E494 V11 Ministry of Water and Environment National Water and Sanitation Authority (NWSA) Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Sp-ecific Environmentai Assessment Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 .11 Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report '" Final August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table of Content TABLE OF CONTENT ...................................................................................................................................... II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ............................................................................................................................ IV SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................................................... VIII CHAPTER 1: PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ..................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ................................................................................................................................................ I 1.2 Project Aims and Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Components and phasing ........................................................................................................................... 2 1.4 Program Scope ...................................................................... ..................................................................... 4 1.5 Justificationfor Water Sectoral Environment Assessment and Policy Framework. ................................. 4 1.6 Work Methodology/Conceptual Framework .............................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER 2: SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT PROCESS ............................................. 7 · 2.1 Documentation Review ............................................................................................................................... 7 .. 2.2 Field-based Review, Meetings and Consultations ........................................... ........................................... 8 2.3 Formulation of the SEA-Report.............................................................. .................................................. 10 · CHAPTER 3: POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK .............................................. 11 II 3.1 Government Framework .......................................................................................................................... 11 3.1.1 Environmental Policy in Yemen ................................................................................................ 11 3.1 .2 Procedures of Environmental Assessment Process .................................................................... 14 '" 3.1.3 Selection criteria and characterisation for environmental and socio-economic conditions ........ 14 3.1. 4 Analysis and assessment of the alternatives for water and sanitation sector ................. .......................... 15 3.1.5 Enviromental Management Program ....................................................................................................... 15 3.1.6 Social development Policy ......................................................................................................... 16 3.1.7 Legal Framework ....................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.8 Environmental Institutions ......................................................................................................... 18 3.1.9 International Conventions .......................................................................................................... 23 3.2 World Bank Framework ........................................................................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Safeguards Policy Framework ................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE DATA ............................................................................... 27 4.1 Overview .................................................................................................................................................. 27 4.2 Water Resources, Hydrology, Hydrogeology and Climate ...................................................................... 27 4.2.1 General Information ................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.2 Rainfall. ...................................................................................................................................... 27 4.2.3 Other Climatic Factors ............................................................................................................... 31 4.2.4 Hydrology .................................................................................................................................. 31 4.2.5 Principle Catchments ................................................................................................................. 32 4.3 Water Resources ........................................................................ ............................................................... 36 4.3.1 General Information ................................................................................................................... 36 4.3.2 Ground and surface Water Resources ........................................................................................ 36 4.3.3 Groundwater recharge and depletion ......................................................................................... 37 4.3.4 Water Supply and Sanitation ...................................................................................................... 38 4.4 Land Resources ........................................................................................................................................ 42 4.4.1 The resources and its use ........................................................................................................... 42 4.5 Physical Regions ...................................................................................................................................... 43 4.5.1 The Coastal Plains ...................................................................................................................... 44 4.5.2 The Yemen Mountain Massif .................................................................................................... 44 4.5.3 The Eastern Plateau Region ....................................................................................................... 45 4.5.4 The Desert .................................................................................................................................. 46 4.5.5 The Island Socotra ..................................................................................................................... 46 4.6 Geology and soils ..................................................................................................................................... 47 4.6.1 Land deterioration ...................................................................................................................... 50 4.7 Biological Resources .......................................................... ...................................................................... 52 4. 7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 52 4.7.2 Terrestrial biodiversity ............................................................................................................... 52 4.7.3 Coastal biodiversity ................................................................................................................... 65 4.7.4 Coastal Species .......................................................................................................................... 66 4.8 Agricultural biodiversity .......................................................................................................................... 72 4.8.1 Crop Diversity ............................................................................................................................ 73 4.8.2 Livestock Diversity .................................................................................................................... 76 4.8.3 Women and Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation ................................................................. 76 Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 11 AugusI2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 4.9 Air Quality and Noise ............................................................................................................................... 78 4.10 Socio-Economy and Culture ... .................................................................................................................. 79 4.10.1. Administrative structure ............................................................................................................. 79 4.10.2. Population .................................................................................................................................. 81 4.10.3 Education ................................................................................................................................... 83 4.10.4 Health ......................................................................................................................................... 86 4.10.5 Labour force and employment ................................................................................................... 90 4.10.6 History and Culture .................................................................................................................... 90 4.10.7 Cultural Heritage ........................................................................................................................ 92 4.10.8 Socio-economic and Gender Issues ........................................................................................... 95 CHAPTER 5: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ........................................................................................... 104 5. J Overview ........................................................................................................................................... ..... 104 5.2 Designs and Construction Phase ..................................................................... ...................................... 104 I 5.2.1. Water resources and hydrology ................................................................................................ 104 5.2.3 Land Resources ........................................................................................................................ 106 5.2.4 Air quality and noise ................................................................................................................ 108 · 5.2.5 Biological Resources ............................................................................................................... 108 I 5.2.6 Socio-Economic and Cultural Resources ................................................................................. 109 5.3 Operational Phase...................................................................... ............................................................ 111 II 5.3.1 Hydrology and Water Resources ............................................................................................. III 5.3.2 Land Resources ........................................................................................................................ 114 5.3.3 Air Quality and Noise ............................................................................................................... 114 .. 5.4 5.3.4 5.3.5 Biological ................................................................................................................................. 115 Socio-Economic and Cultural .................................................................................................. 116 Cumulative impacts and sector wide issues ............................... "" ........................................................ 1 16 ill CHAPTER 6: SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE PROJECT AREA ............. 118 6. 1 Criteria and guidelines for the sub-projects .......................................................................................... J J8 6.2 Environmental Management Plan .......................................................................................................... 122 6.3 Environmental Monitoring Plan and Program ...................................................................................... 123 6.4 Responsibilities and/uture activities ...................................................................................................... 124 CHAPTER 7: ANALYSIS AND ALTERNATiVES ..................................................................................... 127 7. J Program Objectives and Alternatives Approaches ................................................................................ 127 7.1.1. Proposed framework (Environmental Program) on local-leveL ............................................ 132 7.1.2. Proposed framework (Environmental Program) on large scale (National) level ..................... 134 7.1.3. No-project options ................................................................................................................... 136 CHAPTER 8: PUBLIC DISCLOSURE AND RECORD OF CONSULATION ........................................ 138 8.1 Public Disclosure ................................................................................................................................... 138 - 8.2 8.1.1. 8.1.2. Disclosure of sectoral environmental assessment .................................................................... 138 Disclosure of individual category subprojects ......................................................................... 138 Record o/Consultations ........................................................................................................... " ............ 138 8.2.1. Summary of the field consultations .......................................................................................... 138 8.3 Guidance/or Water authorities/or public consultations ........ " .............................. " .... " ....................... 140 CHAPTER 9: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDED FRAMEWORK ................................................ 141 List of Annexes 1. Water Law No. (33) for the year 2002 .... 2. Decree No. (218) for the year 2004 for the Ministry of Water and Environment. 3. Environment Protection Law No. (26) for the year 1995. 4. Decree No. (201) for the year 2005 For the establishment of Environment Protection Law 5. Decree No. (148) for the year 2000 - 6. 7. Environment Protection by-Laws World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies EIA Checklists and GuidleJines - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 11l August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 List of Abbreviations TOR Terms of Reference SEA Sectoral Environmental Assessment MWE Ministry of Water and Environment NWSA National Water and Sanitation Authority NWRA National Water Resources Authority PSEAS Project Specific Environmental Assessment Study · WSSP Water Supply and Sanitation Projects I WRAS Water Resource Assessment Study lit PMU Planning and Management Unit · OP Operational Policies - World Bank Guidelines · EIA Environmental Impact Assessment .. EMP Environmental Management Plan .... ESO Environmental Safety Officer ... EPA Environmental Protection Authority GOY Government of Yemen - NGOs WSSPs Non-Governmental Organizations Water Supply and Sanitation Projects ProgEMP Programmatic Environmental Management Plan UWSSP Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project NEAP National Environmental Action Plan ESIP Environmental & Sustainable Program NWSSP National Water Sectoral Strategy and Investment Program SFA Social Fund for Development "'" PWP Public Work Projects .... PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy liM - - EPC HWC Environmental Protection Council High Water Council - .. MOTE ITCZ Ministry of Tourism and Environment Monsoonal Inter-Tropical Convergence - RSCZ Red Sea Convergence Zone - - MUSD RWSS Million US Dollars Rural Water Supply and Sanitation .- Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final IV August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 SWF Social Welfare Fund MISA Ministry of Insurence and Social Affairs MOPD Ministy of Planning and Development EPL Environmental Protection Law MOPH Ministery of Public Health and Housing CBOs Community Based Organisations YAR Yemen Arab Republic · PDRY People's Democratic Republic of Yemen II I .. · tOo - .... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final v August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Preface The process of assessing the sectoral environmental status in relation to water and sanitation sectors was a holistic approach towards developing a conceptual and practical framework for the decision makers at the Ministry of Water and Environment. The following are the second round of conclusions and recommendations of the sectoral environmental assessment report, which entails the first round of conclusions and recommendation and reflects the concerns of the stakeholders during the first scoping session that was organized on February 2006 at EPA. · Conclusions · · ../ Shortage of fresh water resources for the purposes of municipal uses at certain . governorates in the country caused low hygienic levels, suffering by the residents to get their basic water needs and rising the water tariffs were it exceeds the · affordability of the local communities. ... ../ Lack of sanitation systems in terms of wastewater collection, treatment and reuse caused remarkable health, social and environmental problems at most of the country's governorates . ../ A number of water and sanitation projects caused or expected to cause negative environmental impacts due to the lack of sound Environmental Impact Assessment · (EIA) studies and Environmental Management Plans EMPs. Most of the projects that are financed by the Government and some of the projects that are financed - ',,", through international donors lack EIS. Some of these EIS never presented to the EP A for approval which makes it impossible for them to follow up with the - ... implementation of the mitigation measures and to perform the requested environmental aUditing . ../ There are no strict regulations regarding the usage of the treated wastewater. Farmers are using the discharged effluent from wastewater for all types of agriculture and are not respecting the restricted irrigation regulations. That caused environmental and health problems for both the farmers and customers . ../ Lack of effective and efficient corporation among all the stakeholders in the field of - environmental protection caused duplication of efforts and wasting of time and resources. Also, generating overlaps in different areas, which caused retardation in implementing the development plans in the water and sanitation sectors . ../ Sustainable development should be the main vision of the Ministry of Water and Environment for the coming future development plans. This requires joining all the - forces and efforts of all the stakeholders with the assistance of the potential donors as the World Bank . ../ Public awareness programs are not adapted to the required degree for most of the - water and sanitation projects. - Recommendations ../ Efficient and fruitful cooperation and coordination should be maintained among all the stakeholders in the areas of environmental protection aspects in terms of planning, implementing and monitoring. Cooperation needs to be at all technical and administrative levels . ../ The government needs to initiate strict regulations regarding the current industries Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final vi August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 ./' in tenns of enforcing pre-treatment facilities to respect the guidelines of water quality discharge. Environmental auditing has to be scheduled for all the potential existing industries. The new industries have to follow strict regulations regarding EIA studies and Empts . ./' More authority should be delegated to EPA to make it capable of enforcing the law and by-laws related to environmental protections aspects . ./' Involving the NGOs as an effective and influential members in the decision making process is essential and maintain a healthy environment for ensuring the public consultations. ./' Well-planned public awareness campaigns need to be adopted by the MWE in coordination with EPA, NGOs and local authorities during the cycle of the project. Gender issues need to be taken into consideration in planning for public awareness . programs and consultations . · ,( Implementation of the national water and sanitation programs should be at the top of the priority list in order to improve the current water supply and sanitation · infrastructure and involve more citizens in urban and rural areas by the necessary ,. servIces. . ./' There should be more enforcement for the EIA regulations and requirements . Projects that are financed through Governmental and International Donors need to be evaluated from the environmental point of view. - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 vii Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Summary Water and sanitation sector is considered as a comer stone in the social and development plans in Yemen. This sector is witnessing large investments through local budgets and foreign financial commitments. Short and long-term plans are in the pipeline and under implementation for a number of water and sanitation projects. Ministry of Water and Environment is the implementing agency for these programs through the different authorities as the National Water Resources Agency, National Water and Sanitation Authority and Environmental Protection Authority. , The Government vision is to raise the standard of living for residents in the urban and rural · regions through its mission of maintaining sustainable development along the course of II improving water and sanitation infrastructure. To achieve this long-term target it was II necessary to adopt a Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA) policy, which is based on the accumulated efforts and reports that are related to environmental aspects in Yemen . · ... In September 2005, the Government of Yemen through the Ministry of Water and Environment signed a service contract with Dornier Consulting GmbH to conduct the required tasks of the Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment under the Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3. The project consists of two phases; the first is to carry out the Sectoral Environmental Assessment for Water and Sanitation Sector and the second phase is to conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment for fourteen targeted urban centres all over the country. The duration of the project is eight months. At the end of each phase of the project there is a main submittal to the Client. The output of phase I is the development of the SEA report which is considered as a tool for the government to pinpoint the deficiencies and mitigate the shortcomings in the environmental assessment of water and sanitation projects. This report, the Final Report of the SEA phase I, consists of nine chapters, which were designed to cover all the related topics in sequential and understandable methods. These chapters are: 1. Program Description, background and proposed methodology. 2. Sectoral Environmental assessment process. 3. Policy, legal and Institutional Framework. 4. Environmental Baseline Data. - 5. Environmental Impacts. 6. Sectoral Environmental Assessment of the Project Area. - 7. Analysis and Alternatives. 8. Public Disclosure and record of consultation. 9. Conclusions and Recommended Framework Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final Vlll August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 The first chapter describes the background of the study and the rational behind initiating the SEA study at this time of development process in the water and sanitation sectors. Also it elaborates on the objectives and goals of the study. The main objective of the SEA is to integrate a sectoral management system, focused on groundwater conservation, wastewater treatment and reuse options to the Yemeni environment. A major expected output of the study is the preparation of a Water Sector Environmental Assessment in order to enhance and enforce the existing regulatory .. framework. Also, the study will foster the harmonization of national and World Bank guidelines in water related environmental matters. In addition, the project aimed at · assessing the environmental impacts factors for Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for .. selected fourteen urban centers. These centers are Ma'abar, Attaq, AI-Ghaida, Mareb, Dhamar, Al-Baidah, AI-Jawf, AI-Hawta, Dala'a, Damt, Shebam, AI-Mahwet, Khamer and Manakha. In summary the aims of study are: . 1. To obtain an in-depth understanding and evaluation for the Water and Sanitation Sector in Yemen. 2. To evaluate polices of the Water and Sanitation Sectoral Environmental Assessment 3. To establish the criteria and guidelines for the Project Specific Environmental Assessment study (PSEAs) for fourteen selected urban centers. 4. To conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment for the selected fourteen urban cities. The objectives of this report are: 1. To develop a framework for the Water and Sanitation Sectoral in Yemen 2. To evaluate the environmental and socio-economic condition to be used for the 3. To establish criteria and guidelines for the sub-project based on World Bank Safeguards. The second chapter elaborates on the processes and methodological aspects in performing the SEA study. The consultant achived the objectives of the study through the following measure: · The review to the existing and proposed national water sector polices guidelines and regulations, fully addressing the environmental and social concerns of forthcoming water-sector projects, which lead to sustainable water resources management and - development. · The formulation of the Sector Environmental Impact Assessment Report . A selected number of literature and information were reviewed for the purpose of completing the SEA phase. Two different ways were used to collect the necessary information and satisfy the aims of SEA-report. The information and data required for the SEA-report were categorised as technical information and legislative background in Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final IX August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 addition to the public consultation information. The technical and legislative information were achieved by reviewing the generated information regarding the water and sanitation sectors in Yemen within the desktop study. The second source of information was obtained from public consultations and communications. A list of the key officials whom been consulted is provided in Chapter two. Chapter three focuses on the Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework of the water and sanitation sector in Yemen in relation to the environmental legislations. The first national environmental framework for environmental protection measures in Yemen was the National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP), which was adopted in 1995, and the environmental Protection Law enacted at the same year. " " In October 2002, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)IMOTE issued the "Environmental & Sustainable Investment Program 2003-08" (ESIP), which constitutes the framework for Government's environmental policy of the next years. The ESIP presents an outline strategy and priority interventions aimed at controlling and gradually reversing the current trend and supporting the sustainable human development for the people of Yemen. The ESIP is already under implementation and it focuses on six - main areas of intervention, consistent with the Mandate and Resources of the Ministry of Water and Environment. These are: · Habitat and biodiversity conservation. · Sustainable land management. · Sustainable water management. · Sustainable waste management. · Sustainable climate change and energy consumption. · Institutional development/capacity building (as delivery mechanism for the Program). The current government policy in water sector is mainly to solve the problem of water scarcity, stop the depletion of groundwater aquifers, and provide a clean drinking water for urban and rural population, management and planning for wastewater treatment and the water resources. The government of Yemen has developed different projects and programs with international links to achieve these policies. The water sector mandates were delegated under different agencies such as the National Water and Sanitation Authority, National Water Resources Authority, Environmental .. Protection Authority and local water authorities. All policies and legal oriented issues related to the water sector were embodied in laws and regulations as follows: · Water Law No. 33/2002 · Project for Water Standards and Reuse, 1999 · Environmental Protection Law 26/1995 · Establishment of Ministry of Water and Environment Decree in 2003 · Established EPA, by Decree 60112005 and the frame work By-Law 148/2000 Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final x August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · Other related regulations, procedures and standards. At the end of Chapter three, the World Bank safeguard policy framework was presented. The World Bank has defined the Environmental and Social Safeguard for all Banks financed projects. These polices of particular relevance for conducting the environmental impact assessment of the urban centres in Yemen are: It!Environmental assermente OPI BPI GP 4.01 2 Naturel habitats OP/4.4 _~ 3 Cultural~!!L- --+---OPN 11.03, being revised as OP 4~ .. , 4 Involuntary resettlement OBI BP 4.~_ . _ --.J 5 Forestry OP/BP 4.36 '" '. Chapter four is the baseline information for the current conditions of natural resources, land resources, ecological and biodiversity, air quality and noise, socio-economical aspects and gender issues related to water and sanitation sector in Yemen . ... All related information regarding the hydrology, climate and hydrogeology of the country were presented. Water, both ground and surface waters are the backbone of the ... development programs in the country. Overexploitation of the available groundwater and contaminating the fresh surface water are the main challenges for the future of water sector. The lack of sanitation facilities in some of the urban centres and most of the rural areas is the main shortcoming with regard to sanitation sector. Yemen's renewable fresh water is a finite and constant resource. Its availability per capita falls with as population grows and Yemen's is growing fast. The availability per capita decreased from 1098 m3 in 1955, to 460 m3 in 1990, to 137 m3 in 2002, and is expected to further decrease over time. Water supply in the urban centers has expanded considerably in recent years. All urban water supply projects use groundwater as a major water source. Depletion of the groundwater resources is creating problems in several urban centers. Groundwater - - pollution is another threat to the groundwater resources. This high demanding requires certain measures to be taken to manage the water supply in the urban and rural areas such as increasing the number of people connected to the water net and reduce the loses in the existing water system supplies. ... The number of people benefited from the sanitation services increased to 1.7 million people in Yemen. The average coverage in the urban centers differ based on the area, the highest coverage was 95% in Aden, 75% Mukalla, and 65% in Tai'z and Hodeidah. The proper sanitation covers 53.54% from the urban houses, or 52.65% of the population. There is no proper sanitation in the rural areas. Other wastewater discharging methods are used such as covered and uncovered cesspits systems in different percentage in urban and rural areas. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final xi August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 With regard to land resources, three percent of the total area is cultivable (about 16,700 knl). Rangelands together with forest and woodlands comprise 39% of the area. This land is grazed by 5 million sheep, 4.4 million goats and 1.4 million cattle. Other land, mostly desert with limited use potential constitutes almost 57% of the total area. This area also includes roads and residential areas. In year 2001, around 55% of the total cultivated area was cropped with cereals. The second major crop was constituted by cash crops (about 17%) followed by fodders (10%) and fruits (8%). The country's soils are generally sandy to silty and loamy in coastal plains region, silty to loamy and clay loamy in the highland region, and low in nitrogen, phosphorus and organic · matter. Soil erosion caused by runoff and/or winds are often serious. Sand and dust storms, · which generally blast across the lowlands and highlands, promote soil erosion . .. Yemen is very rich in flora and has a wide range of natural vegetation types, a mixture of · species from East Africa, the Sahara-Arabia, and the Mediterranean. The vegetation .. coverage ranges from 9 to 43% and is dominated by grasses and dwarf shrubs, mainly the herbaceous Andropogon spp. Precise data on the status and number of rare and endangered plants in Yemen are not available, however, some 8 species (7 from the island of Socotra are listed in the IUCN Red Book), plus some 19 additional species are considered endangered at the national level. Medicinal flora is not well documented in Yemen and research on the subject is limited, however, medicinal and aromatic plants are of great ... interest to rural Yemenis . Yemen Fauna has a population of 71 recorded land mammal species including bats eight - species of gazelle have been recorded, four of which are believed to be almost extinct in - the country. Other species are ibex, oryx, baboon, red fox, wolf, hyena and jackal. Amongst the most notable are the Arabian Leopard, which is considered endangered or already extinct and the cheetah, which has not been seen in the wild since 1963. The major threats to flora are cultivation and poor agricultural practices, woodcutting for timber firewood and charcoal, over grazing, soil salination, wind erosion and expansion of - ... villages and cities. The major threats to fauna are over hunting, killing of animals perceived as dangerous such as snakes, and destruction of habitats through deforestation and urbanization . - Details about the endemic and semi endemic species, both flora and fauna in Yemen were presented in the chapter. With regard to air quality and noise pollutions, data is scarce and is unlikely to be used in the study analysis and not enough studies are available to present the effects of air quality on environment. However, it is well known that the emission of CO 2 and CO from heavy traffics causes damage to the environment. The development of urban areas will increase the traffic load around the developed areas and around the country with the use of old petrol engines and diesel fuel would have negative effects on the environment. The administrative structure of Yemen included 20 Governorates, 333 districts, 2,210 sub- - districts and 398,284 villages (Official CSO Figures taken from the PAD). Official figures regarding the area of each Governorate do not exist; in order to make a preliminary Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final xii August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 assessment of the average size of the administrative units taken as basis as follows: the average areas of the administrative units are: District 1370 km 2 ; Sub-district 206 km 2 ; Village area is 12 km 2 · The preliminary results for the 2004 census, the total residents are increased from 14,587,807 capita in year 1994 to almost 19,700,000 capita in year 2004. The growth rate considered in 2004 census is in average of 3.02%. The population number expected to double in 20 years time if the growth rate kept in this level. Information regarding the educational, health and labour employment status in the country was presented in details in the chapter. History and cultural heritage were tackled and provided to complete the cycle of the social aspects in the country. II The promotion of equal opportunities for men and women participants and beneficiaries as well as rich and poor is one of the goals of Yemen's gender and development policy in Water Resources Management and Water Supply and Sanitation. Water Supply and .. Sanitation (WSS) projects are extremely demand-driven and can fail, if not all members of ... a community were fully involved or committed to the projects. The projects have to be responsive to the declared demands of all user groups. Women, very often playing a minor III role in decision-making, are not or only marginalized included into these demand-driven projects. Being in many societies the responsible group for WSS as in Yemen, projects have failed due to the missing involvement of this group. Special effort should be made to include the women into the WSS projects, if necessary. Despite the variation of gender strategies across projects and environments, following facts should always be taken into account of future WSS projects: · Gender impact of all project components: engineering, institutional strengthening, financial and community development, health components · Resources needed to implement the gender strategy: personnel, training, procurement · Risk assessment of the implementation of gender strategy · Implementation and monitoring by all participants and beneficiaries Chapter five defines the valued environmental components and the anticipated environmental impacts that may be the result of implementing water and sanitation projects during the planning, construction and operational phases of these projects. The consultant simulates the current environmental status from the physical, biological and socio-economical conditions and makes it exposed to the expected activities for implementing water and sanitation projects at targeted urban centres in the country. The anticipated impacts were reported and elaborated based on the nature of the project implementation phase. Identifying the potential impacts includes direct/indirect effects with regard to relevant - general categories, as stated in the World Bank classification categories (A, B, C, F, I). The environmental impacts assessments triggered the favourable and unfavourable impacts of the program from design, construction to the operational phases, as well as resettlements - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 xiii Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 and land acquisition. Also, the assessment of the program significance such as likelihood, intensity risk, and environmental sensitivity were identified with emphasis on special features of the Yemeni environment. In chapter six, criteria and guidelines for the sub-projects and Monitoring plan and specifications were presented. The proposed guidelines for conducting the EIA studies for the sub-projects, which is the case for phase II of this project, were presented. The selection criteria and the methodological procedures for conducting the EIA studies were elaborated. A sample of the EIA format was entailed in the chapter. The key issues that are essential for performing the monitoring plans and setting the . environmental management plan were identified and the factors that need to be considered were elaborated. This chapter is the initial guide towards performing the EIA studies during phase II of this project and future water projects in Yemen. Chapter seven focused on the adopted approach for identifying and characterizing the · alternatives for implementing the proposed sub-projects in phase II of the project. A .. cause/symptoms approach was adopted to analyse the current conditions of environment on local and national basis in relation to water and sanitation sectors. The symptoms were reported through visual inspections, minutes of meetings with decision makers and high ... officials, previous studies and literature in this field . The symptoms were analyzed thoroughly to detect the causes and report the impacts. This presents half the way of the adopted approach. Proposing the mitigation and corrective measures and assigning the responsible agency/authority is the second half of the followed ... approach . A matrix was developed to show the results of the adopted approach divided into three main categories: technical, institutional and financiaL For each of the expected impact, an ,... analysis was done to define the causes, the mitigations and the responsible authority. Lack of fresh water and deterioration of the existing aquifers and the appearance of water borne diseases are parts of the potential shortcomings in the water sector. Lack of financial resources for the maintenance and monitoring programs and the overlap of responsibilities are main causes that face the efficient performance of the central and local governments and other stakeholders. Lack of coordination among the different parties resulted in duplicating the efforts and wasting the efforts. As a result of the cause - symptoms analysis, an environmental framework (Environ- Program) was developed on local, regional and national levels. At each level, short and medium term action plans were developed. A long list of actions were proposed and considered as landmarks for the decision makers in the field of water sector. In Chapter eight, Public Disclosure and Record of Consultation. The disclosure of the consultations among the official authorities and consulting the decision makers at the potential governmental and semi- government entities were summarised. The results of the .... consultations and the scoping session were reported and considered in preparing the final SEA report. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final xiv August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 The last Chapter is the conclusions and recommended framework for the sectoral environmental assessment policy with regard to the water and sanitation sector in Yemen. The conclusions and recommendations of all the previous activities were summarised in a form of action plan for the future and sound recommendations for the decision makers in the water sector. The report entailed seven annexes, these are considered as supporting documents for the main text. These annexes entailed the environmental protection law and related by-laws, decrees of establishing the Ministry of Water and Environment and the Environmental Protection Authority. Other related by-laws with regard to water and sanitation and the safeguard policies adopted by the World Bank and annex seven contains the EIA guidelines and checklist for EIA studies in Yemen. II · - - - .... """ Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final xv August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Chapter 1: Program Description 1.1 Background The water supply and sanitation sectors of Yemen will face great challenges, particularly for the next ten to twenty years. The major sources of groundwater are depleting and often causing a serious deterioration, which has adverse impact on the environment and human health. Furthermore, water supply systems and techniques are old and inadequate for current and future use in Yemen due to the large losses in the water systems used, contamination and poor local management. Therefore, an extensive realisation is required for the water and sanitation sectors in Yemen regarding the management of water use, improvement of water of purification and water consumption and distribution; and .. management of wastewater treatment, disposal and reuse. Accordingly, an extensive upgrading should be implemented to improve the water and sanitation sectors of Yemen. · The government of Yemen developed an appropriate strategic water policy and published several programs and projects to improve this sector for several urban centers. At this stage of the policy development, water and sanitation are evaluated under environmental aspects '. by the means of the Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA). The SEA is a useful tool for the policy and decision-making to incorporate important environmental aspects into the management of groundwater resources, the wastewater treatment systems and the water .... reuse. - The contents of SEA-study are the review of the environmental and social aspects, the assessment of the water policy, regulations and implementation strategies, the evaluation of environmental impacts and the development of an Environmental Sectoral Assessment - Framework. This study established the basis for phase two for Water Supply and Sanitation Projects (WSSPs) for a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment which will be carried on selected fourteen urban centers. - 1.2 Project Aims and Objectives - The major aim of the SEA is to integrate sectoral management system, focused on groundwater conservation, wastewater treatment and reuse options to the Yemeni environment. A major expected output of the study is the preparation of a Water Sector Environmental Assessment in order to enhance and enforce the existing regulatory framework. Also, the study will foster the harmonisation of national and World Bank guidelines in water related environmental matters. In addition, the project aimed at assessing the environmental impacts factors for Urban Water Supply and Sanitation for selected fourteen urban centers. These centres are Ma'abar, Attaq, AI-Ghaida, Mareb, Dhamar, AI-Baidah, AI-Jawf, AI-Hawta, Dala'a, Damt, Shebam, AI-Mahwet, Khamer and - Manakha. In summary the aims of this study are: 1. To obtain an in-depth understanding and evaluation for the Water and Sanitation - 2. 3. Sector in Yemen. To evaluate polices of the Water and Sanitation Sectoral Environmental Assessment. To establish the criteria and guidelines for the Project Specific Environmental - . 4. Assessment study (PSEAs) for fourteen selected urban centers . To conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment for the selected fourteen urban cities. - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 Water Seetoral Environmental Assessment and Projeet Specifie Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Projeet Contraet No. NWSACS-3 The objectives of this report are: 1. To develop a framework for Water and Sanitation Sector in Yemen 2. To evaluate the environmental and socio-economic condition to be used for the Sectoral Environmental Assessment. 3. To establish criteria and guidelines for the sub-project based on World Bank Safeguards. 1.3 Components and phasing ,. The implementation of the SEA study consists of two main phases with several stages of · works and tasks in each phase, which are described in detail as follows: · (1) Phase I (October 2005 to April 2006): Sectoral Environmental Assessment (SEA). or The study in this phase considered the ongoing programs of Yemen's Urban Water and Wastewater Sector. The SEA required the following stages to fulfil the study objectives . . · Stage 1 (Inception Report): the requirement of this stage was the production of the inception report. This report is focusing on the scope of the project and to assist the Government of Yemen (GOY) and other Non Governmental Organisation (NGOs) to verifY the scope of main issues for SEA. In co-operation with Planning and Management UnitlEnvironmental Safety Officer (PMUIESO) and the team members a set of meetings is formulated, organised and executed for initial consultations with the key stakeholders, public and women groups. Finally, a detailed work plan and working schedule for all activities was designed. · Stage 2 (Field Work and Drafting SEA Report): this component consists of several tasks to achieve the study objectives, which were: Governmental and public consultations with the outcomes was evaluated and used in the designed activities. Water sector policies of Yemen as well as guidelines and regulation of the World Band are reviewed with regards to the environmental and social issues. The potential impacts on the environment and socio-economically from water sector program and Water Supply and Sanitation Projects (WSSPs) were investigated and analysed. ..