YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT PROTECT AND INVEST in people Copyright © 2021 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. All dollar amounts are US dollars unless otherwise indicated. Rights and Permissions: The material in this work is subject to copyright. 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Design: Israel David Melendez, Junya Yuan Table of Contents 04 VISION 05 FOREWORD 06 HCP IN ACTION: AT THE GRASSROOTS 08 INVESTING IN HUMAN CAPITAL FOR A RESILIENT RECOVERY 10 Education 12 Health, Nutrition and Population 16 Social Protection and Jobs 18 The Role of Public Finance 20 RESEARCH, DATA & ANALYTICS 20 Utilization of Human Capital 22 Disaggregating the Human Capital Index 24 Service Delivery Indicators 27 Disruptive Innovations to Achieve Human Capital Goals 28 Public Expenditure and Institutional Reviews 30 Human Capital Reviews 32 Learning from Case Studies 34 PLANNING AT THE REGIONAL AND COUNTRY LEVELS 34 Progress on Regional Human Capital Plans 40 Systematic Country Diagnostics 42 Country Partnership Frameworks 44 MULTISECTORAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT 44 Development Policy Financing 48 A Wide Range of Support to Countries 54 IFC and Human Capital 56 HCP NETWORK: COUNTRY AND GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT 56 Country Engagement 56 The HCP Knowledge Exchange 61 Human Capital Umbrella Trust Fund 62 Global Engagement 62 HCP Global Forum 66 Spring Meetings 66 Annual Meetings 68 HCP: FROM ADVOCACY TO ACTION 70 HCP QUICK RESOURCES GUIDE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 03 Vision “The Human Capital Project is rallying governments, development partners, civil society, and private sector to protect and invest in people for a better and more inclusive future.” DAVID MALPASS, President, World Bank Group AT A GLANCE BY THE END OF SEPTEMBER 2021, 82 COUNTRIES HAD JOINED THE HUMAN CAPITAL PROJECT. TONGA 04 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT Foreword In the face of these challenges, we are more committed than ever to help countries invest optimally in their people, prevent hard-won human capital gains from being eroded further, and build back better to ensure green, resilient and inclusive development. Human capital has been adopted as a special theme for IDA-20. The HCP network has grown to 82 countries and, even in this unique year of travel bans and social distancing, we have maintained a high level of engagement through online ministerial conclaves and global forums, multilingual knowledge exchange webinars including on COVID-19 strategies, knowledge products, and country-specific case studies of successful human capital What difference does a year make in the interventions. development story of a country? For some, a year marks the expansion of a social safety What has really struck me during this net that lessens severe hardship for millions extraordinary time is the deep commitment of households; in other countries, a year can of our client countries to the human witness a drastic reduction in school drop- capital reform and investment agenda. outs thanks to policies that help keep girls Country focal points and champions have in school; and in still others, it marks the helped bolster the message that a whole- elimination of a dreaded disease because of-government approach can nurture long-term investments have paid off. human capital, helped countries find fiscal space for human capital priorities, and However, Year 3 of the Human Capital encouraged private sector participation in Project (HCP) has been one in which multisectoral projects to develop human countries have struggled to stem their capital optimally. We have been encouraged losses. COVID-19 has both disrupted and by the continuing response to the core caused devastating setbacks to lives and directions of the HCP and we encourage livelihoods. Globally, we have lost an countries to take advantage of all that the estimated decade worth of gains in human initiative has to offer. capital outcomes. With over 255 million jobs equivalent erased and 1.6 billion children As we move into our fourth year, I am out of school at the peak of school closures, optimistic that, working together, we poverty is set to significantly increase for can continue to craft a historic response the first time in 20 years, particularly in to human capital development in these low-income countries and Sub-Saharan unprecedented times. Africa. The poor and vulnerable have also endured the hardship of natural disasters MAMTA MURTHI and conflict. Vice-President for Human Development, World Bank Group September 2021 PROTECT AND INVEST in people 05 HCP in Action: At the Grassroots The Human Capital Project celebrates the heart of every country—people. Healthy and educated populations can help countries achieve their full economic potential; however, COVID-19 is rapidly eroding human capital gains. Countries continue to try to minimize the loss of lives and livelihoods and strengthen education, health, and social protection systems for the future. Mali “For me, school is important because it is the only way to help us prepare and secure our future. I would like to be a great magistrate so that all Malians can have access to justice.” DJENEBA OUATTARA, 13-year-old student at Monseigneur Jean Marie Cissé School, Bamako, Mali The Mali Improving Education Quality and Results for All Project (MIQRA) will benefit Mali’s schoolchildren by enhancing the country’s education system. MIQRA aims to increase learning outcomes in early primary education, promote girls’ access to lower and upper secondary education in underserved areas, and enhance the governance of the education system. Almost 800 schools and over 4 million people (with over 40 percent female) will benefit from a wide variety of interventions in a context of high insecurity and institutional fragility. LEARN MORE Madagascar “They monitored my weight from the start of my pregnancy. And they advised me on healthy foods to eat. I came here regularly to have good health, to have normal weight for my baby, and to avoid complications during childbirth.” DINA, mother of a newborn, Itasy province, Madagascar The Improving Nutrition Outcomes using the Multiphase Programmatic Approach Project supports the Government of Madagascar in its aim to reduce stunting over a ten-year period (2018-2028). In the first two years of implementation, more than 680,000 women and children received an integrated package of high impact Reproductive, Maternal and Child Health and Nutrition (RMCHN) interventions designed to improve key nutrition behaviors known to be associated with significant reductions in stunting in rural areas. LEARN MORE 06 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT Georgia “During the pandemic, I realized how important good quality internet is for education. I am delighted that this village was included in the Log-in Georgia Project. It will boost education, the children will get more information, and they will get it faster. I will use the good quality internet for my professional growth, to help deepen my students’ knowledge.” INGA KHVEDELIDZE, school teacher, Argokhi village, Georgia The World Bank is supporting the Log-in Georgia project which aims to connect people, enterprises, and institutions across rural Georgia to high-quality, affordable broadband internet, and promote the use of digital services. Through the project, an estimated 500,000 citizens, including 16,000 students living in 1,000 remote villages will have access to online education, telemedicine, e-governance and e-commerce. LEARN MORE Maldives “[The Income Support Allowance] helped me to pay my rent. Without the allowance, I cannot afford to live in Male’ … and [would] have to return back to my island.” ZAHIDA, formerly working at a concession at Velana International Airport, Male’, Maldives The World Bank-funded COVID-19 Emergency Income Support Project has helped the Government of Maldives protect the livelihoods of vulnerable workers, especially women and the self-employed. In 2020, over $17 million was disbursed as income support allowance to some 23,000 workers who had either been laid off or whose income had been impacted by the COVID-19 crisis. This support has been crucial to keeping women, who constitute 40 percent of the country’s informal workers, economically empowered and able to return to the labor force as the country recovers from the pandemic. LEARN MORE Egypt “As soon as I heard of the program, I went and applied, as the cash transfer could help us in many areas of life, especially the education of our daughters. I think everyone should get an education and no one should stay at home.’’ SABREYA, Marsa Matrouh, Egypt To date, over 3.4 milllion households have enrolled in Egypt’s Takaful and Karama Program (TKP), a cash transfer designed to protect and promote the country’s human capital accumulation. Beneficiaries receive the transfer if they fulfill certain education and health conditionalities. Leveraging TKP’s database of over 31 million individuals, the Ministry of Social Solidarity, in close collaboration with other stakeholders, is moving toward an integrated social protection system, designing cash-plus interventions that are data driven and addressing challenges that poor people face e.g., education, housing conditions, access to services, and access to livelihoods. LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 07 Investing in Human Capital for a Resilient Recovery WHY FIGHTING COVID-19 IS shocks associated with COVID-19 can also CRITICAL force many children to drop out of school. Putting these effects together suggests that The World Bank is committed to help the pandemic could reduce global average countries address the multidimensional learning-adjusted years of schooling impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The by half a year. Translated into Human pandemic has severely affected households, Capital Index (HCI) units, this loss means with adults suffering loss of employment a drop of almost 4.5 percent in the HCI and income, illness, or even death; and of the current cohort of children. For an children of all ages suffering losses of economy with an HCI of 0.5, this signifies nutrition and schooling. Women and girls a drop of 0.0225 or 2.25 HCI points, wiping have suffered particularly during the crisis. away the gains that many economies have That is why it is critical to continue investing achieved over the past decade. in people, to protect their human capital from being eroded, to deploy the COVID-19 YOUNG CHILDREN vaccines successfully, and to build back better after the pandemic by strengthening The pandemic has potential impacts on public services and social programs. the future human capital of the youngest children as well. For those born during the ADULTS pandemic—or who are currently under the age of five—disruptions to health systems, The pandemic has resulted in widespread reduced access to care, and family income job losses. Globally, between 2019 and losses could materialize as increased child 2020, women’s employment declined by mortality, malnutrition, and stunting. 4.2 percent (a drop of 54 million jobs), while Because stunting and educational men’s employment declined by 3 percent outcomes are closely intertwined, the (60 million jobs). While men’s employment pandemic risks durably setting back these is expected to return to 2019 levels in 2021, children’s learning. According to HCI-based there will be 13 million fewer women in simulations, in low-income economies, employment (ILO, July 2021). The impact young children today can expect their on global poverty is also significant, with human capital to be up to 1 percent lower 97 million additional people having been than it would have been in the absence of pushed into poverty in 2020 (World Bank, COVID-19. June 2021). People’s ability to use their human capital productively has been seriously affected, as well as their ability to WHAT THE WORLD BANK GROUP provide the right nutrition and education IS DOING for their children. Since the start of the pandemic, the World Bank Group (WBG) has provided over $157 SCHOOL-GOING CHILDREN billion in assistance to countries to fight the Considerable losses of learning have already health, economic, and social impacts of the occurred for those currently in school, given pandemic, including a significant share of widespread school closures and uneven people-centric investments. access to remote learning. The income 08 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT NOBEL LAUREATE PROFESSOR ABHIJIT BANERJEE: HOW TO BEST PROTECT AND INVEST IN PEOPLE Professor Abhijit Banerjee, Economist and Nobel Laureate, whose work as co-founder of the Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab (J-PAL) at MIT has focused on the best ways to alleviate poverty, served as a panelist for the Protect & Invest in People: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19 event, held in October 2020. Addressing the question “What developed fairly quickly. What remains investments should countries make under-researched is public service fo r g re a t e r e q u i t y a n d g row t h ? ”, messaging on preventive health and Prof. Banerjee made recommendations vaccination. This is critical. Too much in the areas of education, health, and information or conflicting messages social protection. can cause the public to either mistrust or ignore messaging from sources that they Education: COVID-19 has highlighted should trust. We need more evidence- that the potential for online education is based strategies to get these messages greatly unexploited. There is enormous across. capacity for scale, as research going back twenty years shows. Great courses are Social protection: We need mechanisms available for free but cannot be accessed for social protection that help people by children in rural areas. That’s a access services based on where they are tragedy because these children are being at present rather than at their place of deprived both of school and courses that origin—migrants need to be able to access are freely available. As schools reopen, aid where they are. Social protection we should think of ways to make these systems also need to be more flexible. For courses available to all. example, if a certain area suffers a huge disaster, we need systems that enable We have to think at scale. The issue is rapid data collection and sufficient that many countries don’t have the infrastructure to be able to quickly direct expertise to do this. A big takeaway from finances there. Finally, a strong financial this pandemic is that there is a need for base would allow systems to quickly countries to share learning—what was allocate money to beneficiaries. done, why did it work, and how do we do things better? LEARN MORE: Effects of Social Media Advertising Campaigns on COVID-19 Health: We’ve seen with COVID-19 that Effects of Physician-Delivered new treatments and protocols have been COVID-19 Public Health Messages PROTECT AND INVEST in people 09 INVESTING IN HUMAN CAPITAL FOR A RESILIENT RECOVERY EDUCATION In Pakistan, federal and regional education TV programming has been made available on multiple platforms (such as program websites and mobile apps) to increase access to students across the country. The government INNOVATION IN THE TIME is improving this distance learning modality OF COVID-19 as part of the ASPIRE project. T h e C OV I D - 1 9 p a n d e m i c h a s h a d a LEARN MORE cataclysmic effect on education all over the world. As lockdowns went into place the Sierra Leone applied lessons learned world over, 190 countries found themselves during the Ebola epidemic to the current faced with complete or partial school closures COVID-19 pandemic. For in-person school, resulting in over 1.6 billion children out of all COVID-19 safety measures (wearing a school for months. School closures and the face mask, hand-washing, social distancing resulting disruptions to school participation and stopping bodily contact) are practiced. and learning are to amount to losses valued Given limited internet access, radio teaching at $10 trillion in terms of affected children’s programs were designed and delivered across future earnings. multiple radio stations to reach all students within the country. Data generated by the COVID-19 – Global LEARN MORE Education Recovery Tracker—launched by the Johns Hopkins Hospital, the World Bank, Bangladesh introduced policies requiring and UNICEF—through early March 2021 all universities to go digital, to make teaching show that 51 countries have fully returned and learning activities and admissions to in-person education. In more than 90 accessible online, and supported university countries, students are being instructed staff, faculty, and students in navigating the through multiple modalities, with some new digital environment. schools open, others closed, and many LEARN MORE offering hybrid learning options. LEARN MORE Nepal has placed education at the center of its COVID-19 emergency response In response to the pandemic, education and has pursued remote and e-learning systems have adapted and innovated. opportunities to offset school closures. A coalition of teachers, education journalists, Indonesia developed an emergency nongovernmental organizations, local curriculum and provided internet credits to governments, and local radio stations more than half of the student population. launched a distance-learning radio program The credits were linked to an increase in called Radio Schools. Across five districts, this the amount of time students spent learning program benefits more than 100,000 children online. in grades 1-10. Further, the government’s LEARN MORE multimodal learning strategy includes audio and visual learning materials to ensure that Turkey has made large investments to disability is not a barrier to education, as well expand its e-learning platform to reach as the distribution of learning packages to 18 million students and over 1 million teachers, children who have no access to media. and to develop a New Digital Education System to support longer-term blended LEARN MORE: Remote Learning: Evidence from Nepal during COVID-19 education needs. LEARN MORE Radio Schools Accessible Education 10 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT THE WORLD BANK AND A NEW and enrich teaching and learning and VISION AND MISSION FOR improve education management and EDUCATION delivery. The World Bank has released a new report To further aid the recovery of education Realizing the Future of Learning: From systems, the World Bank is partnering Learning Poverty to Learning for Everyone, with UNESCO and UNICEF to launch Everywhere which lays out a vision for Mission: Recovering Education 2021, the future of learning. This new vision focused on three priorities: bringing can help guide countries today in their all children back to school, recovering investments and policy reforms, so that learning losses, and preparing and they can build more equitable, effective, supporting teachers. The