56029
ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF AFRICAN
DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES
Ernesto Valenzuela, Marianne Kurzweil,
Johanna Croser, Signe Nelgen and Kym Anderson
ernesto.valenzuela@adelaide.edu.au
marianne136@gmail.com
johlou@gmail.com
signe.nelgen@googlemail.com
kym.anderson@adelaide.edu.au
Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 55, December 2007
The authors are all at the University of Adeladie in Australia except Kurzweil, who is at the African
Development Bank in Tunis. This is a product of a research project on Distortions to Agricultural Incentives,
under the leadership of Kym Anderson of the World Bank's Development Research Group. The authors are
grateful for helpful comments from workshop participants and for funding from World Bank Trust Funds
provided by the governments of Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands (BNPP) and the United Kingdom (DfID).
This Working Paper series is designed to promptly disseminate the findings of work in progress for comment
before they are finalized. The views expressed are the authors' alone and not necessarily those of the World
Bank and its Executive Directors, nor the countries they represent, nor of the institutions providing funds for
this research project.
ANNUAL ESTIMATES OF AFRICAN
DISTORTIONS TO AGRICULTURAL INCENTIVES
Ernesto Valenzuela, Marianne Kurzweil,
Johanna Croser, Signe Nelgen and Kym Anderson
This Working Paper summarizes the annual estimates of covered product NRAs, for each
of the focus countries, of Africa key distortion indicators defined in Anderson et al. (2008),
and provides some summary statistics for the region's estimates. A shorter version of this
appears as Appendix B in Anderson and Masters (2008). Four tables are provided for each
country: (a) the Nominal Rate of Assistance to individual farm products covered in the
study and their weighted average, using as weights production valued at undistorted prices;
(b) the Relative Rate of Assistance to producers of agricultural (relative to non-agricultural)
tradables, again using as weights production valued at undistorted prices, and the
component parts of the RRA calculation; (c) the weights themselves for individual covered
farm products and for the residual non-covered group of products, shown as percentages
and so they sum to 100 percent; and (d) the trade status of each covered product each year.
The Nominal Rate of Assistance (NRA) in the case of a product having just its
output price distorted by government policies is the percentage by which the domestic
producer price exceeds the price that would prevail under free markets, that is, the border
price appropriately adjusted to account for differences in product quality, transport costs,
processing costs, etc. A negative value indicates the domestic price is below that
comparable border price. If producers of that product also are affected by distortions to
product-specific input prices, their ad valorem equivalent is accounted for by subtracting
the ad valorem input price distortion times its input-output coefficient from the farm
industry's output NRA to get the total nominal rate of assistance to production of that farm
product.
The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
The sources of these tables are the Working Paper versions of the chapters in Anderson and
Masters (2008), each of which is downloadable in the Working Paper section of the
project's website, www.worldbank.org/agdistortions. Also available at that website is the
complete global distortions database (Anderson and Valenzuela 2008). The references are
provided below.
References
Abbott, P. (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Cote D"Ivoire", Agricultural
Distortions Working Paper 46, World Bank, Washington DC, December.
Alfieri, A., C. Arndt and X. Cirera (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in
Mozambique", Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 54, World Bank,
Washington DC, December.
Anderson, K. and W.A. Masters (eds.) (2008), Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in
Africa, Washington DC: World Bank (forthcoming).
Anderson, K. and E. Valenzuela (2008), Global Estimates of Distortions to Agricultural
Incentives, 1955 to 2007, database spreadsheets available at
www.worldbank.ord/agdistortions, October.
Baffes, J. (2007), "Distortions to Cotton Incentives in West and Central Africa",
Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 50, World Bank, Washington DC,
December.
Bamou, E. and W. Masters (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Cameroon",
Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 42, World Bank, Washington DC,
December.
Brooks, J., A. Croppenstedt and E. Aggrey-Fynn (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural
Incentives in Ghana", Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 47, World Bank,
Washington DC, December.
Cassing, J., S. Nassar, G. Siam and H. Moussa (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural
Incentives in Egypt", Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 36, World Bank,
Washington DC, December.
Faki, H. and A. Taha (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Sudan",
Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 44, World Bank, Washington DC,
December.
Kirsten, J., L. Edwards and N. Vink (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in
South Africa", Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 38, World Bank,
Washington DC, December.
Maret, F. (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Madagascar", Agricultural
Distortions Working Paper 53, World Bank, Washington DC, December.
Masters, W. (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Senegal", Agricultural
Distortions Working Paper 41, World Bank, Washington DC, December.
Morrisey, O. and V. Leyaro (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Tanzania",
Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 52, World Bank, Washington DC,
December.
Matthews, A., P. Claquin and J. Opolot (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in
Uganda", Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 51, World Bank, Washington
DC, December.
Ndlela, D. and P. Robinson (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Zimbabwe",
Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 39, World Bank, Washington DC,
December.
Rashid, S., M. Assefa and G. Ayele (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in
Ethiopia", Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 43, World Bank, Washington
DC, December.
Robinson, P., J. Govereh and D. Ndlela (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in
Zambia", Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 40, World Bank, Washington
DC, December.
Valenzuela, E., M. Kurzweil, J. Croser, S. Nelgen and K. Anderson (2007), "Annual
Estimates of African Distortions to Agricultural Incentives", Appendix B in
Anderson and Masters (2008).
Walkenhorst, P. (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural Incentives in Nigeria", Agricultural
Distortions Working Paper 37, World Bank, Washington DC, December.
Winter-Nelson, A. and G. Argwings-Kodhek (2007), "Distortions to Agricultural
Incentives in Kenya", Agricultural Distortions Working Paper 45, World Bank,
Washington DC, December.
Table 1: Annual distortion estimates, Benin, 1970 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 0 -31 0 0 0 -1
1971 0 -43 0 0 0 -2
1972 0 -43 0 0 0 -3
1973 0 -69 0 0 0 -7
1974 0 -42 0 0 0 -2
1975 0 -51 0 0 0 -2
1976 0 -63 0 0 0 -2
1977 0 -41 0 0 0 0
1978 0 -50 0 0 0 -1
1979 0 -48 0 0 0 -1
1980 0 -52 0 0 0 -1
1981 0 -33 0 0 0 0
1982 0 -46 0 0 0 -1
1983 0 -55 0 0 0 -2
1984 0 -46 0 0 0 -3
1985 0 14 0 0 0 1
1986 0 5 0 0 0 0
1987 0 -19 0 0 0 -1
1988 0 -10 0 0 0 -1
1989 0 -42 0 0 0 -3
1990 0 -30 0 0 0 -2
1991 0 -15 0 0 0 -1
1992 0 17 0 0 0 1
1993 0 -19 0 0 0 -2
1994 0 -61 0 0 0 -14
1995 0 -37 0 0 0 -8
1996 0 -28 0 0 0 -5
1997 0 -32 0 0 0 -5
1998 0 3 0 0 0 0
1999 0 -9 0 0 0 -1
2000 0 -23 0 0 0 -3
2001 0 6 0 0 0 1
2002 0 -16 0 0 0 -1
2003 0 -17 0 0 0 -1
2004 0 15 0 0 0 1
2005 0 10 0 0 0 0
Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Benin, 1970 to 2005
(b) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 17 2 0 2 24 55
1971 19 3 0 2 23 52
1972 15 3 0 3 22 57
1973 13 4 1 4 24 54
1974 10 2 1 4 26 56
1975 12 1 0 4 23 59
1976 14 1 0 5 25 55
1977 16 0 0 5 25 53
1978 15 1 0 3 28 53
1979 10 1 0 3 30 56
1980 10 1 0 3 28 58
1981 14 0 0 3 30 52
1982 13 1 0 3 30 53
1983 10 2 0 3 27 58
1984 11 3 0 3 29 54
1985 11 2 0 3 25 60
1986 11 2 1 3 26 57
1987 10 2 1 3 28 56
1988 10 2 1 4 26 56
1989 13 3 1 3 31 49
1990 10 4 1 3 33 50
1991 13 4 1 3 35 44
1992 12 2 1 4 30 50
1993 15 6 1 3 33 41
1994 12 11 0 2 24 50
1995 12 10 1 4 23 51
1996 12 9 1 4 28 47
1997 17 8 1 3 25 46
1998 22 5 1 4 29 39
1999 20 6 1 4 29 40
2000 20 7 1 3 29 41
2001 23 5 1 3 27 41
2002 20 5 1 5 30 40
2003 22 5 1 3 29 40
2004 21 4 1 4 32 39
2005 22 2 1 4 32 39
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 1 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Benin, 1970 to 2005
(d) Trade statusa of covered products
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam
1970 H X H H H
1971 H X H H H
1972 H X H H H
1973 H X H H H
1974 H X H H H
1975 H X H H H
1976 H X H H H
1977 H X H H H
1978 H X H H H
1979 H X H H H
1980 H X H H H
1981 H X H H H
1982 H X H H H
1983 H X H H H
1984 H X H H H
1985 H X H H H
1986 H X H H H
1987 H X H H H
1988 H X H H H
1989 H X H H H
1990 H X H H H
1991 H X H H H
1992 H X H H H
1993 H X H H H
1994 H X H H H
1995 H X H H H
1996 H X H H H
1997 H X H H H
1998 H X H H H
1999 H X H H H
2000 H X H H H
2001 H X H H H
2002 H X H H H
2003 H X H H H
2004 H X H H H
2005 H X H H H
Sources: Baffes (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradables (H).
Table 2: Annual distortion estimates, Burkina Faso, 1970 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 0 -28 0 0 0 -1
1971 0 -44 0 0 0 -2
1972 0 -45 0 0 0 -2
1973 0 -69 0 0 0 -5
1974 0 -41 0 0 0 -2
1975 0 -50 0 0 0 -3
1976 0 -68 0 0 0 -8
1977 0 -37 0 0 0 -1
1978 0 -47 0 0 0 -2
1979 0 -45 0 0 0 -3
1980 0 -54 0 0 0 -3
1981 0 -45 0 0 0 -2
1982 0 -60 0 0 0 -4
1983 0 -68 0 0 0 -6
1984 0 -51 0 0 0 -4
1985 0 6 0 0 0 0
1986 0 0 0 0 0 0
1987 0 -20 0 0 0 -2
1988 0 -14 0 0 0 -1
1989 0 -41 0 0 0 -5
1990 0 -30 0 0 0 -4
1991 0 -13 0 0 0 -1
1992 0 8 0 0 0 0
1993 0 -14 0 0 0 -1
1994 0 -68 0 0 0 -10
1995 0 -43 0 0 0 -5
1996 0 -34 0 0 0 -4
1997 0 -36 0 0 0 -7
1998 0 -12 0 0 0 -1
1999 0 -6 0 0 0 -1
2000 0 -27 0 0 0 -5
2001 0 15 0 0 0 1
2002 0 -14 0 0 0 -1
2003 0 -20 0 0 0 -3
2004 0 38 0 0 0 6
2005 0 13 0 0 0 2
Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Burkina Faso, 1970 to 2005 (b) Value
shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 1 1 19 27 2 49
1971 1 2 15 23 2 56
1972 1 2 13 25 2 56
1973 1 3 13 24 3 56
1974 1 2 15 29 2 50
1975 1 3 14 27 2 52
1976 1 5 14 22 2 56
1977 1 2 14 26 2 56
1978 1 2 15 25 2 56
1979 1 2 12 21 2 62
1980 1 2 12 19 2 64
1981 1 2 14 21 2 61
1982 1 3 15 21 2 59
1983 1 3 14 21 2 60
1984 1 3 14 23 2 57
1985 0 2 18 24 1 55
1986 0 3 14 20 3 60
1987 0 3 13 18 2 63
1988 0 3 14 18 2 62
1989 0 4 12 19 1 63
1990 0 4 10 17 1 69
1991 0 2 16 24 1 57
1992 0 2 15 23 1 59
1993 0 2 16 21 1 60
1994 0 5 15 15 1 64
1995 0 4 13 20 1 62
1996 0 4 14 19 1 63
1997 0 7 11 15 1 67
1998 0 3 16 17 1 63
1999 0 3 14 16 1 65
2000 0 6 11 14 1 68
2001 0 3 14 17 1 65
2002 0 3 13 17 0 66
2003 0 6 14 17 0 62
2004 0 6 13 17 1 62
2005 0 6 15 17 0 62
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 2 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Burkina Faso, 1970 to 2005 (c) Trade
statusa of covered products
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam
1970 H X H H H
1971 H X H H H
1972 H X H H H
1973 H X H H H
1974 H X H H H
1975 H X H H H
1976 H X H H H
1977 H X H H H
1978 H X H H H
1979 H X H H H
1980 H X H H H
1981 H X H H H
1982 H X H H H
1983 H X H H H
1984 H X H H H
1985 H X H H H
1986 H X H H H
1987 H X H H H
1988 H X H H H
1989 H X H H H
1990 H X H H H
1991 H X H H H
1992 H X H H H
1993 H X H H H
1994 H X H H H
1995 H X H H H
1996 H X H H H
1997 H X H H H
1998 H X H H H
1999 H X H H H
2000 H X H H H
2001 H X H H H
2002 H X H H H
2003 H X H H H
2004 H X H H H
2005 H X H H H
Sources: Baffes (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradables (H).
Table 3: Annual distortion estimates, Cameroon, 1961 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Other
Cassav roots & Plantai Sorghu All
Banana a Cocoa Coffee Cotton Maize Millet tubers n m covered
1961 -3 0 -29 -35 na 0.0 0 0 0 0 -4
1962 -1 0 -28 -38 na 0 0 0 0 0 -4
1963 -4 0 -37 -26 na 0 0 0 0 0 -5
1964 -2 0 -21 -26 na 0 0 0 0 0 -4
1965 -4 0 -31 -34 na 0 0 0 0 0 -5
1966 -4 0 -43 -30 na 0 0 0 0 0 -6
1967 -3 0 -50 -29 na 0 0 0 0 0 -8
1968 -2 0 -55 -30 na 0 0 0 0 0 -9
1969 -8 0 -61 -35 na 0 0 0 0 0 -13
1970 0 0 -46 -43 -34 0 0 0 0 0 -12
1971 0 0 -29 -44 -46 0 0 0 0 0 -9
1972 0 0 -35 -43 -37 0 0 0 0 0 -9
1973 0 0 -53 -39 -64 0 0 0 0 0 -13
1974 0 0 -61 -48 -39 0 0 0 0 0 -16
1975 1 0 -42 -37 -46 0 0 0 0 0 -8
1976 0 0 -64 -63 -57 0 0 0 0 0 -22
1977 0 0 -78 -74 -30 0 0 0 0 0 -40
1978 -8 0 -66 -56 -43 0 0 0 0 0 -30
1979 -1 0 -52 -51 -33 0 0 0 0 0 -25
1980 1 0 -31 -41 -28 0 0 0 0 0 -16
1981 0 0 -31 -30 -17 0 0 0 0 0 -12
1982 -2 0 -30 -44 -31 0 0 0 0 0 -17
1983 -4 0 -44 -49 -45 0 0 0 0 0 -19
1984 -1 0 -53 -55 -25 0 0 0 0 0 -33
1985 1 0 -37 -44 35 0 0 0 0 0 -19
1986 1 0 -16 -39 45 0 0 0 0 0 -14
1987 -2 0 -1 1 20 0 0 0 0 0 0
1988 -1 0 17 3 32 0 0 0 0 0 4
1989 -3 0 27 4 -41 0 0 0 0 0 3
1990 -2 0 -15 -10 -28 0 0 0 0 0 -3
1991 -1 0 -23 -4 -11 0 0 0 0 0 -3
1992 -1 0 -19 17 14 0 0 0 0 0 -1
1993 -1 0 -44 -11 46 0 0 0 0 0 -4
1994 20 0 -63 -70 -44 0 0 0 0 0 -12
1995 9 0 -18 -27 -25 0 0 0 0 0 -4
1996 6 0 -32 6 -22 0 0 0 0 0 -2
1997 7 0 -46 -4 -21 0 0 0 0 0 -6
1998 2 0 -51 -8 4 0 0 0 0 0 -6
1999 -1 0 -24 -10 -6 0 0 0 0 0 -4
2000 5 0 -20 -5 0 0 0 0 0 0 -1
2001 3 0 -15 -8 8 0 0 0 0 0 -1
2002 1 0 -20 -9 -11 0 0 0 0 0 -3
2003 -1 0 -9 0 -21 0 0 0 0 0 -2
2004 -1 0 2 12 30 0 0 0 0 0 1
Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Cameroon, 1961 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1961 0 -4 -1 -3 -17 na -15 19 -29
1962 0 -4 0 -3 -16 na -14 18 -27
1963 0 -5 -1 -3 -19 na -17 19 -30
1964 0 -4 -1 -2 -14 na -12 17 -24
1965 0 -5 -1 -4 -20 na -18 18 -30
1966 0 -6 -1 -4 -22 na -21 20 -34
1967 0 -8 -1 -5 -24 na -24 25 -39
1968 0 -9 -1 -7 -28 na -27 24 -41
1969 0 -13 -2 -10 -36 na -35 27 -49
1970 0 -12 0 -8 -30 na -28 26 -43
1971 0 -9 0 -6 -24 na -23 23 -37
1972 0 -9 0 -5 -24 na -22 24 -37
1973 0 -13 0 -8 -31 na -28 29 -44
1974 0 -16 0 -10 -37 na -34 28 -48
1975 0 -8 0 -4 -22 na -18 24 -34
1976 0 -22 0 -12 -37 na -36 31 -51
1977 0 -40 0 -22 -51 na -51 38 -64
1978 0 -30 -2 -19 -45 na -44 30 -57
1979 0 -25 0 -15 -36 na -35 24 -48
1980 0 -16 0 -9 -24 na -23 26 -39
1981 0 -12 0 -7 -20 na -18 25 -35
1982 0 -17 -1 -10 -27 na -25 27 -41
1983 0 -19 -1 -11 -32 na -31 34 -48
1984 0 -33 0 -19 -40 na -39 35 -55
1985 0 -19 0 -10 -26 na -25 34 -44
1986 0 -14 0 -7 -20 na -18 32 -38
1987 0 0 -1 1 0 na 3 22 -15
1988 0 4 0 3 6 na 8 18 -9
1989 0 3 -1 2 4 na 6 17 -9
1990 0 -3 -1 -1 -6 na -5 17 -19
1991 0 -3 0 -1 -5 na -4 13 -15
1992 0 -1 0 0 -1 na 0 14 -13
1993 0 -4 0 -2 -7 na -6 16 -19
1994 0 -12 6 -1 -4 na -4 35 -29
1995 0 -4 3 0 -2 na -1 21 -18
1996 0 -2 2 0 0 na 0 17 -14
1997 0 -6 2 -2 -6 na -5 17 -19
1998 0 -6 1 -3 -10 na -9 21 -25
1999 0 -4 0 -2 -6 na -6 16 -19
2000 0 -1 1 0 0 na 1 16 -13
2001 0 -1 1 0 0 na 1 17 -14
2002 0 -3 0 -1 -4 na -4 16 -17
2003 0 -2 0 -1 -4 na -3 13 -15
2004 0 1 0 1 2 na 3 12 -9
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Cameroon, 1961 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Other
Cassav roots & Plantai Sorghu Non-
Banana a Cocoa Coffee Cotton Maize Millet tubers n m covered
1961 1 3 5 5 na 18 2 17 7 12 30
1962 1 3 5 4 na 16 2 18 9 11 30
1963 1 3 6 4 na 14 2 20 9 11 30
1964 1 3 6 6 na 13 2 15 13 11 30
1965 1 4 4 7 na 15 2 17 9 11 30
1966 1 4 6 6 na 13 2 16 9 12 30
1967 1 4 7 7 na 11 2 20 11 9 29
1968 1 4 8 7 na 12 1 20 11 7 28
1969 1 3 11 7 na 12 2 18 8 9 29
1970 1 3 9 9 0 11 1 20 8 7 28
1971 1 3 8 9 0 12 2 19 9 8 30
1972 1 4 7 8 0 11 1 20 10 7 31
1973 1 3 10 7 0 10 1 19 10 6 31
1974 1 3 11 8 0 9 1 20 10 5 30
1975 1 4 6 7 1 13 1 20 10 7 31
1976 1 3 8 11 1 7 1 15 7 4 42
1977 1 3 14 16 0 5 1 9 6 3 44
1978 1 3 15 15 1 5 1 8 9 5 38
1979 1 3 15 14 1 5 1 8 9 5 39
1980 1 4 12 15 1 5 1 9 10 6 37
1981 1 4 12 12 1 5 1 10 10 4 39
1982 1 4 10 17 1 5 1 9 9 4 39
1983 1 5 14 10 2 5 1 9 12 4 38
1984 1 4 15 21 1 3 0 6 7 2 39
1985 1 6 14 14 1 3 0 7 10 4 40
1986 1 1 11 19 1 3 1 8 11 6 39
1987 1 6 12 9 1 4 0 11 10 3 43
1988 1 5 9 10 1 3 0 10 8 5 48
1989 4 5 7 9 1 3 0 10 10 4 47
1990 8 6 5 4 1 3 0 12 8 4 50
1991 9 7 5 5 1 3 0 10 8 4 48
1992 8 7 4 2 1 3 0 9 9 4 53
1993 3 7 4 3 1 3 0 12 10 4 54
1994 6 5 4 5 1 3 0 5 8 3 59
1995 8 5 5 5 1 5 1 7 8 4 51
1996 7 5 5 5 1 4 1 7 7 4 54
1997 4 6 6 3 1 5 1 10 8 4 53
1998 4 5 6 8 1 5 1 10 8 6 47
1999 4 5 4 6 1 6 1 13 6 3 52
2000 3 7 3 3 1 5 0 14 8 3 52
2001 2 7 3 1 1 4 0 12 7 5 58
2002 2 7 5 2 1 4 1 11 7 6 56
2003 3 7 6 2 1 5 1 14 8 6 46
2004 3 5 7 2 1 5 1 15 10 5 46
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 3 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Cameroon, 1961 to 2004: (d) Trade
statusa of covered products
Other
Cassav roots & Plantai Sorghu
Banana a Cocoa Coffee Cotton Maize Millet tubers n m
1961 X H X X na H H H H H
1962 X H X X na H H H H H
1963 X H X X na H H H H H
1964 X H X X na H H H H H
1965 X H X X na H H H H H
1966 X H X X na H H H H H
1967 X H X X na H H H H H
1968 X H X X na H H H H H
1969 X H X X na H H H H H
1970 X H X X X H H H H H
1971 X H X X X H H H H H
1972 X H X X X H H H H H
1973 X H X X X H H H H H
1974 X H X X X H H H H H
1975 X H X X X H H H H H
1976 X H X X X H H H H H
1977 X H X X X H H H H H
1978 X H X X X H H H H H
1979 X H X X X H H H H H
1980 X H X X X H H H H H
1981 X H X X X H H H H H
1982 X H X X X H H H H H
1983 X H X X X H H H H H
1984 X H X X X H H H H H
1985 X H X X X H H H H H
1986 X H X X X H H H H H
1987 X H X X X H H H H H
1988 X H X X X H H H H H
1989 X H X X X H H H H H
1990 X H X X X H H H H H
1991 X H X X X H H H H H
1992 X H X X X H H H H H
1993 X H X X X H H H H H
1994 X H X X X H H H H H
1995 X H X X X H H H H H
1996 X H X X X H H H H H
1997 X H X X X H H H H H
1998 X H X X X H H H H H
1999 X H X X X H H H H H
2000 X H X X X H H H H H
2001 X H X X X H H H H H
2002 X H X X X H H H H H
2003 X H X X X H H H H H
2004 X H X X X H H H H H
Sources: Bamou and Masters (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradables (H).
Table 4: Annual distortion estimates, Chad, 1970 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 0 -39 0 0 0 -5
1971 0 -49 0 0 0 -10
1972 0 -50 0 0 0 -11
1973 0 -73 0 0 0 -27
1974 0 -34 0 0 0 -8
1975 0 -46 0 0 0 -14
1976 0 -63 0 0 0 -21
1977 0 -40 0 0 0 -7
1978 0 -50 0 0 0 -9
1979 0 -47 0 0 0 -6
1980 0 -47 0 0 0 -5
1981 0 -45 0 0 0 -5
1982 0 -53 0 0 0 -9
1983 0 -63 0 0 0 -16
1984 0 -40 0 0 0 -5
1985 0 19 0 0 0 1
1986 0 13 0 0 0 1
1987 0 -5 0 0 0 -1
1988 0 3 0 0 0 0
1989 0 -37 0 0 0 -6
1990 0 -25 0 0 0 -3
1991 0 -7 0 0 0 -1
1992 0 21 0 0 0 1
1993 0 -21 0 0 0 -1
1994 0 -62 0 0 0 -11
1995 0 -46 0 0 0 -5
1996 0 -32 0 0 0 -5
1997 0 -25 0 0 0 -4
1998 0 2 0 0 0 0
1999 0 3 0 0 0 0
2000 0 -29 0 0 0 -4
2001 0 2 0 0 0 0
2002 0 -15 0 0 0 -1
2003 0 -26 0 0 0 -1
2004 0 37 0 0 0 3
2005 0 15 0 0 0 1
Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Chad, 1970 to 2005
(b) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 3 6 10 22 4 55
1971 3 8 9 19 4 57
1972 4 8 7 14 4 62
1973 3 15 9 11 3 59
1974 4 11 12 17 5 50
1975 4 14 10 14 5 53
1976 3 14 8 13 4 59
1977 3 6 8 17 3 63
1978 3 7 7 18 3 62
1979 4 4 8 13 4 66
1980 5 4 8 13 5 65
1981 6 3 5 8 7 71
1982 7 5 5 9 7 67
1983 7 10 6 10 6 61
1984 9 6 5 15 8 57
1985 10 3 11 18 8 51
1986 8 3 12 10 7 60
1987 9 4 10 10 7 60
1988 8 4 14 7 7 59
1989 7 5 6 8 6 67
1990 7 4 8 13 6 62
1991 10 4 5 6 11 63
1992 7 2 7 9 11 65
1993 8 2 4 4 11 71
1994 5 6 5 9 9 66
1995 8 4 5 11 9 62
1996 8 5 5 7 8 68
1997 7 6 5 9 8 66
1998 6 2 8 12 6 65
1999 6 3 7 9 7 68
2000 5 3 4 6 9 72
2001 8 2 7 6 8 69
2002 8 2 6 8 14 60
2003 8 1 9 9 15 57
2004 17 3 5 7 11 57
2005 9 1 11 10 11 57
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 4 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Chad, 1970 to 2005
(c) Trade statusa of covered products
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam
1970 H X H H H
1971 H X H H H
1972 H X H H H
1973 H X H H H
1974 H X H H H
1975 H X H H H
1976 H X H H H
1977 H X H H H
1978 H X H H H
1979 H X H H H
1980 H X H H H
1981 H X H H H
1982 H X H H H
1983 H X H H H
1984 H X H H H
1985 H X H H H
1986 H X H H H
1987 H X H H H
1988 H X H H H
1989 H X H H H
1990 H X H H H
1991 H X H H H
1992 H X H H H
1993 H X H H H
1994 H X H H H
1995 H X H H H
1996 H X H H H
1997 H X H H H
1998 H X H H H
1999 H X H H H
2000 H X H H H
2001 H X H H H
2002 H X H H H
2003 H X H H H
2004 H X H H H
2005 H X H H H
Sources: Baffes (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradables (H).
