fringes of Dhaka city. The Narayanganj City Corporation identified slums in ward number 3,4,5,6 (Siddhirganj region) and 26, 27 (Kadamrasul region). Participatory Poverty Assessment enables improving the effectiveness of public actions aimed at poverty reduction. It helps government develop strategy for poverty reduction and can be effectively used to measure the extent of social exclusion and poverty in the urban slums in these industrial area. This targeted study ensures that the poor in these area benefit from improved access to more appropriate and sustainable services for their social wellbeing and safe environment. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-20 Rationale The increasing size of population and its effects on access to and use of resource distribution cannot be undervalued. Average population density of Narayanganj City Corporation is 17207 per square kilometre implying considerable pressure on resources and a varied range of problem areas that escalate poverty situation. Poverty assessment will enable in identifying the overall socio-economic and environmental condition in the slum areas and the problem areas that can be efficiently arrested through effective implementation programs. The cumulative impact assessment study of the industrial region revealed lack of basic infrastructural facilities like - safe drinking water, proper and hygienic sanitation facilities and solid waste disposal system; this can be further consolidated during the targeted poverty assessment study. The combined program – Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) followed by Slum Improvement Program (SIP), to be designed based on the outputs of poverty assessment will broadly aim to improve the quality of life of the slum dwellers. Similar Initiatives Dhaka has been one of the fastest growing mega cities and has witnessed huge rural to urban migration for better livelihood that created pressure on community resources and also access to government resources. This rising population contributes to economic growth of Dhaka significantly by contributing to labour requirement for manufacturing, services and other sectors. This in turn increased the demand for better dwelling area, improved water and sanitation facilities, drainage and solid waste management for better quality of life. Slum Improvement Project in Dhaka Metropolitan City was the first successful project for upgradation of slums in urban Bangladesh. The project was designed in 1985 to improve the quality of life for slum dwellers by mobilising community resources and improving their access to government resources. However infrastructural development alone cannot underwrite the socio-economic wellbeing of the urban poor - it should also consider the following indicators for improving socio-economic wellbeing – skill development training, health, education and gender equality. Slum Improvement Projects (SIP) in Dhaka was undertaken by Local Government Engineering Department (LGED), Ministry of Local Government, Rural Development and Cooperatives. The SIP under LGED began in 1985 and the first phase ended in 1988 covering five municipalities. The second phase of the program (1988 – 1996) extended to four City Corporations and twenty-one Municipalities, it was followed by Urban Basic Service Delivery Project that started in 1996 and continued upto 2000. Further, Community Empowerment for Urban Poverty Alleviation Project funded by UNDP for four City Corporations, the Urban poverty Reduction Project funded by Asian Development Bank (ADB) for Dhaka City Corporation (DCC) both of which ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-21 were dedicated slum development projects, coupled with Municipal Services Project funded by World Bank provided a boost to the slum improvement program. Proposed Actions A. Participatory Poverty Assessment Participatory Poverty Assessment (PPA) is an interactive participatory research approach to analyzing and reducing poverty in its local, social, institutional and political context, and incorporating the views and perspectives of the poor. PPAs attempt to better understand the poor, to give them more influence over decisions that affect their lives, and to increase effectiveness of poverty reduction policies. PPAs are seen as complements to traditional household surveys by helping to interpret survey results, and aim to capture the experiences of the poor by being more open-ended. This is a monitoring method and a tool that enables a government to understand the poverty situation of a place. It allows marginalized people to raise and voice concerns and problems that force them to live in poverty situation. Community people get the right to participate in the design of policies targeting them. The design of a PPA depends on the purpose of the study being conducted. Methodology The PPA can be conducted through contextual methods of analysis, i.e. data collection methods which attempt to understand poverty dimensions within the social, cultural, economic and political environment of a particular locality or a group of people, by privileging local people’s perceptions. Qualitative and quantitative data collection methods, including participatory tools such as community resource mapping, focus group discussions, structured key informant interviews and household survey instruments can be used to explore the perception of poverty of the slum people and on socio- economic wellbeing, access to social infrastructure, common resources, civic amenities and the relationship between poverty and natural environment. The participatory tools that can be included are as follows: - Mapping: Groups to draw a map of their community, marking key features of the slum/locality and drawing households and labeling according to wealth status. - Poverty characteristics and wealth ranking: Facilitate community people to identify characteristics of different wealth groups from very rich to very poor, after consensus is reached on defining characteristics. - Seasonal Analysis: Community to draw matrix with months on horizontal axis and activities and resources on vertical axis. Discussions are to be focused on how people cope across seasons, over years and periods of hardship. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-22 - Venn Diagrams: Groups to be asked to draw circles to represent community and various administrative institutions indicating their importance. Concentric circles can be used to represent the distance of social infrastructures like schools, hospitals, post –office, banks from the community. - Problem Identification: groups may be asked to rank five most important problems affecting their lives - the problems can be discussed in length with them. - Key Informant Interviews: Information may be obtained through interviewing key informants like – community leaders, teachers, self- help group leaders, etc. - Household Surveys: Household questionnaire to be developed and a random sample survey to be conducted to understand the family profile, education level, family income and expenditure, occupational pattern, savings and credit, asset list, access to basic services, environmental issues and three measures of poverty. Poverty is a collective condition of the poor marginalized people or group of people, denial of the rights and exclusion may lead to the poverty situation. The poverty situation of the slum people can be measured based on the following indicators. Poverty Indicators • Family income – how many earning members in the family, number of dependents and the expenditure trends • Savings and credits – is savings done regularly, have the family taken any loan, how often they have to take loan and from whom, what is the rate of interest paid • Access to information – do men and women have equal access to information about their social wellbeing • Access to service – who has access to social infrastructure and services and civic amenities and who does not and why • Education – education level of family members, dropout level and reasons, cost of education, access issues • Health – common diseases, reasons for falling sick, access to health care facilities, health seeking behavior • Housing characteristics – availability of electricity, drinking water source, sanitation facility, housing structure, dwelling area • Differential service levels for differential groups – to what extent do different groups have different service level • Infrastructural Facility – availability, reasons for deficiency, when water supply, sanitation, solid waste management is deficient, to the poor suffer more, measure to be taken for infrastructural development ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-23 • Decision-making at planning stage – do men and women both take decisions during project planning and design • Representation of slum people in decision making – Do the slum people have a say in planning decisions; are they represented in local management organizations B. Slum Improvement Project A considerable section of the population of Narayanganj City Corporation and the adjacent Unions live in slums and informal settlements characterized by poor living conditions. To accommodate the migrant workforce the region has witnessed unplanned infrastructural residential growth with lack of proper sanitation, drinking water facility, solid waste disposal facility, drainage and sewerage. Significant proportions of slums are not recognized by the government and the Local Urban Bodies (ULBs). Their informal status results in deprivation of civic amenities. Therefore initiatives can be adopted for Slum Improvement Projects (SIPs) together with the ULBs to reduce urban poverty in the Narayanganj region, which houses the Siddhirganj industrial area based on the needs and findings from the poverty assessment study. The project can be in a replication of Slum Improvement Project implemented for Dhaka City Corporation with added contextual requirements. Figure F3 Program Goals Achievement of Social Wellbeing Economic Improvement Social Improvement Environmental Improvement Infrastructural Improvement ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-24 Figure F4 Potential Slum Improvement Components Box 9.1 Potential Slum Improvement Components Education - Enable children, especially girl children get access to primary education, initiatives can be undertaken, if poverty assessment indicates, for establishment of a satellite school at slum level and facilitate children in getting admission into formal educational institutions Primary Health Care – Options should be explored for identifying the project delivery mechanism. Potentiality for establishment of Community Health Centers that can be linked up with local government health mechanism needs to be explored in order to improve service delivery. Also to improve the outreach of these Community Health Centers, mechanism needs to be defined. Opportunities for involving Community Health Workers (CHWs) also need to be identified, and their capacity building needs to be developed. Slum Infrastructure Improvement – The plan should focusing on rehabilitating and building assets for water supply, sanitation, drainage, solid waste and small access roads and also trans-municipal infrastructure – with a basic objective of making the basic services affordable as well as available to the people in the slums. Skill Development Training - With a view to enable the youth and women of the slum community get opportunity of employment in the local industries skill development is essential. Skill development trainings are to be organised depending upon the local demand of the community people and as per suitability with industrial requirements. Income Generation Programme for Women- Every woman is given credit and skill development training, with the objectives of promoting self-dependence and increasing income. Habits which are conducive to saving are encouraged among all slum dwellers, with a view to generating capital. ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-25 Outputs - Complete baseline assessment of multi-dimensional aspects of poverty. - Improved access of the urban poor to more appropriate and sustainable services - Promotion of pro poor economic development through skill development trainings ERM POWER CELL, CEIA STUDY OF SIDDHIRGANJ POWER HUB – FINAL CEIA REPORT- ANNEX PROJECT I11078/0304345 SEPTEMBER 2016 F-26 ERM has over 160 offices Across the following countries worldwide Argentina Netherlands Australia Peru Belgium Poland Brazil Portugal China Puerto Rico France Singapore Germany Spain Hong Kong Sweden Hungary Taiwan India Thailand Indonesia UK Ireland USA Italy Venezuela Japan Vietnam Korea Malaysia Mexico ERM India Private Limited Regional Office -South Building 10, 4th Floor Ground Floor, Delta Block Tower A, DLF Cyber City Sigma Soft Tech Park Gurgaon – 122 002, NCR , India Whitefield, Main Road Tel: 91 124 417 0300 Bangalore- 560 066, India Fax: 91 124 417 0301 Tel: +91 80 49366 300 (Board) Regional Office – West Regional Office –East 102, Boston House, Suren Road, 4th Floor, Chakala Andheri Kurla Road, Asyst Park, GN-37/1, Sector-V, Andheri (East) Mumbai- 400093 India Salt Lake City, Kolkata 700 091 Office Board Telephone: 91- 22 -4210 7373 (30 Tel : 033-40450300 lines) Fax: 91- 022- 4210 7474 Regional Office – West 702 Abhishree Avenue, Near Nehru Nagar Circle, Ambawadi Ahmedabad -380006 India Tel: +91 79 66214300 Fax: +91 79 66214301 The Business of Sustainability