Page 1 PROJECT INFORMATION DOCUMENT (PID) APPRAISAL STAGE Report No.: 34933 Project Name Costa Rica: Carbon Sequestration In Small Farms in the Brunca Region (COOPEAGRI Project) Region LATIN AMERICA AND CARIBBEAN Sector Forestry (100%) Project ID P094155 Theme Climate Change (P), Other environmental management (S) Borrower(s) The National Forest Financing Fund (FONAFIFO) Implementing Agency FONAFIFO Address: Avenida 7, Calles 5 y 3, Apartado Postal 594-210, San José-Costa Rica. Web site: www.fonafifo.com Telephone numbers: (506) 257-8475 or Fax: (506) 257-9695 or (506) 258-1614, (506) 258-1614 Contact persons: Mr. Jorge Mario Rodríguez Zuñiga, Executive Director (jrodriguez@fonafifo.com) Mr. Oscar Sanchez Chaves, Coordinator ESP Program (osanchez@fonafifo.com ) Environment Category [ ] A [X] B [ ] C [ ] FI [ ] TBD (to be determined) Date PID Prepared December 21, 2005 Date of Appraisal Authorization Date of Board Approval 1. Country and Sector Background Costa Rica signed the Kyoto Protocol on April 27, 1998, and ratified it on August 9, 2002. The Designated National Authority (DNA) is the Costa Rican Office for Joint Implementation (OCIC), an entity created by the Government of Costa Rica (GoCR) in 1996 under the authority of the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE). The project qualifies as a reforestation activity as per draft decision CMP-1 of CP7 of the Marrakesh Accords (2001), because the project activities will take place on lands under pastures and crops that did not have forest cover prior to December 31, 1989. Costa Rica adopted a forest definition, as required by the Marrakesh Accords, through Resolution R-174-MINAE dated April 20, 2005, and published it in the Official Gazette, “La Gaceta,” No. 114 on June 14, 2005. The GoCR expressed its full support to the project through the OCIC on July 27, 2004. The project is expected to be officially ratified in January 2006. Government Strategy One of Costa Rica’s singular achievements is its dramatic reversal of the rate of deforestation from about 60,000 hectares deforested per year in the 1970s to a present net gain in forested area each year. The Environmental Service Payments (ESP) program has been an important part of Page 2 the package of policies that led to this achievement. About 260,000 ha of land are enrolled in the program —most of these are existing forests under protection contracts (95%). This is thought to have resulted in significant local, national, and global benefits including: (i) income generation for the rural poor; (ii) improvement of watersheds and related impacts on cleaner ground- and surface water; (iii) contribution to carbon sequestration; (iv) conservation of biodiversity for its future economic and sustainable use; for example, for tourism and potential bioprospection; and (v) other indirect benefits such as improved public health and infrastructure. Thanks to the ESP program, Costa Rica has reversed the deforestation crisis of the 1970s, becoming the only country in the tropics with a negative deforestation rate. However, in spite of the success of the ESP program, it has not been effective in recovering marginal pasture lands because these lands are not suitable for commercial reforestation, and the remaining forest patches are too small to qualify for the ESP–Forest Protection Program. To recover these areas forest fires must be controlled and the availability of seed sources must be increased. The ESP program can induce farmers to accomplish these tasks, but the existing program must be modified to include other options for the farmers in these areas, such as reforestation through natural regeneration complemented by the use of agroforestry systems. In the late 1990s, Costa Rica developed the Certified Tradable Offset (CTO) to sell carbon sequestration services generated by conserving the nation’s forests. US$2 million worth of CTOs were sold to international buyers in subsequent years. Evolving rules that limited emission reduction sales generated by reforestation or afforestation curtailed this effort. With the Kyoto Protocol now ratified and guidelines in place regarding which land use activities are eligible, there is potential to use the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol to finance forest regeneration in degraded areas—areas that the ESP Program has been unable to address to date because of their high cost. Costa Rica has an estimated 1,087,000 hectares of land where forest regeneration could occur. Reforestation activities supported by the sale of Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) would help restore vegetation in degraded areas that the ESP Program has until now been unable to reach. By doing so, the proposed project will likewise contribute to establishing or improving other environmental services (e.g., biodiversity, hydrological services). Carbon Finance Issues The COOPEAGRI project met the selection criteria of the BioCarbon Fund (BCF)and will be