objective is to and resilient education systems and enable all children to return to school and ensure that all children learn with joy, to a supportive learning environment, rigor, and purpose in school and beyond which also addresses their health and the school walls. The accompanying psychosocial well-being and other needs. report, Reimagining Human Connections: Technology & Innovation at the World Bank, The Global Education Recovery Tracker presents the World Bank’s new approach assists countries’ decision-making to guide investments in education by tracking reopening and recovery technology, so that technology can truly planning efforts in more than 200 serve as a tool to make education systems countries and territories. This will help more resilient to catastrophic shocks like track major trends among countries COVID-19 and help in reimagining the and aid policy makers and researchers way education is delivered. in assessing the magnitude of support needed going forward. The Tracker will While there is no single path toward also monitor how students are being the future of learning, high-performing supported. This includes changes to systems share some common tenets: the school year schedule, tutoring, and pursue systemic reform, supported by remediation, especially for the primary political commitment and a whole-of- school grades. government approach, that focuses on learning for all children; focus relentlessly LEARN MORE: Pandemic Threatens to on equity and inclusion; act on the basis Push 72 Million More Children into Learning of evidence and focus on results; ensure Poverty—World Bank outlines a New Vision to ensure that every child learns, everywhere the necessary financial commitment; and make smart investments in education technology. Countries can effectively harness the power of education technology—or “EdTech,” encompassing hardware, software, digital content, data, and information systems—to support PROTECT AND INVEST in people 11 INVESTING IN HUMAN CAPITAL FOR A RESILIENT RECOVERY HEALTH, NUTRITION The World Bank is making a total of $20 billion available to help developing AND POPULATION countries to finance the purchase and distribution of COVID-19 vaccines. IFC is providing $4 billion through its Global Across the globe, countries are working Health Platform to increase the supply to contain the spread and impact of the and local production of vaccines, masks, COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence from the ventilators, and personal protective unprecedented outbreak indicates more equipment in developing countries. than ever the need to strengthen national health systems’ preparedness and capacities, The World Bank Group is supporting and to ensure continuity of essential health countries’ efforts to provide Universal services, particularly for women, children, Health Coverage (UHC)— quality, affordable and adolescents. The World Bank Group’s health services to everyone, regardless emergency support operations are helping of their ability to pay— by strengthening over 100 developing countries to save lives primary health care (PHC) systems and and detect, prevent, and respond to the reducing the financial risks associated with pandemic. The World Bank is also helping ill health and increasing equity. countries access critically needed medical supplies by reaching out to suppliers on PHC systems have a key role to play during a behalf of governments. health emergency through measures such as surveillance, testing and contact tracing, and As of end-August 2021, the total COVID-19 in keeping hospitals from overflowing with health emergency response amounts critically ill patients. Strong PHC systems are to $11.7 billion; of which, $8.6 billion is also key to the efficient delivery of crucial COVID-19 Multiphase Programmatic health services, including vaccinations. The Approach response and $3.1 billion is pandemic has shown policy makers and portfolio health response. Vaccines account ordinary citizens why health systems matter for $4.6 billion of the total COVID-19 and what happens when they fail. By doing health emergency response. so, it has also created a once-in-a-generation 12 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT chance for structural health-system change. all hospitals prepared small units for The World Bank has been aiding numerous the isolation of suspected cases awaiting countries with their COVID-19 emergency laboratory test reports. Bhutan has also response. Many of these countries are established one of the world’s most taking this opportunity to upgrade their effective vaccination campaigns. As of PHC systems. August 30, 2021, Bhutan has vaccinated 72.7 percent of the entire population In Benin , the lack of both a robust with one dose, while 61.3 percent of the surveillance system capable of monitoring population is fully vaccinated. common diseases and qualified and LEARN MORE motivated health workforce were of particular concern. The Government of Benin disbursed about 97 percent of all the Years of conflict in Yemen have taken resources mobilized for COVID-19 to the a massive toll on the already vulnerable health response over eight months to ensure health system. With only half of the rapid assistance to more than 2,400 patients, country’s health facilities open, and a lack hospitals, and other beneficiaries. As a result, of essential requirements—including water, 13 functional laboratories are operating fuel, and oxygen—millions of Yemenis successfully where none existed before. suffer every day from the lack of health In addition, 89 screening centers have care services. COVID-19 has exacerbated been equipped, five treatment centers the situation, further limiting health access established, and free testing and treatment to the people in need. of patients available as of April 2021. More than 582,000 persons have been tested and Against this backdrop, the Yemen COVID-19 more than 7,510 patients treated. Response Project (YCRP) supports early detection and screening for the virus, LEARN MORE provides essential medicines and medical equipment to treatment centers, and In Bhutan , a $5-million emergency builds the capacity of health care workers aid package aimed to ensure there were to respond to the pandemic in Yemen. sufficient properly trained medical In 2020, 37 isolation units across the personnel and enough medical supplies country were established and supplied and equipment and testing kits to protect with medicines and medical equipment to its population of 770,000, people and ran provide treatment and handle severe cases a robust awareness campaign to make sure of COVID-19. Specialized Rapid Response that both officials and the public understood Teams (RRTs) were trained and deployed the dangers and knew how to respond. to 84 high priority districts to detect and respond to COVID-19. Additionally, YCRP By April 2021, 664,713 people in Bhutan has supported the country’s diagnostic were tested for COVID-19. Only one death capacity with six national laboratories was reported. All Bhutan’s hospitals and to conduct polymerase chain reaction 78 primary health centers were provided (PCR) testing for suspected cases since the with test kits and all 20 district health beginning of the response. The project authorities were provided with personal also supports the local health system with protective equipment (PPE) and other Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) to supplies. Isolation facilities were created prevent further spread of the virus. in four national COVID-19 centers and LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 13 INVESTING IN HUMAN CAPITAL FOR A RESILIENT RECOVERY SUPPORT FOR THE LARGEST using World Bank financing. It also VACCINATION EFFORT IN HISTORY finances vaccine deployment and health system strengthening, such as vaccine COVID-19 vaccines are critical to safely cold-chains, training health workers, re-energize economies, to reduce the data and information systems, and risk of hospitalization or death from the communications and outreach campaigns disease, and to allow access to critical to key stakeholders which are crucial to education and health services. That is ensure vaccination acceptance. Eligibility why the World Bank Group is working c r i t e r i a fo r Wo r l d B a n k-f i n a n c e d with partners and client countries on COVID-19 vaccines is aligned with the the largest vaccination effort in history revised eligibility criteria of COVAX and to stop the loss of lives and livelihoods other multilateral partners. associated with the COVID-19 pandemic. The World Bank is partnering with the African Union and the World Bank- OVER $4 BILLION APPROVED supported Africa Center for Disease FOR MORE THAN 50 COUNTRIES Control to support the AVATT initiative As of August 31, 2021, the World Bank with resources to allow countries to approved operations to support vaccine purchase and deploy vaccines for up to rollout in 54 countries amounting to 400 million people across Africa. The $4.6 billion. Over half of this financing Bank is also convening a task force with comes from IDA and is on grant or highly the International Monetary Fund (IMF), concessional terms. World Health Organization (WHO), and World Trade Organization (WTO), and A new financing mechanism allows other partners to track, coordinate, and countries with COVID-19 vaccine advance delivery of COVID-19 vaccines operations to purchase vaccine doses to developing countries. through COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access (COVAX), the Africa Vaccine Acquisition LEARN MORE Task Team (AVATT), or other sources, 14 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT ENSURING EQUITY All approved WBG COVID-19 vaccine In Niger, projects have ensured gender projects uphold principles of equity, sensitive, contextualized and accurate supporting a prioritized roll-out of information about COVID-19; accounting COVID-19 vaccines that target the most for gender differences in literacy rates, vulnerable individuals and account for access to mobile phones, social media, gender differences in literacy rates, access radio, and helplines. to information, social media and so on. LEARN MORE Each project also has a Environmental and Social Commitment Plan and a Stakeholder Engagement Plan. Climate vulnerable groups, such as the elderly and indigent, have been prioritized For instance, in Cambodia, priority in the Philippines and projects aim to groups such as those with underlying ensure that health facilities can withstand health conditions, the elderly, women, and the impacts of extreme climate related those living in remote locations, have been events. identified and targeted and vaccination LEARN MORE messages have been communicated to them. LEARN MORE WORLD BANK FINANCING FOR COVID-19 VACCINATIONS* *as of October 2021 PROTECT AND INVEST in people 15 INVESTING IN HUMAN CAPITAL FOR A RESILIENT RECOVERY SOCIAL PROTECTION cash transfers based on satellite data on meteorological conditions. In 2020, a AND JOBS massive COVID-19 response allowed cash transfer beneficiaries to increase from 30,000 to 4,000,000 households. The Niger ASP system has demonstrated its An important part of the pandemic potential to rapidly and substantially scale response is increasing the coverage and up and deliver emergency shock response flexibility of social protection and labor cost-effectively. systems. Despite strong efforts to expand LEARN MORE social safety nets in developing countries over the past decade, too many people In Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), remain unprotected, including informal the Knowledge Exchange on Adaptive workers in urban areas. And while some Social Protection Systems addressed countries have already been making their d e m a n d f r o m c l i e n t c o u n t r i e s fo r social protection systems more ‘adaptive’ region-specific knowledge exchange and to a range of emergencies, the pandemic succinct operational guidance on ASP has shown how critical it is to expand and topics. Through its ASP forum, attended accelerate this work. by over 120 officials from 26 countries, LEARN MORE and its guidance note series on ASP, the project facilitated knowledge exchange and created innovative region-specific Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, operational guidance to help identify the World Bank has invested $10.5 billion priorities for strengthening and adapting in 56 social protection and jobs projects Social Protection systems. The notes now around the world; and has also integrated serve as a critical consultation tool as LAC social protection into several development countries address COVID-19 recovery. policy loans and projects in other sectors LEARN MORE such as health. Nearly a billion people have benefited from new financing as well as restructured or repurposed projects, 84 In India , a series of development policy percent in South Asia. About 88 percent operations during the pandemic have of these projects primarily support social permanently strengthened the safety net safety nets. system. The Second Accelerating India’s COVID-19 Social Protection response A few examples illustrate the range of project has helped redesign the social activities supported as part of the COVID-19 protection system to break down silos, response: use biometric methods, and reduce inefficiencies, so that the system emerges Niger is an example of sustained support stronger after the crisis. Between May over a decade from the World Bank’s and August 2020, more than 87 percent fund for the poorest countries, IDA, for of India’s poorest households reported the development of an adaptive social receiving at least one benefit—food or protection (ASP) system. IDA support cash—under the supported program. has enabled innovation such as piloting a LEARN MORE drought response program which deploys 16 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT In Brazil, the World Bank has supported to protect the urban poor from the socio- an important policy choice—to expand economic effects of the COVID-19 crisis. safety net coverage for those who need it This was done as a contingent emergency most through 2021-2022, years marked by response component, reallocating $50 higher poverty, lower employment, and million under the RDC Eastern Recovery constrained fiscal space. The Brazil Income Project (known as STEP, or Projet pour Support to the Poor Affected by COVID-19 la Stabilisation de l’Est de la RDC pour project finances the countercyclical la Paix). Despite challenges in targeting expansion of the flagship Bolsa Familia and delivery, an innovative technology- safety net. Cash transfers under this project driven response in partnership with the will help prevent 1.2 million families from Central Bank and telecom operators has falling into extreme poverty. already successfully provided 100,000 beneficiaries in the capital Kinshasa with LEARN MORE fast-disbursing emergency cash assistance, against an end target of 250,000. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, the LEARN MORE World Bank supported the government to set up an emergency social safety net FACE MASKS BOOST LOCAL ECONOMY people. When the pandemic hit, CAR was among the first countries to mandate the wearing of face masks; however, the country faced an acute shortage of masks. To meet the need, the government turned to the LONDO project. By August 2020, 18,000 tailors and 300 local firms had stitched 2.4 million masks with a target of 10 million masks in sight. These locally The Central Republic of Africa (CAR) produced masks, stitched according leveraged the existing cash-for-work to the World Health Organization’s LONDO project to meet a health need guidelines, are being distributed for and provide employment and income free throughout CAR. It is estimated to local microentrepreneurs. Started that the project will generate more in 2019, the objective of the LONDO than 1.6 million workdays and inject (‘Stand-Up’) Project was to provide approximately $17 million into the temporary employment to vulnerable local economy. LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 17 INVESTING IN HUMAN CAPITAL FOR A RESILIENT RECOVERY HUMAN CAPITAL FOR RECOVERY AND RESILIENT, INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT Investing in people is central to green, resilient and inclusive development. Unless addressed with decisive investments, the scars of the COVID-19 shock on human capital and future productivity could become permanent. Malnutrition and prolonged exposure to stress can have lifelong, cumulative impacts on children. School closures and the increased likelihood of school dropout INVESTING IN are eroding the knowledge and skills of HUMAN CAPITAL the current generation of school children, especially those from poor and vulnerable FOR RESILIENT households. Recent World Bank staff estimates suggest learning poverty might RECOVERY: increase from 53 percent to 63 percent in THE ROLE OF low- and middle-income countries and at least 24 million children, from preprimary PUBLIC FINANCE to tertiary level education worldwide, might never return to school. This, combined with deskilling due to prolonged unemployment and underemployment, will likely lower The Approach Paper Investing in Human future productivity and earnings. Further, Capital for Resilient Recovery: The Role of women suffer disproportionately from Public Finance considers the role of public joblessness, domestic care burdens, and finance for human capital as countries gender-based violence, as well as from move from crisis to recovery and lay a unintended pregnancies and maternal foundation for inclusive, resilient and deaths. sustainable development. The paper framed the discussion at the Fifth Human While defining the problem with respect Capital Ministerial Conclave in April to human capital outcomes, the paper 2021 which focused on the sustainable outlines three areas for action, including financing of human capital investments. policy priorities, governance, and fiscal While the Approach Paper was prepared space for building and utilizing human with the Conclave in mind, it was later capital. It highlights recent innovations revised to reflect contributions from the and illustrates actionable steps for the ministers of finance and planning who short term as well as directions for the joined the discussion. longer term by country context. 