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Cover: Beach in Saint Lucia. © fokkebok | istock.com Cover design & layout: ULTRAdesigns Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Report for Saint Lucia’s Tourism Sector Table of Contents iii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................................................vi Executive summary ..........................................................................................................................................vii Acronyms .......................................................................................................................................................... x Glossary of key terminology ............................................................................................................................. xi 01 Introduction.................................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 Need for timely, inclusive, and resilient recovery in the Caribbean Region.................................................... 2 1.2 Assessing sectoral recovery capacity in the Caribbean region....................................................................... 2 1.3 Specific objectives of the SRCA for the tourism sector in Saint Lucia........................................................... 4 1.4 Assessment methodology ..................................................................................................................................... 4 02 The tourism sector in Saint Lucia................................................................................................................ 7 2.1 Disaster impacts in Saint Lucia.............................................................................................................................. 8 2.2 Climate change impacts on tourism...................................................................................................................10 2.3 COVID-19 impacts on tourism..............................................................................................................................10 2.4 Infrastructure ..........................................................................................................................................................11 2.5 Gender, tourism, climate change, and disasters ..............................................................................................14 2.6 Disability and tourism ..........................................................................................................................................15 03 The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment implementation process in Saint Lucia.............................. 16 04 Results overview ....................................................................................................................................... 18 4.1 General findings......................................................................................................................................................19 4.2 Findings for Governance ......................................................................................................................................21 4.3 Findings for Competencies...................................................................................................................................24 4.4 Findings for Resources and Tools.......................................................................................................................27 4.5 Findings for the inclusion of gender and disability in recovery processes.................................................. 31 05 Recommendations .................................................................................................................................... 34 06 Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 37 References ....................................................................................................................................................... 40 Annex 1. Specific recommendations to strengthen the capacity of Saint Lucia’s tourism sector for resilient and inclusive recovery...................................................................................................................................... 43 Annex 2. Inundation scenario maps for Saint Lucia......................................................................................... 47 Annex 3. Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Questionnaire................................................................... 49 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR iv Figures Figure 1. Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment results overview. The issues addressed in the assessment were classified under three main components: Governance, Competencies, and Resources and Tools. For each issue, the level of existing capacity within the sector was determined using the Recovery Capacity Index. ..........ix Figure 2. Disaster Risk Management cycle. ......................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 3. The SRCA framework structure. ............................................................................................................................ 5 Figure 4. Areas affected by sea level rise in Saint Lucia by 2100 under a high climate change scenario (RCP 8.5).....................................................................................................................................................................................11 Figure 5. Diagrammatic representation of the assessment process.............................................................................17 Figure 6. Recovery Capacity Index for the components assessed in the sector: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and skills, and Resources and tools..............................................................................................19 Figure 7. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (knowledge and skills); Human resources, Profile suitability; Natural-hazard data and risk information; Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) and Project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. ............................... 20 Figure 8. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 1: Policies and Legal Framework, Strategies and Plans, and Institutions and Coordination. ................................................................................................21 Figure 9. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 1: Policies, Legal Framework, Foundations for recovery, Mainstreaming DRM & Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), Gender and disability inclusion in policy, Building codes and regulation mechanisms, Strategies and Plans, Build Back Better, Gender and disability inclusion in planning, Institutions, Coordination, Building codes and regulation compliance, and Gender and disability coordination mechanisms. .............................................................................................................22 Figure 10. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 2: Workforce, Capacity (knowledge and skills) and Human Resources, Profile suitability. ...............................................................................................................24 Figure 11. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 2: Workforce; Gender; Private sector; Skills; Training activities; Proven capacities; and Human Resources, profile suitability.............................................. 25 Figure 12. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 3: Natural hazard data and risk information, PDNA and Project portfolio planning, Resilient recovery project design, Financing, and Project implementation. ......................................................................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 13. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of the key elements of Component 3: Data collection and management, Use of risk information in the sector, PDNA mechanisms, Planning of recovery priorities, Gender and disability inclusion in PDNA, Availability of BBB tools, Use of risk information for recovery, Building codes and regulations in project design, Gender and disability inclusion in project design, Availability of sources of funding, Accessibility to recovery funds, Budget for recovery, Resources, Project management, Building code implementation resources and M&E at project level. ........................................................................................................28 Figure 14. Recovery Capacity Indexes for a. Gender and b. Disability inclusion at the level of the components assessed: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and Skills, and Resources and Tools. .................... 31 Figure 15. Recovery Capacity Index for Gender and Disability inclusion in recovery processes at the level of SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Table of Contents the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; v Workforce; Capacity (Knowledge and skills); Human resources, profile suitability; Natural hazard data and risk information; PDNA and project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. ........................................................................................................................................................................32 Tables Table 1. Scoring system for the quantitative evaluation of qualitative responses to questions in the SRCA questionnaire................................................................................................................................................................................ 5 Table 2. Traffic light system used to categorize Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) values.............................................. 6 Table of Contents SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR vi Acknowledgements This Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment (SRCA) Agency (CDEMA) for its active involvement in govern- was prepared by a World Bank team composed of ment engagement and stakeholder consultations. The Clara Ariza (Senior Disaster Risk Management and assessment was financed by the Canada-Caribbean Climate Adaptation Specialist, Consultant), Roberto Resilience Facility, a single-donor World Bank-execut- Mendez (Senior Disaster Risk Management Special- ed trust fund managed by the Global Facility for Disas- ist, Consultant) and Francesco Varotto (Disaster Risk ter Reduction and Recovery. Management Specialist, Consultant), with inputs from Linda Anderson Berry (Senior Disability Specialist, This report has benefited from discussions with gov- Consultant) and Marcela Natalicchio (Senior Gender ernment officials, development partners, and members Specialist, Consultant), and overall guidance from of the community, and the team would like to thank Naraya Carrasco (Senior Disaster Risk Management key informants and participants in the focus-group Specialist) and Suranga Kahandawa (Senior Disaster discussions and semi-structured interviews. The team Risk Management Specialist). The team is grateful collected data with assistance from CDEMA, GFDRR to the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management and governmental staff. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Executive summary vii Saint Lucia is highly exposed to the impacts of natural limit the planning, design, implementation, monitoring, hazards – including earthquakes and hurricanes,—has and evaluation of resilient and inclusive recovery proj- suffered major disasters in the past decades, and is ects, as well as capacity building interventions, invest- currently coping with the impacts of the COVID-19 ments, and opportunities to solve pressing issues. The pandemic. With more frequent and intense extreme report includes practical recommendations, including weather events expected in the coming decades due proposed interventions to facilitate the prioritization to climate change, there is an urgent need to prepare and decision making on investments by national and for timely, effective, and efficient disaster recovery, international agencies supporting disaster risk man- while building resilience at all levels and sectors of agement (DRM) and development efforts in Saint Lu- government and society. This involves strengthening cia. Figure 1 presents the results of the SRCA for each the capacity of key national sectors to develop and ex- of the assessed issues. ecute climate resilient recovery project portfolios that are gender responsive and disability inclusive. At a high and strategic level, the assessment deter- mined that the capacity of Saint Lucia’s tourism sector This report presents the results of the Sectoral Recov- to implement resilient and inclusive recovery projects ery Capacity Assessment (SRCA) undertaken in Saint in a timely, efficient, and effective manner is moder- Lucia to assess the capacity of the country’s tourism ate. However, key results of a more detailed analysis sector to plan, design, implement, monitor, and evalu- indicate that although progress has been made in na- ate resilient and inclusive recovery projects. Tourism tional and sectoral policy and legislation to enable, to was selected as the priority sector for the SRCA by the a certain extent, the development of recovery projects, Government of Saint Lucia due to its economic impor- the level of knowledge and