- A Programmatic Environmental Management Plan (ProgEMP) for mitigation and monitoring was established. Develop guidelines for screening, impact assessment for sub-projects (PSEAS) . - Preparation of a detailed environmental monitoring plan with a program and specification of responsibly. Production of the first draft of SEA Report. - · Stage 3 (Finalization of the SEA Report): Final SEA report for the outcomes was presented according to the terms of references (ToR) and the guidelines of the World Bank · OD 4.01, OD 4.30, OD 4.11. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 2 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 (2) Phase II (January 2005 to August 2006): Project Specific Environmental Assessments (PSEAS). The scope of the Project-Specific Environmental Assessments (PSEASs) will be focused on the preparation of Environmental Impact Assessments (EIAs) for selected 14 urban centers in Yemen based on the guidelines developed by the SEA in Phase 1. The development of the project Specific Environmental Assessment (PSEAS) is based on several stages activities and actions. These activities are: · · Stage 1 (Preparation of Environmental Assessments): the preparations of EA's requires several activities as listed below: · Collecting data and information from previous studies, interviews with · agencies and specialists with water supply and sanitation projects issues and .. under consideration of special requirements for each project. iii Collecting the environmental and socio-economic baseline data for the - ,. investigated 14 urban centers. Screening and scoping of potential impacts for each water supply and sanitation project, which has adverse effect on the environment. Field investigation and data analysis should be checked. ... Environmental impacts assessments of effects on the natural and socio-cultural resources by the project. "* - ... · Screening projects alternatives. Stage 2 (Environmental Management Plan): each water supply and sanitation project requires an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) which has to be developed based on results of the PSEA. The EMP will contain information, activities, specifications and recommendations concerning the following issues: The main environmental impacts caused by construction and operation of water facilities. Mitigation and rehabilitation measures during the construction and operational phases. The institutional responsibility for implementation of the mitigation measures, which will be defined. Main part of EMP is the development of monitoring actions for environmental inspection and supervision activities. - Environmental capacity development. Every project components and phase of environmental action initial and recurrent costs will be estimated. - Overview of EMP actions, responsibilities and costs. · Stage 3 (Environmental Monitoring Plan and Program): in the context of EMPs - the defined monitoring have to be converted into specific monitoring, investigation procedures as listed: - Monitoring Procedures: the environmental Monitoring Plan determines standard methods, monitoring equipment and boundary conditions for execution of the monitoring process. Environmental quality and efficiency of - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 3 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 plants should be characterised. Data processing and reporting must be established. Comparable and reliable results are required for evaluation of status and trends of natural and cultural resources. Monitoring Program for the pre-construction, the construction and operation of the facilities. Institutional strengthening will continue by assessment of capabilities and recommendation of a capacity building program in all levels. 1.4 Program Scope I This study will assist the GOY to formulate a Sectoral Environmental Assessment of the . Water Sector in Yemen. This program will help the GOY to meet the World Bank requirement for financing Phase II of the UWSSP Program. This study will include: · .. · A review of the existing and proposed national water sector polices, guidelines and regulations, fully addressing the environmental and social concerns of forthcoming ,M water-sector projects, which lead to sustainable water resources management and '. · development. The preparation of the Sector Environmental Impact Assessment. · The preparation of the Environmental Management Plane (EMP), including an ... effective Mitigation & Monitoring Plan and the related strengthening measures . · This formulation of Guidelines, Standard Methods and Procedures to address environmental and social concerns, as an input to project-specific EIA principle and procedures. This will cover: screening, scoping, guidelines, planning and implementation processes. · The formulation of standard procedures for sub-project mitigation and monitoring - · measures Training to Yemeni Counterparts and other stakeholders in the preparation and implementation of the SEA, as well as the mainstreaming of the environmental and social management approaches, whether the PSEA is to be carried out or not. The Consultant worked in close coordination with PMU's Environmental & Safety Management office (ESO), with the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) and other - relevant groups and agencies and sector department of Ministry of Water and Environment. 1.5 Justification for Water Sectoral Environment Assessment and Policy Framework. Yemen's water supply and sanitation sectors are facing critical challenges, mainly due to - the fast depletion rate of deep aquifers and the widespread deterioration of groundwater quality. The trend projection of models prepared by recent studies indicated of the country's urban water supply and sanitation systems are indicating that the main drivers of - the utility efficiency are leakage control, wastewater collection ratios and cost containment. This situation is more likely to worsen than now in the future. Therefore, this project is necessary to assist the GOY in undertaken a remedial strategies to stop the water supply deterioration from the groundwater aquifers and to improve the livelihood Yemen's urban populations. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 4 Augusl2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 The Sectoral Environmental Assessment will provide the GOY and other stakeholders with an operational tool for broadly incorporating environmental and social consideration into the water sector planning and implementation process. 1.6 Work Methodology/Conceptual Framework The objectives of the SEA were achieved through the following steps: t " · Desktop Study .. A selected number of literature and information were reviewed for the purpose of · completing the SEA phase . · Public Consultation . '- Two different ways were adopted to collect the necessary information and satisfY the aims of SEA-report. The information and data required for the SEA-report can be categorised as scientific or technical information and public consultation information. The technical information was achieved by reviewing the generated information regarding the water and ,- sanitation sectors in Yemen within the desktop study. The second source of information was obtained from public consultations and communications and this was achieved through certain measures and procedures by: 1. Developing a framework for selecting the right participant for consultation, and - 2. Developing a set of questions and issues to be addressed through the public consultations. - · Policy and Regulation The Republic of Yemen policies and regulation regarding the water and sanitation sectors were reviewed. Also, World Bank regulations were reviewed with regard to the environmental and social requirements and concerns of the designed WSSPs. · Selection Criteria and Characterisation - 1. 2. analysis of the available data, maps, studies or any other relevant literature, and observations from every site in urban centers; and selection and characterisation of environmental and socio-economic conditions, relevant to the water sector and projects. · Potential Impacts 1. Assessment for potential impact on the environment and socio-economic conditions - 2. from the water sector; Ecological risk analysis, the sensitive areas were defined based on the potential impacts; and - 3. According to the impact intensity and based on ecological standards, compensation measures were selected, if no mitigation or programmatic/technical alternative is - - possible. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 5 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 · Alternatives The analysis and assessment of alternatives was considered for the water sector program, in coordination with authorities and design engineers. The modification of the programs and facilities was discussed and in case of major impacts, the construction and location of the facility had been compared and assessed with possible alternatives. · Programmatic Environmental Management Plan (ProgEMP) 1. evaluate the potential impacts; · 2. establish a (ProgEMP) for mitigation of possible impacts; 3. establish a (ProgEMP) for monitoring of possible impacts; .. 4. incorporate the comments from the national and local authorities for environmental protection and nature conservation within the Environmental Management Plan (EMP); ·iII 5. evaluate the means of compensation and/or donation; 6. evaluate the means of preventing the resettlement or land acquisition; and 7. develop the framework for mitigation measures on the sub-projects level which should strengthen the environmental parties on national and local scale . ... .... · Screening 1. develop guidelines for screening, impact assessment and a management of the sub- - 2. projects (PSEAS) form the outcomes of the SEA-report; implementation of the guidelines as a standard procedures for environmental assessment of technical facilities and sub-projects ofthe Yemeni Water Sector; and 3. discussion and evaluation of the guidelines in the public consultation and disclosed. · Monitoring Plan - 1. 2. develop a detailed monitoring plan based on the outcomes of the SEA-Report; and develop a program and specifications of responsibilities for ensuring the conformity - of sub-projects to the environmental guidelines developed earlier in the screening stage. · Conclusions and Recommendations The conclusions and recommendations of all the previous activities were summarised in a form of action plan for the future and sound recommendations for the decision makers in the Water Sector. ... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 6 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Chapter 2: Sectoral Environmental Assessment Process 2.1 Documentation Review Large number of reports, official documents, data, policies and regulations were collected and reviewed during the preparation of SEA report. These documents were prepared during more than twenty years interval, which reflects the changes in water and sanitation sectores in Yemen and the introduction of environmental assessment as an effective tool towards selecting the optimal objectives. The following list represents a number of the potential references for the SEA study: · · · Environmental profilelDhamar Governorate. DHV, May 1990. It · Environmental Protection Law, No. (26) of 1995. . · Review of Government Program Activities Concerning Soil ErosionlEPC, September 1990. · Environmental information system for Natural Resources conservation and use, F AO, April 1998 . ... ... · Tai'z Water Supply and Sanitation Projects, Rehabilitation of Water and Sewage Network, EIA (AI-Qaida)lDec. 2001, Dorsch & Gitic . ... · Sectoral Environmental Assessment Vol (1), Rural Access Program, Techniplan, Rome, Oct. 2004. · Sectoral Environmental Assessment Vol (2), Safeguard Policy Frameworks, Rural Access Program, Oct 2004. · National Environmental Action Plan, Sana'a. EPC, 1995. · Environmental and Sustainable Development Investment Program 2003-2008, EPA, 2002. - · · · Evaluation of the Environmental Status of the Republic of Yemen, EPA, 2005. The Eleventh of the Arabic Chemical Conference, Aden, 6-8 Nov. 2000, Decisions. Republic of Yemen Standards for Pubic Drinking Water, 1999. · Republic of Yemen Standards for Water Irrigation Use, 1999. · Republic of Yemen Standards for Industrial disposal Water, 1999. · Republic of Yemen Standards for Drinking Water in Containers.l999. · Dams Operational and Maintenance Guide, Safar Water Basin Project, 2005. · Public Water Law, 2002, Establishment of the Ministry of Water and Environment. · National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program, 2005-2009 (NWSSIP). · Women and Environment StrategylDraft Copy. By Hayat Galeeb, Manger of Women and Environment Unit. ~"" · National Report of the Women in Yemen, (Bejing plus 10), May 2004. The Republic of Yemen! The Highest Council of Women! The National Committee for Women. .. ' ... · The feasibility Study to Reuse the Treated Wastewater and Sludge in Aden, Amran, Abb and Yraum. Feasibility Study Report (Vol. 1), GKW Jerdana, May 2005. ... - · Executive List for Environmental Protection Law! Presidency of the Ministry Council- Environment Protection Council, 2000. · EIA policy for the Republic of Yemen (Euroconsult and IHEE Delft), 1966. · Accomplished Activities Report for financial and investments on project ,,.. implementation levels for year 2004. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 7 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · C. Niethammer, 2005: Gender and Development in Yemen - Women in the Public Sphere; Yemen Mena Regional Development Reports Roundtable; World Bank · Ministry of Water and Environment, 2005: National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program, 2005-2009 (NWSSIP); Sana'a · Louke Wijntje, 1998: Rural Yemeni Women in Subsistence Farming; Their life style, status, rights and problems; Sana' a · UNDP, 2002-05: Mainstreaming Gender in Water Management; Internet · EP A, 2002: Environment and Sustainable Development Investment Program 2003- 2008; Sana'a · · IFAD, Internet 2005: Yemen - Issues in Priority Targeting of Women · The Yemeni National Committee for Women, 1997: The Pre-Investment Meeting. Program Document Yemeni Women's Advancement; Sana'a If · S. Saidi, 1997: Land and Conservation Project - A Strategy for Introducing Gender Concerns into the Project Forest Component, Sana'a " · Rashida AI-Hamdani, 2005: Yemen and the MNA Regional Gender and Development Report, "Women in the Public Sphere"; Yemen Women National Committee, Sana'a · · B. Gross, C. van Wijk, N. Mukherjee, 2001: Linking Sustainability with Demand, Gender and Poverty; International Water and Sanitation Center, Delft · WHO and Unicef, Internet 2005: Water for Life Decade for Action 2005 2015 · World Bank, 1997: Toolkit for Gender Issues; Internet · Other quotations from reports, papers and literature. 2.2 Field-based Review, Meetings and Consultations Consultations were carried out with various sector stakeholders at various levels to clarifY their expressions and discuss with them all issues related to environment, water and sanitations. List of the key contacts during the preparation of the SEA Report is presented - in Table 2.1. - - "'.. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 8 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 Table 2 1 L' 0 f cont act s d ' SEA Report preparation 1St urmg Name Position ---~------ ~---------c-~~~-~-------- I. Mr. John Bryant Collier Operation Officer, Water, Environment, Social and Rural Development. Middle East and North Afri ca Region - World Bank - - - - - - - 1 2. Eng. Issam Makki Director - PMU Planning and Management Unit Minist!): of Water and Envi ronment ~-~---------------l ! 3. Eng. Abdulmoamen Mutahar Chairman, ~ng National Water and Sanitation AuthQrity (N_W_S_A-')'--_ _ _ _ _--I · .. Mahmoud M Sh,d,wah Cha'mtan Environmental Protection Authori~ (EPA2 · · S. Eng. Salem Bashuaib Chairman · l National Water Resources Authori~ (NWRA) ~-",. Abb" AI-Motawakel Deputy Minister Minist!): of Public Health and Housin~ 7. Dr, Majid AI Jonaid ! Deputy of PHC Sector Primary Health Care Sector I Ministry of Public Health and Housing 8. Prof. Dr. Abdullah Babaqi WEC Director Water and Environment Centre Sana' a {jniversity 9 Dr. Jamal Amran General Director - 1 . · 10. Dr. Izzedin AI-Jonaied National Malaria Control Program Head of Studies Department Ministry of Agriculture II. Dr. Osama Ali Mahmoud · WHO Consultant I Medical Entomology and Vector Control - 12. Eng. Abdulkhaliq Al-Ghaberi I DG of Environmental · Emergency Department ! Ministry of Water and Environment t!'g. 13. Eng. Mohammed Saleh AI- Director of Planning and International Cooperation · Jaradi Ministry of Water and Environment Sola;man AI-Shalan Director of Studies and Design Section Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation .- IS. Eng. Hamoud AI-Rubaidi General Manager I Groundwater and Soil conservation Project 1--_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16. Dr. Lia Carol Sieghart ----ti_M~in.istry of Agriculture ----------------.J Environmental Management Expert I --=:--~_--=-::--:---::-- _ _-+.-=M=in=ist!): of Water and E n v i r o n m e n t a l - - - 1 17. Eng. Ruaa AI-Sakaf National Water and Sanitation Authority- ----l - 18. Eng. Abdul JaliJ AI Deba .---- · 19. Eng. Ali AI-Gail Human Resources Manager · National Malaria control Program Operation and Maintenance of Dams Ministry of Water and Environment h-9. Eng. Helal AI Reiashi Vice Director - EPA Environmental Protection Agency 20. Marion Jerichow Eng. Urban and Landscaping NWRA - ~ 21. Eng. Jamal Al-Saedi 22. Susanna Smeta National Water and Sanitation Authority MWE-GTZ Water SUEE'l:: and Sanitation Sector Reform Summary of outcomes and disclosure of these consolations is presented in Chapter 8 of this report. - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 9 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Proiect Contract No. NWSACS-3 2.3 Formulation of the SEA-Report After reviewing and studying the collected data, literature, reports and meeting with decision makers and official who are working directly and indirectly in water and sanitation sectors, the consultant was able to define the shortcomings. Definition of the shortcomings was done through studying current policies of the government; compare it with ideal conditions and identifying the gaps. For each of the detailed shortcoming, the cause, symptoms, impacts, necessary mitigations and responsible agency/agencies were presented as shown in Chapter 7 of this report. The environmental it conditions were evaluated on local and rational basis. Mitigation of the current reverse II impacts was formulated in the form of short, medium and long-term action plans. The World Bank Safeguard policies were reviewed and compared with the recommended · mitigations to match the national EMPs with well-defined international procedures . ... ... - - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 10 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Chapter 3: Policy, Legal and Institutional Framework 3.1 Government Framework 3.1.1 Environmental Policy in Yemen Yemen natural resources are the basis for the nation development. The depletion or degradation of these resources leads to a loss of the country assets and undermined the . future development. Therefore, the GOY has established institutions and responsibilities for environmental management, joined international conventions and is currently " developing additional sector legislation and procedures. A National Environmental Action Plan (NEAP) was adopted in 1995 and the environmental Protection Law was enacted at the same year. The NEAP established priority issues and actions in the main environmental field such as: ,'" · water resources; · land resources; .. · natural habitats; and · waste management. During the late 90's and the beginning of 2000's, the Government developed major strategies such as the Socotra Archipelago Master Plan and the Biodiversity, Ecotourism, Women and Environment strategies. Parallel to this, the public awareness and concerns have grown, supported by the increased NGO activity and the media involvement in the environmental issues. Regardless of these efforts, Yemen is facing serious environmental problems: a severe water crisis, large land, forests and unique habitats are being lost; waste pollution is negatively affecting population health, poverty and development opportunities. It has been clear that the country needs more investment in sustainable environmental management. :~ Conscious of this need, in October 2002, the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA)IMOTE issued the "Environmental & Sustainable investment Program 2003-08" (ESIP), which constitutes the framework for Government's environmental policy of the next years. The ESIP presents an outline strategy and priority interventions aimed at controlling and gradually reversing the above trend and supporting the sustainable human development for - the people of Yemen. The ESIP is already under implementation and it focuses on 6 main areas of intervention, consistent with the Mandate and Resources of the Ministry of Tourism and Environment (from April 2003 Ministry of Water and Environment). These are: 1. Habitat and biodiversity conservation. - 2. 3. 4. Sustainable land management. Sustainable water management. Sustainable waste management. 5. Sustainable climate change and energy consumption. 6. Institutional development/capacity building (as delivery mechanism for the Program). Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 11 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 The various programs in ESIP with the actions required are summarised in Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Environmental and Sustainable Investment Program (2003-2008), Program Areas and Actions. Program Area Action I Budget .(MillY~ L Habitat and , Soctora conservation and development program 12.0 - . Biodiversity I Protected area management; Village conservation 1.6 Conservation ~stal zone management 0.8 - . Eco-tourism . . 4.5 · Monitoring . 0.5 I Botanical garden; Natural history museum 1.3 .. Total P....ogram Area 1 20.7 12. SuStainable Land Pollution and environmentally sound land use practices 0.7 Management Action program for forest restoration and desertification 1.6 .. Improvement ofmaQs for soil degradation and desertification Sup~ort to land registration 0.5 0.6 . - - -..- - - . Total for Program Area 2 3.4 r-::--:: 3. Sustainable water Pollution control for fresh water resources, water supply and water 1.0 Management harvesting systems SUQQort to enhancement of water low and information system 0.1 I Support to optimisation of water use and securing additional water 0.2 .. resource I - """ Management ~'.\fareness raising ~anagement system for hazardous waste Total for Program Area 4. Sustainable Waste i DeveloQment of waste reduction, reuse and recycling pro~am . 0.2 1.5 0.5 0.2 Emergency unit for environmental QolIution 1.0 I Implementation of the solid waste management guidelines, e.g 0.5 ! landfills i 1- Promotio~of solid waste management systems, legislation - - _ . 0.1 . Awareness campaign 0.2 Total for Program Area 4 2.5 ... 5. Sustainable Energy Promotion of renewable energies 1.0 Management Development of and energy use and air qua~ra~ 1.0 I Development of a national Adoption Strategy 2.6 ; Established of an ene~ance scenario 0.1 - - Total for Program Area 5 0.2 Total for Pro~am Area 5 I 4.9 6. Institutional Policy development 0.5 Development! ~gal affairs and low enforcement 0.5 Delivery Information and monitoring 0.5 Mechanisms I Awareness raising and education 1.0 ..... I Community", NGO and gender Qarticipation 1.2 I Technology development 0.5 Institutional and capacity" building 0.6 Total for Program Area 6 4.8 - . I Total for priority Actions 30.2 I Total for the £~gram .37.-g-- ,. The ESIP was the guiding document in support of the Ministry of Water and Environment's strategic approach in the coming years. Also, it is one of the bases to establish dialogue with all Ministry's partners and donors to raise awareness among all stakeholders and GOY agencies on a wide range of environmental concerns in other investment areas. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 12 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Recently, the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) proposed a National Water Sectoral Strategy and Investment Program (NWSSIP) for the period 2005-2009. The Ministry of Water and Environment is in charge of the most complex development problems such as: · · the problem of water scarcity; · depletion of groundwater aquifers; · providing clean drinking water for urban and rural pollutions; .. · management and planing of the wastewater treatment; and · management and planing of the water resources and their use according to the Water Law. lit The importance of water is not just for drinking and food production but it is considered the basis for the nation development. Water availability is an essential factor in public health, unemployment, poverty, women education, and the various areas of development. Therefore, the establishment of MWE (2003) came to refect the general believe that it is necessary to in charge a single government agency completely responsible for water development and management, to ensure that the development is achieved within a sustainable manner and to continue with sector structural reforms and to extend the - participation of the communities and beneficiary. The participation of communities and therefore the decentralization of water sector call in the bearing the water cost and taking in charge of their own water sewage management. Also, the MWE is charged with achieving a rational and sustainable management of the environment in the various natural resources. In addition to that, the role of MWE is to support the implementation of the Water and Environmental Laws and raise the awareness to protect water and other environmental resources from depletion and pollution. The National Water Sectoral Strategy and the supplementary Investment Program - represents the MWE action plan for the years (2005-2009). Summary of the proposed - NWSSIP for the 5-years period is shown in Table 3.2. Table 3.2 Summary of the Yemeni water investment program for the 5-years period (2005-2009). I , I~-· Sub-se~tor i I Total Required Investment Donor Funds Committed IPipelined Local Financing Expected Net Financing Requirement (M USO) I Share of Total Investment U L _(MUSD) (MUSD) (M USD) (MUSD - I Water resources!!lanagement ! UWSS I hardware UWSS software RWSS L hardware 47 750 48 454 20 355 25 78 I 265 0 7 101 20 130 23 275 3% 49% 3% 30% ! ! ,." RWSS software 28 6 0 22 2% I t-Irrigation . 190 64 56 70 12% I Environment 21 2 0 19 1% - K2005-2009) I Total water sector investment! Percentage . . I Urban Water Supply and Samtatlon 1,538 100% : 550 36% 429 28% 559 36% I 100% 2 Rural Water Supple y and Sanitation The expected investment (financing) from government budget is assumed to continue at - the level of 50-55 M USD annually for UWSS and 18-22 M USD annually for RWSS. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 13 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 These numbers partially include funding through other entities such as the Social Fund for Development (SFD), the Public Works Projects (PWP), rural development projects and specialized international organizations. The Government's general environmental policy and regulations are mainly embodied in Table 3.3. Table 3.3 Government policy statement, strategies and programs relevant for the r--. environmental sector. -~ · I. Statement, strategies and programs National Environmental Action Plan r--!... Environmental & Sustainable Investment Program - - Year 1996 2003-08 .- II .~. .- · Biodiversity Strategy (1999, in course of approval in December 2003) 1999-03 I I · Environmental Impact Assessment Policy for the Republic of Yemen 1997 · ~_ (preQaredJ>.lEuroconsult-Netherlan_dsL · Yearly Reports on the State of Environment (by EPA) . . -~ ~ ~.=l Yearly I t±J i .- Evaluation of Future Development of the EIA S~stem in Yemen {METAP2 2001 · . · P.!oposed National Water Sector Strate~and Investment Program (NWSSIP) 2005-2009 ! 3.1.2 Procedures of Environmental Assessment Process .... An Environmental Impact Assessment policy for the country was prepared in 1996. This policy was prepared for EPC as an initial guide towards preparing the necessary by-laws regarding EIA. Due to the international financing procedures, World Bank EIA Guidelines - were dominant. For our study, the environmental assessment reports for phase II are expected to cover the following major areas: · an information describing the proposed activities; · motivation for site selection and a discussion of alternative locations; · analysis of the initial state of the environment at each site; · assessment of potential environmental impacts including direct and indirect, positive and negative, cumulative, short or long term, permanent and temporary; · description of mitigation measures for significant adverse impacts and procedures on - · · how to avoid, reduce, or remedy these impacts; development of monitoring plan; and brief and non-technical summary. 3.1.3 Selection criteria and characterisation for environmental and socio-economic ... conditions The selection of criteria for the evaluation of the environment and socio-economic of the program requires an intensive review for all potential environmental impacts of the project is necessary. Regardless, if it has direct or indirect affects with regards to the general environmental categories (World Bank classification category A, B, C, FI). The selection criteria and characterisation will consider the following measures: · favourable or unfavourable impacts of the program from design, construction and operational; · resettlement and land acquisition; Sec/oral Environmental Assessment Report Final 14 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · assessment of the project significance such as likelihood, intensity, risk and environmental impacts; · identification the potential significant impacts with emphasis on special characteristics of the Yemeni environment; The collected data and information are reviewed and characterised in a scientific manner, I to achieve the best governmental framework for the program objectives. 3.1.4 Analysis and assessment of the alternatives for water and sanitation sector The data was investigated whether it has potentially affected areas and analyses of existing data sets might be supplemented by field measurements or laboratory analyses. These investigations could provide additional information for the characterisation of the project conditions or initial levels of water pollution with quantitative information. The major impacts of water supply and wastewater project activities on natural and socio-economic . All conditions, project or facility alternatives/modifications evaluated. Alternatives reviewed, compared and classified corresponding to their potential impact. For each alternative measure total costs and benefits must be taken into account. Cost effectiveness and feasibility of the alternatives are main aspects for the classification. Assessment of alternatives will consider the following issues: · Review all the proposed alternative approaches from engineers to achieve the objectives of the program in cases of significant impacts. · Consideration of alternatives to the present and intended water sector policy, if major effects must be feared for the environment. · Tabular comparison and analysis of major alternatives, their economic benefit and realisation under national and local conditions 3.1.5 Environmental Management Program Environmental management has been given attention in Yemen, through various activities such as: · The consideration given to national environmental organization, · The national environmental organization. · The national fund and · The environmental legislation. - It became clear that despite important efforts in the environmental management made in recent years, Yemen still lacks adequate institutional and regulatory frameworks to manage its natural resources, disseminate information concerning environmental issues, and fully promote public awareness and participation. Environmental management is considered in an international context. Yemen's has international treaties and obligations are ratified by the Government. Sectoral Environmell/al Assessment Report Final 15 Augusl2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 3.1. 6 Social development Policy 3.1.6.1 Policies and Program The Government of Yemen, in cooperation with international funding agencies stated a series of polices and programs aiming at ameliorating the socio-economic situation in Yemen. These can be summarised as follows: · The Social Welfare Fund (SWF), an agency under the Ministry of Insurance and Social Affairs (MISA) which provides transfers to those unable to work and to · members of the poorest section of Yemen society . · The Public Works Project, run by the Ministry of Planning and Development · (MOPD), which is designed to create short-term employment opportunities for those able to work. !Ii · The Social Fund for Development (SFD), which seeks to provide support for long- term development opportunities for the poor. 3.1.6.2 Vision Through Vision 2005, the Government of Yemen identifies and supports the following ... actions: · to develop and implement sustainable management and monitoring programs for water resources, land resources and agriculture, coastal zones, biodiversity and <-i!iM waste; · to develop a desertification combating program; .. · · to provide energy substitution; to use environment friendly technology and enhancement of renewable energy liJ'i:llll resources; ,. · to implement environmental impact assessment for projects; and · to increase public awareness in all environmental fields. 3.1.6.3 Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP) A key issue confronting Yemen is poverty, and the linkage with environmental degradation, and resources depletion occurring in both rural and urban areas. There are high levels of poverty in rural areas, people are living below subsistence levels and they are using soils, forest and other resources at rates exceeding sustainable limits for recovery and renewal. The poor have no other option than to adopt short-term survival strategies. Also, Yemen's urban areas illustrate the mutually reinforcing effects of poverty and ',," environmental degradation. Foremost among the environmental issues are the health problems resulting from substandard living conditions (like that do not shield them from) human extracts, domestic refuse and other wastes. The Government of Yemen adopted the Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRSP), which reflects .- the role of the environment for the living standard of the people in Yemen where the poor are primarily reliant on the environment for their livelihood. They are directly affected by the methods by which the environmental resources are exploited. The Government has - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 16 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 therefore decided that the following environmental policies are to be strengthened within the PRSP: · enhance the technical capacities of relevant institutions to develop comprehensive environment as well as development projects and programs relying on community participation; · develop a legal framework; · institutional empowerment of local organisation; · carry out field studies to assess environmental conditions; · · find incentives accompanying awareness campaign; · · provide job opportunities through environmental projects; and II · finance projects that provide soft loans for the poor. In spite of the emphasis given to environmental issues in the PRSP, the budget allocated by ,. the GOY does not allow significant environmental measures to be taken in support of poverty eradication. Out of the total planned spending of YR 446,384 Million for the period 2003-2005, environmental measures will only amount to some 0.8% of the PRSP '. budget. 3.1.6.4 Gender Policies "'" Yemen's constitution declares equal rights and obligation for men and women, and makes discrimination on the basis of sex illegal; the government capacity to enforce such laws is weak, mostly due to inadequacy of the administrative apparatus. New laws introduced since Yemeni unification provide women more security rights, yet without effective enforcement, these are virtually ineffectual. - In 1997, the government adopted the Yemeni Women's National Strategy. Among the institutions established to work on women's issues is the women National Committee. Its duties include cooperating with local, regional and international organizations involved in - women's projects, conducting studies relating to women, contributing to women's legal awareness, and holding workshops and conferences. Its effectiveness is hampered, however, by lack of adequate funding; absence of coordination at a national level, unavailability of data disaggregated by gender, and ambiguity of its goals. 3.1.7 Legal Framework - EIA, in Yemen, is enabled by the Environment Protection Law No 26 of 1995 (EPL). The - provisions of this framework law are implemented through Executive Regulations (By- Law 148-2000), issued by a decree of the Council of Ministers. A copy of the law is attached as an Annex to this report (Annexes 3 and 4). The objectives of the Environment Protection Law are to protect the environment, to reduce pollution, and to protect natural resources, society, human health, and living beings - from activities that damage the environment. In addition, the law is designed to protect the national environment from activities practiced beyond the national boundaries and to implement international commitments ratified by the Republic of Yemen in relation to - environmental protection, control of pollution, conservation of natural resources, and the protection of such globally important environmental elements as the ozone layer and climatic changes. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Reporl Final 17 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Projeet Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 To avoid future adverse environmental effects, the law stipulates the incorporation of environmental considerations in economic development of plans at all level and stages of planning for all sectors. It requires the preparation of environmental assessment for all projects proposed by the government, public, private and cooperative agencies, and foreign companies. No licenses are to be issued for projects that degrade the environment. However, there is as yet no regulatory framework to support the implementation of the Environment Protection Law and the provision of undertaking environmental assessment for projects is not enforced. · The competent bodies for EIA defined in the EPL are those government bodies with " powers under other legislation to approve development activities (e.g. line Ministries). The Environmental protection Council (EPC) was given the responsibility of coordinating the activities of the competent bodies, and providing advice to them. In 2001 the Government .. of Yemen transferred the EPC into the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) . Environmental Standards and Specifications have been prepared by the former EPC as ' . annexes to the Executive Regulations, covering potable water quality, wastewater quality for agriculture, and ambient air quality, emissions, noise, biodiversity and protected areas. These include standard application forms intended for use by all relevant government bodies. In addition to the EP law, several new laws related to the environment are in various stages of development. As at the writing of the SEA (December 2005) EPA was preparing a draft proposal for a by-law for the establishment of Protected Areas and reviewing the EPL in order to provide a more participative approach to the environment issues especially in encouraging the participation of NGOs. A copy of the current Environmental by-laws is attached as an Annex to this report. 3.1.8 Environmental Institutions Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE) The Ministry of Water and Environment was created after the election of April 2003. The establishment of MWE came as a natural development of previous governmental efforts on the Water supply and Sanitation Sector Reform. The efforts started with establishment of the High Water Council (HWC) in 1980s, than followed by establishment of the National - Water Resources Authority (NWRA) in 1995. The effort continued and actions are taken in the direction of decentralization of urban Water Supply and Sanitation Sector through the transformation of eligible branches of the National water and Sanitation Authority - (NWSA). Previously, the Ministry of Tourism and Environment (MOTE), created in 2001 with the - .. Republican Decree 329/200 I-Article II, had the mandate to manage and organise tourism, with aim of developing it into a prosperous industry resource, while maintaining and protecting the environment. Figure 3.1 is schematic organisational chart of the MWE . - ,1/lII ... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 18 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Minister Mi~ist~';- -, _Council 'l .J for Water and - & Project'; ! Environmental Steering Committees -~ --. ~ -- - j Grl. Dir. Minister's Office " Grl. Dir. Water and Sonii~tio-;;: Finance & Monitoring Authority (NWSA) .J ( Grl. Dir. Legal Affairs .", Grl. Dir. Auth. Rural Water suPPIYI Administration & Sanit. Projects (GARWSP) .iiIi Dir. Planning & Water Supply & Sanitation i Cooperation Corporations (LC) I i· ... ;Cc~~~ / Secreta~i~'t \ I ~ a merge n withi p~:;,xt) 3Y~ """ - Assistant Assistant l. Dpty. Minister Dpty. Minister Dir. Grl. Dir. & Envir Water Unit Resources Sources: RNE!MWE - TS!KfW Figure 3.1 Schematic Organisational Chart of the MWE Environmental Protection Authority EPA, established by Decree 60112005, under the mandate of the Minister of Water and - Environment is the official and specialised governmental agency for environmental protection and natural resources conservation to the EPL and other legislation in force, with statutory planning, licensing, monitoring and auditing functions as well as to establish - functions as well as to establish branches in the governorates if prescribed by a decree from the Minister based on a proposal approved by the Minister of Civil Services and Insurance. - EPA was derived from the Environmental Protection Council (EPC), established in 1990 with the responsibility of coordinating the activities of the competent and providing - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 19 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 advises to them to manage and protect the environment. It was an official organ of the state under the Council of Ministers on the implementation of the Environment Protection Law. The aim of the EPA is to ensure that all planned investments in Yemen are sustainable and not in conflict with long-term preservation of the country's national resources which are the very basis of its economic and human development. Being a coordinating and consultative body, the EPC had practically no power in enforcing the EPL. Conscious of this fact the Government has taken additional steps to consolidate the administrative framework of the environmental sector by: t · · Creating the Ministry of Tourism and Environment (2001) and then the Ministry of ,I Water and Environment (2003). · Transferring the EPC into the Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) (2001), as the official and specialised government agency for environmental protection and natural resources conservation according to the EPL and other force in Yemen. The organisational chart for the EPA staff is lead by a Chairman and a Deputy Chairman managing 3 Directorates (Natural Resource; Control and Monitoring; Planning and Environmental Data) and 4 units (Climate Change; Ozone Unit; Women and Environment; Local Environment Issues). The Authority has also 2 departments: one for legal Affairs and one for Awareness Raising, NGOs and Information. Comparing EPA with the former EPC, which had just a coordinating role the new EPA, has a clear mandate to implement the environmental legislation and to execute projects under the following main objectives; · protect the environment, conserve of its balance and maintaining the ecosystems; · combat the different kinds of pollution and avoiding any damage or negative impacts of various development projects, · protect and develop the natural resources and conserve the life qualities in national environment from the damages coming out side the national environment; · protect the society, human health and other organisms from the different non- environmentally activities; · eliminate air pollution and impacts of climate changes. The duties and attribution of the EPA to achieve its objectives are the following: - - · propose and implement policies, strategies and plans for protecting the environment, its components, conserving balance, ecosystems, combat the different - · kinds of pollution and conserving the natural resources from degradation; prepare national emergency plans to face the natural disasters and pollution in coordination with concerned agencies; - · carry out environmental surveys and determine the areas, resources and species, which require the adoption of legal procedures for their conservation. Protect the fauna and flora, wild and marine birds according to the laws in force and monitor - · their application; prepare proposals for laws related to environment protection in coordination with MOTE and concerned agencies; ..... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 20 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · pursue the implementation of policies, established criteria and stipulated by public and private establishments. Implement the procedures established by the EPL and other existing legislation in coordination with concerned agencies; · impose principles, procedures and terms of environmental impact assessment and review ElA studies of public and private projects to give EPA opinion and monitor their implementation; · impose the national criteria to protect the environment from pollution, conserve the natural resources and monitor the national criteria implementation in coordination with concerned agencies; · · implement the international commitments related to environmental protection that has been ratified by the Republic of Yemen according to the exciting legislation; · · collect the international and regional data, information related to the changes on it environmental and natural resource periodically in coordination with concerned agencies. Assess these data and information to be used in environmental planning 'II and management; · prepare regular reports documentations on the environmental status and the main .. · environmental indicators in the Republic of Yemen to be published periodically; propose protected areas and manage them in coordination with concerned agencies · according to the existing legislation; - .. · · prepare integrated plan for coastal zone management in coordination with concerned agencies; prepare and implement environmental awareness programs in coordination with concerned agencies. ..... · participate in preparing educational programs to introduce environmental protection concepts in curriculum for different levels in coordination with concerned agencies; · follow up the implementation of the environmental policies and regional conventions related to the environment in which Yemen has a part; prepare proposal of required laws and programs to be implemented as result of the signed conventions and submit regular reports in coordination with MOTE. · prepare and implement pilot projects and mechanisms to encourage the different activities necessary for eliminating air pollution and the impacts of climate change; and · provide technical consultation to the governmental organisation, public and private sectors in different environmental protection fields. Other Government Agencies and Local Authorities .