18 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT 1. Public Spending to Build, Protect by digital technologies. Governments and Utilize Human Capital can renew the social contract around Priority investments would reduce human capital, restoring the trust of permanent human capital losses and citizens through more transparency and position human capital for economic opportunities for citizens’ participation recovery. Immediate priorities are in policymaking and resource allocation. restoring health, protecting young Strengthening governance calls for children from malnutrition and other policy and resource coordination harm, bringing children back to school across ministries, agencies and levels of and recovering learning losses, and government, adapting budget processes supporting labor income opportunities. and introducing results-based orientations In the medium term, sustained in both allocating and managing public economic recovery hinges on further human and financial resources. improvements in universal health coverage, early childhood development, 3. Securing Resources for Human l e a r n i n g a n d s k i l l s d eve l o p m e n t , Capital Priorities relevance of tertiary education to the Exploring new avenues in securing labor market, adaptive social protection, resources for human capital priorities and women’s economic empowerment. requires finding space within budgets, identifying cost-effective reforms, and Concurrently, in partnership with protecting those specific budget lines the private sector, governments can that are critical for the continuation of reimagine service delivery systems in services with long-term implications a digital world. Key areas for systems on human capital outcomes. Raising strengthening include resilient health domestic revenues, debt restructuring systems for pandemic preparedness and relief, and planning for future crises with integrated and people-centered are all part of the strategy to secure primary health care systems, resilient resources. Furthermore, drawing on education service delivery that does not experience from previous crises as well leave disadvantaged children behind, as the COVID-19 pandemic, countries and strengthened social protection and will benefit from proper fiscal planning, labor systems that can adapt nimbly to r i s k re d u c t i o n a n d p re p a re d n e s s . changing needs and crises. Adaptive social protection and resilient service delivery systems, for example, 2. Governance to Translate Fiscal can mitigate the impact of crises on Policies into Human Capital Outcomes human capital, facilitate an efficient fiscal response to crises, and drive a The management of government budgets strong recovery. and human resources will need to be outcome oriented, with an emphasis on LEARN MORE accountability for results, and facilitated PROTECT AND INVEST in people 19 Human Capital Research, Data & Analytics UTILIZATION OF her productivity. In these cases, her human capital can be considered underutilized. HUMAN CAPITAL Recognizing the importance of this pattern both for individuals and for policy, two simple analytical extensions of the HCI THE HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX adjust it for labor market underutilization The Human Capital Index (HCI) is designed of human capital. Both Utilization-Adjusted to capture the amount of human capital a Human Capital Indexes (UHCIs) can be child born today could expect to attain by calculated for more than 160 economies. age 18, given the risks of poor health and Both have the same simple form—the poor education that prevail in the country HCI multiplied by a utilization rate—and where she lives. By providing a snapshot represent the long-run income gains if of the outlook for human capital before an economy moves to the frontier where the COVID-19 pandemic struck, the 2020 human capital is complete and completely update of the HCI serves as a benchmark to utilized. Given their different purposes, assess the human capital costs of COVID-19. the UHCIs are meant to complement, not Recently, two Utilization-Adjusted Human replace, the HCI. Capital Indices (UHCIs) were introduced. As their name suggests, UHCIs adjust the HCI for labor-market underutilization of TWO UHCIS—TWO APPROACHES human capital in a consistent way across a The two UHCIs take different approaches large number of countries. to measuring utilization. In the basic UHCI, LEARN MORE utilization is measured as the fraction of the working-age population that is employed. Although this measure is simple and MEASURING THE UTILIZATION intuitive, it cannot capture the fact that a OF HUMAN CAPITAL large share of employment in developing The HCI is based on reasonably directly countries is in jobs for which workers measured markers for key stages of human may not be able to fully use their human capital in the growth trajectory of a child. capital to increase their productivity. The The five components of the index, however, full UHCI adjusts for this shortcoming by do not cover all the important aspects of the introducing the concept of better employment, accumulation and productive use of human which represents the types of jobs (for capital. When today’s child becomes a worker nonagricultural employees and employers) in the future, in many countries she may that are common in high-productivity not be able to find a job; even if she can, it economies. The full utilization rate depends might not be a job in which she can fully use on the fraction of an economy’s working- her skills and cognitive abilities to increase age population in better employment. 20 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT Because they have more human capital to on average, UHCIs are lower for females underutilize, economies with higher HCI than males, driven by lower utilization scores also face larger utilization penalties if rates. Basic utilization (employment) rates they show low rates of better employment. are 20 percentage points lower for women than for men in general, with a gap of more Although the different methodologies than 40 percentage points in the Middle produce different scores for some individual East and North Africa and in South Asia. economies, the basic and full measures Female employment rates follow strongly yield broadly similar utilization rates across U-shaped curves when plotted against country income groups and regions, and economies’ levels of income, whereas in general. Utilization rates average about male employment rates are much flatter, 0.6, but they follow U-shaped curves when and with less dispersion across economies. plotted against per capita income across The gender gap is also present in the full economies and are lowest over a wider utilization rate, though it is smaller. These range of lower-middle-income economies. results suggest that, although gender The analysis of underutilization suggests gaps in human capital in childhood and that moving to a world with complete adolescence have closed in the last two human capital and complete utilization decades (especially for education), major of that human capital could almost triple challenges remain to translate these gains long-run per capita incomes. into opportunities for women. LEARN MORE: The Human Capital Index STARK GENDER GAPS 2020 Update: Human Capital in the Time of COVID-19 Both UHCIs reveal starkly different gender Pennings, S. 2020. “The Utilization-Adjusted Human gaps from those calculated using the HCI. Capital Index (UHCI).” Policy Research Working Paper Whereas the HCI is roughly equal for boys 9375, World Bank, Washington, DC. and girls, with a slight advantage for girls Figure 1: Basic UHCI and per capital income Females Males 1 1 Employment−to−Population Ratio (basic utilization) Employment−to−Population Ratio (basic utilization) QAT ARE NER MDG TZAKHM SLB OMN BHR KWT ISL SLB ZWE VNM GTM CHE MDG ISL HND PRY JPN BDI TZA MMRBGD NIC IDN ECU THA PAN CZE MLTBHSNZLNLD MAC PAK BOL DEU .8 KHM VNM KNA GBRSGP .8 UGAMLI LKA SLV BLZ COL PER MEX SAU EST SWE AUS DNK MOZ ZWE SWE CHE BDI MOZLBR CMR FJIDOM MYS CHN KAZ MUS RUS PLW HUN SYC URY VENTTO KOR AUT HKG CAN USANOR GMB BLR MDVCRI SVN LBR BLR SYC LTUEST NZLNLD DEUDNKMAC NOR BFA BENKGZ IND BTN ETH GNB PHL AZE POL NRU ROU SVK LVA LTU BRB ARG CHL CYP ISR PRT IRL FIN UGA LVA BHS CAN FIN GBR JPN AUS AUT TLS VUT TUV SUR BGRBRATUR FRA LUX THA RUS BRB CZESVN ISR PRT CAFAFG TJK GEO MNG IRQ IRN JAM ESP ITA BRN BEL NER CMR SGP USA COD HTI MAR FSM TUNTON GUYSRB LBN HRV GRC TGO BOL BGR HUN CYP IRL HKG LUX CIV KEN COG UKR EGY DZA ALB BWA CUW CAF COD GNB PER KAZ POL URYKNA SVK MLT FRABEL TCDGIN LSO SDN MKD MNE PRY CHN PLW ESP ARM .6 GIN YEM .6 QAT MRT GHA CPV SLE BEN KEN TLS VUT COG COL ROU TTO KOR HRV SEN GAB BFA GMB GHA MLI MMR UKRMNG GEO ECU AZESRB IDN MYSPAN CHL CUW BRN ARG SLE RWA COM NGA PSE BIH LBY ETH ALB BTN JAM DOM BWABRA ARE NPL UZB WSM HND PNG NIC SLV MNE VEN ITA KWT MWI TGO PNG JOR AGO NAM MHLZAF CPV SUR MEX MUS CRI GRC NRU SSD KIR MDA SSD HTI KGZ CIV NGAMDAPHL NAM BLZ ARM BHR SWZ XKX FSM MKD MDV GUY ZMB LAO GTM .4 RWA TON DJI .4 TCD SWZ FJI ZAF BGD LAO LKA BIH TUV GAB STP MWI LSO SEN KIR AGO TUR COM UZB MRT TJKZMBSTP WSMLBY OMN NPL PAK MARTUNMHL INDSDN LBN .2 AFG .2 EGY SAU DJI DZAIRN XKX PSE JOR IRQ YEM 0 0 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 log GNI per capita (Altas) log GNI per capita (Altas) Source: World Bank calculations based on the 2020 update of the HCI, the World Development Indicators, the International Labor Organization, and the Global Jobs Indicator Database. Note: Based on 148 economies with available data. GNI=gross national income; UHCI=Utilization-Adjusted Human Capital Index. PROTECT AND INVEST in people 21 HUMAN CAPITAL RESEARCH, DATA & ANALYTICS DISAGGREGATION and help governments better target policy to the most disadvantaged groups. OF THE HUMAN WITHIN COUNTRIES, HUMAN CAPITAL INDEX CAPITAL OUTCOMES CAN VARY ACROSS SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS… Investments in human capital—the Within countries, differences in human skills, health, knowledge, and resilience capital outcomes may arise from differences of a population—form the bedrock of in household socioeconomic status (SES) economic growth. The 2020 update of the that reflects financial constraints and access HCI, covering 174 countries, provides an barriers to investing in human capital. international metric that can be used to While the global HCI cannot readily be measure progress on key components of disaggregated by socioeconomic group, an human capital across countries. National HCI disaggregated by quintiles of SES (SES- averages, however, often mask significant HCI) for 50 countries has been calculated differences across groups within countries using comparable cross-country data from that policy makers must address if they Demographic and Health Surveys and hope to realize the full potential of their Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, and citizens. A subnational disaggregation of the student-level test scores from the Global HCI can shed light on inequities in health Dataset on Education Quality. The SES-HCI and education outcomes within a country reveals that gaps in human capital outcomes Figure 2: The HCI disaggregated by socioeconomic status (SES) 1 .8 SES−Disaggregated HCI Vietnam Armenia Moldova Jordan West Bank and Gaza Gabon Paraguay Turkey Colombia .6 Tajikistan Kazakhstan eSwatini Peru Dominican Republic Brazil Azerbaijan Kenya KyrgyzCongo, Rep. Republic El Salvador Albania Egypt, Arab Rep. Honduras Namibia Zimbabwe Togo Haiti India Myanmar Lesotho Uganda Malawi Cameroon Senegal Côte d’Ivoire Guatemala Madagascar Benin Ghana Gambia, The Burundi Mozambique Dem. Tanzania Ethiopia Congo, Rep. Zambia Comoros .4 Mali Faso Burkina Chad Niger .2 6 8 10 12 Log Real GDP Per Capita at PPP Source: D’Souza, Gatti and Kraay 2019 22 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT Figure 3: Spatial gaps in harmonized test scores in Romania Source: Lucchetti, Badiani-Magnusson, and Ianovici 2019 across SES quintiles within countries can be Minority group status may also drive quite large. Pooling all SES quintiles in all differences in human capital outcomes. countries, roughly one-third of the total In the global HCI, Vietnam ranks close to variation in human capital outcomes is the high-income country average and well due to variation across SES quintiles within above the average among lower middle- countries (Figure 2). Further, human capital income countries (its own income group). outcomes increase with income across However, an analysis of survey data from countries at roughly the same rate as they 2014 finds that ethnic minorities score do within countries across SES quintiles. 0.62 in the HCI, compared with 0.75 for This indicates that the sharing of income- the ethnic-majority Kinh. At 32 percent, related human capital risks is, on average, no stunting rates are two times larger among better within countries (where in principle ethnic minorities than among the Kinh social protection programs might mitigate majority. School enrollment also lags these risks) than it is between countries at among ethnic minorities relative to their different income levels. Kinh peers by 30 percentage points. Subnational disaggregations of the HCI ...AND GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION reveal that countries vary significantly AND ETHNICITY in the extent to which gains in human In addition to gaps between rich and poor capital outcomes are distributed across the households, countries may see differences population. Addressing these gaps must in human capital outcomes along spatial remain a priority for governments because, dimensions, reflecting the common trend in many cases, the returns to investment in of urban regions growing much faster than the human capital of disadvantaged groups, rural ones. In Romania, for example, the especially early in life, are the highest. urban-rural divide in learning outcomes is LEARN MORE: Insights from Disaggregating significant, with urban areas scoring as high the Human Capital Index (worldbank.org) as Ukraine, and rural areas ranking at par A Socioeconomic Disaggregation of the A Socioeconomic Disaggregation of the World Bank with Senegal (Figure 3). World Bank Human Capital Index Human Capital Index PROTECT AND INVEST in people 23 HUMAN CAPITAL RESEARCH, DATA & ANALYTICS SERVICE DELIVERY KEY FINDINGS INDICATORS Health • The diagnostic and treatment capacity of health care providers varies substantially by country, but providers at lower-level ARE SYSTEMS DELIVERING facilities score noticeably worse. This is particularly troubling given that these FOR CITIZENS? facilities are where people typically make In the last year, education and health first contact with the health system. systems have been severely strained by the • Providers have a high rate of absence COVID-19 pandemic. However, even before and their caseload varies dramatically the COVID-19 pandemic, there was increasing between and within countries, suggesting evidence that health and education systems that there is room for better supervision had weaknesses in need of reform. To improve and potential reallocation of staff to these systems, policy makers need evidence overburdened facilities. on the quality of education and health services provided to citizens. The Service Delivery • Despite decades of investment to Indicator (SDI) surveys have helped provide improve structural inputs to care, many this evidence by collecting data from schools, facilities lack the basic necessities, clinics, and hospitals. Nearly two dozen SDI including essential medicines, diagnostic surveys have been in progress for over a decade equipment, and adequate water and and have generated nationally representative sanitation infrastructure. These results are data, enabling governments and citizens to shown in Figure 4. identify gaps and benchmark progress. SDI data have been used to shape public debate Education • Student learning is low, with less than and policy action in countries across Africa. half of students able to recite a simple sentence or perform basic mathematical In the context of human capital, SDI data operations. Results are shown in Figure 5. offer important findings for strengthening, However, differences in learning are large and even transforming, primary health care within and across countries. Identifying and education systems. Figure 4. Breakdown of medical equipment availability in public facilities, by country Niger Mozambique Togo Sierra Leone Uganda All equip. available Madagascar No stethoscope Tanzania No scale No thermometer Kenya No sphygmomanometer Nigeria Multiple equip. missing 0 20 40 60 80 100 Percent Source: Andrews, Avitabile, Chang, Conner, Gatti and Sharma 2021. The Quality of Health and Education Systems Across Africa : Evidence from a Decade of Service Delivery Indicators Surveys. Washington, DC: World Bank. Notes: This figure shows the breakdown of missing equipment in public facilities by country. Multiple equip. missing refers to facilities which have more than one piece of equipment unavailable. 24 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT Figure 5. Student performance in language and mathematics, average results for nine countries Language Student Outcomes Math Student Outcomes Percentage of Correct Percentage of Correct Identify 3 numbers Identify 3 letters Addition single digits Identify 3 out of 4 objects Substraction single digits Addition triple digits Identify 3 words Addition double digits Order numbers Read and answer questions (2) Division single digits Substraction double digits Read sentence out loud (>75% right) Multiplication single digits Complete the sequence Read passage out loud (>75% right) Division double digits Fractions and decimals Read and answer questions (3) Word algrebra problem Multiplication double digits Read and answer questions (1) Multiplication triple digits 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 Source: Andrews, Avitabile, Chang, Conner, Gatti and Sharma 2021 Notes: This figure shows the average percentage of students that correctly answered each task/question on the language and mathematics SDI student assessments. The figures show the simple average across all students in public schools only. some of the top performing schools and quality in health care and learning can analyzing how they succeed could help help countries protect hard-won gains in provide insights on how to improve human capital and secure the foundations learning for all. of sustained, inclusive growth. The insights • Schools with better-performing students learned from SDI surveys and continuous appear to have more teachers per student, innovation in the SDI measurement platform and also more knowledgeable teachers. offer important contributions toward this However, teacher skills are also generally measurement goal. low, both in content knowledge and pedagogy, and uncorrelated with the teacher’s education level. Hiring more NEWLY HARMONIZED SDI teachers and basing that recruitment on DATABASE talent instead of solely on titles, would Education: Kenya (2012), Togo help improve learning outcomes. (2013), Nigeria (2013), Uganda • Specific school inputs, such as whiteboards (2013), Mozambique (2014), and functioning toilets, can potentially Tanzania (2014), Niger (2015), and improve students’ daily experience in Tanzania (2016), Madagascar (2016), school. Ensuring equal access to these and Morocco (2016) basic inputs could be a good place to start. However, such inputs alone will probably Health: Kenya (2012), Togo (2013), not be sufficient and must be coupled Nigeria (2013), Uganda (2013), with other policies that align incentives, Mozambique (2014), Tanzania increase accountability, and are framed (2014), Niger (2015), Tanzania (2016), within comprehensive education reform. Madagascar (2016), Kenya (2018), and Sierra Leone (2018). The COVID-19 pandemic has made clear the need to rethink the delivery of health and education services. More and better LEARN MORE measurement of the factors that determine PROTECT AND INVEST in people 25 HUMAN CAPITAL RESEARCH, DATA & ANALYTICS RESEARCH ON INFRASTRUCTURE The f indings of the analysis have cross cutting implications for health, AND SERVICE DELIVERY IN KENYA telecommunications, finance and transportation. These data can be used to A recent World Bank research initiative infer the differential role of infrastructure in Kenya shows how SDI data can be used in the performance of health care in cross-cutting initiatives to improve facilities and help shed light on cross- service quality of health by way of sectoral drivers of service quality. For infrastructure. example, preliminary findings show that access to electricity is associated with Using Kenya’s recent health Service more accurate health provider diagnosis Delivery Indicators data, an exploratory and higher availability of vaccines by analysis was conducted to compare and providing access to a working fridge. validate administrative and geospatial Further, analysis of this kind could data on energy, communications, and provide a potential roadmap for Kenya transportation infrastructure. Further, (and other middle income and lower an in-depth technical note details the income countries) on how to improve relationship between quality of health health service quality by not only service delivery—primarily in early investing directly in this sector, but also childhood health—and physical capital by exploiting the complementarities in Kenya. of investments in infrastructure and technology. 