Table 5: Annual distortion estimates, Cote D'Ivoire, 1961 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent)
All
Cassava Cocoa Coffee Cotton Plantain Rice Yam
covered
1961 0 -36 -54 na 0 -20.3 0 -31
1962 0 -28 -53 na 0 -25 0 -22
1963 0 -39 -48 na 0 -24 0 -28
1964 0 -31 -52 na 0 -19 0 -33
1965 0 -28 -55 na 0 -22 0 -30
1966 0 -40 -51 -16 0 -36 0 -35
1967 0 -42 -50 -20 0 -50 0 -32
1968 0 -52 -50 -20 0 -40 0 -37
1969 0 -65 -54 -25 0 -38 0 -43
1970 0 -43 -55 -17 0 -12 0 -37
1971 0 -28 -57 -32 0 22 0 -31
1972 0 -33 -55 -33 0 17 0 -33
1973 0 -49 -48 -54 0 55 0 -28
1974 0 -49 -48 -11 0 -21 0 -33
1975 0 -15 -43 -17 0 34 0 -14
1976 0 -53 -84 -35 0 70 0 -61
1977 0 -69 -66 -17 0 53 0 -48
1978 0 -64 -69 -32 0 6 0 -43
1979 0 -50 -58 -24 0 42 0 -32
1980 0 -55 -65 -52 0 -27 0 -41
1981 0 -49 -66 -43 0 -41 0 -42
1982 0 -44 -73 -49 0 -11 0 -38
1983 0 -52 -75 -52 0 -12 0 -43
1984 0 -59 -71 -38 0 3 0 -37
1985 0 -55 -67 -16 0 15 0 -44
1986 0 -47 -58 -30 0 45 0 -32
1987 0 -43 -54 -41 0 38 0 -29
1988 0 -29 -53 -37 0 -25 0 -22
1989 0 -11 -55 -50 0 -31 0 -16
1990 0 -49 -51 -48 0 -11 0 -26
1991 0 -46 -40 -43 0 -18 0 -20
1992 0 -40 -66 -30 0 -9 0 -19
1993 0 -44 -79 -29 0 22 0 -21
1994 0 -42 -53 -42 0 -11 0 -23
1995 0 -42 -27 -36 0 6 0 -19
1996 0 -45 -42 -27 0 -2 0 -26
1997 0 -40 -44 -24 0 34 0 -23
1998 0 -36 -36 -12 0 -7 0 -23
1999 0 -43 -46 -11 0 5 0 -22
2000 0 -39 -32 -12 0 20 0 -18
2001 0 -39 -39 -3 0 35 0 -23
2002 0 -43 -51 -21 0 19 0 -29
2003 0 -56 -58 -23 0 48 0 -33
2004 0 -60 -62 -10 0 19 0 -35
2005 0 -58 -46 -22 0 1 0 -34
Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Cote D'Ivoire, 1961 to 2005 (b) Nominal
and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-
competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1961 0 -31 -8 -25 -50 19 -35 16 -44
1962 0 -22 -8 -19 -45 9 -29 15 -39
1963 0 -28 -8 -23 -46 14 -32 18 -42
1964 0 -33 -10 -27 -48 13 -35 14 -43
1965 0 -30 -10 -25 -50 10 -35 12 -42
1966 0 -35 -12 -29 -49 3 -37 12 -44
1967 0 -32 -10 -26 -47 -11 -35 13 -43
1968 0 -37 -11 -31 -50 -3 -39 11 -45
1969 0 -43 -13 -35 -57 0 -44 10 -49
1970 0 -37 -14 -32 -51 10 -39 11 -45
1971 0 -31 -14 -27 -48 19 -34 11 -40
1972 0 -33 -12 -28 -49 21 -35 12 -42
1973 0 -28 -14 -25 -48 32 -31 8 -37
1974 0 -33 -14 -29 -48 -3 -35 7 -40
1975 0 -14 -12 -14 -35 27 -18 10 -26
1976 0 -61 -17 -50 -73 21 -57 5 -59
1977 0 -48 2 -36 -64 53 -45 22 -55
1978 0 -43 10 -30 -62 54 -39 35 -55
1979 0 -32 6 -24 -52 58 -33 30 -48
1980 0 -41 -3 -31 -57 24 -40 21 -51
1981 0 -42 -16 -35 -56 -1 -45 6 -48
1982 0 -38 -1 -28 -58 34 -39 23 -50
1983 0 -43 -12 -36 -61 16 -48 11 -53
1984 0 -37 -11 -31 -58 20 -43 11 -49
1985 0 -44 -10 -35 -57 25 -44 13 -50
1986 0 -32 -9 -27 -50 33 -37 17 -46
1987 0 -29 -8 -25 -47 33 -35 19 -45
1988 0 -22 -8 -20 -37 14 -29 19 -40
1989 0 -16 -8 -14 -29 8 -22 18 -34
1990 0 -26 -13 -23 -49 11 -37 11 -43
1991 0 -20 -12 -18 -46 10 -32 12 -39
1992 0 -19 -11 -17 -47 17 -31 11 -38
1993 0 -21 -11 -18 -51 24 -32 13 -40
1994 0 -23 -13 -20 -46 14 -32 9 -37
1995 0 -19 -14 -18 -41 16 -28 7 -33
1996 0 -26 -14 -22 -45 13 -30 7 -34
1997 0 -23 -14 -20 -42 23 -26 8 -31
1998 0 -23 -15 -20 -38 10 -27 7 -32
1999 0 -22 -15 -20 -43 13 -28 8 -33
2000 0 -18 -16 -18 -40 15 -25 5 -29
2001 0 -23 -16 -21 -40 19 -28 5 -31
2002 0 -29 -16 -25 -43 15 -32 4 -34
2003 0 -33 -17 -29 -53 20 -38 4 -40
2004 0 -35 -16 -30 -56 15 -40 4 -42
2005 0 -34 -16 -29 -54 10 -40 4 -42
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Cote D'Ivoire, 1961 to 2005 (c) Value
shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Non-
Cassava Cocoa Coffee Cotton Plantain Rice Yam
covered
1961 4 9 35 na 5 4 17 25
1962 6 13 21 na 6 8 22 25
1963 4 12 32 na 5 6 17 25
1964 3 11 39 na 4 4 13 25
1965 4 9 34 na 5 6 17 25
1966 3 12 38 0 4 6 13 25
1967 4 16 21 1 4 11 16 27
1968 3 14 35 1 3 8 12 24
1969 3 23 26 1 3 6 12 26
1970 2 15 38 1 3 5 12 24
1971 3 16 35 1 3 5 12 24
1972 4 14 37 2 2 5 11 25
1973 4 19 31 2 2 6 11 24
1974 4 26 21 2 2 12 11 23
1975 3 17 25 2 3 8 15 27
1976 2 12 47 1 2 2 7 27
1977 4 28 29 1 3 3 10 23
1978 5 28 21 2 4 4 12 25
1979 5 26 23 1 5 3 16 22
1980 5 29 19 2 3 4 12 26
1981 5 25 26 2 3 4 12 25
1982 4 19 24 2 5 3 16 26
1983 3 23 26 2 5 2 14 25
1984 4 37 7 2 5 3 17 24
1985 3 29 25 2 3 2 11 25
1986 4 31 19 2 5 2 15 21
1987 4 33 17 3 6 2 17 18
1988 5 35 11 3 6 4 19 17
1989 5 29 10 6 7 5 21 17
1990 5 27 10 4 8 4 22 20
1991 6 24 6 3 10 4 24 23
1992 6 20 8 2 9 3 28 24
1993 6 21 8 3 8 3 26 25
1994 5 23 10 4 7 3 22 26
1995 5 28 7 3 6 4 22 26
1996 5 33 6 3 6 6 11 31
1997 4 32 9 3 5 6 11 30
1998 4 33 10 3 4 5 12 28
1999 4 26 8 3 6 5 16 31
2000 5 30 4 4 6 4 15 32
2001 6 44 2 2 6 4 9 26
2002 5 45 3 3 6 3 7 29
2003 7 41 2 4 7 3 8 27
2004 7 40 3 2 7 4 8 27
2005 7 39 3 2 9 5 8 28
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 5 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Cote D'Ivoire, 1961 to 2005 (d) Trade
Statusa by product
Cassava Cocoa Coffee Cotton Plantain Rice Yam
1961 H X X X H M H
1962 H X X X H M H
1963 H X X X H M H
1964 H X X X H M H
1965 H X X X H M H
1966 H X X X H M H
1967 H X X X H M H
1968 H X X X H M H
1969 H X X X H M H
1970 H X X X H M H
1971 H X X X H M H
1972 H X X X H M H
1973 H X X X H M H
1974 H X X X H M H
1975 H X X X H M H
1976 H X X X H M H
1977 H X X X H M H
1978 H X X X H M H
1979 H X X X H M H
1980 H X X X H M H
1981 H X X X H M H
1982 H X X X H M H
1983 H X X X H M H
1984 H X X X H M H
1985 H X X X H M H
1986 H X X X H M H
1987 H X X X H M H
1988 H X X X H M H
1989 H X X X H M H
1990 H X X X H M H
1991 H X X X H M H
1992 H X X X H M H
1993 H X X X H M H
1994 H X X X H M H
1995 H X X X H M H
1996 H X X X H M H
1997 H X X X H M H
1998 H X X X H M H
1999 H X X X H M H
2000 H X X X H M H
2001 H X X X H M H
2002 H X X X H M H
2003 H X X X H M H
2004 H X X X H M H
2005 H X X X H M H
Source: Abbott (2007)
a. Exortable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 6: Annual distortion estimates, Egypt, 1955 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent)
All
Beef Cotton Maize Milk Rice Sugar Wheat covered
1955 -21 -21 -45 -77 -71 -34.3 -49 -39
1956 -17 -21 -39 -75 -68 -30.8 -45 -37
1957 -14 -22 -32 -70 -64 -28.6 -41 -34
1958 -8 -22 -25 -64 -60 -22.9 -37 -29
1959 -7 -22 -19 -55 -58 -17.9 -32 -27
1960 -20 -35 -19 -57 -56 -30.4 -40 -35
1961 -29 -55 -42 -73 -60 -41.6 -45 -51
1962 -39 -46 -37 -63 -67 -35 -53 -48
1963 -31 -56 -38 -55 -64 -79 -50 -52
1964 -44 -58 -40 -37 -65 -79 -54 -54
1965 -46 -67 -47 -63 -62 -71 -46 -59
1966 -53 -66 -34 -44 -56 -51 -40 -55
1967 -44 -55 -13 -42 -51 -11 -23 -43
1968 -49 -61 -32 -55 -60 -21 -30 -52
1969 -57 -71 -33 -48 -58 -19 -32 -59
1970 -59 -64 -26 -40 -32 -50 -11 -51
1971 -59 -63 -31 -45 -39 -57 -32 -54
1972 -53 -56 -8 -56 -33 -56 -24 -48
1973 -59 -70 -19 -55 -62 -63 -35 -58
1974 -10 -71 -28 -19 -77 -71 -48 -55
1975 24 -60 -13 -16 -64 -66 -32 -39
1976 19 -41 -15 -28 -27 -33 -22 -22
1977 47 -53 64 -21 16 -8 5 -7
1978 15 -38 52 -36 3 -4 18 -6
1979 -44 -58 31 -44 -42 -21 -32 -42
1980 -27 -56 10 -34 -35 -60 -32 -36
1981 -18 -47 -40 -48 -37 -62 -46 -41
1982 13 -33 -20 -64 -36 -10 -52 -26
1983 66 -21 81 -45 -11 28 -24 14
1984 98 -36 35 -28 21 59 -3 22
1985 34 -57 11 -44 -8 6 -21 -15
1986 193 -21 178 20 10 52 139 68
1987 205 6 386 97 15 170 207 127
1988 187 7 350 102 103 97 128 132
1989 163 -3 262 112 142 82 193 125
1990 -10 -60 44 -5 -26 -36 31 -15
1991 3 -46 60 4 19 -15 115 8
1992 -27 -45 10 -29 -20 -35 20 -22
1993 -19 -27 26 -25 -15 -21 31 -11
1994 -4 -23 14 -22 -19 -15 41 -5
1995 24 22 11 -28 -24 -28 -1 -2
1996 35 -36 -7 -26 -22 -16 -7 -9
1997 34 5 35 -18 -27 -18 70 10
1998 42 -25 40 -15 -12 10 39 15
1999 37 -38 36 -10 -6 24 47 15
2000 19 -36 43 -13 -31 59 28 5
2001 1 -50 24 -20 -27 33 8 -9
2002 -10 -51 -12 -34 -39 -20 -15 -24
2003 8 -10 -10 -25 -9 -11 -14 -8
2004 -15 -37 16 -20 -17 4 1 -11
2005 -13 -21 46 -5 -20 -22 28 -4
Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Egypt, 1955 to 2005
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1955 0 -39 0 -27 -34 -43 -39 31 -53
1956 0 -37 0 -26 -33 -40 -37 31 -52
1957 0 -34 0 -24 -32 -35 -34 31 -50
1958 0 -29 0 -20 -29 -29 -29 31 -46
1959 0 -27 0 -19 -29 -24 -27 31 -44
1960 0 -35 0 -25 -39 -32 -35 38 -53
1961 0 -51 0 -36 -56 -47 -51 44 -66
1962 0 -48 0 -34 -51 -46 -48 43 -64
1963 0 -52 0 -36 -58 -46 -52 43 -66
1964 0 -54 0 -38 -59 -49 -54 44 -68
1965 0 -59 0 -41 -66 -52 -59 45 -72
1966 0 -55 0 -38 -64 -46 -55 45 -69
1967 0 -43 0 -31 -54 -34 -43 42 -60
1968 0 -52 0 -37 -60 -44 -52 44 -67
1969 0 -59 0 -42 -68 -48 -59 46 -71
1970 0 -51 0 -37 -58 -45 -51 45 -66
1971 0 -54 0 -38 -60 -49 -54 46 -68
1972 0 -48 0 -34 -52 -45 -48 41 -63
1973 0 -58 0 -41 -68 -50 -58 39 -70
1974 0 -55 0 -38 -74 -33 -55 30 -65
1975 0 -39 0 -27 -62 -19 -39 26 -52
1976 0 -22 0 -15 -35 -10 -22 24 -37
1977 0 -7 0 -5 -40 25 -7 24 -25
1978 0 -6 0 -4 -27 9 -6 23 -23
1979 0 -42 0 -28 -54 -32 -42 21 -52
1980 0 -36 0 -25 -51 -26 -36 16 -45
1981 0 -41 0 -28 -45 -39 -41 17 -49
1982 0 -26 0 -17 -34 -22 -26 18 -37
1983 0 14 0 10 -17 29 14 18 -3
1984 0 22 0 15 -22 44 22 18 3
1985 0 -15 0 -10 -45 5 -15 24 -32
1986 0 68 0 44 -9 129 68 21 38
1987 0 127 0 81 10 207 127 20 89
1988 0 132 0 86 33 182 132 19 95
1989 0 125 0 82 37 169 125 20 88
1990 0 -15 0 -10 -49 4 -15 35 -37
1991 0 8 0 5 -27 27 8 22 -12
1992 0 -22 0 -15 -37 -14 -22 23 -37
1993 0 -11 0 -7 -22 -6 -11 23 -28
1994 0 -5 0 -3 -20 1 -5 24 -23
1995 0 -2 0 -1 -10 2 -2 24 -21
1996 0 -9 0 -6 -29 2 -9 25 -27
1997 0 10 0 7 -16 24 10 25 -12
1998 0 15 0 10 -17 27 15 26 -8
1999 0 15 0 10 -17 29 15 26 -9
2000 0 5 0 4 -33 21 5 25 -16
2001 0 -9 0 -6 -39 5 -9 25 -27
2002 0 -24 0 -16 -43 -16 -24 25 -39
2003 0 -8 0 -5 -9 -7 -8 24 -25
2004 0 -11 0 -8 -25 -6 -11 22 -28
2005 0 -4 0 -3 -20 4 -4 22 -21
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Egypt, 1955 to 2005
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Non-
Beef Cotton Maize Milk Rice Sugar Wheat covered
1955 16 22 7 9 8 2 5 30
1956 16 22 7 10 8 2 6 30
1957 14 26 6 9 8 2 6 30
1958 13 28 6 8 7 2 6 30
1959 13 29 5 7 7 2 6 30
1960 13 31 5 7 5 2 7 30
1961 13 28 7 11 4 2 7 29
1962 14 26 7 8 8 2 8 29
1963 12 27 6 6 8 5 7 30
1964 13 27 7 4 8 4 7 30
1965 13 30 7 6 7 3 4 31
1966 16 26 8 4 7 2 5 31
1967 18 23 7 6 11 1 5 29
1968 18 22 6 7 13 1 4 28
1969 17 29 6 5 9 1 3 29
1970 21 26 6 6 6 2 4 28
1971 21 26 7 6 4 3 5 29
1972 21 24 6 8 6 3 4 29
1973 20 24 6 6 7 3 5 30
1974 9 23 7 4 15 5 6 30
1975 9 20 7 5 13 8 7 31
1976 11 18 9 6 13 5 6 31
1977 12 28 7 7 7 4 5 31
1978 16 21 7 9 8 4 5 31
1979 20 23 4 6 7 4 4 32
1980 17 21 8 6 6 6 5 31
1981 14 18 10 7 7 7 6 32
1982 15 13 10 9 10 3 7 33
1983 18 13 8 9 8 3 7 33
1984 17 17 11 8 5 3 6 33
1985 16 20 8 8 7 3 5 34
1986 15 18 5 8 11 4 4 35
1987 19 16 5 6 10 3 5 36
1988 21 16 6 5 6 5 6 35
1989 18 16 8 7 6 5 7 34
1990 17 17 7 6 8 5 8 33
1991 19 17 8 6 7 4 6 33
1992 19 15 7 7 8 4 7 33
1993 21 13 7 7 9 4 7 32
1994 21 7 9 7 13 5 6 32
1995 15 6 8 7 14 6 10 35
1996 13 12 9 7 11 4 10 34
1997 17 8 7 8 16 5 7 32
1998 17 6 8 9 12 4 10 32
1999 17 7 8 9 14 4 9 33
2000 19 5 7 8 14 3 10 33
2001 18 10 8 8 10 3 10 34
2002 18 7 8 8 12 4 10 34
2003 19 4 9 9 12 3 11 33
2004 21 7 8 8 11 3 9 33
2005 19 10 6 7 11 4 10 33
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 6 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Egypt, 1955 to 2005
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Beef Cotton Maize Milk Rice Sugar Wheat
1955 M X M M X M M
1956 M X M M X M M
1957 M X M M X M M
1958 M X M M X M M
1959 M X M M X M M
1960 M X M M X M M
1961 M X M M X M M
1962 M X M M X M M
1963 M X M M X M M
1964 M X M M X M M
1965 M X M M X M M
1966 M X M M X M M
1967 M X M M X M M
1968 M X M M X M M
1969 M X M M X M M
1970 M X M M X M M
1971 M X M M X M M
1972 M X M M X M M
1973 M X M M X M M
1974 M X M M X M M
1975 M X M M X M M
1976 M X M M X M M
1977 M X M M X M M
1978 M X M M X M M
1979 M X M M X M M
1980 M X M M X M M
1981 M X M M X M M
1982 M X M M X M M
1983 M X M M X M M
1984 M X M M X M M
1985 M X M M X M M
1986 M X M M X M M
1987 M X M M X M M
1988 M X M M X M M
1989 M X M M X M M
1990 M X M M X M M
1991 M X M M X M M
1992 M X M M X M M
1993 M X M M X M M
1994 M X M M X M M
1995 M X M M X M M
1996 M X M M X M M
1997 M X M M X M M
1998 M X M M X M M
1999 M X M M X M M
2000 M X M M X M M
2001 M X M M X M M
2002 M X M M X M M
2003 M X M M X M M
2004 M X M M X M M
2005 M X M M X M M
Sources: Cassing, Nassar, Siam and Moussa (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-comepting (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 7: Annual distortion estimates, Ethiopia, 1981 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Hides & All
Chat Coffee skins Maize Oilseed Pulse Teff Wheat covered
1981 -51 -15 -46 -2 -52 -35 -2 -3 -10
1982 -52 -26 -47 -4 -48 -34 -4 -6 -12
1983 -53 -35 -47 -2 -29 -36 -2 -3 -10
1984 -53 -37 -48 -10 -44 -25 -11 -16 -16
1985 -51 -46 -46 -9 -45 -54 -10 -14 -15
1986 -50 -23 -46 -6 -39 -58 -7 -9 -14
1987 -37 -34 -53 -8 -46 -55 -9 -13 -18
1988 -46 -41 -52 -6 -65 -57 -6 -9 -16
1989 -43 -21 -52 -5 -46 -57 -6 -8 -12
1990 -44 -32 -52 -8 -49 -44 -9 -13 -16
1991 -45 -39 -49 -9 -55 -44 -11 -15 -21
1992 -45 -43 -52 -8 -63 -62 -9 -12 -19
1993 -45 -39 -51 -6 -66 -56 -6 -9 -15
1994 -46 -41 -53 -6 -52 -54 -7 -10 -15
1995 -43 -39 -50 -4 -55 -36 -5 -7 -10
1996 -45 -42 -52 -1 -62 -43 -1 -1 -9
1997 -44 -39 -51 -4 -52 -36 -5 -6 -10
1998 -43 -34 -47 -3 -50 -32 -4 -5 -8
1999 -41 -28 -45 -7 -44 -29 -8 -11 -11
2000 -41 -15 -50 -8 -46 -31 -9 -12 -12
2001 -43 -4 -50 -2 -40 -17 -2 -3 -5
2002 -47 2 -49 -7 -32 -14 -8 -11 -10
2003 -26 -10 -47 -10 na na -12 0 -7
2004 -41 -7 -46 -4 na na -5 0 -3
2005 na -3 na -6 na na -7 0 -3
Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ethiopia, 1981 to 2005
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1981 0 -10 -23 -15 -31 na -31 30 -47
1982 0 -12 -27 -18 -35 na -35 40 -53
1983 0 -10 -27 -16 -36 na -36 41 -54
1984 0 -16 -28 -21 -34 na -34 51 -56
1985 0 -15 -36 -24 -48 na -48 45 -64
1986 0 -14 -30 -20 -39 na -39 43 -57
1987 0 -18 -33 -24 -44 na -44 56 -64
1988 0 -16 -37 -25 -52 na -52 62 -71
1989 0 -12 -31 -20 -41 na -41 51 -61
1990 0 -16 -32 -23 -42 na -42 41 -59
1991 0 -21 -35 -26 -46 na -46 49 -63
1992 0 -19 -39 -27 -56 na -56 55 -71
1993 0 -15 -36 -24 -51 na -51 45 -66
1994 0 -15 -34 -22 -46 na -46 34 -59
1995 0 -10 -31 -19 -42 na -42 37 -57
1996 0 -9 -32 -19 -47 na -47 27 -58
1997 0 -10 -30 -18 -40 na -40 16 -49
1998 0 -8 -28 -16 -37 na -37 12 -44
1999 0 -11 -27 -17 -34 na -34 11 -40
2000 0 -12 -23 -16 -28 na -28 12 -36
2001 0 -5 -15 -9 -20 na -20 10 -27
2002 0 -10 -16 -12 -17 na -17 11 -26
2003 0 -7 -14 -10 -17 na -17 10 -25
2004 0 -3 -16 -8 -20 na -20 9 -27
2005 0 -3 -3 -3 -3 na -3 14 -15
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ethiopia, 1981 to 2005
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Hides & Non-
Chat Coffee skins Maize Oilseed Pulse Teff Wheat covered
1981 0 7 1 17 3 4 4 24 40
1982 0 5 0 19 3 5 4 24 39
1983 0 3 0 20 1 8 2 24 40
1984 0 3 0 24 3 5 5 22 38
1985 0 3 0 33 2 3 3 17 40
1986 0 5 0 21 2 4 3 26 39
1987 0 6 0 20 3 4 3 25 39
1988 0 5 0 24 4 3 3 20 41
1989 0 4 0 24 2 4 3 24 40
1990 0 3 0 32 3 6 3 13 39
1991 0 3 0 17 4 8 4 26 38
1992 0 4 0 26 3 4 4 18 40
1993 0 5 0 21 3 3 5 23 41
1994 0 7 0 25 2 2 4 20 40
1995 0 4 0 26 2 3 4 20 41
1996 0 5 0 24 2 3 4 19 41
1997 0 4 0 27 1 3 2 22 40
1998 0 3 0 25 1 2 3 24 41
1999 1 2 0 32 1 1 3 20 40
2000 1 3 0 32 1 3 4 17 39
2001 1 3 0 18 1 4 3 29 40
2002 1 2 0 21 1 2 4 30 39
2003 0 2 0 32 na na 3 23 39
2004 1 2 0 29 na na 4 24 41
2005 na 2 na 33 na na 0 26 39
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 7 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ethiopia, 1981 to 2005
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Hides &
Chat Coffee skins Maize Oilseed Pulse Teff Wheat
1981 X X X H X X H H
1982 X X X H X X H H
1983 X X X H X X H H
1984 X X X H X X H H
1985 X X X H X X H H
1986 X X X H X X H H
1987 X X X H X X H H
1988 X X X H X X H H
1989 X X X H X X H H
1990 X X X H X X H H
1991 X X X H X X H H
1992 X X X H X X H H
1993 X X X H X X H H
1994 X X X H X X H H
1995 X X X H X X H H
1996 X X X H X X H H
1997 X X X H X X H H
1998 X X X H X X H H
1999 X X X H X X H H
2000 X X X H X X H H
2001 X X X H X X H H
2002 X X X H X X H H
2003 X X X H X X H H
2004 X X X H X X H H
2005 X X X H X X H H
Sources: Rashid, Assefa and Ayele (2007)
a. Expoprtable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 8: Annual distortion estimates, Ghana, 1955 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent)
Groundnu All
Cassava Cocoa t Maize Plantain Rice Yam covered
1955 0 -6 0 -19 0 -8.1 0 -3
1956 0 -5 0 -2 0 -2.9 0 -2
1957 0 -6 0 -34 0 -3.1 0 -3
1958 0 -32 0 3 0 -8.9 0 -15
1959 0 -23 0 -18 0 -8.8 0 -12
1960 0 -15 0 -18 0 -16.5 0 -8
1961 0 -1 0 27 0 -25.2 0 0
1962 0 -25 0 -11 0 -54 0 -14
1963 0 -37 0 -15 0 -12 0 -21
1964 0 -39 0 -2 0 -32 0 -24
1965 0 -44 0 -6 0 -29 0 -22
1966 0 -59 0 8 0 -25 0 -25
1967 0 -56 0 -38 0 -43 0 -30
1968 0 -63 0 -8 0 -55 0 -32
1969 0 -64 0 38 0 -33 0 -32
1970 0 -55 0 -6 0 -19 0 -28
1971 0 -22 0 41 0 35 0 -6
1972 0 -49 0 38 0 5 0 -19
1973 0 -62 0 -16 0 -38 0 -31
1974 0 -60 0 -23 0 -58 0 -31
1975 0 -58 0 -14 0 -30 0 -27
1976 0 -84 0 2 0 0 0 -43
1977 0 -92 0 47 0 -22 0 -47
1978 0 -84 0 81 0 -7 0 -35
1979 0 -87 0 -10 0 -48 0 -53
1980 0 -75 0 161 0 5 0 -23
1981 0 -93 0 11 0 -56 0 -46
1982 0 -92 0 -42 0 -50 0 -59
1983 na na na na na na na na
1984 0 -72 0 95 0 207 0 -1
1985 0 -76 0 18 0 53 0 -18
1986 0 -73 0 46 0 21 0 -19
1987 0 -57 0 172 0 87 0 -1
1988 0 -43 0 79 0 94 0 -1
1989 0 -34 0 14 0 143 0 -3
1990 0 -38 0 60 0 40 0 -4
1991 0 -26 0 66 0 23 0 1
1992 0 -25 0 54 0 25 0 -1
1993 0 -40 0 17 0 24 0 -3
1994 0 -52 0 -4 0 -4 0 -9
1995 0 -34 0 19 0 1 0 -5
1996 0 -38 -2 0 0 1 0 -8
1997 0 -36 21 0 0 18 0 -4
1998 0 -28 43 0 0 10 0 -3
1999 0 -18 10 0 0 24 0 -3
2000 0 -38 -52 39 0 8 0 -7
2001 0 -25 7 67 0 47 0 1
2002 0 -8 -5 22 0 30 0 1
2003 0 -23 -12 17 0 33 0 -5
2004 0 -13 -12 50 0 37 0 -1
Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ghana, 1955 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1955 0 -3 3 -1 -7 7 -3 4 -7
1956 0 -2 3 -1 -6 13 -2 2 -4
1957 0 -3 3 -2 -7 4 -4 3 -7
1958 0 -15 3 -10 -31 14 -21 5 -25
1959 0 -12 3 -8 -23 10 -16 4 -20
1960 0 -8 3 -5 -16 10 -11 4 -14
1961 0 0 3 1 -3 19 2 4 -2
1962 0 -14 3 -9 -26 13 -18 1 -19
1963 0 -21 4 -14 -36 16 -27 -1 -26
1964 0 -24 4 -16 -38 19 -29 0 -28
1965 0 -22 4 -15 -43 18 -30 -6 -25
1966 0 -25 4 -17 -56 18 -35 0 -35
1967 0 -30 4 -22 -53 -5 -42 0 -42
1968 0 -32 4 -23 -60 1 -44 3 -46
1969 0 -32 4 -22 -61 23 -42 2 -44
1970 0 -28 4 -19 -52 12 -35 -4 -32
1971 0 -6 3 -3 -22 28 -7 5 -11
1972 0 -19 3 -12 -46 27 -24 6 -28
1973 0 -31 3 -20 -57 1 -38 6 -41
1974 0 -31 3 -21 -56 -10 -40 1 -41
1975 0 -27 4 -18 -54 7 -37 0 -37
1976 0 -43 4 -27 -77 26 -52 -3 -51