one of the first CO 2 emission reduction projects in the Land Use, Land Use Change, and Forestry (LULUCF) sector, which will obtain certification by the CDM Executive Board of the Untied Nations Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The BioCarbon Fund and FONAFIFO signed a Letter of Intent (LoI) that confirms the principal terms of understanding about the BCF’s interest in the possible acquisition of the rights and title of up to 620,000 t of CO 2 equivalent (“Emission Reductions” or “ERs”) achieved by the proposed project until the year 2017. The project’s activities correspond to a reforestation activity according to the UNFCC definitions for reforestation and forest. The ratification of the Kyoto Protocol by Costa Rica enables the country to participate in the Clean Development Mechanism. This allows the Page 3 establishment of greenhouse gas emission reduction projects, which can generate CERs to be traded in the international carbon markets. 2. Objectives The project objective is to generate 588,565 tons of CO 2 e emission reductions by the year 2017 through the reforestation of 4,140 hectares of lands privately owned by small and medium farmers in Pérez Zeledón County, San José, Costa Rica. It will be accomplished by reforesting in a period of three years: 1,200 ha of pasture lands using natural regeneration , 2,490 ha of pasture lands using forest plantations; and by planting 180,000 trees using agroforestry systems in 450 ha of crop and pasture lands. The project will also generate additional ecological, wildlife, and landscape diversity benefits in the project area. 3. Rationale for Bank Involvement The eight existing World Bank Carbon Finance products, with pledges of over US$900 million, are part of a larger global effort to combat global climate change and are consistent with the Bank’s mission to reduce poverty and improve living standards in the developing world. Through the proposed BioCarbon Fund Project, the World Bank has a unique opportunity to help to alleviate climate change and poverty by supporting the generation of CERs. The Bank through the BCF plays a crucial role in the creation of a specific market for CERs from LULUCF CDM projects. Because of slow progress in the international climate change negotiations and subsequent implementation by the UNFCCC, the market for LULUCF CERs has experienced serious delays in comparison to the faster developing market for CERs from other eligible categories such as energy. The proposed BCF project is included within the Bank’s Mainstreaming Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Management Project, which has been identified by the World Bank’s Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) as one of the projects contributing to natural resources management and strengthening the country’s leadership in environmental management. Thus, the BCF Project is complementary to this project in preparation and also to one under implementation such as the IBRD/GEF US$49.2 million Ecomarkets Project (P052009). The capacity developed by FONAFIFO, through the ESP implementation in the context of the Ecomarkets Project, will allow the extension of the program to LULUCF activities in Kyoto–eligible land. The Mainstreaming Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Management Project will contribute to the implementation of the COOPEAGRI Project,by providing technical assistance to develop and strengthen capacity in monitoring carbon sequestration within FONAFIFO. The COOPEAGRI Project would further develop and contribute to the financial sustainability of FONAFIFO’s ESP program by serving as a pilot for carbon sequestration and promoting natural resources management and biodiversity conservation on private land. The project will increase FONAFIFO’s efficiency in preparing and implementing emission reduction projects by serving as a pilot for developing streamlined procedures to contract and generate verified emission reductions. Scaling up the COOPEAGRI experience will result in a source of funding for the ESP program on small and medium landowners’ plots, leading to increased carbon sequestration and knowledge about carbon sinks in the country, the region, and beyond. Page 4 The project would build on a partnership between the Bank and the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) dating back a decade, when a World Bank PCF grant helped to initiate many of the unique, forward-looking policies that are now under implementation by the Government of Costa Rica. The COOPEAGRI Project is one of the first World Bank BioCarbon Fund projects in Central America and one of the first CDM projects in Costa Rica. This project is expected to raise awareness of the economic, social, and environmental potential of CDM reforestation activities at the national and regional levels. 