26 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT DISRUPTIVE Reimagined human capital service delivery can INNOVATIONS TO leapfrog the current siloed and fragmented, provider-focused systems of service delivery, ACHIEVE HUMAN resulting in a more integrated, efficient and CAPITAL GOALS effective approach. Service delivery platforms can be transformed by using technology strategically, generating personalized and A new initiative, led by a cross-sector team dynamic data, and responding in a “people- of World Bank experts, seeks to expand the centered” way to an integrated set of human application and integration of disruptive capital needs. In this next evolution of human technologies to re-imagine service delivery for capital services, there is an opportunity to not health, education, social protection, and more. only address pernicious challenges that existed pre-pandemic, but also to remodel future The team aims to provide high-level service delivery for improved efficiency and government decision makers, including equity, at scale. Technology – both disruptive ministers, with clear priorities, guidance, and transformative – and data have a key and illustrative examples on how to apply role to play in the reimagining of human and integrate disruptive technology more capital service delivery in a digital era such extensively. The activity will pose, and that systems are more resilient. This will help answer, questions such as: What are the countries deal with a range of future shocks, leading examples around the world where including climate change, conflict and fragility. technological change led to real improvements in service delivery for health outcomes, 2021, to support the Human Capital Ministerial learning, cash transfers, job access, and Conclave. The work will continue until more? How can countries decide on a feasible September 2022, when the final products will technology roadmap to emulate such examples be released. in their own context? What key questions need to be asked, and answered, in terms of data governance privacy while trying to achieve LEARN MORE transformative change? INTEGRATED DISRUPTIVE TECHNOLOGY KIT FOR HUMAN DEVELOPMENT World Bank Disruptive Portfolio Technology Review Implementation Exemplars Partnership Tool for WB internal use Inventory of Overview Capacity Building & Approach for Disruptive Technology PROTECT AND INVEST in people 27 HUMAN CAPITAL RESEARCH, DATA & ANALYTICS PUBLIC EXPENDITURE AND INSTITUTIONAL REVIEWS The Human Capital-oriented Public PEIR SPOTLIGHT Expenditure and Institutional Review (PEIR) uses an outcome-oriented, Kenya multisectoral approach to address human The PEIR is looking at Early capital outcomes, along with an in-depth Childhood Development institutional analysis. The PEIR applies a (ECD) key outcomes cross-cutting human capital lens to assess prioritized by the Government public expenditures and the extent to of Kenya through a multisectoral which spending is aligned with human analysis covering health, education, social capital priorities and desired outcomes. protection, water, sanitation and hygiene A problem-driven institutional analysis (WASH), agriculture and gender. It aims examines challenges, bottlenecks, and to identify enabling factors, bottlenecks, opportunities across agencies, from fiscal and constraints that have a bearing on planning down to service delivery. the effectiveness and efficiency of fund flows within and across the sectors. The importance of human capital Finally, the PEIR will shed light on data financing and improving service delivery gaps and actions needed to support the systems and institutions has taken ECD agenda and strengthen institutional center-stage as COVID-19 threatens to arrangements to improve ECD outcomes roll back a decade of progress in human at the county level. capital gains. Prioritizing a human capital outcome-oriented public expenditure framework and re-imagining service delivery systems can contribute to a green, resilient and inclusive recovery. 28 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT PROTECT AND INVEST in people 29 HUMAN CAPITAL RESEARCH, DATA & ANALYTICS HUMAN CAPITAL human capital landscape analysis REVIEWS combined with an in-depth outcome- oriented analysis. There are 18 HCRs o n go i n g w i t h m o re p l a n n e d . T h e The Human Capital Review (HCR) is World Bank teams have taken different a new addition to the World Bank’s approaches to the HCR, including the life extended core analytics. The HCR cycle and HCI disaggregation. The specific presents a comprehensive view of the approach will depend on country-specific state of human capital in a country, factors. Additional analytical lenses are assesses endowments and constraints therefore encouraged, where appropriate, to human capital development across given country circumstances—the a broad range of areas, and identifies political-economy analysis and the priority human capital outcomes that problem-driven iterative approaches require improvement. used in Liberia is one such example. The HCR and sectoral analysis can often The HCR remains flexible, with only complement each other by providing general parameters defined of a broad greater breadth and depth to the analysis. 30 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT IMPACT HCRs have played a key role in advancing driven by its Ministry of Finance and Planning, both the policy dialogue with clients, and has proactively pushed multisectoral the multisectoral collaboration within collaboration and integrated approaches on governments and across the World Bank. This human capital. Within the Bank, the HCR has deepening client engagement strengthens proven to be helpful in making the case for ownership, which in turn enhances impact. human capital in the development of Country For example, the Government of Eswatini, Partnership Frameworks. Eswatini focused on the opportunities on HCI. Lastly, the life cycle approach to Brazil HCR projected the long-term build the nation’s human consequences of COVID-19 on capital. This approach human capital formation, based on encompasses i) early simulations of different scenarios. childhood; (ii) school age; and (iii) youth to adulthood, and ensures that all children are entitled to and Kazakhstan’s receive a comprehensive package of HCR examined services to reach their full potential. key challenges Key interventions include reducing to the country’s neonatal mortality, reducing infant human capital development, such and under-5 mortality, reducing as education quality, risk factors stunting under 5, improving access for Non-Communicable Diseases to basic education and quality of a n d r i s i n g i n e q u a l i t i e s a c ro s s literacy and numeracy outcomes in regions. Further analysis on skills early grades, improving maternal and productivity was identified to health outcomes and productivity. prepare recommendations for policy reforms. Brazil disaggregated the HCI by socioeconomic Liberia used status, gender and a  problem-driven race at municipal iterative methodology l e ve l t o i d e n t i f y a n y and a political economy misallocation of talent and analysis  to understand productivity. In addition, the the bottlenecks for human capital utilization-adjusted human capital development and identified three at municipal level was calculated to strategic pillars to achieve medium- discuss the impact of labor market term and long-term objectives. PROTECT AND INVEST in people 31 HUMAN CAPITAL RESEARCH, DATA & ANALYTICS LEARNING FROM CASE STUDIES Learning from experience is one of the best ways to generate ideas and share good practice. HCP is supporting a variety of case studies that examine the policies, programs and practices that governments have used to achieve their human capital goals and on identifying lessons for other countries. EGYPT: DEVELOPING HUMAN CAPITAL THROUGH ENERGY SUBSIDY REFORMS Government-led economic stability. In its continued reform programs have efforts to build human been an important vehicle capital, the Government of t o i m p rove t h e l ive s o f Egypt must consider the Egyptian citizens. This case challenges that the country study describes one of these is facing, especially its high programs, which reduced fertility level and inequalities energy subsidies to enable in access to services of the government to channel decent quality. Therefore, more investment into the this study includes an action human capital sectors, plan to help the Egyptian health, education, and social government to continue protection. This program not only making productive investments in provided a reliable source of funding human capital and to reach the inclusive to build Egypt’s human capital but development goals articulated in its also supported longer-term economic 2030 Vision. BANGLADESH SINGAPORE THE PHILIPPINES MOROCCO GHANA 32 PROTECT PROTECT AND INVEST in people in people AND INVEST YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT COMMON LESSONS DRAWN FROM CASE STUDIES Sustain political commitment to human capital development. Continuity of commitment over successive governments to protect and invest is key to reaching any long-term goals. This is especially true for growing human capital, which can take decades, and even generations, to achieve. Ensuring continuity between successive governments is easier if the country in question enjoys political stability and social harmony. Mobilize enough resources and use them efficiently. Human capital development requires adequate and sustainable funding. This can be a challenge for developing countries with limited resources, but some of the case study countries have found innovative ways to finance the necessary policies. Levels of funding are crucial but so is using resources efficiently. Collect evidence to inform policy making and make course corrections. Collecting data to inform policy implementation and design is easier in some countries rather than others; however, digital technologies are making it easier for all countries to collect and analyze data and to use the resulting evidence when making policies and decisions. Adopt coordinated, multisectoral strategies. Case study countries benefitted to varying degrees from taking a multisectoral, cross-government approach to their human capital policies and investments. Many policies reflect the fact that factors beyond the social sectors affect human capital development, such as clean air, a safe water supply, and the provision of sanitation services. Engage locally when implementing policies. Case study countries coordinated with regional, provincial and local governance and local-level actors to implement, monitor and evaluate programs. In some cases, local-level actors helped with the selection of development projects. LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 33 Planning at the Regional and Country Levels calls for scaling up investments in all forms of capital—human, physical, natural, and social. In Niger, for example, the Cash for Work Resilience component of the Adaptive Safety Net Project targets high-risk climate areas and provides additional income to people in communities affected by food insecurity caused by persistent or recurrent weather and climate change-related shocks. PARTNERING FOR CROSS-SECTORAL SOLUTIONS PROGRESS ON Multisectoral solutions can help create REGIONAL HUMAN economies that are more sustainable, inclusive, and resilient against future shocks. In Comoros, CAPITAL PLANS Madagascar, and Mozambique, the World Bank has supported both pandemic relief measures and structural reforms that protect THE AFRICA HUMAN the vulnerable against price increases on food and medical products, provide liquidity to CAPITAL PLAN banks and firms to stave off unemployment, and promote policies to extend and improve Since it was launched in 2019, the Africa social transfer systems, digital financial services, Human Capital Plan has guided a significant and access to banking. shift and scale up in World Bank Group support to human capital. Annual human SUPPORTING POLICY REFORM development project commitments in Africa Nearly 94 percent of World Bank development have more than doubled since then and have policy financing (DPF) operations approved reached $8.90 billion in fiscal year 2021. in Africa in FY2021 support human capital- Thirty-two Sub-Saharan Africa countries influencing reforms, up from 70 percent in are members of the Human Capital Project, FY2020. DPFs have helped protect people’s jobs as detailed above, increased social protection demonstrating their strong commitment to measures through expanded cash transfers in raising human capital outcomes. Chad, Rwanda, and Sudan, and helped with Driven by ambitious targets and seven game the creation of social registries to improve the changing themes, the Africa HCP is providing a targeting of social programs and benefits in framework and momentum for COVID-19 relief, Angola and Côte d’Ivoire. restructuring, and recovery efforts for a more sustainable, inclusive, and resilient future. ACCELERATING DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE The World Bank Group is working with SCALING UP FINANCING governments and other key stakeholders Implementing a green, resilient, and inclusive on immediate and long-term solutions that development (GRID) approach to recovery champion women and girls at home, school, 34 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT and work through the “4Es”: empower, enhance, through radio and television, while Nigeria’s employ, and educate. The flagship Sahel EdoBEST initiative has launched e-learning Women’s Empowerment and Demographic platforms, digital interactive quizzes, and Dividend Project (SWEDD) is enhancing mobile tutors. In the health sector, Kenya, women and adolescent girls’ access to essential Malawi , Niger, and Rwanda are scaling up sexual and reproductive health services, free health hotlines for COVID-19 information increasing coverage and continuum of care and broader health and nutrition issues while (even in the most remote areas), and building Sierra Leone is piloting a predictive technology pandemic preparedness and response capacity. platform to assess health facility readiness for COVID-19 vaccinations in real time. DELIVERING IN CONTEXTS OF FRAGILITY, CONFLICT AND VIOLENCE (FCV) EXPANDING KNOWLEDGE FOR RESULTS An estimated total of $3.9 billion in World Measurement tools, reports, and knowledge Bank financing has been committed for human products have been developed and applied to development operations in 16 Sub-Saharan FCV help countries and the development community countries in FY21. In Burkina Faso, Cameroon, increase evidence-based information on human Central African Republic (CAR), and Mali, capital challenges, solutions, and outcomes. For free health care programs have been adapted example, an analytics workshop in Sierra Leone to ensure continuity of health services in brought together senior-level government situations of unrest. Financing to the Cameroon officials to identify areas to improve on short- Education Reform Support Project has been and medium-term human capital outcomes. scaled up to strengthen existing activities and A demographic study focusing on women and incentives to help mitigate learning loss due to girls’ empowerment is underway in Uganda and the impact of COVID-19. technical advice and analysis is helping Chad quantify the economic benefits of a gender- LEVERAGING TECHNOLOGY AND inclusive society. A pandemic preparedness INNOVATIONS diagnostic in Ghana is helping to ensure adequate and sustained financing to achieve Many African countries have the building blocks universal health security. to scale up innovations and leapfrog traditional service delivery models. Liberia, Mauritius, LEARN MORE: Africa Human Capital Plan Year Two South Sudan, Tanzania, and Zimbabwe, have Progress Report. ENGLISH | FRENCH implemented remote teaching and learning HISTORIC INCREASED LEVELS OF FINANCING AND INVESTMENTS IN FY21 • $8.9 billion for human development • 9 out of 10 DPOs in Africa support in Africa (FY2020: $7.8billion w/ 74 reforms that bolster human capital. new projects). This exceeds the Africa • $4.35 billion for 54 human development Human Capital Plan yearly target by operations in Africa in FCV countries, close to 80%. representing 49% of new commitments. • A total of $1.94 billion financing for Of this, $609 million in IDA funding COVID-19 health response efforts. has responded quickly to the COVID-19 • Delivering over $6 billion of new health emergency. women’s empowerment projects • 38% of African Human Development since 2019 inception. portfolio of active operations is now in FCV countries. PROTECT AND INVEST in people 35 HUMAN CAPITAL PLANNING AT THE REGIONAL AND COUNTRY LEVELS THE MENA HUMAN CAPITAL PLAN UPDATE BACKGROUND Launched in 2019, the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) Human Capital Action Plan focused on a life cycle approach to human capital. This Action Plan’s framework aimed to build, protect, and utilize human capital and also provides strategic directions and defines a identified gamechangers to accelerate set of priorities and results to be achieved progress using a whole-of-government over the short- and medium-term. approach. The framework remains highly relevant for MENA today. T h e Up d a t e —w h i c h i s b u i l t o n a consultative and inclusive process that Two years into implementation, the was used to design the original Action global pandemic was a catalyst for Plan—identified guiding principles cross-sectoral disruption, affecting for the MENA region’s response to the countries across the income spectrum disruption. These principles focus on: (i) and accelerating predicted changes in recovering from human capital losses; (ii) the world of work. COVID-19 revealed realigning human capital investments; weaknesses in national systems that were and (iii) reimagining human capital for tasked with building, protecting, and the next normal. utilizing human capital. Safety nets were stretched. Health systems were strained. COUNTRY-LEVEL PLANS And school closures aggravated the To guide implementation of the Update, learning crisis. Overall, progress has been country-level action plans will be prepared slower and, in some country contexts, that will articulate country-specific human capital gains have been negated. priorities and approaches for boosting human capital. These country-level Action THE MENA HUMAN CAPITAL Plans will be used as a tool to strengthen ACTION PLAN UPDATE policy dialogue and momentum with The MENA Human Capital Action client countries and development Plan has been updated with a twofold partners, and promote a collective purpose. The Update serves to: (i) take approach to human capital acceleration. stock of progress in building, protecting These plans will serve to better anchor and utilizing human capital; and (ii) human development to country-specific lay out a renewed vision for the Bank’s development challenges, highlighting engagement in MENA to accelerate sy n e r g i e s a n d c o m p l e m e n t a r i t i e s progress on human capital. The updated with other interventions supported by MENA Human Capital Action Plan respective governments. 