1977 0 -47 3 -30 -85 37 -58 -10 -54
1978 0 -35 4 -22 -76 40 -49 -10 -43
1979 0 -53 3 -30 -79 26 -55 -6 -52
1980 0 -23 4 -14 -68 69 -32 -3 -29
1981 0 -46 3 -32 -87 15 -61 1 -61
1982 0 -59 3 -38 -85 10 -65 4 -67
1983 na na na na na na na na na
1984 0 -1 4 -1 -65 84 -2 -2 0
1985 0 -18 4 -14 -72 31 -41 -5 -38
1986 0 -19 4 -15 -69 41 -40 -1 -39
1987 0 -1 3 0 -52 90 0 3 -3
1988 0 -1 3 0 -41 67 0 5 -5
1989 0 -3 3 -2 -33 39 -5 4 -9
1990 0 -4 3 -2 -35 39 -7 3 -11
1991 0 1 3 2 -25 37 7 4 2
1992 0 -1 3 0 -24 32 1 4 -3
1993 0 -3 3 -2 -36 20 -7 3 -10
1994 0 -9 3 -6 -46 5 -21 4 -24
1995 0 -5 3 -4 -32 16 -12 4 -15
1996 0 -8 3 -5 -24 13 -14 3 -17
1997 0 -4 3 -2 -15 20 -7 3 -10
1998 0 -3 3 -2 -13 18 -6 4 -9
1999 0 -3 3 -2 -13 21 -5 3 -8
2000 0 -7 3 -5 -39 24 -15 7 -20
2001 0 1 3 2 -17 41 6 8 -2
2002 0 1 3 1 -8 22 3 4 -1
2003 0 -5 3 -4 -21 21 -9 3 -12
2004 0 -1 3 -1 -14 33 -2 3 -5
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ghana, 1955 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Groundnu Non-
Cassava Cocoa t Maize Plantain Rice Yam covered
1955 6 28 2 3 6 1 27 27
1956 6 29 2 3 5 1 26 27
1957 7 27 2 3 6 1 28 27
1958 5 33 2 2 5 1 25 27
1959 5 36 2 2 5 1 23 27
1960 5 36 1 2 5 1 23 27
1961 6 32 2 2 5 1 25 27
1962 5 37 1 3 4 1 22 27
1963 5 40 1 2 4 1 18 27
1964 5 44 1 2 3 1 16 27
1965 9 36 1 3 4 1 19 27
1966 10 31 1 6 4 1 18 27
1967 8 35 1 4 4 3 20 26
1968 6 34 2 4 4 3 20 26
1969 7 37 2 3 4 2 19 26
1970 7 35 3 6 4 1 14 30
1971 10 28 4 4 6 1 18 30
1972 10 31 3 5 4 2 13 32
1973 8 30 4 7 5 3 12 32
1974 7 30 5 7 4 4 14 30
1975 10 31 4 4 6 3 13 30
1976 10 34 3 4 6 2 8 33
1977 12 35 2 2 6 2 7 33
1978 11 29 3 1 8 2 11 35
1979 6 35 3 3 4 1 7 40
1980 12 26 6 3 5 1 12 35
1981 14 34 4 5 3 3 7 29
1982 9 40 4 5 3 1 6 33
1983 na na na na na na na na
1984 15 12 10 6 13 1 26 17
1985 14 22 8 5 14 1 20 16
1986 19 26 8 5 7 1 17 17
1987 28 14 7 4 10 1 16 19
1988 14 21 9 7 10 3 18 17
1989 16 17 8 5 9 2 23 21
1990 21 17 4 4 10 2 18 25
1991 23 9 2 4 7 2 30 23
1992 23 12 3 4 7 2 26 24
1993 22 9 4 5 9 2 29 21
1994 20 13 4 6 10 3 21 23
1995 19 15 3 5 13 3 21 21
1996 18 16 3 6 10 4 21 23
1997 18 11 3 9 12 2 21 24
1998 21 12 3 5 10 2 26 22
1999 18 17 3 4 9 2 25 23
2000 20 14 4 4 12 2 21 22
2001 31 9 4 3 12 2 21 18
2002 24 10 7 5 9 2 25 18
2003 18 20 6 4 9 2 21 21
2004 18 22 5 4 9 2 20 21
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 8 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Ghana, 1955 to 2004
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Groundnu
Cassava Cocoa t Maize Plantain Rice Yam
1955 H X H M H M H
1956 H X H M H M H
1957 H X H M H M H
1958 H X H M H M H
1959 H X H M H M H
1960 H X H M H M H
1961 H X H M H M H
1962 H X H M H M H
1963 H X H M H M H
1964 H X H M H M H
1965 H X H M H M H
1966 H X H M H M H
1967 H X H M H M H
1968 H X H M H M H
1969 H X H M H M H
1970 H X H M H M H
1971 H X H M H M H
1972 H X H M H M H
1973 H X H M H M H
1974 H X H M H M H
1975 H X H M H M H
1976 H X H M H M H
1977 H X H M H M H
1978 H X H M H M H
1979 H X H M H M H
1980 H X H M H M H
1981 H X H M H M H
1982 H X H M H M H
1983 na na na na na na na
1984 H X H M H M H
1985 H X H M H M H
1986 H X H M H M H
1987 H X H M H M H
1988 H X H M H M H
1989 H X H M H M H
1990 H X H M H M H
1991 H X H M H M H
1992 H X H M H M H
1993 H X H M H M H
1994 H X H M H M H
1995 H X H M H M H
1996 H X X X H M H
1997 H X X X H M H
1998 H X X X H M H
1999 H X X X H M H
2000 H X X M H M H
2001 H X X M H M H
2002 H X X M H M H
2003 H X X M H M H
2004 H X X M H M H
Sources: Brooks, Croppenstedt and Aggrey-Fynn (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 9: Annual distortion estimates, Kenya, 1956 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent)
Fruits and Fruit and
veg, non- veg, All
Coffee tradable tradable Maize Sugar Tea Wheat covered
1956 -13 0 na 54 na na 3 18
1957 -17 0 na 64 na 2 5 24
1958 -4 0 na 72 na 2 22 33
1959 -10 0 na 48 na 6 19 20
1960 -6 0 na 63 na 6 13 26
1961 1 0 -1 -16 na 16 -2 -7
1962 -12 0 -1 76 na 19 -5 18
1963 20 0 -2 62 na 8 -7 29
1964 -6 0 -1 36 -29 8 27 13
1965 -10 0 -3 -40 93 4 26 -22
1966 -22 0 -12 -32 32 -2 -10 -21
1967 -5 0 -12 53 26 -5 12 16
1968 -11 0 -9 56 68 -17 22 15
1969 -15 0 -15 28 -5 -13 1 1
1970 -24 0 -19 -31 -24 -15 -8 -23
1971 -18 0 -15 -56 -36 -11 -6 -36
1972 -20 0 -22 0 -52 -22 -20 -15
1973 -21 0 -21 -8 -62 -18 -52 -21
1974 -14 0 -11 -26 -66 -11 -49 -26
1975 1 0 -5 3 -69 -5 4 -9
1976 -1 0 -7 7 -54 -3 -2 -2
1977 -9 0 -2 -61 -4 6 8 -30
1978 -7 0 -6 -59 9 3 -5 -29
1979 -5 0 -8 24 -6 -6 -44 -3
1980 -13 0 -12 -60 -65 -12 -31 -38
1981 -21 0 -12 -42 -70 -7 -22 -33
1982 -17 0 -16 -67 -49 -19 -23 -45
1983 -9 0 -10 -24 -24 -24 -13 -19
1984 -17 0 -10 -39 -31 10 -15 -14
1985 -11 0 -3 -10 81 3 -3 -3
1986 -21 0 -4 23 29 6 32 1
1987 -16 0 -12 18 18 -14 56 -1
1988 -24 0 -7 -24 2 -35 20 -22
1989 -2 0 -3 -14 -25 -25 -12 -15
1990 -5 0 -1 0 -41 -13 12 -10
1991 -12 0 -6 -32 -33 -22 16 -22
1992 -32 0 -19 -82 -57 -63 -48 -67
1993 -41 0 -26 -51 -24 -34 -59 -41
1994 -20 0 0 -8 20 -15 26 -9
1995 -6 0 0 -16 36 -25 34 -11
1996 -1 0 -3 -11 4 -20 15 -9
1997 1 0 -3 9 10 -20 57 -1
1998 -15 0 -6 -20 30 -6 36 -9
1999 -3 0 0 12 73 -3 42 8
2000 -8 0 0 -1 8 -3 48 -1
2001 5 0 0 24 -1 7 48 12
2002 -23 0 0 -10 62 -4 53 -1
2003 -2 0 0 -6 55 -1 51 3
2004 11 0 0 -5 58 2 31 5
Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Kenya, 1956 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1956 0 18 0 23 21 3 36 18 15
1957 0 24 0 26 27 5 41 18 19
1958 0 33 0 32 35 22 51 21 25
1959 0 20 0 25 20 19 38 23 12
1960 0 26 0 29 26 30 45 21 20
1961 0 -7 0 4 5 -16 6 16 -9
1962 0 18 0 22 21 -5 35 26 7
1963 0 29 0 34 31 31 57 24 27
1964 0 13 0 26 2 -29 45 22 18
1965 0 -22 0 -4 -1 -37 -5 28 -26
1966 0 -21 0 -6 -15 -30 -9 31 -30
1967 0 16 0 22 17 26 36 29 5
1968 0 15 0 23 15 68 37 28 8
1969 0 1 0 13 1 -5 19 30 -8
1970 0 -23 0 -10 -19 -24 -4 32 -27
1971 0 -36 0 -23 -14 -54 -29 28 -44
1972 0 -15 0 -3 -13 -36 -5 21 -21
1973 0 -21 0 -10 -15 -57 -12 22 -28
1974 0 -26 0 -13 -19 -58 -17 19 -30
1975 0 -9 0 4 1 -51 6 19 -11
1976 0 -2 0 10 2 -54 13 20 -6
1977 0 -30 0 -21 -5 2 8 20 -10
1978 0 -29 0 -15 -4 3 18 21 -2
1979 0 -3 0 13 -6 -26 14 20 -5
1980 0 -38 0 -23 -12 -57 -8 31 -30
1981 0 -33 0 -19 -16 -60 -14 32 -35
1982 0 -45 0 -30 -18 -39 1 39 -27
1983 0 -19 0 -16 -16 -19 -17 32 -37
1984 0 -14 0 -5 -3 -27 5 32 -21
1985 0 -3 0 11 -3 33 25 28 -2
1986 0 1 0 13 -10 30 14 30 -13
1987 0 -1 0 21 -15 30 31 30 1
1988 0 -22 0 -9 -27 8 -5 29 -26
1989 0 -15 0 17 -14 -21 36 25 9
1990 0 -10 0 2 -10 -29 4 21 -15
1991 0 -22 0 -8 -18 -20 2 15 -12
1992 0 -67 -2 7 -53 -78 8 17 -8
1993 0 -41 -3 -31 -36 -49 -35 21 -46
1994 0 -9 0 1 -15 -2 1 15 -13
1995 0 -11 0 -2 -16 -4 -2 16 -16
1996 0 -9 0 -1 -12 -6 -1 13 -13
1997 0 -1 0 4 -12 13 5 13 -7
1998 0 -9 -1 -3 -8 -10 -3 14 -16
1999 0 8 0 13 -3 22 17 12 4
2000 0 -1 0 5 -4 4 7 13 -5
2001 0 12 0 16 6 22 21 11 9
2002 0 -1 0 7 -6 7 9 11 -2
2003 0 3 0 9 -1 7 12 9 3
2004 0 5 0 10 3 7 13 9 4
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Kenya, 1956 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products (percent)
Fruits and Fruit and Non-
Coffee veg, NTr veg, Tr Maize Sugar Tea Wheat covered
1956 28 na na 28 na na 10 35
1957 18 na na 27 na 9 9 36
1958 18 na na 28 na 11 6 38
1959 20 na na 27 na 12 7 35
1960 18 na na 26 na 14 6 36
1961 16 3 0 38 na 7 5 30
1962 29 4 0 18 na 10 4 35
1963 20 4 1 22 na 11 5 37
1964 21 3 1 24 3 10 4 34
1965 16 3 1 42 1 8 4 26
1966 22 3 1 33 1 10 4 26
1967 21 3 1 22 2 12 5 34
1968 18 4 1 21 2 13 6 34
1969 21 3 1 20 3 14 7 31
1970 25 3 1 25 4 14 5 24
1971 18 2 1 41 4 10 4 19
1972 24 3 1 25 4 16 4 23
1973 26 2 1 25 7 13 5 20
1974 22 2 1 30 8 12 7 17
1975 17 4 1 32 11 11 4 20
1976 30 2 1 28 6 10 4 20
1977 30 1 1 39 2 12 1 15
1978 25 1 1 39 3 14 2 15
1979 29 2 2 16 6 19 7 20
1980 23 1 1 32 12 13 4 14
1981 24 2 2 25 15 14 4 14
1982 17 2 1 46 6 13 3 12
1983 20 2 2 28 6 21 4 17
1984 26 1 1 20 6 26 2 18
1985 21 2 1 26 3 24 4 20
1986 31 2 1 20 3 20 2 21
1987 23 3 2 22 5 23 2 20
1988 26 3 2 27 5 18 2 17
1989 19 2 2 25 8 24 3 18
1990 14 3 2 21 11 27 3 19
1991 12 2 2 28 9 27 3 17
1992 8 2 2 50 5 23 3 7
1993 13 3 2 35 4 30 3 10
1994 15 3 2 32 4 22 3 19
1995 17 3 2 27 5 23 3 19
1996 14 3 2 26 6 26 4 19
1997 15 3 2 25 5 26 3 21
1998 11 3 2 28 4 29 2 20
1999 10 4 2 26 4 29 2 22
2000 10 5 3 25 6 29 2 21
2001 5 6 3 25 6 30 3 23
2002 7 4 3 25 5 31 3 21
2003 4 7 4 27 4 28 4 21
2004 5 5 4 27 4 28 5 22
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 9 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Kenya, 1956 to 2004
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Fruits and Fruit and
Coffee veg, NTr veg, Tr Maize Sugar Tea Wheat
1956 X na na X na na M
1957 X na na X na X M
1958 X na na X na X M
1959 X na na X na X M
1960 X na na X na X X
1961 X H M M M X X
1962 X H M X M X M
1963 X H X X M X X
1964 X H X H M X X
1965 X H X M M X X
1966 X H X M M X X
1967 X H X X M X X
1968 X H X X M X X
1969 X H X X M X X
1970 X H X H M X X
1971 X H X M M X X
1972 X H X X M X M
1973 X H X X M X M
1974 X H X X M X M
1975 X H X X M X M
1976 X H X X M X X
1977 X H X H M X M
1978 X H X H M X M
1979 X H X H M X M
1980 X H X H M X M
1981 X H X H M X M
1982 X H X H M X M
1983 X H X H M X M
1984 X H X H M X M
1985 X H X H M X M
1986 X H X H M X M
1987 X H X H M X M
1988 X H X H M X M
1989 X H X H M X M
1990 X H X H M X M
1991 X H X H M X M
1992 X H X M M X M
1993 X H X M M X M
1994 X H X M M X M
1995 X H X M M X M
1996 X H X M M X M
1997 X H X M M X M
1998 X H X M M X M
1999 X H X M M X M
2000 X H X M M X M
2001 X H X M M X M
2002 X H X M M X M
2003 X H X M M X M
2004 X H X M M X M
Sources: Winter-Nelson and Argwings-Kodhek (2007)
Table 10: Annual distortion estimates, Madagascar, 1961 to 2003
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
All
Cassava Clove Cocoa Coffee Maize Pepper Rice Sugar Vanilla Yam covered
1961 0 na na na na na -27 -2 -62 0 -24
1962 0 na na na na na -15 3 -61 0 -13
1963 0 na na na na na -21 1 -66 0 -19
1964 0 na na na na na -25 0 -53 0 -21
1965 0 na na na na na -25 0 -55 0 -21
1966 0 -57 -12 -29 -41 -62 -24 -2 -42 0 -24
1967 0 -54 -20 -20 -25 -48 -5 -2 -57 0 -17
1968 0 -59 -37 -21 0 -41 -40 -2 -52 0 -32
1969 0 -8 -57 -37 -44 16 -21 -2 -57 0 -23
1970 0 8 -29 -15 0 -9 5 -1 -43 0 -2
1971 0 18 -7 -14 13 -19 3 -2 -35 0 -2
1972 0 26 -14 -8 0 6 -1 -1 -34 0 -3
1973 0 -69 -42 -11 0 6 -51 1 -37 0 -38
1974 0 -74 -61 -28 0 -5 -64 -2 -46 0 -55
1975 0 -74 -46 -22 0 -24 -32 -4 -46 0 -28
1976 0 -84 -78 -75 0 -47 -31 -4 -68 0 -47
1977 0 -82 -78 -74 63 -35 13 0 -47 0 -35
1978 0 -85 -85 -76 25 -57 -43 -3 -75 0 -52
1979 0 -78 -69 -68 0 -34 -7 -1 -49 0 -27
1980 0 -85 -58 -60 0 -19 -21 -1 -57 0 -35
1981 0 -91 -58 -58 0 -38 -51 0 -67 0 -52
1982 0 -95 -75 -83 0 -57 -55 -3 -87 0 -63
1983 0 -96 -78 -85 0 -54 -54 -1 -86 0 -58
1984 0 -93 -73 -81 -21 -65 -30 0 -85 0 -49
1985 0 -79 -63 -68 0 -73 16 2 -83 0 -22
1986 0 -80 -58 -59 0 -77 -3 0 -81 0 -20
1987 0 -89 -79 -64 16 -88 -23 -1 -91 0 -39
1988 0 -91 -66 -58 -26 -83 -1 -1 -87 0 -30
1989 0 -86 -36 -44 -23 -78 -2 -1 -85 0 -20
1990 0 -86 -37 -21 40 -71 -3 -1 -84 0 -10
1991 0 -82 -7 -31 53 -27 -6 -1 -89 0 -13
1992 0 -68 -50 -61 14 -16 0 -1 -73 0 -8
1993 0 -45 -52 -69 38 -22 -1 1 -73 0 -8
1994 0 -32 17 38 -2 -15 1 2 -71 0 2
1995 0 -56 0 -31 -30 -50 -4 -1 -69 0 -10
1996 0 -61 -21 -16 0 -49 -2 2 -49 0 -4
1997 0 -74 -35 -20 -41 -78 -3 -1 9 0 -6
1998 0 31 -34 7 0 -70 1 0 -5 0 1
1999 0 24 -24 -4 0 -63 3 -3 -29 0 0
2000 0 -3 -24 -27 40 20 9 -2 -9 0 3
2001 0 -55 1 -18 30 6 9 -1 6 0 -2
2002 0 2 -23 -46 18 -56 6 0 -35 0 -4
2003 0 na -28 -59 na na 6 0 na na 1
Table 10 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Madagascar, 1961 to 2003 (b) Nominal
and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-
competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1961 0 -24 0 -8 -23 21 -22 12 -30
1962 0 -13 0 -5 -13 18 -13 10 -21
1963 0 -19 0 -7 -18 22 -17 12 -26
1964 0 -21 0 -8 -20 20 -19 11 -27
1965 0 -21 0 -8 -8 -24 -20 12 -29
1966 0 -24 -2 -12 -26 22 -26 12 -34
1967 0 -17 -1 -8 -18 20 -18 11 -26
1968 0 -32 -1 -17 -35 20 -35 11 -41
1969 0 -23 -1 -10 -25 26 -24 16 -34
1970 0 -2 0 -1 -3 18 -2 10 -11
1971 0 -2 0 -1 -10 4 -2 9 -10
1972 0 -3 0 -1 -6 0 -3 8 -10
1973 0 -38 -1 -24 -21 -50 -42 8 -46
1974 0 -55 -1 -40 -45 -63 -58 9 -61
1975 0 -28 -1 -19 -30 -32 -31 11 -38
1976 0 -47 -2 -33 -72 -31 -52 17 -59
1977 0 -35 -1 -26 -68 13 -38 7 -42
1978 0 -52 -1 -38 -71 -43 -56 18 -63
1979 0 -27 -1 -19 -59 -6 -31 14 -39
1980 0 -35 -1 -27 -61 -21 -39 14 -46
1981 0 -52 -1 -40 -65 -50 -56 19 -63
1982 0 -63 -2 -47 -81 -54 -68 26 -74
1983 0 -58 -1 -43 -80 -53 -66 25 -72
1984 0 -49 -1 -37 -78 -28 -59 16 -65
1985 0 -22 0 -15 -66 17 -30 13 -38
1986 0 -20 -2 -15 -62 -3 -27 11 -34
1987 0 -39 -2 -27 -67 -22 -46 17 -54
1988 0 -30 -2 -20 -64 26 -63 15 -68
1989 0 -20 -2 -14 -51 -2 -23 8 -29
1990 0 -10 -1 -7 -36 -3 -16 10 -23
1991 0 -13 -1 -9 -38 -6 -20 8 -26
1992 0 -8 -1 -6 -53 1 -13 12 -22
1993 0 -8 -1 -6 -40 23 -38 14 -46
1994 0 2 0 1 5 2 3 13 -9
1995 0 -10 -1 -7 -36 -3 -15 9 -22
1996 0 -4 -1 -3 -19 24 -18 14 -28
1997 0 -6 -2 -5 -31 -2 -10 10 -18
1998 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 9 -7
1999 0 0 0 0 -5 2 0 9 -8
2000 0 3 0 2 -10 9 4 14 -8
2001 0 -2 0 -1 -27 9 -2 14 -15
2002 0 -4 0 -3 -26 6 -5 12 -16
2003 0 1 -1 0 -42 6 0 14 -13
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 10 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Madagascar, 1961 to 2003 (c) Value
shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Non-
Cassava Clove Cocoa Coffee Maize Pepper Rice Sugar Vanilla Yam covered
1961 3 na na na na na 28 2 1 2 63
1962 4 na na na na na 28 2 1 2 63
1963 3 na na na na na 28 2 2 2 63
1964 3 na na na na na 30 2 1 2 62
1965 4 na na na na na 28 2 2 2 62
1966 3 0 0 9 2 1 26 2 2 1 54
1967 3 6 0 8 2 1 22 2 2 1 54
1968 3 0 0 7 1 0 34 2 1 1 50
1969 3 1 0 7 2 0 24 2 2 1 57
1970 3 3 0 9 1 0 21 2 1 1 58
1971 3 1 0 7 1 1 23 2 2 4 56
1972 3 1 0 8 1 1 24 2 2 5 52
1973 3 3 0 7 1 1 40 2 2 3 38
1974 3 8 0 6 1 0 49 2 1 2 27
1975 4 3 0 9 1 1 41 2 2 3 33
1976 3 9 0 18 1 1 31 1 1 4 32
1977 4 10 0 27 1 1 24 2 1 4 27
1978 3 9 0 17 1 1 36 2 2 3 27
1979 4 3 0 20 1 1 34 3 1 5 28
1980 4 10 0 14 1 0 38 3 2 4 24
1981 3 10 0 11 1 0 43 2 3 3 23
1982 3 10 0 16 1 0 35 2 5 2 26
1983 6 5 0 17 1 0 34 2 6 2 26
1984 11 12 0 15 1 0 23 2 6 2 26
1985 14 4 0 13 1 1 21 3 7 4 32
1986 16 2 0 14 1 1 28 3 3 3 29
1987 9 2 0 13 1 1 26 2 10 2 33
1988 10 4 0 12 1 1 24 3 8 2 35
1989 10 2 0 8 4 1 33 2 7 2 32
1990 19 2 0 5 2 0 27 2 4 7 30
1991 21 3 0 5 3 0 24 2 5 4 33
1992 19 1 0 4 2 0 34 2 4 5 30
1993 15 1 0 4 2 0 39 2 4 6 27
1994 20 1 1 8 2 0 31 2 3 5 27
1995 22 1 1 9 3 0 28 2 3 4 28
1996 22 1 1 6 2 0 31 3 1 6 28
1997 18 1 1 5 3 0 31 3 1 6 31
1998 28 1 1 4 1 0 30 3 1 7 25
1999 15 3 0 4 1 0 33 3 3 6 30
2000 17 4 0 2 1 0 31 3 4 3 33
2001 18 7 0 2 1 0 29 3 5 3 32
2002 16 4 1 2 1 0 28 2 10 3 32
2003 13 na 1 3 na na 39 4 na na 41
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 10 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Madagascar, 1961 to 2003 (d) Trade
statusa for covered products
Cassava Clove Cocoa Coffee Maize Pepper Rice Sugar Vanilla Yam
1961 H X na X na na X X X H
1962 H X na X na na X X X H
1963 H X na X na na X X X H
1964 H X na X na na X X X H
1965 H X na X na na M X X H
1966 H X X X X X X X X H
1967 H X X X X X X X X H
1968 H X X X H X X X X H
1969 H X X X X X X X X H
1970 H X X X H X X X X H
1971 H X X X X X M X X H
1972 H X X X H X M X X H
1973 H X X X H X M X X H
1974 H X X X H X M X X H
1975 H X X X H X M X X H
1976 H X X X H X M X X H
1977 H X X X X X M X X H
1978 H X X X X X M X X H
1979 H X X X H X M X X H
1980 H X X X H X M X X H
1981 H X X X H X M X X H
1982 H X X X H X M X X H
1983 H X X X H X M X X H
1984 H X X X X X M X X H
1985 H X X X H X M X X H
1986 H X X X H X M M X H
1987 H X X X X X M X X H
1988 H X X X X X H X X H
1989 H X X X X X M X X H
1990 H X X X X X M X X H
1991 H X X X X X M X X H
1992 H X X X M X M X X H
1993 H X X X X X H X X H
1994 H X X X X X M X X H
1995 H X X X X X M M X H
1996 H X X X H X H X X H
1997 H X X X X X M M X H
1998 H X X X H X M M X H
1999 H X X X H X M M X H
2000 H X X X M X M M X H
2001 H X X X M X M M X H
2002 H X X X M X M M X H
2003 H na X X na na M M na na
Source: Maret (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradeable (H).
Table 11: Annual distortion estimates, Mali, 1970 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 0 -47 0 0 0 -2
1971 0 -54 0 0 0 -5
1972 0 -57 0 0 0 -5
1973 0 -78 0 0 0 -11
1974 0 -47 0 0 0 -4
1975 0 -59 0 0 0 -8
1976 0 -73 0 0 0 -17
1977 0 -47 0 0 0 -5
1978 0 -58 0 0 0 -6
1979 0 -43 0 0 0 -5
1980 0 -55 0 0 0 -6
1981 0 -48 0 0 0 -4
1982 0 -61 0 0 0 -7
1983 0 -67 0 0 0 -10
1984 0 -59 0 0 0 -6
1985 0 -6 0 0 0 0
1986 0 -14 0 0 0 -1
1987 0 -25 0 0 0 -3
1988 0 -20 0 0 0 -2
1989 0 -49 0 0 0 -9
1990 0 -33 0 0 0 -6
1991 0 -15 0 0 0 -1
1992 0 21 0 0 0 2
1993 0 -21 0 0 0 -2
1994 0 -64 0 0 0 -17
1995 0 -45 0 0 0 -11
1996 0 -42 0 0 0 -8
1997 0 -40 0 0 0 -11
1998 0 -10 0 0 0 -1
1999 0 -22 0 0 0 -3
2000 0 -32 0 0 0 -5
2001 0 15 0 0 0 2
2002 0 -9 0 0 0 -1
2003 0 -11 0 0 0 -2
2004 0 43 0 0 0 6
2005 0 11 0 0 0 1
Table 11 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Mali, 1970 to 2005
(b) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 1 1 9 13 1 75
1971 1 2 8 12 1 76
1972 1 2 7 13 1 76
1973 1 4 8 15 2 70
1974 0 2 9 17 1 70
1975 0 4 9 17 1 69
1976 0 6 8 12 1 73
1977 0 2 6 12 1 79
1978 0 3 8 14 1 74
1979 0 3 7 13 1 76
1980 0 3 8 13 1 75
1981 0 2 9 14 1 73
1982 0 3 11 15 1 71
1983 0 5 10 15 1 69
1984 0 3 10 16 1 70
1985 0 2 15 21 1 61
1986 0 3 10 16 2 69
1987 0 3 11 15 2 69
1988 0 4 13 16 2 66
1989 0 5 10 15 1 69
1990 0 6 10 17 1 66
1991 0 3 10 15 0 72
1992 0 2 9 14 1 74
1993 0 2 8 10 0 79
1994 0 6 9 9 0 75
1995 0 7 8 13 1 71
1996 0 5 8 11 0 75
1997 0 7 8 11 0 73
1998 0 4 12 14 0 69
1999 0 4 10 11 1 74
2000 0 3 6 8 1 82
2001 0 3 9 11 1 76
2002 0 3 10 13 0 73
2003 0 5 11 12 0 71
2004 0 4 10 13 1 71
2005 0 3 12 13 0 71
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 11 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Mali, 1970 to 2005
(c) Trade statusa of covered products
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam
1970 H X H H H
1971 H X H H H
1972 H X H H H
1973 H X H H H
1974 H X H H H
1975 H X H H H
1976 H X H H H
1977 H X H H H
1978 H X H H H
1979 H X H H H
1980 H X H H H
1981 H X H H H
1982 H X H H H
1983 H X H H H
1984 H X H H H
1985 H X H H H
1986 H X H H H
1987 H X H H H
1988 H X H H H
1989 H X H H H
1990 H X H H H
1991 H X H H H
1992 H X H H H
1993 H X H H H
1994 H X H H H
1995 H X H H H
1996 H X H H H
1997 H X H H H
1998 H X H H H
1999 H X H H H
2000 H X H H H
2001 H X H H H
2002 H X H H H
2003 H X H H H
2004 H X H H H
2005 H X H H H
Sources: Baffes (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradables (H).