4. Description Costa Rica is presently implementing the ESP program, mainly using its own resources. Through the implementation of the ESP program, FONAFIFO has developed technical and administrative capacity to promote reforestation projects in the country. Through the COOPEAGRI Project, FONAFIFO proposes to expand the scope of the ESP program in a specific area of the country ( Pérez Zeledón County). FONAFIFO will pay farmers for the environmental services of biodiversity protection, and protection of water resources and scenic beauty generated by the reforestation activities. These payments will be complemented by the additional income from carbon sales. The additional income from carbon sales to the World Bank BCF will allow FONAFIFO to: (i) Create a new ESP modality: reforestation of deforested lands through human-induced promotion of natural seed sources (natural regeneration), and (ii) Improve the cash flow pattern typical of forestry activities, to make it appropriate for small and medium landowners needs. The project area is located in Pérez Zeledón’county, San José, Costa Rica. It covers three different geographic locations of the county: the Northern Hillsides, the Southern Hillsides, and the Valley. The project will promote the development of a diverse landscape of land uses within COOPEAGRI’s area of influence in order to maximize social and environmental benefits, including the generation of carbon offsets. COOPEAGRI is a cooperative with 10,162 affiliates (9,132 active members) who are presently dedicated to agricultural activities such as coffee, sugarcane, and cattle. Farmers associated with COOPEAGRI will introduce forestry activities on their privately owned farms, through the ESP program. The project will have a total of 4,140 ha distributed among three different project activities, which will be established within a period of three years (see Table 1). Table 1. Project area allocated for each forestry activity. Reforestation Activity Total area (ha) Area per year (ha/year) Forest plantations 2,490 830 Natural regeneration 1,200 400 Agroforestry systems 450 1 150 2 Total 4,140 1 Equivalent to planting 180,000 trees in agroforestry systems. 2 Equivalent to planting 60,000 trees per year in agroforestry systems. Page 5 5. Financing Source Local Foreign Total Borrower (FONAFIFO) COOPEAGRI IBRD/IDA Others (Bio Carbon Fund): Total 1.03 0.15 0.00 2.21 3.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.03 0.15 0.00 2.21 3.39 6. Implementation FONAFIFO and COOPEAGRI FONAFIFO and COOPEAGRI representatives have been involved in project preparation. FONAFIFO acts both as sponsor and developer of the project. FONAFIFO is also responsible for implementing the project in coordination with COOPEAGRI, and for providing technical, social, and financial information on the project to COOPEAGRI, the Bank, the Government of Costa Rica, local authorities, and community members, in line with the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) and the Emission Reductions Purchase Agreement (ERPA) to be signed with the Bank. Carbon finance is not part of the World Bank’s lending program and there will be no regular loan or grant disbursement. The Bank, as a trustee for the BioCarbon Fund, will make direct payments under ERPA. The Bank team will supervise safeguard issues for three years after ERPA negotiations. Supervision would be performed periodically until the end of payments (2017 at the latest) by an independent verifier of carbon sequestration who would be trained on Bank safeguard issues. Should any issue arise during supervision, the costs would be covered by the Bank’s Carbon Finance Unit (ENVCF). For example, if safeguard policies are violated, carbon payments would stop and the necessary actions would be taken. Payment and Flow of Funds At the time of the signing of the ERPA, an anticipated schedule of payments will be prepared based on estimated disbursement of this document and the delivery of ERs. The project sponsors will make requests for payment to the BCF as agreed in the ERPA. For this project BCF has not agreed to pay any advance for the generation of ERs. The ERPA, with the BCF, will expire after ERs for the total contract amount of CO 2 e have been delivered. In the event that the project sponsor fails to deliver the quantity of ERs for any given calendar year as set forth in the ERPA, the project sponsor will be required to recover the shortfall over the course of the following calendar year or another period agreed with BCF, as indicated under Article XII of the ERPA. The Carbon Finance Unit’s support to the project comes from corporate and government participants who are investors in the BCF and is to be deducted up to a maximum from the ER payments. Apart from this support, the project does not include any World Bank or International Finance Corporation financing. Page 6 The main institutions involved in the implementation of the proposed project include the National Forestry Financing Fund ( Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal –FONAFIFO) and COOPEAGRI. FONAFIFO, as implementing agent for the