Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 E2068 v15 Table of Contents 1. APPENDIX 1: HYDROGEOLOGICAL SPECIALIST REPORT...........................................1 1.1 GEOLOGY AND HYDROGEOLOGY OF THE PROJECT AREA .......................................................1 1.1.1 Introduction......................................................................................................................1 1.2 HYDROGEOLOGY......................................................................................................................2 1.3 HYDROCHEMISTRY...................................................................................................................5 1.4 WATER LEVELS........................................................................................................................7 1.5 GROUNDWATER MODELLING...................................................................................................9 1.6 GROUNDWATER PROTECTION ZONES ....................................................................................11 1.7 KEY ISSUES ............................................................................................................................12 1.8 QUANTIFICATION OF THE POTENTIAL EFFECT OF THE WELLFIELD ON PRIVATE WATER POINTS 13 1.9 MONITORING..........................................................................................................................14 1.10 MITIGATION ...........................................................................................................................15 2. APPENDIX 2: ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT............................................1 2.1 INTRODUCTION.........................................................................................................................1 2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND-OVERVIEW .........................................................................4 2.3 ARCHAEOLOGICAL BACKGROUND-OVERVIEW .......................................................................4 2.4 BRIEF HISTORICAL BACKGROUND...........................................................................................5 2.5 METHODOLOGICAL APPROACH................................................................................................6 2.5.1 Baseline-desktop research ...............................................................................................6 2.5.2 Systematic field survey.....................................................................................................6 2.5.3 Field Limitations..............................................................................................................7 2.6 SURVEY RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ........................................................................................8 2.7 SUMMARY AND MANAGEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS...........................................................12 2.8 REFERENCES...........................................................................................................................13 3. APPENDIX 3: DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE (MANTSWE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSULTANTS 2007)..................................................18 List of Tables Table 1: Summary of archaeological finds and further work required per the findings.......... 11 List of Figures Figure 1: A sketch diagram illustrating the field walking exercise per each well field borehole site ........................................................................................................................ 7 Figure 2: Thick bushes and grasses limiting accessibility and ground visibility....................... 8 Figure 3: Pottery fragments found at Borehole Z12686.......................................................... 9 Figure 4: Flakes found at Borehole Z12681......................................................................... 10 Figure 5: Researcher taking notes at one of the borehole points ......................................... 10 Figure 6: One of the borehole features in a clearly disturbed area....................................... 11 Figure 7: Iron-bedded conglomerate found during the survey.............................................. 11 Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page i 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Abbreviations AIA Archaeological Impact Assessment BID Background Information Document BOBS Botswana Bureau of Standards BPC Botswana Power Corporation BSAP Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan CBD Convention on Biological Diversity CCD Convention to Combat Desertification CDILUP Central District Integrated Land Use Plan CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species DEA Department of Environmental Affairs DEAR Draft Environmental Assessment Report DWA Department of Water Affairs EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIAA Environmental Impact Assessment Act EIS Environmental Impact Statement EMP Environmental Management Plan ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ETM Enhanced Thematic Mapper GIS Geographic Information Systems GDP Gross Domestic Product HIV/AIDS Human Immune Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IA&Ps Interested and Affected Parties IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Natural Resources MNRC Mantswe Natural Resource Consultants MDGs Millennium Development Goals NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan NDP 9 National Development Plan 9 NDPs National Development Plans NEPAD New Partnership for Africa Development NWMP National Water Master Plan NWMPR National Water Master Plan Review SADC Southern African Development Community SEP Stakeholder Engagement Process SPC Special Purpose Companies TDS Total Dissolved Solids ToR Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change WBG World Bank Group WRC Water Resources Council WSB Water Surveys Botswana Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page ii 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Appendix 1 Hydrogeological Report 1. APPENDIX 1: HYDROGEOLOGICAL SPECIALIST REPORT 1.1 Geology and Hydrogeology of the Project Area 1.1.1 Introduction The objective of the groundwater exploration and evaluation project was to find a groundwater reservoir capable of supplying the Morupule B Power Station with 1.5 million m3/year, this requirement was in addition to the current water supply from the Paje wellfield. One possible source of water was identified as the Ntane Sandstone. In May 2006 the groundwater exploration and evaluation project was started which led to the identification of a large groundwater reservoirs to the north of the existing Paje wellfield. This project was completed in November 2007. The target aquifer for the groundwater exploration and evaluation project was the Ntane Sandstone. This aquifer has been explored and found to be a major aquifer in Botswana and in the local area; the Ntane sandstone now supplies several major wellfields in the area (Figuren1) including the existing Paje Wellfield that currently supplies the Morupule Power station. The aquifer was initially assessed by drilling 12 exploration boreholes, based on the success of this project a further 35 boreholes were drilled during the production phase. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 1 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 PROJECT AREA Paje Wellfield Khama Rhino Sanctuary PAJE Serowe Wellfield 2 Extension 10kmbbb SEROWE Legend Serowe Wellfield 2 Roads Wellfields Escarpment Sanctuary Serowe Wellfield 1 Project Area Figure 1 1.2 Hydrogeology The rock formations in the project area that are important to the hydrogeology of the area belong to the Lebung formation, the Stormberg Basalts and the overlying Kalahari sediments. The Karoo formation has been described by Smith (1984), table 1 show the stratigraphic sequence of relevance to the project area. The Ntane Sandstone forms the upper member of the Lebung formation, the formation is further divided into more detailed sedimentary facies however for the purposes of the hydrogeologic regime the upper member, the Ntane sandstone is a fine to medium grained aeolian sandstone which is generally highly porous, uncemented and weakly consolidated. Age Supergroup Group Formation Lithological Description Kalahari Kalahari Beds Soil, sand, calcrete and clay Cainozoic Tuli Dyke Swarm Stormberg Serwe Pan Massive Amygdaloidal flood Lava basalts Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 2 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Lebung Ntane Aeolian sandstone, Medium Sandstone to fine grained becoming fluviatile to base Mesozoic Karoo Mosolotsane Fluvial red beds composed of siltstone and fine grained sandstone Beaufort Thabala Non Carbonaceous mudstones and siltstones with minor sandstones Upper Serowe Siltstones, mudstones and Ecca minor sandstones Stratigraphic Sequence Table 1 Below the Ntane Sandstone the lower member of the Lebung formation is the Mosolotsane formation. This formation is a thick sequence of mudstones/siltstones with thin coarse grained sandstone horizons. The Mosolotsane formation can be identified during drilling due to its red colour and fine grained texture. Usually drilling is completed when the red mudstones of this formation are intercepted. The Mosolotsane Formation along with the underlying Thabala formation forms an aquiclude which prevents vertical flow from the underlying Ecca formation. 