Table 12: Annual distortion estimates, Mozambique, 1976 to 2003
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Maize
(Centre
Cassav Ground Maize and
Bean Cashew a Cotton nut (South) Nroth) Millet
1976 na -79 0 -79 -79 -86 -86 0
1977 na -92 0 -85 -82 -83 -74 0
1978 na -86 0 -43 -53 -50 -88 0
1979 na -85 0 -50 -58 -35 25 0
1980 na -90 0 -48 -74 -52 -62 0
1981 na -90 0 -53 -49 -46 -48 0
1982 na -82 0 -52 -51 -29 -56 0
1983 na -89 0 -69 -71 -53 -57 0
1984 na -99 0 -97 -95 -94 -57 0
1985 na -98 0 -97 -95 -91 -57 0
1986 na -99 0 -96 -96 -94 -57 0
1987 na -98 0 -80 -77 -64 -72 0
1988 na -79 0 -53 -63 -42 -59 0
1989 na -76 0 0 5 -40 -63 0
1990 na -75 0 0 5 8 0 0
1991 na -65 0 0 5 8 0 0
1992 na -58 0 0 5 8 0 0
1993 26 -79 0 -3 5 8 0 0
1994 26 -88 0 -3 5 8 0 0
1995 26 -33 0 -3 5 8 0 0
1996 42 -15 0 -3 8 8 0 0
1997 42 -9 0 -2 8 8 0 0
1998 58 -7 0 -2 20 8 0 0
1999 52 -4 0 -2 52 na 0 0
2000 52 -1 0 -2 46 20 0 0
2001 52 -12 0 -2 46 20 0 0
2002 52 -5 0 -2 46 20 0 0
2003 46 -4 0 -2 46 20 0 0
Continued over
Table 12 (a) (cont)
Sorghu Tobacc All
Potato Rice m Sugar o Yam covered
1976 0 -85 0 -80 -78 0 -64
1977 0 -82 0 -79 -80 0 -64
1978 0 -56 0 -44 -53 0 -44
1979 0 -45 0 -36 -46 0 -21
1980 0 -46 0 -58 -27 0 -45
1981 0 -46 0 -58 -45 0 -33
1982 0 -26 0 -58 -51 0 -25
1983 0 -48 0 -61 -71 0 -31
1984 0 -94 0 -93 -95 0 -75
1985 0 -91 0 -94 -96 0 -74
1986 0 -93 0 -96 -70 0 -79
1987 0 -67 0 -49 -54 0 -50
1988 0 -64 0 -43 -35 0 -30
1989 0 -63 0 -47 -18 0 -25
1990 0 -51 0 -38 -52 0 -8
1991 0 -43 0 36 -56 0 -3
1992 0 -59 0 31 6 0 -3
1993 0 -49 0 31 -44 0 -2
1994 0 -46 0 34 -12 0 -4
1995 0 -40 0 6 -33 0 2
1996 0 13 0 40 -62 0 4
1997 0 na 0 152 0 0 5
1998 0 na 0 146 0 0 6
1999 0 26 0 108 0 0 8
2000 0 26 0 94 0 0 7
2001 0 26 0 97 0 0 6
2002 0 na 0 114 0 0 8
2003 0 na 0 102 na 0 8
Table 12 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Mozambique, 1976 to 2003 (b)
Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
All
Covered products Non- products Non-ag
covered (incl Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1976 0 -64 0 -48 -81 -81 -81 28 -85
1977 0 -64 0 -46 -83 -82 -83 28 -86
1978 0 -44 0 -30 -75 -53 -71 28 -77
1979 0 -21 0 -14 -41 -54 -46 28 -58
1980 0 -45 0 -26 -64 -68 -66 28 -73
1981 0 -33 0 -19 -62 -48 -58 28 -67
1982 0 -25 0 -16 -61 -43 -55 28 -64
1983 0 -31 0 -20 -67 -64 -65 28 -73
1984 0 -75 0 -45 -89 -94 -93 28 -95
1985 0 -74 0 -49 -86 -94 -91 28 -93
1986 0 -79 0 -52 -88 -95 -92 28 -94
1987 0 -50 0 -28 -81 -73 -77 28 -82
1988 0 -30 0 -16 -64 -61 -62 28 -71
1989 0 -25 0 -14 -63 -38 -53 28 -63
1990 0 -8 0 -5 -21 -27 -24 28 -41
1991 0 -3 0 -2 -23 -5 -15 28 -34
1992 0 -3 0 -2 -27 -8 -19 28 -37
1993 0 -2 0 -1 -21 7 -7 28 -27
1994 0 -4 0 -3 -36 6 -12 28 -31
1995 0 2 0 2 -6 9 4 28 -18
1996 0 4 0 3 -6 24 12 26 -10
1997 0 5 0 4 -2 29 16 28 -9
1998 0 6 0 5 -1 40 22 30 -6
1999 0 8 0 6 -1 45 26 30 -3
2000 0 7 0 5 0 47 24 24 0
2001 0 6 0 4 -2 53 27 20 5
2002 0 8 0 6 0 67 25 24 0
2003 0 8 0 6 -1 55 28 23 4
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 12 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Mozambique, 1976 to 2003 (c) Value
shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Maize
(Centre
Ground Maize and
Bean Cashew Cassava Cotton nut (South) Nroth) Millet
1976 na 6 14 3 9 2 13 0
1977 na 11 14 5 11 2 7 0
1978 na 3 23 1 6 1 21 0
1979 na 4 34 2 9 1 2 0
1980 na 5 16 3 11 1 8 0
1981 na 5 22 3 7 1 5 0
1982 na 3 31 1 7 1 8 0
1983 na 3 29 1 10 1 7 0
1984 na 6 10 1 20 3 3 0
1985 na 8 10 3 21 4 5 0
1986 na 12 8 4 19 5 5 0
1987 na 6 16 1 13 1 10 0
1988 na 4 25 1 8 1 8 0
1989 na 4 25 1 3 1 10 0
1990 na 2 34 1 3 1 6 0
1991 na 2 56 1 3 1 5 0
1992 na 3 58 1 3 0 2 0
1993 5 2 51 1 3 1 6 0
1994 6 4 48 1 3 1 4 0
1995 11 1 40 1 5 2 8 0
1996 7 2 51 2 4 2 6 0
1997 7 1 55 2 4 2 6 0
1998 6 1 52 2 5 2 7 1
1999 4 2 44 0 4 na 6 1
2000 4 2 46 1 3 1 5 0
2001 3 1 46 1 3 1 4 1
2002 3 1 44 1 2 1 10 0
2003 5 1 45 1 2 2 8 0
Continued over
Table 12(c) (cont)
Sorghu Tobacc Non-
Potato Rice m Sugar o Yam covered
1976 0 4 1 21 1 0 26
1977 0 4 1 14 1 0 29
1978 1 2 1 9 1 0 31
1979 1 3 1 10 1 0 32
1980 1 2 1 9 1 0 41
1981 1 2 2 9 1 0 41
1982 2 2 2 6 1 1 36
1983 1 3 2 4 1 1 37
1984 1 9 1 4 2 0 40
1985 1 9 1 2 2 0 33
1986 0 10 1 2 1 0 33
1987 1 4 2 1 1 0 44
1988 1 4 2 1 0 1 44
1989 1 5 3 2 0 1 44
1990 1 5 3 2 1 1 40
1991 4 2 1 1 1 1 23
1992 4 1 1 0 0 1 24
1993 3 2 1 1 1 1 23
1994 3 3 1 1 0 1 23
1995 2 3 1 1 0 0 22
1996 3 3 2 1 0 1 17
1997 2 na 2 0 0 1 17
1998 2 na 4 0 1 0 16
1999 2 5 4 1 1 0 27
2000 2 1 2 1 1 0 29
2001 2 1 4 1 1 0 30
2002 2 na 3 3 2 0 28
2003 2 na 3 3 na 0 27
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 12 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Mozambique, 1976 to 2003 (d) Trade
statusa for covered products
Ground Maize Maize Maize
Bean Cashew Cassava Cotton nut (South) (Centre) (North) Millet
1976 na X H X M M X X H
1977 na X H X M M X X H
1978 na X H X M M X X H
1979 na X H X M M X X H
1980 na X H X M M X X H
1981 na X H X M M X X H
1982 na X H X M M X X H
1983 na X H X M M X X H
1984 na X H X M M X X H
1985 na X H X M M X X H
1986 na X H X M M X X H
1987 na X H X M M X X H
1988 na X H X M M X X H
1989 na X H X M M X X H
1990 na X H X M M X X H
1991 na X H X M M X X H
1992 na X H X M M X X H
1993 M X H X M M X X H
1994 M X H X M M X X H
1995 M X H X M M X X H
1996 M X H X M M X X H
1997 M X H X M M X X H
1998 M X H X M M X X H
1999 M X H X M M X X H
2000 M X H X M M X X H
2001 M X H X M M X X H
2002 M X H X M M X X H
2003 M X H X M M X X H
Continued over
Table 12(d) (cont)
Sorghu Tobacc
Potato Rice m Sugar o Yam
1976 H M H X X H
1977 H M H X X H
1978 H M H X X H
1979 H M H X X H
1980 H M H X X H
1981 H M H X X H
1982 H M H X X H
1983 H M H M X H
1984 H M H M X H
1985 H M H M X H
1986 H M H M X H
1987 H M H M X H
1988 H M H M X H
1989 H M H M X H
1990 H M H M X H
1991 H M H M X H
1992 H M H M X H
1993 H M H M X H
1994 H M H M X H
1995 H M H M X H
1996 H M H M X H
1997 H M H M X H
1998 H M H M X H
1999 H M H M X H
2000 H M H M X H
2001 H M H M X H
2002 H M H M X H
2003 H M H M X H
Sources: Alfieri, Arndt and Cirera (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 13: Annual distortion estimates, Nigeria, 1961 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent)
All
Cassa Cotto Groun Palmo Sorgh covere
va Cocoa n dnut Maize Millet il Rice um Yam d
1961 0 -31 -76 -15 279 0 -18 70 238 0 23
1962 0 -30 -77 -17 310 0 -13 68 248 0 28
1963 0 -42 -77 -29 214 0 -35 51 176 0 16
1964 0 -38 -74 -23 234 0 -34 70 202 0 18
1965 0 -54 -74 -34 144 0 -43 49 201 0 15
1966 0 -36 -66 -29 249 0 -34 60 278 0 20
1967 0 -63 -73 -45 98 0 -42 -12 197 0 7
1968 0 -62 -53 -55 160 0 -10 4 215 0 13
1969 1 -65 -70 -65 182 0 -26 4 157 0 7
1970 0 -69 -78 -68 109 0 -57 33 165 0 -2
1971 1 -58 -78 -69 208 0 -51 103 194 0 10
1972 1 -39 -74 -59 287 1 -25 87 305 1 12
1973 1 -34 -73 -63 108 1 -47 -4 177 1 10
1974 1 -44 -77 -35 66 1 -42 -33 129 0 5
1975 1 -37 -56 -10 122 1 -8 8 149 1 11
1976 1 -39 -69 -10 256 1 20 103 203 1 16
1977 1 -64 -82 86 153 1 -58 7 171 1 -5
1978 1 -62 -75 -40 178 1 -27 -4 261 1 2
1979 3 -58 -77 30 122 2 -13 30 134 2 3
1980 4 2 -71 -51 199 3 1 27 113 3 9
1981 3 29 -66 -48 276 3 1 35 245 2 11
1982 4 -11 -68 42 341 4 -4 98 239 3 17
1983 4 -64 -91 -74 53 3 -62 15 31 2 -5
1984 1 -67 -68 -20 82 0 -63 71 129 0 7
1985 2 -72 -50 -5 127 2 -43 109 165 1 13
1986 1 -76 -78 -16 363 1 -19 29 95 1 20
1987 0 -33 -75 55 264 0 -27 129 348 0 27
1988 0 -26 -94 42 88 0 80 55 131 0 9
1989 1 44 -81 -47 59 1 -50 11 77 0 4
1990 1 18 -81 -56 92 1 -49 57 122 1 4
1991 0 15 -69 226 107 0 95 31 127 0 13
1992 0 -35 -91 -57 84 0 97 0 103 0 -2
1993 0 -40 -94 -78 37 0 -10 -18 54 0 -7
1994 -5 20 -78 -48 48 -5 405 -15 118 -5 13
1995 -5 46 -79 -63 56 -5 191 -17 73 -5 3
1996 -5 10 -85 -45 9 -5 27 -24 26 -5 -5
1997 -5 22 -81 -35 83 -5 7 3 104 -5 1
1998 -5 -31 -84 -37 226 -5 3 -3 112 -5 0
1999 -5 -34 -85 -37 271 -5 -22 21 132 -5 1
2000 -5 -37 -82 -53 189 -5 -24 14 164 -5 -3
2001 -3 -16 -81 -55 66 -4 -17 30 76 -4 -4
2002 -4 -14 -84 -59 58 -4 -13 12 63 -4 -6
2003 -5 -31 -85 -61 43 -5 -9 5 51 -5 -8
2004 -4 16 -79 -60 36 -4 0 -12 49 -4 -6
Table 13 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Nigeria, 1961 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1961 0 23 20 23 -31 240 60 1 58
1962 0 28 21 26 -29 244 71 1 69
1963 0 16 14 16 -40 180 40 2 38
1964 0 17 17 18 -37 202 46 1 44
1965 0 15 13 15 -44 177 34 1 32
1966 0 20 19 20 -36 253 61 1 59
1967 0 6 5 7 -54 139 15 1 14
1968 0 12 9 12 -50 166 31 2 29
1969 0 6 1 5 -62 150 11 1 11
1970 0 -2 -7 -3 -70 144 -7 -1 -5
1971 0 10 0 8 -65 197 21 -2 23
1972 1 11 12 14 -51 263 40 -1 42
1973 1 9 3 9 -56 98 24 -1 26
1974 1 5 4 6 -44 60 16 -3 19
1975 1 10 11 13 -34 97 39 -2 42
1976 1 15 15 18 -38 171 60 -2 64
1977 1 -5 -8 -5 -65 57 -13 -5 -9
1978 1 1 -9 -2 -68 58 -6 -3 -3
1979 3 0 1 7 -52 55 16 -3 19
1980 4 6 7 15 -30 39 39 -4 45
1981 3 8 16 18 -13 77 78 -2 81
1982 4 13 23 26 -18 160 125 -2 130
1983 3 -8 -27 -12 -80 -2 -30 -3 -28
1984 1 6 -13 -1 -74 63 -3 -4 1
1985 2 11 -14 3 -77 96 4 -4 8
1986 1 19 -19 5 -80 124 11 -2 14
1987 0 27 9 20 -54 184 73 -1 74
1988 0 9 5 9 -31 39 25 -3 29
1989 1 4 3 4 -25 20 11 -2 13
1990 1 3 -4 2 -55 36 5 -1 6
1991 0 13 15 14 -11 91 57 -2 61
1992 0 -2 -5 -2 -39 -1 -7 -5 -3
1993 0 -7 -11 -8 -48 -16 -21 -12 -10
1994 0 12 16 14 33 88 70 -10 90
1995 0 3 2 3 -35 46 25 -10 38
1996 0 -5 -8 -6 -49 9 -9 -13 5
1997 0 0 -1 1 -43 43 15 -12 30
1998 0 0 6 2 4 30 23 -10 36
1999 0 0 4 2 27 17 21 -1 22
2000 0 -3 -10 -5 43 -28 -6 -1 -5
2001 2 -5 -10 -3 -53 10 -2 -1 -1
2002 1 -7 -7 -5 -14 -11 -7 0 -7
2003 0 -9 -11 -9 -31 -14 -16 0 -16
2004 1 -6 -8 -5 -36 -2 -6 0 -6
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 13 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Nigeria, 1961 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Non-
Cassa Cotto Groun Palmo Sorgh covere
va Cocoa n dnut Maize Millet il Rice um Yam d
1961 18 4 4 7 2 10 5 1 7 15 27
1962 19 3 3 8 2 10 4 1 8 15 27
1963 17 4 3 8 3 9 4 1 7 17 28
1964 17 6 3 7 2 8 4 1 7 18 27
1965 15 3 3 11 3 10 6 1 8 12 28
1966 23 4 2 7 2 7 4 1 5 18 27
1967 16 6 3 7 2 10 4 2 7 14 29
1968 15 5 1 8 2 10 3 2 6 15 32
1969 7 7 3 8 3 9 3 1 7 15 36
1970 11 8 4 6 3 8 3 1 6 18 32
1971 14 5 1 6 2 8 2 1 5 22 33
1972 16 5 2 7 1 10 2 1 4 20 31
1973 10 4 2 4 2 14 2 2 6 19 34
1974 7 3 1 6 1 10 3 2 7 27 33
1975 14 5 2 2 3 9 3 2 5 25 32
1976 20 4 3 2 2 8 2 1 4 20 35
1977 18 6 5 1 1 5 4 1 3 18 37
1978 21 4 2 3 1 4 3 1 2 19 41
1979 22 6 2 1 1 5 5 2 4 23 29
1980 23 3 2 4 1 5 5 3 5 22 28
1981 37 1 1 2 1 4 2 2 2 20 28
1982 34 2 1 1 1 6 2 2 3 22 28
1983 19 2 1 3 1 4 2 2 4 11 48
1984 24 2 0 2 1 7 2 2 4 14 42
1985 23 2 0 1 2 6 2 1 3 11 48
1986 26 2 1 2 3 7 2 2 4 9 43
1987 28 2 1 1 2 7 2 2 2 10 42
1988 27 3 6 2 5 6 1 3 4 14 29
1989 20 2 2 3 4 5 2 4 3 12 43
1990 21 1 3 4 4 6 1 2 2 16 40
1991 31 1 3 1 4 5 1 3 3 21 28
1992 26 2 7 3 3 4 1 3 3 19 29
1993 23 2 4 5 4 4 3 3 4 18 30
1994 28 2 1 3 5 5 2 2 3 22 28
1995 23 1 1 3 3 5 2 2 3 24 33
1996 23 1 2 3 4 4 2 2 4 19 37
1997 26 1 1 3 2 5 2 2 3 20 34
1998 27 2 2 3 1 5 2 2 3 20 33
1999 26 1 2 3 1 5 2 2 2 21 34
2000 22 2 2 4 1 4 3 2 2 20 37
2001 26 2 2 4 2 5 4 1 3 23 28
2002 26 2 3 4 2 5 4 2 3 22 26
2003 26 3 3 4 2 5 4 2 4 21 25
2004 28 2 2 4 2 5 4 4 4 20 25
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 13 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Nigeria, 1961 to 2004:
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Cassa Cotto Groun Palmo Sorgh
va Cocoa n dnut Maize Millet il Rice um Yam
1961 H X X X M H X M M H
1962 H X X X M H X M M H
1963 H X X X M H X M M H
1964 H X X X M H X M M H
1965 H X X X M H X M M H
1966 H X X X M H X M M H
1967 H X X X M H X M M H
1968 H X X X M H X M M H
1969 H X X X M H X M M H
1970 H X X X M H X M M H
1971 H X X X M H X M M H
1972 H X X X M H X M M H
1973 H X X X M H M M M H
1974 H X X X M H M M M H
1975 H X X M M H X M M H
1976 H X X M M H X M M H
1977 H X X X M H M M M H
1978 H X X M M H M M M H
1979 H X X X M H M M M H
1980 H X X M M H M M M H
1981 H X X M M H M M M H
1982 H X X X M H M M M H
1983 H X X M M H M M M H
1984 H X X M M H M M M H
1985 H X X M M H M M M H
1986 H X X M M H M M M H
1987 H X X M M H M M M H
1988 H X M M M H M M M H
1989 H X X M M H M M M H
1990 H X X M M H M M M H
1991 H X X X M H M M M H
1992 H X M M M H M M M H
1993 H X M M M H M M M H
1994 H X X M M H M M X H
1995 H X X M M H M M M H
1996 H X X M M H M M M H
1997 H X X M M H M M M H
1998 H X X M X H M M M H
1999 H X X M X H M M M H
2000 H X X M X H M M X H
2001 H X X M M H M M M H
2002 H X M M M H M M M H
2003 H X M M M H M M M H
2004 H X X M M H M M M H
Source: Walkenhorst (2007)
a. Exportables (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 14: Annual distortion estimates, South Africa, 1961 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Apple, Grape, Orange,
nontradab Apple, nontradab Grape, Maize, Maize, nontradab Orange,
le tradable le tradable Yellow White le tradable
1961 0 -5 0 -24 17 2 0 -3
1962 0 -5 0 -30 4 -11 0 -3
1963 0 -15 0 -10 -3 -18 0 2
1964 0 0 0 -19 1 -15 0 -26
1965 0 -6 0 -27 5 -11 0 -24
1966 0 2 0 -30 12 -3 0 -6
1967 0 -26 0 -26 14 -2 0 -13
1968 0 5 0 -12 33 12 0 -12
1969 0 5 0 -9 31 9 0 -34
1970 0 -3 0 -6 12 -6 0 -43
1971 0 -14 0 -21 19 -5 0 -36
1972 0 40 0 19 25 -5 0 -54
1973 0 -1 0 17 -14 -36 0 -47
1974 0 -12 0 6 -20 -48 0 -22
1975 0 -20 0 21 -10 -43 0 -27
1976 0 -34 0 6 -14 -39 0 -14
1977 0 25 0 -10 20 -9 -1 -52
1978 -1 0 -1 17 30 1 -2 -15
1979 -2 -24 -2 -32 43 12 -2 -34
1980 -2 -15 -2 -22 74 37 -2 15
1981 -2 -49 -2 -42 62 27 -3 -33
1982 -3 6 -3 -41 87 47 -3 -28
1983 -3 -13 -3 -38 -13 21 -4 -7
1984 -4 -16 -4 -23 -14 -31 -6 -24
1985 -6 24 -6 5 16 -42 -6 -38
1986 -6 25 -6 61 98 66 -6 -7
1987 -6 39 -6 39 218 143 -6 -17
1988 -6 -17 -6 21 69 -23 -6 -40
1989 -6 -5 -6 -7 30 34 -7 11
1990 -7 11 -7 -6 56 59 -5 -2
1991 -5 5 -5 -4 78 81 0 -8
1992 0 -7 0 56 4 -3 0 4
1993 0 -2 0 -11 86 -11 0 -15
1994 0 38 0 -8 56 38 0 -1
1995 0 -3 0 4 93 -15 0 -4
1996 0 8 0 1 22 0 0 23
1997 0 -5 0 12 -14 83 0 5
1998 0 -1 0 14 -27 -26 0 -17
1999 0 -36 0 14 -10 -18 0 8
2000 0 2 0 -6 39 20 0 29
2001 0 -10 0 49 54 -27 0 -16
2002 0 6 0 2 -2 8 0 26
2003 0 2 0 -2 -20 -30 0 8
2004 0 2 0 -2 -19 -32 0 10
2005 0 2 0 -1 66 13 0 21
Continued over
Table 14(a) (cont)
Poultry Sheepmeat Sugar Sunflower Wheat All covered
1961 -13 -6 33 9 2 0
1962 -13 37 33 23 -1 12
1963 -13 18 33 24 -7 4
1964 -13 29 33 20 -2 -2
1965 -13 12 22 12 6 1
1966 -13 14 36 11 10 8
1967 -13 12 61 23 9 11
1968 -13 11 64 20 15 16
1969 -13 18 34 23 19 12
1970 -31 13 27 13 16 1
1971 -15 65 -15 8 21 4
1972 -16 80 -29 14 87 6
1973 -10 33 -6 6 7 -5
1974 -7 9 -53 -10 -3 -22
1975 -21 66 -41 0 24 -10
1976 -34 65 -12 8 38 -3
1977 -29 42 24 9 89 10
1978 -22 15 13 14 71 14
1979 -12 6 33 6 85 8
1980 20 47 -25 29 8 15
1981 23 36 8 23 8 31
1982 6 7 65 20 118 45
1983 31 42 142 27 121 46
1984 12 10 58 1 81 19
1985 -21 -5 63 -3 42 -4
1986 -13 35 54 16 92 21
1987 9 75 51 19 154 42
1988 18 54 22 2 69 15
1989 -7 4 5 2 -27 4
1990 -3 10 -3 8 6 10
1991 -4 30 25 18 18 10
1992 5 40 109 13 16 2
1993 20 40 123 1 16 2
1994 14 45 141 -5 12 22
1995 15 32 55 -5 7 13
1996 20 12 13 -7 -5 11
1997 21 25 40 -8 -5 17
1998 4 23 30 -15 -8 -6
1999 5 25 42 1 11 -1
2000 -2 51 49 -1 20 7
2001 -15 0 28 -15 4 -8
2002 -10 -23 1 -7 -1 -6
2003 20 -7 78 0 10 6
2004 20 -3 53 4 15 3
2005 22 6 57 1 -1 19
Table 14 (cont): Annual distortion estimates, South Africa, 1961 to 2005
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
All
Covered products Non- products Non-ag
covered (incl Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1961 0 0 0 2 10 -9 3 3 0
1962 0 12 0 10 2 19 13 5 8
1963 0 4 -4 4 -2 4 4 4 1
1964 0 -2 -2 1 0 -4 1 3 -2
1965 0 1 -3 3 -4 3 3 3 0
1966 0 8 1 8 6 8 10 3 7
1967 0 11 -1 9 6 11 12 3 8
1968 0 16 2 15 21 11 19 4 15
1969 0 12 1 12 13 9 15 3 12
1970 0 1 -3 3 -1 1 4 2 2
1971 0 4 0 5 -7 13 6 3 3
1972 0 6 2 8 4 9 10 2 8
1973 0 -5 -6 -3 -12 -1 -3 3 -6
1974 0 -22 -8 -17 -35 5 -20 3 -22
1975 0 -10 -4 -6 -26 22 -7 1 -9
1976 0 -3 -2 -1 -13 9 -1 1 -2
1977 0 10 3 10 12 9 13 4 9
1978 0 14 -2 10 16 7 14 4 9
1979 0 8 -2 6 24 -9 8 2 5
1980 0 15 6 13 22 11 17 4 13
1981 0 31 3 23 21 36 30 5 24
1982 0 45 7 33 56 32 45 6 37
1983 0 46 6 33 53 39 46 8 35
1984 0 19 -2 13 21 14 19 6 12
1985 0 -4 -7 -3 23 -16 -3 3 -6
1986 0 21 0 15 58 2 21 4 17
1987 0 42 3 30 90 11 43 6 36
1988 0 15 -3 12 12 15 17 7 9
1989 0 4 -5 5 19 -6 8 8 0
1990 0 10 -3 10 24 2 14 7 7
1991 0 10 2 10 36 -2 14 8 5
1992 0 2 3 5 33 -3 7 7 0
1993 0 2 3 7 24 -6 10 7 3
1994 0 22 6 21 48 10 29 6 21
1995 0 13 4 13 34 7 18 6 11
1996 0 11 1 9 10 10 12 4 8
1997 0 17 1 14 38 8 18 4 13
1998 0 -6 -5 -5 -3 -8 -6 3 -9
1999 0 -1 -2 -2 1 -3 -2 3 -5
2000 0 7 2 5 26 -3 7 2 5
2001 0 -8 -5 -7 3 -15 -8 1 -9
2002 0 -6 0 -4 6 -12 -5 2 -6
2003 0 6 -2 4 -3 8 5 4 1
2004 0 3 -1 2 -6 7 3 4 -1
2005 0 19 1 13 29 12 17 5 12
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 14 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, South Africa, 1961 to 2005 (c) Value
shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Apple, Grape, Orange,
nontradab Apple, nontradab Grape, Maize, Maize, nontradab Orange,
le tradable le tradable Yellow White le tradable
1961 0 1 0 2 6 11 1 3
1962 0 2 0 2 6 15 1 3
1963 0 2 0 1 6 15 1 2
1964 0 2 0 1 4 10 1 3
1965 1 2 0 2 6 9 1 3
1966 0 2 0 2 5 12 1 2
1967 0 2 0 1 9 16 1 2
1968 0 3 0 2 6 8 1 2
1969 1 2 0 1 5 9 1 3
1970 0 2 0 1 6 10 1 3
1971 0 2 0 1 7 11 1 2
1972 0 2 0 1 7 12 1 3
1973 0 1 0 1 5 6 1 2
1974 0 1 0 1 11 18 1 1
1975 0 1 0 0 9 16 1 2
1976 0 1 0 0 8 12 1 2
1977 0 1 0 1 8 12 1 2
1978 0 2 0 1 9 10 1 2
1979 1 1 0 1 7 7 1 2
1980 1 1 0 1 9 7 1 2
1981 1 1 0 1 9 9 1 2
1982 1 1 0 1 5 6 1 2
1983 1 2 0 1 6 5 1 2
1984 1 1 0 1 9 5 1 1
1985 1 1 0 0 8 13 1 2
1986 1 1 0 1 6 5 1 2
1987 1 1 0 1 3 4 1 2
1988 1 1 0 1 4 10 1 2
1989 0 1 0 1 6 7 1 1
1990 1 2 0 1 4 4 1 1
1991 1 2 0 1 4 3 1 2
1992 1 2 0 1 4 2 1 2
1993 1 1 0 2 5 8 1 2
1994 1 1 0 2 7 6 1 2
1995 1 1 0 2 3 5 1 2
1996 1 1 0 2 6 9 1 2
1997 1 2 0 2 9 5 1 2
1998 1 1 0 3 5 9 1 2
1999 1 1 0 3 5 9 1 3
2000 1 1 0 3 4 7 1 2
2001 1 1 0 3 3 10 1 2
2002 1 1 0 2 8 12 1 2
2003 1 1 0 3 6 12 1 3
2004 1 1 0 3 6 11 1 3
2005 1 1 0 2 3 5 1 3
Continued over
Table 14(c) (cont)
Poultry Sheepmeat Sugar Sunflower Wheat Non- covered
1961 3 8 8 1 7 31
1962 4 6 9 1 5 33
1963 4 7 8 1 7 33
1964 4 7 7 1 8 31
1965 5 9 4 1 5 32
1966 5 8 6 1 4 32
1967 4 7 5 1 6 33
1968 6 9 5 1 8 34
1969 7 8 6 1 7 33
1970 6 9 5 1 7 32
1971 7 5 8 1 7 32
1972 9 4 9 1 4 31
1973 11 6 8 2 8 31
1974 7 5 12 1 5 27
1975 10 4 13 1 5 29
1976 13 4 10 1 6 30
1977 13 4 7 2 4 32
1978 12 5 7 2 3 34
1979 11 6 6 1 5 33
1980 10 5 10 1 6 32
1981 9 5 7 1 8 36
1982 12 7 5 1 5 37
1983 13 7 4 1 4 38
1984 13 7 5 1 5 35
1985 14 7 4 1 4 31
1986 17 5 4 1 4 35
1987 15 4 4 1 4 38
1988 14 4 5 1 5 34
1989 14 5 5 1 7 33
1990 16 5 6 2 5 33
1991 18 4 5 2 6 32
1992 18 4 3 1 4 30
1993 15 3 2 1 5 30
1994 18 2 3 1 5 34
1995 20 3 4 2 6 35
1996 17 3 6 2 8 32
1997 19 3 6 2 6 32
1998 18 2 6 2 4 32
1999 17 3 4 4 4 31
2000 20 2 5 1 6 32
2001 20 3 5 2 6 31
2002 18 4 5 3 6 25
2003 18 4 3 2 3 33
2004 17 4 3 2 3 33
2005 20 4 4 2 4 35
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 14 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, South Africa, 1961 to 2005 (d) Trade
statusa for covered products
Apple, Grape, Orange,
nontradab Apple, nontradab Grape, Maize, Maize, nontradab Orange,
le tradable le tradable Yellow White le tradable
1961 H X H X X X H X
1962 H X H X X X H X
1963 H X H X X X H X
1964 H X H X X X H X
1965 H X H X X X H X
1966 H X H X X X H X
1967 H X H X X X H X
1968 H X H X X X H X
1969 H X H X X M H X
1970 H X H X X X H X
1971 H X H X X X H X
1972 H X H X X X H X
1973 H X H X X X H X
1974 H X H X X X H X
1975 H X H X X X H X
1976 H X H X X X H X
1977 H X H X X X H X
1978 H X H X X X H X
1979 H X H X X X H X
1980 H X H X X X H X
1981 H X H X X X H X
1982 H X H X X X H X
1983 H X H X M X H X
1984 H X H X M X H X
1985 H X H X X M H X
1986 H X H X X M H X
1987 H X H X X X H X
1988 H X H X X X H X
1989 H X H X X X H X
1990 H X H X X X H X
1991 H X H X X X H X
1992 H X H X M X H X
1993 H X H X X X H X
1994 H X H X X X H X
1995 H X H X X M H X
1996 H X H X X X H X
1997 H X H X M X H X
1998 H X H X M X H X
1999 H X H X M X H X
2000 H X H X X X H X
2001 H X H X X X H X
2002 H X H X M X H X
2003 H X H X M X H X
2004 H X H X M X H X
2005 H X H X X X H X
Continued over
Table 14(d) (cont)
Poultry Sheepmeat Sugar Sunflower Wheat
1961 M M X X M
1962 M M X X M
1963 M M X X M
1964 M M X X M
1965 M M X X M
1966 M M X M M
1967 M M X X M
1968 M M X M M
1969 M M X M M
1970 M M X X M
1971 M M X X M
1972 M M X X X
1973 M M X X X
1974 M M X X X
1975 M M X X X
1976 M M X X X
1977 M M X X X
1978 M M X X X
1979 M M X X X
1980 M M X X M
1981 M M X X M
1982 M M X X X
1983 M M X M X
1984 M M X M X
1985 M M X M X
1986 M M X M X
1987 M M X M X
1988 M M X M X
1989 M M X M M
1990 M M X M M
1991 M M X X M
1992 M M X M M
1993 M M X M M
1994 M M X M M
1995 M M X M M
1996 M M X M M
1997 M M X M M
1998 M M X M M
1999 M M X M M
2000 M M X M M
2001 M M X M M
2002 M M X X M
2003 M M X M M
2004 M M X M M
2005 M M X M M