- There are formal procedures (EiA 1996) for the mInIstries for administering ElA. Ministries commission ElA studies at the request of funding agencies, from consultancies '"", recommended by the funding agencies. EPA staff is informed of such studies and invited to participate in meetings. Developed proposals, which are not internationally funded, and not subjected to funding bodies' EIA procedures, are handled more informally. When competent bodies consider that a project may have environmental impacts subjected to the EP law, they request advice EPA. At present there is no formal role for Governorates or other levels of local government in the EIA process, though local government can have a role in development planning, especially in initiating and implementing projects and in securing support through the Governor where appropriate. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 21 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No, NWSACS-3 Ministries and Government bodies, which may have directed or undirected relationship with SEA implementation, are listed here below: Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MAl): the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation has overall responsibility in overseeing the irrigation sector. Irrigation consumes about 90% of the national available water resources . · National Water Resource Authority (NWRA): established in 1995, the NWRA is charged . with the responsibility of managing, developing, exploiting, and conserving the nation's water resources. NWRA is mandated to prepare basin plans and monitor water resources . · Ministry of Public Health (MOPH): the Ministry of Public Health (MOPH) is responsible " III for the overall health sector in Yemen, including financing, planning, regulation, management, and provision of health services at all levels (specialised hospitals, district ,. and rural hospitals, governorate hospitals, health centres and primary health care in MOPH facilities either free of charge, if indigent, or by paying subsidised user charges for better- off collected at the facility level. Yemen does not have a compulsory health insurance .. system. There is evidence, however, of the expanding role of the private sector and NGO in the delivery of health services. There is at present no official role of NGOs in EIA, except as organised for international funding bodies. There are however a reasonable number of Yemeni NGOs that, in theory, may have a role to play in the EIA process. A list ofNGOs that may relevant to the Water Sectoral Project is shown in Table 3.4. Table 3.4 Indicative list of Yemeni NGOs active in Yemen ~- ~"N~O of the Environment Supporters Area ofActivitl: Specialised Socie~ ____ . Association for Environmental Specialised Society i Communicators I Yemeni Environment Protection Increase awareness of environmental issues, coordinate with I Society government and NGOs to implement environmental projects and ~omote sustainable develo~ent practices especiall~ in Rural areas. Al Yemen Al Khadhra Protection of the rural environment Wildlife Protection Socie~ S~ecialised Socie~ Yemen Ornithological Society Urban Development Society Specialised Socie~ ._-_ .. Specialised Society Welfare Associations CBOs Welfare Associations have largely replaced local development associations as the main avenue for sponsoring rural development. - L I ! Often reflected existing social structures and marked by strong tribal ·~··_·· _ _· _ _ _ _ _Ir-affi_l_li_at_io-cn_s_ _ _--:-_ _ _ _--=__-,--__,,--_____-:-----:---1 i NGO Network for Women __ . To provide organisational structure for the coordination of work on women's issues and to provide input into development projects ~ planning. "'" I Social Organisation for family To provide training and health care to poor women and children I Develo ment - Yemeni Family Care Association Yemeni Women's Union To provide maternal and child health services and increase awareness offamil care services. To improve situation of women, economically, socially and - ...... ._._ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _--L-'cC'-ultu.rallyand encourage participation in deve\o,,-pm---'-.enC'-t_,_ _ _ __ - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 22 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Unfortunately, the reality is that just these NGO's can be considered truly effective, or potentially, as key players in the EIA process or the implementation of a sector strategy in the future. There are a number of reasons for this: The NGOs are in fact quasi-government agencies in Yemen therefore cannot be viewed as independent bodies by the popUlation. In effect any NGO operating effectively is perceived to do so only as a result of through government patronage. 2 The restrictions on the independence of NGOs imposed by the law, few NGOs have the ability to organize and manage to a level that suggests they could operate as an effective element in a sector strategy. 3 The strength of Yemeni traditions and customs, in particular the powerful family, .. clan and tribal linkages and associated support mechanisms are 'unrelated' and independent. .. The direct public partIcIpation 10 decision-making commonly takes place through established social mechanisms. 3.1.9 International Conventions Yemen has international environmental law obligations that are directly related to its national environmental planning activities and concern the marine and terrestrial habitats. Many of the global treaties were ratified by either the former YAR and/or by the former PDRY. According to Unification Declaration, the international conventions ratified in this manner remain valid and are applicable to the whole nation. International conventions have little or direct impact on environmental conditions in poor developed countries. In most cases the international law is implemented through the national local legislation and environmental actions, various scenarios may occur which is depending on each particular case. · The international agreement may already cover by similar national laws, and no particular action is required to be taken to comply with the international agreement. · The implementation of the international law may be in line with national legislation · International agreements may require new or substantially changed national laws and new compliance measures. Yemen is signatory of more than 20 international conventions on environmental issues. Those relevant for the environmental and water sector are indicated in Table 3.5. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 23 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 3.5 Global conventions ratified by the Government, containing provisions relevant to environment Ir-. -C-o-nv-e~n-t-io-n------ I Place & Date of ! Ratification data in ! i Stipulation____ Yemen Framework Convention on Climate Change New York, 1992 3.12.1995 Convention on Biological Diversi~ Rio de Janerio, 1992 3.12.1995 Convention on the Control of Basel,1989 1992 Transboundary Movement of Hazardous i Wastes and their Dis[!osal I Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Montreal, 1987 .. --~ .. Approved by Parliament . Ozone Layer I : Convention for the Protection of the Ozone i Vienna. 1985 3.12.1995 La~er r-Regional Convention of the Conservation of Jeddah,1982 I I I 20.8.1985 the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aden (PERSGA} . ~ Agreement on Bannmg the Use of I Geneva, 1977 5.10.1978 Technologies that Change the Environment for Military Purposes and for any Other Aggression Protocol on Interference on High Seas in I London, 1973 i 30.3.1983 case of Marine Pollution with Substances other than Oil Convention on the Prevention of Marine London 1972 6.3.1979 Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and other - I Matter . _____---_+_-~---.~-----.--_+_-----. --~. I Convention on Intervention on High Seas in Bnimis, 1996 i 4.6.1979 Case of Catastrophes.-"o.:::...f-=-O..:.:il'-'Pc::'0:.:::I1:.,:.:u.:.:ctio.:..n-"----+-::c:---.,..--:-:-~--___:__:_-__,____:_:_=_=_=_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _---1 Agreement on Civil Responsibility Brussels, 1969 amended 4.6.1979 concerning Damage from Oil Pollu:.::ti:=-on~_-+-=L=.:0:..::n:.::d..:.:on::.',-=1:..:.9-=8..:.:1_ _ _ _ _+-__-c-_ _ _ _ _ _ __1 Convention for the Prevention of Pollution 1954 6.6.1969 : of The Se~a-,-by~O_i1_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _'--__________ - - L_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-----' - The Yemen Government is concerned about effective implementation and enforcement of international obligations in light of national financial and managerial constrains. Some conventions have not been signed by Yemen due to the lack of funds. Ratification of other international environmental conventions has been slow for similar reasons. These include: · Convention on the conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn, 1997). · Convention on international Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora- CITES, (Washington, D.C. 1973). · Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl - Habitat (Ramsar, 1971). Implementation of international treaty obligations invariably becomes the responsibility of national agency. It appears that, in Yemen, the capacities of national agencies to deal with the technical complexities and reporting requirements of international agreements are not sufficient. For example, Yemen is a party to several international conventions dealing with .- the marine environment, but does not have sufficient capacity to enforce them. It is clear that the assignment of new responsibilities to an agency to implement international treaties should go parallel with technical strengthening of the agency concerned. ..... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 24 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 Environmental Application to the Water Sector This section includes information on Yemen's environmental application to the water sector. The government general environmental policy provides a broad framework for environmental management, and there are some regulations, policies and laws available in hand which should be improved and implanted to environmental application for the water sector. II The current government policy in water sector is mainly to solve the problem of water scarcity, stop the depletion of groundwater aquifers, and provide a clean drinking water for urban and rural popUlation, management and planning for wastewater treatment and the II water resources. The government of Yemen has developed different projects and programs with international links to achieve these policies. An example of these efforts is a project to 81 strengthen water resources management capabilities aimed at national capacity-buildings . in water resources management to establish an independent and natural water resources authority. This project funded by UNDPI and the Netherlands Government. Other important issues related to the water sector were embodied in laws and regulations as follows: - · · Water Law No. 3312002 Project for Water Standards and Reuse, 1999 · Environmental Protection Law 26/1995 · Established EPA, by Decree 60112005 and the framework By-Law 148/2000 · Additional regulations, procedures and specifications. The lack of proper sectoral environmental policy, enforcing regulations and implementation of management programs which are the main driver to the development of the water sector. Copies of Water Law, EPA Decree, EP Law are attached as Annexes to - this report. 3.2 World Bank Framework 3.2.1 Safeguards Policy Framework - The World Bank has defined the Environmental and Social Safeguard for all Wodd Bank financed projects. Polices of particular relevance for Yemen Water Program are shown in Table 3.6. - ... '," .... Sectoral EnVironmental Assessment Report Final 25 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 3.6 Safeguards Policies Tri,gered by the project I ApplicabilitYtO I Policy · Reference Water Sector in Yemen 1 Environmental assessment OPI BPI GP 4.01 Yes 2 Naturel habitats OP/4.4* Yes 3 Pest management OP4.09 Yes 4 Cultural EroEerty · OPN 11.03, being revised as OP 4.11 Yes · 5 Involuntary resettlement OB/BP 4.30 Yes 6 Indigenous peoples on 4.20, being revised as OP 4.10 No I 7 ForestlY OPI BP 4.36 Yes_ .. 8 9 Safety of dams Proiects in disEuted areas OP/BP 4.37 OPI BPI GP 7.6 Yes No BPI - 7.5 10 .. Projects on international waterways_ OPI . -GP ..- - . - - . No · - * These polices will be triggered only if significant issues are identified during individual projects screening under the program. Agreed Policy Framework (see below) will then apply in the design and implementation of these individual projects . 1800m where the grass Chrysopogon plumulosus is dominant are the most important grazing areas. Shrub cover is also low, probably the result of intensive ... collecting of woody species for firewood. The herbaceous cover is high and is dominated by Andropogon crossotos, Chrysopogon plumulosus and Teterapogon villosum. The high cover of Euphorbia spp. is also probably the result of woodcutting or may be due to poor - environmental conditions. Trees in the region are privately owned by villages or individuals and occur in rocky areas in the northern and southern highland plains and - - wadis. Shrubland and dwarf shrub land cover most of the region and are dominated by Lavandula pubescens, Helichrysum somaliense, Chrysopogon plumulosus, Kleinia odora and Psiadia arabica. Open grasslands dominated by Andropogon crossotos occur on plains, hills and mountains around Rada at elevations up to 2600 m. An open woodland - dominated by Acacia nilotica, Cadia purpurea, Acacia oer/ota and Commiphora myrrha occurs on plains, mountains, wadis and hills adjacent to the desert and in the northeastern and southern part of al Baydha governorate, or in depressions at elevations between 1800 to 2000 m. Large trees such as Breonadia salicina, Trichilia emetica, Tamarix indica, - Ficus spp. and Ziziphus spina-christi characterize the Wadis. 7) Eastern desert Most of the region consists of an aeolian sand dune plain in which fragments of tuffic basalt and scattered volcanic cones occur. Under these conditions the only plants which can survive are those which are able to absorb the water that has infiltrated deep into the .- soil, such as Panicum turgidum which is the dominant species of this habitat (the same case at the coastal plains). Locally this plant forms pure stands of grassland. On saline soil near wadis the main species are halophytes such as Desmostachya bipinnata, Suaeda - aegyptiaca, Salsola imbricata and Tamarix aphylla. The deposition of the alluvial materials adjacent to the wadi provides favorable conditions for sparse shrubs dominated by Aerva javanica and Rhazia stricta. This condition can be observed along the edges of wadis, but the vegetation gradually decreases as one moves from these edges to the gravely or sandy plains. In deep drainage lines that dissect the mountains or on wadis, sparse woodland can be found, the dominant species here being Acacia tortilis, Chrysopogon ... plumulosus and Aerva javanica. Acacia tortilis provides excellent firewood and the leaves and pods are an important source of fodder for domestic animals during the dry season. Perennial grasses like Pennisetum sp., Panicum turgidum and a dwarf shrub species are an - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 56 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 important fodder for livestock in the rainy season. Undisturbed Acacia tortilis woodlands can still be found in different wadi beds. Orchard-like Ziziphus spina-christi growth represents is a valuable method of cultivating fodder and provides high quality animal forage in the dry season, it also providing building materials, firewood, forage sites for bees. The vegetation cover is very low in the region, and only few trees can be found in most parts. This could be a natural phenomenon. A grassland-woodland association dominated by Acacia tortilis, Panicum turgidum and Aerva javanica occurs on wadis, drainage lines, along the edges of the wadi and sand dunes. A sparse shrub-woodland dominated by Suaeda aegyptiaca and Salsola imbricata occurs on undulating to almost flat, slightly saline soil areas (northern west Marib). 8) Socotra Island ,~ Socotra Island lies at about 3625 km off the northeast comer of Africa (between latitude. 12 19' to 1242', and longitude 53 20' to 54 30'), which is part of Hadhramot governorate. It '., can be divided into three main topographical zones: Of 1. coastal plains 2. limestone plateau 3. mountains ... The elevation ranges from sea level to 1519 m. The coastal plains and low inland mountains are covered by open shrubland dominated by the Croton socotranus, Cissus subaphylla, Jatropha unicostata, Pulicaria Dendrosicypos socotrana, and Adenium obesum subsp. Sokotranum stephanocarpa. Some 828 plant species have been recorded so far from the island, and of these about 270 are endemic. The following vegetation associations can be found in the island: "... · Limonium axillare - Atriplex griffithii · Croton socotranus - Cissus subaphylla - · · · Aizon canatiensis - Salsola sp. Salvadora persica - Cissus sUbaphylla Indigofera nephrocarpoides - Panicum rigidum At low and middle elevations (500-600 m) we find a shrubland or woodland dominated by - the following species: Dracaena cinnabar;, Buxus hildebrandtii, Croton socotranus, Heliotropium nigricans, Corchorus erodiodes, Trichocalyx obovatus, Rhus thyrsiflora. At middle elevations on the plateau (about 650 m) a dwarf shrub land dominated by Aloe - perry, and Corchorus erodiodes can be found. At higher elevations woodland dominated by Dracaena cinnabari, Buxus hildebrandtii, - Croton sp. and Rhus sp. can be found. In the valleys a thicket trees and shrubs are found, with the characteristic species being Tamarix sp., Ormocarpum caeruleleum, Mussoenda capsulifera, Jasminum grandiflorum, Porana obtusa and others. Many plants are used for - the purposes of dyeing such as Gaillonia tinctoria, Indigo/era, and Roccella tinctoria. Among important and valuable species are the Dragon's Blood Tree Dracaena cinnabar;, - which is found on the high altitude plateau and mountain grasslands (gum-resin exudes in - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 57 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 tears from the stem of the Dragon's Blood Tree). Other gum-resin producing trees are Boswellia spp. and Aloe perry. Wetlands Yemen's wetlands can be divided into natural and man-managed systems. The first category includes four subdivisions: · Marshes and lagoons, around Aden, which form a suitable refuge for several species of birds. · Angrove sites in the Tihama "west coast of Yemen" and Bir Ali mangrove site on the southern coast. · Valleys and permanent streams all over the country which support all kinds of freshwater biodiversity, including microorganisms, various invertebrates, fish, amphibians, birds, and many plant species. · The swamps of Tai'z, the only known site in Yemen for the globally threatened Bald Ibis Geronticus eremic. The man-managed systems, on the other hand include the lake of Marib Dam, which is the largest freshwater body within the Arabian Peninsula. This lake can play an important role in the conservation of large numbers of freshwater species. Vegetation - The flora of Yemen is very rich and heterogeneous. Species diversity is a result of considerable climatic changes in former periods, which enabled different species to survive in the different ecological habitats. Over 3000 plant species are possibly found in the mainland, and about 10% of them are endemic. Comprised 467 plant species belonging to 244 genera from 71 families. Socotra Island is unique in its flora and like many oceanic islands, has a high level of endemism. The latest study reported that Socotra contains approximately 850 plant species, 254 (about 30%) of which are endemic. Out of the eighteen plant genera endemic to the Arabian Peninsula, ten genera are restricted to the Socotra archipelago (Miller, 1999). The majority of endemic taxa in Yemen are associated with mountainous areas, which provide a rich variety of ecological niches and offer a degree of environmental stability - during periods of climatic changes. Endemism is generally very high among the succulent plants. The largest numbers of endemic species are found within the Asclepediaceae taking into account the Stapeliadgenera (Carraluma, Duvalia, Huernia, and Rhytidocaulon). Euphorbiaceae and Aloeceae also have high percentage of endemism as they include the succulent Euphorbia and Aloe species respectively. Socotra Island contains about 30% of ... endemic species. The medicinal flora in Yemen is not yet well documented, as research on this subject is still limited. However, medicinal and aromatic plants are of great interest and use to Yemenis. There are accumulated experiences in using these plants as traditional remedies - to cure an endless list of diseases in different areas of the country while others are used as cosmetics condiments, colouring matters and flavouring agents. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 58 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Other uses include 19 species of common trees and shrubs used for fuel wood, seven species used as timber for construction, another 19 species for dune stabilization and a great number of plants (weeds, trees, shrubs, grasses and some succulents) are used by grazing ungulates. Terrestrial Fauna Yemen has a rich and diverse terrestrial fauna is primarily due to two factors: · The wide range of habitats in the country that vary from the highest mountains, to the plains, dry sand-deserts, marshes, coastal habitats and volcanic ocean islands. · The country's position at the juncture of three major biogeographic regions, the Palaearctic, Afrotropical and Oriental regions. '. Mammals Yemen has a population of 71 recorded land mammal species represented by eight orders ". including the bats (Table 4.14). About one third of the mammals are relatively large-sized species some of which are rare in other parts of Arabia. Five species of gazelle have been · recorded in Yemen (AI-Jumaily 1998) the most common being the "Idmi" or Arabian '. Mountain Gazelle (Gazella gazella) which is typically found in Acacia and Savanna-like habitats, but close to barren rocky hills with wadis and depressions that support a scarce vegetation of mainly Acacia tortoils, Leptadenia pyrotechnica and Panicum turgidum. The - remaining four species are rare, and are believed to be almost extinct in the country (Groves, 1997). The Rhim or the Goitered Gazelle (Gazella subguturosa) is the typical desert gazelle being larger and stouter than the other four species. It is possible that Rhim .... may still occur in the most remote areas close to the hot desert area of AI-Rub AI-Khali near the border with Oman. The Dorcas Gazelle (Gazella saudiya), the smaller and lighter species with relatively longer horns, formerly inhabited the plains of the interior but has not been reported in recent times, and is believed to be almost certainly extinct in the country. The Queen of Sheba's Gazelle (Gazella arabica bilkisi) is known only from Yemen. Four specimens collected in the past few years were represented to be held in a private collection in the State of Qatar (Stauart & Stauart, 1997). Two specimens from Ma'abar were currently held in the Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Table 4 14 . Pre rImmary record o f orders, f;amiT genera, and speCIes 0 f mamma s les, Order Family Genus Species .. ' -. Insectivora Primates 2 1 3 1 6 I · Carnivora 6 II 16 ~ Hyracoidea 1 I 1 · Lagomorpha I 1 1 ~actYla 1 4 8 · Rodentia 4 9 15 .- Chiro~tera 8 18 23 ,"'" Total 24 28 71 The Ibex (Capra ibex nubiana) still occurs in the eastern part of Yemen, inhabiting the difficult rocky slopes in mountainous areas, which have served to protect the animals from hunters in vehicles. The Arabian Oryx (Oryx /eucoryx) is almost certainly extinct in the Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 59 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 wild, and there is no evidence that it exists within the accessible terrain in the deserts of northeastern part of Yemen. The Baboon (Papio hamadryas) is still found in hilly terrain, preferring rocky slopes usually in the vicinity of permanent water. There has been a serious decline in the Baboon population with the occupation of nearly all water sources and fertile wadis by man. The Arabian Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes arabicus) and the Striped Hyaena (Hyaena hyaena) are probably the most abundant mammals in Yemen and inhabit adequately vegetated areas throughout different parts of the country. Although the Striped Hyaena is primarily known as a scavenger feeding on carcasses of dead animals, people in many parts of the country have complained about Hyaenas attacking their domestic animals and raiding watermelon crops in the field. Two other species of foxes found in Yemen are Sand Fox (Vulpus ruppeUi) a paler and smaller species with larger ears that inhabits the desert, and Blanford's Fox (Vulpes cana), similar to the Sand Fox in general appearance but inhabits rocky " slopes. Its occurrence in Yemen is not certain. The Arabian Wolf (Canis lupus arabus) is found in many areas, especially in the eastern part of the country. The lakal (Canis aureus) is a wolf- like animal and can be found near human settlements . .. The Family Felidae has the largest number of members and is represented by 5 genera and 6 species, all of which are considered endangered or extinct (Table 4.15). Among the most ... notable are the Arabian Leopard (Panthera pardus nimr) , a very rare, if not an extinct mammal in Yemen, which was known to inhabit the rocky slopes of mountainous and hilly terrain. Recent reports indicate that a leopard was captured near the area of Wadeah, and was sent to the United Arab Emirates for a captive breeding program (Nabil, 1999). The Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) has not been observed in the wild in many years. Ducker saw .. the last individual in March 1963 in Wadi Mitan. However, there is some evidence that cheetah may still survive in remote areas of the southern part of the country. A stuffed skin of cheeta was seen hanging on a building in Ataq in 1985, and was said to have been killed in the area. T able 4 15 re . E f t and endangered mammaso fY emen ~r1mmary es f lmafIOn) xmc ENDANGERED EXTINCT (in the wild Scientific name English ~ame Scientific name English name , Gazella gazelle Arabian Mountain Gazella arabica bilkis Queen of Sheba's. I '" Gazelle Gazelle · Gazella subguttur()sa Goitered Gazelle Oryx leocoryx Arabian Oryx Gazella saudiya Dorcas Gazelle , ,-- Acillonyx jubatus Cheetah -,Capra ibex nubiana Ibex - - Canis lupus arabs Arabian Wolf - - Canis aureus lakal - ,--, - Panthera pardus nimr Arabian Leo):lard - - Birds Representing 18 orders, 61 families and 177 genera. The main reasons for this richness are: - · Presence of a wide array of habitats (mountains, Tihama plains, wetlands and marshes, coastal areas, Gulf of Aden and Red Sea, and agricultural landscapes of many arieties) largely the result of the broad range of elevations and climate. · Geographic isolation by the sea and deserts, resulting in 13 endemic or near-endemic - speCIes. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 60 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · Yemen's position at the transition zone of three bio-geographic regions: Afro- tropical oriental and Palaearctic, resulting in a mixture of species from all three. · The country's strategic position at the foot of the Arabian Peninsula, thus acting as an important stop-over in the path of flyways for migrant birds, notably birds of prey and waders. From the 363 bird species recorded in Yemen, seven groups are of particular importance. '" a) Globally Threatened Species: · Bald Ibis (Gerontic us eremita): Yemen is probably a vital wintering area for a small It population of this species and may possibly even be their breeding ground. The retention of grazing marshes, especially in the Tai'z area is critically important. · White-eyed Gull (Larus leucophthalmus): Occurs throughout the year on the coast 'iI> and may well breed on Yemen's off-shore islands. The general main threats for birds are oil pollution and destruction of nesting colonies '. through man's activities. Other important species are shown in Table 4.16. Table 4. 16 Globally threatened birds found in Yemen I Species English Common Name Endemic in Yemen Restricted Distribution I Including Yemen . Aquila clanga Greater Spotted Eagle i Aquila heliaca Imperial Eagle j!ythJ!.a nJ!.roca Ferruginous Duck Crex crex Comerake Emberiza socotra Socotra Bunting * Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel - Geronticus eremic Northern Bald Ibis -- .--. * Larus leucophthalmus White-eyed Gull . Onychognathus futer Socotra Starling * - * Parisoma buryi Yemen Warbler Turdus menachesis Yemen Thrush * b) Species Endemic to Southwest Arabia - Yemen holds significant, and in most cases the major popUlations of 13 species unique to southwest Arabia. With the exception of the Arabian Golden Sparrow (Passer euchlorus), all endemic species occur in the highlands. The Arabian Accentor (Prunella fagani) is known only from the highlands of Yemen - - mainland. The demise of the terracing systems could adversely affect several of the endemics, as the resultant soil erosion will cause loss of trees. .- Acacias in the highlands, even isolated trees or clumps, are important for the Arabian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos dorae), Yemen Thrush (Turdus menachensis), Yemen Warbler - (Parisom buryi), Arabian Serin, (Serinus rothschildi), Golden-winged Grosbeak (Rhynchostruthus socotranus), and Yemen Linnet (Carduelis yemenensis). The distribution of endemic and semi endemic birds in mainland Yemen, Socotra, and two neighboring areas is shown in Table 4.17. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report .- Final August 2006 61 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.17 Endemic and semi endemic bird species in Yemen Species Endemic to Yemen Semi Endemic Mainland Socotra Yemen Asir Dhofar Alectoris melanocephala (Red-legged Partrid~e) ... ... ... " , - I Alectoris philbyi (Philby's Rock Partrid2e) ... ... Apus berliozi berliozi ... I Carduelis yemenensis (Yemen Linnet) ... ... I Cisticola haesitata ... I Dendrocopos dorae {Arabian woodpecker) ... ... i Emberiza socotrane (Soqotra Bunting) ... I Estrilda rufibarba (Arabian WaxbiJI) ... ... i Incana incana ... I Nectarinia balfouri (Balfour Sunbirdl ' ... I Oenanthe lugens boscaweni {Mourning Wheatear) ... ... i Oenanthe lugens lugentoides (Mourning ... ... ! Wheatear) L.Q!tychognathus frater ... .,""" ~enegalef!!lis pame\a(SenegaJ Scops Owl) ... ... ... ,Otus senegalensis socotranus ... i Parisoma I:mryi (Yemen Warbler} ... ... ! Passer euchlorus (Golden Sparrow) ... ... ... - I Passer insularis {Socotra Sparrow} i Prunella fagani (Arabian Accentor} @ynchostruthus socotranus 2ercivali ... ... ... ... ' ... : - urynChoxtruthus s. socotranus (Golden-winged. ! Grosbeak) , I I Serinus menachensis (Yemen Serin) ... ... I Serinus rothschildi {Olive-rumped S~~ i ... ... ~tus menachensis (Yemen Thrush) ... ... Zosterops socotrana (Soqotra White-eye) ... c) Seabirds - The biological richness of the Red Sea and offshore islands of Yemen combine to make an ideal feeding and breeding area for seabirds, notably red-billed Tropicbird (Phaethon aethereus), Masked Booby (Sula dactylatra), Brown Booby (Sula leucogaster), Sooty Gull (Larus hemprichi) and possibly White-cheeked Tern (Sterna repressa). The globally threatened White-eyed Gull (Larus leucophthalmus) may also breed there. All these species plus many others feed in the relatively shallow inshore waters along the coast of Yemen. Oil pollution, disturbance from military activities, port developments and planned tourist facilities may all have an adverse effect on the seabirds. The lack of recent information on the status of these birds in Yemen makes specific recommendations impossible. However, priority should be given to an ornithological survey of the offshore islands. - d) Waterbirds Freshwater habitats are rare in Yemen. Concentrations of ducks and grebes occur in just two areas (both recently created sewage lagoons) but rarely exceed 1000 birds. These, together with the new dam at Ma'reb, may result in a notable increase in the numbers of waterbirds in winter, they have already led to some species breeding for the first time in Yemen. .... Sec/oral Environmental Assessment Report Final 62 Augus/2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 For wading birds, coastal areas are important, particularly where wadis reach the sea. While comprehensive counts have not been undertaken it would appear that the biologically rich mudflats are particularly important for the following species: Carb Plover (Dromas ardeola), Greater Sand Plover (Charadrius leschenaultii), Lesser Sand Plover (Charadrius mongolus), Sanderling (Calidris alba), Little Stint (Calidris minuta), Curlew Sandpiper (Calidris Jerruginea), Bar-tailed Godwit (Limosa lapponica), Grey Plover (Pluvialis squatarola), and Redshank (Tringa totanus). Storks, herons and egrets also occur on passage in small to moderate numbers but no important concentrations have been discovered. White Storks (Ciconia ciconia) winter in small numbers at freshwater sites and breeding species include Abdim's Stork (Ciconia abdimii on Tihama rooftops), Reef Heron (Egretta gularis coast), Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis trees on Tihama and foothills), Green- backed Heron Butorides striatus) (mangroves), and Pink-backed Pelican (Pelican us ruJescens (mangroves); though none have been censused. Despite the close proximity of many breeding colonies to villages and human activities, there is no evidence of . interference or persecution. The highest conservation priority concerning waterbirds is of I course the Bald Ibis, mentioned under 'Globally Threatened Species. . e) Raptors · Raptors frequently suffer more than other species in terms of both indirect (e.g. pesticide .. pollution) and direct persecution. However neither is common in Yemen. As a consequence there appears to be a healthy raptor population with some 17 resident species and a further 15 occurring regularly on passage or in winter. The limited information suggests that the country is in the path of an important flyway, at least in autumn, for migrant Steppe Eagles (Aquila rapax), Buzzards (Botu spp.) and Black Kites (Milvus migrans) passing from their Palearctic breeding grounds to their main wintering area in East Africa. Clearly there is an international responsibility to ensure that these birds are unmolested. f) Migrant and Wintering birds Over 220 species have been recorded on migration in Yemen; mention has been made already of the waders, white storks and raptors. A number of passerines or near-passerines - also occur on migration and/or in winter in what appear to be significant numbers. These are Golden Oriole (Oriolus oriolus), Bee-eaters (Merops spp.), Short-toed Lark (Calandrella brachydactyla), Swift (Apus spp.), Swallow (Hirundo rustica), Tawny Pipit (Anthus campestris), Yellow Wagtail (Motacilla jlava), White Wagtail (Motacilla alba), White throated Robin (Irania gutturalis), Black Redstart (Phoenicurus ochrurus), Redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), Stonechat (Saxicola torquata), Isabelline Wheater (Oenanthe isabellina), Pied Wheater (Oenanthe pleschanka), Olivacous Warbler (Hypolais pallida), Menetries' Warbler (Sylvia mystacea), Desert Lesser Whitethroat (Sylvia curruca minuta), Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), Isabelline Shrike (Lanius isabellinus), and Great Gray Shrike (Lanius excubitor). g) The Arabian Bustard (Ardeotis arabus) Within the Arabian Peninsula, Yemen is probably now the only country with a self- sustaining population of Arabian Bustards. This may in fact be partly supplemented by migrants crossing the Red Sea. The species may be threatened from hunting on the Tihama, the only place where this bird occurs in the country. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 63 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Reptiles and Amphibians The herpetological fauna of Yemen is less studied than the mammals and birds, nevertheless new species continue to be discovered and described. Presently the recorded reptiles and amphibians of Yemen include 117 species. Eight are amphibians belonging to four genera, three families, and one order, while the remaining 109 species are reptiles belonging to 54 genera, 18 families and two orders. The reptiles of Yemen include 71 species of lizards, 28 snakes and three amphibians, all belonging to the Order Squamata, which comprises the largest reptilian group. Turtles (Order Testudinata) are represented in Yemen by six species, one terrestrial species (Geochelon sulcata), one freshwater species (Pelomadora subrufa) and four species of marine turtles. Invertebrates Five classes, 38 orders, 313 families, 1833 genera and 3372 species represent the terrestrial arthropods in Yemen. Unfortunately all these species are listed in the literature only and by no means can serve for identification purposes. Almost all studies on arthropods have been made by expatriates, and it seems that specimens were taken abroad for identification and ... never returned back, neither were duplicates left in any institute in the country. Presently Yemen has no recorded specimens in its collections. Sustainable Use of Terrestrial Biodiversity - Several plant species are known to be used for different purposes in Yemen. These include: - · Grazing plants: There is a long list of plants including grasses and weeds, used for grazing by livestock. · Aromatic and medicinal plants: There is a long list of plant species used in folk medicine as remedy for different disorders. Among the most commonly used plants are Cassia senna, (leaves used as laxative); Ziziphus spina-christie, (antiseptic); Lowsonia inermis (antiseptic and cosmetic); Mentha longifolia (for abdominal disorders); Withania somnifera and Solanum incanum (dental analgesic); and Anisotes trisulcus (for kidney stone). · Wood for fuel, timber and sand stabilization: A number of plant species are used as fuel in rural areas in Yemen. The most common ones include Accacia spp., Acalypha fruticosa, Cadia purpurea, Ficus spp., Rumex nervosus, Tamarix spp., and other plant species. Plants used as timber for construction include Acacia spp., Cordia africana, Ficus spp., Terminida brownii, Trichlia emetica, and Ziziphus spina-christi. Moreover, a few trees and shrubs are used for sand stabilization in windy areas. · Certain birds, such as Alectoris spp., Guinea fowl, pigeons, doves, and bustards are hunted for food, and some game animals are also killed for human consumption. Threats and Constraints Threats to the vegetation: The country's vegetation is being drastically reduced by rapid degradation of the environment, a direct result of desertification and droughts, among the Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 64 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 oldest global environmental phenomena. These phenomena have increased drastically in Yemen and threaten about 90% of the land and can be attributed to the following: a) Cultivation and poor agricultural practices b) Wood cutting for firewood, timber and charcoal c) Over grazing d) Soil Salination e) Wind erosion and Sand dune encroachment f) Construction expansion in cities and villages -'1 Threats to Terrestrial Fauna: Threats to terrestrial fauna in Yemen are common to many countries in the regions and are mainly: ., a) Destruction, degradation and loss of habitats b) Over-hunting and proliferation of firearms c) Road construction opening up avenues into the hinterland Threats to Freshwater Biodiversity in ranking order of importance include: ,. a) Overuse and depletion of water b) Degradation of wetland ecosystems c) Improper application of pesticides d) Use of chemical fertilizers e) Contamination of ecosystems with sewage f) Contamination by industrial waste 4. 7.3 Coastal biodiversity Sandy coasts: Sandy shores are predominant along the Red Sea coast of Yemen. Also in - some sites along the south coast, sandy coasts offer a very important nesting sites for turtles such as Green turtles (Chelonia mydas) and Hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) Perim Island, Zugar, the Hanish Archipelago in the Red Sea, Socotra, Sharma and Jethmun beaches in the south of Yemen are reported as important turtle nesting areas. Rockv coasts: Rocky shores are mainly found along the southern coasts of Yemen (for example: Aden and little Aden, east of Mukkalla). Limestone cliffs are found near sharma bay, Ras Sharwayn and at Ras Fartak. The ecology and composition of fauna and flora with the rocky shores habitats of Yemen are not well known. Mangrove swamps: Along the Red Sea coast, mangrove swamps are found mainly north of AI-Urj. Obviously, mangroves have been observed associated with khawrs and sabkhahs. Mangroves swamps are considered as a highly productive natural system and act as nursery and feeding grounds for some important fishery resources, including marine shrimp (K. Hariri, 1998). Mangroves are characteristically found in the intertidal zone and growing along the brackish and seawater shores. They are distributed in the tropics and their latitudinal limits are dominated by low air temperature and sometimes-extreme - salinities. Palm groves: On the Red Sea coast, most of the wadi discharge directly into the sea at - several places in Tihama plain, such as AI-Khawkhah. We can found fresh water by digging a few centimeters near the shore, hence we can found palm near the sea water like dom palm (Hyphaena thebaica) and date palm (Phoenix dactylifera). - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final Augus/2006 65 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 4.7.4 Coastal Species Mangroves: Mangroves are important biological features of Yemeni coast, providing the basis for many important marine food chains. The leaves after decomposition result in detritus and bacteria, which provide food for meiofauna, mollusks and crustaceans, including some commercial species of shrimps. They also provide nesting sites for shore and sea birds. They fonn one of the several recognized critical marine habitats in Yemen. Two species of mangroves were recorded from the Yemen Red Sea coastal area; Avicenna marina (Black Mangrove), and Rhizophora mucronata (Red Mangrove). The total area of A. marina in Yemen Red Sea fonn 12% of the coastal strip with 100-200 m wide and up to 5 m high. The majority of mangrove stands occur to the north of AI-Urj; whereas the large '. stands occur around the Oreste point of the Yemen/Saudi border and AI-LuhayahlBahr Ibn Abbas area. R. Mucronata was recorded from a small island of one hectar area in Khor '... Kathib near AI-Hudeidah. The conditions along the Gulf of Aden coast are not suitable for mangroves growing. Because the upwelling phenomena which bring the deeper cold water to the surface, which ... is rich with nutrients cause more turbidity and because the competition with macroalgae, only one instance of a small (less than 1 ha) mono specific thicket was recorded. This is situated 4 km north of Khor Showran near Bir-Ali. There is a crater lake fringed with mangrove. The species is A. marina. This species is also recorded from Socotra Archipelago. Fresh water veeetation: Fresh water vegetation includes those plants, which have a relatively low salinity tolerance and require an almost continuous supply of fresh water. AI- Khawkhah, Yakhtul, AI-Urj and Wadi AI-Mulk (North of AI-Mukha) are suitable areas for growing this type of vegetation in the Red Sea coast and Ahwar, AI-Hiswa in the Gulf of Aden, also in Socotra because the fresh water source is close to the surface (ex. 10 cm deep in AI-Khawkhah). - There are four species recorded from the Yemen coastal area of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: · Phoenix dactylifera (Date Palm) covers most of the area between AI-Hudydah and Yakhtul in the Red Sea region and Ahwar in the Gulf of Aden. · Hypaene thebaica (Dom Palm) recorded from AI-Urj and AI-Jabanah north of AI- Hudydah. - · · Palm like trees Pandanus odoratissimus recorded only in AI-Mujaylis and al-Fassah in the Red Sea coast. Salvadora persica trees (A'arak) dominate between AI-Mukha and Dhubab, also between Ras Qawa'a and Khor Umirah. Many local people use the roots of this tree as toothbrushes. Halophvtes: Halophytic vegetation usually occurs where a fresh groundwater supply is limited or absent and where saline intrusion is rare. Five species of halophytes were recorded from the Red Sea coastal area of Yemen, and 16 species were recorded from Socotra Archipelago coastal area. This type of flora has the ability of limiting beach erosion and allows other less tolerant species to genninate Halophytic vegetation supports Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 66 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 a variety of fauna such as insects and birds. They also provide nesting places for several sea birds. Moreover, they fonn grazing ground for goats and camels. Birds: The Arabian Peninsula is an important "land bridge" between Africa, Asia and Europe for approximately three billion birds, which annually migrates along north-south or east-west routes. A number of these birds can be observed along the coast of Yemen. About 82 species of sea and shore birds were recorded from the coastal area of Yemen along the Red Sea; in which 14 species were endemic to the region. Fifteen species were also recorded from the southern coastal region of Yemen. In Socotra Archipelago a total of 70 species were known to be found, however the following species were endemic to the regIOn: 1- Phalacrocorax nigrogularis 2- Onychognathus Jrater 3- Passer insularis 4- Fringillaria socotrana 5- Cyaromitra balfouri 6- Incana incana 7- Cisticola haesitata Marine Turtles: Marine turtles spend the whole of their life in the sea, except when they come briefly ashore to lay their eggs on the sandy beaches. In general, nesting sites for turtles usually located on restricted beaches of ideal conditions. The suitable supra-littoral ... zone for nesting must not be prone to the flooding during high tide. Thus, these sites are considered critical to the survival of marine turtles. Nearly, all species of marine turtles are regarded as endangered animals world wide by the IUCN. Four species of turtles were recorded from the Yemeni waters. These species are: 1- Chelonia mydas (Green turtle) 2- Eretmochelys imbricata (Hawksbill turtle) 3- Caretta caretta (Loggerhead turtle) 4- Dermochelys coriacea (Leatherbacks turtle) Caretta caretta was recorded from Socotra Archipelago only. In particular, Ras Shanna beach is considered as the most important nesting area for the Green Turtle in the entire Arabian Region, including the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden. Approximately nesting 1,000 turtles were recorded in this area. .,. Threats The following are considered the major threats to the coastal environment of Yemen: · Uncontrolled use of coastal zone · Destruction of coastal habitats and ecosystems · Spatial conflicts among various users · Unplanned coastal reclamation · Liquid and solid waste pollution from sewage, industrial plants, ports facilities · Agro-chemicals flushed by floods "'" · Cutting of mangroves for wood and use of mangroves for feeding camels ". Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 67 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Protected areas (declared and proposed) In Yemen there are 36 important ecological sensitive areas 2 of which have been declared Protected Areas (Autma and Socotra), 4 were under declaration as at October 2003 and 30 proposed for declaration. The list of these areas is provided hereafter to together with their characteristics and location (Governorates and Physical Regions). List of Ecological sensitive Areas in Yemen are shown in Table 4.18. '. ,i!i - - - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report - Final August 2006 68 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.18 List of Ecological sensitive Areas in Yemen (EPA *) Physical Status No Location Characteristics Governorate Region 1 Socotra Protected Area Hadhramout Yemeni Island Declared Mountain 2 Automa Protected Area Dhamar Massif .-- Marine Protected Area + Hadhramount + 3 Belhaf - Berum - Bir Ali Birds Shabwa Estern Plateau . - -.. i Under Ras Sharma -- Jathmun and nearby Green Turtles Protected :4 Hadramout Eastern Plateau Declaration areas Area 5 Hawf Forest Wild animal AI-Mahra Coastal Plains 6 Jabal Bura'a Pretected Area-Forest AI-Hudaidah Coastal Plains :7 Jabal- Eraf Forests (Juniper) Lahj Coastal Plai~ I Wild animal Protected :8 Tarim Hadhramout ' Eastern Plateau Area i :9 Qishen Wetland AI Mahra Coastal Plain ". 10 Mayfa'a Wild Gazelle Shabwa Coastal Plains -- Marine Protected Area + II : AI-Luhaya AI Hudaidah Coastal Plains I Birds 12 Kamaran Island Mangrove + Coral River AI Hudaidah Coastal Plains i. '111 I 13 AI-Zubair, Zugar Islan, Hunaish Coral River + Biomarine Al Hudaidah Yemeni Islands 14 Aljah - Gulaifigah Wetland ._- AI Hudaidah Coastal Plains 15 AI-Fas'ah Wetland Al Hudaidah Coastal Plains 16 AI-Takrir AI Hudaidah Coastal Plains 17 Qataba Mongrove Protected Area AI Hudaidah Coastal Plains I 18 AI- Wahija Mangrove + Wetland Al.Hudaidah Coastal Plains - 19 l20 Bahr Ibn Abas ' Yakhtul Mangrove + Wetland Herbs Marine + Mangrove _- AI Hudaidah AI Hudaidah Coastal Plains Coastal Plains I .... 21 Tihama Bustard Bird Al Hudaidah Coastal Plains , 22 Mountain Bany Jabr, Bany Suham Wild Animals + Plants Sana' a Massif Mountain Proposed for 23 Jabal AI-Lawz Bidiversity (Ibex) Sana'a Massif Declaration Mountain 124 I Kussma Natural Park Sana'a Massif Mountain 25 I Raimah Forests Sana'a Massif ..- Mountain 26 AI-Arem Biodiversity Sana'a Massif Mountain 27 AI-Ghourira Wetland Tai'z ._-- ! Massif 28 Bab AI-Mandab Wetland + Birds Tai'z Coastal Plains Birds Lake (Aden Coastal 29 Birds Aden Coastal Plains 1 Wetlands) I 30 Khour Umairah Mangrove + Wetland Aden Coastal Plains 31 Meedy Mangrove HaJa Coastal Plains ."'" 32 Chain of AI-Kore Mountains Wild Animal (leopard) Abian Coastal Plains .. l 33 AI-Rivadi Natural Park AI-Mahwit Mountain Massif Mountain I 34 AI-dhababia Valley Wild Anima (Gazells) AI- Baidha 1 Massif Mountain - I 35 Katfah Biodiversity Sa'ada ! : Massif I Mountain 36 Wadia'A Arabic Leopard Amran i i Massif - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 69 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 The Protected Areas that already declared include: Socotra, Socotra Island lies at about 3625 km off the northeast comer of Africa (between latitude. 12 19' to 12 42', and longitude 53 20' to 54 30'), which is part of Hadramout governorate. Some 828 plant species have been recorded so far from the island, and of these about 270 are endemic. The following vegetation associations can be found in the island: · Limonium axil/are - Atriplex griffithii · Croton socotranus - Cissus subaphylla · Aizon canatiensis - Salsola sp. · Salvadora persica - Cissus subaphylla · Indigofera nephrocarpoides - Panicum rigidum Otma is located in the highlands where variety of flora and fana exist. The following endemic bird species live in Otma, just to name a few: .. · Arabian Red-legged Pairdge Electoris Melanocephala · Yemen Warbbler Parisomaburui · Arabian Woodpecker Dendrocopos Dorae " ... Belhal Berum and Bir Ali: are coastal shoreline area which extends for 75 km in the - boarders of Shabwa and Hadramout. In particular Bir Ali includes several sites of conservation importance such as: · Karif Shoran, a unique habitat, consisting of a volcanic crater lagoon with mangrove - · vegetation, which is the only site on the southern coast. The three islands of Baraqa, Sikha and Hallaniyah lying less than 10 km off Bir Ali on the Gulf of Aden coast, all important sites for breeding of the endemic Socotra Cormorant (Phalacrocorax nigrogularis) and Sooty Gull (Larus hemprichii). Ras Sharma, lathmum and nearby areas: A coastal line shore areas in Hadhramout having a total length of 50km. Hawf: This site is located in the southeast part of Yemen in AI-Mahara Governorate at the border of Oman. The area faces the Arabian Sea, having a coastline of about 18 km and a relief of 1,800 m in its limestone mountains. With its 20,000 ha. extension wawf is - considered the largest forest in Yemen. The area has rich vegetation and of forests dominated by Anogeissus dhofarica, Dodonaea angustifolia and Jatropha dhofarica. The site is rich in species endemic to the Huf and Dhufar regions. Among the important - endemic plant species are: May tenus dhofarensis, Euphorbia smithit, Jatropha dhofarica, Anogeissus dhofarica, and Commiphora faliacea. The major floristic communities of Huf include: · Anogeissus dhofarica-Jatropha dhofarica community · Dodonaea angustifolia community - · · Acacia etbaica community May tenus dhofarensis - Dodonaea angustifolia · Allophylus rubifolia - Dodonaea angustifolia - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 70 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 The area is important for grazing; there are traditional rules by which the local people protect the vegetation, including controls on cutting of green wood. Jabal Bura'a: The site is located in the Tihama foothills about 20 km southeast of Bagel. The altitudinal range falls between 400-2000 m. Jabal Buraa is 4,100 ha large and is considered to hold some of the richest habitats in the entire Arabian Peninsula. The main vegetation communities are: · Antsotes trisulcus community · Maytenus sp. · Acalypha fruticosa community · Abrus bottae community · Acacia asak community · Commiphora kataf community · Combretum moUe community There are other 30 sensitive areas which vary in locations throughout all physical regions . '. of Yemen. The variety in locations provides variety of species in term of wildlife, birds, plants, mangrove, forests and wetland with rich biodiversity in each site. Some sites are of particular importance for avifauna conservation and consideration needs to be given to afford better protection for the birds in these areas. These include: .... Al-Luhayah: This is an area of some 30,000 ha located on the Red Sea coast that stretches for about 90 km from Midi near the Saudi border to AI-Luhayah. The site contains a well- developed mangrove fringe, extensive sand bars and mudflats, several seagrass beds and some coastal vegetation. The area is very important for migratory waterfowl and provides good habitat for at least three globally threatened animal species including the Green Turtle (Chelonia mydas), Dugong (Dugon dugon) and White eyed Gull (Larus leucophthalmus ). Bird lakes-Aden Coastal Wetlands (lagoon, marshes and beach): The wetlands - surrounding Aden city consist of: a. Marshland covering an area of 50 ha which receives the runoff of the swage treatment plant located nearby. b. An artificial lagoon of the swage treatment plant. c. Four large lagoons on the west side of the Aden peninSUla. d. Large intertidal flats. e. Sandy beaches and rocky cliffs. The Aden Coastal Wetlands are considered to be one of the most important sites for migratory birds and regularly host over 10,000 waterfowl including three globally threatened and 12 regionally important species populations (Table 4.19). The site meets the conditions of the International Ramsar site and Bonn Conventions. Among the most significant species found in the area is Lesser Flamingo (Phoenicopterus minor) with 9200 birds counted on the last census (in 1996), the largest concentration in the Middle East. - Other important species include Great Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga), Imperial Eagle (Aquila heliaca), and Crab Plover (Dromas ardeola) . .... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 71 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.19 Globally threatened and regionally important bird species populations found in Aden wetlands I Endemic Restricted Distribution Species English Common Name in Yemen Including Yemen Aquila clan~ Greater Spotted Eagle ~quila Heliaca Imperial Eagle Aythya nyraca Ferruginous Duck [frex crex ..- - . Comerake Emberiza Socotra Socotra Bunting * Falco naumanni Lesser Kestrel -- --.- ... Geronticus eremic Northern Bald Ibis Larus Leucophthalmus White-eyed Gull *. - - . ~hognathusj"uter Socotra Starling * ~arisoma bu~ Yemen Warbler * Turdus mencachesis Yemen Thrush * il .. Jabal Iraf: A rocky plateau 1450-1680 m high with good Acacia-Juniper woodland forms about 30% cover. This site is located on a plateau along the border of the Tai'z and Labj governorates (al Maqatera region) and this is the largest remaining area of Juniper forest in Yemen. The vegetation is composed of forest dominated by Juniperus procera and Pstadia arabica and represents the Mediterranean region in Yemen. ..... Among the endemics in the area are: Blepharispermum yemenense, Centaurea yemense, Crotalaria squamigera, Jatropha variegata. There is a very rich herb and grass layer covering 50% of the area. Among the most significant endemic animal species recorded in - the area are: · The Arabian Wood Pecker (Dendrocopus dorae) .... · The Arabian Waxbill (Estrilda rufibarba) - · · · The Golden-winged Grosbeak (Rhynchostruthus sacotranus) The Arabian Serin (Serinus rothschild;) The Baboon (Papio hamadryas) · The Cat snake (Telescopus dhara) · The Arabian toad (Bufo arab;cus) · The Dwarf day gecko (Pristurus flavipunctatus) - Khor Umairah: The site is characterized by a semi-enclosed lagoon isolated from the shore by a permanent sand spit running from the east consisting of fine mud and sand with rocks in the central part of the lagoon. There is also a coarse sand and gravel desert coastal - plain in the surrounding area. The sheltered conditions in the lagoon reduce wave energy - and limit the re-suspension of sediments. Additionally the sea grass beds downstream of Khor Umairah may be considerably important to the detritus food chain and sea turtle populations. 4.8 Agricultural biodiversity ... Agriculture is an important sector of the Yemeni economy. It contributes to about 18% of the GDP, accounts for about 2% of exports and employs about 70% of the total labor force. - Diverse vegetation types and crop species and varieties exist within and between Sectoral Environmental Assessment Reporl Final 72 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 environmental zones. This variation makes Yemen one of the most important sources of agricultural biodiversity in the Arabian Peninsula. Agriculture is the main source of food and income for the majority of the population ofthe country. 4.8.1 Crop Diversity Differences in environmental conditions among the agro-ecological zones of Yemen make it possible to grow a wide range of tropical, subtropical and temperate crops. The main crops are cereals, vegetables, fruits, legumes and cash crops including sesame, cotton, tobacco, qat, and coffee. The country's crop diversity is comprised of cultivated crop species and varieties grown for different uses of the community. These have evolved through natural selection and selective breeding by traditional agricultural practices over long periods of time in the different environmental conditions of the country. Crop relatives and wild species also have been used for different purposes. The resultant varieties and races of crops may form homogeneous varieties or heterogeneous populations. The number of land races of each crop species is dependent on the distribution of the crop across the environment. Crop diversity is the basis for successful agriculture and the sustainable use of the country's scarce water and soil resources. Cereals: Cereals remain the principal crops in the country and occupy 55% of the - cultivated land. The grains of these crops constitute the basic food source for the majority of the population and main source of forage for draft animals. Cereal crops include sorghum, millet, maize, wheat, and barley. Vegetable crops: are grown in the most fertile soils of most agro-ecological zones of the country. The total area devoted to vegetable crops is about 67,000 ha out of which 50% is - cultivated with potato and tomato crops. There are more than 20 species of vegetables, which are grown mainly under irrigation system. The areas under vegetable cultivation are - gradually being increased due the expansion of irrigated lands. Ground water depletion is the main negative result of this expansion. Only few introduced varieties are currently in cultivation. - Fruits: The production of fruits covers an area of about 95,000 ha. The production of fruits was part of traditional agricultural practices from early historical times as evidenced by the development of water conservation technologies such as construction of dams and terrace - systems. Wide variations of deciduous, tropical and subtropical fruit crops are grown in Yemen. Every agro-ecological zone has a specialized fruit crop production; deciduous fruits are grown in the highlands and tropical and subtropical fruits are grown in the lowlands of Tihama, and in the eastern and southern plains and plateaus. Deciduous fruits such as peaches, apples, figs, pears, and almond are sometime grown - around houses or wells and along the irrigation channels. In general, farmers own few trees, which receive little attention and keep the fruits for family and neighbors. There are only a few orchards that are planted with introduced varieties. Yemen is particularly well known for its traditional production of grapes and pomegranates. Grapes are the most important fruit crop grown in the country and Yemen - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 73 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 has been producing high quality grapes for centuries. Grapes are cultivated in areas ranging in altitude of 1350-2000 m and are concentrated in Sana'a and Sadah governorates. Some 40 date palm varieties have been identified in Yemen, and most are grown mainly in the Tihama lowlands and Wadi Hadramout. Date palm plantations are concentrated on the banks of five major wadis dissecting the Tihama plain from the mountain foothills to the Red Sea, which include Russian, Zabid, Remaa, Surdod, and Mour wadis. Date palm plantations are under flood irrigation systems. Because of the shallow root systems of date palms, some plantations have even been established on the coastal areas of the Red Sea. Either naturally growing or planted, date palms depend on shallow ground water derived from rainfall in the mountains. In recent years, disturbance of the delicate balance between the fresh rainwater and salt water near the coast has been catastrophic for the palm trees in the coastal areas. The over pumping of ground water and construction of small dams have prevented the mountain rain water from reaching palm trees close to the sea coast, which has resulted in gradual death of these trees. Pulses (Legume Crops): Legume crop species are grown at different agro-ecological zones and are considered to be important sources of protein. About 53,000 ha is devoted to legume crops annually which produces about 75% of the country's needs. The most important legumes cultivated under rainfed conditions include vigna, lentils, dry peas, and fenugreek. Beans and broad beans are grown under supplemental irrigation. Cash Crops: Coffee is cultivated in wide range of ecological zones and is best grown at altitudes between 1000-1800 m. Coffee is grown under irrigation from springs, wells, and - wadi-based water. Different varieties of Coffee arabica are distinguished by differences to drought tolerance, shape of the plants, and colour, size, shape, and taste of coffee fruits. The local names of coffee varieties in most cases refer to the cultivation areas or shapes of coffee trees and fruits. Qat, a high cash crop used as stimulant by most men and some women in the country, is one of Yemen's major crops and is cultivated on 91,418 ha or 5.5% (half of the irrigation are growing annual rate 9%) of the total arable land in the country. In general qat is best grown under irrigation in areas above 1500 m. Qat cultivation seems to be increasing with the expansion of irrigated land at the expense of other crops. Since the most favorable environment for qat cultivation is similar to that of coffee and grapes, these crops are the most likely to suffer from qat expansion. Due to ,... intensive irrigation of qat, qat farming will deplete the water resources in rural areas. Therefore, within the government the allowance of qat importation especially from ethopia, is taken into consideration. Usually qat shrubs are growing in a humid - environment. Yemen farmers had and have to make huge efforts to keep the qat growing in the arid Yemeni environment; extensive irrigation and the use of pesticides in addition with the costs of medical treatment for the pesticides-caused diseases prevent sustainable - agricultural development. The import of qat and the cultivation of crops appropriate to the local climate may bring a relief in the water situation. The distribution of the above data among the Governorates is shown in the Table 4.20. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 74 August 2006 I: I i t , I; t i , I · t j i .. i i6 III · . . Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.20 Ar d d f . 'y bvG . 2001 (M' . , . f Auricul ~ ADri12002) / Total Area Total 1 Governorate 1. Cereals 2. Vegetables 3. Fruits 4. Pulses 5. Casb Crops 6. Fodder Cultivated Production (Mubafazat) (M.T) (M>T) N Name Area Production ._-- Area .~-- Production Area Production Area Production Area -- Production Area Production ------ (ba) (M.T) (ha) (M.T) (ba) (M.T) (ha) (M.T) (ba) (M.T) (ba) (M.T) -- - - - - - - ----.- ----- ----- 1 AI-Beida 12,896 12,444 3,428 49,836 407 2,425 402 508 7,417 22,624 2,160 19,275 26,710 107,112 --- 2 AI-Dhaleh --- - --- --- - --- 3 AI-Mahweet 14,074 11,266 328 2,675 427 1,849 1,965 1,323 6,337 3,569 5,768 64,634 28,899 85,316- 4 Amran --- 5 Dhamar 69,755 94,268 5,820 76,262 1,006 7,764 5,953 4,360 9,132 4,139 5,742 47,649 97,408 234,442 --- 6 lbb 50,912 74,187 6,784 87,028 863 6.325 5,386 6,948 18,500 20,799 3,457 29,713 85,902 225,000 7 Sana'a 119,352 110,566 9,595 129,997 23,025 145,786 9,381 9,198 50,351 27,337 14,459 219,907 226,163 642,791 8 Sana'aCity 9 Haiiah 27,554 23,554 1,061 9,955 4,472 50,584 794 528 21,058 22,523 6,541 67,061 61,480 174,205 10 Sa'adah 24,716 27,785 1,267 14,365 8,246 64,629 1,302 2,436 19,124 11,091 1,540 11,532 57,195 131,838 ru- Tai'z 54,170 54,969 4,204 --- 50,446 1,483 22,253 3,462 3,369 4,649 2,661 1,956 23,810 69,924 157,508 12 Abyan 3,528 3,504 2,608 19,120 1,666 19,156 1,446 1,748 14,073 9,923 8,115 121,263 31,436 174,714 to Aden 340 295 224 2,284 0 0 0 0 21 31 2,173 26,316 2,758 28,926 14 AI-Hodeidah 169,971 137,660 22,073 265,192 30,481 203,136 18,438 26,313 39,643 36,978 34,322 434,300 314,928 1,103,579 15 Laheg 5,155 3,782 2,152 15,798 815 3,655 159 115 6,545 5,995 7,025 114,856 21,851 144,201 -.- 16 AI-Jawf 29,075 51,447 2,805 28,273 2,550 19,414 1,777 4,368 2,217 2,118 10,406 113,376 48,830 218,996 17 AI-Mahrah 366 372 173 1,674 22 132 0 0 55 81 444 5,486 1,060 7,745 18 Hadramout 9,450 12,559 1,848 15,321 8,021 16,445 364 250 892 1,418 3,421 59,036 23,996 105,029 - I---- 19 Mareb 62,946 78,117 1,402 16,159 11,353 137,052 1,625 2,368 6,856 5,522 6,725 64,385 90,907 303,603 --- --- 20 Shabwah 2,611 3,366 1,604 18,348 410 2,815 225 201 1,425 1,082 3,382 45,107 9,657 70,919 Total 656,871 700,141 67,376 802,733 95,247 703,420 52,679 64,033 208,295 177,891 117,636 1,467,706 1,199,104 3,915,924 -- ------ Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 75 Augusl2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 4.8.2 Livestock Diversity The indigenous livestock of Yemen are cattle, sheep, goats, camels, donkeys and horses in addition to poultry and rabbits. The breed sizes, structure of herds or flocks, and the sustainability or reproductivity of the endemic livestock are unknown. The published Agricultural Statistics of Yemen is concerned only with cattle, sheep, goats and camels. An approximate estimate of their total population in the country is provided in Table 4.21. Tabl e 421 L'Ivest oc k pOplulfIon andd'Ivers1 m Yemenm 2001 a 'ty' . -- I Animal Production Heads % Number of Species · Camels 198,34 1.79 2 I Cattle 1,400,593 12.64 2 I Goats ~52,540 40.18 .-- 6 .- I SheeQs 5,028,968 45.39 9 I Total 11,080,535 100.00 .... Based on previous livestock reviews, there were 0.587 million donkeys, 6.15 million indigenous Baladi chicken with an annual growth rate of 2.48% and 1000 horses in all governorates of Yemen in the 1980s. Figures for rabbits, Guinea fowl and Guinea pigs are unknown. The distribution of the above data among Governorates is shown in the Table 4.22. Table 4.22 Livestock population and diversity in Yemen in 2001 by Governorate - i N Governorate (Muhafazat) Name AI-Beida Camels (Heads) 3,915 ! i Cattle (Heads) 33,194 ! Goats (Heads) 172,759 I I Sheeps (Heads) I I Total Heads I L I 366,746 576,614 i 2 AI-Dhaleh nfa nfa nfa nfa n/a -.- 3 AI-Mahweet 856 42,189 31,415 40,547 115,007 4 Amran nfa n/a n/a n/a n/a 5 Dhamar 5,516 148,346 139,134 377,848 670,844 -. 6 1bb 4,444 230,471 207,390 355,611 797,916 7 Sana'a 5,900 223,276 517,540 1,046,972 1,793,688 8 Sana'a City n/a n/a n/a nfa nfa 9 Ha.ijah 7,348 1l3,275 203,645 233,868 558,136 10 Sa'adah 1,149 63,276 88,346 190,328 343,099 II Tai'z 5,816 171,816 219,217 142,974 539,823 12 Abyan 13,760 16,087 450,741 405,508 886,096 - 13 14 15 16 Aden A1-Hodeidah Laheg AI-Jawf 1,904 17,733 10,725 12,298 3,879 205,103 73,646 7,461 108,199 320,898 411,287 175,878 48,423 366,116 323,358 199,411 162,405 ..- 909,850 819,016 395,048 17 AI-Mahrah 37,119 1,208 258,336 99,556 396,219 18 Hadramout 47,256 47,988 606,908 273,337 975,489 19 Mareb 8,648 17,115 228,315 269,969 524,O~ 20 Shabwah 14,047 2,263 312,532 288,396 617,238 Total 198,434 1,400,593 4,452,540 5,028,968 11,080,535 .... 4.8.3 Women and Agricultural Biodiversity Conservation There are about 9.4 million women in the country (CSO -2001 Projections). Women playa crucial role in the rural economy of the country and contribute over 70% of the agricultural labour force in several different capacities. For example, women Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report - Final August 2006 76 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 a) are the primary collectors of fodder and firewood which account for 50% of the energy consumption in rural areas; b) have their own livestock, and tend grazing animals; c) work in the honey production industry and have their own beehives; d) help in maintaining native cultivars of vegetables and field crops; e) are involved in breeding and pruning grapes in traditional ways; and t) select plants to be used as medicines or cosmetics for their families. They never differentiate between endemic or rare plants, as they are not aware of these issues. Women in rural areas should be a major focal group in any biodiversity awareness program as they live and work closely within agriculture and nature in the day to day work in providing for their families. The actual situation of poverty problems in rural areas compels women to care for and provide food for their families using cheap sources of naturally available energy. In many respects, providing food for rural communities goes side by side with biodiversity conservation. Threats to Agricultural Biodiversity The impact of various agricultural projects and their activities on the sustainable use of natural resources soil and water is clearly reflected in several problems now faced by the country. For example, the most important problems in agriculture are: - · Limited and generally overexploited and inefficiently used physical resources base, largely in Yemen due to the policies and regulations favouring ground-water-irrigated agriculture. · Neglect of the traditional methods in farming in research and extension activities. · Introduction and promotion of technologies unsuited to the farmers' needs and resources. - In general, the production, productivity and incomes are low in agriculture. Provision of highly subsidised crop seeds leads to the negligence of the traditional systems of seed security and seed treatments, which result in the spread of plant disease (smut and rust) and - decreased yields. Major threats include: · Introduction of homogenous, high yielding crop varieties, which replace the heterogeneous low-yielding local crop varieties has resulted in genetic erosion, and narrowing the genetic variability of the crops. · Changes in human consumption habits and diet preference in recent years due to the availability of heavily subsidized commodities such as wheat and wheat products have - resulted in the deterioration of local varieties of sorghum and millet, which are under constant threat caused by the introduction of improved varieties. - · Over grazing and over exploitation of the vegetative cover have resulted in degradation of terraced land and a loss of crop biodiversity. ,... · The rapid expansions of irrigated lands have caused deterioration of rainfed farming systems including the loss of drought resistant crop varieties. - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 77 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Watcr Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · Periodic drought in the absence of genetic reservation systems has resulted in the loss of valuable genetic resources. · The rapidly increasing urbanisation process at the expense of agricultural land may also further threaten agricultural biodiversity. · The use pesticides and the negligence of traditional methods of pest control are threatening the beneficial insects, which are part of the biodiversity of this country. · Immigration has led to a deterioration of indigenous knowledge and the loss of biodiversity. · The lack of clear agriculture policies regulating the usage of natural resources and promoting the sustainable use of these resources. 4.9 Air Quality and Noise Air pollution is usually due to the solid or gaseous substances suspended in the air. Such substances come from different sources such as fire engines, power plants, constructions and others. Examples of the solid and gaseous forms of substances are: · Carbon dioxide (C0 2) · Carbon monoxide (CO) · Hydrocarbon · Dust. - In spite of great improvements in most countries due to the reduction in leaded fuels, traffic emission of lead remains a persistent air quality problem in Yemen. The range of tetraethyl in the gasoline is 0.6 - 0.75 gIl which is above WHO standards. Recent studies indicate that as the number of vehicles continues to grow, motor vehicle emissions and the product of their transformation in the air are becoming increasingly important contributors to air pollution . - . Data on air quality in Yemen is scarce and is unlikely to be used in the study analysis and not enough studies are available to present the effects of air quality on environment. However, it is well known that the emission of CO 2 and CO from heavy traffics causes damage to the environment. The development of urban areas will increase the traffic load around the developed areas and around the country with the use of old petrol engines and diesel fuel would have negative effects on the environment. As a major threat is that CO constitutes 66% of the major components of traffic emissions and that it is very poisonous to the human health since it has no smell, no colour and no taste. Also, the wastewater treatment will release various gases and odor to the air such as CH4 , NH3 and H2S. The main sources of air pollution in Yemen are listed in Table 4.23. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 78 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.23: The main sources of air pollution in Yemen (The Environmental Report for Yemen, 2005). Type Source Name · Location Quantity Pollutants Industrial Aden Refinery Gulfof Aden 70000 bl/day CO, CO 2, H 2 S, S02, · Safer Refinery Ma'rab Desert 10000 bl/day Hydrocarbons, Odor I Emran Cement North-west Sana'a 50000 ton/year CO 2, Silicates & lime · Factory dust, cement dust. I Bajel Cement AI-Hodeidah south 300000 ton/year , Factory I AI-Porg cement South-west Tai'z 500 ton/year i i I Othed ndu,rries Factory Batteries, Sana'a, Tai'z, Chemicals, Plastic Hodeidah and Aden AI- ! - -- ... C\z, Pb, S02, CO, odor .. and Pharmaseal I Power Generation Power Plant AI-Maha, Dahaban, AI- N0 3, S02, CO 2, CO, Hodeidah, Madinaet TSP, Odor. i AI-Shab --. . . - -. Vehicles All-Types All Cities Pb, N0 2, S02, CO 2, ,'. I Sewage Wastewater Cities that have CO, TSP CH4 , NH3,H 2S, Oders I Treatment treatment (,lants treatment plants "" Noise is part of our daily life, some noises are harmless and favourable to our ears such as the music but other noises could cause damages to our ears such as the heavy traffic noise - and this does not apply to the water supply and treatment facilities In general, to the industrial sites and heavy traffic areas are associated with high noise level. Noise nuisance is seen as a minor concern in Yemen. It is the qualitative/judgmental assessment of EPA - staff that noise is not a significant concern within Yemeni culture. The concept of noise pollution is not readily recognised and the potential adverse impacts on health are not generally understood. 4.10 Socio-Economy and Culture 4.10.1. Administrative structure The administrative structure of Yemen included 20 Governorates, 333 districts, 2,210 sub- districts and 398,284 villages (official CSO Figures taken from the PAD). Official figures regarding the area of each Governorate do not exist; in order to make a preliminary assessment of the area of the administrative units, an average size of the areas is assumed as follows: district 1370 km 2 ; sub-district 206 km 2 ; village area is 12 km2 . Summary of Yemen's structure is shown in Table 4.24 (CSO Statistical Year Book, 2001) Detailes of district and sub district is shown in Table 4.25 . ... Table 4.24 Summary Of Yemen's Administrative Structure Level Arabic Name Number Average surface Average number area (km2} of inhabitants ,.,.. Govmorate Muhafadhah 20 22,750 943,150 District Mudiriyah 333 1,370 56,650 Sub-district A'zah 2,210 206 8,535 Village Qarriya 39,284 12 493 Localty Mahalia 90,000 5 210 ... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 79 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.25 Detailes of Yemen's Administrative Structure (CSO 2001) Governorate i I (Muhafazat) Area (*) Districts Su b-Districts I I N Name Km2 % N.(**) Average Area N. Ave;age) I (Km2) (**) area km2 1 AI-Beida i 9,270 2.0% 21 441.40 119 77.9 2 AI-Dhaleh 4,000 0.9% 9 444.40 42 95.2 3 AI-Mahweet 2,330 0.5% 9 258.90 123 18.9 4 Amran 7,900 1.7% 20 395.00 .--. 127 62.2 i 5 Dhamar 7,590 1.7% 12 632.50 313 24.2 6 Ibb 5,350 1.2% 20 267.50 253 21.1 -- I 7 Sana'a ~851 3.10% 422 629,566 24,028 76 8 Sana'a City 380 0.1% 0 38.00 44 8.6 I 9 Hajjah Sana'a City 380 ].8% 10 38.00 16,144 8.6 10 Sa'adah Hajjah 8,300 2.7% 31 267.7 124,161 51.6 11 Tai'z Sa'adah 12,370 2.2% 15 824.7 236,124 99~~ 12 Abyan Tai'z 10,010 3.6% 23 __ . 435.2 . 11,236 452.4 13 Aden Abyan . 16,450 0.2% 11 1,495.5 811 1,495.5 14 760 AI Hudeidah Aden ..- -..- -.. 2.9% 8 95.0 1,388 95.0 15 Laheg AI- 13,250 2.8% 26 509.6 44,138 96.0 Hudiedah ..- -.. 16 AI-JawfLaheg 12,650 8.7% 15 843.3 9,744 287.5 I 17 AI-Mahrah AI- 39,500 14.8% 12 3,291.7 1,297 407.2 Jawf I I 18 Hadramout AI- 67,310 36.8% 9 i 7,478.9 3,412 5,609.2 ... i Mahrah . __ . I 19 Mareh Hadramout 467,280 3.8% 30 35,576.0 6,034 4,920.0 20 Shabwa Mareb 17,450 8.6% 13 11,342.3 2,460 290~ I 21 Rayman Shabwah To be filled 39,000 8.6% 17 2,294.1 24 1,625.0 Total * Unofficiall figures: Measured from topographic maps ** CSO official numers taken from RAP Project Appraisal Documents, May 200 I. - NGOs, usually governmented organisation are engaged in development and the most - important organizational feature at the community level. Therefore, the work ofNGO's in Yemen sometimes is recorded with sceptism by the population. These local cooperatives, designated as Local Development Councils (LDC's) form the basis of rural infrastructure development. Their activities, up to 1994 were coordinated at the central level by an agency the Confederation of Yemeni Development Association (CYDA). This was changed to the General Confederation of Local Councils, then to the Directorate General of Local Councils under the Ministry of Local Administration. The current move of the governoment towards decentralization is intended to improve the provision of basic social services through increased community participation in the allocation of public spending. When local officials, who are directly responsible for providing public services, are praised for success and blamed for failure, they will have more motivation to succeed. Moreover, when the cost of providing services is borne by the local authorities, the provision of services is more likely to be cost-effective. Each of the 20 Governorates differs significantly in terms of development, institutional capacities and population density. In 1996, the Government began to consider the Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 80 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 decentralization of some services to local jurisdiction. The growing central bureaucracy, as well as the expansion of the country's territories after unification, necessitates urgent policies to delegate responsibilities from the center to the governorates in order to reduce bottlenecks within the Government structure. 4.10.2. Population The increase of population rate is high in Yemen. According to the December 1994 census, the total population of the country was: · Urban: 3,423,518 (23.5%) · Rural: 11,164,289 (76.5%) · Total: 14,587,807 (100.00%) · Growth rate: 3.711% or 3.5 % Based on the 3.7% growth rate, the estimated population at 2001 (CSO 2001 Statistical Yearbook) was: · Urban: 5,003,254 (26.5%) or 24.6 % ofthe total population · Rural: 13,859,746 (73.5% as in Table 4.26) · Total: 18,863,000 (100.00%) The preliminary results for the 2004 census, the total resident is increased from around - 14,600,000 capita in year 1994 to almost 19,700,000 capita in year 2004. The growth rate considered in 2004 census is in average of 3.02%. The population number expected to double in 20 years time if the growth rate kept in this leveL The population growth in - Yemen from 1994 to 2004 is shown in Table 4.26 and Table 4.27. The major cities in Yemen have been growing at alanning rates since 1976. For example, the population of the capital Sana'a jumped from 427,502 in 1986 to 972,011 in 1994 and - to 1,590,624 in 2001. This tremendous growth is putting severe pressure on services including water quality and a fast dwindling water supply. There is a tendency for internal migration from rural depressed areas to the main cities for economic reasons. This movement is a worldwide phenomenon, and is reducing the percentage of rural population to the total population from about 88.6% in 1975 to 76.5 % in 1994 and to 73.5 % in 2001 (increasing urbanisation was also partly due to the settlement of a large portion of the political returnees to the large cities). It is estimated that the growth rate for rural areas will gradually decline. The urban growth rate is, however, expected to remain high. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final August 2006 81 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.26 Details on population forecast at 2001 by Governorate. (CSO Statistical Yearbook 2001) Governorate Urban Rural Density Average population per (Muhafazat) (InhabIkm 2) administrative unit N Name Population % Population I% Inhabit. Inhabit. Inhabit. per per per I District Sub- Village I ! ! district 1 AI-Beida 98,761 17.0 481,194 83 62.6 27,617 £,874 407 '2 AI-Dhaleh 44,847 10.8 370,219 89.3 103.8 46,118 9,883 254 3 AI- I 34,726 7.5 ! 429,433 92.5 199.2 51,573 3,774 379 Mahweet 4 Amran 133,484 13.4 860,238 86.6 125.8 49,686 7,825 611 5 Dhamar 146,283 11.9 1,088,144 88.1 162.6 102,869 3,944 375 16 Ibb 300,364 14.5 1,773,775 85.5 387.7 103,707 8,198 757 7 Sana'a 26,956 1.9 1,367,991 98.1 100.7 63,407 5,812 470 18 Sana'a I 1,590,624 100 4,185.9 159,062 36,151 ·· I City i I 9 Hajjah 139,555 9.9 1,264,999 90.1 169.2 45,308 8,724 372 10 Sa'adah 77,104 12.5 537,578 87.5 49.7 40,979 4,957 554 11 Tai'z 528,593 22.4 1,834,893 77.6 236.1 102,760 10,015 1,241 12 Abyan 89,953 20.8 342,576 79.2 26.3 39,321 39,321 168 13 Aden 509,886 98.1 9,936 1.9 684.0 64,978 64,978 14 AI- 767,922 38.3 12,36,126 61.7 151.2 77,079 14,522 876 I Hodeidah i 15 Laheg 29,116 4.4 634,954 95.6 52.5 44,271 15,093 178 16 AI-Jawf 56,426 12.6 390,594 87.4 11.3 37,252 4,608 1,059 I 17 AI-Mahrah 24,924 34.4 47,631 65.6 1.1 8,062 6,046 237 · 18 Hadramout 321,288 36.1 568,958 63.9 5.3 29,675 26,184 246 · 19 Mareb 28,263 12.1 205,432 87.9 13.4 17,977 3,895 435 1 2O Shabwah 54,179 11.5 415,077 ! 88.5 12.0 27,603 19,552 157 Total 5,003,254 26.5 13,859,746 73.5 41.5 56,646 8,535 493 - -.. .. Table 4.27 Detail on population and housing forecast from 1994 to 2004 (Environmental Report, 2005). ..- Growth Rate Final 1994 census Preliminary 2004 census ! Resident 3.02 14,587,807 92.1% 19,721,642 92.1 , Special Consideration -100.00 506,281 3.2 - 0.0 Non-resident g.71 737,669 4,7 1,700,000 7.9 Total 3.07 15,831,757 100.0 21,421,643 100.0 .. ' Housing Families 2.73 2.48 2,201,438 2,162,847 2882,034 2762006 Population density varies markedly across the country and is closely linked to rainfall .. distribution. In desert areas (like AI-Mahrah Governorate) densities are no more than 1.1 people per sq. km and high as 387.7 Km2 people in the wet areas in Ibb. .... At current rates of growth, total population is expected to reach 25.6 million in 2011. The population growth rate is attributed to natural increases from the high fertility and decreasing mortality rates with improvement in health services. The total fertility rate (TFR) in Yemen is estimated at 6.48 in 1997 (Source 2001 Statistical Yearbook). Fertility in Yemen is not only one of the highest in the world but also shows that until recently it was increasing. A number of factors contribute to this high TFR; they include: Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 82 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · Marriage is universal among women, and most marry at a young age, so that by the age of 40 nearly 98% have been married. The average marrying age is about 18 years; · Births usually follow in rapid succession of each other; · Women continue to bear children until the end of their reproductive life; · Contraceptive methods are not widely known or available and because of unfamiliarity with devices, they are often not properly used; · Children especially boys are by tradition socially and economically important in Yemen. Although mortality rates are declining the overall level is relatively high as compared with world average (Yemen's IMR is 121 per 1000 live births); the associated life expectancy at birth is 50 years (NEAP, Policies and Guidelines, 1995). Yemen was the first country in the region to formulate and launch a comprehensive popUlation strategy based on the long-term recognition that unless the country's development is along sound economic planning, a growing popUlation beyond resources supply capacity will constitute a threat of social unrest, political instability and pressure on the environment. 4.10.3 Education · The education in Yemen consists of six years of primary education followed by six even years of secondary education. Secondary education is divided into three years of preparatory and three years of secondary education. Data regarding students enrolled in primary and secondary schools for the school year 2000/2001 are shown in Table 4.28. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 83 Augusl2006 · i " * I ) ; j i j , Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific I i l t tI j . ; a; j .' ij 15 years) iN Name Female Male Total Female Male Total i i I AI-Beida 43.6 70.4 57.0 79.4 40.1 59.8 .2 AI-Dhaleh 39.5 74.2 56.9 77.4 29.1 533 ,iI 3 - AI-Mahweet . 36.9 71.4 54.2 86.7 42.8 64.8 ~ Amran 32.2 77.6 54.9 84.6 34.0 59.3 5 Dhamar 28.8 68.8 48.8 86.1 41.9 64.0 6 Ibb 48.9 78.2 63.6 79.2 36.9 58.1 7 Sana'a 31.4 71.6 51.5 87.1 40.2 63.7 8 Sana'a City 82.9 86.3 84.6 42.1 \3.3 27.7 9 Hajjah 26.7 58.1 42.4 87.8 56.3 72.1 10 Sa'adah 20.8 67.0 43.9 91.1 47.6 69.4 11 Tai'z 59.3 80.7 70.0 68.3 28.3 48.3 12 Abyan 47.8 73.4 60.6 65.9 25.8 45.9 13 Aden 85.6 89.0 87.3 34.3 13.7 24.0 14 AI-Hodeidah 37.0 59.5 48.3 77.4 48.1 62.8 15 Laheg 53.8 79.5 66.7 72.9 27.2 50.1 'D 16 Al-Jawf 27.2 59.5 43.4 89.2 61.9 75.6 17 AI-Mahrah 57.5 62.1 59.8 65.9 45.2 55.6 18 Hadramout 57.2 70.7 64.0 59.5 23.2 41.4 19 Mareb 42.1 67.6 54.9 81.5 36.1 58.8 20 Shabwah 41.5 74.2 57.9 83.2 29.1 56.2 .- ~ .. Total 45.0 72.0 58.5 75.0 36.0 55.5 During the period (1990-1995), education expenditures significantly declined in real terms while student enrolments increased 28% during that period. A lack of qualified teachers exacerbates an already difficult situation. In 1999, the education expenditures were 23.5% of total Government spending, accounting for 5.0% ofGDP (Source: World Bank-Poverty Update December 2002 -Volume II-Annex 7). The total expenditure in the educational sectors in 1999 was 67.4 billion YR. The recurrent expenditures make up 91% of total spending. About 75% ofthis went towards salaries, while 13% was allocated for goods and - ,,.. services. Only 9% was targeted for investment expenditures at the pre-university level. Only 2% was allocated for maintenance, which explains the deteriorated state of many schools in the country especially in rural areas. With increased enrolment, but declining funds and few teachers, classes have become larger. In 2001 the average number of students per class of primary schools was 29.2 - students and 34.7 for secondary schools as illustrated in Table 4.30. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 85 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.30 Number of schools and classes in the primary and secondary education sector in Yemen in 2001 Governorate Basic Schools Secondary Schools · (Muhafazat) (Primary Education) No. of No. of No. of Students No. of No. of No. of Students N Name Schools Classes per class Schools Classes per class I AI-Beida 355 3,635 26.5 & 316 29.8 2 AI-Dhaleh 238 2,959 29.9 13 353 ·3 AI-Mahweet 352 3,681 22.1 I 442 25.9 4 Amran 696 7134 23.3 6 792 37.1 5 Dhamar 863 9,331 23.6 5 1,005 23.8 6 Ibb 922 12,191 35.1 13 1,522 37.0 7 Sana'a 1,064 11,002 21.1 4 1,108 25.7 · 8 Sana'a City 159 5,995 52.6 4 1,133 53.6 9 Hajjah 1,015 9,021 21.0 30 813 29.4 ~ ~'adah : II ..1lli 'z 467 698 4,503 14,721 19.5 38.2 3 10 427 2,553 23.9 37.0 rtr Abyan 293 3,012 27.5 32 348 33.9 13 Aden 75 2,016 47.3 23 427 45.9 · 14 AI-Hodeidah 967 9,847 28.5 8 975 36.8 ~ rLaheg 398 5,073 28.5 25 594 33.6 : 16 AI-Jawf 231 2,165 267 24.3 .. i 17 AI-Mahrah 71 405 16.8 30.0 1 3 26 26.5 .. 18 Hadramout 19 Marcb 20 Shabwah 464 293 309 4,791 2,404 2,722 35.5 16.7 26.8 43 1 16 440 241 200 37.3 27.2 32.8 Total 9,930 116,608 28.5 249 13,982 32.7 One of the greatest challenges facing the Government is education of women. Especially in rural areas, girls' enrolment and drop out rates are high. In 1999, 72% of male children are enrolled in primary schools, compared to only 45% of girls (Source SFD). The disparity is even greater at higher education levels. Only 11% of girls are enrolled in secondary schools, compared to 32% of boys, and in universities only 3% of women are enrolled. The low levels of education and high illiteracy rates make it difficult for women to enter the workforce, especially in urban areas where skilled labour is in greater demand. At the university level, several difficulties face the Government. First, the rapid increase in the number of students seeking higher education has exceeded the capacity of the universities. The university student population increased from 114 students in 1970 to more than 167,730 students in 2001. Demand for private higher education is increasing as parents and families become aware of the opportunities higher education offer. Second, enrolment in applied sciences accounts for only 9% of the total university student population, which has led to a lack of scientifically qualified professionals to fill both teaching and research positions and has lead to a need to "import" qualified personnel from - other countries. Third, there is a growing concern about the quality of education of public university graduates. Labour market surveys reveal a gap between the knowledge of university graduates and the real needs of the labour market. The double challenge of globalisation and expansion of information technologies puts great demand on Yemen to build its human resources capacity in skilled professions in order to achieve an economic advantage. 4.10.4 Health Despite the reasonable improvement in health conditions in Yemen over the last two decades, the health sector is still facing three large challenges: - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 86 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 ii) a persistent high fertility rate (7.7 child per women), iii) high population growth rate (3.7%), and iv) a chronic shortage of health services. These challenges are reflected in the alarming health indicators. Recent data indicate that infant mortality rate (IMR) is 75.3 (CSO- Statistical yearbook 2001) per live birth, which are among the highest in the world. The leading causes for IMR are diarrheaol diseases, malnutrition and parasitic diseases. These diseases can be directly attributed to poverty, low personal hygiene, and lack of sanitation and safe water supplies. Infection deseases reported during 1999-2001 and their distribution by Governorate is listed in Table 4.32. " The health sector is facing many pressing issues. Difficulties in rural populations lack of financing, organizational and management problems and inadequate training of healthcare personnel are among the most serious challenges. Only 55% of the population has access to medical facilities, while public health services in many of the rural areas are almost non- existent. According to official statistics for 2001, there were only 121 hospitals (with an .... average, 79 health centers with beds and 432 without beds and 1540 primary health care unit). The total patient-beds were estimated at 10,690 nationwide with significant disparity between urban and rural areas. The situation of the health services in 2001 is illustrated in - the Table 4.31. Table 4.31 Number of health services and beds in 2001 (CSO- Statistical Yearbook- - Governorate 7901 1 Health Facilities in 2001 (Source: CSO - Statistical Yearbook - 2001 (Muhafazat . II. , Health Health Centres with PharmaCies M a t erm y.i Primary Centres 't' H eIa th Hospitals & beds N Name D t ,Centres Care without i rugs ores., Um s 't N. Beds N. Beds beds 1 AI-Beida 28 1 56 17 I 20 7 285 12 AI-Dhaleh 91 6 75 7 7 4 220 3 AI-Mahweet 28 4 75 5 4 370 4 Amran nlafill nla nla n/a nla nla nla nla 5 Dhamar 180 123 114 35 2 186 ~ ~a'a 211 48 123 62 1 6 10 498 .7 73 20 128 20 10 100 ,8 Sana'aCity 415 48 85 6 1,582 9 Hajjah 147 6 137 5 10 100 4 200 - 110 Sa'adah ill Tai'z 12 Abyan 72 462 8 22 7 30 16 110 101 13 75 10 8 10 130 65 7 6 7 105 1,250 553 13 Aden 179 5 7 1 7 4 1,330 .... 14 AI-Hodeidah 124 43 118 43 2 720 i15 Laheg 61 2 118 17 2 12 15 846 I 116 AI-Jawf 14 47 4 10 132 2 105 17 AI-Mahrah 49 4 43 4 5 264 18 Hadramout 41 23 119 4 8 142 18 703 Mareb 22 4 69 19 11 2 125 Shabwah 4 86 10 174 6 360 Total 2,205 395 1,540 432 79 788 121 9,802 .... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 87 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 The Government has made it a priority to make health services more effective and accessible to the most needed segments of the population. In order to do this, preference will be given to preventive health care concentrating on immunization programs, family planning, nutrition, health education as well as access to safe water drinking water. '. - .. - - - - - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 88 August 2006 I · I i j " i i · · i l I I k 1 I · I j ·· Ii i iii i . ~ Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 4.32 Infection deseases reported during 1999-2001 and their distrubution by Governorate (CSO-Statistical yearbook, 2001) -- -- --- --- --- --- -- ,------- --.------ G.S. Infection A Governorate Diphteria Enteritis Dysentery Malaria Bilharzia Penumonia Measles Whooping Poliomyelities T.B.C Rabies Typhoid Cholera Meritis Hepatis --- --- ---- -- -- - Al-Beida n.d 12,938 2,326 11\86 4,494 n.d 301 477 36 n.d n.d 1744 2164 n.d u.d Al-Dhaleh n.d \1,904 n.d 9367 1,201 n.d 897 261 --- n.d n.d n.d --- n.d 4 n.d n.d Al-Mahweet 108 2,145 n.d 1738 1,264 n.d n.d n.d n.d 2,010 n.d n.d 2013 n.d n.d Amran n.d u.d y.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d , Dhamar 399 1,593 6,308 10419 1,573 12,518 1,106 397 61 697 n.d 670 165 2850 n.d Ibb n.d 26,854 25,869 21337 2,138 32,647 325 235 n.d n.d 5 n.d 731 n.d n.d...J Sana'a 8 13,161 2,673 19252 6,530 n.d 244 157 n.d n.d n.d 37 291 n.d n.d Sana'aCity n.d 27,943 9,529 3375 2,471 n.d 586 606 n.d 734 n.d n.d 1417 121 n.d Hajjah 6 41,584 3,045 84249 6,688 4,938 996 498 n.d 1,778 74 16 582 10803 n.d Sa'adah n.d 26,519 10,849 19989 2,509 27,814 1,732 338 n.d 2,057 n.d n.d 4729 n.d n.d --- - t------'-- Tai'z u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d u.d Abyan n.d 27,584 n.d 29841 153 n.d 622 91 n.d 124 n.d n.d n 36 n.d Aden n.d 14,526 n.d 5324 2 n.d 655 3 n.d 1,938 n.d n.d 1967 3310 n.d Al-Hodeidah n.d 68,186 55,362 152576 n 110,682 n.d n.d 38 1,166 485 n.d n.d n.d n.d Laheg n.d n.d 2,580 10128 369 5,768 630 n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d 841 1052 n.d ,Al-Jawf 177 15,478 609 14988 62 1,109 n.d 882 n.d 351 395 n.d 363 n.d n.d AI-Mahrah n.d 5,819 n.d 394 n n.d 153 n.d 2 62 n.d n.d 35 140 n.d Hadrarnout n.d 17,382 4,410 4637 n n.d 492 n.d n.d 174 n.d 68 552 5452 n.d Mareb 21 --- 10,239 3,386 10949 79 n.d 169 83 1 135 n.d n.d 428 n.d n.d Shabwah ~--- n.d 8,864 n.d 4797 135 9,357 167 126 n.d n.d n.d n.d n.d 927 n.d Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 89 August 2006 - Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 4.10.5 Labour force and employment The labour market in Yemen is characterized by a surplus of unskilled and semi-skilled workers and a shortage of qualified personnel with professional and technical skills. During the 1990 Gulf Crisis the labour market experienced a major shock. With the return of more than 800,000 labourers from Gulf States, the labour supply increased dramatically with limited opportunities for employment. As a result, real wages and the standard of living declined. According to the 1994 census, only 3.3 million people (22% of the total population) were involved in economic activity. Of these, 53% were involved in agriculture and fishing, 16% in the public sector including defence and education, 15% in trade and other services, 6% in construction, and 4% in industry. Such a distribution demonstrates the limited capacity of workers resulting in low-income levels and welfare. In Yemen, labour force data demonstrates the lack of training and education for the - population over 10 years old. Illiteracy is prevalent in all the age groups. Data from the 2004 census indicates that 30.4% of males are illiterate, 18% obtain basic education and only 37% can read and write. Only 6% finish their secondary education and less than 2% .- receive university degrees. For females, the situation is worse. Illiteracy among females is . 67.9%. These statistics have a direct negative impact on the productivity of workers in the economy. - Labour in Civil Services: Official data show that there were around 400,000 civil servants (excluding military personnel) in 1995 of which 75% received educational training ranging - .. from primary school to post graduate programs. Data desegregated by gender is not properly documented, however, it is estimated that females account for approximately 15% of the total civil labour force. - . Currently, the Government cannot employ more staff due to the low absorptive capacity of Government institutions. There is a clear recognition of the need for major reform of - . public administration and the civil services. The reform may include freezing overall recruitment for Government employment, removing ghost employees from the payroll and enforcing retirement laws. Moreover, official projections show that the Government labour - · requirement for graduates of university and vocational and technical institutes will be short of the expected supply. In 1997, only about 10% of graduates from agriculture, humanities, and law will be needed. For graduates of commerce faculties, there will be a need for - . around 50% of the available supply. At the same time, projections show that the supply of teachers will fall short of the demand in basic and secondary schools by about 10%. .. . 4.10.6 History and Culture The earliest records prove a highly developed culture existed back to the tenth century BC ... in Yemen where Saba was the center and heart during this period. In the seventh century BC, when life in Europe was primitive, the prehistoric Yemen was prosperous. At that time, ancient civilizations were established including the kingdoms of Ausan, Karban . III Ma'ain, Hadramout and Sheba. The prosperity of these ancient civilizations depended on trade and agricultural activities. Yemen is thought to have been the home of the legendary Queen of Sheba, and the Romans called it "Arabia Felix". Yemenis have carried out the - sophisticated engineering projects like the Marib Dam built in the fifth century and Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report 90 - Final August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Islam was largely accepted as the principal religion of the country in the mid of the 7th century. During the Islamic Empire, Yemen had very intensive agricultural practices, the products of which were traded with other Islamic states. Once these civilizations fell, the economy declined and was subsequently intensified by a number of invaders including the Christian, Abyssianian and Ottoman Turks. During the period from 1917 to 1962 Yemen was isolated from modern influences and under the rule of Immams. During this Immamate regime, people worked on the land, and were crippled with heavy taxes. Yemen remains a Moslem country and the common language is Arabic. The major ethnic divide falls between the majority of high-landers and the Negroid who live mostly in Tihama and originated from Ethiopia. All laws and legislation are revived from the holy Quraan and Sharia. First loyalties are to God, then to tribe, then to the state. 4.10.7 Cultural Heritage .... The Republic of Yemen's has a very rich and diverse cultural heritage. It has been estimated that 20,000 -30,000 sites of environmental, archaeological, cultural and historical interest are present in its territory. <'.. Many of its major cultural assets are of local, national, and universal significance. In particular, the Walled Historic Cities of Yemen (Old cities of Sana'a, Zabid, and Shibam) together with the Wadi Hadramout have been long inscribed by UNESCO on the World's Heritage list. The old city of Sana'a preserves a wealth of mud brick buildings of great architectural beauty and irreplaceable cultural value. The city of Shibam is a magnificent example of Yemen's vernacular architecture and is surrounded throughout the entire Wadi Hadramout Valley by a large number of monuments, fortresses, palaces, watchtowers, mosques, tombs, and old settlements. In turn, the city of Zabid and its old citadel, its mosques, madras's and pre-Islamic and Islamic heritage, perhaps less known but enormously valuable, conquered a unique place in history as the city where the human genius created the foundations of algebra. Many other cultural assets of Yemen's heritage are literally strewn across the country, in - both urban and rural environments. In addition, the rural landscape itself comprises a unique cultural heritage with ancient terraced farming systems and a spectacular village architecture. The Architecture. Yemen is world renowned for its architectural heritage. The unique vernacular architecture of the original "skyscrapers" in the cities of Sana'a and Shibam, the dam at Marib from the fifth century BC, numerous mosques dating back to the days of the Prophet, and the fortified mountain villages all present the fascinating and diverse heritage of Yemen. The unique quality of Yemen's historic environment is found in urban and rural areas that have extraordinary homogeneous and practical forms of planning, construction and detailing of buildings. The urban environment often consists of tall buildings, which are close together to provide shade from the heat of the sun. The urban organization has grown out of practical consideration for the convenient relationship between the markets and - residential areas, and for access and defence. The towns and villages were often built in defensible locations with the urban structures closely reflecting the topology of the land. This has led to settlements with great individuality and reflecting the historic pressures and unique social relationships and conflicts, which have been such an enduring characteristic of Yemen's long history. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report - Final August 2006 92 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 Furthermore, until now, Yemen has been late in developing a modem economy and in absorbing the industrial and socio-economic practices of other developed countries. This has preserved the unique cultural and historic qualities of the towns and cities. Nevertheless, the historic environment does not comply with the requirements of the modem world. The inhabitants cannot find solutions for a healthy and safe environment in the old buildings, with modem levels of standards. The type of construction currently used requires repair and maintenance with traditional material and techniques, renewed on a regular basis. This conflicts with seemingly modem solutions which use concrete and other new techniques, seems to be more sustainable, and less labour-intensive. Therefore, the new modem way of living, and methods of construction can seriously erode the physical and social historic environment, and weed out traditional building skills. The terracing system: The terrace systems have developed in response to rainfall patterns tI and rainfall uncertainties and provide optimal soil and water management in dry, mountainous terrain. Such terracing constitutes a national heritage and a monument to environmental sustainability in land resource management and food security. The farming ". systems schemes so designed were sustained until recently. .. The system is known to be an etlicient method of water conservation. It also helps - preventing soil erosion and enable farmers to grow crops on rigid steep mountain region. Step terracing is used on the steep slopes of the catchments while water spreading is used in it. Terracing depends solely on rainfall; cultivation evolved under various topographic - and climatic conditions. The slope, depth of fertile soil, availability of technique and labour, influence the design features of the terraces. The general rule is the steeper the slop, the narrower the terrace. Widths of terracing are very small and can range from 2 to 15 m and sometimes 20 m. In areas with higher flow velocities, the terrace tends to be longer than in areas with lower velocities. The surface of the step (terrace) may be level, but usually sloped in the range of 5-10% so that runoff will be carried laterally with the purpose to promote runoff to drain to successively lower terraces. Whilst level terraces will allow infiltration of large portion of rainfall, the walls of the terrace with sloped surface is twice the depth of soil excavation. - Traditional terracing is practiced in the Arabian Peninsula countries: Yemen, Oman and Saudi Arabia and other countries. However, over the last ten years, terracing has been declining due to the lack of maintenance, migration of labour and emphasis on large-scale irrigation development. Status of Data Collection and Research: Although some important inventories have been carried out (such as Hadramout inventory done by an Italian company in one year and maintained by the GOPHC), a comprehensive inventory of all existing environmental, archaeological, cultural and historical sites in Yemen still does not exist. Those ones that have been carried out are not integrated in a comprehensive database and utilized as would be necessary. An estimated period of 5 years would be necessary to carry out an overall comprehensive inventory as a fundamental management tool for the cultural heritage in Yemen. Donors, such as UNESCO, Dutch, German, Swiss, and French organizations have pursued research in specific areas, leading to important data collection and operational work. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 93 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Donors were very active in the 1970s and 1980s in providing preservation and rehabilitation assistance, targeting, in particular, the three cities listed in the World Heritage: Old Sana'a, Shibam and Zabid. In the 1990s, financial aid decreased to diminishing enthusiasm after the euphoric start, and also due to economical and political problems with which Yemen had to cope after the Gulf War and the civil war in 1994. The American Center for Yemeni Studies and the French Center for Yemeni Studies (Centre Fran~ais D'etudes Yemenites), have an important bibliographical collection in their own libraries, mainly in response to university research. Recently, the German and Dutch cooperation has strengthened their presence through an active development program. · Nevertheless, thus far, investments have mainly been done opportunistically, based on available funds and on the individual initiative of the donors. Even in a city like Old Sana'a, the restorations completed over the last decade have not changed the overall picture. Threats to Cultural Heritage: Notwithstanding the existing legal framework and despite various conservation efforts, adverse factors are severely threatening the integrity and ,. .. sustainability of Yemen's cultural monuments. Among these factors are: uncontrolled urbanization inside and around the historic cities, modernization in living patterns, new house amenities and services, behavioural carelessness, economic downturns, destruction caused by uncontrolled road construction and lack of conservation resource and - investments. Moreover there are threats to Yemen's old architecture related to the increase in the poverty level of the old cities: (i) economic decline, caused by shifting patterns of trading and broader global forces; this is the case in Zabid, where the textile industry declined dramatically, leaving a legacy of unused, dilapidated historic buildings; (ii) pressures of development, lack of adapted urban regulation and inadequate enforcement procedures, which lead to the replacement of the traditional population by immigrants from cities, such as Sana'a, gentrification could bring about an - irreversible change in the city landscape, with the use of non-traditional construction methods, and a definitive evolution in architectural design; (iii) lack of maintenance, as with some of the mud built architecture in Shibam where the impact can be irreversible to one building and can extent to the neighboring buildings. Lack of maintenance can have even a more drastic impact when combined with a strong rainy season (Sana'a in 1999). If these issues are not addressed during the next a decade or two, the Yemenis and foreigners alike will witness the destruction of Yemen's urban qualities. That destruction will mean that one of the world's most uniquely built environments and the skills that go along with maintaining it will irreversibly disappear, even though this may happen in progressive and subtle ways. The negative impacts of such factors are amplified by the weakness of the legislative and institutional frameworks commensurate with the magnitude and complexity of Yemen's cultural heritage. The following problems have been identified by the present study: Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 94 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · Until recently most of the construction projects in Yemen have been implemented without any study on the impact on cultural heritage (for example is the inter-Arabian peninsula coastal highway which has been designed without carrying out any study on environmental, social and cultural heritage impact); · There are no provision for executive regulations in the Law on Antiquities; · There are no regulations to halt works being implemented in important landscapes; as matter of fact article 14 of the Law on Antiquities establish to the possibility of stopping works damaging only for archaeological objects and archaeological areas; · There is lack of integrated data base for cultural heritage management, · A public awareness campaign would be necessary to make Yemen population aware about the richness and importance of their cultural heritage. Without the public concern, the Yemen's cultural heritage may be damaged, if not destroyed, within the next 10 years; · The awareness campaign should be especially direct to public officers of the various governmental agencies directly or indirectly concerned with cultural heritage. Presently there are very few people aware of the magnitude and importance of the Yemen's cultural heritage, · As conclusion the protection of the Yemen cultural heritage would require: - An awareness campaign to spread the knowledge of the cultural heritage of Yemen and its social and economic importance; The preparation and integrate on of a data-base; The strengthening of the legal and regulatory framework and its extension to a wider concept of "cultural heritage" which should include landscape, archaeological, cultural and historical sites; and The strict application of established rules and regulations. 4.10.8 Socio-economic and Gender Issues Despite the efforts of the Yemeni Government to include gender issues in the Yemeni society to participate from their socio-economic and economic positive effects, the incorporation of gender perspectives into projects, also in the water sector should be improved. Projects in the water sector are extremely demand-driven and have to be responsive to the demand of users. Men and women have different demands and points of view concerning the results of projects, which should fulfil the different expectations. Therefore gender issues and gender analysis should be included into consideration for Water Supply and Sanitation projects. The implementation of a sound gender analysis allows policy-makers to recognize, understand and take into consideration that · All data should be dis aggregated by sex · Markets and meetings structure the system but that the situation of women and men in relation to these differs · Matching ability and willingness to pay may require redistribution of income to women Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 95 Augusl2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · Water and women's time is as well an economic good, and that women's time was undervalued by markets · Gender barriers to effective and equitable management of water resources are more likely to be overcome if women are organized into movements for change Additional to the inclusion of gender issues into the WSS projects, special attention should be given to the demands of the poor. Environmental and health educational and awareness programmes should be realised to sensitize the population for the problems occurring from the water scarcity and to implement integrated water resources management solutions. The Government and the relevant Ministries and Authorities have to overcome additionally a deep reservation of the population in public services of the water sector due to the bad quality of water from taps in many areas. To strengthen and regain the trust of the water users in the services delivered by official authorities and operators, the quality of water supply must improve and appropriate presentations of the new governmental strategies and success stories well-covered by media campaigns have to be carried out. Especially against the background of the planned re-use of treated wastewater the population must rely on the details in regard of the water quality given by the operators and administration, otherwise no acceptance will be gain for this part of the water sector. Gender Definition The UNDP has given in the "Gender in Development Programme" in 1995 an extensive definition of the Gender Issue, as quoted below. - "Gender refers to the roles of responsibilities of men and women and the relationship between them. Gender does not simply refer to women or men, but to the way their qualities, behaviours and identities are determined through the process of socialization. These roles and responsibilities are cultural specific and can change over time. Gender is seen as the social construction of men's and women's roles in a given culture or location. - Gender roles are distinguished from sex roles, which are biologically determined. Gender - refers to the socially determined roles played by women and men. These different roles are influenced by historical, religious, economic, cultural and ethnic factors. As women and men are defined the weave of specific social fabrics, the relation they share constitutes what is known as gender relations." - Communities are no homogenous groups living in secluded geographic regions. Individuals and groups have different levels of power, influence, wealth and ability to express their needs, concerns and rights towards authorities. Competition for scarce - resources handicaps the groups and people with less power, e.g. the poor. Poor women place this group in a double-disadvantaged position. General - Safe, sufficient, affordable and physically accessible and sustainable water (supply) for personal and domestic use for all is one of the main social goals at global and regional levels and of the Millennium Development Goals. One quarter of the world's population ,- lacks clean water, while one million people die from water-related diseases annually. The population growth is constant and therefore the demand for fresh water. Additionally, the Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 96 Augus/2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 demand is increasing due to the competition of different sectors, such as industry, agriculture, livestock and wildlife causing conflicts between the rural population on one hand and the inhabitants of cities on the other. The multiple uses of a water sources is mostly incompatible, in terms of the amounts of water required and the effects on the resources. A coordinated development of water, land and related resources must be implemented to optimise the economic and social development as well as the sustainability of the environmental systems (Integrated Water Resources Management, IWRM). To ensure sustainable water resources including Water Supply and Sanitation, six main issues had been internationally determined, as follows: 1. Basic services for all 2. Integrated water management for multiple use 3. Equity across gender and class 4. Sustainable ecosystem management 5. Public standards on service quality ' .. 6. Accountability for sustainable use and management of freshwater In several worldwide Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) and Water Supply ... and Sanitation (WSS) projects, it has been recognized that the implementation of gender perspectives within water projects will lead to more · Effective use of water by different gender groups · Efficiency · Recognition of benefits by people · Equitable share of responsibilities · Opportunities, benefits and sustainability of the initiative · Health and environmental security Also in the Dublin Statement (1992) the inclusion of gender issues was endorsed by representatives from over 100 countries and 80 international, intergovernmental and non- governmental organisations. Four Guiding Principles provide the framework for future actions: Principle No.1: Fresh water is a finite and vulnerable resource, essential to sustain life, development and the environment Since water sustains life, effective management of water resources demands a holistic approach, linking social and economic development with protection of natural ecosystems. Effective management links land and water uses across the whole of a catchment area or - ground water aquifer. Principle No.2: Water development and management should be based on a participatory approach, involving users, planners and policy-makers at all levels. The participatory approach involves raising awareness of the importance of water among policy-makers and the general public. It means that decisions are taken at the lowest appropriate level, with full public consultation and involvement of users in the planning and implementation of water projects. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 97 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Principle No.3: Women play a central part in the provision, management and safeguarding of water. This pivotal role of women as providers and users of water and guardians of the living environment has seldom been reflected in institutional arrangements for the development and management of water resources. Acceptance and implementation of this principle requires positive policies to address women's specific needs and to equip and empower women to participate at all levels in water resources programmes, including decision- making and implementation, in ways defined by them. Principle No 4: Water has an economic value in all its competing uses and should be recognized as an economic good Within this principle, it is vital to recognize first the basic right of all human beings to have access to clean water and sanitation at an affordable price. Past failure to recognize the economic value of water has led to wasteful and environmentally damaging uses of the resource. Managing water as an economic good is an important way of achieving efficient and equitable use, and of encouraging conservation and protection of water resources. ... Challenges and opportunities Nearly 75% of the Yemeni population lives in rural areas and are dependent on agriculture. 90% of the annual water consumption in Yemen is used in agriculture (with only 35% irrigation efficiency), and 10% for domestic use. The Unaccouted for Water rate is about 45-50% due to poor maintenance or administrative loss. Only recently recycling of industrial water is taking into consideration. The lack of clear water rights until 2002 when the Water Law was passed, caused unsustainability concerning all related water issues, especially the extensive extraction of groundwater and the related depletion of aquifers. According to the National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program 2005-2009 .... (NWSSIP) use-efficiency and loss reduction investments will have the main focus on the agricultural sector. The depletion of groundwater affects mainly the poor people (farmers in rural areas as well as poor people in the cities living in the surroundings with less access to public and piped water supply). Poor people in rural areas cannot afford the drilling of deeper wells when shallow wells and springs were dried up due to the phreatic decline. - Women and children are responsible of getting water for the family, which sometimes takes 4-8 hours in rural areas to fulfil this task. Life expectation of women in rural areas is .... about 46, in some areas only 38 years, mainly to water-borne diseases, hygienic conditions and the lack of safe drinking water and sanitation. Nevertheless, life expectancy has improved significantly for both sexes over the last several decades. Yemen's high rates of population growth dilute potential progress in reducing poverty. As a result of high fertility rates, Yemen has the highest dependency .,.. Sec/oral Environmental Assessment Report Final 98 Augus/2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 ratio in the MENA region since 1980 (currently at 1.06 compared to MENA at 0.691). Despite the fact that fertility rates have been declining from 8 to 6 births per woman from 1960 to 2003, Yemen's young population puts immense strains on education, health and other social services. Concerning education and health, Yemen has witnessed significant achievements over the last decades especially for females. Nevertheless, gender disparities persist. Between 1995 and 2000, total enrolment rates in basic education increased by 30%, while secondary education rates increased by 50%. One important factor is to improve women's ability to participate in the labour market to create income which generates opportunities for themselves that would make their social status and well-being less dependant on the potential number of children in the family. An important factor to make new strategies and projects in the IWRM and WSS a success apart from the gender issues is to overcome the missing confidence in authorities and the Government concerning the reliability of the quality of drinking water from pipes. The provision of safe drinking water in pipes could not be guaranteed in many areas by authorities and the superficial supervision of water quality or the lack of it has not contributed to allow the urban population to rely on the public water supply. To strengthen and regain the trust of the water users in the services delivered by official authorities and operators, the quality of water supply must improve and appropriate presentations of the new governmental strategies and success stories well-covered by media campaigns carried out. Water Access and Costs I Tariffs Nationwide, about 60% of urban households are estimated to be connected to mains supply - - but often that supply is inadequate. In Sanata, the public utility, NWSA, supplies only 36% of households: two thirds of the water consumed in Sana'a does not come from a safe public supply, and much comes from shallow wells in contaminated groundwater beneath the city. The urban poor are faced with higher costs. The NWSA supply is cheap - as little as Rls - 201m3 (13US cents), but poor people usually have to buy their water from private vendors at very much higher prices - Rls 50- 200/m3 (35-140 US cents). As a result, the costs ofthe poor are much higher and the quantity purchased is very much lower. In Sana'a, for example, those buying from the private sector exclusively (including most of the poor) consume only 28 liters per day (lpd), against 80 lpd for those connected to the NWSA system. In addition, private supply is unregulated and often contaminated, being pumped from the shallow aquifer. The negative impact of inadequate water supplies on the poor is even more marked in rural areas, where 81 % of the population, and most of the poor, live. Only about 20% of rural households (49%) have access to safe water, compared to the average for the Middle East and North Africa Region of 82%. Access to safe sanitation is limited to 19% of households. Government programs for rural water supply have concentrated on the area around the capital to the neglect of the poorer, further-flung areas. Sanitation has been largely neglected, with consequent environmental and health problems. - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 99 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No, NWSACS·3 Yemen has the region's lowest life expectancy (54 years) and the highest infant mortality (9.6 percent of live births). A leading cause of death in infants and children is diarrhea, partly caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation. Children living in rural areas experience on average seven cases of diarrhea a year. Rural under-five mortality rates deteriorate markedly in households that do not have access to safe water or sanitation. Access to water also has an important impact on the lives of women. In rural areas unserved by piped water, women and girls typically spend up to seven hours a day fetching water. Water Resources Management, Water Supply and Sanitation The promotion of equal opportunities for men and women participants and beneficiaries as well as rich and poor is one of the goals of Yemen's gender and development policy in Water Resources Management and Water Supply and Sanitation. Water Supply and Sanitation (WSS) projects are extremely demand-driven and can fail, if not all members of a community were fully involved or committed to the projects. The projects have to be responsive to the declared demands of all user groups. Women, very often playing a minor role in decision-making, are not or only marginalised included into these demand-driven projects. Being in many societies the responsible group for WSS as in Yemen, projects have failed due to the missing involvement of this group. Special effort should be made to include the women into the WSS projects, if necessary. - Men and women, as well as poor and rich people have different priorities in Water Resources Management and WSS projects. If these priorities are included into the project activities, they can improve in quality and sustainability, for example: '. · Development of small-scale projects related to the adapted water needs for women, such as household, gardening, livestock, domestic use · Design and siting of WSS facilities · Technology adapted to the needs and environment of users · Operation and Maintenance of WSS facilities: improvement due to an appropriate technical and financial planning · Demands for sanitation - · Health benefits Despite the variation of gender strategies across projects and environments, following facts - should always be taken into account ofWSS projects: · Gender impact of all project components: engineering, institutional strengthening, '- · financial and community development, health components Resources needed to implement the gender strategy: personnel, training, procurement ... · Risk assessment of the implementation of gender strategy · Implementation and monitoring by all participants and beneficiaries Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 100 August 2006 Water Seetoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Projeet Contract No. NWSACS-3 Gender analysis should contain: · Socioeconomic and cultural context of the project area · Priorities, demands and needs of men and women · Knowledge, attitudes and practices relating to WSS (men's and women's) · Constraints to the participation of men and women in project activities Women specific information concerning WSS Fetching water is in general a female task as long as it can be reached by foot (water procurement 90% women, 9% men by car, 1% children). In most of the rural areas, predominantly mountainous regions, the water sources can only be reached due to long, exhausting hikes at about the average of 2-5 km away from the villages. Depending on the distance and the terrain, water fetching takes 2-4 hours a day, in extreme cases wells can only be reached by a 4 hours walk. Women or children have to carry the water in containers (20 1, dubba) or metal buckets (15 1, barrnil). Most women do not have enough money to buy bottled water, if no access to safe water is available. Water Procurement in Rural Areas Yemen Men (by car) Children - - - - - Three kinds of water is fetched for the daily need: · Drinking water from running water sources · Washing water from more or less stagnant water · Water for animals and plants - Women are not allowed to travel without the permlSSlOn of a man, and even with permission they only allowed to move within a restricted area. This severly limits women's access to clean water and social services like health and education and keeps women and their concerns away from decision-making. Women, due to their exclusion from the public space on the other hand do not have the opportunities to engage in environmental conservation and protection interventions. Women's lack of mobility also limits alternative strategies they could adopt to cope with stress on family resources, especially if a woman is the head of household owing to male migration or desertion. A huge amount of men of the Yemeni rural population went abroad ... to work in oil and gas industry or in the cities. Due to the migration of men, the terraces are '1IIiI no longer maintained causing deterioration of the terrace walls. The deterioration of the terraces again is causing accelerated soil erosion. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 101 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 In tenns of labour forces, women represent around 28% of the private sector employments and 9% of the Government sector. The general requests of women in rural areas concerning the improvement of their living situation are as follows: · Sanitation · Access to safe drinking water · Electricity · Roads The quality of water is evaluated only by the senses and must be attractive to sight, smell and taste for not being rejected, despite possible contamination or hygienic unreliability. In most areas, water older than a day is not regarded as fresh water. In areas with an extremely water scarcity kidney problems and dehydration occur especially with women and children due to the reduction of their daily drinking dose. 80% of all diseases in the rural areas are water related. The table below gives an overview about the population covered with water supply and sanitation facilities: ,.... Tabl e 433 W ater SupplyandS anltatlOn access In rura and urban araes I Urban Water Rural Water Urban Sanitation Rural Sanitation Supply Supply 2000-2005 47% ..- - .. 25% 25% 20% Due to the chronic water shortage in some areas, drinking water only can obtained in .... mosques, which usually have own water wells and water supply. Gender Issues in Yemeni Planning on Water Sector The Yemen's constitution declares equal rights and obligations for men and women. The discrimination on the basis of sex is officially illegal. Nevertheless is the enforcement of the laws difficult, mostly due to inadequacy of the administrative apparatus. New laws introduced since Yemeni unification provide women more security rights, yet without effective enforcement. Despite the equality of men and women in the Yemeni law, women are in reality in social and legal status secondary to Yemeni men. The travel opportunities of women are limited. In 1997 the government adopted the Yemeni Women's National Strategy. Among the - institutions established to work on women's issues is the Women National Committee. Its duties includes cooperating with local, regional and international organizations involved in women's projects, conducting studies relating to women, contributing to women's legal awareness, and holding workshops and conferences. Due to the lack of adequate funding, insufficient coordination on national level, unavailability of data disaggregated by gender and ambiguity of its goals the realisation of the strategy is hampered. The National Water Sector Strategy and Investment Program, 2005-2009 (NWSSIP) covers all aspects of water related issues, such as policy and sector management and Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 102 Augus/2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 coordination in water resources management, urban and rural water supply and sanitation, irrigation and watershed management as well as human and environmental resources. The strategic water sector issues, reforms structures and their realisation as well as the difficulties resulting from historical past are clearly defined, future visions, developments and tasks of the government explained. In the introduction of the NWSSIP, the inclusion of gender issues in WSS and Water Resources Management projects is described as one main guarantor for the successful implementation and sustainability of projects. In the following chapters, e.g. of the Urban and Rural Water Supply and Sanitation development, no attention is paid on the gender issues as a basic part for a successful project implementation. Not only the participation of user associations and the demand responsive approach (DRA) has to be considered, emphasis should also laid on the gender issues, especially women, being the main responsible person in families for domestic water supply. The inclusion and active participation of this main user group should be more emphasised in the NWSSIP. The gender specific data and view will enable policy-makers, authorities as well as project implementation and realisation teams to understand and react on all related facts of the local communities. Rural women in Yemen value gender projects. However, in the past, such projects have often failed to address rural women's core constraints and their need for: · Appropriate technology to reduce their workloads and increase productivity · More accessible water supplies (also a workload issue, as lack of water limits their · productive potential) · Better health services and medicines Across all geographical regions, women play a focal, often unrecognised role in the survival strategies and economy of poor rural households. Increasing the economic resilience of the poor is largely about enabling women to realize their socio-economic potential more fully and improve the quality of their lives. To do so, women need access to assets, services, knowledge and technologies, and must be active in decision-making processes. Greater gender equity means that women are able to express their potential, to the benefit of the entire household and community. Local governments, utilities, and public sector unions should make a commitment to poor women by developing projects for the implementation of ecologically sustainable, - equitable, and affordable water and sanitation services. Women themselves should define the priorities and be partners in implementation. Still the main barriers that challenge the women development are: "'" · Cultural values and social norms which affect negatively on women roles in the society · Education and teaching curriculum at schools · Media influence on shrinking women roles in development - · · Absence of fair legislations that guarantee women rights Spreading of literacy among females, mainly in rural areas Sectoral E1TVironmental Assessment Report Final 103 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Chapter 5: Environmental Impacts 5.1 Overview Potential environmental impacts of the program including direct/indirect effects were considered. The environmental impacts assessments trigged the favourable and unfavourable impacts of the program from design, construction to the operational phases, as well as resettlements and land acquisition. Also, the assessment of the program significance such as likelihood, intensity risk, and environmental sensitivity which was identified with emphasis on special features of the Yemeni environment. 5.2 Designs and Construction Phase The environmental impacts of the construction phase of the water supply and sanitation project were addressed in relation to hydrology and water resources, land resources, air quality and noise, biological socio-economic and cultural resources. ."", 5.2.1. Water resources and hydrology · Sources of construction water .. During the construction phase, water will be required for consumption at site compounds and for physical works. The water has to be taken from surface flows or extracted from groundwater aquifers. Surface water may not be available for construction in some sites therefore piped water is required. Where surface or piped water is particularly scarce, gaining agreement to access to available resources may be problematic. The contractor should be very careful in accessing any water without prior approval of local communities, which can cause social tensions because it may interfere with the pattern of locally established use of water. Also, excessive and indiscriminate extracting from the groundwater aquifer beyond safe levels of annual recharge may lead to the aggravation of the present water crises. · Pollution from wastewater, diesel spills from the sites compounds and machinery The source of these pollutants is uncontrolled as a result of disposing liquid or solid construction waste. Examples of these wastes are uncontrolled disposal of construction wastewater, spillage of diesel, oil and grease. Excessive pollutants discharge has adverse impacts on surface water and soils. Therefore, the contactor has to consider certain measures to minimise such pollutants from reaching the water body and soil. Locating a high risk zone with a concrete pavement will help in reducing the impact of diesel, oil and grease spills. · Flood protection in wadis - The construction process could alter seasonal water flow patterns especially in mountain areas or within the wadis. This could bring about: - · Additional erosion within the wadis Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final lO4 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmcntal Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · A disruption of traditional water harvesting practices to the farms on mountain areas. The impact should be addressed through proper hydrological assessment. In addition to that appropriate engineering design and measures, and local consultations will avoid potential disruption of water harvesting practices and potential social tensions. Adverse impacts may experience where construction work will physically required to modify, add and diverting main flow patterns. However, new channels should be designed in to re-establish new equilibrium and as such effects are unlikely to be significant over long-time. Short-time effect or damage could be handled. The EA and design studies must pay attention in assessing the WSSPs locations especially in the mountainous areas. Possible adverse impacts can be mitigated in various ways, such as up-stream harvesting system and down stream management systems. The harvesting system will reduces the flow volume and velocity, and the down stream management systems will provide effective management flow. Extra care should be given to the design and the physical conditions of each site in the mountainous areas. '" · Alteration of water harvesting patterns . Local farmers often construct simple water harvesting systems to collect the runoff water to their land. This traditional practice should be considered in the facilities (design and construction phases). The obstruction of such facilities can be minimised by implementing proper construction design and selection of the facility location away from these traditional harvesting systems. Also, the contractor should consider providing alternative structure if it · is not possible to avoid the obstruction of such systems . · Cross drainage and scour effects on new fills - The constructions fill should be adequately compacted, and in falling to do so large - number of scour points can be created around the sites facility, which will eventually erode the various sites. In this case, new catchments associated with water collections and drainage features will be created. These are potentially very high-energy channels. These situations can be avoided by a proper compaction to the created cuts. - · Discharge to adjacent lands - The discharge of water and the loose material from the construction without control will lead to rapid creation of a deeply incised scour channels, widespread erosion, increased slope instability and large-scale movement of materials down slope. These materials will ... cover and destroy any down-slope features in their path. The particular concerns are: · new fills; · unstable slopes; "'" · channels in a stack; · graveyards · roads and tunnels; · agriculture terraces, · other sensitive areas or structure. ... Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 105 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Discharge to new fills: Inadequately new fills will create a large number of scour points are evident around the site. These scour points will eventually threaten the sites facilities. The contractor should control the discharge of the loose material and maintain the scour point through the construction phase. Discharge to unstable slopes: This will lead to rapid creation of a deeply incised scour channels, widespread erosion, increased slope instability and large scale-material movement down slope. These materials will create a movement obstruction and destroy any features down slope in their path. Discharge to channel in a stack: Any loose material discharge from high point will be crossed by a wadi, stream and road in the lower section. In case of discharging a colluvium material and on concave slopes serious problems may be created by erosion and wash down of materials even if only limited water sources involved. To correct such a problem an extensive engineering work is required. Therefore, the contractor should consider · alternative solutions to discharge loose material to channel. Discharge to graveyards: Water drainage or discharging loose material to the graveyards will create flooding which may have scouring effects on the graveyards, also, such action will create a huge problem for the contactor with the community and other parties. This social problem should be avoided completely by the contactor. Discharge to roads and tunnels: Discharging such material to roads and tunnels will create an obstructions to the movements in general. Also, such actions could create a flooded areas associated with high risk on human life which will lead to a social problem with the community. Discharge to agriculture terraces: Uncontrolled discharge may have scouring effects on terrace structure and destabilise agricultural land. This could lead to social problems. The contractor should be a ware of outcomes to a void such actions. Discharge to other sensitive areas or structure: Uncontrolled discharge to sensitive areas such as building, historical places, conservation area, walls water channels or any other sensitive structure will create large social and environmental problem The contractor should be a ware of such areas to avoid any future problems. 5.2.3 Land Resources Site survey investigations Site survey and investigation are required for proper design and allocation of the WSSPs facilities. Several impacts are associated with these activities, such as accessing private and public lands. Also, some of these activities require geotechnical investigations, which have more direct adverse impacts such as soil excavation and rocks and drilling boreholes. Safety majors should be considered in handling such activities. ,-""" Permanent land acquisition Permanent land acquisition can arise from unavoidable needs: · establishment of a disposal site for cut and surplus's materials. Sectoral EnVironmental Assessment Report Final 106 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · paths to collect and discharge construction water and power. · widen the existing arrangement or create a new arrangement to improve the proposed site. · alignments for safety or technical reasons with prior approval of land owners under auspices of the Beneficiary Committee · construction of treatment facilities, water supply network, wastewater collection system, etc .. The priority action for land taking is avoidance, the first approach is to avoid land taking through various alternatives for the design changes. If the avoidance is not applicable for minimisation, the land taking is the second alternative. However, where avoidance is not possible, a Resettlement Plan will be prepared. Temporary land acquisition Temporary land acquisition during construction Phase IS required for the following activities: · establishing the contractor's site compound; · temporary roads for traffic diversion; and · haul roads to shuttle to/from borrow pits and quarries. · additional preparatory activities. - Despite the very local nature of these activities, they affect local lands; in particular, the establishment of the site compound involves a temporary change in land use, and ... diversions and haul roads may adversely affect terraces or other agricultural lands. The contractor in conjunction with the supervisor engineer and Beneficiary Committee should identify these locations and conditions . .. Contractor site compound management, materials and equipment storage Site compounds are required to establish administrative and residential accommodation, plant and installations, workshops, garages, storage space and other facilities required for water supply and sanitation facility construction. They generally include workers' living and eating areas, and the grounds where equipment is stored and serviced and where materials are stockpiled. Negative effects on land resources can include pollution from inadequate sanitation, disposal of solid and liquid waste and leakage of spills from petroleum products, paving or other construction materials. Site compounds also tend to generate small shops and services, which could give raise to shanty type settlements and concomitant sanitation and waste disposal issues. Disposal of excavated material - destruction of agricultural land When spoil material from site excavation or surplus materials is dumped along the side of the facilities, it can kill or damage vegetation, contribute to erosion and slope stability problems and destroy terraces or other agricultural land. Large amounts of spoil materials are usually generated in mountainous terrain. In view of the pervasiveness of terraced agriculture in Yemen, potential damage to terraces is a particularly important impact. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 107 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Borrow pits and quarry areas Borrow pits and quarry areas involve land excavation and/or blasting, and the opening of new sites involves a change in land use. Potential negative impacts include chronic erosion and deposition dangerous areas, and as permanent visual and aesthetic intrusion. 5.2.4 Air quality and noise Dust & potential pollutants from construction machinery, stored material and spoil heaps During WSSPs construction, dust and particulate concentrations may be dispersed to the air especially during dry months and on windy days. This will be generated mainly by excavation of soils, blasting and crushing of rocks and transport of soils to/from sites. Dust pollution may also disturb local wildlife especially in the vicinity of protected areas. However, these adverse impacts will be felt only in the vicinity of the work areas, .. unsurfaced access corridors and materials stockpiles . Smoke from burning of waste materials Air pollution during the construction period may take place as consequence of the burning of waste materials. Noise from construction machinery Heavy machines, plants and construction traffic will make vibration and noise. The nuisance will be transient and good work practice should curb it. Noise nuisance may disturb local wildlife especially in the vicinity of protected areas. 5.2.5 Biological Resources Conversion or degradation of natural habitats or critical natural habitats The development of the urban cities located adjacent to, or within, any of the 36 important ecological sensitive areas in Yemen or other identified sensitive areas can result in significant conversion or degradation of natural habitats or critical natural habitats. The location of any potential project facility adjacent to or within natural habitats or critical natural habitats as described below will trigger the Natural Habitat Policy Framework. Natural habitats are defined as land and water areas where: · the ecosystem's biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and · human activity has not essentially modified the area's primary ecological functions . Critical natural habitats are defined as: Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report - Final August 2006 108 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by Governments as protected areas (e.g. reserves that meet the criteria of the World Conservation Union-IUCN- classification), areas initially recognised as protected by traditional local communities (e.g. sacred groves or forests), and sites that maintain conditions vital for the viability of these protected areas (as determined by the EA process); · sites identified on supplementary lists prepared by the World Bank or an authoritative source determined by the Regional Environmental Sector of the World Bank. Significant conversion is defined as the elimination or severe diminution (reduction) of the " integrity of a critical or other natural habitat caused by a major, long-term change in land or water use. Significant conversion may include, for example, land clearing, replacement of natural vegetation, drainage, dredging, filling or channelisation of wetlands. Conversion can result directly from the action of a project or through indirect mechanism (e.g. though induced settlement along a road). Degradation is defined as the modification of a critical or other natural habitat that substantially reduces the habitat's ability to maintain viable populations of its native species. Damage to biological resources during construction Loss of small bushies and trees along the site may occur during construction. This impact is generally considered minor, except when it involves productive, ancient or other trees or vegetation considered important by the local community. Construction activities may also interfere with bird nests or small animal dens located in verges, quarries or borrow areas. Damage to biological resources by construction workers The construction and maintenance periods may cause immigration or death of wild animals which can be caused by poaching or wanton cutting of trees and mangroves for fuel wood by construction workers. 5.2.6 Socio-Economic and Cultural Resources Tribal tensions Although tribal social organisation in Yemen has been undergoing some changes in recent years, the social order in most parts of Yemen is still organized according to the tribal system. This includes a social hierarchy, which gives a commanding position to local tribal leaders who, in some cases, do not hesitate to stop by force the implementation of a larger Government project if they feel that it does not seem to benefit them directly. Overall, competition for scarce Government resources involves competition between tribes to "'" obtain basic services from the Government or from donors. This often results in tensions and occasional armed clashes about the location of infrastructure improvements, such as '- the construction of water supply facilities going through the territories of various tribes. Changing relations between leading individuals and tribal groups may result in a sudden deterioration of social relations in a particular region and affect implementation of projects. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 109 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 In the case where that any pre-existing sources of tribal tension and or issues relating to the preferred site or the project alignment and length are resolved, there still remain a number of potential issues that could give rise to social tensions. These include the distribution of project benefits, in particular employment opportunities, and the allocation of benefits and costs associated with the acquisition and purchase of raw materials. Clearly, if during this process, communities feel that they have been specifically denied from potential benefits or have borne a disproportionate share of the costs burden and that others have been favoured, there is potential for tribal rivalries to intensify. Destruction or relocation of utility services Project works may interfere with utility services, such as telephone lines, electric lines, water or sewage pipes, canals and wells, when these services lie in or adjacent to the right of way. . Public health and safety at construction site The health and safety of the workers and of communities surrounding WSSPs may be affected during the construction period due to: · The risk of accidents for workers and the public arising from the use of construction vehicles and machinery, blasting, the creation of excavated areas and detour roads, the ,,~, working on steep slopes and the risk of falling rock or excavated material in mountainous areas; and "'" ~;.-;;ji · The health risks to workers and the community arising from potentially unsanitary conditions at site compounds and the increased risk of communicable and sexually transmitted diseases. Finding the cultural resources There is a large possibility during the construction of finding or discovering cultural resources even when known physical cultural resources have not been identified, there is still a chance that during the course of construction physical cultural heritage can be discovered. Gender considerations Separate consultations with women and men generally reveal a number of gender-related concerns, such as the potential adverse impact can have on travel patterns for collecting water, going to market and safety concerns for children. Employment Proportionate to the investment of each sub-project, employment opportunities will be generated as a result of the WSSPs implementation. Normally the labour component is - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 110 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 quite high, 30-40% depending on the need of each construction phase. The employment opportunities will be created for skilled, semiskilled and unskilled labourers by: · The construction of site compounds; · The WSSPs facilities itself, and · Security arrangements. While most of the skilled labourers may come from other parts of the country, the opportunities for semi-skilled and unskilled sections of the workforce will be mainly available by local communities. The Social Framework Agreements will define the mechanisms to maximize the benefits and ensure that local populations are the beneficiaries. The arrangements must be, as much as possible, realistic and must take into account the social and tribal context of each site. The job opportunities created for workers in each particular site will also have the advantage of social harmony between the workers and local communities. 5.3 Operational Phase 5.3.1 Hydrology and Water Resources Sourcing of construction water The Contractor shall obtain access authorization for use of water resources and address any local concerns for excessive draw-down on the water table or surface water supplies. Pollution from vehicle leakage or accidents with hazardous cargo Surface or groundwater pollution may occur from routine spillage or leakage from vehicles using created roads around the constructed sites, or from overturned trucks bearing petroleum or other hazardous materials. This is not considered a major threat, since the quantity of routine leakage is not expected to have a major impact. The Contractor shall take appropriate measures to avoid pollution to ground or surface water supplies through measures such as: - · Provision of sedimentation/septic tanks, water-incepting ditches and drains to prevent contamination of water resources from contractor's compounds facilities and runoff · Garbage separation at the source and use of organic material as compost · Storage of non-biodegradable materials · Temporary drains to dispose of eroded sediments, preventing intrusion in surface water bodies · Limitation of works near wells, or covering them to prevent pollution · Waste water management, including use of wastewater to a irrigate camp-site ',f1lll plantation · Not dumping of chemicals or anything which may pollute the aquifers · Refueling of plants or transfer of materials far water courses · Good practice to avoid spillage and pursue collection and recycling · In case of accidental spill of fuel or chemicals, efforts to offset pollution · Anti-spillage devices installed in storehouses, workshops and vehicle parks Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 111 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 · Fuel, oil and grease interceptors with impervious bed, to be located underneath the parking areas to drain the runoff into the oil interceptors and prevent contaminated discharges from entering into any water body without adequate treatment · Collection of used lubricants for safe disposal or recycling · Riparian buffers along the edges of ponds to prevent water contamination Water harvesting During the operational period, water-harvesting structures may deteriorate, or undergo unforeseen damage by heavy storms and related floods. All designs shall take into account current water harvesting practices. During construction, the contractor shall adopt measures to avoid damage to the drainage networks and protect existing water harvesting iM channels to ensure the normal feeding of irrigation systems. Temporary channels and pipes shall be used if the works are conducted during the rainy season, minimizing interference with both channeled and un- channeled or diffused runoff. '... Blockage of cross drains/culverts - Uncontrolled discharge Excvation contributes to the sedimentation of surface water reservoirs (such as dams ... and weirs) and wadi beds due to the transportation of sediments after storms or floods . Hydrological analyses shall be carried out to predict and design appropriate measures to mitigate such effects, such as, culverts, irish crossings, protection walls, riprap, side drainage ditches and outlets, tree or vegetation plantings, terracing and soil conservation measures. Table 5.1 sumarises the anticipated negative impacts of the discharged operation and construction pollutants on the coastal regions, hydrology, groundwater and soiL .... - ... - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 112 August 2006 i j I I I i 11: j i i i I, t i I I · j l I I, i ~ ... ; Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Table 5.1 Anticipated impacts of pollutants during operation and construction on the coastal regions, hydrology, groundwater and soiL ,pollutants source Hydrology Coastal Regions Groundwater resources Soil ---- ------ 1m lacts Mitigations Impacts Mitigations Impacts Mitigations Impacts Mitigaltions I ~- ~--~ ~~~~ Pollutants: M Considering a t of these Some of these Considering EMP If the solids as Prevent the Pollutants such Prep an a Fuel po Jtants will strict EMP to pollutants will be to deal with the well as other accumulation of as oil and lined is lated Derived be lashed out prevent washed out with discharged pollutants such pollutants derived site wit a petroleum wi the run pollutants the run off in the pollutants on the carried out and from reaching petroleum concret Heavy metals ofl nto the from reaching wadis and rivers sites to prevent reached the these aquifers. material and pavemc t for Solid waste surfi'lce water the water to the coastal such pollutants I aquifers, these Enforce strict I other soluble constru :tion Sewage wh :h will bodies. Such areas especially from reaching the will increase regulations for pollutants will pollutal This Hydrocarbons ha :an as regular the soluble wadis and rivers , the level of handling the contaminate mitigat nwill Hazardous ad :rse effect maintenance pollutants. The and then to the suspended . discharged the soil which reduces the waste on le human I of drainage accumulation of coastal regions. solids and pollutants in the will be expectf level Industrial waste be g life, I facilities, these pollutants pollutant site. Apply a transmitted to of soil fa ~a and flora isolate and will harm the which will monitoring the human and contam nates. I collect the aquatic life in the deteriorate the i program for animals by In case f hazardous coastal regions. water quality. these wells to dust through contam mated I material away This will risk the This will risk minimize the breathing and soil, a from the I marine life. the human risks on health. crops. rehabil tation expected being life measur s waterways. should e impletr nted I to scale down the risk from ~ spreadi g into I the surrour le~_ ~ I I soils or bodies. ::J Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 113 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 5.3.2 Land Resources Slope stabilization During operations, there is a continuing danger of instability of upslope areas, which could lead to landslides or rockslides, posing a risky and hazourdous to traffic on the roads, downslope people and agricultural lands, and leading to erosion. Maintenance contractor site compounds, materials and equipment storage Maintenance compounds will be less extensive than those during construction. Nevertheless, the maintenance contractors may, from time to time, establish administrative and residential accommodation, plant and installations, workshops, garages, storage space and other facilities. They generally include workers' living and eating areas, and the grounds where equipment is stored and serviced and where materials are stockpiled. Negative effects on land resources can include pollution from inadequate sanitation, disposal of solid and liquid waste and leakage of spills from petroleum products, paving or other construction materials. Site compounds also tend to generate small shops and services, which could give rise to shanty type settlements and concomitant sanitation and waste disposal issues. 5.3.3 Air Quality and Noise - Air Polluation from the sites - The WSSPs could release various types of gases which could bother the community living in the adjacent areas. Therefore, some people will leave these areas to stay far away from the created gases. The Contractor shall take all necessary measures to limit pollution from dust and any wind - blown materials during the works and such measures are: · Utilize water spraying during operation on sections within 500 m of settlements or ' ... crops. · Trucks leaving the site are properly covered to prevent discharge of dust, rocks, sand, etc. · Crushers and other equipment conform to relevant dust emission control. '"" Stored materials and heaps should preferably be located away from communities and farmlands; or materials should be covered and fugitive dust should be effectively - controlled during delivery. Noise Nuisance from Vehicles The operation noise could bring about increased noise levels, which could disturb local residences, hospitals, schools or wildlife. Given anticipated operational level, this impact is - .... considered to be relatively low, except where sites impact on hospitals, schools or identificed sensitive habitats . - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report - Final August 2006 114 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 The Contractor shall adopt the best practicable means of minimizing noise during construction. For any particular job, the quietest available plant/and or machinery shall be used. Equipment such as compressors, percussion tools and vehicles shall be fitted with silencers. Pneumatic drills and other noisy equipment shall not be used during days of rest or after normal working hours without the consent of the Beneficiary Committee. 5.3.4 Biological Increased Pressure on Biological Resources from Induced Development Induced development as a result of improved access may contribute to increased and unsustainable pressure on the area's biological resources, such as increased wood cutting for firewood, timber and charcoal, increased grazing. During the operational period, drawn in the facilities may kill wild animals utilizing verge · habitats. Movement of vehicles in and out of the site may also impact the domesticated animals, as they may become liable to accidents. Collisions between vehicles and animals are also an important traffic safety issue. · If any proposed site is adjacent to: (i) any "declared" or "proposed declared" protected area; or (ii) any natural habitat not "declared" or "proposed declared", but is locally known as a sensitive natural habitat, it will trigger the Natural Habitat Policy Framework. In such case, scoping and screening will include an initial assessment to determine whether project impacts can be avoided or minimized through design measures or post-development restoration. These may include such measures as: (a) changing of the location of the site to avoid the natural habitat; (b) mitigation measures to minimize ecological damage; (c) post development restoration works; or (d) avoidance through the no-proj ect alternative. If the only feasible alternative would involve establishing and maintaining an ecologically similar protected area, the no-project alternative will be chosen, as this would fall outside - the Program's scope. Should options (a) or (b) be selected, the Natural Habitat Policy Framework outlines the procedures to be followed, which will be carried out in - conjunction with the Ministry of Water and Environment (MWE). Limit damage to biological resources by construction equipment The Contractor shall take all necessary measures to identifY and mimmize potential impacts of construction equipment on flora or fauna resources, such as: · Realignment, or establishment of "pinch points" to avoid destruction of productive, ancient or other trees or vegetation identified during screening; and · Avoidance or restoration of known or chance finds of small animal habitats, such as - nests or dens destroyed by construction activities. Damage to biological resources by construction workers As part of his employee management policy, the Contractor shall forbid animal poaching or wanton cutting of trees by construction workers. Measures in this regard include strict - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 115 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 employment rules and sanctions regarding such practices. Utilization of gas for cooking is recommended as a disincentive for cutting of trees. 5.3.5 Socio-Economic and Cultural Public health and safety during maintenance Although not occurring at the same intensity as the construction period, maintenance ., activities will still entail similar basic health and safety concerns for the workers and their interaction with the community. ·· il Socio-Economic Benefits Numerous socio-economic benefits are expected to occur following the construction of WSSPs. Such benefits are: ,. · Water reuse availability · Improvement of the heath conditions, as a result of reducing the cesspits and direct/indirect contacts. · Improvement of the life quality for humans especially children and women. · Reduction of the risk and protection of the drinking water from contamination. · Increase of settlements around the project area. Stimulus to diversified economic development of such urban centres usually is - ..... accompanied growth and diversifYing of services from local entrepreneurs in the house service. Services such as small shops, petrol pumps, vehicle-repair shops, and transportation are expected to generate significant earnings and employment opportunities for local communities. 5.4 Cumulative impacts and sector wide issues - The status of the water supply and sanitation sectors of Yemen will be improved by this project. It will reflect positively the efforts to meet the development in the water sector in the next 10 to 20 years: · positive impacts on the water and groundwater quality and control; - · · support a better standard living for women and children; arouse positive impacts on health and hygienic conditions; · trigger positive impacts on the quantity and quality of wastewater reuse; and · improve management and control for water consumption and distribution in the long term. - This project within the UWSSP should enable the responsible ministries to improve the Yemen water sector on the national level with regard to the general assessment of the - current legislative and technical conditions as well as the groundwater reserves. Based on the EIA criteria determined in the SEA report, future water projects will be - SUbjected to a standardized environmental and social evaluation. The evaluation will Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 116 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 comprise all aspects related to nature, human being, flora, fauna, health and artificial effects. The EIA of the 14 cities and their results can serve as a model for environmental issues in the water sector. '. '. 'I' - ... ' - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 117 - August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 Chapter 6: Sectoral Environmental Assessment of the Project Area 6.1 Criteria and guidelines for the sub-projects Selection criteria and guidelines for the Project-Specific Environmental Assessment is the focus of the SEA report on the preparation for Environmental Impact Assessment for the 14 selected urban centers in Yemen. A standarised criteria and guidelines selected and developed in this phase is available for the Client to classify the water supply and sanitation projects in these 14 urban centers (Annexe 7). ., Theses guidelines and standards are focused on the environmental and social considerations for Project Specific EAs. The criteria and guidelines are focusing on the following main issues: · Standards for screening and scoping of potential impacts. · Classification formats of the water projects according to the World Bank's .'" Operational Policy 4.01, Environmental Assessment, in category A, B, C or FI for prioritisation. · Assessment of environmental baseline conditions and sensitive resources in comparison with the potential impacts. · Consideration/screening procedures of alternatives for water resource availability, site, design, technology, improvement of sustainability. · Correlations of mitigation, impact reduction and compensation measures to the different project phases (design, construction, operation). · Description of measures for enhancing favorable effects of projects. · Standard designs for monitoring devices (construction and operation phases) and analysis of the results. · Definition of a standard Social Framework Agreement. · Standard format for local environmental management plans including institutional responsibilities and arrangements. · Guidance for consultations and public disclosure. Screening and scoping of potential impacts: Each water supply and sanitation project has effects on the environment and belongs to the category A or B-Classes of the World Bank Environmental Assessment classification, so PSEA must be carried out. In several screening and scoping meetings the essential issues and investigations (interactions between the project and public/private activities) must be discussed with all relevant authorities and agencies, taking the criteria of the guidelines of the SEA-Report into account. In addition to the definition of the investigation area, duties and parameters to be included and evaluated, the scopes of the PSEAs are committing to all public participants involved in the water sector project (e.g. Local Water Corporations, local planning engineers, EPA, NWSA, UWSSP-ESO). In the meetings all documents, information and remarks on the subject must be presented by all relevant authorities and related groups. No additional information can be included in the investigations after termination of the screening and scoping process. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report Final 118 August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS·3 The scoping process should be published in a special document containing the proposed elaboration practice, the existing and necessary information for the assessment and the layout of the PSEAs to be carried out. The result of the meetings should be recorded and attached to the document. The stipulations of the scoping must be summarised in the appendix of every PSEA. If necessary, the environmental consultant will participate in other project-specific meetings, to make comments on the project design, and to record comments from all affected parties on environmental and social issues for incorporation into the PSEAs. Inventory of documents and information: Acquisition of data and information from studies, maps, interviews with agencies and specialists, about all relevant water supply and sanitation projects issues and under consideration of special requirements of each project (e.g. wildlife/nature conservation, local economy, mining, health service, urban planning, infrastructure development). In case the project area extends on the coastline and/or effects cannot be excluded for marine environments (e.g. benthic ecosystems, coral reef habitats), description of impacts will be mentioned and evaluated in the environmental impact assessment. Compilation of environmental and socio-economic baseline data: Environmental and socio-economic configuration, project-specific spheres of potential impacts in direct and indirect realm of project areas were collected, registered from - documents and information, field investigations. The compilation takes place for the relevant issues as stated in the sub-project guidelines of the SEA-Report. Special attention must be given to the Environmental Baseline Resource Map drawn up by the engineering consultant. Field investigations and data analysis: It should be checked, whether investigations on potentially affected areas and analysis of existing data sets might be supplemented by field measurements or laboratory analysis, .'" performed by the engineering consultant. These investigations could provide additional information for the characterisation of the pre-project conditions or initial levels of water pollution and could support the elaboration of the PSEAs with quantitative information. The applicability of computer-aided interpretation methods will be checked. Simple forecast computer modeling could be an appropriate measure, if many assumptions have to be made. Using validated models, data sets could be generated inverse and applied in many forecast issues. Effects between environmental category and socio-economic relationships could be described more easily with this tool, supporting the methodology of the ElA (Figure 6.1). Within a review of baseline studies and data, the environmental and socio-economic fundamentals of the sub-projects will be defined by description of the physical context (includes the marine environment if necessary), demographic conditions (with gender issues), land use, economy and employment, urban development and public health. Final - task of the PSEA will be description of information about data uncertainty. Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report - Final August 2006 119 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 All measurement results will be listed in the appendices of the PSEAs. In the text of the PSEA main results will be given in tables and figures. Environmental Impact Assessment of effects on the natural and socio-cultural resources by the project: Main objective of the EIA is the assessment of ecological and socio-cultural effects by proposed facilities and their operations in the project area. These effects could be caused by water extraction, construction of water supply facilities, leaky sewage network, raw or insufficient treated sewage and inadequate operating waste water treatment plants. They will be quantified in the assessment. Due to likelihood and magnitude of effects, sensitivity and rareness in cases of protection of environment or socio-cultural property, the significance of an impact will be classified on a five- or six-stage-scale from zero up to very heavy or unacceptable, respectively, Guidelines and quantitative environmental standards can be incorporated into this framework. Only relevant effects on the environment with medium or great impact must be '''' compensated, if mitigation is impossible. Beneficial effects will be evaluated in the same way. After estimation, assessment and presentation of typical impacts on the natural and socio- cultural resources caused by construction and operation, beneficial impacts of the facilities will be described. A comparison of adverse and positive impacts is displayed in a summary - as well as the recommendation of enhancement measures to trigger the screening of alternatives and mitigation measures. Screening project alternatives: In case of major impacts of water supply and wastewater project activities on natural and socio-economic conditions, project or facility alternatives/modifications will be developed and evaluated. Changes in project design are a major tool for the mitigation of relevant impacts. The work takes place in cooperation with engineering consultant. If mitigation is not possible, impacts can frequently be minimized. Compensation measure must be defined. The screening shall be carried out with regard to Best International Practice of the WHO and FAO guidelines for treated wastewater, sludge recycling and/or waste management. ">Ii If necessary, several alternatives will be developed, compared and classified corresponding to their potential impact. For each alternative measure total costs and benefits must be taken into account. Cost effectiveness and feasibility of the alternatives are main aspects - for the classification. ,.,., - - Sectoral Environmental Assessment Report 120 - Final August 2006 Water Sectoral Environmental Assessment and Project Specific Environmental Assessment, Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project Contract No. NWSACS-3 PROJECT NOTIFICATION & ~--'-I~ PROJECT APPLICATION -L,-=- PUBLIC PARTICIPATION/! INVOLVEMENT I ~CREENINGi . l~- J CATEGORY A,B.C & F1 PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT i (PEA) NEEDED' --t-l I SCOP ING :-- PARTICIPATION i . 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Li II l: L~ L L L L L L I I L I L Annex (6) World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies Opt.::rationa1 1'.fanual - or 4,01 01'4.01 ,January 1999 II Thesc policies wcre prcp:lrcd /'or lise by World Btmk strJl[,l17d arc not necessarily ,/ complr.:re i'tre,7tmcnt olthe subject. Environmental Assessment This Operational Policy statement was revised in August 2004 to ensure consistency with the requirements of OP/JU~ 8.60, issued in August 2004, These changes may be viewed h~t~. Note: 01> and Bp ·to 1 togelher replace OMS 2.36, Em'irOlll1lt'llt:l! Aspt'L·ts of Bank Work; 00 ·tOO, Annex A, Envirollllwnt:l! AssessIllL'nt, 00 .tOO, Annex n, Em'ironlllt'III;J! Policy for Dalll :lIId Resenoir Projt"'ls; 00 4.0 I, En vironOl ('11 1:11 A sSt'ssmen t, and the following Operational Memoranda: Environment:l/ Assessmenls: /lIslruclitms 10 Sluff Oil Ihe l/:ullllillf: ofth(' Borrol",'r',\' COl1!w/I:lliOlIS with A m,,'/t'd crollps ;Jfu/ Rdt'l:1I11 1.0,':11 ,VCOs, 4/10/90; EIIl'irollllu'lll:l1 ASSt'SSIlU'lItS: /lIslrllt'lioIIS 10 SI;)ff 011 lIlt' }/t'l,':I.\'(' of Ell ,.iroIJl11(,1l1:11 .·tS,H',HIIH'/lt.\' to E,rt'('ulin' Dir('ctors, ! 1121/90; :Iud N('h';I.\'(' of Ell I ir011l11£'1I tn/ ASSCSSIIH'/ltS 10 Ex('clllil't' Din'('I()r.\~ 2/20/91. Addition:l! infonn:ltion related to these statements is provided in Ihe Em'irOlIlJ1('lIt:I/As,H'.'>.fIlU'llt Sourn'b()ok (\Vashington. D.C.: \Vorld Bank, 1991) and subscqncnt npdales ;1\':lil:1blc frolll the f.nvironnll~lIt Seclor BI):lnl. alld in the Po/lllliOlI Pn"'t'/ItifJIl ;//ul AIJ:1I('/1I('11I J/:lI1dlJook. Other B;ank sl:ltemenls 1/1:11 rel:lte to the environment include OPIBI' ·1.(12, ElIl'irollll1('nl:I/Adi(}f1 PI:IIU~ 01'1B1' ·1.0-1, Null/nll/l:lbit:IIS; 01' 4.07, H':Jta Nt'sol/rct's ,l/:IIWg{'I//('I1I; 01' 4,:19, Pi'SI Mmwg('I11('IIt, OI'IBI' -1.10, /mJigclwlIs Pi'Opk.\~ Of' 4,11 (forthcoming), ,l/:lIWgCI1I£'lIt IlfCIlItIlr:I/ Prop('rly ill JJ:lI1k-Fiw1/1Ct'd Proj('('ls; OP/IW -1.12, IlImltllJt:lry U£'S('II/t'IIU'IIt, OplBP 4.36, Foresls; and OP/BP 1O,1l4, E('{}/1()/Ilic 1:',':I/II:lIiol1 orllln'stlll('"t Oper:lliolls. These (1) :lIul BI> apply 10 all projects for which:l PII) is first issncd after M:ll'ch I, 1999. Qucstions lIIay be addressed to thc Chair, En~'ironlllellt Sector BO;lrd. I, The Bank I requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help cn~ure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. 2, EA is a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature. scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed project. EA evaluates a project's potential ., environmental risks and impacts in its area of intluence:- examines project alternatives; identifies ways of improving project selection, siting, planning. design, and implementation by preventing, minimizing, mitigating, or compensating for adverse environmental impacts and enhancing positive impacts; and includes the process of mitigating and managing adverse environmental impacts throughout project implementation. The Bank t:wors preventive measures O\'er mitigatory or compensatory measures. whenever feasible. J. L\ lakes intu a~\.:LlUl1l lll..: natural ..:nviruHm..:nl (air. \\at..:!'. and land)~ human h..:alLh anJ sati.:ly: social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous pcopks, and cultural property):3 and transboundary and global environmental aspects.-I EA considers natural and social aspects in an integrated way, It also takes into account the variations in project and country conditions; the tindings of country environmental studies; national environmental action plans: tbe counlry's overall Operatipnol \1anual - or 4.01 policy framework, national legislation, and institutional capabilities related to the cn\'ironmcnt and social aspects; and obligations of the country, pertaining to project activities, under relevant international environmental treaties and agreements. The Bank does not finance project activities that would contravene such country obligations, as identified during the EA. EA is initiated as early as possible in project processing and is integrated closely with the economic, IinanciaI. institutional, social, and technical analyses of a proposed project. S 4, The borrower is responsible for carrying out the EA. For Category A projects. the borrower 6 retains independent EA experts not affiliated with the project to carry out the EA. For Category A projects that are highly risky or contentious or that involve serious and multidimensional environmental concerns, the borrower should normally also engage an advisory panel of independent, internationally recognized environmental specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the EA.? The role of the advisory panel depends on the degree to which project preparation has progressed, and on the extent and quality of any EA work completed, at the time the Bank begins to consider the project. 5. The Bank advises the borrower on the Bank's EA requirements. The Bank reviews the findings ancl recommendations of the EA to determine \vhether they provide an adequate basis for processing the project for Bank financing. When the borrO\ver has completed or partially completed EA work prior to the Bank's involvement in a project, the Bank revic\\'s the EA to ensure its consistency \vith this policy. The Bank may. jf appropriate, require additional EA work, including public consultation and disclosure. 6, The Pollution Prevention :1I1d A biltL'll7eIJt /-/;mdbook describes pollution prevention and abatement measures and emission levels that arc normally acceptable to the Bank. However, taking into account borrower country legislation and local conditions. the EA may recommend alternative emission levels and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement for the project. The EA report must provide full and detailed justification for the levels and approaches chosen for the particular project or site. EA Instruments 7. Depending on the project a range of instruments can be used to satisfy the Bank's EA requirement: environmental impact assessment (EIA), regional or sectoral EA, environmental audit, hazard or risk assessment, and environmental management plan (EMP).8 EA applies one or more of these instruments, or elements of them, as appropriate. When the project is likely to have sectoral or regional impacts, sectoral or regional EA is required.2. Environmental Screening 8. The Bank undertakes environmental screening of each proposed project to determine the appwpriate extent and type of EA. The Bank classi tics the proposed project into one of four categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, and scale of the project and the nature and magnitude of its potential environmental impacts. (a) Category A: A proposed project is classified as Category A if it is likely to have signiticant'adverse environmental impacts that are sensitive,Hl diverse, or Oper::Jtional :'vtanual - or J.1j 1 Page:; of 7 unprecedented. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. EA for a Category A project examines the projecfs potential negative and positive environmental impacts. compares them with those of feasible alternatiyes (including the "without project" situation), and recommends any measures ncedcd to pre\'ent. minimize, mitigate. or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. For a Category A project. the borrower is responsible for preparing a report, normally an EIA (or a suitably comprehensive regional or sectoral EA) that includes. as necessary. clements of the other instruments referred to in para. 7. (b) Category B: A proposed project is classified as Category B ifits potential adverse environmental impacts on human populations or environmentally important areas- including wetlands, forests, grasslands, and other natural habitats-are less adverse than those of Category A projects. These impacts are site-specific; few ifany of them are irreversible: and in most cases mitigatory measures can be designed more readily than for Category A projects, The scope of EA for a Category B project may vary from project to project, but it is narrower than that of Category A EA. Like Category A EA, it examines the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommends any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate. or compensate for adverse impacts and improve environmental performance. The findings and results of Category B L\ are described in the pmject documentation (Project Appraisal Document . nlormatlOl1 0 ocument). II amII)roJect I ' . (c) Catcgory C: A proposed project is c1assilied as Cat~gory C ifil is likely to have minimal or no advasc environmental impacts. Beyond scn.:cning. no further EA action is required for a Catcgory C project. (d) 01lcgory FI: A proposed project is classilied as Category fl if it involves investment of Bank runds through a linancial intermediary. in subprojects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. EA for Spcd:.1 Project Types Sector Inl'estmcnt Lending 9. for sector investment loans (SILs), 12 during the preparation of each proposed subproject, the project coordinating entity or implementing institution carries Ollt appropriate EA according to country requirements and the requirements of this policy .I~ The Bank appraises and. if necessary, includes in the SIL components to strengthen, the capabilities of the coordinating entity or the implementing institution to (a) screen subprojects, (b) obtain the necessary expertise to carry out EA, (c) review all findings and results orEA for individual subprojects, (d) ensure implementation of mitigation measures (including, where applicable, an EMP), and (e) monitor environmental conditions during project implementation. H If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists for carrying out EA. all Category A subprojects and, as appropriate. Category B subprojects- including any EA reports-are subject to prior review and approval by the Bank. Finam:i;lllmcrmr:diaI)' L ,:f1Jing 10. For a financial intmnediary (FI) operation, the Bank requires that each Fl screen proposed subprojects and ensure that subborrowers carry Ollt appropriate EA for each subproject. Before Op~ratil)!1al \1anual- OP -Ujl Page 4 of 7 approving a subproject. the FI verifies (through its own staff, outside experts. or existing environmental institutions) that the subproject meets the environmental rcquin:ments of appropriate national and local authorities and is consistent with this or and other applicable environmental IS policies of the Bank. II. In appraising a proposed FI operation, the Bank reviews the adequacy of country environmental requirements relevant to the project and the proposed EA arrangements for subprojects, including the mechanisms and responsibilities for environmental screening and review of EA results. When necessary, the Bank ensures that the project includes components to strengthen such EA arrangements. For FI operations expected to have Category A subprojects, prior to the Bank's appraisal each identified participating FI provides to the Bank a written assessment of the institutional mechanisms (including, as necessary, identification of measures to strengthen capacity) for its subproject EA \\ork. 16 If the Bank is not satisfied that adequate capacity exists for carrying out EA, all Category A subprojects and, as appropriate, Category B subprojects-including EA reports-arc subject to prior review and approval by the Bank.11 Emcrgem.;y Recovery Projects 12. The policy set Ollt in or 4.0 I normally applies to emergency reco\wy projeds processed under 0(>8.50, l:./7Jcrgcn(v Recovcry AssiSf:1I7cc. However. when compliance with any requirement of this policy would prevent the cfTective and timely achievement or the ohjectives of an emergcncy recovery project, the 13ank may exempt the project from slich a requirement. The justitication for any sllch exemption is recorJeJ in the loan documents. In all cases, however, the Bank requircs at a minimum that (a) the extent to which the cmcrgency was precipitated or exacerbated by inappropriate environmental practices be determined as part of the preparation of stIch projects, and (b) any necessary corrective measures be built into either thc cmergcncy project or a future lending operation. Institutional Cap~,city 13. When the borrower has inadequate legal or technical capacity to carry alit key EA-related functions (such as rcview of EA, environmental monitoring, inspections, or management of mitigatory measurcs) for a proposed project, the project includes components to strengthen that capacity. Public Consultation 14. For all Category A and B projects proposed for lBRD or IDA financing. during the EA process, the borrower consults project-affected groups and local nongovernmcntal organizations (NGOs) abollt the project's environmental aspects and takes their views into account.lJ~ The borrower initiates such consultations as early as possible. For Category A projects, the borro\ver consults these groups at least twicc: (n) shortly after environmental screening and before the terms of reference for the EA are finalized: and (b) once a draft EA report is prcpared. In addition. the borrower consults with such groups throughout project impkmentation as necessary to auuress EA-rdated issues that .. I II) al kct t 1cm. Disclosure 15. For meaningful consultations- between the borrower and project-affected groups and local NGOs Operational :"fanu:11 - or 4.01 Pa:;c 5 of" 7 on all Category A and B projects proposed for lBRD or IDA financing, the borrower provides relevant material in a timely manner prior to consultation and in a form and bnguage that an~ understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. 