skills of sectoral actors is tance and high exposure to natural hazard impacts. still insufficient for planning and implementing rapid The assessment followed a consultative process fa- and effective recovery interventions. There is a large cilitated by the Ministry of Tourism, Investment, Cre- disparity in the financial capacity for recovery be- ative Industries, Culture and Information, and the Na- tween large international companies and national mi- tional Emergency Management Organisation (NEMO). cro, small, and medium enterprises operating in Saint It was supported by the Canada-Caribbean Resilience Lucia’s tourism industry. National enterprises have a Facility (CRF), hosted by the GFDRR at the World Bank larger level of engagement with and rely more on the Group, and the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Man- Ministry of Tourism for guidance and support in DRM, agement Agency (CDEMA). gender, and inclusion-related issues than internation- al operators. However, the SRCA identified a critical The SRCA assessed in detail the existing capacity for need to strengthen and sustain resilient and inclusive resilient recovery in the tourism sector in terms of en- recovery capacity within the Ministry of Tourism. The abling policies and legal frameworks, institutional ar- assessment also identified limitations in the opera- rangements, and available resources and tools. The tionalization of recovery-related policies, the availabil- assessment allowed the identification of gaps, bot- ity of hazard and risk information, and in the offer of tlenecks, deficits, blockages, and other factors that SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR viii and access to financial mechanisms for recovery, in- » Strengthen sectoral budgets for DRM and recov- cluding insurance. ery by accelerating the operationalization of the National Disaster Fund, and estimating and includ- The SRCA identified the following as crucial for build- ing a contingent annual recovery allocation in the ing recovery capacity in Saint Lucia’s Tourism sector: Ministry of Tourism’s budget. » Enhance resilience and recovery funding instru- » Ensure that resilient and inclusive recovery con- ments for small- and medium-sized enterprises siderations are integrated into ongoing and up- (SMEs) in tourism by improving access to existing coming policy, strategic, and planning processes financial mechanisms for resilience and recovery, at the national and sectoral level. It’s particularly reviewing insurance premiums for micro-, small-, important to finalize the National Recovery Con- and medium-sized enterprises operating in the tingency Plan, develop a contingency plan, and a tourism industry, and creating a database of inter- recovery framework and strategy for the Tourism national recovery funding opportunities for tour- sector. In addition, it is necessary to revise from a ism. recovery and inclusion perspective the Hospitality » Build and sustain the required knowledge and Crisis Management Plan, the Tourism Incentives skills for the implementation of resilient and in- Act, and the Tourism Stimulus and Investment Act. clusive recovery projects in the sector through the » Develop an investment plan for resilient infra- recruitment of specialized staff in areas specific to structure development to ensure the continuity DRM, the institutionalization of training in DRM, and operability of the tourism sector after major gender and disability inclusion for public and pri- climate events. The plan should focus on mech- vate sectoral stakeholders, and the improvement anisms—including nature-based solutions—to re- of public recruitment protocols, among other mea- duce coastal erosion and protect critical transport sures. infrastructure from floods and sea level rise. » Develop an investment plan for infrastructure It is expected that the findings of this report and its maintenance to reduce reconstruction costs and recommendations will be taken into consideration and ensure the sustainability of infrastructure invest- integrated in the design and implementation of recov- ments. ery strategies and plans that will follow the response » Strengthen the generation, management, and use phase of the current flooding disaster as well as into of risk and recovery-relevant data and informa- medium- and longer-term Comprehensive Disaster tion by finalizing the construction and operation- Management (CDM) and development efforts in the alization of the Disaster Information Management sector. System (DIMS) and the GeoNode and developing detailed flood models for coastal areas. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Executive Summary FIGURE 1 Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment results overview. The issues addressed in the assessment were classified under three main components: Governance, Competencies and Resources, and Tools. For each issue, the level of existing capacity within the sector was determined using the Recovery Capacity Index. Executive Summary Component 3: Resources and tools Component 1: Governance 1.1.1. Policies (RCI of 59) 3.5.4. M&E at project level (RCI of 63) 1.1.2. Legal Framework (RCI of 69) 3.5.3. Building codes and regulations in project implementation (RCI of 50) 100 1.1.3. Foundations for recovery (RCI of 63) 3.5.2. Project management (RCI of 44) 90 1.1.4. Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Management and 3.5.1. Resources (RCI of 75) 80 Climate Change Adaptation (RCI of 70) 69 1.1.5. Gender and disability inclusion (RCI of 53) Low or 3.4.3. Budget for recovery (RCI of 31) 70 63 59 63 70 1.1.6. Building codes and regulation (RCI of 33) absent 75 60 (0–24) 3.4.2. Access to recovery funding (RCI of 78) 1.2.1. Strategies and Plans (RCI of 40) 50 50 3.4.1. Availability of funding sources 78 40 53 1.2.2. Build-Back-Better in recovery strategies and plans Basic or 44 for recovery (RCI of 71) (RCI of 63) incipient 30 71 33 40 1.2.3. Gender and disability inclusion in (25–49) 3.3.4. Gender and disability inclusion 20 63 31 strategies and plans (RCI of 56) in project design (RCI of 69) 69 10 56 3.3.3. Building codes and regulations 1.3.1. Institutional responsibility for recovery Moderate 75 0 25 (RCI of 25) (50–74) in project design (RCI of 75) 44 31 75 1.3.2. Disaster risk management and 3.3.2. Use of risk information (RCI of 44) 50 38 38 recovery coordination (RCI of 75) 28 28 33 38 Advanced 3.3.1. Availabilities of BBB tools (RCI of 50) 45 1.3.3. Building codes and regulations (compliance) (75–89) (RCI of 31) 3.2.3. Gender and disability inclusion in PDNAs 71 41 44 1.3.4. Gender and disability inclusion (coordination) (RCI of 38) (RCI of 38) Recovery Capacity Index (Capacity Level) 3.2.2. Planning of recovery priorities (RCI of 71) 69 Full 63 84 2.1.1. Sector's workforce (RCI of 45) (90-100) 3.2.1. PDNA mechanisms(RCI of 84) 2.1.2. Gender specialists (RCI of 38) 3.1.2. Use of risk information (RCI of 28) 2.1.3. Private sector (contractors for recovery) (RCI of 69) 3.1.1. Risk data collection and management (RCI of 63) 2.2.1. Skills (RCI of 33) 2.3.1. Human Resources, profile suitability (RCI of 41) 2.2.2. Training activities (RCI of 44) 2.2.3. Proven capacities (RCI of 28) Component 2: Competencies SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR ix x Acronyms BBB Build Back Better CAFF Climate Adaptation Financing Facility CEDAW Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women CDEMA Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency CDM Comprehensive Disaster Management CRPD United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities CRF Canada-Caribbean Resilience Facility DANA Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis DIMS Disaster Information Management System DRM Disaster Risk Management EnGenDER Enabling Gender-Responsive Disaster Recovery, Climate and Environmental Resilience in the Caribbean ESL Extreme Sea Level GDP Gross Domestic Product GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GIS Geographic Information Systems GoSL Government of Saint Lucia M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MTDS Medium Term Development Strategy NEMO National Emergency Management Organisation NEMP Saint Lucia National Emergency Management Plan PCM Project Cycle Management PDNA Post-Disaster Needs Assessment PwD Persons Living with Disabilities RCI Recovery Capacity Index RCP Representative Concentration Pathway SLR Sea Level Rise SMEs Small and Medium-sized Enterprises SRCA Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment TORs Terms of Reference UN United Nations UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Glossary of key terminology xi Building code: A set of ordinances or regulations and Disaster risk reduction: Disaster risk reduction is associated standards intended to regulate aspects of aimed at preventing new and reducing existing disas- the design, construction, materials, alteration and oc- ter risk and managing residual risk, all of which con- cupancy of structures which are necessary to ensure tribute to strengthening resilience and therefore to the human safety and welfare, including resistance to col- achievement of sustainable development. lapse and damage.1 Disaster risk assessment: A qualitative or quantitative Build back better: The use of the recovery, rehabil- approach to determine the nature and extent of disas- itation and reconstruction phases after a disaster to ter risk by analyzing potential hazards and evaluating increase the resilience of nations and communities existing conditions of exposure and vulnerability that through integrating disaster risk reduction measures together could harm people, property, services, liveli- into the restoration of physical infrastructure and soci- hoods and the environment on which they depend. etal systems, and into the revitalization of livelihoods, economies and the environment. Exposure: The situation of people, infrastructure, housing, production capacities and other tangible hu- Coping capacity: The ability of people, organizations man assets located in hazard-prone areas. and systems, using available skills and resources, to manage adverse conditions, risk or disasters. The ca- Hazard: A process, phenomenon or human activity pacity to cope requires continuing awareness, resourc- that may cause loss of life, injury or other health im- es and good management, both in normal times as pacts, property damage, social and economic disrup- well as during disasters or adverse conditions. Coping tion or environmental degradation. capacities contribute to the reduction of disaster risks. Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities devel- Critical infrastructure: The physical structures, facili- oped by governments, response and recovery orga- ties, networks and other assets which provide services nizations, communities, and individuals to effectively that are essential to the social and economic function- anticipate, respond to and recover from the impacts of ing of a community or society. likely, imminent or current disasters. Disaster risk management: Disaster risk management Prevention: Activities and measures to avoid existing is the application of disaster risk reduction policies and and new disaster risks. strategies to prevent new disaster risk, reduce existing disaster risk and manage residual risk, contributing to Recovery: The restoring or improving of livelihoods and the strengthening of resilience and reduction of disas- health, as well as economic, physical, social, cultural ter losses. and environmental assets, systems and activities, of a 1 The following key terminology is provided by the United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Online resource available at: https:// www.undrr.org/terminology SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR xii disaster-affected community or society, aligning with Retrofitting: Reinforcement or upgrading of existing the principles of sustainable development and “build structures to become more resistant and resilient to back better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk. the damaging effects of hazards. Response: Actions taken directly before, during or im- Reconstruction: The medium- and long-term rebuild- mediately after a disaster in order to save lives, reduce ing and sustainable restoration of resilient critical health impacts, ensure public safety and meet the ba- infrastructures, services, housing, facilities and liveli- sic subsistence needs of the people affected. hoods required for the full functioning of a community or a society affected by a disaster, aligning with the Resilience: The ability of a system, community or so- principles of sustainable development and “build back ciety exposed to hazards to resist, absorb, accommo- better”, to avoid or reduce future disaster risk. date, adapt to, transform and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and efficient manner, including Vulnerability: The conditions determined by physical, through the preservation and restoration of its essen- social, economic and environmental factors or pro- tial basic structures and functions through risk man- cesses which increase the susceptibility of an individ- agement. ual, a community, assets or systems to the impacts of hazards. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Glossary of key terminology 01 1 Introduction Photo: Orietta Gaspari | istock.com 2 1.1 Need for timely, inclusive, and Preparing for recovery entails enhancing ex-ante the ca- resilient recovery in the Caribbean pacity of national governments to recover from losses Region and damages, define and strengthen institutional and financial systems that support the recovery process, The Caribbean region is highly prone to disasters, in- and obtain the necessary political commitment for the cluding hurricanes, earthquakes, droughts, flooding, development of recovery policies and programs (GF- and landslides. Higher temperatures, changing precip- DRR, 2020) more rapidly. This is particularly important itation patterns, more frequent, intense, and extreme in the Caribbean Small Island Development States weather events, and sea level rise (SLR) resulting from (SIDS), where long-standing and pervasive human- climate change, further exacerbate disaster risk in the resource constraints and country-specific technical region. Major hazard impacts destroy infrastructure capacity gaps, both at the national government level and property, result in losses from foregone output and in all sectors, represent major obstacles for plan- and incomes, and escalate costs as individuals and ning and implementing timely and efficient disaster re- businesses are forced to work around disruptions. covery operations. Consequently, a better understand- Disasters jeopardize hard won national development ing of capacity gaps and a focus on strengthening gains and growth prospects, erode fiscal cushions, existing recovery capacity of the development sectors and disproportionately impact the wellbeing of the most affected by disasters in these countries can in- poor.2 Caribbean countries lost an average of 3.6 per- crease the efficiency and effectiveness of recovery in- cent of aggregate Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per vestments. The Canada-Caribbean Resilience Facility year Between 2000 and 2019 to damages related to (CRF) has engaged in the standardized assessment of natural hazards, compared to 0.3 percent in all emerg- recovery capacity needs in key development sectors ing markets and developing economies (World Bank, of six Caribbean nations as a first step to assist coun- 2021). Indeed, the economic cost of disasters in the tries to bridge recovery capacity gaps and build resil- Caribbean region is so high that it often exceeds the ience to climate impacts and disasters. The countries size of the economy of the countries affected (Ötker are Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, and Srinivasan, 2018). Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines and the assessment could be undertaken in other coun- However, more timely and inclusive recovery efforts tries, depending on demand. and consequently, faster and better reconstruction can lower social and economic burdens and allow a more rapid recovery of pre-disaster development lev- 1.2 Assessing sectoral recovery capacity els. This critically depends on strong public systems in the Caribbean region that can rapidly coordinate and cost-effectively mobi- lize resources, reconstruct infrastructure, deliver ser- In order to assist Caribbean governments prepare for vices, and enable the rebuilding of local economies in timely, efficient, and effective implementation of inclu- the aftermath of disasters. Confronted with recurrent sive, climate-resilient recovery projects, the CRF de- extreme weather conditions and the prospect of more veloped the Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment frequent and intense hydrometeorological events with (SRCA) in partnership with the Caribbean Disaster climate change, resilient recovery planning and in- Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) and has vestments have become a priority for the Caribbean coordinated activities with the Enabling Gender-Re- region. sponsive Disaster Recovery, Climate and Environmen- tal Resilience in the Caribbean (EnGenDER) project for its implementation. The SRCA has been included 2 Marginalized groups and individuals that do not have equal access to societal and economic resources are disproportionately represent- ed among the poor. This often includes women, girls and the gender diverse; people living with disabilities; those that are geographically isolated; and ethnic and religious minorities. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Introduction in CDEMA’s Comprehensive Disaster Management CDEMA in their efforts to enable a rapid and effective 3 (CDM) Audit Tool, which covers the different phases recovery in the aftermath of disasters. Recommenda- of the Disaster Risk Management (DRM) cycle (figure tions emerging from the assessment will also inform 2), to complement the national recovery component of the prioritization, design, and implementation of recov- the tool, and to facilitate the identification of solutions ery-related capacity-building activities under the CRF, to sectoral capacity issues that could delay the imple- and inform potential investments to prepare for recov- mentation of recovery projects. ery as well as additional activities to be led by national governments and other stakeholders. Based on their Results of the SRCA are expected to serve as plan- own criteria, priorities, and needs, each government ning instruments and benefit national governments, selects the sector to be assessed. The Government of sectoral stakeholders, national DRM agencies, and Saint Lucia selected tourism in view of its economic FIGURE 2.. Disaster Risk Management cycle. Asterisks indicate the phases of the DRM cycle that are most relevant for the SRCA. These are the recovery phase and the preparedness phase, where the necessary actions for recovery need to be implemented. Limita tion Event of da m Preparations a ge for interventions s Intervention Preparedness > Management * > Early warning and early Recondition Respo actions systems nse > Resources for interventions ss ne > Emergency planning ion an repared > Training and exercises > Individual preparations Understanding dP duction > Risk transfer systems, e.g - Insurance Risk - Safety nets Event analysis ent > Forecast-based financing > Documentation of event ity re Re ev > Lessons learnt for co Pr ver Eve preparednesss, response y and recovery l Prevention and mitigation i n b t ra > Policy and planning Eva lne > Structural measures and nature-based solutions Recovery, rehabilitation and lu u * V - Technical measures a reconstruction (”Build back better”) tio - Biological measures > Strengthening resilience n > Organisational measures > Livelihoods and ecosystem restoration > Financing recovery, rehabilitation and DRR Actions - Development reconstruction & Humanitarian Nexus Emergency Response - Humanitarian Actions Source: Adapted from FOCP (2020). Introduction SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 4 and social importance, the consequences of previ- sists of three main and interrelated components, ous disasters, and the vulnerability of the sector, its namely, (i) Governance, (ii) Competencies, and (iii) infrastructure, and investments relating to projected Resources and Tools. Each of these components in- climate change impacts, including more frequent trop- cludes a series of complementary areas covered under ical storms and SLR. the component, referred to as key elements. In turn, each key element covers a series of topics, referred to as sub elements. Gender and disability inclusion are 1.3 Specific objectives of the SRCA for the crosscutting issues. The assessment structure estab- tourism sector in Saint Lucia lishes a relational cascade between the components at policy-making level, their key elements at strate- The objectives of the SRCA are to: gic and programmatic level, and the sub elements at operational level of each key element. This structure » Improve the understanding of the existing capaci- therefore allows addressing key enabling factors for ty of the Government of Saint Lucia, its Ministry of recovery at each level of the framework (figure 3). Tourism, and other key stakeholders in the tourism Data collection and analysis: The assessment is sector to take the necessary actions to prepare for based on data and information retrieved from a desk and undertake timely and efficient climate-resilient, review and a consultation process with key public gender-responsive and disability-inclusive disaster and private stakeholders, who—over the course of recovery projects. » Identify capacity gaps, weaknesses, and challeng- multiple sessions carried out online —completed the SRCA questionnaire, which was designed following es that limit the timely and efficient implementation the SRCA framework structure (see Annex 3). When of recovery projects in Saint Lucia’s tourism sector. » Identify opportunities for investments to support stakeholders disagreed on the response to specif- ic questions, the team in charge of the assessment Saint Lucia’s tourism sector and institutions in moderated discussions, based on evidence whenever overcoming recovery capacity gaps, weaknesses, possible, until an agreement was reached. Additional- and limitations (for example, policy reforms, insti- ly, where the responses differed from the results of the tutional restructuring, training, and investments), desk review, the team posed additional questions to and prioritize interventions to be financed by the identify the reasons for the mismatch. Government as well as by bilateral and multilateral donors to improve the sector’s capacity to prepare For the analysis of the collected information, the for recovery. SRCA methodology uses semi-quantitative approach- es that enable the translation of qualitative and value judgments into numerical values within established 1.4 Assessment methodology ranges. These approaches include a scoring system that assigns quantitative values to the qualitative in- The SRCA methodology was designed to evaluate the formation collected for each of the questions in the conditions and extent to which existing national and SRCA questionnaire, including the narrative responses sectoral capacity enable timely, effective, and coor- that stakeholders provide during consultations (Table dinated gender-informed and disability-inclusive cli- 1), and the Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) calculated mate-resilient disaster recovery in the framework of from the scores assigned to the responses. Resulting national DRM policy. Specifically, the SRCA assesses RCI values describe the extent to which the consider- the conditions under which recovery considerations ations necessary for effective recovery are taken into have been integrated into sectoral policies, plans, in- account and integrated by the sector as part of stan- stitutions, and administrative, financial, and operative dard sectoral processes and operationalization of the processes, as well as the extent of the integration. country’s DRM policies. Assessment Framework: The SRCA framework con- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Introduction FIGURE 3 . 5 The SRCA framework structure. C1, C2, and C3 are the main and inter-related components of the assessment, each consisting of a set of key elements (KE) and their respective sub elements (SE). The information required for the analysis of components, key elements, and sub elements is provided by answers to a set of questions per sub element (Q) included in the SRCA assessment questionnaire. The yellow and purple circles represent crosscutting issues. The triangles indicate the relational cascade among the different levels of the structure and the dotted circle denotes the interconnectedness of the three main capacity components. Q1, Q2, …, Qn SE1, SE2,…, SEn KE1, KE2, …, KEn r nde lity C1. Governance Ge abi Dis RECOVERY nd C2 ols s a .C To urce n om KE KE pe En o …, 1, es te ,S SE KE 2, .R nc Qn 1, 2,… KE 2, ie C3 SE Q1 s …, …, SE 1, 2,… ,Q KE KE 2, 1, ,Q 2, ,S n SE …, En Q1 Qn TABLE 1 . Scoring system for the quantitative evaluation of qualitative responses to questions in the SRCA questionnaire Score Type of response to the question Evidence 4 A qualified YES Minor problem / no No need for action or Yes Adequate problem measure 3 In progress Moderate problem Need for action and Partially Acceptable (> 75 percent completed) measure 2 In progress Major problem Need for action and Partially Scarce (> 50 percent completed) measure 1 Planned or started with Severe problem Immediate action and acute No Minimum minimum actions measure 0 A definitive NO Catastrophic problem Immediate action and acute No None measure Introduction SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 6 The RCI values obtained for each level of the assess- timely, inclusive, and resilient recovery—and of those ment are presented in spider charts and a traffic light in need for urgent capacity building or other interven- system categorizes RCI values. This provides a rap- tions—areas with absent or low level of integration of id overview of the areas where recovery capacity is factors enabling a timely, inclusive, and resilient recov- strong—high level of integration of factors enabling a ery. Table 2 presents the traffic light system. TABLE 2 Traffic light system used to categorize Recovery Capacity Index (RCI) values. RCI value range Appreciation of the extent to which recovery considerations are integrated in the sector Low or absent Absent integration of recovery considerations across the sector due to specific limiting integration elements. Low level of awareness and knowledge about the importance and added value HIGH 0–24 of recovery integration for sectoral development. Basic or Incipient integration of recovery considerations takes place at different levels of the incipient sector. Some elements are under development, with a certain level of incidence to generate integration an institutional culture. There is a certain level of awareness and knowledge about the 25–49 importance and added value of recovery integration for sectoral development. CAPACITY BUILDING NEEDS Moderated Evident integration of recovery considerations takes place at the majority of levels integration in the sector. An institutional culture that supports and updates recovery factors and 50–74 includes them in sectoral planning processes is identified. A good level of awareness and knowledge about the importance and added value of recovery integration for sectoral development exists. Advanced Evident integration of recovery considerations takes place at most levels in the sector, integration as it is part of sectoral strategic planning processes. Adaptation tools are available to 75– 89 enable the continuity of operations during contingencies, in a coordinated, practical, and documented way. There is also a high capacity to value the impact and contribution of recovery integration to the sector development, and to programmatic efficiency and efficacy. Full integration Integrating recovery considerations at all levels is a working principle, managed as part of LOW 90–100 the sector’s organizational culture. Tools and protocols for the continuous improvement of the sector’s performance and impact are available. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Introduction 02 7 The tourism sector in Saint Lucia Photo: BlueOrange Studio | shutterstock.com 8 The tourist offer in Saint Lucia is diverse and includes especially during the summer months. While larger es- pristine beaches and reef systems, lush forests, unique tablishments do comparatively well due to the scale geological features, a variety of outdoor and adventure of their operations and distribution channels, smaller activities, and high-quality hospitality services and facil- ones are at a disadvantage. Indeed, smaller, locally ities. The primary subsectors of the tourism sector are owned accommodations register around 70 percent real estate and business activities, hospitality, food and less occupancy compared to bigger competitors, of- beverage, and transportation. Secondary sectors also ten international hotel chains or wholesalers (Ministry important for the development of tourism include con- of Tourism, 2019). struction, water and electricity, banking and insurance, communications, and agriculture (5Cs and GoSL, 2015). The increased popularity of pre-paid, all-inclusive tour- ist options has limited the prospects for Saint Lucians In 2019, tourism contributed 41.8 percent to Saint to take advantage of the opportunities associated with Lucia’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and offered tourism growth and have a more active participation 32,200 jobs, equivalent to 41.8 percent of employment in the industry. Additionally, these options are raising in the country (World Travel and Tourism Council, questions of sustainability, especially when consider- 2019). The sector contributes 80 percent of total ex- ing the cruise sector, which before the COVID-19 pan- ports (Mooney and Zegarra, 2020), and has expanded demic, had been growing disproportionately vis-à-vis in the last 20 years, with international tourist arrivals yacht passengers and stayover arrivals. The fact is growing around 60 percent (Central Statistical Office, that stayers at all-inclusive hotels or cruises contrib- 2020). In terms of their origin, visitors from the US ute in a relatively small measure to the local economy, and Canada represent slightly more than half of total while having an impact on infrastructure, the social volumes, with their presence having increased sub- fabric, and land and marine ecosystems. This situa- stantially in the last 10 to 15 years. The UK, Caribbean tion is demanding a reconsideration of the long-term neighbors, and European countries make up the rest benefits for the island provided by this type of tourism of tourist influxes (Central Statistical Office, 2020). (Ministry of Tourism, 2019). The impacts of tourism on output, employment, and the balance of payments have been economically pos- 2.1 Disaster impacts in Saint Lucia itive, yet the country is remarkably vulnerable to exter- nal shocks and is one of the most dependent countries Saint Lucia is situated in a highly seismic area within on the tourist sector, ranking sixth globally and fourth the Atlantic hurricane belt. It is highly exposed to trop- in Latin America and the Caribbean on the Tourism ical storms, floods, landslides, and droughts, among Dependency Index (Mooney and Zegarra, 2020). This other natural hazards of varying degrees of intensity points to the crucial need for Saint Lucia to transition and severity. to a tourism industry that is resilient to natural hazards and climate change. This involves action by the public Between 1980 and 2014, various hurricanes have hit sector (national, regional, and local), tourism business- Saint Lucia, causing significant physical and financial es, communities, tourists, development partners, and damages. Hurricane Allen, in 1980, resulted in losses financial institutions (World Bank, 2020). of 69 percent of GDP, while in 2010 Hurricane Tomas caused damages and losses amounting to 43.4 per- Saint Lucia’s tourism is characterized by its season- cent of GDP. For tourism, losses from Tomas were ality as well as by a disparity in the performance of estimated at three times the sector’s GDP share (5Cs large versus small tourist businesses. The volume of and GoSL, 2015). arrivals fluctuates heavily depending on the time of the year (Central Statistical Office of Saint Lucia, 2020a), Intense rainfalls regularly cause flooding and land- which affects the stability and quality of employment, slides. Floods can be severe and take a variety of forms, SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Saint Lucia including land-based floods, riverine and coastal floods, the loss of reputation of tourist destinations, which 9 and ponding. In December 2013, 353 mm of rain fell in can deter visitors for years after major disaster events less than 24 hours and created massive disruption to (Erman et al., 2021). The 2017 hurricane season alone the infrastructure and the economy (GoSL and World caused a reduction of more than 800,000 visitors to Bank, 2014). Landslides are also common, with high and the region, and over US$292 million losses to regional steep slopes making the island particularly susceptible GDP (WTTC, 2018). to this hazard. During the period 2002–07, eight major subsidence events resulted in significant loss of lives, Tourism is extremely important for local communities the destruction of property, and the loss of biodiversity and their respective economies, in part because of (GoSL and World Bank, 2014). Human activities – such the tourist industry interconnectedness with other key as deforestation – reduce infiltration and increase run- economic sectors such as transport, construction, ag- off, thereby contributing to the increasing likelihood of riculture, and energy, to mention a few. When a disas- floods and landslides (5Cs and GoSL, 2015). ter hits, its impacts are multifold and have cascading effects across economic sectors. While tourist inflows While Saint Lucia’s territory is rich in water, the island may be directly affected, other sectors strictly related has experienced severe drought periods, leading to to tourism indirectly suffer as a consequence, as pro- water shortages in the past, such as in 2001, 2009–10, spective construction developments are stalled, new and 2020. Drought can have severe negative impacts airports or roads do not get built, food products largely on multiple sectors of the economy, including tourism, consumed at hotels lose their usual outlets, and less which depends heavily on water to maintain many as- local goods and services are demanded by tourist op- pects of its offer, such as pools and golf courses. Pro- erators across the board. longed drought can also lead to other hazards, such as wildfires, whose destruction of biodiversity has the At the local level, disasters force tourism enterprises potential of bringing devastating consequences for to close, with immediate negative effects on sales. In tourism (Thomas-Louisy, 2014). the aftermath of disasters, businesses close either to repair damaged assets or due to the lack of tourists. Typically, society’s most vulnerable, such as the poor, A survey conducted in 2020 with 1413 tourism-related people with disabilities, and those with lower skill lev- firms in 13 Caribbean countries, including Saint Lucia, els are at the greatest disadvantage to anticipate, cope indicated that on average, firms close for 42 days af- with, and recover from the impacts of natural hazards ter large hazard impacts, with major disasters poten- or economic downturns. When employed, they are tially leading to even longer closures. After hurricane more likely to be in less secure employment, have Irma in 2017, 66 percent of firms closed for 77 days lower incomes, and be amongst the first to lose their on average, and it took them 131 days, on average, to jobs. They have less resources to support themselves recover their pre-shock revenue levels. Delays in the in times of disaster and are among the least resilient reconstruction of critical infrastructure and tourist at- in the community. tractions contribute to the length of the recovery pro- cess in the sector. While countries affected by disas- Disaster impacts on tourism ters lose tourism revenue, neighboring countries often The Caribbean region depends on tourism and travel benefit from the re-routing of tourists and increased for its GDP more than any other region in the world demand. To prepare for hazard impacts, tourism en- (Mackay and Spencer, 2017), and is therefore highly terprises have invested in back-up infrastructure (in- affected by the impacts of climate change, disasters, cluding power generators and water storage) and, and other external shocks on the tourism industry. wherever possible, insurance. Saint Lucia is one of the Disaster impacts occur mostly through damage, de- countries in the Caribbean where most firms in the struction of assets and infrastructure access, and the tourism sector (90 percent) have acquired an insur- reduction in external demand. The latter is brought by ance plan (Erman et al., 2021). The tourism sector in Saint Lucia SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 10 2.2 Climate change impacts on tourism Climate change projections for It is anticipated that the Caribbean region, largely Saint Lucia* consisting of SIDS, will be among the most severely impacted by changes in climate conditions. These in- » Higher mean annual temperature (0.91° to clude higher temperatures, lower annual precipitation, 1.96°C) in 2040-2059. shorter rainy seasons but more intense rainfall events, » Lower annual precipitation (-259.37mm to longer and more intense dry seasons, and extended 128.49mm) in 2040-2059. heatwaves (5Cs and GoSL, 2015; GoSL 2018). The In- » Lower annual Maximum 5-day Rainfall (25- tergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) esti- yr Return Level) (-68.04mm to 88.31mm) mates that the consequences for the Caribbean will be in 2040-2059. an intensification of the impacts from natural hazards, with extreme weather events becoming both more fre- * Representative concentration pathway (RCP) 8.5 quent and more intense (IPCC, 2014). ensemble. Source: Climate Knowledge Portal, 2021. The majority of Caribbean nations are small in size, with high concentrations of people, infrastructure and other assets along their coasts, and are located in and coastal erosion will equally alter the beachscape, areas highly prone to extreme weather events. Saint reduce aesthetic appeal, and affect tourist activities as Lucia is no exception. Coupled with the growth of the well as livelihoods (5Cs and GoSL, 2015). It has been country’s population and economy, climate change estimated that under a moderate climate change sce- has the potential to result in serious human, financial, nario (RCP 4.5), almost 30 percent of coastal hotels and environmental losses. In 2008, the cost of inac- in Saint Lucia could experience beach loss by 2050 tion on climate change in Saint Lucia was calculated (Campbell, Spencer and Strobl, 2021). at 12.1 percent of GDP by 2025, rising to 24.5 percent by 2050 and 49.1 percent by 2100. However, as ac- Figure 4 shows the areas affected by SLR under a high knowledged in Saint Lucia’s National Adaptation Plan climate change scenario (RCP 8.5). Other inundation (GoSL, 2018), more recent extreme weather events scenario maps for Saint Lucia are presented in Annex 2. have provided an indication of additional costs that failing to prepare for climate change could represent for the country (GoSL, 2018). 2.3 COVID-19 impacts on tourism The repercussions of climate change on tourism are Tourism has been hit especially hard by the COVID-19 multifold. Less precipitation might lead to freshwater pandemic. Being an island accessible only by sea or by shortages and higher temperatures might have dev- air, the tourism industry in Saint Lucia has suffered heav- astating costs on natural resources, including coastal ily due to global travel restrictions aimed at reducing the and marine environments, land flora and fauna, fisher- transmission of the virus (Mooney and Zegarra, 2020). ies and agriculture, thereby reducing Saint Lucia’s tour- ist appeal (GoSL, 2018). SLR is one of the major threats Given the high dependency of Saint Lucia’s economy to Saint Lucia’s tourism sector. A 1m rise in sea level on tourism for revenues and the large size of the la- would affect seven percent of the major tourist proper- bor force employed by the sector, the socio-economic ties. Pigeon Island, Pigeon Causeway, Rodney Bay, and spillovers of the pandemic and related restrictive pol- Soufrière have been marked as extremely vulnerable icies have been severe. A high-frequency survey car- to SLR, putting many key critical infrastructures and ried out by the World Bank in 2020 underscored how tourism facilities at risk, particularly during extreme COVID-19 had a huge effect on living conditions and sea level events (see next section). Incremental SLR livelihoods in Saint Lucia in terms of access to basic SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Saint Lucia FIGURE 4 . 