Sources: Kirsten, Edwards and Vink (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 15: Annual distortion estimates, Senegal, 1961 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent)
Cotton Groundnut Millet Rice All covered
1961 na -24 0 8 -18
1962 na -19 0 10 -14
1963 na -20 0 8 -15
1964 na -16 0 12 -11
1965 na -16 0 23 -11
1966 na -18 0 12 -11
1967 na -11 0 -13 -9
1968 na -9 0 -18 -6
1969 na -32 0 -10 -22
1970 -39 -36 0 15 -21
1971 -49 -29 0 31 -23
1972 -49 -39 0 29 -26
1973 -69 -53 0 -26 -43
1974 -34 -64 0 -60 -53
1975 -45 -45 0 5 -35
1976 -62 -39 0 42 -29
1977 -45 -40 0 40 -23
1978 -55 -52 0 12 -40
1979 -45 -62 0 52 -40
1980 -46 -67 0 4 -43
1981 -41 -65 0 -24 -54
1982 -56 -9 0 17 -6
1983 -70 -30 0 3 -17
1984 -65 -52 0 33 -32
1985 0 -42 0 68 -16
1986 -8 -9 0 142 5
1987 -15 26 0 172 28
1988 -12 9 0 73 13
1989 -39 -21 0 42 -4
1990 -27 -13 0 102 6
1991 -6 -12 0 162 4
1992 22 17 0 147 18
1993 10 16 0 142 31
1994 -54 -34 0 32 -26
1995 -42 -15 0 10 -12
1996 -31 -9 0 1 -8
1997 -38 -18 0 -14 -12
1998 -12 -5 0 2 -3
1999 -10 -21 0 -9 -15
2000 -30 -35 0 6 -24
2001 -5 -34 0 -1 -22
2002 -16 -20 0 11 -8
2003 -23 -2 0 13 -1
2004 24 -14 0 1 -5
Table 15 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Senegal, 1961 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1961 0 -18 3 -12 -22 22 -16 11 -25
1962 0 -14 3 -9 -18 18 -12 10 -20
1963 0 -15 3 -10 -19 20 -13 12 -22
1964 0 -11 3 -7 -16 20 -10 11 -19
1965 0 -11 3 -6 -16 24 -9 12 -19
1966 0 -11 3 -7 -18 21 -10 12 -20
1967 0 -9 3 -5 -11 7 -7 11 -17
1968 0 -6 3 -3 -9 10 -5 11 -15
1969 0 -22 3 -14 -29 14 -21 12 -29
1970 0 -21 3 -14 -32 19 -22 10 -29
1971 0 -23 3 -15 -27 25 -20 11 -28
1972 0 -26 3 -18 -35 20 -27 10 -33
1973 0 -43 3 -30 -47 9 -39 9 -44
1974 0 -53 3 -36 -57 -2 -47 12 -53
1975 0 -35 3 -24 -40 14 -32 9 -37
1976 0 -29 3 -20 -35 23 -26 9 -32
1977 0 -23 3 -16 -36 28 -23 11 -31
1978 0 -40 4 -27 -47 25 -35 15 -43
1979 0 -40 3 -27 -55 31 -40 12 -46
1980 0 -43 3 -30 -57 11 -43 8 -47
1981 0 -54 3 -37 -57 5 -47 9 -52
1982 0 -6 3 -3 -11 20 -5 11 -14
1983 0 -17 3 -11 -28 10 -16 10 -24
1984 0 -32 3 -22 -46 24 -29 8 -35
1985 0 -16 4 -10 -37 49 -15 14 -25
1986 0 5 3 5 -9 65 8 11 -3
1987 0 28 4 21 17 84 33 13 17
1988 0 13 3 10 4 47 17 10 7
1989 0 -4 4 -2 -20 36 -2 13 -14
1990 0 6 3 5 -13 61 9 12 -3
1991 0 4 3 4 -12 71 7 12 -5
1992 0 18 3 14 11 67 26 10 15
1993 0 31 3 23 13 79 26 10 15
1994 0 -26 3 -17 -32 27 -20 11 -27
1995 0 -12 3 -7 -15 15 -8 10 -17
1996 0 -8 3 -5 -10 8 -5 9 -13
1997 0 -12 3 -7 -17 2 -12 9 -19
1998 0 -3 3 -1 -6 14 -2 11 -12
1999 0 -15 3 -10 -19 4 -13 9 -20
2000 0 -24 3 -16 -31 15 -22 10 -29
2001 0 -22 3 -15 -30 10 -21 10 -28
2002 0 -8 3 -4 -19 19 -8 12 -18
2003 0 -1 3 1 -5 20 1 13 -10
2004 0 -5 3 -3 -13 13 -5 12 -15
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 15 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Senegal, 1961 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Cotton Groundnut Millet Rice Non-covered
1961 na 55 14 1 30
1962 na 52 16 2 30
1963 na 53 14 2 30
1964 na 50 17 3 30
1965 na 50 17 3 30
1966 na 46 20 4 30
1967 na 49 14 7 30
1968 na 36 29 4 30
1969 na 46 19 4 30
1970 0 41 26 3 30
1971 1 56 12 2 29
1972 1 47 21 1 30
1973 2 54 13 2 29
1974 1 54 12 4 30
1975 0 55 12 2 30
1976 1 53 14 3 30
1977 1 44 21 4 30
1978 1 55 10 5 30
1979 1 48 19 3 30
1980 1 45 19 6 30
1981 1 56 10 4 30
1982 2 43 20 5 30
1983 2 36 21 11 29
1984 2 46 13 9 29
1985 1 43 17 10 30
1986 1 36 29 5 30
1987 1 39 25 6 30
1988 1 30 30 9 30
1989 1 35 22 12 30
1990 1 29 32 8 30
1991 1 35 30 4 30
1992 1 28 36 5 30
1993 2 60 0 8 30
1994 2 59 0 9 29
1995 2 57 0 11 29
1996 3 55 0 13 29
1997 2 35 25 9 30
1998 0 42 21 7 30
1999 0 47 15 8 30
2000 0 48 16 5 30
2001 1 46 17 7 30
2002 1 30 30 8 30
2003 2 42 20 7 30
2004 1 31 28 10 30
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 15 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Senegal, 1961 to 2004
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Cotton Groundnut Millet Rice
1961 X X H M
1962 X X H M
1963 X X H M
1964 X X H M
1965 X X H M
1966 X X H M
1967 X X H M
1968 X X H M
1969 X X H M
1970 X X H M
1971 X X H M
1972 X X H M
1973 X X H M
1974 X X H M
1975 X X H M
1976 X X H M
1977 X X H M
1978 X X H M
1979 X X H M
1980 X X H M
1981 X X H M
1982 X X H M
1983 X X H M
1984 X X H M
1985 X X H M
1986 X X H M
1987 X X H M
1988 X X H M
1989 X X H M
1990 X X H M
1991 X X H M
1992 X X H M
1993 X X H M
1994 X X H M
1995 X X H M
1996 X X H M
1997 X X H M
1998 X X H M
1999 X X H M
2000 X X H M
2001 X X H M
2002 X X H M
2003 X X H M
2004 X X H M
Sources: Masters (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 16: Annual distortion estimates, Sudan, 1955 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Ground Gumara Sheepm Sorghu All
Beef Camel Cotton nut bic Milk Millet Sesame eat m Sugar Wheat covered
1955 24 -2 2 -32 -46 -17.9 -80 -37 -6 -35 na 7 -18
1956 26 7 -6 -42 -41 -3.2 -78 -31 1 -20 na 8 -13
1957 3 14 -9 -33 -41 35.4 -77 -30 -22 -40 na 10 -12
1958 -40 40 18 -47 1 69.7 -75 -54 -45 -34 na 12 -17
1959 -25 -32 35 -53 -39 13.0 -74 -49 -40 -47 na 13 -20
1960 -33 -29 3 -58 -43 30.8 -73 -46 -39 -51 na 26 -22
1961 -37 -31 8 -56 -35 33 -72 -51 -42 -52 47 12 -22
1962 -29 -36 3 -52 -13 25 -71 -57 -45 -44 47 8 -21
1963 -40 -48 12 -53 -35 13 -74 -56 -46 -46 50 -4 -26
1964 -42 -51 0 -58 -41 -6 -75 -53 -52 -51 26 -18 -36
1965 -49 -58 -1 -52 -30 0 -73 -55 -49 -42 22 -11 -33
1966 -50 -65 8 -61 -25 -1 -73 -59 -53 -40 40 14 -33
1967 -38 -66 -24 -50 -48 -32 -76 -65 -51 -30 41 -7 -40
1968 -33 -60 -17 -36 -56 -22 -68 -69 -50 -39 49 39 -37
1969 -53 -59 -25 -59 -52 -26 -69 -70 -57 -50 54 -32 -42
1970 -62 -69 -23 -59 -47 -27 -40 -60 -69 -46 89 -16 -47
1971 -51 -53 1 -63 -57 -39 -63 -67 -62 -62 90 -39 -46
1972 -49 1 1 -54 -55 -48 -56 -64 -59 -54 59 -29 -43
1973 -71 -28 2 -60 -57 -48 -28 -64 -63 -57 33 -43 -51
1974 -66 -23 -32 -63 -76 -44 -19 -72 -71 -53 -46 -51 -55
1975 -26 5 -26 -58 -42 -24 -29 -67 -55 -52 -51 -21 -40
1976 -43 22 -16 -50 -54 42 -19 -63 -40 -43 -5 -11 -27
1977 -50 19 -7 -64 -53 56 -24 -68 -63 -23 65 8 -28
1978 -25 48 8 -60 -45 44 0 -68 -43 -29 84 86 -19
1979 -16 54 4 -63 -43 14 -21 -73 -49 -52 40 -9 -28
1980 -19 -18 6 -61 -63 -20 -11 -64 -45 -65 -51 -15 -36
1981 -13 48 29 -62 -59 -13 46 -59 -22 -31 -33 -23 -21
1982 -38 32 17 -39 -52 -41 -28 -59 -45 -61 -37 27 -40
1983 -55 -2 -15 -53 -69 -8 -17 -51 -43 -37 -30 -12 -38
1984 -39 -56 -26 -62 -62 65 -21 -64 -57 -49 -28 -11 -30
1985 -63 -30 -25 -51 -66 116 -20 -29 -64 -25 -20 28 -28
1986 -67 -57 23 -42 -80 54 -59 -63 -61 -52 -42 -13 -43
1987 -61 -84 27 -22 -67 91 42 -57 -71 -45 -5 4 -42
1988 -55 -81 -17 -18 -51 92 63 -39 -57 -37 2 47 -30
1989 -64 -94 -12 -34 -69 43 13 -54 -59 41 -16 92 -51
1990 -48 -75 -3 8 -49 18 31 -58 -67 95 93 153 -25
1991 -74 -79 -34 -17 -78 -39 332 -2 -69 390 -6 291 -34
1992 -88 -85 -52 -64 -85 -68 -27 -61 -83 -34 -69 -65 -76
1993 -79 -93 -44 -48 -29 -71 1 -66 -72 -60 -69 -75 -75
1994 -84 -95 -26 -61 -45 -5 44 -54 -72 -13 -50 -9 -60
1995 -43 4 0 -33 -36 -28 81 -30 -73 -21 -42 -49 -38
1996 -67 -48 -5 -71 -70 -34 90 -63 -80 -52 -66 -31 -52
1997 -60 67 -9 -45 -50 -19 -29 -59 -47 -2 18 -24 -31
1998 -47 29 -18 -55 -70 39 -35 -47 -52 -29 -47 0 -22
1999 2 66 -20 -58 -73 33 -63 -50 -37 0 15 5 -3
2000 -49 76 -10 -18 -73 60 -6 -55 -34 51 104 44 -7
2001 -67 56 22 -38 -67 30 3 -53 -44 -4 83 30 -33
2002 -19 66 46 -26 -56 9 -11 -53 -39 -31 164 21 -10
2003 -50 62 11 -31 -60 44 6 -32 -31 -45 136 21 -15
2004 -40 178 15 -32 -80 3 10 2 24 -26 116 -5 -9
Table 16 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Sudan, 1955 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competing b agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1955 0 -18 1 -13 -18 -15 na 1 na
1956 0 -13 1 -9 -15 -2 na 1 na
1957 0 -12 1 -9 -19 35 na 1 na
1958 0 -17 1 -12 -31 67 na 2 na
1959 0 -20 1 -15 -27 14 na 1 na
1960 0 -22 1 -17 -33 31 na 1 na
1961 0 -22 1 -17 -34 33 -21 0 -21
1962 0 -21 1 -17 -29 25 -21 -3 -18
1963 0 -26 1 -21 -35 14 -25 -3 -23
1964 0 -36 0 -31 -45 -5 -36 -6 -32
1965 0 -33 1 -27 -41 1 -32 -2 -31
1966 0 -33 1 -28 -41 1 -32 -7 -27
1967 0 -40 0 -35 -44 -25 -39 -7 -35
1968 0 -37 1 -32 -42 -11 -36 -4 -33
1969 0 -42 0 -37 -48 -18 -42 -8 -37
1970 0 -47 0 -43 -51 -20 -47 -8 -42
1971 0 -46 0 -42 -49 -31 -46 -2 -45
1972 0 -43 1 -38 -43 -39 -42 -1 -41
1973 0 -51 0 -46 -54 -40 -51 -7 -47
1974 0 -55 0 -49 -58 -44 -55 -5 -52
1975 0 -40 0 -35 -43 -27 -40 -8 -34
1976 0 -27 0 -23 -37 30 -26 -7 -21
1977 0 -28 0 -24 -42 52 -28 -15 -15
1978 0 -19 1 -15 -31 49 -18 3 -21
1979 0 -28 0 -25 -35 16 -28 -7 -22
1980 0 -36 0 -32 -38 -25 -36 0 -36
1981 0 -21 1 -18 -22 -16 -21 17 -32
1982 0 -40 1 -36 -40 -38 -39 0 -39
1983 0 -38 1 -34 -44 -11 -37 -1 -36
1984 0 -30 0 -27 -47 46 -30 -7 -24
1985 0 -28 1 -25 -52 96 -28 6 -32
1986 0 -43 0 -39 -58 39 -42 -5 -39
1987 0 -42 0 -38 -59 75 -41 -9 -36
1988 0 -30 1 -27 -56 78 -30 -10 -22
1989 0 -51 -1 -47 -64 37 -51 -25 -35
1990 0 -25 0 -21 -46 32 -25 -14 -14
1991 0 -34 0 -26 -47 12 -33 68 -60
1992 0 -76 1 -69 -78 -67 -75 0 -75
1993 0 -75 1 -69 -75 -70 -74 -15 -70
1994 0 -60 0 -53 -76 -9 -60 -4 -58
1995 0 -38 1 -32 -41 -30 -37 9 -42
1996 0 -52 1 -44 -62 -36 -52 3 -53
1997 0 -31 1 -25 -38 -16 -30 13 -38
1998 0 -22 1 -19 -43 20 -22 11 -30
1999 0 -3 1 -3 -22 30 -3 8 -10
2000 0 -7 1 -6 -33 62 -7 6 -12
2001 0 -33 1 -26 -53 33 -32 8 -37
2002 0 -10 1 -8 -25 19 -9 4 -13
2003 0 -15 1 -12 -39 51 -14 3 -17
2004 0 -9 1 -8 -18 12 -9 0 -9
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 16 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Sudan, 1955 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Grou Gum Shee All
Cam Cott ndnu arabi Mill Sesa pme Sorg Suga Whe cove
Beef el on t c Milk et me at hum r at red
1955 5 6 18 1 3 12 6 4 6 10 na 0 28
1956 6 5 20 1 2 14 6 7 6 7 na 0 27
1957 7 5 23 3 2 10 3 6 6 11 na 0 23
1958 11 3 7 3 2 11 4 6 10 17 na 0 26
1959 7 5 13 3 2 15 4 4 9 16 na 0 22
1960 9 4 16 4 3 13 4 6 9 11 na 0 21
1961 11 5 14 4 2 14 3 5 9 11 0 0 23
1962 8 4 20 2 2 12 2 8 8 13 0 0 20
1963 11 5 14 4 2 15 4 5 9 12 0 0 19
1964 11 5 9 5 1 18 5 5 9 15 0 0 16
1965 13 6 12 4 1 17 5 5 9 10 0 1 17
1966 14 7 13 5 2 17 3 5 10 11 1 0 13
1967 12 7 15 4 2 17 3 5 10 8 1 1 13
1968 12 7 13 3 3 13 4 5 11 12 2 1 14
1969 17 6 20 3 2 13 3 3 12 5 2 2 11
1970 16 7 15 6 1 11 5 5 11 13 1 1 9
1971 15 5 13 4 2 13 5 7 10 13 1 2 10
1972 17 3 12 4 1 17 5 7 11 10 1 1 10
1973 24 3 9 6 1 15 2 6 13 7 1 1 11
1974 18 3 10 8 2 13 2 6 12 11 3 2 12
1975 14 3 9 12 2 12 2 6 11 11 3 2 12
1976 17 3 14 8 2 10 2 6 9 12 2 2 14
1977 16 2 8 9 1 10 2 5 13 15 1 1 15
1978 16 2 9 11 1 11 2 6 13 10 1 1 18
1979 20 3 6 9 1 11 4 6 14 13 1 1 13
1980 20 4 5 8 1 13 2 5 15 12 3 1 11
1981 21 3 3 11 1 11 3 5 15 13 2 1 12
1982 18 3 4 4 1 15 4 4 13 21 2 0 11
1983 31 3 5 4 1 15 1 2 15 9 2 1 10
1984 19 7 7 6 1 13 3 5 15 10 3 1 11
1985 36 5 7 4 0 13 1 3 15 5 2 0 9
1986 31 6 2 3 1 12 3 3 10 16 2 1 9
1987 27 16 3 2 2 10 1 3 15 10 2 0 8
1988 30 17 3 2 1 14 1 3 13 3 2 1 10
1989 25 32 3 2 1 10 1 2 9 6 2 0 8
1990 22 11 3 1 1 19 1 4 14 3 2 1 18
1991 31 9 1 2 0 12 0 2 11 2 3 2 23
1992 39 4 1 1 0 20 1 1 12 8 3 2 8
1993 31 13 0 2 0 18 1 2 16 6 2 1 7
1994 33 12 1 2 1 19 0 1 13 4 2 1 11
1995 18 1 2 4 1 25 2 2 19 5 2 2 16
1996 17 1 2 5 1 30 1 5 13 6 3 2 15
1997 16 1 2 4 0 27 2 5 13 10 2 2 17
1998 21 1 1 6 0 22 2 3 14 7 6 2 15
1999 16 1 1 4 0 27 4 4 15 8 3 1 15
2000 32 1 1 6 0 21 1 4 12 3 2 0 16
2001 40 1 1 3 0 18 1 2 10 4 1 0 19
2002 21 1 1 4 0 28 2 2 16 8 2 0 16
2003 33 1 1 2 0 20 1 1 17 5 2 1 16
2004 30 1 1 3 0 23 1 2 11 8 2 1 16
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 16 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Sudan, 1955 to 2004
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Grou Gum Shee
Cam Cott ndnu arabi Mill Sesa pme Sorg Suga Whe
Beef el on t c Milk et me at hum r at
1955 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1956 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1957 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1958 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1959 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1960 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1961 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1962 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1963 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1964 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1965 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1966 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1967 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1968 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1969 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1970 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1971 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1972 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1973 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1974 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1975 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1976 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1977 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1978 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1979 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1980 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1981 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1982 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1983 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1984 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1985 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1986 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1987 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1988 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1989 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1990 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1991 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1992 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1993 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1994 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1995 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1996 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1997 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1998 X X X X X M X X X X M M
1999 X X X X X M X X X X M M
2000 X X X X X M X X X X M M
2001 X X X X X M X X X X M M
2002 X X X X X M X X X X M M
2003 X X X X X M X X X X M M
2004 X X X X X M X X X X M M
Sources: Faki and Taha (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 17: Annual distortion estimates, Tanzania, 1976 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Cashe Cassav Plantai Pyrethr
Bean w a Coffee Cotton Maize Millet n Potato um
1976 -84 -65 0 -68 -88 -24 0 0 0 -87
1977 -79 -62 0 -72 -87 -51 0 0 0 -92
1978 -76 -69 0 -63 -75 -55 0 0 0 -76
1979 -67 -69 0 -74 -82 -76 0 0 0 -74
1980 -83 -86 0 -81 -88 -57 0 0 0 -80
1981 -69 -85 0 -67 -87 -57 0 0 0 -69
1982 -55 -49 0 -68 -85 -35 0 0 0 -62
1983 -86 -70 0 -78 -88 -54 0 0 0 -70
1984 -88 -68 0 -77 -90 -56 0 0 0 -77
1985 -83 -46 0 -74 -83 68 0 0 0 -71
1986 -87 -81 0 -83 -80 -13 0 0 0 -85
1987 -82 -82 0 -79 -82 -4 0 0 0 -77
1988 -81 -75 0 -81 -89 -17 0 0 0 -80
1989 -77 -61 0 -70 -87 -21 0 0 0 -55
1990 -79 -49 0 -54 -91 -42 0 0 0 -17
1991 -62 -43 0 -51 -87 -41 0 0 0 -17
1992 -43 -35 0 -42 -78 68 0 0 0 -25
1993 -4 -32 0 -50 -84 30 0 0 0 -52
1994 -35 -36 0 -23 -87 54 0 0 0 -74
1995 -43 -10 0 0 -84 -29 0 0 0 -68
1996 -33 0 0 0 -68 -3 0 0 0 -67
1997 -45 -18 0 0 -78 2 0 0 0 -71
1998 -64 -5 0 0 -71 -39 0 0 0 -72
1999 -55 -7 0 0 -63 -71 0 0 0 -61
2000 -42 0 0 0 -81 -39 0 0 0 -49
2001 -24 2 0 0 -66 -42 0 0 0 -43
2002 -38 -24 0 0 -69 16 0 0 0 -41
2003 -56 -7 0 0 -74 47 0 0 0 -48
2004 -65 -19 0 0 -61 12 0 0 0 -57
Continued over
Table 17(a) (cont)
Sorghu All
Rice Sisal m Sugar Tea Tobacco Wheat Yam covered
1976 -67 na 0 -40 -95 -70 -60 0 -52
1977 -53 na 0 9 -95 na -15 0 -54
1978 -41 na 0 2 -86 -60 -12 0 -44
1979 -42 -39 0 -6 -86 -63 -39 0 -51
1980 -71 -37 0 -74 -94 -62 -67 0 -60
1981 -67 -20 0 -77 -92 -59 -58 0 -59
1982 -50 -31 0 -55 -94 -66 -37 0 -50
1983 -67 -55 0 -47 -94 -69 -58 0 -67
1984 -66 -60 0 -36 -96 -74 -54 0 -66
1985 -35 -49 0 39 -92 -64 -24 0 -41
1986 -31 -27 0 -22 -95 -67 -39 0 -58
1987 -44 -49 0 -6 -93 -64 -44 0 -53
1988 -37 -25 0 -42 -94 -68 -66 0 -56
1989 -52 5 0 -43 -93 -62 -63 0 -51
1990 -60 -4 0 -29 -94 -75 -68 0 -57
1991 -51 -12 0 13 -90 -77 -27 0 -49
1992 15 -23 0 26 -87 -55 18 0 -22
1993 55 9 0 73 -88 -34 148 0 -9
1994 51 -36 0 31 -89 -41 152 0 -12
1995 na -3 0 9 -88 -41 46 0 -30
1996 65 0 0 66 -91 -33 43 0 -18
1997 56 0 0 100 -92 -28 208 0 -19
1998 11 0 0 3 -94 -32 71 0 -36
1999 -32 0 0 21 -89 -51 14 0 -43
2000 -4 0 0 72 -93 -45 121 0 -23
2001 32 0 0 96 -91 -50 138 0 -18
2002 38 0 0 96 -90 -61 107 0 -11
2003 25 0 0 137 -90 -59 61 0 -8
2004 -10 0 0 115 -91 -61 51 0 -23
Table 17 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Tanzania, 1976 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competingb agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradable
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All s NRA RRA
1976 0 -52 -2 -36 -65 -19 -50 41 -65
1977 0 -54 -1 -45 -73 -35 -61 36 -72
1978 0 -44 -1 -40 -69 -42 -60 32 -70
1979 0 -51 -1 -46 -67 -65 -66 33 -75
1980 0 -60 -3 -57 -80 -56 -74 69 -84
1981 0 -59 -3 -52 -70 -52 -63 68 -78
1982 0 -50 -3 -46 -70 -35 -57 68 -75
1983 0 -67 -4 -64 -82 -54 -73 72 -84
1984 0 -66 -4 -63 -84 -54 -74 72 -85
1985 0 -41 -3 -35 -73 26 -45 47 -62
1986 0 -58 -3 -51 -79 -13 -61 46 -73
1987 0 -53 -2 -47 -76 -17 -57 40 -69
1988 0 -56 -1 -50 -78 -23 -59 37 -70
1989 0 -51 0 -44 -71 -32 -55 28 -65
1990 0 -57 -1 -50 -74 -40 -62 20 -68
1991 0 -49 -1 -44 -68 -35 -55 21 -63
1992 0 -22 0 -17 -55 34 -22 18 -34
1993 0 -9 0 -6 -42 32 -9 12 -19
1994 0 -12 0 -9 -46 38 -13 12 -22
1995 0 -30 0 -24 -45 -17 -35 11 -42
1996 0 -18 0 -14 -39 13 -19 11 -27
1997 0 -19 0 -15 -44 13 -20 12 -28
1998 0 -36 0 -29 -51 -17 -38 13 -45
1999 0 -43 0 -35 -40 -52 -46 13 -52
2000 0 -23 0 -17 -35 -17 -28 11 -35
2001 0 -18 0 -15 -28 -19 -23 10 -30
2002 0 -11 0 -8 -32 13 -13 10 -21
2003 0 -8 0 -6 -39 28 -10 10 -18
2004 0 -23 0 -17 -48 7 -27 10 -33
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 17 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Tanzania, 1976 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Cashe Cassav Plantai Pyrethr
Bean w a Coffee Cotton Maize Millet n Potato um
1976 4 1 9 7 15 7 1 1 2 0
1977 9 1 13 13 13 14 1 1 2 1
1978 20 1 15 6 7 14 4 1 3 0
1979 11 1 15 6 10 26 4 1 3 0
1980 17 2 10 11 13 13 2 1 3 0
1981 12 3 4 8 13 18 1 1 3 0
1982 9 1 5 10 14 19 1 3 5 0
1983 19 2 3 9 15 18 1 1 3 0
1984 19 1 3 8 15 17 1 5 2 0
1985 21 1 5 9 9 10 1 5 2 0
1986 20 1 3 13 13 13 1 4 2 0
1987 16 2 4 7 18 12 1 5 2 0
1988 15 1 3 9 18 14 1 5 2 0
1989 17 1 4 7 10 13 1 5 2 0
1990 12 2 3 5 17 16 1 6 2 0
1991 9 3 4 5 14 17 1 8 2 0
1992 9 1 0 3 18 11 4 4 1 0
1993 8 2 6 3 9 14 5 4 1 0
1994 10 2 5 5 9 11 3 3 1 0
1995 9 2 5 7 15 15 4 2 1 0
1996 10 2 5 4 13 13 3 4 1 0
1997 12 2 5 2 10 19 2 3 1 0
1998 21 2 6 3 4 17 2 3 1 0
1999 16 3 5 3 2 27 2 4 1 0
2000 13 4 5 4 4 13 2 13 1 0
2001 9 1 10 3 3 22 1 10 3 0
2002 6 2 10 5 4 11 0 18 1 0
2003 11 1 11 2 3 12 0 12 3 0
2004 18 1 9 1 3 11 1 9 2 0
Continued over ...
Table 17(c) (cont)
Sorghu Non-
Rice Sisal m Sugar Tea Tobacco Wheat Yam covered
1976 5 na 1 1 6 2 1 4 33
1977 3 na 2 0 8 na 0 3 17
1978 4 na 2 0 5 2 1 6 9
1979 2 2 1 0 4 2 1 2 9
1980 5 2 1 1 6 1 1 3 5
1981 7 2 1 3 6 1 1 4 12
1982 6 2 1 2 9 2 1 2 7
1983 8 1 1 1 8 2 1 1 5
1984 8 1 2 1 9 1 1 1 5
1985 6 1 2 0 7 1 1 1 18
1986 6 1 1 0 6 2 1 1 12
1987 10 1 2 0 6 1 1 1 12
1988 10 1 1 0 6 1 1 1 12
1989 13 1 2 1 7 1 1 2 13
1990 7 1 2 1 9 2 1 1 13
1991 7 1 2 1 9 4 1 1 12
1992 8 0 7 1 6 2 1 1 23
1993 7 0 6 1 6 2 1 1 25
1994 7 1 10 1 6 0 0 1 25
1995 na 0 13 1 3 2 1 1 20
1996 5 1 8 1 5 0 1 1 23
1997 4 0 5 0 5 3 0 2 24
1998 6 0 5 1 7 2 1 1 19
1999 6 1 5 1 3 1 0 1 19
2000 2 0 6 0 4 1 0 2 24
2001 6 0 5 0 3 1 0 2 19
2002 2 0 3 1 5 2 0 1 30
2003 4 1 4 0 3 2 0 2 30
2004 4 1 4 1 4 2 0 2 26
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 17 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Tanzania, 1976 to 2004
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Cashe Cassav Plantai Pyrethr
Bean w a Coffee Cotton Maize Millet n Potato um
1976 X X H X X M H H H X
1977 X X H X X M H H H X
1978 X X H X X M H H H X
1979 X X H X X M H H H X
1980 X X H X X M H H H X
1981 X X H X X M H H H X
1982 X X H X X M H H H X
1983 X X H X X M H H H X
1984 X X H X X M H H H X
1985 X X H X X M H H H X
1986 X X H X X M H H H X
1987 X X H X X M H H H X
1988 X X H X X M H H H X
1989 X X H X X M H H H X
1990 X X H X X M H H H X
1991 X X H X X M H H H X
1992 X X H X X M H H H X
1993 X X H X X M H H H X
1994 X X H X X M H H H X
1995 X X H X X M H H H X
1996 X X H X X M H H H X
1997 X X H X X M H H H X
1998 X X H X X M H H H X
1999 X X H X X M H H H X
2000 X X H X X M H H H X
2001 X X H X X M H H H X
2002 X X H X X M H H H X
2003 X X H X X M H H H X
2004 X X H X X M H H H X
Continued over ...