10km # DD # 12 # # Northern # Compartment # # # A' DD # Southern 11 # Compartment # DD 10 # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # # DD 9 # # A # # GS # 8 # Legend Serwe Pan Boreholes Sanctuary A X Section Ntane Sandstone Dykes/Faults Stormberg Basalt Khama Rhino Escarpment Older Rocks Sanctuary Geology of Project Area Figure 2 Over most of the project area the Ntane Sandstone is covered by the Stormberg Basalt (Figuren2). This unit is composed of continental flood basalts of Jurassic age (approx 180Ma). The unit covers the Ntane Sandstone and is known to have preserved existing Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 3 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 topographic features such as sand dunes. The cross section below (Figure 3) show a section NE through the project area, the line of the cross section is shown in Figure 2 below. SW BH12690 BH12674 BH12672 NE BH12681 1200 BH12682 BH12683 )ls am 1100 m( n oitavel 1000 A GS8 E DD9 Kalahari Sediments 900 Stormberg Basalts Water Level DD10 DD11 Ntane Sandstone Borehole A' Mosoltsane Fault/Duke Cross Section Figure 3 The Stormberg basalt underlies the entire project area; it forms a confining layer that prevents direct infiltration and recharge over much of the project area, locally it may have some vertical permeability due to fractures. The importance of the vertical permeability is that it limits the amount of infiltration to the aquifer, which then influences recharge, this affects the aquifer because it increases the age of the water because of the travel time between the recharge areas to the aquifer as a whole. The influence on recharge also effects the hydrochemical properties of the aquifer due to direct infiltration of rainwater of low TDS. Within the basalt formation local areas of high permeability are possible between the individual flow that make up the continental basalt formation. Fracturing and the individual flow horizons are visible at outcrop (See plate 1 & 2). The flow horizons were observed to also influence the weathering patterns creating a type of terrace (See Plate 4) which was visible in drainage feature that cut into the escarpment area. Above the Basalt the project area is partially covered by the Kalahari sediments. The Kalahari sediments are limited in extent and controlled by the topography of the project area (Figuren4). Outcrop of consolidated Kalahari sandstones were observed at the top of the escarpment (See plate 3). Above the escarpment area, in the area known as the Sandvelt, Kalahari sediments cover the area, below the escarpment, in the hardvelt, the Kalahari sediments are largely absent. The Kalahari sediments and the Stormberg Basalt are used locally for water supply; however for the purposes of the supplying the power station, these formations were not considered to be important reservoirs of water. The Kalahari and the Stormberg are important locally because of their effect on recharge and the water in these formations does supply local water supplies to cattle posts and small settlements in the project area. The structure of the area is highly complex due to the effect of block faulting and the emplacement of dolerite dykes, this structure imposes significant controls on the hydrogeological regime of the project area. The main result of the structural complexity is that the aquifer is split into a series of compartments, which are either partially or completely isolated from adjacent compartments. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 4 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 The main structures (Figure 2) are post Karoo Dolerite dykes which are emplaced along WNW - ESE trending faults. A second younger series of dykes have intruded into the project area. The effect of these dykes is that they have created a series of horst and graben structures which have partially offset the aquifer. The most significant structure is the structure designated as DD10 which exploration drilling data and modelling indicates divides the aquifer into two main compartments. Hardvelt Escarpment Sandvelt Serwe Pan Escarpment Landsat 7 ETM Satellite Image with Escarpment Figure 4 Data for the existing Paje Wellfield and from other wellfields abstracting from the Ntane sandstone indicate that the aquifer recharges slowly. In the project area the area around Serwe Pan (Figure 4 & 5) was identified as the main zone of recharge however the wellfield will be reliant upon aquifer storage. The consequence on reliance on aquifer storage is that the groundwater is being mined, therefore abstraction rates causing drawdowns of 1 metre per year are possible for the modelled time frame i.e. 20 years, however in the longer term the aquifer will be dewatered. 1.3 Hydrochemistry Water samples collected and analysed at the Department of Geological Survey indicate that the water quality is generally good, with Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) generally being below 1000mg/l. The Figure (Figure 5) below shows a zone of low TDS around Serwe Pan, as the distance from Serwe Pan increases the water quality was found to decrease, this indicates active groundwater flow west-north westwards. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 5 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 The effect of the wellfield must be considered in terms of the possible changes in water quality over time. As the water levels change the groundwater flow direction will also change, this will effect water quality since water currently downgradient from the recharge area may have its flow direction reversed causing a deterioration in water quality. # # # # # # # # 1000 # # 700 # # Z12691 # # # # # # # # # 500 # # # # # # # # # # # # 400 GS # 8 # Legend 300 Serwe Pan Boreholes Sanctuary TDS (mg/l) Ntane Sandstone Dykes/Faults Stormberg Basalt Khama Rhino Escarpment Older Rocks Sanctuary Water Quality Figure 5 During the pumping tests a reduction in water quality was observed after 72 hours of the constant rate test (CRT) that borehole Z12691 (Figure 5) demonstrated a marked increase in TDS from 1142mg/l at the start to 1436mg/l by the end of the CRT. This borehole is located to the north west of the project area. The most probable reason for the decline in water quality is a change in groundwater flow direction causing water with higher TDS to be drawn towards the wellfield. The water quality is lower from the underlying Mosolotsane, levels of over 2000mg/l (TDS) were measured, this level is above the design limit for the power station treatment plant and is above the Bureau of Botswana Standards (BOBS) Class II limit, however boreholes were terminated when this formation was intersected; water from deeper formations, with lower quality water were not thought to have affected the water quality because of the design of the boreholes. Borehole Code Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 1st Strike End Start CRT End CRT mg/l Development mg/l mg/l mg/l Z12451 n/a n/a 1.13 0.10 Z12682 9.73 7.64 1.04 0.14 Z12684 10.35 2.69 2.752 0.19 Z12691 10.33 3.91 26.82 1.88 Z12694 12.12 0.21 1.64 0.26 Z12700 7.06 n/a 2.12 n/a Iron Level above >1mg/l italics n/a Not Available Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 6 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Level of Dissolved Iron Table 2 Most of the cations and anions are well within acceptable limits, however the levels of Iron (Table 2) found in 6 boreholes (CRT Samples) are above 1mg/l; at this concentration the taste of the water is effected. The levels of Iron found were not toxic however water with levels of iron above 1mg/l are sometimes rejected because of staining of clothes and food and the bitter taste. 1.4 Water Levels Over most of the project area the Ntane sandstone is confined by the Stormberg basalt, the water table is therefore described as a piezometric surface, that is, it is under pressure and will rise within the borehole once the Ntane is intersected. Water levels were only found to be unconfined in areas where the basalt was thin. 1080 # # # # # DD # # 10 1100 # # # # 1130 # # # # # 1140 # # # # # # # # # # # 1150 # # # # 1160 # 1180 # # # Legend Serwe Pan Boreholes Sanctuary Piezometric Ntane Sandstone Surface (mamsl) Stormberg Basalt Dykes/Faults Khama Rhino Older Rocks Escarpment Sanctuary Piezometric Surface Figure 6 The reason for using mean sea level is that depth of the piezometric surface below ground varies, the piezometric surface can then be compared to the topographic elevation, this then allows the piezometric surface over the project area to be interpolated. The groundwater flow direction and the relative depths to groundwater can then therefore be visualised (Figure 6). Before the commencement of pumping from the Paje wellfield the regional piezometric surface shows a recharge mound over Serwe Pan extending north west. The piezometric surface based on the water levels from the drilling programme indicate that there is still a recharge mound over Serwe pan with a general groundwater flow direction to the north-north west. The groundwater contours are closest together in the area of the structural feature designated DD10 which is evidence of at least a partial barrier to groundwater flow. Across Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 7 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 this dyke the piezometric surface drops over 40m. North of the escarpment the flow direction is to the north-north east following the escarpment topography. The depth to groundwater is important with respect to the impact of the proposed wellfield for three reasons: 1. For private users of groundwater the depth to groundwater helps with an assessment the source of the groundwater 2. it can be used to assess the effect of a drop in water levels due to abstraction and its effect on private users 3. The depth to the piezometric surface close to the escarpment seepage zone will