36 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT RESULTS ACROSS MENA digitally through Basic Bank Accounts In several MENA countries, there is a (BBA) and E-Wallets; and (iii) enhanced large gap between human capital and targeting through the use of the National labor market outcomes, and female Unified Registry that connected multiple labor force participation remains a major government databases to enable the constraint in terms of utilizing human verification using administrative data. capital. The Mashreq Gender Facility By mid-2021, about 500,000 Jordanians (MGF), launched two years ago, provides benefited from this comprehensive technical assistance to Iraq, Jordan, and assistance program. Lebanon to strengthen the enabling LEARN MORE environment for women’s economic participation and improve women’s access In Morocco, the Early Childhood to economic opportunities. For instance, Development Program-for-Results in December 2020, the Government supports increased access to quality early of Lebanon passed a law criminalizing nutrition, health and education in rural sexual harassment in the workplace areas of the country. The operation is and in public spaces, after significant embedded into a larger national program, technical assistance from the MGF in the National Initiative for Human revising legal outputs and compiling Development, which aims at boosting several existing draft laws into one. In human capital of young children and Iraq, based on dialogue with the Central their families. The program is expected Bank of Iraq, the Commercial Bank’s to have strong externalities on women’s League, and Private Commercial Banks, empowerment both through the creation a US$500,000 loan initiative without of jobs mostly held by women (health care guarantees or collateral, complemented and Early Childhood Education workers), with training, will help to increase as well as by providing quality childcare women’s financial inclusion. And across which, in turn, will facilitate female labor the Mashreq, Women’s Employment participation. Peer Learning Platforms were launched LEARN MORE by IFC and partner institutions in Jordan, Lebanon, and Iraq to promote gender diversity and family-friendly workplaces in the private sector, to attract and retain more female employees, with a specific focus on addressing the impact of the COVID-19 crisis. LEARN MORE In Jordan, the Bank supports a COVID-19 response that includes: (i) a fully automated Management Information System (MIS) that covers all stages of the delivery chain; (ii) payments being made PROTECT AND INVEST in people 37 HUMAN CAPITAL PLANNING AT THE REGIONAL AND COUNTRY LEVELS THE HUMAN CAPITAL social protection coverage is low and overall health care quality and access PROJECT IN THE SOUTH is second lowest in the world. Further, ASIA REGION overcrowding in cities, poor air and water quality, and the lack of private sector engagement leads to poor health and education outcomes. The 4i4HCA: A Framework for • Multiple inequalities lead to large Human Capital Acceleration in segments of the population being South Asia outlines the challenges left behind: With the world’s highest faced by human capital in the stunting level, over 35 million children out of school, the world’s lowest rate region and the four-pronged for women’s labor force participation, framework for action. an imperiled demographic dividend, and lack of official identification (ID), South Asia has made major progress it is difficult to ensure equal access to across many dimensions of human capital. opportunities on many fronts. Between 1990-2019, the region experienced a rapid decline in under-5 child mortality • People face increasing vulnerability to and the highest rate of increase in overall a spectrum of shocks and risks: South life expectancy. Between 1998-2016, most Asia is increasingly facing climate South Asian countries achieved near- change shocks with 40 million at universal primary school enrollment. In risk of becoming climate refugees. 2015, the share of population living on less E nv i ro n m e n t a l p o l l u t i o n c l a i m s than $1.90 a day fell to 12 percent. 1 in 10 lives except in Sri Lanka and Maldives. Non-communicable diseases However, despite this progress, South Asian are a top health risk while out-of-pocket children born today can expect to attain medical expenses leave over 60 million only 48 percent of their full productive people impoverished annually. potential. Pursuing progress and adopting a whole-of-government and multisectoral STRATEGIC PRIORITIES approach to human capital development, particularly in the areas of social protection, 4i4HCA—Four ‘i’s for Human Capital health and education, is crucial for South Acceleration Asia to prosper in the 21st century and Human capital acceleration in South Asia improve quality of life for all citizens. requires a four-pronged approach of Invest, Include, Insure and Innovate. CHALLENGES Three key drivers limit human capital Invest outcomes in South Asia: To ensure that quality services reach all South • Poor quality and lack of effective Asians, more and better investments must: services undermine the impact of • focus squarely on raising the quality of public investments: South Asia’s public services; spending on human capital sectors (as a • align share and efficiency of human share of GDP) is the lowest in the world, capital spending with global benchmarks; 38 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT • promote a strong regulatory scalable safety nets can help protect human environment in public and private capital gains. To achieve this: sector delivery; and • prioritize clean air and clean water; • shine a light on institutional • reduce mortality and morbidity from the accountability and governance. four major non-communicable diseases; • deepen preparedness of systems and Include resilience to shocks; There is vast untapped economic potential in • prepare societies for the extreme excluded and vulnerable groups that could be impacts of climate change; and used to power South Asia’s growth. To ensure • safeguard displaced human capital. inclusion, governments need to: • end the lifetime burden of stunting; Innovate • prioritize learning poverty to build To accelerate human capital accumulation strong foundations; through digital and emerging • empower South Asia’s billion technologies and institutional innovations: adolescent girls and women; • build a tech framework for generating • focus on 21st century skills and human capital outcomes; productive opportunities for youth; and • leverage digital technologies to improve • identify the poor and vulnerable to real-time delivery of services; target services. • strengthen voice, agency, and empowerment; and Insure • deploy multisectoral strategies when Environmental protection, insurance, strong and where needed. public health systems, and investment in LEARN MORE WBG COVID-19 RESPONSE IN THE SOUTH ASIA REGION It is estimated that South Asian Accordingly, the WBG COVID-19 economies could take two years to response was swift geared toward recover from the fallout of COVID-19. protecting these three areas. New Widespread loss of jobs, education Social Protection and Jobs (SPJ) and health gains will only deepen projects for a total of approximately inequalities in society with devastating $1.9 billion were planned of which effects on the poor and vulnerable. $1.5 billion was disbursed by end- June 2020 in Bangladesh, India, and I f we l e a r n a ny t h i n g f ro m t h e Pakistan, with additional repurposing pandemic, it is that it has demonstrated of resources done in Nepal, Maldives the close links between a strong public and Sri Lanka. The World Bank also health system, an effective, scalable approved COVID-19 emergency social protection system, and a response health projects in eight flexible, innovative education system. South Asian countries by April-end All three have a strong bearing on the 2020, for a total of US$1.57 billion. economic performance of a country. PROTECT AND INVEST in people 39 HUMAN CAPITAL PLANNING AT THE REGIONAL AND COUNTRY LEVELS SYSTEMATIC in the SCD, with three main pathways outlined to accelerate the attainment of COUNTRY the World Bank’s “twin goals” of ending extreme poverty and promoting shared DIAGNOSTICS prosperity: (1) boosting productivity and job creation, (2) reducing inequality of opportunities through advancing human A Systematic Country Diagnostic (SCD) capital, and (3) improving governance for informs each new CPF (Country service delivery. The SCD contains a rich Partnership Framework). The aim of the discussion of the policy priorities in these SCD is to identify the most important inter-connected areas. challenges and opportunities a country LEARN MORE faces in advancing toward the twin goals to end extreme poverty and promote Eswatini: The SCD identifies shared prosperity in a sustainable way. inequality of opportunity as This is derived from a thorough analysis, a major obstacle to poverty reduction and boosting and informed by consultations with a shared prosperity in Eswatini. range of stakeholders. Strengthening human capital and inclusive public service delivery is Guyana: The first SCD for Guyana among five identified priority policy was completed in December areas. In education, priorities include 2020. The discovery of offshore strengthening early childhood care oil in Guyana is a pivotal moment and education, reducing repetition with the potential to transform and dropout rates in basic education, the economy and achieve long improving learning outcomes in the early term and sustainable growth for all grades, and enhancing the governance of society. The SCD offers a vision of the and coordination of skills development. In country as a high-income economy on a health care, the focus is on improving child path to inclusive and sustainable growth, and maternal health outcomes, enhancing with social cohesion and environmental health and nutrition among adolescents resilience. Chapter 5 evaluates strategies for and women, and reducing inequalities in transforming Guyana’s natural capital into access to water, sanitation, and hygiene. human capital and reaching full coverage LEARN MORE of basic services and infrastructure through investment in health, education, and social protection. PANDEMIC PREPAREDNESS The World Bank’s Health, Nutrition and LEARN MORE Population team has prepared guidance on incorporating an assessment of pandemic Kenya: The SCD is organized prevention and preparedness into SCDs around two main strategies: (1) to give the issue greater visibility. This higher aggregate output and will also help countries make a strong case productivity growth and (2) for concessional World Bank financing greater equity and inclusiveness. in support of investments in pandemic Human capital is recognized as central prevention and preparedness. 40 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT PROTECT AND INVEST in people 41 HUMAN CAPITAL PLANNING AT THE REGIONAL AND COUNTRY LEVELS BHUTAN Duration: 2021-2024 Objective: Develop a more inclusive and diversified economic basis for private sector-led job creation to help strengthen COUNTRY-LEVEL the country’s economic resilience. PLANNING In relation to human capital, the CPF will help protect existing human capital gains in the wake of the COVID-19 crisis through support to existing government programs, COUNTRY PARTNERSHIP namely by: increasing access to maternal FRAMEWORK and child health services, expanding early childcare, and improving child nutrition and development services. Over the longer term, The Country Partnership Framework (CPF) the CPF’s life-cycle approach will support aims to make the WBG’s country-driven children from an early age to adulthood with model more systematic, evidence-based, investments in early childhood education, selective, and focused on the World Bank’s health care, nutrition, and high-quality twin goals of ending extreme poverty education and life-long learning to help them and increasing shared prosperity in a acquire knowledge, skills and jobs. sustainable manner. LEARN MORE PHILIPPINES NIGERIA Duration: 2019-2023 Duration: 2021-2025 Objective: To reduce core Objective: Support Nigeria’s constraints to inclusive efforts to reduce poverty and promote growth and poverty sustained private sector-led growth. reduction in relation to people, competition, and In order to protect human capital advances key vulnerabilities. made before the pandemic, the CPF includes “Investing in Human Capital” among its Investing in Filipinos to improve human four main pillars. It also contains a larger capital development is one of three areas of emphasis on programs and engagements engagement proposed by the CPF. Within the that are national in scope and on upstream human capital focus area, the CPF proposes engagements that offer greater potential three objectives: (i) improving the quality to be leveraged and magnified. Within the of and access to education; (ii) increasing human capital pillar, the CPF proposes access to affordable health services through two engagements: Improving delivery of health financing and support to the Universal basic services for human development— Health Care Law of 2019; and (iii) helping the centered around education, health, and government achieve their goal of building a social assistance—and harnessing Nigeria’s social protection system that encompasses demographic dividend—centered around social insurance, social safety nets, labor youth employment and skills, as well as market interventions, and social assistance. woman-specific economic empowerment. LEARN MORE LEARN MORE 42 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT RWANDA CENTRAL AFRICAN Duration: 2021-2026 REPUBLIC Objective: Help Rwanda Duration: 2021-2025 increase productivity growth Objective: Support the and growth elasticity of poverty through a Central African Republic in continuing its sustainable development pathway. journey towards stabilization and recovery. “Improved Human Capital” is among the The CPF proposes large investments in human five objectives proposed by the CPF and is capital and service delivery to attract private aimed at developing Rwandans into a capable sector activity. As one of the two focus areas, and skilled people with quality standards of “Human Capital and Connectivity to Boost living and a stable and secure society. This Stabilization, Inclusion and Resilience” aims at will be achieved through improvements in mitigating the negative effects on human capital the three areas of: education and skills, health due to the pandemic through investments in and nutrition, and social protection—with a COVID-19 response programs as well as cash- particular emphasis on the empowerment of transfers. In the long run, the CPF proposes women and further support provided from placing a larger emphasis on building a the World Bank’s Human Capital for Inclusive national Safety Net System to protect poor and Growth DPO series, which includes cross- vulnerable households as well as improving sectoral early childhood development and access to quality education, with a particular social protection programs. emphasis on woman and girls. LEARN MORE LEARN MORE SIERRA LEONE MALAWI Duration: 2021-2026 Duration: 2021-2025 Objective: Support Objective: Develop foundations Sierra Leone in achieving for improved private sector- resilient, sustainable, and inclusive led growth and human capital growth with an emphasis on improving development in order to achieve human capital, governance, and poverty reduction and shared competitiveness. prosperity. In relation to the human capital focus area, the In relation to the Human Capital focus CPF proposes supporting distance learning area, the CPF includes a short-term goal of and technology-based solutions as well as supporting the health system response to COVID-19 prevention and containment the pandemic through vaccine financing and strategies in the short run. In the long run, the cash transfers. In the long-term, the CPF CPF will help improve learning outcomes in proposes upgrading Malawi’s health systems primary and secondary education—especially with a focus on women’s empowerment, among girls; improve teacher-monitoring raising adjusted years of learning, particularly systems through innovative solutions; in primary school, as well as fostering support adolescent pregnancy prevention entrepreneurship skills, and supporting the through empowerment driven models; creation of a more inclusive and dynamic and help expand the Safety Net Program safety net system, better positioned to to all districts in addition to improving its promote resilience and support women’s operating efficiency and accountability. economic empowerment. LEARN MORE LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 43 Multisectoral Contributions to Human Capital Development institutional bottlenecks that have obstructed progress. Recently, this instrument has also been widely used to address the impact of COVID-19, including to protect human capital in the households most affected by containment measures or loss of employment. A FEW