Table 17(d) (cont)
Sorghu
Rice Sisal m Sugar Tea Tobacco Wheat Yam
1976 M na H M X X M H
1977 M na H M X 0 M H
1978 M na H M X X M H
1979 M X H M X X M H
1980 M X H M X X M H
1981 M X H M X X M H
1982 M X H M X X M H
1983 M X H M X X M H
1984 M X H M X X M H
1985 M X H M X X M H
1986 M X H M X X M H
1987 M X H M X X M H
1988 M X H M X X M H
1989 M X H M X X M H
1990 M X H M X X M H
1991 M X H M X X M H
1992 M X H M X X M H
1993 M X H M X X M H
1994 M X H M X X M H
1995 0 X H M X X M H
1996 M X H M X X M H
1997 M X H M X X M H
1998 M X H M X X M H
1999 M X H M X X M H
2000 M X H M X X M H
2001 M X H M X X M H
2002 M X H M X X M H
2003 M X H M X X M H
2004 M X H M X X M H
Sources: Morrisey and Leyaro (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 18: Annual distortion estimates, Togo, 1970 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 0 -28 0 na 0 0
1971 0 -42 0 na 0 0
1972 0 -43 0 na 0 0
1973 0 -65 0 na 0 -1
1974 0 -34 0 na 0 -1
1975 0 -42 0 na 0 -1
1976 0 -65 0 na 0 -1
1977 0 -38 0 na 0 0
1978 0 -46 0 0 0 -1
1979 0 -44 0 0 0 -1
1980 0 -53 0 0 0 -1
1981 0 -48 0 0 0 -1
1982 0 -63 0 0 0 -2
1983 0 -70 0 0 0 -3
1984 0 -57 0 0 0 -4
1985 0 -2 0 0 0 0
1986 0 -8 0 0 0 0
1987 0 -21 0 0 0 -2
1988 0 -22 0 0 0 -2
1989 0 -44 0 0 0 -4
1990 0 -31 0 0 0 -3
1991 0 -12 0 0 0 -1
1992 0 6 0 0 0 0
1993 0 -19 0 0 0 -1
1994 0 -59 0 0 0 -15
1995 0 -41 0 0 0 -5
1996 0 -35 0 0 0 -5
1997 0 -29 0 0 0 -4
1998 0 -8 0 0 0 -1
1999 0 -2 0 0 0 0
2000 0 -24 0 0 0 -3
2001 0 7 0 0 0 1
2002 0 -19 0 0 0 -2
2003 0 -28 0 0 0 -3
2004 0 6 0 0 0 0
2005 0 -5 0 0 0 0
Table 18 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Togo, 1970 to 2005
(b) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam All covered
1970 21 0 11 na 17 51
1971 20 0 12 na 17 51
1972 14 0 14 na 22 50
1973 14 1 13 na 28 44
1974 10 1 10 na 33 45
1975 12 1 10 na 29 48
1976 14 1 13 na 27 44
1977 14 0 11 na 30 45
1978 13 1 3 5 36 42
1979 10 1 4 6 34 44
1980 11 1 4 8 30 45
1981 14 1 3 6 37 39
1982 12 2 3 7 34 42
1983 11 2 3 8 30 46
1984 14 4 6 9 23 45
1985 14 3 5 6 24 48
1986 11 3 4 9 23 50
1987 10 4 4 6 21 55
1988 8 3 4 9 19 57
1989 9 4 5 8 21 52
1990 11 5 3 6 22 54
1991 13 4 3 9 23 48
1992 11 3 6 9 21 51
1993 10 4 4 7 28 48
1994 10 12 2 5 18 53
1995 11 6 5 11 19 49
1996 8 6 3 9 21 52
1997 11 7 2 7 24 49
1998 13 6 2 7 26 45
1999 13 4 2 8 24 48
2000 14 6 1 7 23 49
2001 14 5 2 7 22 50
2002 14 5 3 9 21 48
2003 14 6 2 8 22 49
2004 12 4 2 10 23 48
2005 13 2 2 12 22 49
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 18 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Togo, 1970 to 2005
(c) Trade statusa of covered products
Cassava Cotton Millet Sorghum Yam
1970 H X H H H
1971 H X H H H
1972 H X H H H
1973 H X H H H
1974 H X H H H
1975 H X H H H
1976 H X H H H
1977 H X H H H
1978 H X H H H
1979 H X H H H
1980 H X H H H
1981 H X H H H
1982 H X H H H
1983 H X H H H
1984 H X H H H
1985 H X H H H
1986 H X H H H
1987 H X H H H
1988 H X H H H
1989 H X H H H
1990 H X H H H
1991 H X H H H
1992 H X H H H
1993 H X H H H
1994 H X H H H
1995 H X H H H
1996 H X H H H
1997 H X H H H
1998 H X H H H
1999 H X H H H
2000 H X H H H
2001 H X H H H
2002 H X H H H
2003 H X H H H
2004 H X H H H
2005 H X H H H
Sources: Baffes (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradables (H).
Table 19: Annual distortion estimates, Uganda, 1961 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Gro Sor All
Bea Cas Coff Cott und Mai Mill Plan ghu Sug Ya cov
n sava ee on nut ze et tain Rice m ar Tea m ered
1961 -1 0 -4 -11 0 -1 0 0 12 0 -1 -1 0 -2
1962 26 0 -6 -16 0 -1 0 0 14 0 -1 -1 0 -1
1963 0 0 -14 -13 0 -1 0 0 14 0 -1 -1 0 -3
1964 -2 0 -21 -14 0 -2 0 0 15 0 -2 -2 0 -5
1965 28 0 -18 -11 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 -2
1966 -2 0 -15 -14 0 -2 0 0 16 0 -2 -2 0 -4
1967 -10 0 -26 -22 0 0 0 0 23 0 -10 -10 0 -7
1968 -9 0 -24 -22 0 0 0 0 22 0 -9 -9 0 -6
1969 0 0 -26 -25 0 19 0 0 24 0 -12 -12 0 -7
1970 -16 0 -32 -25 0 22 0 0 26 0 -16 -16 0 -6
1971 0 0 -38 -29 0 0 0 0 29 0 29 -20 0 -5
1972 0 0 -45 -34 0 0 0 0 35 0 34 -28 0 -8
1973 0 0 -62 -53 0 53 0 0 54 0 54 -50 0 -14
1974 0 0 -78 -71 0 0 0 0 70 0 0 -68 0 -25
1975 0 0 -84 -78 0 0 0 0 77 0 0 -75 0 -25
1976 0 0 -93 -81 0 0 0 0 83 0 -79 -79 0 -26
1977 0 0 -94 -76 0 0 0 0 0 0 76 -73 0 -25
1978 0 0 -95 -84 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 -82 0 -33
1979 0 0 -87 -79 0 0 0 0 80 0 80 -79 0 -13
1980 0 0 -87 -82 0 83 0 0 83 0 83 -82 0 -9
1981 0 0 -69 -60 0 61 0 0 62 0 62 -60 0 -4
1982 0 0 -68 -51 0 53 0 0 54 0 0 -51 0 -15
1983 0 0 -70 -41 0 -41 0 0 44 0 0 -41 0 -15
1984 0 0 -64 -27 0 -27 0 0 29 0 29 -27 0 -14
1985 0 0 -71 -56 0 -49 0 0 51 0 51 -49 0 -15
1986 0 0 -75 -71 0 0 0 0 67 0 67 -66 0 -23
1987 0 0 -72 -61 0 0 0 0 62 0 62 61 0 -15
1988 0 0 -68 -60 0 0 0 0 0 0 62 60 0 -9
1989 0 0 -53 -44 0 -44 0 0 47 0 47 44 0 -8
1990 0 0 -36 -20 0 -20 0 0 0 0 25 20 0 -2
1991 -12 0 -20 -12 0 -12 0 0 0 0 17 12 0 -2
1992 -4 0 -5 -4 0 -4 0 0 0 0 11 4 0 -1
1993 -1 0 -1 -1 0 -1 0 0 10 0 9 1 0 0
1994 -1 0 -3 -1 0 -1 0 0 12 0 12 1 0 0
1995 0 -1 -4 0 -1 0 -1 -1 13 -1 13 0 -1 0
1996 0 0 -3 0 0 0 0 0 13 0 14 0 0 0
1997 0 0 -1 0 0 10 0 0 12 0 15 0 0 1
1998 20 0 -1 0 0 11 0 0 14 0 18 0 0 1
1999 0 0 -1 0 0 12 0 0 14 0 19 0 0 1
2000 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 14 0 20 0 0 0
2001 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 17 0 0 1
2002 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 17 0 16 0 0 1
2003 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 19 0 16 0 0 0
2004 0 0 -1 0 0 0 0 0 18 0 15 0 0 1
Table 19 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Uganda, 1961 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competingb agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradable
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All s NRA RRA
1961 0 -2 4 -1 -5 12 -2 10 -11
1962 0 -1 5 0 -6 18 -1 12 -12
1963 0 -3 4 -2 -10 14 -6 8 -13
1964 0 -5 5 -4 -13 17 -10 8 -16
1965 0 -2 5 -1 -11 19 -5 13 -15
1966 0 -4 6 -2 -10 16 -6 12 -16
1967 0 -7 8 -4 -19 23 -12 23 -28
1968 0 -6 8 -3 -17 23 -10 24 -27
1969 0 -7 10 -4 -18 23 -11 26 -29
1970 0 -6 10 -4 -21 26 -12 26 -30
1971 0 -5 9 -3 -33 29 -15 30 -34
1972 0 -8 13 -6 -40 33 -20 33 -40
1973 0 -14 24 -8 -48 53 -24 36 -44
1974 0 -25 29 -18 -76 70 -50 50 -67
1975 0 -25 32 -18 -83 77 -52 51 -68
1976 0 -26 na na -91 84 -61 69 -77
1977 0 -25 na na -93 75 -79 73 -88
1978 0 -33 na na -95 83 -83 73 -90
1979 0 -13 na na -87 80 -77 74 -87
1980 0 -9 na na -87 83 -28 80 -60
1981 0 -4 14 1 -68 63 6 56 -32
1982 0 -15 14 -7 -67 55 -23 59 -52
1983 0 -15 10 -9 -61 45 -38 43 -57
1984 0 -14 5 -10 -48 29 -31 29 -47
1985 0 -15 14 -9 -66 50 -34 41 -53
1986 0 -23 24 -12 -75 67 -36 64 -61
1987 0 -15 12 -9 -70 62 -34 60 -59
1988 0 -9 20 -2 -67 63 -12 58 -44
1989 0 -8 14 -2 -46 48 -10 41 -36
1990 0 -2 7 0 -27 26 4 27 -18
1991 0 -2 -1 -2 -14 17 -10 24 -27
1992 0 -1 -1 -1 -4 11 -2 19 -17
1993 0 0 0 0 -1 10 1 17 -14
1994 0 0 0 0 -2 12 0 21 -18
1995 0 0 2 0 -2 13 2 24 -18
1996 0 0 0 0 -2 14 1 29 -21
1997 0 1 0 1 -1 12 5 35 -22
1998 0 1 0 1 -1 15 7 35 -21
1999 0 1 0 1 -1 15 5 33 -21
2000 0 0 0 0 0 8 4 31 -20
2001 0 1 0 0 0 17 4 25 -17
2002 0 1 0 0 0 16 4 25 -17
2003 0 0 0 0 0 17 2 24 -18
2004 0 1 0 0 0 16 na 25 na
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 19 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Uganda, 1961 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Non
Gro Sor -
Bea Cas Coff Cott und Mai Mill Plan ghu Sug Ya cov
n sava ee on nut ze et tain Rice m ar Tea m ered
1961 2 8 8 9 4 2 9 21 0 5 4 1 8 20
1962 1 9 9 5 4 3 10 21 0 5 5 1 8 19
1963 2 10 12 8 3 2 8 21 0 4 5 1 8 16
1964 2 8 16 8 3 3 9 21 0 3 5 1 8 15
1965 2 12 9 8 4 3 11 21 0 4 4 1 7 14
1966 2 8 10 10 3 2 12 21 0 3 5 1 7 15
1967 3 6 12 7 4 2 9 21 0 4 6 1 8 17
1968 2 5 10 7 4 3 11 21 0 2 6 2 8 18
1969 2 4 15 7 4 3 10 21 0 4 4 2 7 16
1970 3 8 10 6 5 2 13 21 0 6 3 1 8 13
1971 3 17 9 5 5 4 10 21 1 4 2 1 8 12
1972 3 13 12 5 4 3 10 21 0 5 2 2 7 12
1973 2 13 16 6 3 3 8 21 0 4 1 2 7 14
1974 2 11 23 4 2 3 7 21 0 3 1 2 7 14
1975 3 12 21 4 2 3 7 21 0 3 2 1 7 13
1976 3 14 22 2 3 3 8 21 0 4 1 1 6 12
1977 4 17 24 1 4 2 8 21 1 4 1 0 6 9
1978 3 11 30 1 4 2 8 21 1 4 0 0 6 10
1979 5 11 11 0 3 2 10 21 0 5 0 0 6 25
1980 5 15 11 0 2 2 9 21 0 4 1 0 6 24
1981 4 18 6 0 2 1 7 22 0 4 1 0 6 28
1982 3 14 17 0 2 2 5 17 0 3 1 0 5 30
1983 4 13 13 1 2 5 5 26 0 3 1 0 7 20
1984 7 18 14 1 5 8 3 16 0 2 0 0 5 22
1985 3 19 14 2 3 3 4 20 0 2 0 0 7 22
1986 2 11 23 1 2 1 4 25 0 2 0 0 5 24
1987 4 17 16 1 2 2 6 21 0 3 0 0 4 24
1988 4 21 10 1 3 3 6 20 1 3 0 0 6 23
1989 4 20 5 0 3 9 6 20 1 2 1 0 5 24
1990 4 23 3 0 3 3 6 21 2 3 2 0 5 27
1991 5 18 5 0 2 4 6 21 1 3 2 0 5 27
1992 4 23 2 0 2 5 8 19 1 3 2 0 4 26
1993 4 23 3 0 2 4 7 23 2 2 2 0 5 22
1994 4 13 7 0 2 4 5 32 1 2 1 0 8 21
1995 3 10 6 0 2 3 4 48 1 2 1 0 4 15
1996 2 16 10 0 2 6 5 23 2 2 3 0 4 25
1997 3 20 7 0 2 6 4 24 1 2 2 0 7 21
1998 2 28 7 0 2 2 6 23 1 2 2 0 4 21
1999 2 23 6 0 2 2 5 23 1 2 2 0 7 23
2000 2 30 2 0 1 4 4 26 1 2 2 0 6 19
2001 4 32 2 0 2 3 4 20 1 2 2 0 5 23
2002 3 29 2 0 2 4 5 17 1 2 3 0 7 24
2003 3 24 2 0 1 5 4 20 1 2 2 0 7 29
2004 4 28 2 1 2 6 5 20 2 2 2 0 7 20
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 19 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Uganda, 1961 to 2004
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Gro Sor
Bea Cas Coff Cott und Mai Mill Plan ghu Sug Ya
n sava ee on nut ze et tain Rice m ar Tea m
1961 X H X X H X H H M H X X H
1962 M H X X H X H H M H X X H
1963 H H X X H X H H M H X X H
1964 X H X X H X H H M H X X H
1965 M H X X H H H H M H X X H
1966 X H X X H X H H M H X X H
1967 X H X X H H H H M H X X H
1968 X H X X H H H H M H X X H
1969 H H X X H X H H M H X X H
1970 X H X X H X H H M H X X H
1971 H H X X H H H H M H M X H
1972 H H X X H H H H M H M X H
1973 H H X X H X H H M H M X H
1974 H H X X H H H H M H H X H
1975 H H X X H H H H M H H X H
1976 H H X X H H H H M H X X H
1977 H H X X H H H H H H M X H
1978 H H X X H H H H H H H X H
1979 H H X X H H H H M H M X H
1980 H H X X H M H H M H M X H
1981 H H X X H M H H M H M X H
1982 H H X X H M H H M H H X H
1983 H H X X H X H H M H H X H
1984 H H X X H X H H M H M X H
1985 H H X X H X H H M H M X H
1986 H H X X H H H H M H M X H
1987 H H X X H H H H M H M X H
1988 H H X X H H H H H H M X H
1989 H H X X H X H H M H M X H
1990 H H X X H X H H H H M X H
1991 X H X X H X H H H H M X H
1992 X H X X H X H H H H M X H
1993 X H X X H X H H M H M X H
1994 X H X X H X H H M H M X H
1995 X H X X H X H H M H M X H
1996 X H X X H X H H M H M X H
1997 X H X X H M H H M H M X H
1998 M H X X H M H H M H M X H
1999 X H X X H M H H M H M X H
2000 X H X X H M H H M H M X H
2001 H H X X H X H H M H M X H
2002 H H X X H X H H M H M X H
2003 X H X X H X H H M H M X H
2004 X H X X H X H H M H M X H
Sources: Matthews, Claquin and Opolot (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 20: Annual distortion estimates, Zambia, 1961 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
Groundn Sunflowe Tobacco Tobacco All
Cotton ut Maize Millet Rice Sorghum Soybean r V B Wheat covered
1961 na na -22 na na na na na -10 -34 na -21
1962 na na -32 na na na na na -14 -2 na -29
1963 na na -44 na na na na na -7 -23 na -38
1964 na na -9 na na na na na -5 -9 na -9
1965 -27 -51 -2 na na na na na 3 -32 na -11
1966 -39 -41 -20 0 na -12 na na -10 -45 -73 -22
1967 -20 -22 -27 0 na 13 na 0 -6 -65 -76 -22
1968 -38 -38 -42 0 -24 -30 na 0 -40 -48 -76 -38
1969 -33 -55 -77 0 -20 -32 na 0 -38 -47 -82 -69
1970 -20 -42 -24 0 -58 -22 na 0 -13 -24 -63 -25
1971 -18 -56 -55 0 -64 -21 na 0 -25 -34 -71 -50
1972 -45 -67 -42 0 -59 -44 na 0 -27 -40 -68 -43
1973 -62 -64 -40 0 -54 -50 -82 0 -44 -50 -54 -45
1974 -38 -68 -46 0 -30 -36 -65 0 -45 -37 -44 -47
1975 -33 -76 -64 0 -11 -48 -68 0 -54 -32 -34 -63
1976 -45 -55 -32 0 -24 -62 12 0 -56 -42 -30 -39
1977 -54 -76 -76 0 -22 -73 -72 0 -72 -65 -50 -74
1978 -40 -74 -68 0 -20 -72 -66 0 -67 -68 -26 -66
1979 -21 -62 -47 0 7 -66 -4 0 -38 -42 -1 -45
1980 -40 -79 -51 0 12 -72 -40 0 -1 -2 -6 -49
1981 -11 -56 -10 0 3 -55 -28 0 -46 -50 22 -13
1982 -34 -58 -4 0 53 -52 -10 0 -23 -39 39 -8
1983 -44 -67 -12 0 47 -43 -32 0 -11 -34 29 -15
1984 -61 -72 -40 0 35 -64 -58 0 -52 -62 -22 -42
1985 -61 -69 -53 0 -7 -64 -45 0 -60 -68 -60 -52
1986 -67 -69 -52 0 -33 -60 1 0 -82 -85 -42 -54
1987 -91 -91 -79 0 -78 -80 -92 0 -89 -89 -87 -82
1988 -87 -81 -85 0 -81 -89 -90 0 -81 -85 -87 -85
1989 -76 -81 -68 0 -55 -76 -77 0 -74 -74 -71 -69
1990 -77 -92 -77 0 -70 -82 -86 0 -73 -75 -82 -79
1991 -70 -89 -66 0 -62 -71 -65 0 -36 -28 -84 -69
1992 13 -74 -53 0 -65 -62 -45 0 -73 -74 -74 -51
1993 -57 -75 -20 0 66 -34 -69 0 12 50 -78 -31
1994 16 -55 -47 0 -4 -19 -9 0 15 9 17 -37
1995 -2 -40 -17 0 72 -8 -39 0 -4 -16 0 -15
1996 -5 -75 -52 0 37 -61 -24 0 59 17 60 -46
1997 -19 -62 -31 0 -23 -54 -17 0 -5 -32 -7 -31
1998 -44 -88 -32 0 -13 -73 -26 0 -46 -54 11 -47
1999 -68 -68 -9 0 -26 -59 -49 0 -30 -35 -4 -29
2000 -53 -78 -53 0 -48 -64 23 0 -8 -46 10 -50
2001 -51 -79 -37 0 -19 -67 -44 0 -19 -49 12 -41
2002 -64 -71 -9 0 -31 -12 -29 0 -35 -63 7 -27
2003 -38 -48 -4 0 3 5 28 0 -56 -71 20 -19
2004 na na -47 0 na 12 -56 na -28 -61 68 -41
Table 20 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Zambia, 1961 to 2004
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competingb agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1961 0 -21 -3 na -21 0 -20 15 -30
1962 0 -29 -4 na -29 0 -27 15 -36
1963 0 -38 -6 na -38 0 -35 19 -46
1964 0 -9 -4 na -5 -9 -9 16 -22
1965 0 -11 -2 -7 -11 0 -12 16 -25
1966 0 -22 -7 -17 -24 -13 -22 15 -33
1967 0 -22 0 -9 -25 11 -21 18 -32
1968 0 -38 -17 -26 -41 -30 -39 25 -51
1969 0 -69 -51 -54 -49 -76 -71 26 -77
1970 0 -25 -13 17 -33 -24 -27 22 -40
1971 0 -50 -30 -29 -44 -54 -52 28 -63
1972 0 -43 -26 -20 -58 -42 -47 33 -60
1973 0 -45 -28 -25 -48 -51 -48 30 -60
1974 0 -47 -22 -22 -50 -38 -48 25 -58
1975 0 -63 -30 -39 -65 -46 -62 35 -72
1976 0 -39 -29 -25 -39 -53 -42 36 -57
1977 0 -74 -48 -59 -75 -67 -73 39 -81
1978 0 -66 -42 -47 -67 -63 -66 35 -75
1979 0 -45 -25 -17 -44 -46 -46 27 -57
1980 0 -49 -29 -18 -53 -50 -51 27 -61
1981 0 -13 -9 13 -39 -11 -15 22 -31
1982 0 -8 -7 18 -40 -4 -10 24 -27
1983 0 -15 -11 4 -46 -11 -18 20 -31
1984 0 -42 -26 -31 -61 -39 -45 27 -57
1985 0 -52 -33 -44 -61 -53 -55 21 -63
1986 0 -54 -36 -47 -70 -52 -56 18 -62
1987 0 -82 -69 -73 -91 -80 -83 29 -87
1988 0 -85 -70 -74 -85 -85 -85 30 -89
1989 0 -69 -50 -56 -78 -69 -71 24 -76
1990 0 -79 -62 -66 -85 -78 -80 28 -84
1991 0 -69 -48 -50 -74 -68 -70 23 -76
1992 0 -51 -32 -2 -46 -57 -54 18 -61
1993 0 -31 -19 -14 -59 -24 -34 19 -44
1994 0 -37 -20 -22 -25 -42 -39 19 -49
1995 0 -15 -10 -6 -22 -15 -17 17 -29
1996 0 -46 -27 -37 -36 -49 -46 17 -54
1997 0 -31 -20 -27 -37 -30 -32 12 -40
1998 0 -47 -44 -45 -73 -31 -54 13 -59
1999 0 -29 -31 -29 -63 -10 -34 8 -39
2000 0 -50 -25 -41 -54 -15 -48 8 -52
2001 0 -41 -22 -31 -47 -18 -41 8 -45
2002 0 -27 -30 -25 -62 -8 -32 8 -37
2003 0 -19 -19 -17 -48 -1 -22 5 -26
2004 0 -41 -20 -29 -46 -10 -39 5 -42
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 20 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Zambia, 1961 to 2004
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Groundn Sunflowe Tobacco Tobacco Non-
Cotton ut Maize Millet Rice Sorghum Soybean r V B Wheat covered
1961 na na 68 na na na na na 9 1 na 22
1962 na na 66 na na na na na 11 1 na 22
1963 na na 64 na na na na na 12 1 na 23
1964 na na 64 na na na na na 12 2 na 23
1965 1 15 55 na na na na na 10 1 na 19
1966 2 12 48 4 na 3 na na 7 0 0 24
1967 0 10 52 4 na 3 na 0 7 0 0 23
1968 1 11 44 5 0 4 na 0 8 0 0 26
1969 1 6 49 2 0 2 na 0 3 0 0 38
1970 2 16 40 5 0 4 na 0 6 0 0 26
1971 1 9 50 2 0 2 na 0 3 0 0 31
1972 1 13 46 5 0 2 na 0 3 0 0 30
1973 1 18 38 3 0 2 0 0 5 0 0 31
1974 0 10 50 2 0 1 0 1 5 0 0 29
1975 0 9 52 1 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 32
1976 1 16 44 1 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 32
1977 1 7 49 1 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 39
1978 1 5 51 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 37
1979 3 5 53 1 0 1 0 1 4 0 0 31
1980 3 4 56 0 0 1 0 2 1 0 0 33
1981 3 3 57 0 0 1 1 3 3 1 1 28
1982 4 3 51 0 0 1 1 6 2 1 1 28
1983 4 4 50 1 1 1 1 6 2 0 1 29
1984 8 3 46 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 1 33
1985 3 2 50 1 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 36
1986 3 2 49 0 0 2 1 1 4 0 1 37
1987 2 5 31 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 2 55
1988 4 1 33 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 2 56
1989 5 4 41 0 0 1 2 0 1 0 2 44
1990 3 6 31 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 3 51
1991 5 6 34 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 6 44
1992 5 6 35 2 1 1 1 1 2 1 8 37
1993 5 7 41 2 0 1 3 1 1 1 3 34
1994 3 6 46 3 1 1 2 1 1 0 2 34
1995 4 6 47 3 1 2 3 1 1 1 3 27
1996 3 4 52 1 0 1 2 1 0 0 1 33
1997 7 8 40 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 4 31
1998 5 17 27 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 39
1999 11 8 35 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 3 35
2000 5 8 43 1 0 1 1 1 2 1 3 34
2001 7 11 33 1 0 2 2 1 2 2 5 34
2002 7 9 35 1 0 0 1 0 2 3 4 37
2003 4 6 34 1 0 0 2 0 6 7 5 34
2004 na na 44 1 na 0 6 na 5 6 3 35
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 20 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Zambia, 1961 to 2004
(d) Trade statusa for covered products
Groundn Sunflowe Tobacco Tobacco
Cotton ut Maize Millet Rice Sorghum Soybean r V B Wheat
1961 na X X H na na na H X X na
1962 na X X H na na na H X X na
1963 X X X H na na na H X X na
1964 X X M H na na na H X X na
1965 X X X H na na na H X X na
1966 X X X H M M na H X X M
1967 X X X H M M M H X X M
1968 X X X H M M M H X X M
1969 X X M H M M M H X X M
1970 X X M H M M M H X X M
1971 X X M H M M M H X X M
1972 X X M H M M M H X X M
1973 X X X H M M M H X X M
1974 X X X H M M M H X X M
1975 X X X H M M M H X X M
1976 X X X H M M M H X X M
1977 X X X H M M M H X X M
1978 X X X H M M M H X X M
1979 X X M H M M M H X X M
1980 X X M H M M M H X X M
1981 X X M H M M M H X X M
1982 X X M H M M M H X X M
1983 X X M H M M M H X X M
1984 X X M H M M X H X X M
1985 X X M H M M X H X X M
1986 X X M H M M X H X X M
1987 X X M H M M X H X X M
1988 X X M H M M M H X X M
1989 X X M H M M M H X X M
1990 X X M H M M M H X X M
1991 X X M H M X X H X X M
1992 X X M H M X X H X X M
1993 X X M H M M X H X X M
1994 X X M H M M M H X X M
1995 X X M H M M M H X X M
1996 X X M H M M X H X X M
1997 X X M H M M X H X X M
1998 X X M H M M X H X X M
1999 X X M H M M X H X X M
2000 X X X H M M X H X X M
2001 X X X H M M M H X X M
2002 X X M H M M X H X X M
2003 X X M H M X X H X X M
2004 X X X H M M M H X X M
Sources: Robinson, Govereh and Ndlela (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (M).