16. For a Category A project, the borrO\vcr provides for the initial consultation a summ::uy or the proposed project's objectives, description, and potential impacts; for consultation aftcr the draft EA report is prcpared, the borro\ver provides a summary orthe EA's conclusions. In addition. !()f a Category A project, the borrower makes the draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs. For SILs and FI operations, the borrowcr/FI ensures that EA reports for Category A subprojects are made available in a public place accessible to affected groups and local NGOs. 17. Any separate Category B report for a project proposed for IDA financing is made available to project-affected groups and local NGOs. Public availability in the borrowing country and ofticial receipt by the Bank of Category A reports for projects proposed for lBRD or IDA tinancing, and of any Category B EA report for projects proposed for IDA funding, are prerequisites to Bank appraisal of these projects. 18. Once the borrmver oflicially transmits the Category A EA report to the Bank, the! Bank distributes the summary (in English) to the executive directors (EDs) and makes the report availabk through its InfoSho!". Once the borrower oftieially transmits any scparatc Catcgory 8 EA report to the Bank. the Bank makes it available through its InfoShop.2fllrthe borrower objects to the Bunk's releasing an EA report through the WorlJ Bank Il1loSh\)p, Bank starr (a) do not continue prl.)cessing an IDA project. or (b) for an II3RD projcct. submit the issue of further processing to the EDs. Implementation 19. During project implcmentation, the borrO\\'cr reports on (a) compliance with mcasurcs agreed with the Bank on the basis of the lindings and results of the EA, including implementation orany [MP, as SCi out in the project documents: (b) the status oCmitigatory measures: and ~'.:) the findings of monitoring programs. The Bank bascs supervision of thc project's cnvironmental aspccts on thc lindings and recommendations of the EA, including measures set out in the legal agrcements, any EMP, and other project documcnts?' 1. "Bank" includes IBRD and lOA: "EA" refers to the entire process set out in OP/BP 4.01: "loans" includes lOA credits and lOA grants; "borrower" includes, for guarantee operations. a private or public project sponsor receiving from another financial institution a loan guaranteed by the Bank: and "project" covers all operations financed by l3ank loans or guarantees except development policy lending (for which the environmental provisions are set out in OJ?/IU~ 8.60, Devt:lopment Policy Lending), and also includes projects under adaptable lending- adaptable program 10:105 (APLs) and learning and innovation loans (ULs)--and projects and components funded under the Global Environment Facility. The project is described in Schedule 2 to the Loan!Credit Agreement. This policy applies 10 all components of the project, regardless of the source of finam.:ing< For definitions. sC': Anne" A. The area ofinOllcncc for ~1t1y project is determined with the advice or environmental specialists and set Ollt in the EA terms of reference. 3. See Q~ /I?~ -1.12. Imvlun/;;ry R,·:;C/th'l1ll:nr, 0 P!BP ..\.10, IlIdigeMlIs P,'op!cs: and OP -I. II (forthcom ing), Miln~·!1IL·17(g{Ci!.ILu£;J1 PIJ)P-~'Ltj' in 8;mk-Finiln/.c',·d Pl]Jj(·.f.~·. ... 4. Global environmcntul issues include climate change. ozone-depleting substances, pollution of international waters, and adverse impacls on biodiversity. Ot'...:r:Hional \1anu:11 - or 4.01 Paf:!l! 6 of 7 5. for screening. sec para. 8. 6. EA is closcly intcgr~ledwith the project's economic, financial. institutional, social. and technical analyses to ensure that (a) environmental consider:nions are given adequate weight in project selection. siting. and design decisions; and (b) EA docs not delay project processing. However. the borrower ensures that when individuals or entities are engaged to (:lrry Oul EA activities. any conflict of interest is avoided. For eX:llnplc. when an independent EA is required, it is not carrkd out by Ihe consultants hired to prepare the engineering design. 7. The panel (which is different from the dam safety panel required under OP/!!f 4.37, S:1t'cfyot'D;lf1IS) advises the borrower speci tically on the following aspccts: (a) the tcrrns of reference for the EA, (b) key issues and methods for preparing the EA. Ic) recommendations and findings of the EA, (d) implementation of the EA' s recommendations. and Ie) development of environmental management capacity. 8. These terms are defined in Annex A. Annexes!! and ~ discllss the content of EA reports and EMrs. 9. Gliidance on the lise of sectoral and regional EA is available in EA Sourcebook Updates.j und IS. 10. A potentinl impact is considered "sensitive" if it may be irreversible (e.g., lead 10 los5 of a major natural habitat) or raise issul!s cov.::r..:d by QJ>.m..e 4.1 O. 1!1c1ig~'l1olJ:; P~·oph·.~~_OJ~4>tH, N:lfur.11 H:lbil:I'-'~ or -t II (forthcoming). AI:/lwgcmr:lIf oJ'Cu/lIJr.11 Prop"'rty in B:mk-Fin:mccd Prof,,·!.'!.,... or QJ~-tl2.. Inl'Olum:/l), R ..·SL'flh'l11cnf. 11. When the scr.::ening process determines, or national legislation requires, that any oflhe environmental issues identilied warrant speci,,1 attention, the findings and results of Category 8 EA may be sct out in a separate report. Depending on the Iypc of project and the nlHure "nd mngnitude of the impacts, this report may include, for example. a limited cmironmenlal impact assessmcnt. an environmental mitigation or managcmcnt plan. an environmental audit, ur a h:Jzard assessment. For Category B projc..:ts th~ll arc not in ..:nvironmentally sensitive areas and that present w.:lI-delined and well-understood issues of narrow scope. the Bank may accept alternative approaches for m.:eting EA r.::quirements: ror example. environmentally sOllnd dcsign critcria, siting criteria. or pollution stal1d;I~;L, (,1r ,.,mall-scale industrial pbnts or rural \\orb; environmentally sOllnJ ~it!ng critcria, construction :;tandard~. or inspection procedures for hl.lllsing projects; or environment:!lI» sound operating procedures for road rehabilitation projects. 12. SILs normally invLllvc the preparation ami implementation oLmnual investment plans or subprojects as time slice activities over the course or the project. 13. In addition. ii'there ;Ire sectorwide issues I.hat cannot be addressed through individual suhproject EAs (and particularly if the SIL is likely to include Category A subprojects). the borrower may be required to carry out sectoral EA before the Bank appraises the 51 L. 14. \Vhere. pursuant to regulatory requirements or contractual arrangements acceptable to the Bank. any of these review functions are carried out by an entity other than the coordinating entity or impicmenting institution, the Bank appraises slich alternative arrangements; however. the borrower/coordinating entity/implementing institution remains ultimately responsible for ensuring that subprojects meet Bank requirements. 15. The requirements for FI operations nre derived from the EA process and are consistent with the provisions of para. 6 of this OP, Thc EA process wkes into account the type of tinancc being considered. the nature and scale of anticipated subprojects. and the environmental requirements of the jurisdiction in which subprojects will be located. 16. Any FI included in the project after appraisal complies with the same requirement as a condition of its participation. 17. The criteria for prior re\'iew of Category B subprojects, which are based on such factors as lype or size of the subproject and the EA capacity of the tinancial intermediary, arc sct out in the legal agreements for the project. 18. For the Bank's approach to NGOs, see GP '''.70. Involving Nongovcmmcn/:JIOrg;miz3tions il1 Rmk-Supported A clh·itics. t 9. For projects with major social components. consultations arc also required by other 13Jn~ poli..:ies-for example, Or,'BP 4.10. II1IJig.·lwus Peop/c.!>~ and OJ~'Be 4.11, InI'olunf:lry R~·~·ctth..m~'IIt. 20. For a rurthcr disctJs;;ion of the Bank's disclosure procedures, see !.!1.!..J!.'orld!!a.!lk !.o!JE!:!!/!...!!isdos_ll..!:!'. of InfQ(JlJ;Jtif!n. Specitic n:quirements for disclosure of resettlement plans and indigenous peoples development plans are set out in Ol)a.e .t.J O. InJig~nolJs P~oph-:>';Jnd Qe!s.I'- 4.12. Il1l'1)lunt:Ir:\/ R~·serflcmcnf. 21. See 01' UP 13.05. Project Sup4·n;/~·ion. Operational ~lanual - OP 4.01 Page 70f7 Operational T\1anual - BP -L01 Page 1 01'6 BP ~.Ol .January 1999 These procedures we're prt.'ptlred tor lise by' World BtInk swtTlmd ;Ire not ncccss:lri~v'l complete ! I tre:1tment olthe sll~icc[. Environmental Assessment This Bank Procedures statement was revised in August 2004 to ensure consistency with the requirements of Ql>'/IU~ 8,60, issued in August 2004. These changes may be viewed bs~. '. Note: 01' :lnd BP ·to 1 together repi:lce OMS 2.36, EIII'irolllllelliu/ AspL't"ls of B:lllk Wur/,; 00 .tOO, Annex A, E'I1'ironIllL'lIt:l/ risse!>'J1JH'nt; 00 .tOO, Annex B, Ell I'iron llIell 1:1/ Policy for D:l1IJ and Nt'su\'oir PmjeCIJ; 0 0 ~.O I, £111 ';ron nll..'n 1:1/ ASSl'sS111cnt; and the following Oper:ttional Memor:lIldu: £nl'irol1/1}t'nlal A SSL'SS1/Jl'nts: Instructions 10 51:117 on the H:llldlillg of the Borrower's COllslJlI:lliolls with Arret'tcd Groups :lIId Re!t·\':lIItl.oc:11 NCOs, 4/1 0/90; Efll'iron/l} en 1:1 I ASSl'SSlll('lltS: II/,f/ructiolls to SI:IfTol/ till' Rt'lc:IJt' of Enl'imll1l1l'lIt:ll A.fSl'SSnIellts I() E,n'clltin' Din'clors, 11121/90; :lIld Rl'It';ISl' of Em'ir()II1I1l'1I 1:1 I A SSt'!>'SlIIt'lI Is It) E,\'t't'lIlin' IJirt'clors, 2J:!O/9 1. Addition:l! inror'mation related to these statelHents is prt)\'ided in the E/II'ironlllt'III:II.·h.H',~'Hlll'lIl SOlln't'book (\V:Ishington, D.C.: Worlll Bank, 1991) :Il1d subsequcnt updates available rrom thc Envirolllllent Sector BO:lnl, a nd in the Pol/lltioll Pn'\'('lItion :JIId A iJ:Ifl'f/ll.'flt 1I:lIulbo(}k. 01 her Ba n k sta tem ents tha t rela te to the I'lwirolllllcnt inrhrde (WIBP 4.1)2, EIII'irolJ/J/('lIt:lI..lclitm P/;IIU~ OI'IBP 4.()~, :\':ltllr:II 1/;lbil:W~ 01' .un, W:I/a R L'!>'()Urt"c,~ ,l!;I/I:lftt'///('nt; () P 4.09, Pl'!>'1 ;l/;/I/;lft{'/JIt'l1!; ; () P .t.1 0, IlIrliftl'IIOII.\· l't'oplt's.OI' ~,II (fort hct)1H ing) · I .H:II1:lftL'I1It'1I1 (}f CIlIt IIr:11 Propt'rty ill !J;mk-FiI1:II1CL'd I'mjL'cI,f; () I)IB l' ~.12. IIl1"olul1l;lry Rt'SL'II/t'IIIt'IIt, 0 PI .t.36, FOrt'Slr,,} ~ :1 lid 0 I'IB P II),O.t, Ecu/lf)l1lic Er:IIll:ltioll ullm'l'stlllL'lI1 Opa;llitms. These () P a lid B P cover :111 projects for which :1 I'll) is first issued arter Mllrch 1, 1998. Questiolls 1ll:IY be :Iddresscd to the Chair, Envirollment Sector BO:lrd. 1. Environmental assessml.!nt (EA) for a proposed Bank-tinanced operation is the responsibility of the borrower. Bank I staff assist the borrower. as appropriate. The Region coordinates Bank review "'I of EA in consultation with its Regional environment sector unit (RESUr and. as neccssary, with the support of the Environment Department (ENV). Environmenhll Screening 2. In consultation with the RESU, the task team (TT) examines the type. location. sensitivity, and scale of the proposed project.~ as well as the nature and magnitude of its potential impacts. At the carliest stage of the project cycle, the TT, with the RESU's concurrence, assigns the proposed project to one of four categories (A, B, C, or FI; see OJ~..:!..o1~_PJ\l]k8), retlecting the potential environmental risks associated with the project. Projects are categorized according to the component with the potentially most serious adverse effects: dual categories (e.g .. A/C) ::Ire not used. 3. Thl.! TT records in the Project Concl.!pt Document (peD) and the initial Project Information Document (PID) (a) the key environmental issues (including any resettleml.!nt. indigl.!nolls peoples, and cultural property concerns): (b) the project category and the type of EA and EA instruments needed; (c) proposed consultation with project-affected groups and local nongovernmental Operational \ianual - BP 4.01 4 organizations (NOOs). including a preliminary schedule: and (d) a preliminary EA schedule. The TT also reports the project" sEA category in the AlontMy Opcrat/onnl Sumnmry otB {.Ol. The TT and the lawyer identify any matters pertaining to the project's consistency with n_utionallegislation or international environmental treaties and agreements (rcll:rrcd to in 0 r 4.01* para, 3). Oper3tinn:ll \l:lnu:ll - BP 4.01 Page 3 of 6 Review and Disclosure II. When the borrower officially submits a Category A or Category B EA report to th~ Bank, the R~gion places a copy of the full report in the project file. It also sends the English-Ianguagc executive summary of a Category A EA report to the Board Operations Division. Corporatc Secretariat, under cover of a transmittal memorandum confirming that the exccuti\'e summary and the full report (a) have been prepared by the borrower and have not been evaluated or endorsed by the Bank, and (b) arc subject to changc during appraisal. The results or a Category B EA. when there is no separate rcport, are summarized in the PID. 12. For Category A and B projects, the TT and the RESU revicw the results of the EA, ensuring that any EA report is consistent with the TOR agreed with the boITO\ver. For Category A projects, and for Category B projects proposed for IDA funding that have a separate EA report. this revie\\! gives special anention to, among other things, the nature of the consultations with affected groups and local NGOs and the extent to which the vic\vs of such groups were considered; and the EMP with its measures for mitigating and monitoring environmental impacts and, as appropriate, strengthening institutional capacity. Ifnot satistied, the RESU may recommend to Regional management that (a) the appraisal mission be postponed, (b) the mission be considered a preappraisal mission. or (c) cl!rtain issues be reexamined during the appraisal mission. The RESU sends a copy of Category A reports to ENV. 13. For all Category A and B projects, the rr updates the status of the EA in the [lCD/PID, describing how major environmental issues have been resolved or will be addressed ami noting any proposed EA-rclated conditionalities. The TT sends the InfoShop a copy or" all L\ reports. \-1-. At the Project Decision stage, Ihe RESU provides lormai clearance orlhe emironmental aspects of the project including their treatment in the draft legal documents prepared hy LEG. Project Appraisal 15. For Category A projects and for Category B projects proposed tor IDA funding that have a s..:pratc report, the appraisal mission normally departs only after the Bank h<~:; received the officially transmitted EA report and reviewed it (sec paras. 11-13 ).1.3 For Category A projects. the appraisal 14 mission team includes one or more environmcntal specialists with relevant expertise. The appraisal mission lor any project (a) reviews both the procedural and substantive elements of the EA with the borrO\ver. (b) resolves any issues. (c) assesses the adequacy of the institutions responsible for environmental management in light of the EA's tindings, (d) ensures the adequacy of financing arrangements for the EMP. and (e) determines \vhether the EA's recommendations are properly addressed in project design and economic analysis. For Category A and B projects, the TT obtains the RESU's and LEG's concurrence with any change during appraisal and negotiations in any environment-related conditionality from that approved at the Project Decision stage. Sector Investment and Finane}:?! Intemu:diary Lending 16. The appraisal mission develops clear arrangements with the borrower to ensure that the implementing institutions will be able to carry out or oversee EAs of proposed subprojects; l~ specifically. the mission contirms the sources of required expertise and the appropriate division of responsibilities among the ultimate borrower, the tinancial intenncdiary or sector agency. and the agencies responsible for enYironmental management and regulation. As appropriate, the TT reviews Category A and B subproject EA reports in accordance with OrA.OJ, panls. 9andll-:..12-: Operational :--'lanu:lI · RP 4.01 Page 5 01'6 . The TT advises Recional management of the actions taken and recommends anv further measures. - ~ During implementation, the TT obtains the RESU's concurrence with any change in environment- related aspects of the project, including environment-related conditions cleared by LEG. 22. The TT ensures that the borrower's operating plan for the project includes actions required to carry out the project's environment-related aspects, including provision for continued functioning of any environmental advisory panel as agreed \\'ith the Bank. 23. The Implementation Completion Report 11 evaluates (a) environmental impacts, noting whether they were anticipated in the EA report; and (b) the effectiveness of any mitigatory measures taken. Role of the Environment Dcp 4.01; "project"" covers all operations financed by Bank loans or guarantees except development policy lending (for which the environmental provisions arl: set out in_Q~Iap" 8.60, Devc/opment Policy Lt.'ndillg). and also includes projects under adaptable lending-adaptable program loans (APLs) and learning and innovntion lonns (LlLs}-nnd projects nnd components funded under the Globnl Environment Facility; "Ionns" includes IDA credits and IDA grnnts; "borrower" includes. for gunrantee operations. a private or public project sponsor receiving from another linancial institution a loan guaranteed by the Bank; "Project Concept Document" includes the Initiating Memorandum; and "Project Appraisal Document" includes the Report and Recommendation of the President (President's Repon). 2. As of November 1998. the Regional environmental sector units are as follows: AFR - Environment Group; EAP, SAR, and Ee,\ - Environment Sector Unit; MNA - Rural Development, Water, and Environment Sector Unit; LCR - Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Sector Unit. 3. HLocation'" refers to proximity to or encrOaChlllCnt on environrncntally inlportant arens, such as \vctlands, forests, and other natural habitats. "Scale" is judged by Regional staff in the country context. "Sensitivity" refers to projects that may have irreversible impacts. arrect vulnerable ethnic minorities, involve involuntary resettlement. nr affect clII:ur:\l ht'ritagc sill'S. For further discllssion. sec the EI1I'irOIlI1lt'nI:J! A ,"(',smenl Sourcebook. ['pd:lh' No, 2: EI1I'iroml1cllw/ Screening (available from the Environment Department). 4. See OP'HI' I0.00, !tJn':;lm~'nl LClJding: Jdt.'fJlilic:Jlion 10 Board Plt'st'f1I:uion, for Ihe loan processing context in which decisions on the environment c:Jtegory and the EA process arc made. 5. For Ihe EDS. Sl!e Annex A. "--~"-- 6. See O'>._."OL para. U. Operational Manual - BP 4.01 Page 6 01'6 7.. LEG input is provided through the lawyer assigned to the project. 8. For sector investment and tinancial intermediary operations, Bank and borrower staff need to consider Ihe potential for significant cumulative impacts from multiple subprojects. 9. Such a field visit by an environmental specialist may also be desirable for some Category B projects .. 10. According to GuiddinL's: Sdcc(ion and Employment ofConsul!anfs by World Rmk BOlTowers (Washington. D.C.: World Bank, January 1997, revised September' 997), the TT reviews the qualifications of and, if acceptable, gives a no-objection to any consultants retained by the borrower to prepare the EA report or to serve on a panel. 11. For these two documents, see OP 4.01, Annexes!! and~. 12. See OP ·un, para, 19, and The World B;Jnk PolhT on Disclosure of Inform:lfion. 13. In exceptional cases, the RVP, with the prior concurrence of the Chair, ENV, may authorize the appraisal mission's departing before the Category A EA report is received. In such cases, the RESU's clearance orthe project is conditional on the Bank's receiving, before appraisal ends and negotiations begin, an EA report that provides an adequate basis for continued project processing. 14. It may be desirable to include environmental specialists on the appraisal mission team for some Category B projects, as well. 15. The TT provides to the implementing institutions, for use (as appropriate) in the preparation and appraisal of subproje..:ts, copies of COlllen( o{;J/l Environment;" A.':;CSS/JI~'lIt Report/vr:J CilfL'..!.!ory A Proj~'C( (OI'A.O I.· r' Ilnex_B), ElIl'irol1/}/clltill A/:/Jl:IgCI11CIII Pbn l 01).4,0 I ·. c\ IIncx .C), and Polllltion Pn'I'cllfiol1 imd .,1 b"ucI1JL'n! II:mdbook. 16. S~c qP./H~~ 13.05, Pmj,','( Supc/,I/:..iol1. 17. Sec OI"lil~ / 13.55, Imp/cIl/L'l1wiol1 Completion R"pomil!;!. 18. SCI.: OP!~~I~ 8.10, Project Prt'Pi"illiol1 Fileility. Operational Manual - or 4.01 -- Annex A Page 1 of2 or 4.01-- Annex A January 1999 These policies Irere prepared/or lise hy World Bank stqff and are not necessarily {l complete treatment o(the suhject. Definitions 1. Environmentallllldit: An instrument to determine the nature and extent of all environmental areas of concern at an existing facility. The audit identities andjustities appropriate measures to mitigate the arcas of concern, estimates the cost of the measures, and recommends a schedule for implementing them. For certain projects, the EA report may consist of an environmental audit alone: in other cases, the audit is part of the EA documentation. 2. Environmental impact assessment (EIA): An instrument to identify and assess the potential environmental impacts of a proposed project, evaluate alternatives, and design appropriate mitigation, management, and monitoring measures. Projects and subprojects need EIA to address important issues not cO\'ered by any applicable regional or sectoral EA. 3. EI/vironmental !I1l/1wgement pIa II (EMP): An instrument that details (a) the I1h.:asures to be taken during tht: il11fJkmentation und operation of a project to eliminate or orrset aJ\ase environmental impacts, or to reduce them to acceptable levels; and (b) the actions neetkd to imp1cm~nt these measures. The I:MP is an integral part orCategory A EAs (irrespectin: of other instruments used). EAs for Category B projects may also result in an EMP. 4. lIa:ard assessment: An instrument for id~ntit)ring, analyzing, and controlling hazards associated \I.:ith th~ pre.sellc~ or dangerous materials and comlitions at a project site. lhe Bank requires a hazard nsscssmellt Cor projects inH)lving certain inllammabk, cxplosivc. reactive, and Im:ic matcrials when' they are present at a site in quantities abnve a specified threshold level. For certain projects, the EA report may consist of the hazard assl:ssmcnt alone: ill other cases, the hazard assessment is part or the EA doculllentation. 5. Prc~ieci area (~(ir1/1Ilel1ce: The area likely to be afTected by the project including all its anciilary aspects. such as power transmission corridors, pipelines, canals, tunnels. relocation and aecess ronds, borrow and disposal areas, and construction camps, as well as unplanned developments induced by the project (e.g .· spontaneous settlement, logging. or shifting agriculture along access roads). The area of inl1uence may include, for example, (<.\) the watershed 'vvithin which the project is located: (b) any ~tlTectcd estuary and coastal zone: (c) olT-site areas required for resettlement or compensatory tracts; (d) the airshed (e.g., where airborne pollution such as smoke or dust may enter or leave the area of intlucncc: (e) migratory routes of humans, wildlife, or fish, particularly where they relate to public health, economic activities, or environmental conservation; and (0 areas used tor livelihood uctivities (hunting, fishing, grazing, gathering, agriculture, etc.) or religious or ceremonial purposes of a customary nature. 6. Regional fA: An instrument that examines environmental issues and impacts associated with a particular strateg.y. policy. plan, or program. or with a series of projects for a particular region (e.g .. an urban arca. a watersheJ. or a coastal zone): evaluates and compares the impacts against those of alternative options: assesses \egal and institutional aspects relevant to the issues and impacts; and recommends broad mcasun:s to strengthen environmental management in the region. Regional EA pays particular attention to potential cumulative impacts of mUltiple acti\ities. 7. Risk assessllH!IlI: r\ n instrument for estimating the probability of harm occurring from the presence Operational \ianual - OP 4.01 -- Annex A Page 2 of 1 of dangerous conditions or materials at a project site. Risk represents the likelihood and significance of a potential hazard being realized; therefore, a hazard assessment often precedes a risk assessment, or the two are conducted as one exercise. Risk assessment is a flexible method of analysis, a systematic approach to organizing and analyzing scienti fic information about potentially hazardous activities or about substances that might pose risks under specified conditions. The Bank routinely requires risk assessment for projects involving handling, storage, or disposal of hazardous materials and waste, the construction of dams, or major construction works in locations vulnerable to seismic activity or other potentially damaging natural events. For certain projects, the EA report may consist of the risk assessment alone; in other cases, the risk assessment is part of the EA documentation. 8. Sec/oral EA: An instrument that examines environmental issues and impacts associated with a particular strategy, policy, plan, or program, or with a series of projects for a specific sector (e.g., power, transport, or agriculture); evaluates and compares the impacts against those of alternative options; assesses legal and institutional aspects relevant to the issues and impacts; and rt.!commends broad measures to strengthen environmental management in the sector. Sectoral EA pays particular attention to potential cumulative impacts of multiple activities. Upcrat1l,mal:-lanual - Uj' -LUI -- Annc:x J:) t'agc .!. or .!. ('miss:('n k\'cls and approaches to pollution prevention and abatement. (g) Em'ir()J1JJl«:nlul management plan (£'\fP). Covers mitigation measures. monitoring. and institutional strengthening: see outline in QP 4.j)...L..AIJJ1~x_C. (h) Appt:ndixes (i) List ofEA report preparers-individuals and organizations, (ii) References-written materials both pUblished and unpublished. used in study preparation, (iii) Record of interagency and consultation meetings. including consultations for obtaining the informed views of the affected people and local nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The record specifies any means other than consultations (e.g., surveys) that \vere llsed to obtain the views of affected groups and local l\GOs. (iv) Tables presenting the relevant data referred to or summarized in the main text. (\.) List of associated reports (c.g .. resettlement plan or indigenous peoples dcve lopment plan). I. Th" EA report for a C:llegnry A project is normally an ellvironmental impact (lssessment. with clements of other instruments included as appropriate. Any report for a Category A operation uses the components described in this annex. but Category i\ sectoral and regional EA r\.'quin: a different perspective and emphasis among the (ompllnents. The Endronment Sector Board can provide detailed gllidanco.: on tho.: focus and compono.:nts or the various EA instruments. See 01"131'·1. 12, IIl\'O/liI1hll:V Resell/ell/elll, and QI'/BY. 4.10 . /lldi~eIWllS I'c'oplc:s. 3. EnvirnnmCllIal implications ofbrond development options for a sector (c.g .· altcrnativc ways ofmc\.'ting projech.:d c/ectric power demand) are best nnalyz:?'.' in Icast-cost planning or sectoral EA. Envirolllllental implications orbroad devclopment options for a region (c.g" alternative strategies for improving standards of living an a rural area) arc b.::st addn:ss\.'d through a regional d\.'velopment plan or a regional EA. EfA is normally b\.'st suited to the analysis ofnlternatives within a given project concept (\.',g" a geothermal power pl~nl. or n project aimed at meeting local energy demand). including detaikd sile. technology. dl!sign. and opcrntional alternatives. page 1 01 ~ OP .t.OI -- Annex C January 1999 These policies were prepan:dfor lise by World Bank stq[land are no! necessaril)' (J complete IreotJllt'11l of the slIhject, Environn1entallVlanagen1ent Plan 1. A project's clwironmentJI management plan (E?vIP) consists of the set of mitig~tion. monitoring. and instillni0n~1 measures to be taken during implementation and operation to eliminate adverse environmental and social impacts, offset them. or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions needed to implement these measures. I rv[~nagement plans are essential elements of EA repons for Category A projects; for many Category B projects, the EA may result in a ni:.1I1agi:ment plan only. To prepare a management pl~n. the borrower and its EA design team (a) identify the set of responses to potenti~lIy adverse impacts; (b) determ ine requirements for ensuring that those responses are made effectively and in a timely manner; and (c) describe the means for meeting those requirements.:! More specifically, the EMP includes the following components . .\ iiI igol iOlI 2. The evlP identities \i.;asibk and cost-ef\i.;di\'\.~ measun:s thai may reduce potentially signilicant ~hh'erse environmental impacts to acceplable Ieyels. The plan incltlcks compcnsatory m\!:\sures if mitigation measurl:s arc not feasible. cost-effective. or sliflicielll. Specilically. the EMP (a) identilies and sUlllmarizes all anticipated significant ad\'erse \!nvironmental impacts (including those inwking Indigenolls Peoples or involuntary resettlement): (b) describes-with technical details-each mitigation measure. il1\.:lllllll1g the Iype of impact h) which it relates and the conditions tinder which it is required (e.g .. '.:':::ntinuollsly or in the c\'ent or contingencies). togethl:r \\-ith designs. equipment descriptions. and operating rn)cedures. as appropriate: (c) estimates any potential environmental impacls orthese measures: and prlwides linkage with any other mitigation plans (e.g .. for involuntary resettlement. (ti) Indigenous Pcopks. or cultural property) required for the project. .\foniloring 3. Environmental monitoring during project implementation pro\'ides information about key cl1\'ironmental aspects Qf the project. particularly the em'ironmental impacts of the project and the ef!i:cti\eness of mitigution measures. Such information enables the borrower and the Bank to C\Uhlate the success of mitigatiul1 as part of project supeI'\'ision. and allo\\s corrective action to be taken \\h~n nl:edcd, Therct~'re. the Ei'- IP identities monitoring objecti\'es and specifies the type of n1tJniwring. \\irh link.ag.es lL1 the impacts aSsessed in the EA report and the mitigation measures described in the [~IP. Specifically. the monitoring section of the E~lP provides (al a spedlic description. and technical details. of monitoring measures, including the parameters to he mcastlrl."d. methods 10 he used. sampling locations. frequency of measurements, detection limits (\\here al'prl)priate). and ddinili'')l1 l)f thresholds that \\ill signal the need for correctiw actions: and Operatlonal ;\lanual - UP -t.U I -- Annex L Pagc.!.or.:. tb) monitoring and reporting procedures to (i) ensure early detection of conditions thjt necessitate particular mitigation measures. and (ii) furnish information on the progrcss and results of mitigation. CapacilY De\'elopmcl1l Gild Training 4. To support timely and effecti\'c implementation of environmcntal project components and mitigation measures. the E~lP draws on the EA's assessment of the existence. role, and capability of en\'ironmental units on site or at the agency and ministry level. J Ifnecessary, the EivlP recommcnds the establishment or expansion of such units, and the training of staff, to allow implementation of EA recommendations. Specitically. the EMP provides a specific description of institutional arrangements-who is responsible for carrying out the mitigatory and monitoring measures (e.g .. for operation. supervision, enforcement. monitoring of implementation. remedial action. financing. reponing, and staff training). To strengthen environmental management capability in the agencies responsible for implementation. most EMPs cover one or more of the follo\\'ing additional topics: (a) technical assistance programs, (b) procurement of equipment and supplies, and (c) organizational changes. /lIIp/<:lIlenlalitm Sc/wdllie Wl£! Cosl ESlimales 5. for all tlm=~ aspects (mitigation. monitoring, and capacity de\'~bpm(!nt), the EivIP provides (a) an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part or thl:! projl:!ct, showing phasing and coordination with on:rall project impkmcntation plans; and (b) the: capital and r~current e(lst estimates and sources or funds for il11pkm~nting the EtvIP. These ligures are also integrated into the total project cost tabks. 11I1L' , " iUII , EM P Il'il II <1l'ul ' t of' ProjeL'/ · 6. The borrom.:r'$ decision to proceed with a rroject and the Bank's decisiun w support it. are predicated in part on the expectation that the Etv\P \\ill be executed efii:c1ively. Consequently, the Bank expects the plan to be specific in its description of the individuulmitigation and monitoring measures and its assignment or institutional responsibilities. and it mllst be integrated into the project's overall planning. design. buclget. and implementation. Such integration is achie\'Cd by establishing the EMP \\'ithin the project so that the plan will receive funding and supervision along \\i1h the other C0l111XJl1L'nls. I. The management plan is sometimes known as an "nction plan." The EMP may be presented as two or three separate plans covering mitig'lIion. monilOring. and institutional aspects. depending on borrowing country requirements. For projects involving rehabilitation. upgrading, expansion. or privatizalion of existing facilitks. remediation of existing environmental problems may be more important than mitigation and monitoring of expected impacts. For such projects. the manngement plan focuses on cost-effective measures to remediate and manage these problems. 3~ For projects having signiiicanl en\'irOnnlental irnplications~ it is particulariy itnportant that there b~ in the implementing ministry or agency an in-house environmentnl unit with adequate budget and professional staffing strong in expertise relt!\,:mt to the project (for projects involving dnms and reservoirs. see UJ?-=h.()l,~!lJlS~lJl). Orerational \Ianual - BP 4.01 -- Annex C Page I of 3 BP .t.Ol -- Annex. C ,January 1999 I These procedures lI'ere prepared tc)r usc by World Bank statr:md ,7rc not Ilt'cessarily a completc , tre,ltment of the subject. Application of EA to Projects Inyol\'ing Pest iVlanagenlcn t Sector Review I. The task team (TT) ensures lhat any environmental assessment (EA) of the agriculture or health sector evaluates the country's capacity to manage the procurement, handling, application, and disposal orpest control products; to monitor the precision of pest control and the impact ofpesticitk use: and to develop and implement ecologically based pest management programs, Project EA 2. During project identification, the TT assesses whether the proposed project may raise potential pest management issllcs. Projects that include the l11anlll~lcture, usc, or disposal of environmentally l signilicant quantities orpest control prodtl\.:ts arc classified as Category A. Depending on the level of environmental risk. other projects involving pest management issues arc classilied as A, B, C, or ., FI. - When substantial quantities or highly toxic pestk ide mall:rials for use under the project arc J transported or stored, a hazard assessment may hI.: appropriate. 3. The TT rccords in thl.: Project Concept DoclImcnt (PCD) and the initial Project Information Docllment (PID) any pest managcllll.:nt issues that the SA will address. For Category A projects. the TT rcports in the !l4onthly OpemtiOlwl Summ:uy jCJr B:1J1k und IDA Proposed Projects (MOS) whether the project (a) will linancc procurement of pest control products directly or will provide credit that may be lIsed to purchase pest control products (and whether any specilic products arc excludt:d from financing). (b) ,viII finance goods or services that significantly change pesticide use path:rns. or (c) includes components-including support for development and implementation of integrated pest management (lPM) programs-aimed at reducing environmental and health hazards ussociated with pest control and the lise of pesticides. 4. The TT ensures that the EA cov\!rs potential issues related to pest management and considers appropriate alternative designs or mitigation measures. Depending on the issues identified, the environmental management plan.t includes a pest management plan. Pest Mamlgcment Phln 5. A pest management plan is a comprehensive plan. developed when there arc significant pest management issues slich as (a) new Lind-use development or changed cultivation practices in an area, (b) signiticant expansion into new areas, (c) diversification into new crops in agriculture,~ Cd) inknsification of existing low-technology systcms, (e) proposed procun:ml!nt of relatively hazardous pest control products ()r ml!thl',ds. or (n specific emironmental or health concerns (e.g .. proximity of Operational Manual ~ OP 4.0 1 ~- Annex C Page 2 of 3 protected areas or important aquatic resources; worker safety). A pest management plan is also developed when proposed financing of pest control products represents a large component of the . 6 proJect. . 6. A pest management plan reflects the policies set out in OJ>_·t,Jt2. Pest /Y/;wllgcmcnt. The plan is dcsiuncd to minimize potential adverse impacts on human health and the environment and to adv;nce ecologically based IP:'-t. The plan is based on on~sitc evaluations of local conditions conducted by appropriate technical specialists with experience in participatory IP:'-L The tirst phase of the plan-an initial reconnaissance to identify the main pest problems and their contexts (ecological, agricultural, public health, economic, and institutional) and to define broad parameters-is carried out as part of project preparation and is evaluated at appraisal. The second phase-development of specific operational plans to address the pest problems identified-is often carried out as a component of the project itself. As appropriate, the pest management plan specifies procedures for screening pest control products. In exceptional cases, the pest management plan may consist of pest control product screening only? Screening o{Pcst Control Products 7. Pest control product screening is required when a project finances pest control products. The screening establishes an authorized list of pest control products approved for linancing, along with a mechanism to ensure that only the spl.!cilied products will bl.! procured with Bank funds. Screening without a pest managl.!ml.!nt plan is appropriate only \vhen all orthe following conditions are met: (a) expected quantities or pest control products an.! not signilicant from a hl.!ultll or environment standpoint: (b) no signilicant cnvironmental or health concerns related to pest control need to be addressed: (c) the project will not introduce pesticide lise or other nonindigel1ous biological control S into an area, or signilicantly increase thc level of pcsticide usc; and (d) no hazardous products will be financed. Apprais:II 8. Depending on thc complexity orthe issues involved and the degrce of risk to human health or the environment, the appraisal mission includes apprOpriah! technical specialists. 9. The TT records in the Project Appmisal Document (PAD) pest management concerns arising from the EA and any proposed project interventions pertinent to pest management, for example: (a) a Iist of pest control products authorized for procurement. or an indication of when and how this list will be developed and agreed on~ (b) existing pest management practices; pesticide usc; the policy, economic, institutional. and legal framework for regulating, procuring, and managing pesticides; and the extent to which all these arc consistent with an IPM approach: (c) prnp<)scd rn'jcct acth'ities (or ongoing par:1l1el :1ctivities. including other projects supported by the Bank or other donors) aiml.'!d at addrt:ssing (i) the shortcomings identified. and (ii) any constraints to adopting IPM; (d) proposed mechanisms for tinancing, impkmellting, monitoring, and supervising components relating to pest m:magemcnt or pesticide usc. including any rok envisaged fl)r kKal nongovcmmcntal organizations; Op~rational Manual - BP ·tOl -- Annex C Page:; of :; (e) the capacily of responsible institutions to carry out the acti\'ities described: and (t) the overall sectoral context and other issues that will not be directly addressed under the project but that should be addressed as long-tenn objectives. 10. The main clements of the pest management measures are reflected in the legal agreements 9 between the borrower and the Bank.- Supervision and Evaluation 11. Depending on the nature and complexity of the pest management and pesticide-related issues confirmed at appraisaL supervision missions may net.!d to include appropriate tt.!chnical specialists. This need is reflected in the supervision plan. 12. The Implementation Completion Report evaluates the cnvironmental impact of pest management practices supported or promott:d by thl!" project, as \. .·cl! as tht.! borrower's institutional oversight cnpacity. It also discusses whether tht: projt.!ct has rcsultt:d in improved pest management practices according to the criteria that denne the 11>7v1 approach. I. For the purposes of this ~tatelllcnt. "cnvironmcnwl significance" takcs into ;u;countthe impaets (including benefits) on hUlllan health. 2. For environmental s..:rccning. sec 01' .....01, ll"E!':-S. 3. For delinitions. sec 01' .... 0 J,-- AIIIlt'X A. -.- . - "~ 4. See 01' .... 01. Anne\ C. 5. Particularly such crop' as cotton. vegetables. fruits. and rice. which are often associated with heavy use of pesticides. 6. A pest management plan is not required for the procurement or use of impregnated bednets for malaria control, or of WHO Class III insecticides for intradomiciliary spraying for malaria control. 7. 13'lIlk stall' can access more information from the ROV website. ---~- 8. Hazardous produ..:ts include pesticides listed in Class la and Ib of the World Health Organization (WHO) C/:lssitication of PL'stici(iL's by Ihz:lrd .1lJd GuidL'/in,·s to CI.1Ssiliciltion (Geneva: WHO. 1994-95); materials listed in the UN Con:iolid:uL'd List oj'Products Il'IlOs(.:' Consumption and/or 5.1/C have been Banned. Withdrawn. 5cl'crL'l,y RL'striclL'd. or not AppnJl'L'd by GOI'I.:rnmcnts (N ew York: UN. 1994); and other materials that are banned or severely restricted in the borrower country because of environmental or health hazards (see the country's national pesticide registration list, if it has one). Copies of the WHO classification and UN list, whieh arc updated periodically. are available in the Bank's Sectoral Library. Staff may consult the Rural Development Department for funh~r guidance. 9. Loan condition,l!it: may be needed to ensure the effective implementation of project components: for example. (a) establishing or stn:nglhening pesticiuc regulatory anu monitoring framework esSil)n, ffl)!11 Cll!lIiIlU..:d posSeSSi()11 0rpul'lic lands \litt1l'lll ~e)\":fIlml.'!lt :;.:til'il ft'r t.'\ i.::i,'11 Itll.!t is. \\ itll tilt: implieitle;\ve {,rtlle governnll'llIL or from (us!e'l1lary and traJitionall;m a:1J lISa!!e, anJ Sl' (\11. :;0. Rl!s~ttkm~nt ;!Ssist;m,"~ 1;1,1: ":l'n~ist lit' I;;nd. other assets. cash. <.:mplliym..:nl. and so l)n. as ;Jppropriat..:. :; I. !'\llrm:tII: . this ":U(-L,j'f J:I:": is the U;Jt..: the el!nsus h..:gins. Th..: cut-ofr Jate c,)uld alstl be the JJt~ IhI: project area was dl.'lin":;It..:J. prit)r tl' tl1<.: -:t':blb. rr,l\ Ilk'll rh~1l th..:re has be..:n an dfl.'cti\..: public disseminatll'n C'lltlforl1l;Jtion on the ;Ire:j Operational Manual - OP 4.12 Page l) at l) delineated. and systematic and continuous dissemination subsequent to the delinl.'!:nion to prevent furthl.'!r population influx. 22. For projects that are highly risky or contentious, or that involve significant and complex resettlement activities, the borrower should normally engage an advisory panel of independent, internationally recognized resettlement specialists to advise on all aspects of the project relevant to the resettlement activities. The size, role. and frequency of mt:t:ting depend on the complexity of the resettlement. If independent technical advisory panels are established under or 4.0 I. [11\'irolllllellfal Assessment, the resettlement panel may form part of the environmental panel of experts. See nlJi-,r()rjiU}(!!!UQ!i.."T...~)lL[)j\'cll)s!!.DL!2fjJJ.1]Jrm{/ti!.!J1, para. 34. (Washington. D.C.: World Bank. 2002), 2-1, An exct:ption to this requirement may be made in highly unusual circumstances (such as emergency recO\ery operations) with tht: approval of Bank t-.lanagt:ment (see rt.P3.1.:!, p :+.12. para. II). 