RECENT EXAMPLES Central African Republic Second Consolidation and Social Inclusion Development Program (P168474). This $50 million DPF is second in a series DEVELOPMENT that supports both the consolidation of fiscal management and social inclusion. POLICY FINANCING Inclusive economic recovery is supported FOR HUMAN CAPITAL through measures to improve access to social protection, health and education DEVELOPMENT through the launch of a digitally enabled AND WOMEN’S cash transfer program; to implement free health care for children under five, EMPOWERMENT pregnant and breastfeeding women, and survivors of gender-based violence; and to recruit and deploy primary school Development Policy Financing (DPF) from teachers at the local level. the World Bank provides countries with LEARN MORE fast-disbursing financing to address actual or anticipated financing requirements. The use of this instrument in a country is Second Accelerating India’s COVID-19 determined in the context of the Country Social Protection Response (P174027). Partnership Framework. DPFs have strong This DPF is consistent with the India potential to address the closely linked CPF’s focus on building modern systems objectives of human capital development of social protection. It is the second and women’s empowerment, and to of a series of two operations aiming help tackle long-standing policy and to strengthen the capability of state 44 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT and national governments in India to Tonga Supporting Recovery After Dual provide coordinated and adequate social Shocks (P174683). This DPF aims to protection to the poor and vulnerable (1) assist firms to maintain business from the shocks triggered by the continuity, protect livelihoods and COVID-19 pandemic. support vulnerable households to maintain their investment in human LEARN MORE capital; and (2) lay the foundations for a sustainable economic recovery. Pillar Crisis Response and Recovery in 1 supports actions that deliver targeted Guatemala (P173698). One of the crisis-responsive social protection three pillars of this series supports the payments, temporary fee relief for government’s efforts to mitigate the secondary school students, a wage subsidy impact of COVID-19 on the poor and program and financial assistance to both vulnerable, as well as to protect and formal and informal firms. These actions promote human capital accumulation. also support crucial advances in Tonga’s Prior actions under this pillar include adaptive social security system. a range of complementary measures LEARN MORE to protect human capital during the COVID-19 pandemic, while triggers for future support are tied to structural Uzbekistan Supporting a Transparent reforms for stronger human capital and Inclusive Market Transition accumulation. (P171751). Under the second pillar, this DPF supports measures to end LEARN MORE almost all internal migration controls, establish legal frameworks to address Morocco Second Financial and Digital gender-based violence and ensure equal Inclusion Development Policy Financing opportunities for women, and expand (P174004). This DPF series supports social assistance to vulnerable households policy measures for developing a digital while strengthening the effectiveness of ID, the use of cashless transfers, and the the safety net system. expansion of social protection programs LEARN MORE promoted by the authorities in parallel with the COVID-19 recovery plan. The creation of the COVID-19 Pandemic Fund, supported by the first operation in this series, has allowed it to pay social allowances and unemployment benefits to about 5.2 million households, including 950,000 formal workers and 4.3 million households who rely on the informal sector. LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 45 MULTISECTORAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT RWANDA HUMAN CAPITAL FOR women’s empowerment, and equity are INCLUSIVE GROWTH DPF SERIES emphasized as central cross-cutting themes. The theory of change shown below connects Designed as a multisectoral series of three the reforms and results to be achieved. Early operations, with a total IDA allocation of $400 progress has been encouraging across health, million, the first Rwanda Human Capital for nutrition, education, social protection, and Inclusive Growth DPF ($150 million) was governance measures despite COVID-19 approved in December 2020, with noteworthy pandemic challenges. The second operation collaboration across several government ($150 million) is currently under preparation ministries and agencies to deliver results and scheduled for approval in FY22. across the human lifecycle. Good governance, LEARN MORE Supporting Economic Stability and Inclusive Growth in Rwanda Children get a good head start and are better Students learn better prepared to learn and move to higher grades smoothly • Families benefit from a minimum package of • Students benefit from Improving Early Childhood improved standards Development (IECD) services. for timely grade entry, • More healthy children access promotion, and remedial pre-primary education and support. are equipped for success. • Better managed and qualified teachers effectively improve learning environment. Women are empowered to work, utilize their human capital • Poorest women access Young people reach flexible, year-long work in home based ECD centers. their full adult potential, • Poorest women receive better able to contribute nutrition-sensitive cash to broad growth transfers while utilizing • Improved learning prepares maternal, natal, and early Families are more resilient and can better cope with shocks young people to transition to childhood care. higher education and work. • Frontline health facilities • Easy and improved access to financially sustainable Community-based Health Insurance (CBHI). • Youth dividend is leveraged equipped with skilled to spur growth. professionals. • Resilience of more poor and vulnerable families strengthened as they benefit from shock responsive and human capital focused safety nets. Social Registry improves efficiency Debt sustainability helps maintain state Enabling governance and institutional and coverage of pro-poor targeting capacity to deliver public services for structures at the decentralized level for of social programs inclusive, broad based growth efficient delivery of social services Pillar A Pillar B Pillar C Pillar D Promoting long-term Enhancing Coverage and Equity in Enabling Learning and Strengthening Decentralized fiscal sustainability Access to Critical Social Sector Programs Development of Children Capacity and Accountability SOCIAL PROTECTION EDUCATION HNP Bottlenecks • Inaccurate targeting of beneficiaries • Low coverage of safety nets • Low student progression and learning • Inadequate insurance coverage • Insufficient number of health • Insufficient mechanisms for school workers readiness • Inadequate teacher management and development 46 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT ALBANIA GENDER EQUALITY in the workplace. In 2020, only one IN ACCESS TO ECONOMIC economic operator was found to be in violation of the labor code without taking OPPORTUNITIES corrective action, following inspection. Despite efforts to bridge the gender gap, • While job placements slowed down Albania has been losing an estimated 20 for both women and men through the percent of its per capita GDP because too National Employment Service as a result few women work and those who do work of the pandemic, the share of women for lower wages. Fostering gender equality being placed went up to 59 percent, in access to economic opportunities has from 49 percent in 2019. been a key objective of the government’s social and economic agenda. • Reductions in teacher-student ratio at the preschool level have been recorded The $10 million Albania Gender Equality in municipalities with the highest ratios. in Access to Economic Opportunities DPF The government also reported positive (P160594) culminated in the rapid adoption results after the change of the financing of a series of reforms to make its economic, formula, despite the complex situation social and institutional framework more in the current school year. gender-equal, in compliance with regional standards. The three pillars of this DPF “It is important that any social policy focused on (i) improving women’s access to and employment policy go hand-in- assets; (ii) leveling the playing field to enhance hand. The likelihood that a woman labor market opportunities for women; and enters the labor market and stays in (iii) strengthening institutional arrangements the labor market is very much linked for gender-informed policy making. to how much there is in terms of More than a year after the DPF was approved childcare services.” (in November 2019), there have been good Dajna Sorensen, Albania’s Deputy Minister results in implementation of this set of of Finance and Economy policy actions, despite the challenges posed • Over half of all budget programs are now by COVID-19. gender-responsive, up from 33 percent • The new Notary Law requires notaries in 2019, with a growing share of budget to verify and automatically register co- expenditure. ownership of property when owners are • The new Albanian Financial Management married, which would increase options for women to access financing for economic Information System has enabled a more activities and for starting businesses. systematic tracking of gender-related key performance indicators (KPIs) by • Strong progress has been seen in terms budget program and shows that the of 100 percent compliance of bidders percentage of KPIs that directly address in public procurement tenders who are documented gender gaps has increased. required to submit a self-declaration form with regard to nondiscrimination LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 47 MULTISECTORAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT A WIDE RANGE to attend school, reducing the prevalence of disease that can keep them out of school, OF SUPPORT and contributing to a safe and healthy learning environment while at school. TO COUNTRIES LEARN MORE The Afghanistan Emergency Agriculture and Food Supply Project (EATS) was designed to counter the negative impacts of the pandemic on food security and reduced incomes while also building capacities, systems, and productive assets to contribute to recovery and resilience phases. EATS aims to improve the productivity of key crops and create jobs through various measures including irrigation schemes, climate-smart practices for irrigated and dryland farming systems, emergency seed distribution and improved kitchen garden schemes for female farmers to ensure nutritious food at the household level. The outbreak of COVID-19 in early 2020 hampered the recovery from the 2017/18 drought at both household and national levels. To address this, EATS launched Nigeria’s Water, Sanitation and Hygiene a nationwide wheat seed distribution (WASH) sector was declared to be in a campaign for planting in November 2020 state of emergency by the government with over 215,000 beneficiaries receiving in 2018 with millions of Nigerians living the improved seed packages. The project’s without access to basic drinking water, investments in productive assets is expected improved sanitation facilities, and basic to generate over 5 million person-days of handwashing facilities. To combat this unskilled labor demand during the project’s emergency, the government implemented implementation period. several initiatives under the National Action LEARN MORE Plan for the Revitalization of Nigeria’s Water Supply, Sanitation, and Hygiene Sector including the Nigeria Sustainable In Sri Lanka, the COVID-19 Emergency Urban And Rural Water Supply, Sanitation Response and Health Systems Preparedness and Hygiene (SURWASH) Program. The Project supported the government’s efforts to SURWASH Program, approved in 2020, is control the pandemic by providing contact projected to provide 6 million Nigerians tracing managing and follow up. Project with basic drinking water services, support financing has largely been used for the 1.4 million in accessing improved sanitation (i) procurement of PCR test kits, laboratory services, develop improved WASH services and biomedical equipment, (ii) provision in 2,000 schools and health care facilities, of essential work, goods, and services at and assist 500 communities in achieving 60-70 COVID-19 treatment centers around Open Defecation Free status. WASH can the country, (iii) establishment of isolation impact years of schooling by freeing up units in secondary and tertiary care hospitals time that children spend collecting water around the country, (iv) increasing the 48 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT intensive care units (ICU)/high dependency rural and disadvantaged communities, units (HDU) bed capacity in the country, including Roma children, reducing multi- and (v) provision of mobility support to shift schooling, and ensuring that schools public health cadres for outreach and are safe from disasters, fires, poor air quality contact tracing through the procurement and have increased energy efficiency, digital of 26 cabs and 805 motorbikes to be used services and water savings. by the Ministry of Health/Public Health LEARN MORE Inspectors. It is also working to strengthen the country’s health system to better manage health emergencies in the future. When COVID-19 hit Haiti in March 2020, The project also disbursed social cash the Haiti Sustainable Rural and Small transfers to almost 700,000 vulnerable Towns WSS Project (EPARD) launched people including the elderly, disabled and a large-scale multimedia multilingual those who are economically vulnerable. public awareness campaign to promote The project also supported the COVID-19 good handwashing behavior, hygiene, vaccination drive through financing vaccine physical distancing, and the use of face procurement and deployment. masks. To reach more remote areas, the team deployed motorbikes equipped LEARN MORE with speakers from which they broadcast recommended preventive measures. To encourage parents to continue to send Local community leaders spearheaded the their children to preschools, Sri Lanka’s dissemination of posters and videos. Over Early Childhood Development Project has 430 training sessions were conducted on provided every Childhood Development how to install handwashing stations. The Center on the plantations and 3,000 more campaign involved the participation of preschools island-wide with personal the education, health, energy, and water protective equipment such as masks, sectors among others. A joint program is sanitizers, handheld thermal sensing also underway with World Bank Health, thermometers, and hand washing basins Water, and Energy sectors to equip some for the health and safety of children and COVID-19 health centers with solar energy teachers. It is also expanding tuition fee and solar water pumping. waiver support as the number of families LEARN MORE needing financial assistance in the wake of the pandemic has increased, and providing teaching materials to more ECD centers to reach a larger population of children in need. The ECD project will extend this support to a further 7,000 preschools in all districts. LEARN MORE The Romania Safer, Inclusive and Sustainable Schools Project (P175308) will support the government in its goal to transform poor quality and out-of-date education infrastructure into schools of the future. Project aims include improving sanitary conditions, with a focus on menstrual health management for girls, expanding access to education for students from poor PROTECT AND INVEST in people 49 MULTISECTORAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT T h e Pe r u E d u c a t i o n Re s p o n s e s t o the COVID Emergency in Peru (ASA) supported the government in developing a WASH emergency program in Lima to ensure adequate WASH services for the reopening of schools. This was included as part of the overall technical assistance package that the Bank provided to support the Peruvian response to the COVID emergency. LEARN MORE GREEN, RESILIENT, AND INCLUSIVE DEVELOPMENT Integrated, longer-horizon green, • The immediate priority for resilient, and inclusive development countries fighting COVID-19 (GRID) strategies are needed re m a i n s c o n t a i n m e n t a n d to repair the structural damage vaccine deployment. caused by COVID-19 and accelerate • Investing in inclusive and climate change mitigation and resilient services for health, adaption efforts while restoring housing, education, water supply momentum on poverty reduction and sanitation builds stronger and shared prosperity. A faster, and resilient communities. more durable recovery will require coordinated interventions across • Education policies are needed three areas: (1) Investing in all forms to address the learning crisis of capital, (2) macroeconomic and and meet future skill needs, structural policies, institutional particularly for youth and strengthening and technological women. innovation to enable the transition, • Women are at the center of the and (3) mobilizing capital at scale, GRID agenda as powerful agents especially from the private sector. of change. The need for a strong recovery further emphasizes Within this framework, rebuilding the importance of economic human capital requires integrated empowerment of women. reforms and policies and sustained • Strengthening social protection financing. Measures are needed is an essential part of develop- to reverse the setback in human ment, as it builds resilience and capital development, while inclusion. addressing structural disparities. LEARN MORE 50 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT The three-year Adolescent Nutrition The One Health approaches address Sensitive Agriculture (ANSA) Pilot Project the nexus between human, animal, and in Malawi’s Mwanza and Ntchisi districts ecosystem health for prevention of zoonotic mobilizes girls, ages 10-19, and supports diseases and pandemic preparedness. One them with trainings, leadership and start- Health solutions require a multisectoral up inputs for nutritious crops and small- approach encompassing Health, Nutrition scale livestock. Mainstreaming the project and Population, Agriculture and Food, within government structures has been and WASH. Several countries have already key to its success. It is strongly anchored coopted One Health measures. To prevent by the country’s Ministry of Agriculture, zoonotic disease (including COVID-19) Department of Nutrition, HIV and AIDS from taking hold and spreading, the (DNHA) and District Councils. Adolescent Nigeria COVID-19 Action Recovery and nutrition strategies are now integrated with Economic Stimulus Program (CARES) district implementation plans, providing project supports connection of water hope for entrenched sustainability. For supply to wet markets, fumigation and instance, the project interventions on water treatment services, upgrading of sexual and reproductive health, livelihoods, slaughter slabs