Table 21: Annual distortion estimates, Zimbabwe, 1955 to 2004
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products (percent)
Groundn Sorghu Sunflow All
Cotton ut Maize m Soybean er Tobacco Wheat covered
1955 -92 -45 47 na na na na 17 27
1956 -88 -46 34 na na na na 51 20
1957 -87 -39 51 na na na na 18 34
1958 -86 -29 28 na na na na 21 18
1959 -81 -35 35 na na na na 28 21
1960 -47 -33 24 11 na 0.0 -56 23 -48
1961 113 -32 -20 1 na 0 -39 42 -35
1962 261 -22 -5 -13 na 0 -33 38 -26
1963 68 -82 -12 -25 na 0 -39 32 -38
1964 25 -81 -12 -23 na 0 -47 34 -46
1965 -27 -87 -60 -18 na 0 -33 42 -49
1966 -26 -80 -20 44 na 0 -22 57 -27
1967 -27 -78 -13 -17 na 0 -43 78 -37
1968 -29 -74 -6 -43 0 0 -45 58 -29
1969 -29 -78 -10 -49 -29 0 -53 47 -37
1970 -53 -82 40 -63 -43 0 -62 6 -44
1971 -51 -82 -23 -62 -40 0 -58 29 -44
1972 -47 -68 -42 -38 -41 0 -50 47 -45
1973 -52 -72 -40 -56 -11 0 -38 16 -44
1974 -14 -70 -46 -66 -7 0 -21 -23 -44
1975 -42 -74 -49 -60 -35 0 -55 -20 -53
1976 -65 -79 -60 -61 -52 0 -61 -28 -64
1977 -67 -78 -42 -28 -59 0 -54 -2 -57
1978 -60 -73 -32 -25 -20 0 -46 -39 -50
1979 -48 -62 -45 -19 -44 0 -49 -29 -48
1980 -54 -73 -44 -25 -54 0 -56 -25 -52
1981 -44 -65 -40 -7 -58 0 -19 -17 -39
1982 -17 -55 -22 -24 -25 0 -42 4 -30
1983 -77 -75 -14 -57 -61 0 -65 2 -61
1984 -70 -75 -34 -41 -13 0 -47 -22 -51
1985 -61 -32 -28 -35 -24 0 -44 -21 -41
1986 -31 -57 -38 -6 -30 0 -47 0 -40
1987 -32 -41 -20 -41 -22 0 -57 28 -40
1988 -49 -26 -45 -56 -45 0 -32 -11 -40
1989 -67 -52 -49 -46 -47 0 -50 -40 -52
1990 -56 -50 -48 -58 -27 0 -25 -51 -40
1991 -75 -72 -62 -66 -65 0 -31 -50 -51
1992 -77 5 -72 -63 -60 0 -53 -62 -58
1993 -47 -69 -49 -57 -38 0 -44 -50 -47
1994 -32 -61 -14 -74 -52 0 -32 -23 -28
1995 -30 -60 3 -80 -33 0 -24 -55 -27
1996 -30 -36 -32 -69 -49 0 -22 -25 -27
1997 -33 -8 -37 -55 -65 0 -42 -36 -38
1998 -42 -56 -24 -87 -67 0 -44 -56 -43
1999 -44 -69 -74 -80 -57 0 -43 -47 -57
2000 -44 -76 17 -45 -54 0 -59 -69 -49
2001 -80 -81 -91 -75 -81 0 -64 -81 -82
2002 -88 -75 -93 -92 -86 0 -80 -81 -85
2003 -83 -95 -62 -95 -93 0 -83 -90 -77
2004 -22 -77 -85 -78 -29 0 -44 -62 -72
Table 21 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Zimbabwe, 1955 to 2004 (b) Nominal
and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and import-
competingb agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products All Non-ag
Non-covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1955 0 27 0 19 27 17 27 26 1
1956 0 20 0 14 20 51 20 26 -5
1957 0 34 0 24 34 18 34 26 6
1958 0 18 0 12 18 21 18 26 -7
1959 0 21 0 15 21 28 21 26 -4
1960 0 -48 0 -34 -48 17 -48 27 -59
1961 0 -35 0 -24 -35 8 -35 27 -49
1962 0 -26 0 -19 -26 -4 -26 27 -42
1963 0 -38 0 -27 -38 -16 -38 34 -53
1964 0 -46 0 -32 -50 -12 -46 30 -58
1965 0 -49 0 -39 -49 16 -81 32 -86
1966 0 -27 0 -22 -28 49 -42 30 -56
1967 0 -37 0 -26 -38 18 -38 29 -52
1968 0 -29 0 -16 -30 29 -30 31 -46
1969 0 -37 0 -25 -38 19 -37 31 -52
1970 0 -44 0 -24 -45 -2 -44 44 -61
1971 0 -44 0 -28 -46 20 -44 39 -60
1972 0 -45 0 -28 -47 30 -45 34 -59
1973 0 -44 0 -23 -46 -10 -44 36 -59
1974 0 -44 0 -28 -44 -28 -44 35 -58
1975 0 -53 0 -29 -54 -21 -53 42 -67
1976 0 -64 0 -37 -65 -31 -64 57 -77
1977 0 -57 0 -28 -59 -3 -57 53 -72
1978 0 -50 0 -26 -50 -38 -50 49 -66
1979 0 -48 0 -23 -50 -29 -49 40 -63
1980 0 -52 0 -27 -58 -42 -52 47 -68
1981 0 -39 0 -25 -40 -16 -39 41 -57
1982 0 -30 0 -16 -32 4 -30 41 -50
1983 0 -61 0 -27 -62 -40 -61 60 -75
1984 0 -51 0 -25 -58 -32 -51 46 -67
1985 0 -41 0 -25 -42 -21 -41 41 -58
1986 0 -40 0 -24 -42 -12 -40 44 -59
1987 0 -40 0 -19 -43 2 -40 40 -57
1988 0 -40 0 -23 -41 -11 -40 40 -57
1989 0 -52 0 -29 -54 -43 -53 46 -68
1990 0 -40 0 -23 -40 -51 -41 37 -57
1991 0 -51 0 -31 -51 -50 -51 41 -66
1992 0 -58 0 -31 -56 -69 -58 37 -69
1993 0 -47 0 -25 -46 -49 -47 33 -60
1994 0 -28 0 -15 -29 -23 -28 31 -45
1995 0 -27 0 -14 -25 -50 -27 27 -42
1996 0 -27 0 -14 -27 -34 -27 29 -44
1997 0 -38 0 -22 -38 -47 -46 16 -53
1998 0 -43 0 -23 -41 -61 -43 16 -51
1999 0 -57 0 -30 -44 -72 -57 17 -64
2000 0 -49 0 -26 -48 -69 -49 17 -57
2001 0 -82 0 -43 -82 -81 -82 24 -85
2002 0 -85 0 -45 -81 -92 -85 22 -88
2003 0 -77 0 -41 -84 -66 -77 20 -81
2004 0 -72 0 -38 -39 -84 -72 17 -76
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 21 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Zimbabwe, 1955 to 2004 (c) Value
shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
Non-
Cotton Groundnut Maize Sorghum Soybean Sunflower Tobacco Wheat covered
1955 1 15 55 na na na na 0 29
1956 0 12 58 na na na na 0 29
1957 0 13 57 na na na na 0 29
1958 1 12 58 na na na na 0 29
1959 1 13 57 na na na na 0 29
1960 0 2 6 0 na 0 62 0 29
1961 0 2 14 0 na 0 54 0 29
1962 0 2 16 0 na 0 53 0 29
1963 0 7 14 0 na 0 49 0 29
1964 0 7 8 0 na 0 56 0 29
1965 1 9 32 0 na 0 38 0 20
1966 3 9 28 0 na 0 38 0 21
1967 4 7 17 1 na 0 40 0 31
1968 5 5 22 0 0 0 20 0 47
1969 14 8 20 0 0 0 26 1 32
1970 13 7 9 0 0 0 23 1 45
1971 12 5 22 0 0 0 22 1 37
1972 12 3 27 0 0 0 17 1 39
1973 15 4 14 1 0 0 16 1 49
1974 8 19 24 0 0 0 11 2 35
1975 8 10 17 0 1 0 17 2 45
1976 9 13 16 0 1 0 17 2 42
1977 11 11 12 0 1 0 13 2 51
1978 11 10 12 0 1 0 15 3 48
1979 8 6 12 0 2 0 17 2 52
1980 9 6 17 0 2 0 16 2 48
1981 8 6 36 0 2 0 10 2 37
1982 7 5 19 0 1 0 18 2 48
1983 14 1 6 0 2 0 20 1 56
1984 16 1 11 0 1 0 19 1 51
1985 17 2 23 0 1 0 17 2 38
1986 8 5 22 0 1 0 21 2 41
1987 9 5 9 0 2 0 21 1 53
1988 13 2 22 0 2 0 17 2 42
1989 12 2 15 0 2 0 21 3 44
1990 10 3 16 0 1 1 21 4 44
1991 15 3 12 0 2 0 27 2 38
1992 6 0 7 0 1 0 38 1 47
1993 6 1 23 0 1 1 19 3 47
1994 4 2 16 0 2 1 25 3 47
1995 12 4 6 0 1 0 27 3 47
1996 9 2 14 0 1 0 25 2 47
1997 9 2 11 0 2 0 29 3 43
1998 11 1 9 0 2 0 27 3 47
1999 7 1 23 0 1 0 19 2 47
2000 7 3 6 0 2 0 32 4 47
2001 8 2 26 0 1 0 14 1 47
2002 5 1 17 0 1 0 27 2 47
2003 9 2 18 0 1 0 22 1 47
2004 6 2 37 0 1 0 6 1 47
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Table 21 (continued): Annual distortion estimates, Zimbabwe, 1955 to 2004 (d) Trade
statusa for covered products
Cotton Groundnut Maize Sorghum Soybean Sunflower Tobacco Wheat
1955 X X X na na na na M
1956 X X X na na na na M
1957 X X X na na na na M
1958 X X X na na na na M
1959 X X X na na na na M
1960 X X X M na H X M
1961 X X X M na H X M
1962 X X X M na H X M
1963 X X X M na H X M
1964 X X M M X H X M
1965 X X X M X H X M
1966 X X X M X H X M
1967 X X X M M H X M
1968 X X X M X H X M
1969 X X X M X H X M
1970 X X X M X H X M
1971 X X X M X H X M
1972 X X X M X H X M
1973 X X X M X H X M
1974 X X X M X H X M
1975 X X X M X H X M
1976 X X X M X H X M
1977 X X X M X H X M
1978 X X X M X H X M
1979 X X X M X H X M
1980 X X M M X H X M
1981 X X X M X H X M
1982 X X X X X H X M
1983 X X X X M H X M
1984 X X M M M H X M
1985 X X X X X H X M
1986 X X X X M H X M
1987 X X X X M H X M
1988 X X X X X H X M
1989 X X X X M H X M
1990 X X X X X H X M
1991 X X X X X H X M
1992 X X M M M H X M
1993 X X M M X H X M
1994 X X X X X H X M
1995 X X X M M H X M
1996 X X X X M H X M
1997 X X X X M H X M
1998 X X X X M H X M
1999 X X M M M H X M
2000 X X X X X H X M
2001 X X X X M H X M
2002 X X M X M H X M
2003 X X M M M H X M
2004 X X M M M H X M
Sources: Ndlela and Robinson (2007)
a. Exportable (X), import-competing (M) and nontradable (H).
Table 22: Annual distortion estimates for Africa, 1955 to 2005
(a) Nominal rates of assistance to covered products
(percent)
banan cashe cassav
apple a bean beef camel w a chat clove cocoa coffee
1955 na na na -16 -2 na 0 na na -6 na
1956 na na na -11 7 na 0 na na -5 -13
1957 na na na -11 14 na 0 na na -6 -17
1958 0 na na -16 40 na 0 na na -32 -4
1959 0 na na -10 -32 na 0 na na -23 -10
1960 0 na na -23 -29 na 0 na na -15 -6
1961 -4 -3 -1 -25 -31 na 0 na na -16 -37
1962 -4 -1 26 -13 -36 na 0 na na -27 -30
1963 -13 -4 0 -16 -48 na 0 na na -39 -27
1964 0 -2 -2 -30 -51 na 0 na na -36 -37
1965 -5 -4 28 -28 -58 na 0 na na -43 -38
1966 1 -4 -2 -31 -65 na 0 na -57 -47 -38
1967 -22 -3 -10 -21 -66 na 0 na -54 -55 -31
1968 5 -2 -9 -26 -60 na 0 na -59 -59 -38
1969 4 -8 0 -37 -59 na 0 na -8 -64 -38
1970 -2 0 -16 -41 -69 na 0 na 8 -58 -42
1971 -11 0 0 -38 -53 na 0 na 18 -36 -43
1972 33 0 0 -38 1 na 1 na 26 -41 -43
1973 -1 0 0 -49 -28 na 1 na -69 -50 -42
1974 -9 0 0 -20 -23 na 0 na -74 -53 -49
1975 -15 1 0 20 5 -88 1 na -74 -39 -46
1976 -24 0 -45 4 22 -73 1 na -84 -61 -75
1977 19 0 -46 10 19 -82 1 na -82 -74 -64
1978 0 -8 -60 11 48 -78 1 na -85 -68 -69
1979 -18 -1 -41 -26 54 -78 2 na -78 -60 -56
1980 -11 1 -51 -19 -18 -88 2 na -85 -50 -57
1981 -36 0 -49 8 48 -88 3 -51 -91 -47 -45
1982 3 -2 -38 11 32 -69 4 -52 -95 -50 -54
1983 -10 -4 -63 13 -2 -77 3 -53 -96 -53 -60
1984 -12 -1 -62 42 -56 -80 0 -53 -93 -61 -51
1985 14 1 -70 -18 -30 -80 2 -51 -79 -59 -55
1986 16 1 -81 28 -57 -93 1 -50 -80 -51 -45
1987 24 -2 -64 41 -84 -91 0 -37 -89 -39 -43
1988 -14 -1 -60 48 -81 -78 0 -46 -91 -26 -40
1989 -6 -3 -54 16 -94 -72 0 -43 -86 -3 -29
1990 6 -2 -49 -17 -75 -58 1 -44 -86 -34 -31
1991 3 -1 -37 -30 -79 -52 0 -45 -82 -31 -29
1992 -5 -1 -29 -50 -85 -47 0 -45 -68 -35 -43
1993 -1 -1 2 -50 -93 -52 0 -45 -45 -43 -49
1994 25 20 -12 -42 -95 -59 -3 -46 -32 -31 -33
1995 -2 9 -15 -5 4 -14 -3 -43 -56 -29 -20
1996 6 6 -10 -6 -48 -6 -3 -45 -61 -34 -19
1997 -3 7 -19 0 67 -16 -3 -44 -74 -31 -24
1998 -1 2 -40 -6 29 -5 -3 -43 31 -34 -20
1999 -21 -1 -39 12 66 -6 -3 -41 24 -34 -20
2000 1 5 -24 -21 76 0 -3 -41 -3 -38 -13
2001 -6 3 -10 -46 56 -2 -2 -43 -55 -33 -7
2002 4 1 -12 -17 66 -19 -3 -47 2 -33 -13
2003 1 -1 -30 -24 62 -7 -3 -26 na -42 -15
2004 1 -1 -49 -23 178 -21 -3 -41 na -34 -12
2005 2 na na -3 na na 0 na na -58 -20
Continued over
Table 22(a) (cont.)
hides
fruit& groun gumar &skin oilsee orang
cotton veg grape dnut abic s maize milk millet d e
1955 -15 na na -22 -46 na -26 -56 -80 na na
1956 -17 na na -28 -41 na -5 -47 -78 na na
1957 -18 na na -26 -41 na 3 -34 -77 na na
1958 -18 na 0 -30 1 na 4 -18 -75 na 0
1959 -13 na 0 -37 -39 na 3 -23 -74 na 0
1960 -28 na 0 -43 -43 na 3 -18 -73 na 0
1961 -46 0 -22 -20 -35 na 16 -34 -5 na -2
1962 -36 0 -28 -18 -13 na 17 -22 -4 na -2
1963 -44 0 -9 -30 -35 na 9 -18 -7 na 1
1964 -51 0 -17 -26 -41 na 15 -17 -9 na -19
1965 -56 -1 -24 -33 -30 na -13 -29 -7 na -17
1966 -51 -2 -28 -32 -25 na 5 -16 -6 na -4
1967 -48 -3 -23 -34 -48 na 5 -36 -7 na -9
1968 -49 -2 -11 -40 -56 na 12 -40 -7 na -8
1969 -59 -4 -8 -52 -52 na 3 -37 -5 na -24
1970 -55 -6 -6 -52 -47 na 5 -34 -4 na -31
1971 -50 -5 -20 -49 -57 na -1 -42 -8 na -27
1972 -45 -7 17 -49 -55 na 3 -51 -7 na -40
1973 -58 -8 15 -54 -57 na -10 -51 -1 na -31
1974 -62 -4 5 -52 -76 na -31 -34 0 na -15
1975 -54 -1 17 -47 -42 na -17 -20 -1 na -21
1976 -46 -3 5 -43 -54 na -8 5 -1 na -9
1977 -55 -1 -8 -44 -53 na -18 20 -2 na -39
1978 -38 -3 15 -48 -45 na -12 3 0 na -11
1979 -53 -4 -29 -47 -43 na -7 -10 -2 na -27
1980 -53 -6 -19 -53 -63 na 7 -26 0 na 10
1981 -44 -6 -37 -57 -59 -46 0 -27 7 -52 -24
1982 -33 -7 -36 -18 -52 -47 -3 -51 -2 -48 -21
1983 -41 -5 -32 -57 -69 -47 5 -24 0 -29 -6
1984 -45 -5 -20 -37 -62 -48 -5 21 -2 -44 -17
1985 -51 -1 0 -32 -66 -46 -5 38 0 -45 -29
1986 -27 -2 33 -24 -80 -46 48 37 -6 -39 -7
1987 -16 -5 23 1 -67 -53 85 93 2 -46 -13
1988 -35 -3 13 3 -51 -52 29 95 2 -65 -28
1989 -27 -1 -7 -33 -69 -52 31 69 2 -46 2
1990 -59 0 -6 -39 -49 -52 12 10 1 -49 -4
1991 -53 -3 -4 17 -78 -49 21 -21 4 -55 -5
1992 -64 -9 39 -35 -85 -52 -4 -55 -1 -63 2
1993 -47 -12 -9 -51 -29 -51 2 -58 0 -66 -9
1994 -46 0 -7 -41 -45 -53 10 -10 -2 -52 0
1995 -31 0 3 -41 -36 -50 6 -28 4 -55 -3
1996 -43 -1 0 -41 -70 -52 -4 -32 1 -62 15
1997 -30 -1 10 -29 -50 -51 9 -18 -5 -52 3
1998 -39 -3 13 -34 -70 -47 4 20 -5 -50 -12
1999 -47 0 12 -33 -73 -45 -3 19 -10 -44 6
2000 -46 0 -5 -40 -73 -50 8 36 -3 -46 20
2001 -51 0 44 -43 -67 -50 -11 16 -2 -40 -12
2002 -56 0 2 -40 -56 -49 -3 -1 -3 -32 19
2003 -46 0 -2 -39 -60 -47 -8 25 -2 na 7
2004 -32 0 -2 -40 -80 -46 -13 -2 -1 na 8
2005 -16 na -1 46 na na 6 -5 0 na 17
Continued over
Table 22(a) (cont.)
otherr
oots& palmo peppe planta poultr pyreth sesam sheep
tubers il r in potato y pulse rum rice e meat
1955 na na na 0 na na na na -68 -37 -6
1956 na na na 0 na na na na -65 -31 1
1957 na na na 0 na na na na -62 -30 -14
1958 na na na 0 na na na na -58 -54 -25
1959 na na na 0 na na na na -56 -49 -17
1960 na na na 0 na -13 na na -54 -46 -22
1961 0 -18 na 0 na -13 na na -31 -51 -21
1962 0 -13 na 0 na -13 na na -31 -57 -5
1963 0 -35 na 0 na -13 na na -37 -56 -12
1964 0 -34 na 0 na -13 na na -38 -53 -11
1965 0 -43 na 0 na -13 na na -37 -55 -16
1966 0 -34 -62 0 na -13 na na -34 -59 -18
1967 0 -42 -48 0 na -13 na na -35 -65 -18
1968 0 -10 -41 0 na -13 na na -47 -69 -19
1969 0 -26 16 0 na -13 na na -41 -70 -19
1970 0 -57 -9 0 na -31 na na -11 -60 -28
1971 0 -51 -19 0 na -15 na na 5 -67 -6
1972 0 -25 6 0 na -16 na na -2 -64 -11
1973 0 -47 6 0 na -10 na na -39 -64 -27
1974 0 -42 -5 0 na -7 na na -64 -72 -37
1975 0 -8 -24 0 na -21 na na -40 -67 -13
1976 0 20 -47 0 0 -34 na -87 -18 -63 -3
1977 0 -58 -35 0 0 -29 na -92 12 -68 -35
1978 0 -27 -57 0 0 -22 na -76 -14 -68 -25
1979 0 -13 -34 0 0 -12 na -74 -10 -73 -30
1980 0 1 -19 0 0 20 na -80 -17 -64 -17
1981 0 1 -38 0 0 23 -35 -69 -27 -59 -7
1982 0 -4 -57 0 0 6 -34 -62 -16 -59 -26
1983 0 -62 -54 0 0 31 -36 -70 -20 -51 -17
1984 0 -63 -65 0 0 12 -25 -77 11 -64 -34
1985 0 -43 -73 0 0 -21 -54 -71 21 -29 -46
1986 0 -19 -77 0 0 -13 -58 -85 11 -63 -31
1987 0 -27 -88 0 0 9 -55 -77 28 -57 -40
1988 0 80 -83 0 0 18 -57 -80 45 -39 -27
1989 0 -50 -78 0 0 -7 -57 -55 38 -54 -42
1990 0 -49 -71 0 0 -3 -44 -17 3 -58 -45
1991 0 95 -27 0 0 -4 -44 -17 16 -2 -40
1992 0 97 -16 0 0 5 -62 -25 -4 -61 -48
1993 0 -10 -22 0 0 20 -56 -52 -3 -66 -54
1994 0 405 -15 0 0 14 -54 -74 -9 -54 -56
1995 0 191 -50 0 0 15 -36 -68 -16 -30 -60
1996 0 27 -49 0 0 20 -43 -67 -13 -63 -62
1997 0 7 -78 0 0 21 -36 -71 -8 -59 -35
1998 0 3 -70 0 0 4 -32 -72 -5 -47 -42
1999 0 -22 -63 0 0 5 -29 -61 1 -50 -27
2000 0 -24 20 0 0 -2 -31 -49 -11 -55 -23
2001 0 -17 6 0 0 -15 -17 -43 -1 -53 -38
2002 0 -13 -56 0 0 -10 -14 -41 -13 -53 -37
2003 0 -9 na 0 0 20 na -48 3 -32 -27
2004 0 0 na 0 0 20 na -57 -5 2 18
2005 na na na 0 na 22 na na -12 na 6
Continued over
Table 22(a) (cont.)
sorgh soybe sunflo tobacc vanill
sisal um an sugar wer tea teff o a wheat yam
1955 na -35 na -29 na na na na na -16 0
1956 na -20 na -25 na na na na na -16 0
1957 na -40 na -23 na 2 na na na -11 0
1958 na -34 na -18 na 2 na na na -13 0
1959 na -47 na -14 na 6 na na na -8 0
1960 na -51 na -24 0 6 na -56 -66 -15 0
1961 na 100 na 13 9 13 na -38 -62 -24 0
1962 na 109 na 15 23 16 na -32 -61 -35 0
1963 na 72 na -17 24 7 na -37 -66 -32 0
1964 na 78 na -16 19 6 na -45 -53 -31 0
1965 na 89 na -23 12 3 na -31 -55 -24 0
1966 na 107 na 7 10 -2 na -21 -42 -23 0
1967 na 88 na 30 22 -6 na -40 -57 -6 0
1968 na 72 0 27 19 -15 na -45 -52 -4 0
1969 na 77 -29 16 22 -13 na -52 -57 -5 0
1970 na 41 -43 0 13 -15 na -58 -43 3 0
1971 na 44 -40 -18 8 -14 na -55 -35 -6 0
1972 na 52 -41 -27 14 -24 na -48 -34 19 0
1973 na 61 -15 -19 6 -25 na -39 -37 -15 0
1974 na 47 -10 -57 -10 -22 na -24 -46 -33 0
1975 na 29 -37 -51 0 -15 na -55 -46 -13 1
1976 na 47 -51 -27 7 -48 na -62 -68 0 1
1977 na 26 -59 8 8 -30 na -56 -47 29 0
1978 na 36 -25 5 14 -28 na -49 -75 32 0
1979 -39 5 -43 8 5 -31 na -50 -49 13 1
1980 -37 7 -54 -41 25 -37 na -55 -57 -14 2
1981 -20 39 -56 -35 20 -32 -2 -24 -67 -10 2
1982 -31 9 -23 4 15 -42 -4 -43 -87 0 2
1983 -55 -4 -56 38 19 -41 -2 -65 -86 2 1
1984 -60 32 -26 29 1 -15 -11 -49 -85 -3 0
1985 -49 56 -28 25 -2 -18 -10 -46 -83 -11 1
1986 -27 -3 -27 36 14 -15 -7 -50 -81 13 0
1987 -49 72 -38 78 18 -28 -9 -58 -91 38 0
1988 -25 44 -55 45 2 -46 -6 -34 -87 28 0
1989 5 37 -54 27 2 -38 -6 -51 -85 28 0
1990 -4 52 -46 -9 7 -30 -9 -29 -84 5 0
1991 -12 83 -65 -1 17 -34 -11 -34 -89 17 0
1992 -23 20 -58 -5 12 -67 -9 -53 -73 -5 0
1993 9 -1 -52 5 1 -43 -6 -43 -73 0 0
1994 -36 32 -44 18 -5 -28 -7 -31 -71 3 -3
1995 -3 21 -35 1 -5 -33 -5 -25 -69 -5 -4
1996 0 0 -41 -9 -6 -33 -1 -22 -49 -4 -4
1997 0 31 -56 11 -8 -35 -5 -40 9 7 -4
1998 0 24 -64 1 -14 -25 -4 -42 -5 4 -3
1999 0 38 -55 30 1 -14 -8 -42 -29 4 -3
2000 0 64 -43 51 -1 -19 -9 -57 -9 4 -3
2001 0 21 -75 35 -14 -9 -2 -60 6 1 -3
2002 0 9 -67 27 -7 -20 -8 -74 -35 -11 -3
2003 0 5 -38 54 0 -17 -12 -77 na -2 -3
2004 0 4 -49 51 4 -17 -5 -48 na 2 -3
2005 na 0 4 12 1 na na na na 7 0
Table 22 (continued): Annual distortion estimates for Africa, 1955 to 2005
(b) Nominal and relative rates of assistance to alla agricultural products, to exportableb and
import-competingb agricultural industries, and relativec to non-agricultural industries
(percent)
Total ag NRA Ag tradables NRA
Covered products Non- All Non-ag
covered products Export- Import- tradables
Inputs Outputs products (incl NPS) ables competing All NRA RRA
1955 0 -22 1 -17 -21 -31 -30 17 -41
1956 0 -18 1 -13 -17 -26 -25 17 -35
1957 0 -16 0 -13 -17 -22 -23 20 -36
1958 0 -17 1 -13 -25 -12 -22 23 -37
1959 0 -15 1 -13 -23 -11 -20 23 -35
1960 0 -23 1 -18 -32 -15 -30 22 -42
1961 0 -8 5 -4 -27 25 -7 -2 -6
1962 0 -4 6 -1 -25 42 -2 -2 0
1963 0 -11 3 -7 -32 23 -13 1 -13
1964 0 -14 4 -9 -35 18 -15 -3 -13
1965 0 -18 3 -12 -40 10 -22 1 -22
1966 0 -13 5 -8 -35 23 -14 -5 -10
1967 0 -15 1 -10 -33 12 -16 6 -21
1968 0 -17 2 -11 -37 10 -19 4 -22
1969 0 -23 0 -16 -46 5 -26 5 -30
1970 0 -20 -3 -15 -43 7 -25 6 -29
1971 0 -16 0 -11 -40 9 -20 1 -21
1972 0 -16 3 -10 -34 6 -18 0 -18
1973 0 -24 0 -17 -45 -6 -28 0 -28
1974 0 -29 0 -21 -50 -5 -33 -2 -32
1975 0 -19 2 -12 -41 12 -21 -3 -18
1976 0 -20 2 -12 -44 24 -21 -5 -17
1977 0 -20 -2 -15 -47 25 -25 11 -32
1978 0 -16 -3 -11 -43 19 -21 12 -29
1979 0 -20 0 -13 -38 -4 -23 9 -29
1980 1 -18 2 -11 -36 -2 -18 3 -21
1981 1 -10 1 -5 -28 8 -10 -10 0
1982 1 -9 2 -4 -29 18 -7 -15 10
1983 0 -11 -13 -11 -41 13 -19 17 -30
1984 0 -7 -9 -9 -42 29 -13 9 -21
1985 0 -12 -14 -12 -48 26 -21 12 -29
1986 0 1 -11 -3 -40 61 -5 12 -15
1987 0 13 -2 8 -31 98 17 1 15
1988 0 9 -6 4 -30 65 9 12 -2
1989 0 2 -5 -1 -35 47 0 7 -6
1990 0 -8 -6 -8 -36 12 -13 8 -19
1991 0 -3 -3 -4 -29 24 -5 1 -6
1992 0 -17 -7 -12 -42 -12 -23 6 -27
1993 0 -19 -7 -15 -41 -15 -27 4 -29
1994 0 -7 -1 -6 -31 18 -9 -8 -1
1995 0 -4 -4 -5 -27 10 -8 0 -8
1996 0 -10 -7 -10 -32 0 -17 3 -19
1997 0 -2 -6 -5 -27 17 -7 0 -7
1998 0 -3 -4 -5 -25 13 -8 0 -7
1999 0 0 -5 -4 -19 10 -5 5 -9
2000 0 -2 -7 -5 -19 4 -8 9 -15
2001 0 -10 -5 -9 -36 6 -17 3 -19
2002 0 -7 -5 -8 -22 -6 -13 6 -18
2003 0 -5 -5 -7 -25 4 -11 8 -18
2004 0 -5 -5 -6 -21 -1 -11 6 -16
2005 0 -1 -2 -2 -11 7 -2 14 -14
a. NRAs including assistance to nontradables and non-product specific assistance.
b. NRAs including products specific input subsidies.
c. The Relative Rate of Assistance (RRA) is defined as 100*[(100+NRAagt)/
(100+NRAnonagt)-1], where NRAagt and NRAnonagt are the percentage NRAs for the
tradables parts of the agricultural and non-agricultural sectors, respectively.