be a factor controlling the volume of seepage. During the field reconnaissance carried out in May 2008 a number of shallow wells were visited, the depth to water and the terminal depths were measured. Of the three wells visited all were less that 24m deep, this indicates, if there position is related to the topographic contours it is most probable that these shallow wells intercept water bearing zones within Kalahari or the basalt. Private boreholes in the project area often do not have detailed drilling records. In order to estimate how they will be effected, borehole water levels must be related to the topographic height, the relative depth to groundwater and the depth to the top of the Ntane sandstone. If these factor are analysed it is most probable that private wells were drilled until the sandstone was intercepted and an adequate yield was achieved; what is unlikely is that the drilling was then continued through the entire Ntane formation, this is due to the cost of drilling and the problems associated with drilling using air percussion drilling into a weakly consolidated sandstone. This indicates that any potential drop in water levels could cause the piezometric surface to drop below the base of the borehole. Those wells visited during the field reconnaissance had usually be abandoned in favour of nearby boreholes, only one well was still in use, this is probably due to its location close to the base of the escarpment and the shallow depth to groundwater (6.7mbgl). In order to accurately assess the source of the water supplying the shallow wells the base level needs to be surveyed using DGPS, only then can it surface elevation be compared to the piezometric surface. This would also provide a way of forming a comparison between the elevation of the well and the nearby borehole. In the escarpment area the depth to groundwater is likely to be an important factor effecting the seepage from the base of the escarpment, a comparison of the contours of the escarpment and the piezometric surface indicate that this seepage zone is not a springline, this is because the piezomentric surface remains below the surface. The seepage along the base of the escarpment is visible on the Landsat Satellite image, the image is processed to highlight vegetation, using bands 431, in the image below (Figure 7) strong vegetation growth shows up in red, this anomalous vegetation growth is taken as a proxy indicator of the presence of water. The image shows the anomaly as a line along the base of the base of the escarpment. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 8 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Seepage from Escarpment Escarpment Seepage along Northern Escarpment Figure 7 The fact that the piezometric surface is below the surface does not however prevent the Ntane sandstone from being a source of the water that the springline vegetation anomaly indicates; this is because there is evidence (See plates) that there is both vertical and horizontal permeability within the basalt, therefore the springline could represent the surface expression of an individual flow within the basalt formation (Figure 8). Piezometric Surface above preferential Preferential flow flow zone zone within basalt Seepage along base of escarpment Basalt Vertical movement of groundwater through fractures Ntane Sandstone Schematic of flow along seepage line at base of escarpment Figure 8 This effect will be more pronounced in areas where surface flow has caused backward erosion into the escarpment, which will act to reduce the depth to the piezometric surface and therefore potentially increase the vertical infiltration from the Ntane. 1.5 Groundwater Modelling In order to predict the effect of the wellfield on the groundwater reservoir a numerical model of the aquifer was constructed by Water Surveys Botswana. The model used the results of Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 9 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 the drilling and test pumping programme in combination with structural interpretation of the area to predict the effect of long term pumping on the aquifer. Four scenarios were modelled, Table 3 details the modelled abstraction rates. The existing Paje wellfield was included in the scenarios with abstraction rates of 500,000 m3/year. The time period for the model was 20 years beginning in 2010. Scenario Existing Paje New Wellfield Abstraction Area Wellfield Scenario 1 500,000 m3/year 1,500,000 m3/year Whole Wellfield Scenario 2 500,000 m3/year 1,500,000 m3/year Southern Compartment Scenario 3 500,000 m3/year 2,000,000 m3/year Whole Wellfield Scenario 4 500,000 m3/year 3,800,000 m3/year Whole Wellfield Modelled Abstraction Rates Table 3 The pumping scenario recommended by the hydrogeological consultant WSB was scenario 2, this scenario exploits the southern section of the wellfield. The other scenarios utilise the entire wellfield. The contours of the modelled effect of the wellfield for scenario 2 are shown below (Figure 9). The figure shows how far the water level will drop relative to the piezometric surface. The levels of drawdown for all 4 modelled scenarios are found in Appendix Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 10 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 # # # # # # # # # # # 5 # # # # # 15 # # # # # # # # 10 5 # 10 # # # # # # 5 # # # # 5 Scenario 2 Figure 9 The model was also used to predict the effect of the wellfield on cattle post boreholes. Construction details were mostly not available, however a worst case scenario was assumed where the private boreholes intersected only the Ntane sandstone. The larger drawdowns towards the centre of the wellfield were caused by the cumulative impact of several boreholes. 1.6 Groundwater Protection Zones The protection zones around the proposed wellfield are essential to prevent possible contamination of the groundwater reservoir, this is particularly important around the existing boreholes since the act of drilling provides a possible conduit for direct contamination of the aquifer. The method proposed is the standard method recommended by the Department of Water Affairs (1994) report of Protection zones and guidelines for Major Wellfields. The groundwater protection zones were created by WSB following the standard method, the zones are detailed in the final WSB report. This method highlights an emphasis' the areas at greatest risk, that is the fenced area around the borehole where fuel storage is carefully monitored and no activities occur non related to abstraction along with an inner zone that is based on travel time of pathogenic bacteria. As the upper strata is the Kalahari sediments which include sand it is essential that a conservative travel time is adopted, the suggested 100 day travel time or a minimum of 500m is thought to be adequate with the proviso that all fuel storage within a kilometre are above ground. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 11 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 1.7 Key Issues The impact of the abstraction of large volumes of groundwater will cause the water levels to drop over a large area. The area affected will depend on the pumping regime adopted; if the minimum pumping regime is adopted (Scenario 2), the area effected by drawdown from the wellfield will be in the region of 30km at its longest axis (Figure 9) using the 5m drawdown contour. The main impact will be the fall in groundwater levels around the production boreholes, this will effect private boreholes directly. Though construction data is limited, it is likely that private boreholes intersect the Ntane (Figure 10) but do not penetrate the entire aquifer since drilling is often stopped after good yields are encountered; the fall in groundwater levels will lower water level and could completely dewater private boreholes. Deeper Private Project Private Boreholes Boreholes Boreholes Water Level Basalt - Confining Layer Water Level lowered due Ntane Sandstone to pumping Mosolotsane Formation Effect of Drawdown on Private Boreholes Figure 10 The water quality has been found to deteriorate with distance away from the main recharge source at Serwe Pan (Figure 5). The water quality was found to be worse in the northern and north-western parts of the aquifer where TDS values of over 1000mg/l were measured. Long term pumping will change the groundwater flow direction over a large area and could lead to the flow of high TDS water towards the wellfield and lead to deterioration in water quality at private boreholes. The change in quality will be quantifiable if monitoring takes place, this will also provide information for any future revisions of the model. In addition to the direct, quantifiable effect of the fall in water level and the changes in chemistry with time, the effect of a drop in water level will also impact on surface flow and shallow wells in the escarpment area; both can be effected by small changes in water level. The satellite image is a Landsat scene taken on the 23rd May 2000 (Figure 7) shows that at the base of the escarpment a seepage line exists which is interpreted to linked to the piezometric surface. Where the seepage is within the zone of influence of the wellfield a drop in groundwater level may lead to a reduction in flow. The area affected increases significantly if the northern compartment is used, depending on the abstraction rate a change in seepage flows could also be accompanied by a reduction in flow from the ephemeral rivers which emerge from the escarpment, this will effect the vegetation over a much larger area. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 12 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 1.8 Quantification of the potential effect of the wellfield on private water points The number of boreholes effected is based on the national database and data collected by WSB; however the possibility exists that the database of all boreholes may be incomplete and may need to be updated. Based on the current data boreholes predicted by the model that will be affected by the wellfield are detailed below, Table 4, The predicted drawdowns are listed for each pumping scenario. The water points where no decline in water levels were predicted are not shown. Name E N Scenario Scenario Scenario Maximum 1 2 3 Yield Monganaesi 433096 7561555 1 2 1 2 Xwagoree 445045 7562235 5 8 6 12 Mokene 472841 7554489 0 0 0 1 Metsimonate 472543 7559875 1 1 1 1 Metsimonate 471852 7559608 0 1 1 1 Mmasekotlele 484235 7573625 3 0 3 7 Mhise 471317 7562145 1 2 1 3 Moswetsi 466973 7562343 3 5 4 7 Mogoiwe 463066 7564429 6 11 8 15 Kolokome 461223 7568948 1 0 2 3 Bosutswe 462036 7572179 16 0 22 42 Mmadipodi 457022 7571737 4 0 5 11 Thari 440604 7571749 1 0 1 2 Mmadikolobe 429404 7579656 4 0 5 9 Mmurie 461173 7562877 8 14 11 20 Shashane 484083 7553698 0 0 0 0 Maila 477005 7544020 0 0 0 0 Matikwe 1 457978 7553002 1 1 1 2 Unnamed 3 453010 7563934 8 14 10 19 Xara 447429 7572866 11 0 14 27 Table of predicted drawdowns (Source WSB/Aqualogic Report Page 65) Table 4 In addition to the quantifiable effect on water levels the hydrochemical effects have a base line represented by the laboratory data from project boreholes; any future changes in water chemistry in private boreholes have no baseline. The possibility does exist that water quality will change in private boreholes, therefore a baseline of at least TDS should be obtained prior to the commissioning of the wellfield. The areas affected by the wellfield is directly controlled by the pumping regime adopted. Based on the recommendation of WSB and the quantity of water originally required Scenario 2 where 1,500,000 m3/year is abstracted from the new wellfield and 500,000 m3/year is abstracted from the existing Paje wellfield is the scenario which will have least impact on the environment. The drawdown for scenario 2 and the location of the cattleposts which could be affected is shown in Figure 11 below. Scenario 2 does not however utilise water groundwater supply potential of the production boreholes drilled during the project. As demands increase the possibility that more production boreholes will be commissioned is likely. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 13 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 µ Mmashoro " Mmadikolobe Xara Mmasekotlele Bosutswe Mmadipodi 5m Drawdown Thari Kolokome Contours caused 20m by Pumping 10m 15m Majwanaadipitse 5m Unnamed3 Mogoiwe " Mhise Mmurie Xwagoree Monganaesi Moswetsi Metsimonate Mokene Tshimoyapula Legend Shashane Matikwe 1 " Drawdown 10 - 42m Drawdown 2 - 10m Paje Wellfield Drawdown 0.5 - 2m Matikwe 2 Drawdown 0 - 0.5m Maila Mabeleapodi Settlements Serwe " Drawdown Contours Pan Escarpement Khama Rhino 10 5 0 10 Sanctuary Paje " Kilometers Effect of Pumping on Private Boreholes Figure 11 In order to quantify the changes in water levels and water quality it is essential that a baseline is established; this baseline should include both physical (Water levels) and Hydrochemical (EC, pH and Fe) in order to provide a meaningful comparison, ideally the water should also be tested major, minor and trace elements to provide a robust baseline, the trace elements should include arsenic; a comprehensive baseline of periodic table elements would ideal. Once a baseline is established it is essential to implement a viable monitoring regime that will assess the effect of the wellfield. 1.9 Monitoring The monitoring of the effect of the wellfield has two main component which are both essential in order to effectively assess the changes caused. 1. Monitoring of water levels and hydrochemical parameters must be done following a protocol that is both robust and effective. 2. The data generated by the monitoring must be assessed by a qualified hydrogeologist. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 14 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Data can be created, however this does not mean that it is useful. A sampling protocol can be introduced, however it will only be useful is it is robust related to field conditions and funds available for the programme. For example an advanced telemetry system can be introduced which monitors water levels and pumping rate every few minutes, however if the data generated becomes very large the possibility exists that it will not be used, in addition to this if a high tech approach is adopted if for any reason the system malfunctions then without allocated funds for maintenance the systems will fail. There are three main components for effectively monitoring the effect of the wellfield: 1. Establishment of the baseline 2. Introduction of a robust and effective water level monitoring programme which will balance the data requirement against the long term logistic, both in terms of funding and access to water points. 3. Introduction of a robust and effective hydrochemical monitoring programme where established sampling protocols are followed and the use of reliable good quality monitoring equipment. The water level monitoring points will be dependent on the pumping scenario, assuming the recommended pumping scenario is adopted water levels need to be monitored on at least a weekly basis, this programme must use a protocol which will allow the water levels to be monitored during similar cycles of the pumping regime. If water levels are monitored without including the pumping cycle in the planning the data could end of being useless. In addition the pumping cycle of the borehole being monitored it is essential that thought is given to cumulative drawdowns caused by production wells in proximity to the measured well. Ideally the pumping cycle should allow a period of time during which monitoring can be carried out at similar times and pumping regimes. The production wells and the monitoring wells can provide good data on the effect of the wellfield on the regional water levels and locally the private boreholes and shallow well, however in order to provide a complete picture dipper access tubes should be installed at boreholes which lie within the predicted areas effected by drawdown from the wellfield. The wellfield will not be commissioned immediately; this gives time for additional monitoring points to be installed during routine maintenance of pumps at locations with the adopted pumping scenario's zone of influence. This also provides a way of installing additional monitoring points without drilling extra boreholes, it will also allow the effect of the wellfield to be assessed directly at the points at which detrimental effect are likely to be experience. It should be noted that the maintenance should be carried out by the owner of the borehole to avoid liability in the event of damage to the pumping equipement, therefore BPC should only install a dipper access tube and not be directly involved in the maintenance. The wellfield will cause long term drawdowns that are unsustainable, this is due to the slow recharge to the Ntane sandstone, it is therefore essential that provision is made at this stage to provide alternative sources of water if existing water points experience dewatering, thus mitigating the effect of the wellfield. 1.10 Mitigation Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 15 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 In the local area the effect of the wellfield on private boreholes will lead to localised problems because boreholes in the area serve as the only water supply for many cattle posts. Increased monitoring will give accurate information on changes in water levels in the vicinity of private boreholes, if this is done in collaboration with the individual user groups the detrimental effects on water levels can be quantified over time. This will allow for possible action like drilling deeper boreholes to be planned for in advance. The effect of the wellfield in the short term can be mitigated by increasing the depth of private boreholes; in the long term however the implication of mining water from the Ntane sandstone must be considered. In order to prolong the life of the wellfield one possibility could be to use the North South carrier during period of surplus water in the national network, this will have a direct effect on the groundwater reservoir of the new wellfield development and the existing Paje wellfield. Environmental Aspect Long term dewatering of the Effect of dewatering the aquifer in the long term. aquifer Water level changes Drawdown in water level caused by wellfield abstraction related to escarpment And there effect on seepage from the base of the Seepage escarpment and the subsequent effect on vegetation. Water level changes Water levels drops in private borehole as a result of related to private boreholes pumping from the wellfield and subsequent dewatering. Water level changes Changes in water level in shallow wells causing related to shallow wells dewatering of shallow well Water quality changes Changes in regional groundwater flow direction causing inflow of poor quality water Parameter to be Monitored Long term dewatering of the Water level in mbgl converted to mamsl aquifer Water level changes Water level in mbgl converted to mamsl related to escarpment Seepage Water level changes Water level in mbgl converted to mamsl related to private boreholes Water level changes Water level in mbgl converted to mamsl related to shallow wells Water quality changes pH, TDS (mg/l), Fe (mg/l) (For baseline Major, Minor and Trace, ideally the Periodic table using mass spectrometry) Monitoring Objective Long term dewatering of the Establish