and improving waste literacy skills, recreation have been blended management to improve safe functioning to respond to the needs of girls in both of food supply chains. The upgrading of districts. Healthy diets and economic wet markets is part of a multipronged empowerment will lead to improved response to COVID-19 that also brings futures for the girls and their families. together access to cash transfers and livelihood support for immediate relief LEARN MORE and recovery of micro, small and medium enterprises to relaunch the private sector. In Pakistan, the KP Spending Effectively for LEARN MORE Enhanced Development (SPEED) program will help the provincial government in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa strengthen its In Bangladesh, the Private Sector management of public resources and Development Support Project (PSDSP) fiscal planning to sustain human capital facilitated more than $3.9 billion in direct investments in education and health care private investment and the creation of over services. By implementing critical reforms 41,000 jobs (24 percent of which are held by and tackling key bottlenecks in planning, women). It supported a regulatory reform budgeting, procurement, and supply chain process, helped build the Bangladesh management, the provincial program will E c o n o m i c Z o n e Au t h o r i t y a n d t h e improve predictability of resources to provide access to medicine in primary healthcare facilities, including maternal and neonatal clinics for women across the province, and increase availability of adequate teaching staff in at least 45 percent of primary, middle, and high schools in the province, and particularly for girls’ schools. LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 51 MULTISECTORAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT Bangladesh High-Tech Park Authority, project beneficiaries—also known as and developed 1,500 acres of land, a 14 km climate co-benefits—is expected to exceed embankment, 26km of roads, eight bridges, 89 percent, amounting to $111.28 million. three electric substations, and two water This decarbonization project puts Serbia reservoirs. PSDSP will now be furthered by on track to join EU countries in a move the $500 million Private Investment and toward cleaner transport. Digital Entrepreneurship (PRIDE) project LEARN MORE which emphasizes sustainable and resilient services, and green development. The Solar Energy in Local Communities LEARN MORE (SOLEIL) project will almost double the rate of electricity access in Burundi by Connecting people to broadband can expanding access to rural families, local make a difference when it comes to enterprises, schools and health centers in disaster response, education, health, and some of the poorest areas of the country. social safety nets. Partnering with the More than 91,000 families, 4,000 small Government of Haiti, the World Bank has businesses, 500 schools and 400 health launched the Haiti Digital Acceleration centers will gain access to electricity Project to increase access to broadband through mini-grids or standalone solar services in Haiti, connect 2.7 million sys t e m s . A n o t h e r 4 0 0 s c h o o l s a n d more people to the internet, and make 300,000 households will gain access digital infrastructure resilient to avoid to clean and efficient cookstoves. This outages during disasters. The project will will improve the quality of health and also connect nearly 1,300 public sector education services delivered in rural institutions, opening the door to increased areas and will provide about 17 megawatt accountability, transparency and more hours of renewable generation capacity. efficient service delivery. In addition, the project will provide training on women’s employment and LEARN MORE female entrepreneurship and strengthen regulations and policies to attract private S e r b i a i s i n t e n s i f y i n g i t s fo c u s o n sector participation in the provision of off- infrastructure development by increasing grid energy services. the safety, efficiency, environmental LEARN MORE sustainability, and regional connectivity of its railway through an upgrade of 3,735 kilometers of this network. Through Working across sectors, the World Bank’s the Multi-Phase Programmatic Approach Africa Transport Unit developed a study, for Serbia Railway Sector Modernization ‘Connectivity for Human Capital: Realizing Project, the World Bank is supporting the the Right to Education and Healthcare Republic of Serbia in its effort to transform through Improved Public Transport in its rail sector while simultaneously lowering African Cities’. Focusing on 10 large cities the carbon footprint of this sector. This across Sub-Saharan Africa and applying transformation includes building systems not only spatial modeling tools but also for strong rail asset management and policy and survey analysis and insights maintenance and building in intelligent from interviews with human rights and s ys t e m s l i ke d i g i t a l t e c h n o l o g y t o development practitioners working in the improve safety and increase efficiency. region, the study provides new evidence on According to preliminary assessments, the degree to which health and education the portion of the project that will lead opportunities can be physically reached to mitigation or adaptation benefits for using the existing fixed route public 52 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT In Jordan, the World Bank’s Inclusive, Transparent and Climate Responsive Investments Program-for-Results (PforR) aims to catalyze public and private investment in Jordan for a green and inclusive recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic. The program supports the implementation of critical reforms that have been initiated under the Reform Matrix to strengthen public and private investment and helps Jordan capitalize on emerging opportunities for post-pandemic recovery including on green growth, tourism development, and female labor force participation. By strengthening transparency transport systems. In doing so, it also and accessibility of data, the program also identifies who is being left behind—both will help Jordan enhance its accountability across the urban space as well as across mechanisms to deliver effective new policies different dimensions of marginalization and investments, and better results. such as poverty, disability, gender, or their LEARN MORE intersection. The hope is that this knowledge can be used to develop well-targeted urban mobility investments and policies that The World Bank has extended support ensure greater access to education and to the Yemen Integrated Urban Services health care and inform broader policy Emergency Project (YIUSEP) to aid the dialogue with country governments on the restoration of access to critical urban services role of physical connectivity as a key barrier and strengthen the resilience of selected for human capital accumulation. cities in Yemen to external shocks. Yemen’s cities have been very badly affected by LEARN MORE six years of conflict, with the destruction of urban infrastructure widespread. Its In Turkey, the Rail Logistics Improvement impact on critical facilities has been Project (RLIP) is helping the Ministry of devastating: the country is struggling Transport and Infrastructure (MoTI) meet to deal with the COVID-19 pandemic Turkey’s stated goal of tripling the share of because many of its hospitals and clinics railways in freight transport. The project have been damaged by the conflict and will invest in last-mile infrastructure to those remaining open face frequent power connect maritime ports and industrial zones shortages. Already, through YIUSEP, to the national railway network. This will 234 kilometers of urban roads in eight facilitate truck-to-rail modal shift, thereby cities have been rehabilitated, and access to reducing logistics costs and greenhouse gas critical services has been restored for more emissions in a country where 75 percent than three million beneficiaries. By working of all freight is moved by trucks and a fifth across sectors, the additional funding to the of energy-related emissions come from project aims to provide 600,000 Yemenis transport. Further, RLIP will address gender with access to rehabilitated water and stereotypes and gender role perceptions as sanitation, rehabilitate 60 kilometers of a barrier to the employment of women in urban roads, and restore 39,000 megawatt the logistics industry. hours of electricity capacity. LEARN MORE LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 53 MULTISECTORAL CONTRIBUTIONS TO HUMAN CAPITAL DEVELOPMENT EMERGENCY RESPONSE FOR JOBS Through June 2021, IFC provided $47 billion in support to existing clients in vulnerable industries, including infrastructure, manufacturing, agriculture, and services, and provide liquidity to financial institutions so they can provide trade financing to companies that import and export goods and extend credit to help businesses shore up their working capital. GLOBAL HEALTH PLATFORM IFC has contributed $800 million to health care since the pandemic began and has a pipeline of $1.3 billion (as of June 2021) through the Global Health Platform, which aims to increase access to critical health care supplies, including masks, ventilators, test kits, and, eventually, vaccines. It will provide financing to manufacturers, suppliers of critical raw materials, and service providers to IFC AND expand capacity for delivering products and services to developing countries. HUMAN CAPITAL Alongside its investments, IFC will provide advisory services to manufactures The International Finance Corporation to support local manufacturing of specific (IFC), a member of the World Bank health care products, and improve Group, advances economic development resource efficiency in the pharmaceutical and improves the lives of people by and medical equipment sectors. It will encouraging the growth of the private also provide advisory services to health sector in developing countries. care facilities to strengthen their ability to provide safe and high-quality clinical As the global economy deals with the services. COVID-19 pandemic and its fallout, the private sector has an important role to LEARN MORE: IFC and COVID-19 Supplies play in helping countries recover and Global Healthcare build back better for a green, resilient, and inclusive future. Over the past year, SUPPORT FOR HEALTH IFC has invested in several projects to Through Upstream Umbrella, IFC is help countries protect and invest in developing projects in Africa to boost people while laying the groundwork for local vaccine production for long-term future resilience. resilience. Further, through the Africa 54 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT Medical Equipment Facility, IFC is build performance-based long-term partnering with financial institutions partnerships with the private sector to in Africa and medical equipment improve access to education, health care, manufacturers worldwide to help small and sanitation. and medium-sized health care providers LEARN MORE: A Guide to Contracting for in East and West Africa secure local- Health Services During the Covid-19 Pandemic currency loans to purchase or lease IFC PPPs in Health needed medical equipment. LEARN MORE COUNTRY PRIVATE SECTOR DIAGNOSTIC ADVISING GOVERNMENTS ON The Country Private Sector Diagnostic PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS (CPSD) assesses opportunities for and (PPPs) AND CONTRACTING constraints to private-sector-led growth. IFC advises governments on how to In 2020-2021, IFC has carried out CPSDs effectively contract out health care service in Kyrgyz Republic, Pakistan, Ukraine, to the private sector. Through its PPP Guinea, Nigeria, Côte d’Ivoire, Senegal, Transaction Advisory, IFC also supports and Myanmar to assess the state of the governments in implementing PPPs and private sector in each country, identify attracting private investment and expertise near-term opportunities for private sector in developing countries in a range of engagement, and recommend reforms sectors relevant to the human capital and policy actions to mobilize private agenda. IFC’s advice in PPPs is helping investment and drive solutions to key national and municipal governments development challenges. The IFC worked with the World including increased accessibility Bank to develop The IFC worked with Reimagining thethe World Bank improvedquality to health care, improved qual ity Service Delivery to develop session for the the ‘Reimagining HCP Service patient safety, and patient and safety,and andincreased increased Global Forum Delivery’ session(March 1-2, Global for the HCP 2021). efficiency. efficiency. The session Forum (March provided 1-2, 2021).both public The session There is • There increasingopportunity is increasing opportunity provided and private both public sector and private perspectives the public for the andprivate public and privatesector sector sector perspectives on contracting for health on contracting services. to work together. work together. s Ahealth Afor My b u r gAs n d r e w services. h , Andrew Senior Resource challenges • Resource challenges in inmany many Myburgh, Senior Economist, Economist, IFC, explained, IFC, some countries can countries can be overcomeifif be overcome explained, some of the challenges of the challenges faced by health public and public privatesilos and private silosintegrate integrate faced by systems health could systems could be overcome throughbe to plan, measure, identifygaps to plan, measure, identify gaps overcome through contracting. contracting. With panelists drawn and jointly strategize to fill these and jointly strategize to fill these With from panelists both drawn public and from private both sectors, gaps. gaps. a public few keyand private sectors, takeaways emerged a few key from takeaways emerged from the session: • • Working togetherrequires Work together requires active active the session: dialogue, building of trustand dialogue, building of trust and There are many benefits to • • The many benefits of working to a willingness to try something a willingness to try something working with the public sector different. working with the public sector different. including increased accessibility LEARN MORE PROTECT AND INVEST in people 55 HCP Network: Country & Global Engagement CONNECTING COUNTRIES: THE HCP KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE CONNECTING COUNTRIES: THE HCP KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE About the Knowledge Exchange Series: This series of 90-minute multilingual webinars are targeted learning events designed by the Human Capital Project for the Human Capital Focal Points Network in the 82 HCP countries. Their purpose is to bring focal points together, create community, and share key technical learning to support policy improvements within the human capital agenda. LEARN MORE 56 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT JUNE 2021 REMOTE LEARNING STRATEGY TRANSFORMS EDUCATION IN URUGUAY “There was a permanent back and forth between the educational community and the families. There was cross cutting technological support. We worked with information systems and the Plan Ceibal—a technological plan for education.” Uruguay adopted a whole-of-government DR. ROBERT SILVA GARCÍA, President of approach to education during the COVID-19 the Central Directive Council of the National pandemic. Dr. Silva discussed how this worked Administration for Public Education (Consejo and also explained how the schools and Plan Directivo Central-CODICEN; Administración Ceibal organized remote and blended learning Nacional de Educación Pública-ANEP), Uruguay strategies to transform the sector in Uruguay. Recording Link: ENGLISH | FRENCH | SPANISH MAY 2021 CATCH-UP LEARNING FOR OUT-OF-SCHOOL STUDENTS IN POLAND “We should think about incentives for students not to drop out, for example: scholarships or conditional money transfers.” IGNACY ŚWIĘCICKI, Head, Digital Economy Team, Polish Economic Institute (PEI) Piotr Arak and Ignacy Święcicki discussed ‘catch-up’ learning for students who have been “We need to have a process for out of school, how to address inequality in equalizing opportunities for the education, the need to ensure revise curricula kids that were affected by increasing to offer more practical and digital skills in inequalities caused by the closure of response to labor market needs, COVID- related unemployment effects on youth, schools due to the pandemic.” and how the PEI works across sectors and PIOTR ARAK, Director, Polish Economic ministries to work on complex policy issues. Institute (PEI) & HCP Focal Point, Poland Recording Link: ENGLISH | FRENCH | SPANISH PROTECT AND INVEST in people 57 HCP NETWORK: COUNTRY & GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT JANUARY 2021 HOW DJIBOUTI SUPPORTED THE INFORMAL SECTOR IN ITS COVID-19 RESPONSE “The two main pillars of this strategy is one, to have social protection coverage that works for all and two, to move from assistance to social inclusion.” MS. IFRAH ALI AHMED, Secretary General of the Ministry of Social Affairs and Solidarity Secretary General Ahmed shared aspects of other vulnerable groups. Participants learned Djibouti’s COVID-19 response to protect and about the tools, prioritization methods, and support informal sector workers, refugees, and technology used in the government’s actions. Recording Link: ENGLISH | FRENCH NOVEMBER 2020 HOW SINGAPORE DEVELOPS AN ADAPTABLE WORKFORCE “The only way to compete is by developing a skilled workforce ready to make the most of new economic opportunities.” BRUCE POH, CEO, ITE Education Services (ITEES), Singapore Skills training and professional development has traced the arc of Singapore’s development. Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) is the driving force for the “The SkillsFuture movement’s economic growth of Singapore through mission is to enable individuals to continuous up-skilling of its workforce. This learn for life, pursue skills mastery, session explored the evolution of TVET in Singapore, the SkillsFuture movement which and develop fulfilling careers for a was designed to nurture an adaptable and future-ready Singapore.” nimble workforce, and how Singapore ensured DR. MICHAEL FUNG, Deputy Chief Executive the continuation of vocational training amidst (Industry), Chief Human Resource Officer, and the COVID-19 pandemic. Chief Data Officer, SkillsFuture, Singapore Recording Link: ENGLISH | FRENCH 58 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT OCTOBER 2020 HEALTH AND EDUCATION MEASURES TO COMBAT COVID-19 IN UZBEKISTAN “The most effective way to combat COVID-19 is to join efforts with the world.” BOTIRJON KURBANOV, First Deputy Director of the Agency for Sanitary and Epidemiological Well- being, Ministry of Health, Republic of Uzbekistan In October 2020, the Uzbekistan government started with tough emergency measures against COVID-19 and took steps to leverage the knowl- “By 2020-2022, all health care edge of the international medical community, institutions, schools and kindergartens, improving local knowhow and the health infra- structure. On the education front, students from villages and mahalas in Uzbekistan will primary to tertiary levels are being reached pri- be connected to high-speed internet…” marily through video and TV as the main school AYUBKHON RADJIEV, Rector, Institute of modality. The government plans to connect Uz- Retraining and Advanced Training of Managers bekistan’s health institutions, schools, villages and Specialists of the Public Education System and mahalas to high-speed internet by 2022. Named after A. Avloni Recording Link: ENGLISH | FRENCH | RUSSIAN JULY 2020 PROTECTING EDUCATION AND JOBS IN THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC “A temporary national hotline was set up and could be dialed by any person needing food assistance…” DJAMILYA ISMAILOVA, Head, State Benefits Unit, Ministry of Labor and Social Development, Kyrgyz Republic When the Kyrgyz government implemented emergency shutdown measures to deal with “We established a digital pedagogy COVID-19, unemployment spiked, food prices competition to support our families and rose, and migrants were forced to return from children, we had a reading online festival… overseas. The Kyrgyz government had to and parents realized…how important it is increase social support to affected populations, to value and support our educators.” especially the most vulnerable, and move quickly to ensure equitable access to education NADIRA DJUSUPBEKOVA, Deputy Minister of and to develop a distance-learning approach. Education and Science, Kyrgyz Republic Recording Link: ENGLISH | RUSSIAN PROTECT AND INVEST in people 59 HCP NETWORK: COUNTRY & GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT BILATERAL KNOWLEDGE SHARING TWO HCP COUNTRIES the webinar presented: (i) the findings SHARE MULTISECTORAL from Rwanda Nutrition Expenditure EXPERIENCES WITH and Institutional Review 2020 that NUTRITION provides actionable recommendations on nutrition finance reforms to improve the Leveraging the experiences of both oversight of nutrition programs across Indonesia and Rwanda, this webinar held sectors; (ii) experiences from Indonesia in November 2020 offered an opportunity on implementing and institutionalizing for speakers, including ministers of multisectoral nutrition budget tagging, finance and health, to share progress tracking and evaluation to strengthen and learning to date on strengthening the accountability for results. The lessons the institutional nutrition finance and learned could be useful for strengthening public financial management within a the accountability for results for other multisectoral environment. Specifically, multisectoral programs. 60 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT benefit from knowledge and experience sharing, policy advice, analytical products providing data and evidence for policy making, funds to pilot innovative HUMAN CAPITAL approaches, opportunities for learning, and public outreach and communications. UMBRELLA TRUST FUND Following the $7.1 million anchor The activities financed by the Trust Fund contribution by the Bill and Melinda will assist the beneficiaries in forming new Gates Foundation in 2019, the Advancing coalitions for change, in designing and Human Capital Outcomes Globally implementing policy and institutional Mu l t i -D o n o r Tr u s t F u n d ( Hu m a n reforms, in adjusting public and private Capital Umbrella) was established in investments and expenditure, and in 2021 to promote knowledge, evidence, promoting innovation. The Umbrella policies and practices to protect and Trust Fund will also serve as a platform support progress in human capital for high-income countries and global outcomes globally through a “whole-of- organizations to share experience and government” approach. good practice relevant to human capital, and to pursue transformative change The Human Capital Umbrella is an agile in building, protecting, and deploying financing mechanism that is designed to human capital. support catalytic initiatives focused on accelerating human capital outcomes, Activities funded through the Human and it is aligned with the multisectoral Capital Umbrella Trust Fund will be development objectives of the Human guided by country and regional demand, Capital Project. but driven by frontier knowledge, within the operationalization framework of Through a combination of mostly Bank- the HCP. Country interventions will Executed Trust Funds for all IBRD be (i) fully aligned with SCDs and and IDA countries and a few strategic CPFs; (ii) targeted towards supporting Recipient-Executed Trust Funds for d eve lop m e n t p ri ori t i e s i d e n t if ied lower income and middle-income through regional and country human HCP countries, the Human Capital capital plans, where they exist; and (iii) Umbrella will help organize and manage designed to contribute to the World Bank development partner trust funds in Group’s twin goals, and the objectives support of one or more shared human of its human capital agenda. Wherever capital priorities. possible, low-income IDA countries and FCV economies experiencing or existing Through the three proposed pillars of conflict will be prioritized; further, the Umbrella Trust Fund—knowledge, priorities may also shift over the course evidence and measurement; country of the program based on discussions with engagement; and global engagement— the governing Partnership Council and these entities will both contribute to and the WBG’s regional management. PROTECT AND INVEST in people 61 HCP NETWORK: COUNTRY & GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT FIRST HCP GLOBAL FORUM & AFRICA HCP DAY March 1-3, 2021 The Human Capital Project (HCP) Global Forum was held in partnership with the World Bank’s Africa, South Asia, and East Asia and Pacific Regions and the IFC. The World Bank Managing Director, Mari Forum’s theme, ‘Investing in people and Pangestu, chaired the opening session building resilience for recovery’ is of and set the tone for a stimulating paramount importance to countries at a discussion on the impact of the global time when the COVID-19 pandemic has pandemic and responses from the public compromised the gains made in human and private sectors, with Tharman capital. Over 288 participants from the Shanmugaratnam, Senior Minister of 81 HCP countries—senior governmental Singapore & Coordinating Minister for officials, ministers, development partners, Social Policies, Zainab Ahmed, Minister and experts from the private sector and o f F i n a n c e , B u d g e t a n d Na t i o n a l civil society—came together to learn from Planning, Nigeria, Amitabh Kant, CEO, one another, drive an agenda for change, NITI Aayog, India, and Silvia Vargas share expertise and innovations in service Winstanley, Minister of Development delivery, and showcase successful cross- and Social Inclusion, Peru. A session led sectoral approaches in human capital by IFC on ‘Reimagining Service Delivery’ investments around the world. explored how the public, nonprofit, 62 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT AFRICA HUMAN CAPITAL PLAN DAY March 3, 2021 With a focus on ‘Why Investing in Women & Girls Matters Now More Than Ever’, several high-level speakers led participants through the challenges and solutions of building a response to the COVID-19 crisis centered on continued and sustained investments in women and girls who are the drivers of social and economic recovery. The event highlighted direct testimonies from voices with first- hand experience and expertise on why protecting and advancing women and girls’ social and economic empowerment in the immediate and long term matters now more than ever. LEARN MORE and private sectors can work together to realize and embrace innovation and improve services. Kenichi Shishido, Deputy Director General, JICA, delivered a video message about innovative service delivery for Human Capital using aging as an example. A Deep Dive session focused on Indonesia’s concerted efforts to address stunting through a cross-sectoral approach across all levels of government. The Forum wrapped up with reflections from HCP Focal Points in which several focal points shared how their countries had aided the development of human capital initiatives. PROTECT AND INVEST in people 63 HCP NETWORK: COUNTRY & GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT HEARING FROM HCP FOCAL POINTS “We have recognized that the most important export Lebanon has is its human capital, which has been the backbone of its economy… be it as a historical hub for education, health and financial services or be it, the remittances generated by its diaspora. However, a year and a half ago, Lebanon entered into a severe economic crisis which has subjected the economy to a depression. The The Ministry of Finance crisis has been compounded by works across governments the COVID-19 pandemic and the to facilitate the availability aftermath of the unfortunate port of of resources for all to human Beirut explosion in August 2020, in capital development and to fund addition to the repercussions of the c o m p l e m e n t a r y i n t e r ve n t i o n s Syrian crisis…therefore Lebanon has that will accelerate human capital not had much to show, despite the development… And the coordination early commitment to the human approach that we use to ensure that capital development. However, the we deliver on our results is based government has tried to address the on the human delivery approach crisis as much as possible, particularly that has a strong ownership through on the social, health and education the Human Capital Development sectors… we are doing our best to Secretariat…” address a very difficult situation.” DR. YAKAMA JONES NELLY HABIB Director for Research and Delivery, Head of Aid Coordination, Ministry of Finance, Sierra Leone Ministry of Finance, Lebanon 64 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT “What is our priority area of focus following the pandemic? Uruguay is one of the most egalitarian countries in the region. Uruguay “We started in two phases. We was the first country to provide free got a national strategy in the first laptops to public school students. phase and tried in the second The pandemic showed the great phase to transform subnational inequality of results based on the government, recognizing that the socioeconomic distribution— states of Nigeria are all so different. only 18 percent in one region and And one of the most important 81 percent in another. The main things I’ve learned is to reinforce challenge is equity. The educational the sense of urgency at all levels authority has developed an index to of government to implement the identify students at educational risk. human capital development (HCD) It was found these are concentrated interventions and to monitor the in the poorest households. For impact of the interventions. There higher risk students [the need is] are 16 interventions that report support with digital technology and performance against outcomes… support for learning in language and we are also setting a peer learning mathematics. Plan Seyval mechanism to help the states learn aims to achieve a more from one another and reach the equal society in the future. communities.” VICTORIA NOVAS YOSOLA AKINBI Macroeconomic and Financial Coordinator, Core Working Group of Advisory Office, Minister of Human Capital Development, Nigeria Economics and Finance, Uruguay PROTECT AND INVEST in people 65 HCP NETWORK: COUNTRY & GLOBAL ENGAGEMENT SPRING MEETINGS: Promoting Economic Opportunities HUMAN CAPITAL PROJECT While Ensuring Environmental and MINISTERIAL CONCLAVE: Fiscal Sustainability April 5, 2021 Good governance is required to translate fiscal policies into human capital outcomes Ministers of finance and planning, together while securing resources for human capital with high-level government officials and priorities is critical during fiscal adjustments. development partners from 81 countries, participated in the Human Capital Project Throughout the Conclave, countries M i n i s t e r i a l C o n c l ave t o d i s c u s s t h e highlighted critical reforms that helped with importance of investing in human capital for crisis preparedness as well as a determination a green, resilient and inclusive recovery from to utilize the crisis as an opportunity to the COVID-19 crisis. The approach paper, continue and accelerate ongoing reforms. Investing in Human Capital for a Resilient Recovery: The Role of Public Finance, framed the Conclave and stimulated rich discussions ANNUAL MEETINGS: around three important themes. THE HCP 3RD MINISTERIAL CONCLAVE Restoring Human Capital Inclusive investments in restoring health, October 8, 2020 early childhood development, learning, Ministers and development partners from and women economic empowerment can over 60 countries participated in the 3rd contribute to an inclusive, resilient, and Human Capital Project Ministerial Conclave sustainable recovery while cross-sectoral to share experiences, policy approaches and interventions are critical to improve human strategies to combat the all-encompassing capital outcomes across life cycles. effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. As speakers addressed the Conclave, it was clear Building Resilient Service Delivery Systems that governments had relied on three main Innovation, including accelerating the use of approaches to protect their populations technology, paves the way to build back better. against the fallout of the pandemic. 66 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT • Mobilizing finance to protect and invest in human capital in response to COVID-19: Several ministers and development partners referenced the importance of extraordinary spending, domestic resource mobilization, debt service suspension, and international support. • Prioritizing expenditures and generating efficiencies within a limited fiscal space: Ministers spoke about the dual challenge of falling revenues and rising demands for support in the face of the COVID-19 crisis. • Deploying innovative solutions to protect human capital outcomes and close equity OTHER EVENTS: gaps: Leveraging existing projects and using digital technologies helped BUILDING HUMAN CAPITAL: several countries enact innovative and SHAPING THE FUTURE OF lasting pandemic responses. DJIBOUTI’S YOUTH From the examples shared, it was evident Held on December 2 & 3, 2020, the virtual that country governments had shown Human Capital Summit focused on immense creativity, innovation, and identifying an integrated strategy to help resourcefulness in finding sustainable ways Djibouti invest in its population. The of financing human capital. country has placed human capital at the center of its development policies, to ensure economic growth, achieve sustainable poverty reduction and improve the lives of all its people. Participants discussed ways to manage the disruption to education caused by the COVID-19 crisis. With new technologies rapidly transforming the nature of work: Djibouti is exploring how to prepare its population adapt to the digital economy and unlock the potential of youth as a driver of growth. STRENGTHENING THE FOUNDATIONS FOR EDUCATION SUCCESS IN THAILAND “We made the financing of human On Dec 9th, 2020, Ronald Upenyu Mutasa, capital the focus of this conclave Human Development Practice Leader, because of the huge economic impact presented at a high-level event on “Human that the pandemic is having on the Capital Index: 2020 Results and Ways forward for Thailand”. The presentation examined resources of governments and on the Thailand’s human capital outcomes in resources of households.” comparison to other ASEAN countries and in the East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region, as AXEL VAN TROTSENBURG, well as highlighted the threats of COVID-19 Managing Director of Operations, World Bank pandemic on human capital gains. PROTECT AND INVEST in people 67 From Advocacy to Action 2016 2017 2018 • WBG hosts “Human • WBG hosts the • The HCI is launched, Capital Summit: second Human creating global Investing in the Early Capital Summit momentum Years for Growth and • The development of • The first Ministerial Productivity” the Human Capital Conclave is held in Index (HCI) is Bali, along with the announced third HC Summit • WBG establishes a dedicated global HCP team 68 PROTECT AND INVEST in people YEAR 3 PROGRESS REPORT 2019 2020 2021 • HCP country focal • HCI update with • Human Capital is points convene region-specific IDA-20 theme 2-pagers • The Knowledge • HCP Global Forum Exchange peer- • Virtual Ministerial with IFC, East African learning series gets Conclave Community & South Asia underway Region • HCP analytics develops • HCP regional plans and new tools—PEIR • HCP Africa Regional Day country case studies and Human Capital • HCP Umbrella Trust are developed Reviews Fund established • The Gates HC • Release of Protecting • ‘Financing Human multidonor trust fund People & Economies— Capital’ is the theme for HCP in 6 countries policy response to of the Spring Meetings is established COVID-19 Conclave • HC development • Human Development policy operations and Technology—theme (DPOs) gain traction of 2021 Annual Meetings PROTECT AND INVEST in people 69 HCP Quick Resources Guide Human Capital Project: www.worldbank.org/humancapital FAQs: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital/brief/ the-human-capital-project-frequently-asked-questions Human Capital Index 2020: https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/human-capital#Index Africa Human Capital Plan: www.worldbank.org/ahcp Human Capital Blogs: https://blogs.worldbank.org/tags/human-capital Human Capital News & Feature Stories: www.worldbank.org/humancapitalnews 360 Photos/Virtual Reality Experience: www.youvisit.com/tour/wbg-vc/141803 Video Playlist on Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/ playlist?list=PLopq6yGfmFAviugLm8wSSNRrw8r2dQ5sR Email us at: humancapital@worldbank.org 70 PROTECT AND INVEST in people Photo Credits Page 06: Curt Carnemark / World Bank / Floriane Acouetey Page 41: Graham Crouch / World Bank Page 07: Photo courtesy of Open Net Georgia / Nishan Ali / Page 44: Dominic Chavez / World Bank Photo courtesy of Takaful and Karama Page 45: Scott Wallace / World Bank Page 09: Alexander Mahmoud Page 48: Arne Hoel / World Bank Page 12: Henitsoa Rafalia / World Bank Page 49: Stephan Bachenheimer / World Bank Page 14: Viacheslav Lopatin / Shutterstock Page 50: Stephan Bachenheimer / World Bank Page 17: Sambrian Mbaabu / World Bank Page 51: Ray Witlin / World Bank Page 18: Lakshman Nadaraja, Chhor Sokunthea / World Bank Page 53: Hendri Lombard / World Bank Page 26: Dominic Chavez / World Bank Page 54: Chhor Sokunthea / World Bank Page 29: Dominic Chavez / World Bank Page 60: Arne Hoel / The World Bank Page 30: Dominic Chavez / World Bank Page 63: Vincent Tremeau / The World Bank Page 32: Scott Wallace / World Bank Page 67: Anas Janahi / Shutterstock Page 37: Dominic Chavez / World Bank http://worldbank.org/humancapital