Government of Costa Rica, would have full responsibility for overall project management and supervision, including monitoring and evaluation. This responsibility would be carried out in close collaboration with COOPEAGRI for which proper agreements would be signed. Overall coordination would be performed by the office of the Executive Director within FONAFIFO. The fact that FONAFIFO has strong experience in managing projects financed by the World Bank, for which it makes use of suitable administrative structures and systems, places it in an advantageous position to take over, with relative ease, the financial management tasks of the proposed project. These will basically include: (i) budget formulation and monitoring; (ii) cash flow management (including the processing of payments and withdrawal applications); (iii) maintenance of accounting records, (iv) preparation of interim and year-end financial reports, (v) administration of underlying information systems, and (vi) arrangements for executing external audits. The direct implementation of the project will be the responsibility of FONAFIFO’s existing Environmental Services Division (ESD). This office will be responsible for day-to-day activities of project implementation and coordination of the project monitoring plan, including verification and reporting. The ESD will ensure the implementation of the Monitoring Plan (EMP) and will annually monitor project progress and measure the impact of project activities against the baseline scenario. The ESD will carry out a systematic monitoring and analysis of project activities; the results will provide the necessary feedback to improve the implementation process. The ESD will be responsible for the following activities: a) Coordinating project implementation; b) Processing ES annual payments to farmers after field verification of tree and forest growth in project parcels; c) Verifying the application of recommended techniques for development of the selected A/R activities; d) Establishing, maintaining, and monitoring permanent plots and subplots in farmers parcels, e) Maintaining and updating the project’s GIS system; f) Maintaining project files for future verification, including data collection and storage in digital format; g) Preparing annual reports on project implementation; h) Estimating net anthropogenic GHG removals by sinks to report to the WB-BCF; i) Facilitating the verification of project progress; and j) Assisting COOPEAGRI to implement training programs for participating farmers. FONAFIFO will also form a Project Steering Committee responsible for coordinating activities with COOPEAGRI. The designated Project Coordinator will serve as the Committee’s secretary. The committee’s tasks would include dissemination of information on project implementation and best practices, and coordination between COOPEAGRI and FONAFIFO on project financing and supervision. 7. Sustainability Page 7 The project can offer long-term permanence of the carbon that will be stored in forests, generated by natural regeneration, because these forests can later apply to the Environmental Services Payments program, under the forest protection modality. Carbon stored in agroforestry and forest plantations could have a permanence between 15 and 20 years. However, if the market for carbon credits develops as expected, these forest plantations and trees in agroforestry systems can be replanted. There are risks that may affect the project’s sustainability and mitigating measures have been considered: for example, wildfires. Fire is commonly used as a land clearing tool. However, appropriate measures are taken to prevent forest fires: for example, firebreaks and the establishment of fire control brigades by COOPEAGRI and MINAE. Pest and disease management control is included in COOPEAGRI’s operational manuals which are FSC compliant. Illegal logging will be prevented by COOPEAGRI members and by FONAFIFO’s regular verification and audits. In order to maintain COOPEAGRI members’ interest, COOPEAGRI and FONAFIFO will continuously provide information on requirements and training on project procedures to participating and interested farmers. Additional emphasis will be placed on promoting the connectivity of protected areas when project participants are selected. As jaragua is a pyrophyte species, fire prevention and control will be a recommended practice to avoid its invasion. 