6. For projects with impacts under para. 3 (b) of OP_:tJ2, the TT assesses the following during project preparation: (a) the extent to which project d\!sign alternatives and options to minimize and mitigate involuntary re!iett1cmcnt have been considered; and (b) progress in preparing the process framework and its adequacy in respect to OP ~t2, including the aJequacy of the proposed participatory approach; criteria for eligibility of displaced persons: funding for resettlement: the legal frame\',:ork: andjxr.u:Uementation and monitoring arrangcments. 7. The TT may rCLjlk':it ;t meeting \vith the Rcs('ttlcment Committee to ortain endorsement of. or guidance on. (a) the manner in which it proposes to address resettlement issues in a project. or (b) c1arilications on the- application and scope of this policy. The Committee. chaired by the vice president responsible for resettlement, includes the Director, Social Devdopment Department. a n.:prescntativc from LEG, and two representatives from Operations, one of whom is from the sector of the project being discussed. The Committee is guided by the policy and, among other sources, the Im'oluf1wry Rescrr/c:mc'nt Solm:cbook. which will bc regularly updated to reflect good practice. Operational \!anu;:d - BP 4.12 Appraisal 8. The borrower submits to the Bank a resettlement plan, a resettlement policy franll.!\vork, or a process framework that conform with the requirements of or 4.12. as a condition of appraisal for projects im'olving involuntary resettlement (see QP__'LJ), paras. 17-31). Appraisal may be authorized before the plan is completed in highly unusual circumstances (such as emergency recovery operations) with the approval oCthe Managing Director in consultation with the Resettlement Committee. In sllch cases, the TT agrees with the borrower on a timetable for preparing and furnishing to the Bank the relevant resettlement instrument that confonlls with the requirements of Qe...:L12. 9. Once the borrower onicially transmits the draft resettlement instrument to the Bank, Bank staf1'- including the Regional resettlement specialists and the lawyer-review it, dderminl.! whether it provides an adequate basis for project appraisal, and advise the Regional sector management accordingly. Once approval ror appraisal has been granted by the Country Director, the TT sends thl.! draft resettlement instrument to the Bank's InfoShop. 4.04. Critical forest areas arc the subsct or natural forest lantls that cover: (i) existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by govemments as protected areas (c.g .. reserves that meet the criteria of The World Conservation Union (lUCN) c\assi tications '), areas initially recognized as protected by traditional local communities (e.g., sacred groves), and sites that maintain conditions vital for the viability of these ., protected areas (as detennincd by the environmental assessment process-): or (ii) sites identilied on supplementary lists prcpared by the Bank or an authoritative source detennincd by the Regional environment sector unit. Such sites may include areas recognized by traditional local communities (e.g .. sacred groves): areas with known high suitability for biodiversity conservation: and sites that are critical for rare, J vulnerabh::, mig.ratory. or endangered species. Listings arc based on systematic evaluations of such factors as specics richness: the dcgree of endemism, rarity. and vulnerability of component species: representativeness: and integrity of ecosystem processcs. d) Loc.::J/ comlll1ll1/ry describes the group of peopk living in or ncar a forest. who arc O;:,cf:.ltionai Manual - BP 4.36 .~. Page::: of::: or 12( b) , the TT ensures that the project incorporates the time-bound action plan. as well as the associated performance benchmarks and the time frame required to achieve appropriate forest management standards pursuant to OJ> 4,3_6. paras. 9-12. The TT includes the time-bound action plan (and the associated perfom1ance benchmarks) in the Project Appraisal Document, vvhich is made U\'ailable to the public in accordance vvith the World Bank's disclosure policy.:t Community-Based Forest .\[anagement and Development 6. [fthe project is designed to support community-based forest management and development, the TT ensures that, as appropriate, the project's design takes the follo\',:ing into account: (a) the extent to vvhich the livelihoods of local communities depend on and usc trees in the project and adjacent area, (b) the institutional, policy, and conflict management issues involved in improving the participation of Indigenous Peoples 5 and poor people in the management of the trees and forests included in the project area; and (c) forest product and forest service isslles re levant to indigenous people and poor people living in or ncar forests in the project area, as well as opportunities for promoting the involwment of women. 7. If the project involves I()rest restoration or plantation development, the TT ensures that, as appropriate, the project design incorporates means or addressing the follovving isslIes: the potential or forest restoration to improve biodiversity and ecosystem functions: the potential to establish plantations on non-forest lands that do not contain critical natural habitats; the need to avoid conversion or degradalion of natural habitats; ano the capacities of the govemment. nongovernmental organizations, and other private entities to cooperate in the forest restoration and plantation development. Pro.ject Implementation and Supervision 8. The Regional vice-president. through the relevant country director, ensures the availability of resources for effective supervision of projects covered by 0.1:..4.36. 9. Ir a project involves commercial harvesting of forests, the TT ensures that the borrower makes available to the publ ic the results of all forest management assessments carried out under the independent forest ccrtilication system rethrcd to in OJ 4.36. 10. Each project is supervised in accordance with OJ~-.lJ.Q.5., Project Supervision. Throughout project implementation. the TT ensures that the requisite forest technical expertise is included in Bank supervision missions. 1. Sec QI'.:-l-'..Ql, Emi/"(Jl/II/t!II/af Assessment, para. 8 and BP 4.04, Natural Habitats, para. 2 for requirements cl\nccrning EA c\;lssifio.::l!il'n. S;:c OP_-:!..Q:!. Sa/ural f!abilals, para. 10 for guidance on involvement of parties in the assessment process. 3. See OP .::1.0 I, fnn/'{)I1I11L'II/ai Assessllh.'/ll. for guidance on inJcpcnJ\!l1t assessment work. 4. See Thti.,!~wldJJank f..!ific.U)IJJ2i~fuJJlrt! o[lnj()fTr/(//ion. 5. Sec 01:4)0, IlIdigt'mJJls Pt!oplt.:s. Operational Manual - OP 7.50 Page:; of3 b\.!ndiciary state, if it has not already done so, formally to noti fy the other riparians of the pro-posed project and its Project Details (see flP_7__.5_Q..-lJ1!I£l.!.J.). If the prospective borrower indicates to the Bank that it does not wish to give notification, nonnally the Bank itself does so. If the borrower also objects to the Bank's doing so, the Bank discontinues processing of the project. The executive directors concerned are infonned of these developments and any further steps taken. 5. The Bank ascertains whether the riparians have entered into agreements or arrangements or have established any institutional framework for the international waterway concerned. In the latter case, the Bank ascertains the scope of the institution's activities and functions and the status of its involvement in the proposed project, bearing in mind the possible need for notifying the institution. 6. Following notification, if the other riparians raise objections to the proposed project, the Bank in appropriate cases may appoint one or more independent experts to examine the issues in accordance with BU.5Q,,-.pams.L..8.:.l2. Should the Bank decide to proceed with the project despite the objections of the other riparians, the Bank informs them of its dec is ion. Exceptions to Notification Requirement 7. The rollowing exceptions are allowed to the Bank's requirement that the other riparian states be noti lied 0 f the proposed project: (a) For any ongoing schemes, projects involving additions or alterations that n:quire r~habilitation. construction, or other changes that in the judgment or the Bank (i) will not adversely change the quality or quantity or water !lows to thl! other riparians: and (ii) will not be adversdy affected by the other riparians' possible water usc. This exception applies only to minor additions or alterations to the ongoing scheme: it docs not covcr works and aetivitics that would exceed the original scheme, change its nature, or so alter or expand its scope and extent as to make it appear a new or different scheme. In case of doubt regarding the extent to which a project meets the criteria of this exception, the executive directors representing the riparians concerned are infonned and given at least two months to reply. Even if projects meet the criteria of this exception. the Bank tries to secure compliance with the requirements of any agreement or arrangement between the riparians. (b) Water resource surveys and feasibility studies on or involving international waterways. However, the state proposing such activities includes in the terms of rderence for the activities an examination of any potential riparian issues. (c) Any project that relates to a tributary of an international waterway where the tributary runs exclusively in one state and the state is the lowest downstream riparian. unless there is concern that the project could cause appreciable hann to other states. Presentation of Loans to the Executive Directors 8. The Project Appraisal Document (PAD) ror a project on an international \vaterway deals \vith the international aspects or the project. and states that Bank staff have considered these aspects and are satislied that Operational ~!anual - OJ> 7.50 (a) the issues involved are covered by an appropriate agreement or arrangement between the beneficiary state and the other riparians; or (b) the other riparians have given a positive response to the beneficiary state or Bank, in the form of consent, no objection, support to the project, or confirmation that the project will not harm their interests; or (c) in all other cases, in the assessment of Bank staff, the project will not cause appreciable harm to the other riparians, and will not be appreciably harmed by the other riparians' possible water use. The PAD also contains in an annex the salient features of any objection and, where applicable, the report and conclusions of the independent experts. 1. "Bank" includes IDA; "loans" include credits; and "project" includes all projects tinanced under Bank loans or IDA credits, but does not include adjustment programs supported under Bank loans and credits; and "borrower" refers to the member country in whose territory the project is carried out, whether or not the country is the borrower or the guarantor. Note: 01> und BP 7.50 replace or and UP 7.50, dated October 1994. Questiolls IIl:ly bc :uldrcssed 10 the Chief Coullsel, Envirollmcllhilly :lIld SOCially Suslaill:lblc Development :lIId Inlern:ltiollal L:lw. Operational Manual - BP 7.50 Page I of 3 BP 7.50 January 200 I These procedures H't'rC prepared [or lise by World B:.lnk sttJIfilnd [Ire not n(,.'Ccss;m'/y ;J complete trc/1tment otthe subject. Projects on International Waterways I. A potential international water rights issue is assessed as early as possible during project identificationt and described in all project documents starting with the Project Infonnation Document (PID). The task team (TT) prepares the project concept package. including the PID, in collabomtion with the Legal Vice Presidency (LEG) to convey all relevant infonnation on international aspects or the project. When the TT st!nds the projcct concept package to the Regional vice president (R VP), it sends a copy to the Vice President and General Counsel (LEGVP). Throughout the project cycle the Region, in consultation \vith LEG, keeps the managing director (MO) concerned abreast of the international aspects of the project and related events. Notification 2. As early as pnssiblc during itkntilication, the Bank2 advises the state propnsing the project on an international waterway (beneliciary state) that. if it has not already done so. it should lormally noti fy the other riparians of the proposed project giving availabk details (sec para. 3). Irthe prospective borrower indicates to the Bank that it does not wish to give notilication, n\)rmally the Bank itself docs so. If the benclkiary state also objects to the Bank's doing so. the Bank discontinues processing of the project. The Region informs the executive directors concerned of these developments and or any further steps taken. 3. The notification contains. to the extent available, sufficient technical specifications, in!or;·'lation. and other data (Projet.:t Details) to enable the other riparians to determine 3$ accurately as possible whether the proposed project has potential for causing appreciable harm through water deprivation or pollution or otherwise. Bank stafr should be satislied that thc Project Details an: adequate for making Stich a detemlination. If adequate Project Details are not available at the time of notification, they arc made available to the other riparians as soon as possiblc after the notification. Ir, in exceptional circumstances, the Region proposes to go ahead with project apprnisal bclore Project Details arc available. the country director (CD), via a memorandum prcp3red in consultation with LEG and copied to the LEGVP, notifies the RVP of all relevant 1:1cts on international aspects and seeks approval to proceed. In making this decision, the R VP seeks the advice of the MO concerned. 4. The other riparians are allowed a reasonable period. normally not exceeding six months from the dispatch of the Project Details. to respond to the bencticiary state or Bank. Responses/Objections 5. After gi\'ing notice. if the benc!iciary state or Bank receives a positi\'(~ response from the other riparians (in the rOml of consent, no objection, support to the project or cl)lltirmation that the project will not harm their intert:sts). or if the other riparians have not responded within the stipulated time, the CD, in consultation with LEG and other departments concerned, addresses a nwnorandum to the RV P. The memor3ndum report'S all rdevant facts, including sta rf assessment of whether the project would (a) cause appn:ciable hanll to the interests of the olhl.!r riparians. l'r (h) be apprl.!ciably harmed Pag~ 2 (If 3 by the other riparians' possible water use. The memorandum seeks approval for further action. In making this decision, the RVP seeks the advice of the MD concerned. 6. If the other riparians object to the proposed project, the CD, in collaboration with LEG and other departments concerned. sends a memorandum on the objections to the RVP and copies it to the LEG VP. The memorandum addresses (a) the nature of the riparian issues; (b) the Bank staft's assessment of the objections raised, including the reasons for them and any available supporting data; (c) the start's assessment of whether the proposed project will cause appreciable harm to the interests of the other riparians, or be appreciably harmed by the other riparians' possible water use; (d) the question of whether the circumstances of the case require that the Bank, before taking any further action, urge the parties to resolve the isslles through amicable means such as consultations, negotiations, and good ollices (which will normally be resorted to when the other riparians' objections are substantiated); and (c) the question of whether the objections arc of stich a nature that it is advisable to obtain an additional opinion from independent experts in accordance with paras. 8-11. 7. The RVP seeks the ~\(.h·ice of the MD concerned and the LEGVP, and decides whether and how to proceed. On the basis or these consultations, the RVP may recommend to the MD concerned that the Operations Committee consider the maller. 7he CD then acts upon either the Operations Committee's instructions. which arc issued by the chairman, or the RVP's instructions. and reports the outcome in a memorandum prepared in collaboration with LEG and other departments concerned. The memorandum. sent to the RVP and copied to the LEGVP, includes recommendations for processing the project further. Seeking the Opinion of Independent Experts 8. If independent expert opinion is needed before further processing of the project (see Ql~7. . .5Jl. para-,_Q). the RVP requests the Vice President, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development (ESDVP) to initiate the process. The Oftice of the ESDVP maintains a record ofslIch requests. 9. The ESDVP. in consultation with the RVP and LEG. selects one or more independent experts from a roster maintained by ESDVP (see para. 12). The experts selected may not be nationals of any of the riparians of the waterways in question, and also may not have any other connicts of interest in the matter. The experts arc engaged and their tenns of reference prepared jointly by the oftices of the ESOYI' and the RVP. The latter finances the costs associated with engaging the experts. The experts are provided with the background infonnation and assistance needed to complde their work efficiently. Opaational ~1nnllal - BP 7.50 10. The experts' terms of reference require that they examine the Project Details. I f they deem it necessary to verify the Project Details or take any related action, the Bank makes its best efforts to assist. The experts meet on an ad hoc basis until they submit their report to the ESDVP and the RVP. The ESDVP or RVP may ask them to explain or clarify any aspect of their report. II. The experts have no decision-making role in the project's processing. Their technical opinion is submitted for the Bank's purposes only, and does not in any way determine the rights and obligations of the riparians. Their conclusions are reviewed by the RVP and ESDVP, in consultation with the LEGVP. 12. The ESDVP maintains, in consultation with the RVPs and LEG, the roster of highly qualified independent experts, \\'hich consists of 10 names and is updated at the beginning of each fiscal year. Maps 13. Documentation for a project on an international waterway includes a map that clearly indicates the waterway and the location of the project's components. This requirement applies to the PAD, the Project Information Document (PI D), and any internal memorancla that deal with the riparian issues associated with the project. Maps are provided for projects on international waterways even when noti lication to riparians is not required by the provisions of QP__'Z.5Q. Maps are prepared and cleared in accordance with Administrative Manual Statement 7.10, Cartographic Services. and its annexes. 14. Ilowever, the inclusion of maps in the cited documents. except internal memoranda. is subject to any general instruction or decision of the Regional vice president, taken in consultation with the Vice President and General Counsel, to omit maps of thl.! beneticiary state in their entirety or in part. i. See BP_ 10_.0Q, Investment Lend/j7g: Identification to Bv:mj Prescnt;Jtion. 2. "l1alll\." includes IDA: "loans" include credits; and "projects" includes all projects limmced under l3ank loans or IDA credits. but does not include adjustment programs supported under Bank loans and IDA credits; and "borrower" refers to the member countr y in whose territory the project is carried out, whether or not the country is the borrower or the guarantor. Note: OP and 81' 7.50 replace OP and 8P 7.50, d:lted October \994. Questions may be :lddressed to the Chief Counsel, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development :and Jnternntional Law. Operational Manual - 02 7.60 Pagclof::: or 7.60 .January 2001 These po licit'S were prcp''lred lor llse by World S;mk st:J!Ttmd ,'In: not necessarily ;1 completc treatment of the subject. Projects in Disputed Areas 1. Projectsl in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the country in which the project is carried out and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage. 1. The Bank may support a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B. Prcscnt~ltion of Loans to the Executive Directors 3. For every project in a disputed area, Bank staff consider the nature of the dispute. The Project Appraisal Document (PAD) for a project in a disputed area discLlsses the nature of the dispute and affirms that Bank staft' have considered it and are satistied that either (a) the other claimants to the disputed area have no objection to the project; or (b) in all other instances, the special circumstances of the case warrant the Bankts support of the project notwithstanding any objection or lack of approval by the other claimants. Such special circumstances include the following (i) that the project is not harmful to the interest of other claimants, or (ii) that a conflicting claim has not won international recognition or been actively pursued. In all cases, the project documentation bears a disclaimer stating that, by supporting the project, the Bank does not intend to make any judgment on the legal or other status of the territories concerned or to prejudice the final determination of the parties' claims. The Legal Vice Presidency prepares the relevant portions of the project documentation. 1. "Bank" includ~s IDA: "'oans" include credits; and "projects" in dudes all projel:ts financed under Bank loans or IDA credits. but docs not include adjustment-programs supported under Hank loans and IDA credits. Operational \lanual - or 7.60 Note: OP and OP 7.60 replace OP and BP 7.60, dated November 1994. Qucstions may be addressed to the Chief Counsel, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development and International Law. Opantional Manual - BP 7.60 Pnge 1 01'2 BP 7.60 .January 2001 These procedures ,rere prepared/or use by World Bank st{~(land are 1101 l1eces.){Jrj~\" (/ comple/e trealment o/the subject. Projects in Disputed Areas 1. The presence of any territorial dispute affecting a proposed Bank projectl is ascertained as early as possible and described in all project documents starting with the initial Project Infonnation Document (PID). The country director (CD), through the Regional vice president (RVP), promptly brings the dispute to the attention of the managing director (MD) concerned and the Vice President and General Counsel (lEGVP), and keeps them informed of the dispute throughout the project processll1g. 2. For this purpose, the CD prepares, in close collaboration with the Legal Vice Presidency (LEG) and in consultation with other departments concerned, a memorandum to be submitted to the MD concerned through the RVi> nnd copied to the LEGVP. The memorandum (a) cOIl\'cys all patinent information on the international aspccts orthe project, including information as to the procedure followed and the outcome of :lny earlier projects the Bank may have considen:d in the disputed area; (b) makes recommendations for dealing \vith thc issue; am} (c) seeks approval for taking the actions recommended and for proceeding \vith project process ing. 3. Following project preparation, the full details or the dispute and the basis for the decision on whether to proceed to appraisal ;lre included in the transmittal memorandum for the revised decision package. This memorandum, addressed to the RVP and copied to the lEGVP, is prepared in close collaboration with LEG and in consultation with other departments concerned. Based on the information in the memorandum. the RVP, on the advice orthe MD concerned (who (onsults with the lEGVP). decides whether to proceed with appraisal. 4. The MD concerned may, in consultation with the LEGVP, decide at any stage of the project cycle to inform the executive directors concerned of the proposed project and the dispute. Maps 5. For the delineation of boundaries on maps concerned, the applicable guidelines appcar in Administrative Manual Statement 7.10, Cartographic Services, and its annexes, However, the inclusion of maps in the PAD and other project documentation is subject to any general instruction or decision of the RVP. taken in consultation with the LEGVP, to omit maps of the country concerned in their entirety or in part. 1. "l3allk" includcs IDA: "loans" include credits; and "projects" includes all projects financed under Bank 10;)115 or IDA credits, but docs not include adjustment programs supported under Bank loans and IDA credits. 1'ote: 01' and BP 7.60 replace 01' and BP 7.60, dated November 1994. Questions may be addressed to the Chier Operational \lanual · BP 7.60 Page:2 01'2 Counsel, Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development and International Law. Operntional ManuJl - or:.; 11.03 Page 1 01'1 Management of Cultural Property in Bank-Financed Projects OP 4. I I is under prepamtiol7. Until it is issued. Bunk sll1tt,Jre guided by the prm',:"ions ot OpcrnriomJI Policy Note (OPN) 11.03, which is reprilltf'd ht'rt'. The teclwic;]I p;lpa referred to in the OPN is no longer :1'v':liMblc. Questions abollt culrural property issues may be' addressed to the Rmk's Culwral Property S[lfcgllard Specialist. AIs, Arlene Fleming (ext. 88./01). WQRLD.JlANK_QeERA TLQ.i'lALPJ1L_lCY..l't 01T~.Q._tLQ3 l\lANAGE~lEliT 0 :LCJJ L.IUJlAL P IlQrf~J1I.l'_1 N Il.~~.A ~ El&\;~_CED~P RO.1J!:..c:[s. 1. The United Nations term "cultural property" includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical. rdigious, and unique natural values. Cultural property, therefore, encompasses both remains len by previolls human inhabitants (for example, middens, shrines, and battlegrounds) and unique natural environmental features such as canyons and waterfalls. The rapid loss of cultural property in many countries is irreversible and often unnecessary. Detailed background information on all aspects of this note arc contained in the technical paper oCthe same title. available from the Ortice of Environmental and Scientilit.: Alhirs. Projeds Pl)!icy Department, which is ready to provide assistance on request. P.nl ic:~.GlIidance 2. The World Bank'sl general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their pr;.!scrvation, and to seck to avoid their elimination. Specifically: (a) The Bank normally declines to linance projects that will signilicantly damage non- replicable cultural property. and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prcvent such damage. (b) The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement or cultural propertics cncountered in Bank-linanced projects. rather than \caving that protection to chance. In some cases. the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be preserved. studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cascs, structures can be relocated, preserved. studied. and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study, selective salvage, and museum prcservation before destruction is all that is necessary. Most such projects should indudt.! tht.! training and strengthening of institutions entrusted with safeguarding a nation's cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directly included in the scope of the project. rather than being postponed for some possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs. (c) Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected proje<.:t b~ndits ar~ great. and lhl! loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable. minor. or othl!rwise acceptable. Specific details of the justification should bl! discussed in project documents. (d) This policy pert.ains to any project in which the Bank is in\'ol\'ed, irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may alTl!ct cultural Operatll1nal \ianual - or 4.09 Page 1 of 3 or 4.09 .January 1998 T/u.:se policit.:s were prepared ror use by World Bank swrr,lnd ,Ire not necessarily a complcte tre,7tnJt..'nt of the subject. Pest Management Note: This or ·t.09 replaces the version dated .July 1996. Changes in wording ha,,'c bcen made ill paras. (lind 3 mid rootnotcs 2,3, and 4. Further guidance ror implementing thc Bank's pest nwnagement policy is in the £m"ironmenla/ A SSt'ssmen I SOlJrabook(World B:lIlk: Washington, D.C., 199(). Questions regarding agricultunll pest management may be addressed to the Director, Runll Development. Questions rcg:lrding pesticide use in public hC:llth projects lIIay be directed to the Director, Health Senil'es. 1. In assisting borrowers to manage pests that affect either agriculture or public health, the Bank I supports a strategy that promotes the lise or biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesli-cides. In Bank-linanced projects, the borrower addresses pest ., management isslles in the context or the project's environ-menIal assessment.~ :::. In appraising a projcct that will involve pc:;l manag~mt:nt, tht: Bank assess,.:::; th~ capacity orth~ country's rcgulatory framt:work and institu-tions to promotc and support sal~. c1Tectivc, and t:l1vironmcntally sound pcst management. As necessary, the Bank and the borrower incorporate in the project componcnts to strengthen such capacity. 3 Agricultural Pest Mun:lgement 3. The Bank uses various means to assess pest management in the country and support integrupply systcms that draw directly from a reservoir controlled by an existing dam or a DUe; diversioJl dams or hydradlic structures downstn:am l'rom an existing dam or a DUe, where failure l)[' the upstream dam could cause extensive damage to or failurl.! of the new Bank-funded structure: and irrigation or watcr supply projects that will depend on the storage and operation or an existing dam or a DUe for their supply of water unJ could not function if the dam 1:1ilcu. Projects in this category also include operations that require increases in the capacity or an existing dam, or changes in the characteristics of the impounded materials, where failure of the existing dam could calise extensive damage to or failure of the Bank-funded l~\cilities. 8. If stleh a project as described in para. 7, involves an existing dam or DUe in the borrower's territory, the Bank requires that the borrower arrange for one or more independent dam specialists to (a) inspect and evaluate the safety status ofthc existing dam or DUe. its appurtenances, and its performance history; (b) review and evaluate the owner's operation and maintenance procedures; and (c) provide a written report of lindings and recommendations for any remedial work or safety- related measures necessary to upgrade the existing dam or DUe to an acceptable standard of safety. 9. The Bank may accept previous assessments of dam safety or recommendations of improvements nceJeJ in the existing J;lJn \..H Dee irtlh: bOlT\..)\\Cr pnJ\idcs C\'iJClh:C that (J.) all clTecti\'c Jam safety program is already in operation, and (b) full-level inspections and dam safety assessments of - ... the existinl! dam or DLC which arc satisl~\ctor\' to the Bank. have aln.:adv been conducted and docllmented. 1O. Necess~1fY additional dam safety measures or remedial work may be financed under the proposed project. \\'hl.:l1 :-;ubstamial rl'm~di;lI \\wk is nc.:tku, the Bank requires that (a) the work be designed Operational Manual - OP 4.37 Page 3 of3 and supervised by competent professionals, and (b) the same reports and plans as for a new Bank- financed dam (sec para. 4(b) be prepared and impkmented. For high-hazard cases involving significant and complex remedial work, the Bank also requires that a panel of independent experts be employed on the same basis as for a new Bank-financed dam (see paras. 4(a) and 5). II. When the o\vner of the existing dam or DUe is an entity other than the borrower, the borrower enters into agreements or arrangements providing for the measures sct out in paras. 8-10 to be undertaken by the owner. Policy Dialogue 12. Where appropriate, as part of policy dialogue with the country, Bank staff discuss any measures necessary to strengthen the institutional, legislative, and regulatory frame-works for dam safcty programs in the country. I. The owner may be a national or local government, a paraSl:ltal. a privnle company or a consortium of entities .. Ifan entity other than the one with legal title to thl! dam site, dam, and/or reservoir holds a license to operate the d,lI11, and has rl!sponsibility for its sa!'ety, the term "owner" includes such other entity. ::.. "Uank" includes mA, and "Ioans" include IDA credits and IDA grants. 3. For example, a water storage dam for a hydropower, water supply, irrigation, nood control, or multipurpose project; a tailings or:1 slimes dam for a minI! project; or an ash impoundment dam for a thermal power plant. 4. When the owner is not the borrower, the borrower ensures that the obligations of the borrower under this 01> are propl!rly asslIllled by the owner under arrangements aceeptable to the Bank. S. The definition or"large dams" is based on the criteria lIsed to eompile the list of large dams in the World Register of l);Jll1s. published by the International Commission on Large Dams. 6. HP 4.37. Annex A, sets olltthe content orthese plans ;Jnd the timetable for preparing ;Jnd finalizing them. In the dam s;lfety practke or several countries, the operation and mainten;Jncc pl:m includes both the instrumentation plan ;md the emergency rreparedness plan as specilic sections. This pmctie" is acceptable to the Bank, providcd the relevant sections arc preparl!d and finalized according to the timetable set Ollt in t3e~.3LAnnex~. 7. Sec GI~Ml'lil1l',,~.e(QClir.'!tlC(JU!f1cjCEJlJ.R [2l-J)/Ul;;.JI.IJ~U12tJ. 8. The number, professional breadth. technical expertise, and experience of Panel members are appropriate to the size, complex ity, and hazard potential of the dam under consideration. For high-hazard dams, in p is an integral part or Catq:?-ury A r::As (irl"l.:spectin.' of other instrllll1~nls lIsed). FAs r~,r Category B projects may also result in an E~IP_ 4.1 heard assesslIIt!l1f: An jnstrllm~nt for hkntil~'il1g, analyzing. and controlling hazards associated with the pr~sence l1f dallgerous materials and conditions at a p[(l,ied S:k. The [3an~ requires a hazard :lSsessment 1'01' prlljl..'cts i:wolving certain inllammablc. e~plusi\L', rl..'aclin:. and I\):-;il.: makrials when Ih~y arc IJrl'sl'nt at a site in quantitks above a spccilicd threshllld kvd. for cl.'rtain pwjects. the EA rl'port may consist or the hazard assessment alone; in othl..'l" cases, the hazard assessment is part or th~ F: . \ dl1cuml.'ntatiol1. 5. troit!cI areu o(iI!/ll1L'lh'e: The area likC\y to hI..' affectcd by the projl.?ct. including all its ancillary aspects. such as pl)\\'l..'r transmission corridors. pipelines. canals. tunnels. rcil)cati(1I1 and access roads. borrow and disposal areas. and construction camps. as wcll as unplanned dewlopmcnts induced by the projl'ct (e.g .. srol1tan~ous settlement. logging. or shifting agriculture along access roads). The ar~:l of innuence may includt:. for c:\ampk. (a) the watershed within which the project is located: (b) any affected estuary and coastal zone: (c) off-site areas required for resettlement or compensatory tracts: (d) the airshed (e.g .. \\·here airborne pollution such as smoke or dust may enter or leave the area ofintluence: (e) migratory routes of humans. wildlife. or fish. particularly \\'hae they relate to public health. economic activities. or environmental conscl'\'ation: and (0 areas us\;'d for livelihood :1l'tivities (hunting. 1ishing. grazing. gathering. agriculture. etc.) or religious or cerl.'l1wnial purposes of a customary nature. 6. Regional E.-I: An instrument that I.?xamil1~s environmental issues and impacts associated with a particular strategy. policy. plan. or program. or with a series ('If projects for a panicular region (e.g .. all urb:l1l area. a \\3IL'rsh,:d. 01';1 coa~t31I.l)n~): e\aluates and C,11111Xl.res the impa':b 'l:;aill:it thus\;' llj' aitl'rnati\'c options: assess~s leg;d and institutional aspects rek\ant to the issues ~\l1d impacts: and rl'enl11111cnds brl):ld measurl.'S to strengthl..'n en\ironmcntal management in the regi"l1. Rq::ional EA pays p~lnicular attcllli,'l1 W potential cUl11ubthe impacts of multiple activitie~. 7. Risk aSS(,S.\I1IL'Ili: .-\n instrUI1H:l1I)'l)r estimating the prc1bability llfharm occurring frl)111 the presence OpcrationJ.l ~ lallual - OP;"; 11.03 rage 2 ot :.! property. 3. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. Before proceeding with a project, however, which prima facie entails the risk of damaging cultural property (e.g., any project that includes large scale excavations, movement of earth, surficial environmental changes or demolition), Bank staft'mllst (1) determine what is known about the cultural property aspects of the proposed project site. The government's attention should be dra\vn specifically to that aspect and appropriate agencies, NGOs or university departments should be consulted: (2) I f there is any question of cultural property in the area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist,2.Procedures to be followed upon positive surveys are detailed in Chapter 6 of the technical paper. September 1986 1. Thl! World Bank includl!s the Intl!rnational !lank for R,'construction ;md Ikvclopm..:nt (IBRD). thl! Inlernational Dcwlopment Association (ID,\) and the International Finance Corporation (liT). ! A survey form is attached to the technical pal)cr. Or...:r:ltiol~J.1 \lamul - BP.! 37 OP 4.37 .Janual'!' 200! These procedures were prcp:lrcd t'or usc by ~Vorld Bank st:Jlland ,Ire not necess;lri~v ;1 camp/etc treatment ofthe subject. Safety of Dams Note: OP and BP 4.37 replace the versions dated September 1996. Other Bank policies that m~ly Hpply to projects that involve d~lms include the following: Q~IBP 4",-OJ, Environmental Assessment; OI~JIJr_4.(H., :Vatllral Habitats; Qr.1J3J~ 4.10, Indigenolls Peoplt's; Q_P.....:1,JJ. (forthcoming), lll:lIwgl'lm'nt of ell/tl/nll Property in Bank-Financed Projects; oPlBe 4.12, In Foluntary Resettlement; and OPLBJ>_7.5J), Projects on Internationtll JVaterways. Questions on dum slIfety should be addressed to the Director, Rurlll Development Depurtment (RDV). Project Processing I. \Vh~n th...: Bank I b~gins processing a project that includes a dam. th~ processing tcam includes individuals who havc relcvant cxp~ricnec in dam ~ngine~ring and in preparation and supervision of previous Bank-funded projeds that have included dams. Ir stich inJividuals arc not available within the Region. the task team (TO consults the Rural Development Department for rcfcrralto appropriate specialists inside or outside the Bank. 2. Balik projects involving dams arc processed according to the proccdures s~t forth in BPIO.qO, Invcs!mcnt Lcnding: /dcntilic:Jlion 10 80:lrd Presentation. 3, As soon as a project involving a dam is identified. the TT discusscs with the borrmvcr the Bank's policy on Jam sakty (01)-+.3.7), Prcp;Ir;Jliol1 4. The TT ensurcs that the borro\ver's terms of reference (TOR) for technical services to investigate the site and design the dam. supervise new or remedial construction, advise on initial reservoir tilling and start-lip operations, and perform inspections and safety assessments, as well as the qualifications of the professionals (e.g., engineers, geologists, or hydrologists) to be employed by the borrower. arc adequate to the complexity of the particular dam. 5. Ifan independent panel of experts (the Panel) is required. the TT advises borrower starr. as necessary, on the preparation of TOR. The TT reviews and clears the TOR and the Panel members proposed by the borrower. Once the Panel is in place, TT staff nonnally attend Panel meetings as observers. G. The TT reviews all reports relating to dam safety prepared by the borrower, the Pand, the independent specialists who assess an existing dam or a dam under construction, and the professionals hircJ by the borrower to design. construct, till, and start lip the dam. 7. The TT monitors tht! bOITll\\t:r's preparation of the plans I~)r constrllctit)n supervision and quality Opcrational :Ylanual - BP 4.37 -- Annex A j'age I 01 I UP ".37 -- Annex A .January 2001 These procedures were prepared far usc by World lJ;wk sl:ltr..md ;lre not I1ccess:IrI'~'y' :1 complete treatment of'thc subject. Daln Safety Reports: Content and Tinling 1. Plan for COl1stntction supervision ;md quulity c1SSlImnce. This plan is provideJ to the Bank by appraisal. It covers the organization, staffing levels, procedures, equipment, and qualifications ter supervision of the construction of a ncw dam or of remedial work on an existing dam. For a dam other than a water storage dam,l this plan takes into account the usual long construction period, covering the supervision requirements as the dam grows in height-with any accompanying changes in construction materials or the characteristics 01' the impounJed material-over a pcriod or years. The task team uses the plan to assess the need to fund components under the loan to ensure that dam- safi:ty-related elements of the design are implemented during construction. 2. /JJstrutnent:Jtiofl pl:JlI. This is a ddailed plan for the installation of instruments to monitl)r and record dam hehavior and the related hydroJ1lCleorological, structural, and seisllli..: fadnrs. It is provided to an indCjx!ndent panel or experts (the Panel) ;c ctl\'ironmcntal and s()cial impacts Dr projects supported by the Bank, T!:c Bank cncourages its borrowing member countrics to aoopt and impkl11ent systcI11s 3 thatll1cct thcse l)bjecti\'cs ",hill: ensuring that clc\'dopmcilt rcsoun..:es are llsed transparently and erticiel1tly to achieve desired outcomes. To encourage the developmcnt and errcctiw application or such systems and thereby fOCllS on huilding horrower capacity beyond indi\'idual project settings. the Bank is piloting the lise of bOITo\\el' systems in Bank-supported projects, The key objective of the pilot program is to improve o\cralJ understanding of implementation issues related to greater lise of country systems. 2, Equinllcncl' and A(:Cl'pt~lhilit)'. The Bank considers i.l horrowcr's en\'ironmental and social saf~guard system to be equi\'alent to the B~1I1k's if the borrower's system is designed to achieve the objectives and ndhere to the applicable operational principles set alit in Tnbh:J \I. Since equi\'alence is determined on a policy-by-policy basis. the Bank may concJlllk tl1:1t the bClfI'o\\er's system is equi\'aient to the Bank's in specific cmironmental or social s~>li.1rd areas in particular pilot projects. and not in other such areas. Bef()re deciding on the lise of horro\\'er systems. the Bank 41)50 assesses the acceptability ol'the horrower's implementation practices. track record. and capacity,'" 3. Addrcssing Gaps. If the borrower has to till gaps in its system to meet the objecti\cs and applicable principles in Tahll:.-\t. and is committed tLl dt1 ing so. the Bank may. \\hen Jetl'rmining equi\'alence take aCC()lmt of mea stires to impron; the borrower's system, Similarly il'the borrower has to lill gaps in impkmcntalic)n practices and capacity to :.lL'hi~\e <1cccptability and is c(ll11mined to Jl)ing so. th~ Bank may. whL'11 dctl..'rmining accl.'ptabililY. take aCL'ount ofl11L'asures to strl.!ngthen :::~ b,lrr,)\\l.!r impkml.!lluti(.';-, t'~Jdi(l.!s anJ (apacity, Such ml.!aslires arl.! h1 be clrri-:d ,'ul bd·or.: thL h,)ITl)\Wr unckrtakes iml'kr.1entation of the rek\':1nt project acti\·ities. anJ m.1Y include Bank- slIpPl)fted efforts to stren::;then rele\'ant capacity. incenti\'(~s and ml.!lhods Il.,r implementation, -I.. Borrower Role :lnd Obligations. The borrom::r is responsible for achie\ing and maintaining tX]lIivalence as well as ncccpt::1blc impkml.!nt:ltion pr::1ctices, track record, anJ capacity. in ::1ccordancc \\'ith the Bank's assessment. For each project. the borrower identifies those pro\'isions of the country syst(11l that a:\; r.cccssary to ensure th:ll tht: rt:quirelllcnts ofTahlc :\1 arc met. These provisions may vary ti'om P"jcct to project. depending on such factors ns the structure of the c(nmtry's system and the typ~ of operation. rn all cases. the spl!ci tic proyisil)l1s of thl.! Cl)Untry system and any additional :1ctions that the borro\\'er needs to undcrl:1ke to nchie\'e and maintain equi\'alence and acceptable implement.:Hil1 11 become part of the borro\\'a's contractual obligations to the B:1nk. subject to thc Bank's normal contractual remedies (e.g" suspension of disbursements). 5, Bank Responsihility. The B:1nk is responsibk for determining the equi\':1knce and acceptability ofborrowcr systems. anJ for appraising and supervising pilot projects th:.lt lise these systems. The Bank c:1rril:s out its responsibility. including super\'isiL1l1 5 of borrowl.!r implt:mentatiL)n pr:1ctices. track rel'l.lrd. and capacity. in a manner proportional to potential impacts and risks. The Bank may I.!xplorc \\ith thl.! bormwa (:lI1d. as appropriate. third-parties) the feasibility of arrangements to strengthen o\\"nl!rship an-i (I.'untry capacity to implement specific operational principles in }'nhlcA 1. Without limitatil.1I1 to its responsibility ul1lkr this paragraph, the Bank may also expiL)re with the bl.)!To\wr (and. :1S apprl'pri:lte. third-parties) thl.! li:asibility 1.)1' establishing altl.!rnath'l.! monitoring arrangl.!!11l.!nts I~)r o\erseeing the i m plel11l.!ntation 0 r the prl.lj eel. (). Chan~cs ill Borrower Systcms and Bank Rl·mcdics. Ir. during project impkml.!nlation. therl.! are ch:mges in applicable kgislation. regulations. rules or prm:l.!dures. the Bank Qssessl.!S the effect of thllse ckll1gcs and discusses them with the borrower, J r. in the juJgment orthe Bank. the ch:1ngcs rellect a furthcr impro\"cmcnt in the countr., systems. and iC the bl)lTO\\er so requests. the Bank may agree to n.:\i:.;e the kg:d l'r:1mc\\'ork applicable to the opl.!ration to relkct thesc impnncmellls. and to all1l.!lH.lthc kgal agrel'll1ClH as necessary. i\.lanagement tiLKUments. e:xpbins. and justilies any rhangl.!s to such rr:lIl1I.!\\wk. ancl submits them lor Board appro\al (normally on an absence of objection basis). Irthe country system is changed ill a manner inconsistent with the kgal framework agreed with the Bank. the Bank's contractual remedies apply, 7. Disclosure. To proll1l"ltc transp:1rency and facilitate accountability. thl.! Bank makes public through thl.! PID early in the pro.kct cycle its intent to lise country systems in a proposed pilot operation. It updates this inrormation as projl.!ct development proceeds, At a later stage. but prior to beginning appraisal. the Bank makes publicly available its analysis of equivalence or borrowcr systems and Bank requiremcnts and its assessment of tile accept:1bility of borrower implementation practices. track record. and capacity (including a description of the applic:1ble bOITO\\'er systems and of actions that would :1chie\'e and sustain equi\'alence and acceptability), In addition. the Bank ensurl!s th:1t re lc\'ant projl.!ct-related cm'ironmental and social s:1feguard documents (see Ta hIe A I ). including the procedures prepared for prl'.kcts il1\'ol"ing subprojects. ;;He disclosed in a timely manner before project appraisal formally begins. in an accessible place and understandable form and language to key stakeholders, Tilt: I3,lIlk\ ":1l\irc'I\!:~ .. n:;:I :lilli Sl'.:ial safegu:mls poli.:i..:s and proc..:dur..:s :lr..:: ne IW 401. [t/l'iroIllIlCllhll .·IS.'o,'SSIiIL'W: OP BI'''; I.''': . .\".:!!II'eJ/ 1l,lhif.IIS: 01' ·tlll), f''-Sf ,\/.IIl,lgL'III':IIf: 01' HI''': 10, /lIdlgL'/lfJIIS I'L'upll!s: 01' -I,ll (r,'nh . . ,'l1lin~). .\!.!I:.:.':'cillL'l1f t!ICliltur,11 PrU!)L'rt\· 111 B.mk·FinaI1L· ... .I !'ru/,','1S: 01' HI' ":.I~. !11 1"(l/lIflhll:1' Up.?rati(."'na! \I:mual - UP -+.nn When lIsed in this policy statement "country systems" means a country's legal and institutional framework. consisting or its national. subnational. or seclOral implementing institutions :lt1d appli.::ab!e I:\\\s, regulations. ru les. and procedures. -t. As the applicable st:1tement for the pilots. this OP and BP will apply only to those ar'::15 \\h.:re the B;mk has determined equivalence. The Bank's environmental and social safegu:1rd policies will :1pply \0 the areas \\hich the Bank has ddermined nOlto be equivalent to its applicable policy framework and will continue to apply to all projects that are not PJ:1 oithe pilot progr:1tn. Pilot projects will he subject \0 all olher applicabk policies and procedures. 5. O,EI.W 13.05. Pn~j