rate of decline in water levels aquifer Water level changes Establish effect of changes in water level related to related to escarpment escarpment base level Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 16 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Seepage Water level changes Quantify direct effect of abstraction on water levels in related to private boreholes private borehole Water level changes Quantify direct effect of abstraction on water levels in related to shallow wells shallow well Water quality changes Establish if water quality is declining due to large scale Abstraction effecting regional flow directions Responsibility Party/Agent Long term dewatering of the BPC aquifer Water level changes BPC related to escarpment Seepage Water level changes BPC related to private boreholes Water level changes BPC related to shallow wells Water quality changes BPC Monitoring Location Long term dewatering of the Regular water levels monitoring at production boreholes aquifer and designated monitoring boreholes Water level changes Measure water levels in shallow wells and boreholes at related to escarpment the base of the escarpment Seepage Water level changes In addition to measuring water levels at monitoring related to private boreholes borehole, direct measurement of water levels using dipper access tubes at selected private boreholes Water level changes Measure water levels in shallow well which are in regular related to shallow wells use Water quality changes Monitoring boreholes to the North and West of the area effected by the designated pumping regime. Monitoring Method Long term dewatering of the Electronic dipper measurements of water level at aquifer designated times in the pumping cycle, if measurement are taken it is essential that the time the borehole has been pumped is recorded. If water levels measured as recovery level a fixed time after pumping cessation must be used. Without the implementation of these guidelines comparison will be difficult and they're monitoring potentially flawed. Telemetry could be another method however a manual method must act as a backup. Water level changes Measure water levels in boreholes and shallow wells. related to escarpment Initially the depth of the water point must be ascertained Seepage in order to assess to source of the water. Water point elevation needs to be measured using DGPS. Water level changes Measure water levels in boreholes using a dipper access related to private boreholes tube. Ideally the depth of the borehole must be ascertained in order to assess to source of the water. The borehole elevation needs to be measured using Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 17 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 DGPS. Water level changes Measure water levels in shallow wells which are in active related to shallow wells use using a dipper access tube. Ideally the well must be ascertained in order to assess to source of the water. The elevation of the well needs to be measured using DGPS. Water quality changes Monthly field sampling of monitoring boreholes using establish sampling protocols for EC, pH and Fe. Threshold or Existing Standard Long term dewatering of Water levels related to pump intake depth and available the drawdown. aquifer Water level changes Water levels related to baseline of existing flora and related to escarpment therefore changes related to water level decline. Seepage Water level changes Water levels related to pump intake depth of private related to private borehole. Depth of borehole should be ascertained in order boreholes to assess if increased pump setting is a option. Water level changes Water levels related to the existing depth of the shallow well related to shallow wells should be known, in addition the source of the water for the well must be established. The designation of an active water point must also be established as several wells were reported to dry out annually Water quality changes The water quality changes using BOBS classes of EC, pH and Fe Recommended Action where Thresholds are Exceeded Long term dewatering of If water levels are seen to decline at a rate exceeding 1m the per annum the model need to be reviewed. In addition to aquifer the review serious consideration must be given to a conjunctive water use using the north south carrier excess capacity during period where the surface reservoirs have excess capacity. Water level changes Review of model with increased emphasis on the source related to escarpment of water to the escarpment seepage. Assessment of seepage changes using satellite images of the area showing seepage vegetation anomalies. Water level changes Assessment of whether pump intake can be deepened related to private significantly, if this is not possible a new borehole should boreholes be drilled which fully penetrates the Ntane sandstone. Water level changes If the source of the water for the well is the Ntane related to shallow wells sandstone and the well drying out is not a regular occurrence a borehole should be drilled and equipped. Water quality changes In the event of water quality decreasing the boreholes closest to the change should first be pumped at ah lower rate, then decommissioned if change continues. Private boreholes must be tested to establish a baseline inn order to assess changes related to the baseline. Significant deviation from the model should be must lead to a review of the model using a different contractor in order to get an impartial and objective assessment. Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 18 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Annexure I PLATES SHOWING HYDROGEOLOGICAL FEATURES FROM FIELD SURVEY FRACTURES WITHIN THE BASALT GPS FOR SCALE Plate 1 FRACTURES WITHIN THE STORMBERG BASALT CAUSING SECONDARY PERMEABILITY 50m TAPE FOR SCALE FLOW HORIZON Plate 2 INDIVIDUAL FLOW HORIZONS WITHIN THE STORMBERG BASALT Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 19 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 CONSOLIDATES KALAHARI SANDSTONES Plate 3 CONSOLIDATED KALAHARI SANDSTONES OBSERVED AT THE TOP OF THE ESCARPEMENT BOUNDARY BETWEEN BASALT 50m TAPE FOR SCALE FLOWS FORMING TERRACE Plate 4 INDIVIDUAL FLOW HORIZONS IN THE BASALT FORMING TERRACES EXPOSED IN RIVERBED LEADING TO PREFERENTIAL FLOW HORIZONS Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 20 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Annexure II MODELLED PUMPING SCENARIOS WHITELINESINDICATECONTOURS 5 10 20 OF DRAWDOWN CAUSED BYABSTRACTION IN METRESBELOW THE REST WATER LEVEL # # 15 # 10 # # # # 5 # # # # # # # # # # # # # 10 # # # # 5 # # # # # # # # # # # PREDICTED DRAWDOWN IN 2030 FOR SCENARIO 1 1.5MILLION m3/yr FROM THE NEW WELLFIELD PLUS 500,000m3/yr FROM PAJE WELLFIELD WHITE LINESINDICATECONTOURS OF DRAWDOWN CAUSED BYABSTRACTION IN METRES BELOW THE RESTWATER LEVEL # # # # # # # # # # # 5 # # # # # 15 # # # # # # # # 10 5 # 10 # # # # # # 5 # # # # 5 PREDICTED DRAWDOWN IN 2030 FOR SCENARIO 2 1.5MILLION m3/yr FROM THE SOUTHERN COMPARTMENT ONLY PLUS 500,000m3/yr FROM PAJE WELLFIELD Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 21 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 WHITELINESINDICATE CONTOURS 5 10 20 OF DRAWDOWN CAUSED BYABSTRACTION IN METRESBELOW THERESTWATER LEVEL # 30 # 20 # # # 10 # # 5 # # # # 5 # # 10 # # # # # # # 10 # # # 5 # # # # # # # # # # # # 5 PREDICTED DRAWDOWN IN 2030 FOR SCENARIO 3 2MILLION m3/yr FROM THE NEW WELLFIELD PLUS 500,000m3/yr FROM PAJE WELLFIELD WHITELINESINDICATECONTOURS 5 10 20 30 40 OF DRAWDOWN CAUSED BYABSTRACTION IN 50 METRESBELOW THERESTWATER LEVEL # #65 40 # 30 # # 20 # # 10 # 50 5 # # # 10 # # # # # # # 20 # # # 30 # # # 10 # 5 # # # # # # # # # 5 # 5 PREDICTED DRAWDOWN IN 2030 FOR SCENARIO 4 MAXIMUM WELLFIELD YIELD OF 3.8MILLION m3/yr PLUS 500,000m3/yr FROM PAJE WELLFIELD Ecosurv Appendix 1 Page 22 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Appendix 2 Archaeological Impact Assessment 2. APPENDIX 2: ARCHAEOLOGICAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT 2.1 Introduction The Botswana Power Corporation (BPC) has identified the need to increase the national power generation capacity and will commission and run a new coal-fired, steam turbine driven thermal plant with a capacity of 600 MW (4 units of 150 MW each) together with necessary associated infrastructure. Water supply for the power station is critical to its operation and BPC requested Bangwato Land Board to assign a water exploration area. Permission was given for an area adjacent to Paje and Mmashoro villages. Thus, in compliance with the mandated requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Act of 2005 and the Monuments and Relics Act of 2001 of the laws of Botswana an environmental impact assessment study was commissioned to evaluate the potential effects of the proposed developments on the natural and cultural legacy of the project areas. This Impact Assessment (EIA) deals with the well field water supply for the Phase 1 (600 MW) development. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 1 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Map 1: Project area and associated developments The Environmental Impact Assessment Act is geared towards the assessment of the potential effects of planned developmental activities; to determine and to provide mitigation measures for effects of such activities since they may have significant adverse impacts on the environment. As such it aims to put in place sustainable monitoring processes and evaluations of the environmental impacts of implemented activities; and to provide for matters incidental to the foregoing activities. The Monuments and Relics Act aims to protect and promote the cultural diversity that manifests itself in different environmental settings upon which planned developments take place. The act stipulates that it is illegal for any unauthorized person to alter, destroy or damage ancient sites or monuments, or to remove archaeological materials from their sites of discovery. On that note, Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) study was commissioned so as to investigate the probability of archaeological resources or cultural heritage within and around the project area. The legislation provides for an archaeological impact assessment to be carried before any form of alteration to the landscape takes place in any given area in Botswana. By and large, Archaeological Impact Assessment (AIA) is an integral part of the development process and is undertaken as part of an umbrella Environmental Impact Assessment. The object of an archaeological impact assessment is to identify archaeological sites within the proposed development area so that appropriate mitigation strategies can be implemented to care for the identified archaeological and heritage resources. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 2 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 It is only after the impact assessment has been carried out and the results made available to the Botswana National Museum that the developer may be given permission to proceed basing on the recommendations of the report. As a result, an archaeological reconnaissance survey was conducted to determine whether or not there are any significant archaeological remains within or near the proposed development area. Since the planned project activities for instance, during construction will involve disturbing the landscape, it was therefore necessary to carry out the survey before any activity to determine how the development activities would impact the archaeology in the area under investigation. Archaeological remains are a material consideration in the development planning process. Archaeological sites provide very useful information on the history of mankind. Their protection must be balanced against the need for economic growth and development. Archaeological remains are a finite and non-renewable resource, and should therefore be regarded as a part of the environment to be protected and managed. The historic environment of the southern African county has evolved through many centuries of human activity, comprising the earliest prehistoric human settlements. On that note, archaeological sites are the main source of information about the Botswana's past and the only tangible evidence of that past. The protection of such sites is, therefore, significant in safeguarding the national heritage and this is done under the auspices of the Monuments and Relics Act of 2001 as expressed earlier. This Act, which is implemented, monitored and enforced by the National Museum, protects all archaeological sites (ancient monuments) and artifacts (man-made objects or `relics') dating before 1902, whether or not they are known and registered with the National Museum, as well as any historic structures and objects since 1902 that have been proclaimed a recent historic monument, historic landscape or recent artifact, as well as natural features that have been proclaimed a natural monument. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 3 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 2.2 Environmental Background-Overview It is essential to describe the nature of the environment upon which the proposed development or project is to be erected. This part of the report therefore gives succinct environment background information of the proposed project area. The project area is situated in Paje-Mmashoro areas near Serowe village. These villages are located in the Central District and are situated along the Serowe-Letlhakane/Orapa road. Generally, the central district is typified by flat terrain, which is however doted by a number of hills and rock outcrops. The district is drained by two drainage systems; the Limpopo system and the Makgadikgadi Pans System. The watershed between the two drainage systems runs roughly south north from Lephephe via Mmashoro. In addition, few ephemeral streams exist in the project area. Although some are seasonal and only flow after heavy rains, most of them, have deep sand filled river beds, which hold a considerable amount of water, even long after the rainy season. The vegetation in the project area is generally described as Savannah-Mopane. Local variations results from topography and underlying geology. Thus, vegetation generally consists of thick tall grass and densely populated trees species. The major species of trees found in the region belong to the Colophospermum mopane (mophane) and Acacia nigrescens, Combretum imberbe (motswere) and Burkea Africana associations to name but a few. 2.3 Archaeological Background-Overview It is crucial to discuss the general overview of the archaeological riches found within the general location of the project area. Apparently, Stone Age research in Serowe and surrounding areas has been very limited and this is evident from the National Museum site register whereby very few sites have been recorded .The Stone Age in terms of early human activity has been divided into three phases, these being; Early Stone Age [ESA], Middle Stone Age [MSA], and Late Stone Age [LSA]. The divisions were based on distinctive stone tool industries which fall within these different time scales in comparison with other sites elsewhere in Southern and Eastern Africa (Volman, 1984). The Early Stone Age dates from around two million, to about 120,000 years ago. Sites, which fall within this time frame, are very rare in this area, and according to the National Museum site register-listing records, two sites belonging to this period have been recorded within the Serowe-Paje neighborhood. This lithic industry is mainly characterized by crude and large stone tools, which include choppers, and axes, hammer stones and cleavers. The period after the Early Stone Age is known as the Middle Stone Age. This period has been placed between 150 000 years ago to around 30 000 years ago. The MSA industry is characterized by a predominantly smaller lithic industry than the ESA. The stone tools are flake-like and they are more varied and they appear to have been made for specific duties. The tools include: blades, denticulate, scrapers, etc. These tools have been associated with Homo sapiens. The late Stone Age is dated from around 20 000 years ago until quite recently (Deacon 1984). Much smaller stone tools, commonly called microliths, characterize this period. The stone tools from this period are not only much smaller, but are also more specialized. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 4 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 The Stone Age period is preceded by the Iron Age, which represents some of Botswana's most researched phenomena, especially in Eastern Botswana. This period is far better known in comparison to the Stone Age. The major contribution to the study of archaeology of this area has been the work of Denbow (1979, 1982, and 1983). Denbow identified more than 400 archaeological sites in Eastern Botswana. The vast majority of these sites were defined or classified as being part of the Toutswe Tradition, which were identified from aerial photographs. It was found that these sites with dense concentrations of dung sponsored a distinct kind of vegetation [Cenchrus Ciliaries-grass], which enabled sites to be recognized with comparative ease on the aerial photographs (Denbow, 1979). The grass turns white in winter and thus it appears as white patches on aerial photographs, which are easily recognizable. It has since become clear that Cenchrus Ciliaries is dominant in most of the Toutswe type-sites. This is because the grass co-exists with other grass species and when a site is abandoned it gradually replaces the other species. This is attributed to the high phosphate content of the soil, to which Cenchrus Ciliaries easily adapts, when compared to other species (Segobye 1994). Archaeological excavations at several sites confirm that the Toutswe Tradition was a coherent archaeological entity, which flourished in Eastern Botswana between around A.D. 700 and 1400. In particular there seems to have been an increase in settlement between A.D. 900 and 1200 (Reid 1996). The 400 Toutswe sites that Denbow identified were further divided into three different classes of sites based on the size of the middens that could be recognized on their surface. He defined this tripartite settlement distribution pattern as Class 1, 2 and 3. Class 1 being small and located in low lying areas or on hilltops Class 2 sites were significantly larger and were always on hilltops and finally Class 3 were found on hilltops and had very large middens. The settlement sizes and their distribution were interpreted in terms of a settlement hierarchy, with power within the society being focused on Class 3 sites, and this included Toutswe-mogala Hill (Denbow 1984a). It is evident from the national site register that many Toutswe type-sites have been identified in and around the Serowe, Paje and Mmashoro areas, including other Iron Age cultures, which are not classified as Toutswe. 2.4 Brief Historical Background The historical account of an area and its inhabitants is another significant aspect that warrants special attention in an archaeological assessment study. To begin with, Difaqane wars in the 18th century had some positive and negative aftermaths among the people of Southern Africa. These wars also had implications among the Batswana in different places including areas around the project area. The Ngwato settled on the area near Shoshong hills for defense from the Amandebele (Lye. W & Murray C 1980). In 1889 Khama III decided he would leave Shoshong for Palatswe as Shoshong had become a `Desert City' in the 1880s almost waterless and very dirty (Parsons, 1998). Phalatswe was a place of historical interest to Khama; it was a temporary capital for Amandebele in 1836-37 and for the cattle raiders in 1863 also. Phalatswe then became a token of Khama's alliance with the British forward movement against the Amandebele. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 5 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Phalatswe was situated in the north side of Tswapong hills, therefore was appropriate for defense from the BaSeleka in 1886 and the Boers in 1887 (Parsons, 1988). According to Parsons (1998), Phalatswe became depleted in September 1889, the soil was contaminated and there was malaria fever outbreak. Khama's wife, Sekgoma's mother died and in 1893 the fever hit again and Khama's other wife died. Drought and crop failure were next in 1894- 97. Khama then decided to move his capital to Serowe in September 1898 as his people were complaining of water scarcity, but changed his mind again in November of the same year. The Bangwato Started moving to Serowe in sections in 1901, but Khama still refused to move. In 1902 June there was a major move of the population to Serowe together with Khama and in August 1902, he sent a regiment to burn down the old capital. 2.5 Methodological Approach The adopted methodological approach for the collation of data relevant to the proposed project area relied mainly on two ways. The approaches are discussed in more details below. 2.5.1 Baseline-desktop research Before field survey was carried out, archival material kept at the Botswana National Museum, Botswana National Archives, University of Botswana and the National Libraries were consulted so as to gather relevant information on the general archaeological or historical background of the proposed project areas. The Botswana National register of archaeological sites kept at Botswana National Museum was also consulted to find out if there were any reported sites at or near the proposed project area. There are many sites that have been recorded in the general area upon which the proposed project is to be implemented. These sites are however not near the project area. Appendix 1 exhibits information on sites that have been recorded around the proposed project area. 2.5.2 Systematic field survey This comprised comprehensive and systematic field walking of the area allotted for the proposed well fields developments. Surveys comprised of walking the entire areas around each of the already drilled well fields with detailed surface inspection of the ground. The survey was undertaken in a stretch of about 100 meters from the well fields bore hole areas. This stage of assessment was done in order to confirm the presence or absence of archaeological signatures; their character, extent and possible impact by the development. About thirty-five (35) boreholes were investigated during the field survey. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 6 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Appendix 2 shows the coordinates of each of the well fields visited during the field survey. The figure below displays a sketch diagram that shows how the systematic survey was executed. Figure 1: A sketch diagram illustrating the field walking exercise per each well field borehole site Cleared area BoreholeAbout 10-20 metres Feature Total area surveyed at each of the borehole features ...........About 100meters 2.5.3 Field Limitations It is worth mentioning some limitations that were encountered during field investigation. Some wellfields boreholes were not easily accessible due to the overgrown vegetation in most areas. These areas were characterized with thick bushes of colophospermum mopane, mogonono and various shrubs with tall grass cover. This condition greatly reduced ground visibility of artifacts likely to be encountered during field assessments. The figure below illustrates the condition described above. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 7 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Figure 2: Thick bushes and grasses limiting accessibility and ground visibility 2.6 Survey Results and Discussion This part of the report discusses the findings of the whole archaeological assessment exercise that was undertaken in areas earmarked for the Paje Wellfields project. The focus of the archaeological investigation was mainly within the major areas around the existing Paje Well fields' borehole points. As mentioned earlier, the proposed project areas were systematically walked to assess the probability of archaeological, cultural and/or historical heritage sites. However, it should be noted that not much was encountered within and around the project areas. The field assessment results were attuned to the Botswana National Museum's standardized system of grading archaeological sites with regard to their level of importance in relation to the likely development impacts. The following details describe sites grading system as espoused by the Botswana National Museum: 1 = Preserve at all costs 2 = Preserve if possible, otherwise extensive salvage work, 3 = Test excavation to determine whether further work is necessary, 4 = Systematic representative sampling sufficient 5 = No further archaeological work required. In this regard, the technique is used to evaluate archaeological sites encountered within the proposed development area. On that note, some possible archaeological sites were encountered within the Paje Well fields project areas. Site 1 Location: GPS coordinates S 22° 01 26'.4'' / E 026° 36 41.6''. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 8 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Artefacts and/or features: Pottery fragments were encountered at one of the cleared areas around Borehole number Z12686. Period: Iron Age Level of importance: 5 Recommendation: The area can be developed. However, caution should be exercised when development takes place in this area because important materials may be recovered. No further work is required at this site since the fragments were found in isolation. Figure 1 below shows features described above. Figure 3: Pottery fragments found at Borehole Z12686 Site 2 Location: GPS coordinates S 22° 01 02'.8'' / E 026° 34 50.8''. Artefacts and/or features: Some possible stone tools (flakes) were encountered near borehole Z12681. Although some of the flakes looked more anthropogenic, some seemed to have been formed during the drilling of the boreholes. Moreover, the area around the borehole was cleared and had secondary vegetation. Period: Stone Age Level of importance: 5 Recommendation: The area can be developed. However, caution should be exercised when development takes place in this area because important materials may be recovered. No further work is required at this site since the site is rated 5 and the flakes looked more recent. Figure 2 below shows features described above. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 9 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Figure 4: Flakes found at Borehole Z12681 It is worth noting that the areas where the investigations were undertaken have been cleared during the establishment of borehole features. As a result, the areas were covered with secondary vegetation. The following figures illustrate some of the borehole features. Table 1 below shows a summary of the possible archaeological finds described above and management recommendations per each possible archaeological site. Figure 5: Researcher taking notes at one of the borehole points Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 10 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Figure 6: One of the borehole features in a clearly disturbed area Figure 7: Iron-bedded conglomerate found during the survey Table 1: Summary of archaeological finds and further work required per the findings Site Finds/ Location Rate Management number Artefacts recommendations 1 Pottery pieces S 22° 01 26'.4'' 5 None, except monitoring during E 026° 36 developments to avoid 41.6'' destruction of chance discoveries. 2 Flakes S 22° 01 02'.8'' 5 None, except monitoring during E 026° 34 50.8' development to avoid destruction of any chance discoveries. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 11 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 2.7 Summary and Management Recommendations This report has presented the findings of an archaeological assessment survey that was conducted at the new wellfield project area. The following is a summary of the whole archaeological investigation together with the resultant recommendations to be adhered to by the developer. · Not much in terms of archaeological remains was found during this survey. This is possibly because most of the material is probably hidden in the deep Kalahari sands. However, the absence of archaeological material on the surface of some areas does not mean that they are unlikely to encounter any during development when the area is excavated. · The contractors should keep a watching brief, and should anything of archaeological significance be found they should immediately inform the Botswana National Museum, as is required under the Monuments and Relics Act 2001. They should also be reminded that a development permit must be obtained (either by them or the developer) prior to any clearing or construction-taking place. · All these would be done to meet the requirements of the Monuments and Relics Act (as amended, 2001) of the laws of Botswana. This act protects all archaeological and or historic monuments and sites in the country whether they are recorded in the National Museum site register or not. The act also recommends that upon encountering archaeological material, relevant authorities should be informed. Section 18 prohibits any alteration, damage or removal from original site any national monument, relic or recent artefact. The act also recognizes the fact that the alteration, damage or removal of monuments and relics may be occasioned through authentic developments. Section 19, therefore, provides for predevelopment archaeological impact assessment and mitigation where planned developments are likely to disturb the earth's surface. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 12 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 2.8 References Bekker, R.P. and De Wit, P.V. 1991. Contribution to the Vegetation Classification of Botswana. FAO, UNDP and Republic of Botswana, Gaborone. Clark, A. 1990. Seeing Beneath the soil: Prospecting Method in Archaeology B.T Batsford, London. Cohen, Geoff. 1974. Stone Age artifacts From Orapa Diamond Mine, Central Botswana. Botswana Notes and Records 6: 1-4 Collette, D. 1987. "A contribution to the study of migration in the archaeological record; the Nguni and Kololo migration as case study". In Archaeology as long-term history (ed). Hodder, I. Cambridge University, Cambridge. Cooke, C. K. 1979. "The Stone Age in Botswana: A preliminary survey" Arnolodia. Rhodesia 8 (27) Daniel, P. and Hopkinson, M. 1983, The Geography of Settlement: Conceptual Framework in Geography Oliver and Boyd, Hong Kong. De Wit, P.V. and Nachtergale, F.O. 1990. Explanatory note on the Soil Map of the Republic of Botswana. Denbow, J.R. 1979. "Cenchrus Ciliaries: An ecological indicator of Iron Age in South-eastern Botswana". South African Journal of Science 75: 405-408 Denbow, J.R. 1983. `Iron Age Economics: Herding, Wealth and Politics along the Fringes of the Kalahari Desert during the Early Iron Age' Unpublished PhD Thesis, Indiana University, Bloomington. Denbow, J.R. 1984a. "Cows and Kings: A spatial and economic analysis of a hierarchical Early Iron Age Settlement in Eastern Botswana". In Frontiers: Southern African Archaeology Today (eds. M. Hall et al): 24-39. Oxford: BAR International. Denbow, J.R. 1985. `Preliminary Report an Archaeological Reconnaissance of the BP Soda Ash Lease, Makgadikgadi Pans, Botswana' Unpublished Report. Denbow, J.R. 1986. `A new look at the Later prehistory of the Kalahari' Journal of African History 27: 3-28. Denbow, J.R. and Wilmsen, E.N. 1989. `Iron Age Pastoralist Settlement in Botswana' South Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 13 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 African Journal of Science 79: 405-408. Denbow, J.R. 1991. `The Toutswe tradition: a Study in Socio-economic Change' In Settlement in Botswana (eds). Hitchock, R and Smith, M.R. Heinemann and Botswana Society, Gaborone. Fagan, M.F. 1965. Southern Africa During the Iron Age (Thames and Hudson, London). Hall, M. 1987, The Changing Past: Farmers, Kings and Traders in Southern Africa, 200-1860 James Currey and David Philip, London and Cape Town. Hall M. 1996. Archaeology Africa David Philip Publishers Claremont. Hester, T.R. Heizer, R.F. and Grahen, J.A. 1975. Field Methods in Archaeology, 6th eds. Mayfield, California. Huffman, T.N. 1986. "Iron Age Settlement Patterns and the Origins of Class Distinction in Southern Africa' Advances in World Archaeology, Vol.5: 291-338. Huffman, T.N. 1989. `Ceramics, Settlements and Late Iron Age Migrations' The African Archaeology Review, Vol.7: 155-182. Klein, R.G. (ed). 1984, Southern African Prehistory and Paleoenvironments Balkema, Netherlands. Lane, P.J. Reid, D.A.M and Segobye, A.K. (eds) 1998. Ditswammung. The Archaeology of Botswana. Pula Press and the Botswana Society. Gaborone. May, D. 1989. A. Geography of Botswana Macmillan. Gaborone. Noko. O.J. 2004. "Feasibility study for the extension of Morupule Power station": Archaeological Implications. Commissioned by GIBB Botswana. Unpublished Report Parsons, N. 1999. The abandonment of Phalatswe, 1901-1916. Macmillan, Gaborone. Sekgarametso.P. 2008. An archaeological impact assessment for Morupule-Orapa powerline. Commissioned by Loci Environmental Consultants. Silitshena, R. M. K. and Macleod, G. 1989 Botswana: a Physical, Social and Economic Geography Longman, Gaborone. Tlou, T. and Campbell, A. 1997. History of Botswana. Macmillan. Gaborone. Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 14 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Annexure 1: List of reported sites by the Botswana National Museum (Map sheets 26- B2, 3, 4) Site number/ Name Map Code Location Type Molangwe Hill 26-B2-1 980/483 LIA/Toutswe /Herringbone Taukome Motonanyana 26-B2-3 851/424 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-4 927/405 LIA Taukome Site 26-B2-6 934/401 Toutswe Phase1.2 Herringbone ? 26-B2-7 933/398 Toutswe Phase1.2 ? 26-B2-8 934/399 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-9 948/398 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-7 933/398 Toutswe Phase1.2 ? 26-B2-8 934/399 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-9 948/398 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-7 933/398 Toutswe Phase1.2 ? 26-B2-8 934/399 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-9 948/398 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-7 933/398 Toutswe Phase1.2 ? 26-B2-8 934/399 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-9 948/398 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-7 933/398 Toutswe Phase1.2 ? 26-B2-8 934/399 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-9 948/398 Toutswe Phase2 ? 26-B2-7 933/398 Toutswe Phase1.2 ? 26-B2-8 934/399 Toutswe Phase2 Metsemasweu River 26-B3-16 710/261 ESA Swaneng Motonanyane 26-B4-1 800/212 SA/Toutswe Phase2 Khubula-Bopeti 26-B3-6 590/238 Toutswe Phase2 26-B3-7 542/240 Toutswe Phase2 26-B3-8 544/241 Toutswe Phase2 26-B3-9 540/248 Toutswe Phase2 26-B3-10 679/284 Toutswe Phase1 Serokokwane 26-B3-11 720/314 LIA/Toutswe Phase2 Maipetwane 26-B3-12 723/329 Toutswe Phase2 26-B3-13 716/329 LIA 26-B3-14 740/320 Leruti Hill 1 26-B4-4 788/331 Tohtswe Phase2 Leruti Hill 2 26-B4-5 784/334 IA Paje Hill 1 26-B4-6 787/369 Paje Hill 2 26-B4-7 780/375 Taukome Hill 26-B4-8 936/396 MSA/Toutswe Phase1.2 Leruti Hill 1 26-B4-4 788/331 Tohtswe Phase2 Leruti Hill 2 26-B4-5 784/334 IA Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 15 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Annexure 2: List of well fields Boreholes that were under investigation and their location coordinates BH_NO EASTING NORTHING CLASS PROJECTION SOURCE Project production Z12677 452279.36 7552085.04 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12670 454919.16 7553857.91 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12671 447700.47 7557531.55 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12680 459100.54 7557939.71 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12701 436854.54 7565918.98 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12691 432663.38 7567171.74 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12695 444364.66 7571167.20 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12690 436911.76 7556207.23 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12678 437572.55 7560117.05 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12675 449487.57 7560580.15 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12679 442581.75 7567246.21 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12689 453914.57 7566512.54 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12702 451666.11 7567567.17 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12674 444442.20 7559691.12 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12673 446836.47 7564668.85 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12672 449019.68 7563493.90 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12698 449021.09 7577437.23 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12704 453652.82 7576110.36 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12693 448280.08 7571661.82 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12694 446185.71 7574241.30 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12676 451769.98 7557177.13 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12700 439832.52 7567331.79 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12692 443848.66 7574980.00 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12696 438422.40 7576905.56 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12697 438947.94 7579431.29 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12699 444138.67 7578040.81 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 16 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation Final ESIA ­ Volume 2 Project production Z12687 460300.60 7560870.33 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12688 456196.43 7562572.40 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12686 459944.56 7564434.97 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12703 462008.46 7575489.11 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12682 465321.37 7569810.71 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12683 467250.14 7573322.11 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12684 469757.81 7569281.82 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12681 456738.33 7565186.58 borehole UTM ZONE 35 S, WGS84 DGPS coordinates Project production Z12685 borehole Hand-held GPS Ecosurv Appendix 2 Page 17 2009 Morupule Power Station Groundwater Investigation EIA ­ Volume 3 Appendix 3 Baseline Conditions 3. APPENDIX 3: DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE (MANTSWE NATURAL RESOURCES CONSULTANTS 2007) Original copy with BPC (Submitted as a separate document) Ecosurv Appendix 3 2009