8. Lessons Learned from Past Operations in the Country/Sector The capacity developed by FONAFIFO, through the implementation of the Environmental Services Payments Program (ESP) in the context of the Ecomarkets Project, will allow the extension of the program to LULUCF activities in Kyoto eligible land. The Mainstreaming Market-Based Instruments for Environmental Management Project will contribute to the implementation of the COOPEAGRI Project by providing technical assistance to develop and strengthen capacity in monitoring carbon sequestration within FONAFIFO. The COOPEAGRI Project would further develop and contribute to the financial sustainability of FONAFIFO’s ESP program by serving as a pilot for carbon sequestration and promoting natural resources management and biodiversity conservation on private land. The project will increase FONAFIFO’s efficiency in preparing and implementing emission reduction projects by serving as a pilot for developing streamlined procedures to contract and generate verified emission reductions. Scaling up the COOPEAGRI experience will result in a source of funding for the ESP program on small and medium landowners’ plots, leading to increased carbon sequestration and knowledge about carbon sinks in the country, the region, and beyond. The project would build on a partnership between the Bank and the Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE) dating back a decade, when a World Bank PCF grant helped to initiate many of the unique forward-looking policies that are now under implementation by the Government of Costa Rica. The COOPEAGRI Project is one of the first World Bank BioCarbon Fund projects in Central America and one of the first CDM projects in Costa Rica. This project is expected to raise awareness of the economic, social, and environmental potential of CDM reforestation activities at the national and regional levels. 9. Safeguard Policies (including any public consultation) Page 8 As indicated above, the project is likely to have strong positive environmental outcomes because it aims to reforest 3,690 ha of degraded former pasture lands and to plant 180,000 trees in pasture and crop lands to achieve carbon sequestration and a sustainable source of wood for future harvesting. However, the project triggers the Bank ’s OP 4.01, OP 4.36, and OP 4.09. Table 1: Applicability of Safeguard Policies to the COOPEAGRI Project Policy Applicability Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01, BP 4.01, GP 4.01) Yes Natural Habitats (OP 4.04, BP 4.04, GP 4.04) No Forestry (OP 4.36, GP 4.36) Yes Pest Management (OP 4.09) Yes Cultural Property (OPN 11.03) No Indigenous Peoples (OD 4.20) No Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12) No Dam Safety (OP 4.37, BP 4.37) No Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50, BP 7.50, GP 7.50) No Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60, BP 7.60, GP 7.60) No OP = Operational Policy, BP = Best Practice, GP = Good Practice, OPN = Operational Policy Note, OD = Operational Directive The safeguard screening category of the project is S2. The project is classified as category B, requiring an Environmental Analysis but not a full-scale Environmental Assessment Study. The project has taken measures to comply with OP 4.01 on Environmental Assessment, carrying out an EA focused on forestry and pest management issues (OP 4.36 and OP 4.09). The project complies with the World Bank’s environmental and social safeguard policies. Informal consultations took place during project implementation. However, an official consultation to disclose safeguard documents is expected to take place in early 2006. 10. List of Factual Technical Documents Aylward, Bruce et al. 1997. Análisis Financiero y Económico de la Ganadería en la Cuenca del Río Chiquito, Arenal, Costa Rica. CCT, CIMPE, IIED-Holanda. San José, Costa Rica. Aylward, Bruce et al. 1998. Economic Incentives for Watershed Protection: A Case Study of Lake Arenal, Costa Rica. CCT, CIMPE, IIED. pp. 323. Botero-Botero, J. A. "Contribución de los sistemas ganaderos tropicales al secuestro de carbono." http://www.virtualcentre.org/es/ele/conferencia2/vbconfe6.htm. Burbano, S. s.f. Manual para la estimación del volumen comercial en pie de las plantaciones de Gmelina arborea Roxb . COSEFORMA-MINAE-GTZ. pp 31. Page 9 Cairns, M. A., S. Brown, E. H. Helmer, and G. A. Baumgardner. 1997. Root biomass allocation in the world’s upland forests. Oecología 111, 1-11. CATIE, OCIC, FONAFIFO. 2005. Especies Forestales Invasoras de Costa Rica: Mitos, Medias Verdades y Realidades (Borrador v.1.10). CoopeAgri R.L., 2004 “Balance Social 2004.” Perez Zelendón, San José, Costa Rica, 36 pp. CORFOGA 2000. Informe del Censo Ganadero del 2000. Davidson, E. A. and I. Ackerman. 1993. Changes in soil carbon inventories following cultivation of previously untilled soils. Biogeochemistry 20: 161-193. FAO-CCAD. 2003. Taller Regional “Inicio del Proceso de Preparación de Proyectos Forestales bajo el Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio” del 20 al 24 de Octubre 2003, Managua, Nicaragua Flores, M. et al., 2002. Centroamérica: Impacto de la caída de los precios del Café. CEPAL, Naciones Unidas. p. 77. FONAFIFO. 2005. Carbon Finance Document: “Carbon Sequestration in Small and Medium Farms in the Brunca Region, Costa Rica.” FONAFIFO. 2004. Fonseca, W. Manual para productores de Tectona grandis en Costa Rica. 109 pp. FONAFIFO. 