Table 22 (continued): Annual distortion estimates for Africa, 1955 to 2005
(c) Value shares of primary production of covereda and non-covered products,
(percent)
groundn
bean beef camel cassava cocoa coffee cotton ut maize
1955 na 9 1 1 5 na 15 1 5
1956 na 9 1 1 5 1 15 1 6
1957 na 8 1 1 4 1 18 1 5
1958 na 8 1 1 6 1 15 1 5
1959 na 8 1 1 6 1 17 1 5
1960 na 8 1 1 5 1 17 1 4
1961 0 6 0 6 4 3 8 4 7
1962 0 5 0 7 4 2 8 4 7
1963 0 5 0 6 4 3 8 4 7
1964 0 6 0 6 5 4 7 4 6
1965 0 6 1 5 3 3 9 5 8
1966 0 7 1 8 3 4 7 4 7
1967 0 7 1 5 4 3 7 4 9
1968 0 7 1 4 4 4 7 3 7
1969 0 7 1 3 5 3 10 3 7
1970 0 7 1 4 5 4 8 3 6
1971 0 7 1 6 4 3 7 3 8
1972 0 8 0 5 3 4 7 3 7
1973 0 9 0 4 4 4 7 3 6
1974 0 5 0 3 3 2 7 4 9
1975 0 4 0 5 3 3 6 4 9
1976 0 5 0 6 4 8 6 3 7
1977 1 4 0 7 6 8 7 2 7
1978 1 5 0 8 5 6 5 3 6
1979 1 7 0 7 6 5 5 3 5
1980 1 7 0 7 4 4 5 3 7
1981 0 5 0 12 3 3 3 3 8
1982 0 5 0 10 2 4 3 1 8
1983 1 7 0 5 2 4 4 2 8
1984 1 5 1 8 4 3 4 2 8
1985 1 6 0 7 3 4 4 1 11
1986 0 7 1 7 3 5 4 2 7
1987 0 7 2 10 3 3 4 1 6
1988 0 7 2 8 3 3 5 1 9
1989 0 8 5 6 2 2 4 2 8
1990 0 6 1 8 2 2 4 2 9
1991 0 7 1 11 2 1 4 1 7
1992 0 8 0 10 2 1 5 1 7
1993 0 9 2 9 2 1 3 2 8
1994 0 8 1 9 2 3 2 1 9
1995 1 4 0 9 2 2 2 2 8
1996 0 4 0 9 3 2 3 2 8
1997 1 4 0 11 2 2 3 2 8
1998 1 4 0 11 3 2 2 2 8
1999 1 4 0 10 2 1 2 2 10
2000 1 6 0 10 2 1 2 2 8
2001 1 9 0 11 3 1 3 2 7
2002 0 5 0 10 3 1 2 2 8
2003 1 7 0 9 3 1 2 2 10
2004 1 7 0 9 3 1 2 2 10
2005 na 8 na 2 4 1 3 0 13
Continued over
Table 22(c) (cont.)
otherroo
ts&tuber
milk millet orange s palmoil plantain poultry pulse rice
1955 7 1 na na na 1 na na 4
1956 7 1 na na na 1 na na 4
1957 6 1 na na na 1 na na 4
1958 6 1 0 na na 1 na na 4
1959 7 1 0 na na 1 na na 4
1960 6 1 0 na na 1 1 na 3
1961 3 4 0 1 1 2 0 na 2
1962 2 4 0 1 1 2 0 na 3
1963 2 4 0 2 1 2 0 na 3
1964 2 3 0 1 1 2 0 na 3
1965 3 4 0 1 1 2 1 na 3
1966 2 3 0 1 1 2 1 na 3
1967 3 4 0 1 1 2 1 na 4
1968 3 4 0 2 1 2 1 na 6
1969 2 3 1 1 1 2 1 na 4
1970 2 4 1 1 1 2 1 na 2
1971 2 4 0 1 1 2 1 na 2
1972 3 4 1 1 0 2 1 na 2
1973 3 4 0 1 0 2 2 na 4
1974 2 3 0 1 1 1 1 na 6
1975 2 3 0 1 1 2 1 na 5
1976 2 3 0 1 0 2 1 na 4
1977 2 2 0 1 1 2 1 na 2
1978 2 2 0 0 1 2 1 na 3
1979 2 3 0 0 1 2 1 na 3
1980 2 2 0 0 1 2 1 na 3
1981 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 3
1982 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 3
1983 3 2 0 0 0 2 1 1 3
1984 2 2 0 0 1 2 1 1 2
1985 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 2
1986 2 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 3
1987 2 3 0 0 1 1 2 0 3
1988 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 2
1989 2 2 0 0 0 2 1 0 3
1990 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 1 3
1991 2 2 0 0 0 1 2 1 2
1992 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 0 3
1993 3 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 3
1994 3 2 0 0 0 3 2 0 3
1995 3 2 0 0 0 4 2 0 3
1996 3 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 3
1997 3 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 3
1998 3 3 0 0 1 2 1 0 3
1999 3 2 0 0 1 2 1 0 3
2000 3 2 0 0 1 3 2 0 3
2001 3 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 3
2002 4 2 0 0 1 2 2 0 3
2003 3 2 0 0 1 2 2 na 3
2004 4 2 0 0 1 2 2 na 3
2005 2 1 1 na na 1 4 na 5
Continued over
Table 22(c) (cont.)
sheepme
sesame at sorghum sugar tea teff tobacco wheat yam
1955 1 1 2 1 na na na 4 5
1956 1 1 1 1 na na na 5 4
1957 1 4 3 1 0 na na 5 4
1958 1 5 3 1 0 na na 4 4
1959 1 4 3 1 0 na na 4 4
1960 1 4 2 1 0 na 5 4 3
1961 0 2 4 2 0 na 2 2 7
1962 1 2 5 2 0 na 2 2 7
1963 0 2 4 2 0 na 2 2 7
1964 0 2 4 2 0 na 2 2 7
1965 0 2 4 2 0 na 1 2 5
1966 0 2 3 2 0 na 1 2 7
1967 0 2 3 1 0 na 1 2 5
1968 0 2 3 1 0 na 1 2 5
1969 0 2 3 2 0 na 1 2 5
1970 0 2 4 1 0 na 1 2 6
1971 1 2 4 2 0 na 1 2 8
1972 1 2 3 2 0 na 1 2 6
1973 1 2 3 2 0 na 1 2 6
1974 1 2 4 4 0 na 0 3 8
1975 1 2 3 4 0 na 1 2 7
1976 1 1 3 2 0 na 1 2 6
1977 0 2 3 2 1 na 0 1 6
1978 1 2 3 2 1 na 1 1 7
1979 1 2 3 2 1 na 1 2 7
1980 1 2 3 3 1 na 1 2 7
1981 0 2 3 2 0 0 0 4 7
1982 0 2 4 2 1 1 1 5 7
1983 0 2 3 1 1 0 1 6 4
1984 0 2 3 1 1 1 1 4 6
1985 0 2 2 1 1 1 1 4 5
1986 0 1 3 1 1 0 1 5 4
1987 0 2 3 1 1 0 1 4 5
1988 0 2 2 2 1 0 1 4 5
1989 0 2 2 2 1 0 1 5 5
1990 0 2 2 2 1 0 1 3 6
1991 0 1 2 2 1 1 1 5 8
1992 0 1 3 1 1 0 1 4 8
1993 0 2 3 1 1 0 1 4 7
1994 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 4 8
1995 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 4 9
1996 0 1 3 2 1 0 1 4 7
1997 0 1 2 1 1 0 1 4 8
1998 0 1 3 2 1 0 1 5 8
1999 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 5 8
2000 0 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 8
2001 0 2 2 1 1 0 1 5 7
2002 0 2 3 1 1 0 1 6 7
2003 0 2 3 1 1 0 1 5 7
2004 0 2 3 1 1 0 0 5 7
2005 na 1 2 2 na na na 11 2
* Apple, banana, cashew, chat, clove, fruit and vegetables, grape, gum arabic, hides and
skins, oilseed, pepper, potato, pyrethrum, sisal and soybean are omitted due to low shares
(less than 0.5 percent of the gross value of regional production each year).
a. At farmgate undistorted prices
Sources: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on estimates in Chs 2-17 of this book.
Table 23: Gross subsidy equivalents of assistance to farmers, African countries, 1955 to
2004a (constant 2000 US$ million)
Burki Cote
na Camer d'Ivoi Ethio- Mada
Benin Faso oon Chad re Egypt pia Ghana Kenya gascar Mali
BJ BF CM TD CI EG ET GH KE MG ML
1955 na na na na na -1748 na -33 na 2 na
1956 na na na na na -1673 na -16 119 2 na
1957 na na na na na -1602 na -36 142 2 na
1958 na na na na na -1442 na -239 168 2 na
1959 na na na na na -1337 na -190 121 2 na
1960 na na na na na -1831 na -130 142 -12 na
1961 na na -81 na -388 -2364 na 16 29 -116 na
1962 na na -74 na -253 -2268 na -174 157 -68 na
1963 na na -102 na -376 -2757 na -284 255 -100 na
1964 na na -76 na -606 -3142 na -369 227 -123 na
1965 na na -101 na -424 -3821 na -231 -41 -111 na
1966 na na -126 na -638 -3205 na -312 -64 -201 na
1967 na na -164 na -470 -2431 na -393 180 -146 na
1968 na na -203 na -726 -3250 na -360 189 -309 na
1969 na na -278 na -755 -4035 na -455 112 -157 na
1970 -3 -1 -238 -8 -735 -2937 na -341 -94 -14 -6
1971 -6 -3 -179 -14 -562 -3065 na -70 -246 -13 -10
1972 -7 -4 -183 -15 -632 -2902 na -204 -32 -18 -11
1973 -20 -11 -309 -50 -800 -4773 na -427 -110 -515 -24
1974 -5 -4 -406 -15 -982 -7087 na -626 -188 -1229 -10
1975 -5 -9 -172 -30 -516 -4085 na -480 65 -405 -25
1976 -6 -18 -469 -44 -3819 -1926 na -679 193 -621 -46
1977 -2 -4 -1110 -15 -2792 -558 na -874 -858 -633 -17
1978 -4 -10 -793 -23 -2026 -444 na -730 -436 -756 -28
1979 -5 -12 -636 -14 -1962 -3216 na -874 252 -362 -24
1980 -3 -12 -342 -14 -1735 -2979 na -499 -634 -553 -23
1981 -1 -7 -183 -8 -1864 -3432 -1509 -611 -382 -706 -13
1982 -4 -12 -224 -14 -1147 -1936 -1917 -493 -666 -566 -23
1983 -8 -17 -208 -30 -1639 902 -1985 na -266 -516 -30
1984 -9 -11 -414 -8 -1291 1426 -2039 -13 -91 -554 -19
1985 2 1 -192 2 -1690 -941 -3524 -204 183 -213 -1
1986 1 0 -184 2 -1215 4212 -2203 -217 248 -230 -5
1987 -3 -6 26 -1 -1082 7063 -1969 1 309 -315 -10
1988 -2 -4 67 1 -774 7758 -2277 -3 -179 -244 -9
1989 -12 -16 45 -12 -473 8648 -1986 -31 281 -195 -32
1990 -11 -14 -42 -8 -852 -1073 -2360 -41 31 -101 -23
1991 -5 -4 -34 -2 -652 511 -2920 44 -117 -110 -8
1992 4 2 -3 3 -669 -1388 -2270 3 130 -80 9
1993 -9 -3 -42 -3 -709 -674 -1380 -37 -441 -94 -8
1994 -43 -32 -45 -25 -879 -287 -2008 -107 11 20 -60
1995 -33 -17 -10 -16 -844 -117 -2080 -94 -35 -103 -46
1996 -22 -17 4 -14 -955 -728 -1785 -121 -16 -42 -43
1997 -25 -26 -47 -12 -909 679 -2301 -64 81 -60 -43
1998 2 -5 -93 0 -942 954 -2039 -63 -63 9 -7
1999 -4 -2 -46 1 -737 980 -2276 -47 210 3 -14
2000 -12 -11 6 -6 -643 338 -1513 -105 88 30 -11
2001 3 6 5 0 -700 -523 -699 41 237 -16 8
2002 -7 -7 -29 -3 -1025 -1426 -1227 27 92 -37 -5
2003 -10 -16 -21 -4 -1048 -437 -1183 -112 133 -1 -10
2004 7 27 19 8 -1139 -808 -945 -22 153 75 27
Continued over
Appendix Table 23 (continued)
Mozam Senega Tanzan Zimbab
bique Nigeria RSA l Sudan ia Togo Uganda Zambia we
MZ NG ZA SN SD TZ TG UG ZM ZW
1955 na na na na -347 na na na na 40
1956 na na na na -260 na na na na 39
1957 na na na na -298 na na na na 58
1958 na na na na -338 na na na na 26
1959 na na na na -478 na na na na 30
1960 na na na na -545 na na na na -478
1961 na 2272 96 -96 -509 na na -12 na -298
1962 na 2827 441 -70 -594 na na -5 na -211
1963 na 1647 177 -76 -712 na na -45 na -326
1964 na 2029 29 -61 -1070 na na -83 na -420
1965 na 1417 119 -60 -996 na na -34 -21 -564
1966 na 2298 406 -55 -1064 na na -47 -74 -206
1967 na 605 596 -45 -1313 na na -81 -34 -277
1968 na 1057 748 -22 -1250 na na -62 -103 -204
1969 na 502 630 -88 -1374 na na -96 -514 -275
1970 na -298 181 -77 -1910 na 0 -116 54 -267
1971 na 907 332 -105 -1945 na -1 -107 -182 -373
1972 na 1332 540 -111 -2019 na -1 -140 -122 -481
1973 na 1162 -205 -265 -2901 na -3 -185 -150 -441
1974 na 1234 -2349 -612 -3960 na -1 -445 -161 -811
1975 na 2116 -676 -593 -2545 na -2 -462 -407 -809
1976 -299 2915 -68 -327 -1588 -1085 -3 na -192 -1083
1977 -301 -776 873 -126 -1875 -1529 -1 na -790 -794
1978 -367 -330 935 -419 -1269 -1601 -3 na -451 -613
1979 -154 1004 587 -421 -2027 -1886 -4 na -101 -594
1980 -344 2281 1520 -289 -2653 -1477 -5 na -198 -762
1981 -247 5179 2797 -612 -1967 -1066 -3 22 91 -748
1982 -161 5293 2749 -26 -2981 -651 -6 -133 70 -377
1983 -137 -1615 2302 -61 -2536 -986 -7 -260 18 -524
1984 -101 -147 966 -113 -1728 -1130 -9 -206 -134 -598
1985 -106 474 -208 -70 -1548 -567 0 -165 -203 -534
1986 -131 770 912 46 -2580 -792 -1 -149 -216 -480
1987 -148 3733 2196 172 -2874 -645 -4 -134 -377 -384
1988 -124 1278 956 87 -1882 -697 -4 -43 -733 -574
1989 -91 753 406 -13 -6035 -623 -10 -61 -451 -691
1990 -28 456 788 45 -1481 -630 -8 10 -422 -512
1991 -20 2825 866 34 -1826 -458 -2 -41 -259 -806
1992 -17 -488 401 97 -4395 -278 1 -11 -4 -490
1993 -13 -1285 578 83 -5904 -95 -3 -4 -82 -614
1994 -22 2464 1569 -71 -4561 -148 -24 -16 -123 -257
1995 13 858 979 -35 -2351 -566 -11 -4 -22 -272
1996 41 -1622 759 -16 -3375 -294 -12 1 -352 -396
1997 48 158 1020 -38 -1928 -393 -11 35 -140 -470
1998 72 615 -371 -5 -1423 -739 -2 34 -272 -393
1999 82 474 -108 -63 -161 -889 0 23 -201 -805
2000 52 -1118 309 -111 -412 -437 -4 14 -237 -504
2001 45 -539 -406 -74 -2923 -396 1 14 -127 -1432
2002 58 -959 -283 -16 -653 -170 -4 13 -128 -782
2003 71 -1612 293 3 -1236 -155 -8 13 -96 -562
2004 49 -942 156 -13 -825 -492 1 16 -205 -975
Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on estimates in Chapters 2-17 of this book.
Table 24: Share of regional value of agricultural productiona, Africa countries, 1955 to
2005 (percent)
b
CM CI EG ET GH KE MG MZ NG ZA SN SD TZ UG ZM ZW CC
1955 na na 50 na 17 na 9 na na 2 na 21 na na na 1 na
1956 na na 47 na 17 4 8 na na 2 na 21 na na na 1 na
1957 na na 47 na 14 4 7 na na 4 na 22 na na na 1 na
1958 na na 49 na 17 4 7 na na 4 na 19 na na na 1 na
1959 na na 48 na 16 3 7 na na 4 na 21 na na na 1 na
1960 na na 45 na 15 3 6 na na 5 na 20 na na na 6 na
1961 7 4 18 na 6 2 4 na 27 13 2 8 na 5 1 2 na
1962 8 4 18 na 5 2 4 na 29 12 2 10 na 5 1 2 na
1963 8 4 19 na 5 2 4 na 27 13 2 9 na 5 1 2 na
1964 7 5 20 na 5 2 4 na 27 12 2 8 na 5 1 2 na
1965 7 4 23 na 4 3 4 na 23 11 2 9 na 6 1 3 na
1966 7 5 20 na 4 3 4 na 27 12 2 9 na 5 1 2 na
1967 7 5 20 na 5 2 4 na 23 16 2 9 na 5 1 2 na
1968 8 6 22 na 4 2 5 na 22 13 2 10 na 5 1 2 na
1969 7 5 23 na 5 2 4 na 22 13 1 9 na 6 2 2 na
1970 7 5 17 na 4 2 3 na 24 13 1 10 na 6 1 1 6
1971 6 4 16 na 4 2 3 na 24 14 1 10 na 7 1 2 5
1972 7 5 18 na 4 2 3 na 20 14 1 11 na 5 1 2 5
1973 7 5 20 na 4 2 4 na 22 14 2 11 na 4 1 2 5
1974 5 4 22 na 3 2 4 na 24 16 2 9 na 3 1 2 3
1975 5 5 20 na 4 2 3 0 22 15 3 10 na 4 1 2 4
1976 5 10 17 na 3 2 2 1 21 11 2 9 4 4 1 2 4
1977 6 9 13 na 3 5 3 1 20 10 1 9 4 7 1 2 6
1978 5 8 13 na 4 3 2 1 24 10 2 9 4 7 1 2 5
1979 5 10 14 na 3 2 2 1 18 13 2 10 5 6 1 2 7
1980 5 7 15 na 4 3 2 2 18 14 1 10 3 7 1 2 6
1981 3 5 12 10 2 2 2 1 28 12 2 10 2 2 1 2 4
1982 3 5 14 13 2 3 1 1 25 10 1 10 2 3 0 2 5
1983 3 7 14 17 na 2 2 1 20 10 1 11 2 4 1 1 5
1984 3 6 13 14 3 3 2 0 25 10 1 9 2 3 1 2 4
1985 2 6 12 20 2 2 2 0 25 8 1 8 2 2 0 2 4
1986 4 6 14 16 2 3 2 0 22 9 1 9 2 2 1 2 5
1987 3 6 12 12 3 2 2 1 26 10 1 11 2 2 0 2 6
1988 4 6 13 13 2 3 2 1 21 11 1 10 2 3 1 2 6
1989 3 4 13 12 2 2 2 1 22 10 1 16 2 3 1 2 5
1990 4 5 13 13 2 2 2 1 26 10 1 9 2 3 0 2 6
1991 3 4 12 14 3 2 2 1 25 10 1 9 1 2 0 2 7
1992 4 5 12 11 3 2 2 1 26 10 1 8 2 3 0 1 8
1993 4 5 13 8 3 2 2 1 22 11 1 12 2 4 1 2 7
1994 5 6 11 12 2 3 2 1 23 10 1 11 2 5 1 1 5
1995 4 5 11 12 3 2 2 1 28 8 1 8 3 6 0 1 5
1996 4 5 13 10 2 2 1 1 29 9 0 8 2 3 1 2 6
1997 3 5 11 13 3 2 1 1 29 8 1 8 3 4 0 2 5
1998 3 5 10 14 4 2 2 1 27 8 0 8 3 4 1 1 6
1999 3 4 11 15 3 2 2 2 28 8 1 7 3 4 1 2 5
2000 3 5 12 12 3 2 2 1 27 8 1 10 3 5 1 2 5
2001 4 4 12 10 3 2 2 1 23 8 1 14 3 5 0 3 6
2002 4 5 11 13 3 2 2 1 24 8 0 10 3 4 1 2 7
2003 3 4 10 14 4 2 1 1 22 9 1 12 3 5 1 1 7
2004 3 4 12 13 4 2 1 0 21 10 1 12 3 5 1 2 6
Continued over
Table 24 (cont.)
Five year averages
b
CM CI EG ET GH KE MG MZ NG ZA SN SD TZ UG ZM CC
1955-59 na na 48 na 16 4 8 na na 3 na 21 na na na na
1960-64 7 4 24 na 7 2 4 na 27 11 2 11 na 5 1 na
1965-69 7 5 22 na 4 2 4 na 23 13 2 9 na 5 1 na
1970-74 6 5 19 na 4 2 3 na 23 14 1 10 na 5 1 5
1975-79 5 8 15 na 3 3 3 1 21 12 2 9 4 6 1 5
1980-84 3 6 13 14 3 3 2 1 23 11 1 10 2 4 1 5
1985-89 3 6 13 15 2 2 2 1 23 10 1 11 2 2 1 5
1990-94 4 5 12 12 3 2 2 1 25 10 1 10 2 3 1 7
1995-99 3 5 11 13 3 2 2 1 28 8 1 8 3 4 1 6
2000-04 3 5 11 12 3 2 2 1 23 9 1 12 3 5 1 6
Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on estimates in Chapters 2-17 of this book.
a. Value of production at undistorted prices.
b. Cotton countries: Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Mali and Togo.
Table 25: Summary of NRA data for studied African countries
Country ISO Max. Maximum Number 2000-04
Code number number of of NRA Gross
of years products observ- Weighted Standard
value o
ations average deviation
productio
NRAa NRAb
nc
Benin BJ 36 5 180 -0.5 7.2 1.1
Burkina Faso BF 36 5 180 -0.1 10.4 1.2
Cameroon CM 45 10 432 -0.1 7.5 2.9
Chad TD 36 5 180 -0.1 10.3 0.7
Cote d'Ivoire CI 45 7 310 -24.5 33.1 3.8
Egypt EG 51 7 357 -6.1 22.1 9.8
Ethiopia ET 25 8 192 -11.2 23.6 10.5
Ghana GH 49 7 343 -1.4 25.5 2.9
Kenya KE 49 7 324 9.3 25.6 1.6
Madagascar MG 51 10 413 1.0 22.5 1.3
Mali ML 36 5 180 0.1 9.9 1.7
Mozambique MZ 31 14 378 12.4 37.9 0.9
Nigeria NG 44 10 440 -5.4 53.2 19.8
RSA ZA 51 14 618 -0.1 20.3 7.4
Senegal SN 45 4 169 -7.5 18.6 0.5
Sudan SD 50 12 594 -11.9 63.2 10.0
Tanzania TZ 29 18 517 -12.4 51.9 2.7
Togo TG 36 5 172 -0.7 7.7 0.4
Uganda UG 44 13 572 0.4 6.9 4.0
Zambia ZM 45 10 394 -29.6 38.1 0.5
Zimbabwe ZW 51 8 373 -56.8 33.9 1.5
All AFRICA
studied 51 44 7318 -7.3 25.2 85.4
countriesc
Source: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on estimates in in Chs 2-17 of this book.
a. Weighted average NRA and standard deviation NRA for covered products using the
gross value of production at undistorted prices as weights.
b. Simple average of country 5-year averages.
c. Gross value of total production at undistorted prices, in current US$ billions.
Table 26: Summary of NRA data by major product, African region, 2000-04
Unweighed Weighted Gross
average average Value of
Product NRA NRA Productiona Countries included (by ISO code)
Apple b 0.0 0.0 0.00 ZA
Banana 0.2 0.3 0.15 CM
Bean 1.1 1.1 0.08 MZ, TZ, UG
Beef -1.7 -25.1 0.49 EG, ZA, SD
Camel -18.1 -26.0 5.89 SD
Cashew 87.7 87.7 0.10 MZ, TZ
Cassava -9.6 -9.9 0.06 BJ, BF, CM, TD, CI, GH, MG, ML, MZ, NG, TZ, TG, UG
Chat -0.4 -2.6 8.45 ET
Clove -39.5 -39.5 0.07 MG
Cocoa -18.7 -18.7 0.05 CM, CI, GH, MG, NG
Coffee -23.4 -35.8 2.59 CM, CI, ET, KE, MG, TZ, UG
BJ, BF, CM, CI, TD, EG, ML, MZ, NG, SN, SD, TZ, TG, UG,
Cotton -13.5 -12.0 0.70 ZM, ZW
Fruit & veg b -20.7 -46.1 1.94 KE
Grape b 0.0 0.0 0.14 ZA
Groundnut 4.2 7.4 0.21 GH, MZ, NG, SN, SD., UG, ZM, ZW
Gumarabic -27.3 -40.3 1.72 SD
Hides & skins -67.1 -67.1 0.02 ET
Maize -48.4 -48.4 0.03 CM, EG, ET, GH, KE, MG, MZ, NG, ZA, TZ, UG, ZM, ZW
Milk 3.5 -5.4 7.24 EG, SD
Millet 3.5 14.6 2.99 BJ, BF, CM, TD, ML, MZ, NG, SN, SD, TZ, TG, UG, ZM
Oilseed -0.3 -2.3 1.79 ET
Orange b -39.4 -39.4 0.08 ZA
Roots & tubers 5.7 8.4 0.23 CM
Palmoil 0.0 0.0 0.38 NG
Pepper -12.6 -12.6 0.73 MG
Plantain -10.2 -10.2 0.00 CM, CI, GH, TZ, UG
Potato -0.1 -0.1 1.93 MZ, TZ
Poultry 0.0 0.0 0.07 ZA
Pulse 2.7 2.7 1.36 ET
Pyrethrum -20.4 -20.4 0.16 TZ
Rice -47.7 -47.7 0.00 CI, EG, GH, MG, MZ, NG, SN, TZ, UG, ZM
Sesame 9.0 -5.5 2.45 SD
Sheepmeat -38.1 -38.1 0.20 ZA, SD
Sisal -10.6 -21.4 1.57 TZ
Sorghum 0.0 0.0 0.01
Soybean -2.5 20.7 2.13 ZM, ZW
Sugar -42.1 -54.2 0.04 EG, KE, MG, MZ, ZA, SD, TZ, UG
Sunflower 54.1 43.7 1.03 ZA, ZM, ZW
Tea -1.3 -3.5 0.15 KE, TZ, UG
Teff -30.2 -16.4 0.58 ET
Tobacco -7.1 -7.1 0.37 MZ, TZ, ZM, ZW
Vanilla -45.4 -63.0 0.51 MG
Wheat -12.8 -12.8 0.06 EG, ET. KE, ZA, SD, TZ, ZM, ZW
Yam 14.5 -1.1 4.03 BJ, BF, TD, CI, GH, MG, ML, MZ, NG, TZ, TG, UG
All covered
products -9.6 -7.3 52.8
Sources: Anderson and Valenzuela (2008), based on estimates in in Chs 2-17 of this book.
a. Average annual gross value of production of covered products at undistorted prices
(US$billion).
b. Even though apple, fruit and vegetables, grape and orange are covered only by one
country, the weighted and simple averages differ because traded and nontraded products
have treated separately.
Table 27: Shares of the global volume of production and consumption of covered agricultural products, African countriesa, 2000
All
CM CI EG ET GH KE MG MZ NI ZA SE SD TZ UG ZM ZW studied World
Apple C 0.5 0.5 100.0
Q 1.0 1.0 100.0
Banana C 0.6 0.6 100.0
Q 1.0 1.0 100.0
Bean C 0.0 1.6 2.4 4.0 100.0
Q 0.0 1.6 2.5 4.1 100.0
Beef C 1.2 1.1 0.5 2.8 100.0
Q 0.9 1.0 0.5 2.4 100.0
Cassava C 1.1 4.6 1.4 18.0 4.0 2.8 31.9 100.0
Q 1.1 4.6 1.4 18.0 4.0 2.8 31.8 100.0
Cocoa C 0.2 4.8 1.5 0.0 5.1 11.6 100.0
Q 3.6 41.4 13.0 0.1 10.0 68.2 100.0
Coffee C 0.2 0.4 1.7 0.1 0.6 0.0 0.1 3.2 100.0
Q 1.1 4.5 3.1 1.3 0.8 0.6 1.9 13.3 100.0
Cotton Lint C 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.3 100.0
Q 0.5 1.0 1.2 0.1 0.8 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.7 4.9 100.0
Cotton Seed C 0.3 0.5 1.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.5 3.9 100.0
Q 0.3 0.7 1.0 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.6 4.2 100.0
Grape C 1.8 1.8 100.0
Q 2.3 2.3 100.0
Groundnut C 0.6 0.3 8.4 2.1 2.7 0.4 0.2 0.5 15.3 100.0
Q 0.6 0.3 8.3 3.0 2.7 0.4 0.1 0.5 16.1 100.0
Maize C 0.1 1.8 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.2 0.7 1.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 6.7 100.0
Q 0.1 1.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.0 0.2 0.7 1.9 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 6.1 100.0
Milk C 0.7 0.8 1.5 100.0
Q 0.7 0.8 1.5 100.0
Sheepmeat C 1.8 2.3 4.1 100.0
Q 1.4 2.3 3.7 100.0
Poultry C 1.3 1.3 100.0
Q 1.2 1.2 100.0
Rice C 0.3 0.8 0.1 0.5 0.1 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 3.0 100.0
Q 0.2 1.0 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 2.4 100.0
Sorghum C 0.7 13.4 5.2 1.1 0.6 0.1 0.1 21.2 100.0
Q 0.8 13.8 4.5 1.2 0.6 0.1 0.2 21.1 100.0
Continued over
Table 27 (cont)
Soybean C 0.0 0.1 0.1 100.0
Q 0.0 0.1 0.1 100.0
Sugar C 1.5 0.4 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 2.7 100.0
Q 1.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.1 0.1 1.9 100.0
Sunflower C 2.9 0.1 0.1 3.1 100.0
Q 2.1 0.1 0.1 2.3 100.0
Tea C 1.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 100.0
Q 6.2 0.6 0.8 7.6 100.0
Wheat C 1.9 0.4 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 3.3 100.0
Q 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 100.0
Source: Based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization, FAOSTAT.
Table 28: Shares of the global value of imports and exports of covered agricultural products, African countries, 2000
All Total,
CM CI EG ET GH KE MG MZ NI ZA SE SD TZ UG ZM ZW
studied world
Banana M 0.0 0.0 100.0
X 1.2 1.2 100.0
Beana M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
X 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.4 100.0
Beef M 1.6 0.1 0.0 1.6 100.0
X 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 100.0
Coffeeb M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
X 1.0 2.5 2.6 1.6 0.0 1.1 1.2 9.9 100.0
Cottonc M 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 100.0
X 1.0 2.2 1.9 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.1 2.6 9.6 100.0
d
Groundnut M 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.4 100.0
X 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.1 100.0
Maize M 0.0 5.3 0.1 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.8 100.0
X 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.0 100.0
Milk M 0.7 0.1 0.7 100.0
X 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
Sheepmeat M 0.9 0.0 0.9 100.0
X 0.0 0.8 0.8 100.0
Poultry M 0.5 0.5 100.0
X 0.1 0.1 100.0
Rice M 1.4 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.3 2.9 1.5 0.8 0.2 0.0 8.4 100.0
X 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 100.0
Soybeane M 0.0 0.1 0.1 100.0
X 0.0 0.1 0.1 100.0
Sugar M 0.7 0.5 0.1 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.5 0.2 2.9 100.0
X 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.9 0.3 0.1 0.0 3.6 100.0
Tea M 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0
X 15.7 1.4 1.3 18.3 100.0
Continued over
Table 28 (cont)
All Total,
CM CI EG ET GH KE MG MZ NI ZA SE SD TZ UG ZM ZW
studied world
Wheat M 4.2 1.0 0.7 0.5 1.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 8.1 100.0
X 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.3 100.0
Source: Based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization, FAOSTAT.
a. Includes green and dry beans.
b. Incudes green and roasted coffee
c. Includes cottonseed and cotton lint
d. Includes groundnuts in shell and shelled
e. Soybean complex includes soybeans, cake of soybeans and oil of soybean.