2005. Sistema Integrado de Administración de Proyectos. Estadísticas de implementación de actividades de PSA en el Cantón de Pérez Zeledón. FONAFIFO. Solis, M. and R. Moya. 2000. Terminalia amazonia , Vochysia guatemalensis , Hieronyma alchorneoides en Costa Rica. 97 pp. Fuwape, J. A. et al., 2001. Biomass equations and estimation for Gmelina arborea and Nauclea Diderrichii stands in Akure forest reserve. Biomass and Bioenergy No.21: 401-405. Ibrahim, M. et al., 2003. Potencialidades de los sistemas silvopastoriles para la generación de servicios ambientales. Memorias de una conferencia electrónica realizada entre septiembre y diciembre del 2001. CATIE, Turrialba, Costa Rica. 201 pp. Ishii-Eiteman, M. and N. Ardhianie. 2002. Community Monitoring of Integrated Pest Management versus Conventional Pesticide Use in a World Bank Project in Indonesia. International Journal Occupational Environmetal Health, 8: 200-231. ITCR.2004. Atlas Digital de Costa Rica 2004. Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, ITCR. Cartago, Costa Rica. 1 CD. Page 10 Leiva, M., M. Alfaro, M. Hidalgo, and A. Mendez. 2003. Costa Rica frente al Cambio Climático. Serie Centroamericana de Bosques y Cambio Climático. Comisión Centroamericana de Ambiente y Desarrollo (CCDA)/FAO. 60 pp. Loetsch, F. and K. Haller. 1964. Forest Inventory. Volume 1. BLV-VERLAGS GESE LLSCHAFT, Munich. 435 pp López-Vargas, W. 2004. Conteo de Aves: Corredor Alexander Skutch. Santuario Neotropical de Aves Los Cusingos. CCT. 12 pp. Mann, L.K. 1986. Changes in soil carbon storage after cultivation. Soil Science 142(5): 279- 288. Mejías, Ronald. 2001. Costos Financieros y Económicos para la Protección y Conservación de Áreas Protegidas en Costa Rica: Reserva Biológica Bosque Nuboso Monteverde y Área de Conservación Guanacaste. Tesis de Maestría en Política Económica. CIMPE, Universidad Nacional. Heredia, Costa Rica. p.140. Mejías, Ronald et al. 2000. Análisis Beneficio–Costo de los Servicios Ambientales en Costa Rica. Tres Estudios de Caso. Proyecto Ecomercados–FONAFIFO–CCT. San José, Costa Rica. 60 pp. Michael, R. 2001. Soil carbon sequestration for improved land management. Management of forest, pasture and cultivated land to increase carbon sequestration in soils. Chapter 3. World Soil Resources Reports. UN-FAO. 75 pp. Ortíz, E. 1997. Refinement and Evaluation of two Methods to Estimate Aboveground Tree Biomass in Tropical Forest. Doctoral Dissertation. New York. 136 pp. Ortíz, Edgar et al. 2003. Impacto del Programa de Pago de Servicios Ambientales en Costa Rica como medio de reducción de la pobreza en los medios rurales. San José, Costa Rica. RUTA- DFID. 65 pp. Pearson et al. 2005. Source Book for LULUCF Projects. WINROCK International. Putting ideas to Work. Arlington, VA. 45 pp. Perez L.D., Kanninen M. 2003. Aboveground Tectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica. Journal of Tropical Forest Science. 15 (1): 199-213. PMSL. Proyecto Manejo Sustentable de Laderas. Regiones Cuicateca, Mazateca y Mixe, Oaxaca, México. Subproyecto II. Medición de la Captura de Carbono (http://www.colpos.mx/proy_rel/ladera/SubproyectoB.htm). Raich, J. W. 1983. Effects of forest conversion on the carbon budget of a tropical soil. Biotrópica 15(3):177-184. Page 11 Redondo, A. 2005. Payment for Environmental Services in Costa Rica: Carbon Sequestration Estimations of Native Tree Plantations. Tropical Resources Bulletin. Volume 24, Spring 2005. 29 pp. Republic of Costa Rica, Political Constitution, 1949. Title IV, Individual Rights and Guarantees. Resolución R-174–MINAE. 2005. Definición de bosque adoptada para proyectos forestales en el marco del Mecanismo de Desarrollo Limpio. Rojas, F. et al. 2004. Manual para productores de Gmelina arbórea en Costa Rica. FONAFIFO. 151 pp. Schram, Albert. 1997. Estudio socio-económico: una caracterización del Cantón de Pérez Zeledón. Centro Centroamericano de Población (CCP). Universidad de Costa Rica. Schroeder, P. 1994. Carbon storage benefits of agroforestry systems. Agroforestry Systems 27: 89-97. SGS Forestry, 1997. Certification of “The Protected Area Project” (PAP) in Costa Rica for OCIC (In Costa Rica Office for Joint Implementation). Carbon Offset Verification Report. United Kingdom. 90 pp. The World Bank. 2000. Project Appraisal Document, Ecomarkets Project, May 15, 2000. Report 20434-CR. The World Bank., 2005. Country Partnership Strategy for the Republic of Costa Rica, April 20, 2005. Report 28570. Veldkamp, E. 1994. Organic carbon turnover in three tropical soils under pasture after deforestation. Journal of American Soil Science Society. 58: 175-180. Wadsworth, Frank H. 2000. Producción Forestal para América Tropical. USDA–Servicio Forestal. Manual de Agricultura 710-S. 583 pp. 11. Contact point Contact: Armando E. Guzmán Title: Environmental Specialist Tel: (202) 522 0338 Email: aguzman3@worldbank.org 12. For more information contact: The InfoShop The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Page 12 Washington, D.C. 20433 Telephone: (202) 458-5454 Fax: (202) 522-1500 Web: http://www.worldbank.org/infoshop