11 Areas affected by sea level rise in Saint Lucia by 2100 under a high climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) needs and services, employment, income, and food of all major economic sectors (Central Statistical Of- security, although unfortunately, the results are not fice of Saint Lucia and World Bank, 2020). gender disaggregated. Nationally, 28 percent of Saint Lucians lost their jobs, the majority due to the closing of businesses linked to the tourism industry. As a re- 2.4 Infrastructure sult, the share of employment in the wholesale, retail, food and beverage, and hospitality sectors has shrunk The operations of tourism enterprises in Caribbean by almost 11 percent, representing the biggest decline countries depend on infrastructure and infrastructure The tourism sector in Saint Lucia SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 12 services. Airports, seaports, and national road net- 2031 and 2055, 31 days between 2056 and 2080, and works are critical to the industry, as the clients of 98 up to 70 days between 2080 and 2100. Depending on percent of tourism firms in the region arrive by air. 70 the duration of heatwaves, disruptions could be longer percent of the firms also receive clients who arrive by (Moniudi et al., 2018). It is anticipated that the exten- sea (cruises and private boats). Once at their desti- sion of the runway—a component of the Hewanorra nations, the clients of 94 percent of the firms use the International Airport Redevelopment Project,—will road network to access the establishments. In addi- contribute to the reduction of these risks. tion, 80 percent of tourism firms rely on electricity, water, phone, and internet services to maintain their Temperatures over 30.8° C combined with high rel- revenue (Erman et al., 2020). Historically, tourists have ative humidity conditions such as, for example 80 created a larger demand for infrastructure services percent humidity, present high risks for airport and compared to permanent residents, as they tend to use seaport employees working outdoors. It has been more energy and water, and generate more waste and modelled that such conditions would cause annual emissions per capita (GoSL, UNOPS, and ITRC, 2020). disruptions of 12 days between 2031 and 2055, 29 Indeed, a study by the United Nations Environment days between 2056 and 2080, and 55 days between Programme estimated that at least 13 percent of Saint 2081 and 2100.2 Saint Lucian seaports are also ex- Lucia’s greenhouse gas emissions come from tour- pected to see their energy requirements increase by 4 ism, along with 20 percent of energy consumption, 17 percent (above the 1986-2005 average baseline), ev- percent of water consumption, and 8 percent of waste ery day temperatures surpass 30.3ºC. At a 1.5ºC glob- (UNEP 2019). al warming above pre-industrial times, which accord- ing to the IPCC (2021) could occur next decade, Saint In Saint Lucia, infrastructure is concentrated along the Lucia would see temperatures above 30.3ºC during coast and is highly exposed to the impacts of climate 168 days of the year. This is expected to increase to variability and climate change. It is estimated that over 225 days per year between 2031 and 2055, 322 days 80 percent of the country’s economic infrastructure is per year between 2056 and 2080 and practically all exposed to SLR, storm surges, flash floods, or land- year round between 2081 and 2100.2 However, energy slides (GoSL, UNOPS, ITRC and 2020). Flash floods requirements could be even higher depending on the and landslides currently threaten 12 and 16 percent of degree of global warming (Moniudi et al., 2018). electricity assets respectively, and through increased sedimentation of the John Compton Dam, landslides Extreme sea level (ESL) events cause coastal inunda- also endanger water supply (GoSL, UNOPS, ITRC and tion in vulnerable locations and are driven by mean sea 2020). Hurricanes, inundation, higher temperatures, level, the astronomical tide, and coastal water rise due and heatwaves are also expected to increasingly dis- to storm surges. ESL return periods are fundamental rupt transport infrastructure and operations. Beyond to designing coastal transport infrastructure. In Saint the potentially devastating impacts of hurricanes, Lucia the baseline 100-year ESL has been calculated models show that operational thresholds for airports at 1.29m. However, with climate change and SLR, it and seaports in the country will be exceeded due to is expected that ESL will increase to 1.41m and that high temperatures.3 At temperatures over 31.2◦C, Boe- the 100- and 50-year ESL return periods will shorten. ing 737-500 (medium size/range) aircrafts will have to It has been modelled that at a 1.5◦C global warming reduce their full payload to take off from Henaworra above pre-industrial times (likely to be reached in the airport. In the absence of changes in aircraft design, 2030s), the return 100-year ESL period could be only runway length, or traffic schedules, this could repre- ten years and can sharply drop to about once per year sent annual disruptions of about 11 days between after 2055 (Moniudi et al., 2018). The implications of 3 These models are based on the 5Cs downscaled climate change projections based on the SRES A1B scenario, which approximates to an RCP 6 scenario, in terms of both emissions and potential impacts, A1B approximates the RCP6.0 scenario. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Saint Lucia these findings are vast for both transport and tourism. tective infrastructure to reduce coastal erosion, etc.) 13 A 100–year event under the 1.5°C global warming would also negatively affect the attraction of Saint Lu- scenario would inundate 150m of Henaworra airport’s cia as a tourist destination. runway, and up to 380m of runway at higher glob- al warming levels. A 100-year ESL event would also The National Infrastructure Assessment prioritized the cause the flooding of Castries and severely impact civic, economic, and environmental infrastructure as- Port Castries’ docks, berths, cargo sheds, and cruise sets in need of risk reduction interventions based on ship facilities. In the absence of effective adaptation exposure to hazards (SLR, storm surges, flash floods, measures, recurring 100- and 50-year ESL would de- or landslides) (GoSL, UNOPS, and ITRC, 2020). In teriorate this port, which has already been damaged in terms of economic infrastructure, the Assessment pri- previous extreme events. While the relocation of cargo oritized the adaptation of Castries’ and Vigie’s Cargo services from Port Castries to Cul-de-Sac can help re- Ports to SLR and storm surges, and suggested struc- duce some risks, Port Castries still needs adaptation tural measures such as road drainage, storage basins, interventions. The Vieux Fort Seaport—the other major and/or green infrastructures for this purpose. Retro- port in the country—is also vulnerable to coastal flood- fitting and increasing the resilience of these assets ing under the conventional (RCP 4.5 and 8.5) climate would reduce the largest percentage of potential ca- change scenarios (Moniudi et al., 2018). pacity loss and directly safeguard the disruption of up to 577 thousand tons of freight, which underpins the With more intense rainfall events expected due to cli- import of goods and services essential to the coun- mate change, the connectivity of the Henaworra Air- try’s economy and the tourism sector, including food port and the Port Vieux Fort, as well as the major tour- and fuel for transport and electricity (ibid). ist destinations and urban centers in Saint Lucia could be more frequently disrupted by landslides, which Recognizing the role of ecosystems as effective bar- already occur during or following major hydromete- riers against sea-level rise, storm surges, or flash orological events, affecting the tourism industry and floods, the National Infrastructure Assessment also cargo distribution (Moniudi, 2017). prioritized the conservation of the Choc wetlands to reduce the inundation of the Castries-Gros Islet High- Rising sea levels and storm surges are amplifying way, the key link between the island’s North and South, coastal erosion in Saint Lucia. It has been estimated and a critical route for tourism. The Assessment indi- that a 1m rise in sea level would place seven percent cated that long-term adaptation costs could skyrock- of Saint Lucia’s major tourism properties at risk, in ad- et if the country fails to preserve the wetland areas of dition to one of the country’s two airports and all its Choc and Vieux Fort, and loses the protection services seaports (5Cs and GoSL, 2015). Indeed, coastal ero- they provide to critical infrastructure. Other effective sion is anticipated to negatively affect the sector even defense systems against coastal flooding are large earlier than flooding or submersion with SLR. With physical flood defense barriers such as seawalls. projected 100m erosion, 30 percent of Saint Lucia’s These are more capital–intensive to design, build, and resorts would be at risk, thereby affecting property maintain, but should be reviewed among the existing values, insurance costs, destination competitiveness, alternatives to protect assets, especially in areas such marketing, and the wider local employment, among as Castries, where the density of buildings and critical others. The cost of rebuilding tourist resorts damaged infrastructure is high. by coastal erosion could exceed US$134 million in 2050 and reach up to US$315 million in 2080 (CAR- Temporary defenses could achieve critical infrastruc- IBSAVE Partnership, 2012). The loss of near–shore ture protection at a relatively lower cost, although more tourism resources and possible reduced appeal of the site–specific analyses will be required to ensure that environment–based tourism attractions (for example, such temporary protection could effectively reduce deteriorated corals, ocean views obstructed by pro- hazard exposure. Design changes would include rein- The tourism sector in Saint Lucia SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 14 forcing existing coastal structures, increasing capac- cent in all-inclusive hotels and 10 versus 6 percent in ities in areas that are highly exposed, and enforcing non-all-inclusive hotels (World Bank, 2018). established building codes. Such design alterations are inexpensive compared to large flood defenses but Women—especially single mothers—and their children must be devised on a specific asset–by–asset basis. are highly vulnerable to the impacts of natural hazards Infrastructural design upgrades could include encour- and economic shocks (Xavier, 2015). As elsewhere in aging developers and homeowners to strengthen the world, women in Saint Lucia carry out most unpaid guttering or drainage, implement jetties and landing care work, which limits their economic opportunities. docks, use increased septic tank volumes to compen- Female headed households account for two out of ev- sate for flooding, or adhere to building design codes ery five households in the country. Female heads are, (GoSL, UNOPS and ITRC, 2020). on average, 53 years old, and about 60 percent have only completed primary school education (Kairy Con- sultants, 2016). 2.5 Gender, tourism, climate change, and disasters In Saint Lucia, women’s representation in positions of power is limited: only two of the 18 members of the Gender gaps remain present in Saint Lucia, although national legislature are women (IPU, 2021) and only women have a higher life expectancy than men (77.58 six of the 13 ministries are headed by women. The years vs. 74.8 years) (WDI, 2019), and girls outperform Ministry of Tourism is one of them (GoSL, 2020). Saint boys in the educational system (ILO, 2018) with higher Lucia lags in terms of developing a legal framework enrollment rates in tertiary education for women than for gender equality, and a gender–sensitive DRM pol- men (22 percent vs. 11 percent) (WB data, 2020). In icy. While the constitution addresses non-discrimina- 2019, Saint Lucia occupied the 90th position among tion on the basis of sex, the definition of discrimina- 162 countries in the Gender Inequality Index (UNDP, tion is not consistent with international standards, and 2020), which indicated that inequalities remain, partic- many existing laws do not meet existing standards ularly in women’s economic opportunities and political on non–discrimination and protection. Saint Lucia inclusion.4 neither signed nor ratified the protocol to the Conven- tion on the Elimination of All forms of Discrimination In the tourism sector, a World Bank study conducted in Against Women (CEDAW) (Gender Equality Observato- 2018 revealed that 58 percent of the workforce and 51 ry for Latin America and the Caribbean, 2021). There is percent of managers in the hotel industry in Saint Lu- no national gender policy, and no gender focal points cia are women and approximately 63 percent of hotels in line ministries, although it has been reported that have women amongst their owners. However, despite a national gender policy is under preparation (World a good representation of women in management, oc- Bank, 2021). cupational segregation still occurs. Women are more concentrated in traditionally female-dominated occu- The country has progressed in creating a policy and pations, including housekeeping, food and beverage, strategic framework for climate change-related issues and front office positions, while male employees are and in mainstreaming climate change into sectoral pol- more likely to be found in facilities and maintenance, icies, strategies, and plans. However, a more gender- financing, and accounting. There is also evidence of and age-inclusive strategic approach could largely ben- gender discrimination in career prospects. The annual efit their implementation. Breaking the barriers women male–female job promotion rates are 9 versus 5 per- face in terms of access to decision-making power, edu- 4 The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a composite index that measures three dimensions: reproductive health, empowerment, and labor market participation. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR The tourism sector in Saint Lucia cation, technologies, and lucrative markets will further generally considered to be poorly adhered to. Access 15 support their engagement in climate action. for people with disabilities to many buildings and in- frastructure is limited, with few ramps, inaccessible toilets, narrow doorways, and paths, roadways, and 2.6 Disability and tourism buildings that are not wheelchair friendly. Disability issues in the tourism sector should be con- To provide for visitors with disabilities, there have been sidered from the perspectives of the Saint Lucian Per- significant efforts across the tourism industry—partic- sons living with Disabilities (PwD) and from tourists ularly from the cruising sector—to improve the acces- with disabilities, for whom the industry must provide sibility of terminal facilities and tourist sites and for a safe and pleasing holiday experience with access to people with limited mobility or in wheelchairs. Howev- a range of facilities and information—such as emer- er, many of the country’s natural attractions are inac- gency warnings—to make informed decisions while on cessible, particularly those that are far from the port holiday. or further inland (Sage, 2021). Saint Lucia’s landscape presents disabled visitors with steep hills and rough There is no national registry of people with disabilities terrain. Uneven pathways and poor sidewalk accessi- in Saint Lucia. However, the 2010 census indicates bility make many of the country’s natural attractions that 12 percent of the overall population lives with dis- inaccessible, particularly those that are far from the abilities and that impairments to physical mobility and port or further inland. While there is step–free access vision are the most common. The number and degree at the cruise port and no cruise tenders, once on the of impairment increases with age, and the prevalence island most taxis and public transportation options of impairments across all types of disabilities and age are inaccessible for people in wheelchairs. The capital categories is greater among females (Central Statis- Castries presents a variety of wheelchair accessibili- tics Office, 2011). ty challenges, including few sidewalk ramps and high curbs, deep trenches running between the street and People with disabilities are among the poorest in the the sidewalk serving as drainage, and many shopping country, having had less opportunities to education tents located on top of large, uneven cobblestones and training for employment. Currently there are no (Sage, 2015). laws that prohibit discrimination against persons with physical, sensory, intellectual, or mental disabilities. A Saint Lucia has a wide range of communication plat- welcome recent step was taken in June 2020, when forms and networks, which are available to both the Saint Lucia ratified the United Nations Convention on local community and tourists, including television, the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), and in radio, public and industry websites, and social media doing so, committed to the development of supporting platforms. The range of sources and available media national legislation and an administrative framework increases the opportunities for access. However, the to implement the rights recognized in the Convention. lack of compliance with accessibility standards, such as the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) In terms of disability-friendly legislation, Saint Lucia 2.0 for web–based information, means that often this has adopted the OECS Building code, which contains content is not available to people with a range of sen- provisions for access for PwD to all public buildings. sory, intellectual, and mental disabilities, particularly Planning legislation provides provisions on accessi- those that depend on text-to-voice web readers. bility in public infrastructure and spaces. These reg- ulations do not extend to the private sector and are The tourism sector in Saint Lucia SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 03 16 The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment implementation process in Saint Lucia Photo: Flavio Vallenari | istock.com In Saint Lucia, the National Emergency Management (Ministry of Tourism) and the NEMO. The implementa- 17 Organisation (NEMO) bears the institutional responsi- tion followed the process presented in figure 5. It start- bility for disaster management. NEMO works closely ed with a briefing to the NEMO on the methodology with and supports the work of ministries, line agencies, and a desktop review. The Ministry of Tourism com- and other actors in risk management at the national pleted the assessment questionnaire and coordinated and sectoral level. This SRCA has been implemented a consultation, involving private sector stakeholders, under the leadership of the Ministry of Tourism, In- to confirm, complement, and discuss the responses vestment, Creative Industries, Culture and Information provided in the questionnaire. FIGURE 5.. Diagrammatic representation of the assessment process ENABLING ENVIRONMENT FOR RESILIENT RECOVERY Governance Competencies Resources and Tools COLLECTION DATA ANALYSIS OF RECOMMENDATIONS OF DATA AND ANALYSIS RESULTS FRAMEWORK INFORMATION Desktop review Data analysis Analysis of Gaps Technical Assistance and constraints Assessment Results Country resources questionnaire visualization Identification of solutions and recommendations Semi-structured Identification of Other investments interviews and constraints stakeholder Reporting consultations Data verification Gaps identification Results validation The Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment implementation process in Saint Lucia SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 04 18 Results overview Photo: stevegeer | istock.com 4.1 General findings the sector, (RCI values of 73 and 59 respectively), this 19 capacity is fragmented between various government The analyses assessed the capacity of Saint Lucia’s agencies and private sector actors. This implies that tourism sector to implement resilient and inclusive the Ministry of Tourism does not have the mandate projects in a timely, efficient, and effective manner as or capacity to design and implement the full man- moderate, with a sector-level RCI of 53 (figure 6). The agement cycle of recovery projects, as priorities in implementation of recovery projects is enabled—to a Post-Disaster Needs Assessments (PDNAs) are deter- certain extent—by a moderate integration of recovery mined by the Ministry of Finance and funded by do- considerations into national and sectoral governance nors according to their own interests, with funds gen- frameworks (RCI of 54), specifically into national and erally channeled through the Ministry of Finance, while sectoral policy and legislation, and by the resources restoration of services and reconstruction is imple- and tools available (RCI of 60). However, resilient re- mented and monitored under the management of oth- covery is constrained by weaknesses in the compe- er ministries and sectors (e.g. infrastructure, energy). tencies, operational capacity, and skills (RCI of 41), At the private sector level, large and small enterprises particularly, in the knowledge and skills available with- involved in tourism undertake recovery interventions in the sector for planning and implementing recovery using the resources at their disposal and, for small- projects (RCI of 34). and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) particularly, this occurs without sufficient tools, knowledge, and The above findings are supported by the analysis of experience or mentoring, to ensure the Build Back Bet- results at the key element level (figure 7). However, it ter (BBB) approach leads their reconstruction efforts. should be noted that while this more in-depth analysis Strengthening the capacity of the Ministry of Tourism suggests that a moderate capacity exists for planning to facilitate the acquisition of gender- and disability-in- and implementation of recovery project portfolios in clusive DRM and recovery knowledge and skills more FIGURE 6 . Recovery Capacity Index for the components assessed in the sector: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and skills, and Resources and tools. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Sector RCI: 53 Low or absent (0-24) 1. Governance Basic or 100 Recovery Capacity Index incipent (25-49) 80 60 54 Moderate (50–74) 40 20 Advanced (75–89) 0 41 Full 60 2. Competencies (90-100) 3. Resources and Tools (operational capacity and skills) Results overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 20 FIGURE 7 . Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (knowledge and skills); Human resources, Profile suitability; Natural-hazard data and risk information; Post-Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) and Project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 3: Component 1: 1.1. Policies and Legal Low or Resources and tools Governance Framework absent 100 (0–24) 3.5. Project 1.2. Strategies and Plans Implementation 80 Basic or 59 Recovery Capacity Index incipent 59 60 (25–49) 3.4. Financing 47 1.3. Institutions and 40 Coordination 65 Moderate 47 (50–74) 20 0 3.3. Resilient recovery 58 50 Advanced 2.1. Workforce project design (75–89) 34 43 41 73 Full 3.2. PDNA and Project 2.2. Capacity (knowledge (90-100) portfolio planning and skills) 3.1. Natural-hazard data 2.3. Human resurces, Component 2: and risk information Profile suitability Competencies effectively by private sector actors in the industry is » Strengthen and streamline strategic planning crucial (RCI of 34). This—along with an improvement processes for recovery in the tourism sector, in- in the quality, availability, and access to relevant nat- cluding the ex-ante definition of institutional ar- ural hazard data and risk information (RCI of 43)—will rangements for the development, coordination, enable public and private actors in the sector to adopt and implementation of inclusive recovery strate- a risk-based approach to project design and imple- gies and plans. These should ensure that recovery mentation, and contribute to build the foundations for creates opportunities for and builds resilience of effective DRM and recovery integration, coordination, women, people with disabilities, micro, small- and and action. medium-sized enterprises and other local liveli- hoods and trades associated with the tourism in- In general, capacity building interventions are required dustry in Saint Lucia. to: » Strengthen the generation, recording, and manage- ment of hazard data and risk information, and its » Increase general DRM knowledge and basic DRM im- use in the design of resilient and inclusive recovery plementation capacity, with a focus on gender-and projects. disability-inclusive recovery frameworks, across key » Improve and more widely disseminate informa- public and private actors in the tourism sector. This tion on funding sources, opportunities, and access can facilitate the coordination and execution of re- mechanisms for recovery in the sector. Information covery planning before a catastrophic event, and should be shared using a range of communication enable better communication on the topic within the platforms and networks utilizing accessible com- sector and across government agencies. munications technologies, and with a deliberate SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results overview focus on reaching women, people with disabilities, and sectoral DRM strategies, plans, and protocols are 21 and other excluded groups. primarily focused on emergency response and are of- » Strengthen gender- and disability-inclusive DRM ten outdated. While the plans make some provisions for and climate-change integration in project de- the inclusion and consideration of people with disabil- sign, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation ities through their membership and participation in a through early engagement and working in partner- range of planning committees, most of these are inac- ship with gender specialists, people with disabili- tive. DRM governance documents also fail in providing ties, or their agents. explicit and operational consideration to gender needs. The following sections offer a more detailed analysis Only recently recovery has started to feature in nation- of the results obtained for each of the components as- al development and DRM policy and in strategic and sessed. Key recommendations, are provided in Section planning processes (RCI of 47), including in the recent 5 and more detailed recommendations, including ca- strategic planning response to the COVID-19 pandemic pacity building interventions, can be found in Annex 1. crisis, and in the National Contingency Plan that is be- ing drafted. This Plan will require GoSL departments to develop their own contingency plans for preparedness 4.2 Findings for Governance and recovery, which represents an opportunity to cre- ate the enabling environment and strengthen the insti- At the level of governance, the capacity and enabling tutional DRM coordination mechanisms (RCI of 47) re- factors for recovery in tourism were assessed as mod- quired for the design, planning, and implementation of erate, with an RCI of 54 (figure 8). The country has a resilient and inclusive recovery projects in Saint Lucia’s clear DRM governance structure, where sectoral gov- tourism sector. The results obtained at the sub-element ernment agencies, the private sector, civil society, and level support these findings (figure 9) and highlight the the academia are well represented. However, national need for a recovery strategy and plans for the tourism FIGURE 8.. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 1: Policies and Legal Framework, Strategies and Plans, and Institutions and Coordination. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 1 Low or Governance RCI: 54 absent 1.1. Policies and (0-24) Legal Framework Basic or 100 Recovery Capacity Index incipent (25-49) 80 59 60 Moderate (50–74) 40 20 Advanced (75–89) 0 Full 47 47 (90-100) 1.3. Institutions 1.2. Strategies and and Coordination Plans Results overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 22 FIGURE 9 . Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 1: Policies, Legal Framework, Foundations for recovery, Mainstreaming DRM & Climate Change Adaptation (CCA), Gender and disability inclusion in policy, Building codes and regulation mechanisms, Strategies and Plans, Build Back Better, Gender and disability inclusion in planning, Institutions, Coordination, Building codes and regulation compliance, and Gender and disability coordination mechanisms. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. 1.3 Institutions and 1.1 Policies and Legal Coordination Framework Low or 1.1.1. Policies absent 1.3.4. Gender and disability 100 1.1.2. Legal Framework (0–24) coordination mechanisms 90 80 Basic or 70 59 69 Recovery Capacity Index 1.3.3. Building codes and 1.1.3. Foundations for incipent regulation compliance 60 (25–49) 50 recovery 38 40 63 Moderate 31 30 (50–74) 20 1.1.4. Mainstreaming 1.3.2. Coordination 75 70 10 DRM&CCA 0 25 Advanced 53 (75–89) 1.3.1. Institutions 33 1.1.5. Gender and disability 56 40 inclusion in policy Full 63 (90-100) 1.2.3. Gender and disability 1.1.6. Building codes and inclusion in planning regulation mechanisms 1.2.2. Build Back Better 1.2.1. Strategies and Plans 1.2 Strategies and Plans sector (RCI of 40), clear roles and responsibilities for by NEMO and comprising the National Emergency its implementation (RCI of 25), and mechanisms that Management Advisory Committee (established ensure gender responsiveness and disability inclusion under the Disaster Management Act), a series of in the coordination of recovery processes (RCI of 38) national disaster committees for specific response as well as for regulatory and monitoring mechanisms functions (for example, the Damage Assessment to ensure building codes are applied beyond the design and Needs Analysis Disaster Committee), district of tourism projects (RCI of 33). disaster committees, and sectoral disaster com- mittees. Among the latter is the Hospitality Crisis Important findings from the Policy and Legal Frame- Management Unit, chaired by the Ministry of Tour- work include: ism. Government agencies participate in one or more relevant committees. » The Disaster Management Act (No. 30 of 2006) » The integration of recovery considerations in na- and the Saint Lucia National Emergency Manage- tional DRM and development policy, legal, and stra- ment Plan (NEMP, revision of 2014)—the two main tegic frameworks is slowly progressing. Attesting documents that govern disaster management in this progress are: the country—are focused almost entirely on emer- > The Donations and Importation of Relief Sup- gency response and contingency, although these plies Policy and Guidelines, included in the documents express the intention of the GoSL of NEMP, where relief, rehabilitation, and recon- implementing an integrated DRM approach in the struction are clearly defined as the three stages country. The NEMP describes institutional roles and of the recovery process. This document estab- mandates in the National Emergency Management lishes systems for international donation man- System, which is a three-tiered system coordinated SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results overview agement, tax waivers, transportation, and track- cial safety nets for low-income households 23 ing of relief supplies. affected by disasters; and > The development of the National Telecommu- • Increase collaboration with the private sector nications Plan and its associated Emergency to improve availability and affordability of ca- Telecommunications Procedures Manual, to tastrophe risk insurance products. ensure communication infrastructure and ser- The MTDS also presents the increase of tourism ar- vices are restored in the aftermath of a disaster. rivals and receipts, and the provision of resilient infra- > The National Recovery and Resilience Plan, structure to support socio–economic development as which is the backbone of Saint Lucia’s econom- goals of two of its six key result areas to achieve medi- ic response to COVID-19 impacts, anchored on um–term sustainable and inclusive growth. three recovery and three resilience strategies. Re- covery strategies include measures for: a) stimu- Despite the progress mentioned above, recovery is not lating the economy, b) fast tracking shovel-ready featured in the 2020–2030 Saint Lucia Tourism Strat- projects and, c) strengthening social protection egy and Action Plan, currently the most important systems. Resilience strategies include measures guiding document for sectoral development. Recov- for: a) building resilience in the productive sector, ery considerations are also absent from the Tourism b) strengthening the health sector, and c) reduc- Incentives Act (1996) and the Tourism Stimulus and ing disaster and/or climate change risks (such as Investment Act (2014), under which sectoral entities provision of water tanks to vulnerable groups). apply for duty-free concessions for investments. Fur- > The Medium-Term Development Strategy ther, recovery is not mentioned in the Hospitality Crisis 2020–23 (MTDS), which includes as cross-cut- Management Plan (1996), which guides the operation- ting thematic areas Gender Mainstreaming and al response to disasters in the tourism sector. Social Protection, and DRM, Resilience, and Sustainable Development. The MTDS indicates » Building codes exist, and compliance with building that the GoSL has nearly tripled the amount of codes is a requirement for tourism enterprises to disaster recovery spending over the previous obtain fiscal benefits for new projects under the five years, has set goals to reduce the financial tourism incentives legislation. However, the GoSL impact of disasters, and calls for the Depart- has no effective mechanisms or budget in place, ment of Finance to: for monitoring the application of the codes beyond • Strengthen data collection and management project design. to encourage evidence-based decision-mak- » Gender is integrated into DRM processes as part of ing on prioritization of post-disaster expendi- working culture and through the work of the Gender tures, resilience activities, and optimization of and Vulnerable Groups Committee that has sup- financial instruments; ported NEMO’s activities in the past (for example, • Strengthen public financial management re- in the activities related to early warning systems). lated to natural disasters to foster the legal However, gender and disability inclusion have not and administrative environment necessary been systematically integrated into the policies, for international best practices in disaster risk strategies, programs, and projects of the tourism financing; sector, particularly those related to DRM. • Improve fiscal protection and timely access to financing of post-disaster emergency re- Opportunities identified for strengthening recovery ca- sponse and recovery needs through financial pacity at the governance level include: instruments, including risk retention and risk transfer instruments, optimized to cover low-, » Completing the National Contingency Plan, ensur- middle- and high-risk levels. This includes so- ing the integration of DRM, climate change, disabil- ity inclusion, and gender considerations. Results overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 24 » Elaborating a recovery policy for the tourism sec- > the need to coordinate the preparation of recov- tor and the sectoral contingency plan—covering ery plans and strategies between public and pri- preparedness and recovery—that is contemplated vate actors, under the National Contingency Plan. These doc- > the critical role each of them plays on the recov- uments will facilitate the development and imple- ery process of the tourism sector in the after- mentation of resilient recovery investments, follow- math of disasters. ing a BBB approach, and applying building codes. » Establishing a Memorandum of Understanding » Updating the Hospitality Crisis Management Plan (MoU) between the Ministry of Tourism and other of 1996 to include recovery considerations that are government agencies, to ensure the smooth execu- gender-responsive and disability-inclusive. The up- tion of recovery efforts. dated Plan should also integrate climate risks, pan- » Accelerate the operationalization of the National demics, and multi-hazard impact handling provi- Disaster Fund, which under the Disaster Risk Fi- sions, as well as elements for its operationalization nancing Policy will fund preparedness, response, and coordination at the sectoral level. and recovery interventions. » In direct engagement and partnership with gen- der specialists and people with disabilities or their representatives, developing and establishing an 4.3 Findings for Competencies effective process or mechanism for updating sec- toral policies, to integrate both gender- and disabil- The capacity and skills existing in Saint Lucia’s tourism ity-inclusive recovery considerations and elements sector are basic and insufficient to design and imple- for their operationalization and coordination at the ment resilient and inclusive recovery projects. This is sectoral level. This mechanism is currently lacking. indicated by the RCI of 41 obtained for the Competen- » Raising awareness among government institu- cies component (figure 10), which indicates that insti- tions, the private sector, NGOs, and other actors on: tutional limitations affect the effective consideration > the need to prioritize the preparation of recovery and integration of DRM and recovery in relevant sec- plans and strategies at all levels of the sector toral processes. Major limitations were identified at (from government to private enterprises), FIGURE 10.. Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 2: Workforce, Capacity (knowledge and skills) and Human Resources, Profile suitability. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 2 Low or Competencies RCI: 41 absent 2.1. Workforce (0-24) 100 Basic or 80 Recovery Capacity Index incipient (25-49) 60 50 40 Moderate (50–74) 20 0 Advanced (75–89) 41 34 2.3. Human 2.2. Capacity Full Resources, Profile (knowledge and (90-100) suitability skills) SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results overview the level of knowledge and skills (RCI of 34) and hu- erence (ToRs) for recovery projects, the use of hazard 25 man resources (RCI of 41). maps and the elaboration of recovery plans (Proven capacities RCI of 28). Both training and recruitment in The results at the level of sub elements support these these areas are urgently needed, along with mecha- findings (figure 11). With the exception of the moder- nisms to ensure long-term DRM and recovery knowl- ate capacity of private contractors to undertake recon- edge transfer within the sector. struction projects (Private sector RCI of 69), capacity limitations exist in both sectoral government institu- The assessment of competencies indicates the fol- tions and private enterprises for most other issues ad- lowing: dressed by the assessment. In general, the level of DRM knowledge in the tourism sector is low, there is » There are few public servants working in the sec- insufficient permanent staff trained in DRM, including tor with the knowledge and experience required to recovery (Workforce RCI of 45), gender mainstreaming identify, plan, design, implement, and oversee re- (Gender RCI of 38), and in the inclusion of people with covery projects. disabilities as either employees, industry providers, or » The number of government officers associated customers to the sector. There is also a shortage of with the Ministry of Tourism with the necessary ex- staff with the required knowledge of DRM methods pertise and knowledge of DRM methods and tools, and tools and with the expertise to implement resilient such as disaster risk assessments and the use of recovery projects (Skills RCI of 33), and insufficient geo-referenced information systems is very limit- staff with adequate technical capacity for the imple- ed. Although some technical persons working in mentation of Project Cycle Management (PCM) activ- the sector understand the basics of DRM and can ities, particularly M&E, budgeting and financing tasks, use hazard maps to a certain extent, most lack the as well as for the elaboration of quality Terms of Ref- capacity to elaborate PDNAs and translate their re- FIGURE 11.. Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of Component 2: Workforce; Gender; Private sector; Skills; Training activities; Proven capacities; and Human Resources, profile suitability. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Key element 2.1 Workforce Key element 2.3 Human Low or Resources (HR, Profile 2.1.1. Workforce absent suitability) (0–24) 100 90 2.3.1. Human 80 Basic or Resources, profile Recovery Capacity Index 70 2.1.2. Gender incipient suitability 60 45 (25–49) 50 41 40 Moderate 30 38 (50–74) 20 10 28 0 Advanced 2.2.3. Proven 69 (75–89) 2.1.3. Private sector capacities 33 44 Full (90-100) 2.2.2. Training 2.2.1. Skills activities Key element 2.2 Capacity (knowledge and skills) Results overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 26 sults into actionable projects that include risk miti- > Gender mainstreaming: Currently, there are gation and other resilience measures. no gender specialists working on a perma- » Building capacity of government agencies on DRM nent basis at the Ministry of Tourism. Gender and recovery has been sporadic and not part of the considerations are integrated into government tourism sector development agenda. Public recruit- projects and programs in the sector as part of ment protocols, such as ToRs, do not include knowl- the GoSL working culture. Training on gender edge on DRM, gender or disability inclusion, which mainstreaming for the ministry’s staff and the limits the likelihood of improving competencies re- recruitment of gender specialists is needed to quired for recovery in a sustained manner. At pres- strengthen good practices and ensure their con- ent, to fill capacity limitations, the sector relies on tinuity. external committees and qualified consultants hired > Disability inclusion: There is no staff at the Min- on a project-by-project basis. Attractive opportuni- istry of Tourism or NEMO trained in disability in- ties abroad for qualified individuals also contribute clusion. However, there is a working relationship to human resource shortages for resilient recovery. between NEMO and the Council of and for Per- » There is an adequate number of qualified contrac- sons with Disabilities, where the council partic- tors based in Saint Lucia who can undertake recon- ipates in DRM work and receives DRM training struction work in the aftermath of disasters. There from NEMO on an ad hoc basis. are also MoUs in place with firms and individuals > Communication skills for raising awareness who own heavy machinery. If required, additional about hazards, impacts, and risks to the sector contractors can be hired from neighboring islands stakeholders as part of a continuous process of by the Ministry of Labour and the Ministry of Infra- knowledge building for DRM action, in order to structure. This capacity has enabled local contrac- avoid cases like that of a hotel owner who reject- tors to cover most reconstruction needs after previ- ed the installation of a tsunami risk warning sign ous disasters. Further, local banks require qualified near the hotel because he thought this would in- contractors to be hired as a requisite for granting form guests that a tsunami was coming). construction loans in the sector for quality control. » The low level of training and skills on project man- » General and specialized knowledge and skills in agement cycle-related issues across the sector re- DRM—especially in recovery—are needed both in sult in constraints on the design and implementa- private enterprises and government institutions tion of resilient recovery projects. associated to the tourism industry. Specific areas where capacity-building interventions are required The need for building and strengthening competen- include: cies for resilient and inclusive recovery within the sec- > Damage assessment and need analysis. Cur- tor is recognized. Opportunities to build the necessary rently there is only one government officer in the knowledge and skills include the following: sector trained in this area. > Geographic Information Systems (GIS), model- » The restructuring process taking place at the Minis- ling, and scenario planning. try of Tourism. This is an opportunity to include spe- > Hazard and risk-map use. cific requirements in ToRs and other recruitment > PDNA and recovery planning. protocols to ensure new staff can systematically > Recovery project formulation based on PDNA and sustainably cover the limitations in knowledge results. and skills that affect the planning and execution of > BBB and resilient infrastructure. BBB is a new recovery projects. These should include basic expe- approach that is being promoted and advocat- rience on the use of DRM tools and socially-inclu- ed for, but operational information—including sive methodologies. Because all public recruitment guidelines—are lacking. is done by the Public Service Commission—and not by the Ministry of Tourism,—working with the Pub- SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results overview lic Service Commission on these issues could help risks targeting tourism-sector stakeholders, to 27 all sectors. strengthen their capacity to effectively manage di- » Create and tailor DRM and project management saster risks. trainings for public servants to the needs of the » Encourage donors to support provision of technical tourism sector, thereby, exploring possibilities for experts to cover knowledge gaps and constraint continuous training delivered by national academic workforce and to offer both technical and financial institutions. assistance for capacity-building programs. » Develop key training materials and offerings on gender and disability inclusion, offer them on a reg- 4.4 Findings for Resources and Tools ular basis, or make them available online. » Establish credentials for gender- and disability-in- The resources and tools available for resilient recovery clusive skills, and offer or mandate training of all in Saint Lucia’s tourism sector are assessed as mod- public sector officials, private sector contractors, erate, with an RCI of 60 (figure 12). Although at the na- and staff working on contract. tional and sectoral levels progress has been made in » Create and tailor resilient infrastructure and BBB the integration of some post-disaster assessment les- trainings for local contractors working in the tour- sons into recovery planning, the systematic consider- ism industry. This would include raising awareness ation of risks in sectoral processes faces limitations in on all accessibility compliance considerations in terms of the availability, generation, access to, and use public infrastructure, transport, public places, spac- of natural hazard and risk information (RCI of 43), spe- es, and buildings. This would complement a set of cifically of functional, up-to-date, and useful informa- trainings on green building–related issues, deliv- tion to plan, design, and implement risk-based projects ered once in the past years. and resilient investments, including recovery interven- » Support the design and implementation of aware- tions. This encompasses data and information that is ness-raising campaigns on hazards, impacts, and of high quality and systematically collected or gener- FIGURE 12 . Recovery Capacity Index for the key elements of Component 3: Natural hazard data and risk information, PDNA and Project portfolio planning, Resilient recovery project design, Financing, and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 3 3.1. Natural Hazard Resources and Tools RCI: 60 Data and Risk Information Low or absent 100 (0–24) 80 Basic or Recovery Capacity Index incipient 43 60 (25–49) 3.5. Project 40 3.2. PDNA and Project Moderate Implementation 73 Portfolio Planning (50–74) 59 20 0 Advanced (75–89) Full 58 (90-100) 65 3.4. Financing 3.3. Resilient recovery Project Design Results overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 28 ated, at a frequency and scale that can be used for out external support is very low as there is only one investments and projects in tourism, including gender- government officer in the country with the knowl- and disability-disaggregated data. The analysis of RCI edge and experience to generate hazard maps. values at the sub element level support these results Further, there is no technical capacity for devel- (figure 13), and also highlight the basic PCM tools oping and running models in Saint Lucia. Specific available to the staff of the Ministry of Tourism (RCI data and information to be improved include the of 44) and the absence of an allocation for recovery following: in the annual budget of the Ministry (RCI of 31) as im- > Hazard and risk maps, which are outdated. In portant constraints to the implementation of resilient view of the recent tectonic activity in the re- recovery projects. gion, the generation of volcanic eruption hazard maps is a priority. Detailed findings of the assessment include the fol- > SLR data and information on its potential im- lowing: pact on coastal resort development. > Multi-hazard maps (including geospatial infor- » Natural hazard data and risk information exists. mation on hazardous events), which are lacking, However, due to budgetary constraints, the data and necessary to inform sectoral actors about is, in great part, incomplete and outdated and the the risks associated with their investments. current possibility to upgrade the information with- FIGURE 13 . Recovery Capacity Index for the sub elements of the key elements of Component 3: Data collection and management, Use of risk information in the sector, PDNA mechanisms, Planning of recovery priorities, Gender and disability inclusion in PDNA, Availability of BBB tools, Use of risk information for recovery, Building codes and regulations in project design, Gender and disability inclusion in project design, Availability of sources of funding, Accessibility to recovery funds, Budget for recovery, Resources, Project management, Building code implementation resources and M&E at project level. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Key element 3.5 Key element 3.1 Natural Hazard Data and Risk Information Key element 3.2 Project implementation PDNA and Project Portfolio Low or 3.1.1. Data collection and Planning absent management (0–24) 3.5.4. M&E at project level 100 3.1.2. Use of risk information in the sector Basic or Recovery Capacity Index incipient 3.5.3. Building code implementation 80 (25–49) 63 3.2.1. PDNA mechanisms resources 63 84 60 Moderate 3.5.2. Project management 50 40 3.2.2. Planning of recovery (50–74) 28 71 priorities 44 20 Advanced 3.5.1. Resources 75 0 38 3.2.3. Gender and disability (75–89) inclusion in PDNA 31 50 Full 3.4.3. Budget for recovery 44 3.3.1. Availability of BBB tools (90-100) 78 3.4.2. Accessibility to recovery funds 71 753.3.2. Use of risk information 69 for recovery 3.4.1. Availability of sources of funding 3.3.3. Building codes and regulations 3.3.4. Gender and disability in project design inclusion in project design Key element 3.4 Key element 3.3 Financing Resilient Recovery Project Design SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results overview > Demographic data that is disaggregated accord- ing the tight deadlines set for the delivery of PDNA 29 ing to gender, age, type and degree of disability, data in the aftermath of disasters is a challenge education, employment and/or economic sta- due to the limited number of staff who can collect tus, and geographic location. This may be col- and compile the required PDNA data. Specifically: lected through the national census to support a > There is only one officer at the Ministry of Tour- range of specific projects. This data is currently ism trained in PDNA processes. This officer is not available or accessible in interoperable da- in close contact with sectoral stakeholders, in- tabases. The construction of a national register cluding DRM-appointed staff at hotels, for the of people with disabilities has been initiated but collection of data. is not yet complete. > There is a high staff turnover in private enter- prises involved in the tourism industry. DRM » National mechanisms for the collection, man- appointed staff trained in data collection fre- agement, and sharing of natural-hazard, risk, and quently leave their posts and, in the absence of disaster data and information are under devel- a regular training program, DRM and PDNA data opment. These include the Disaster Information collection capacity is lost. Management System (DIMS) and the GeoNode, a spatial data infrastructure management system. » Investments are urgently needed to climate-proof These systems are expected to consolidate DRM critical infrastructure that is essential for the tour- data and information required for decision-making ism sector, including investments in retrofitting and in the tourism sector, which are collected by other upgrading transport, energy, and water infrastruc- agencies and often require time–consuming ad- ture. Some of these have been reviewed in the Na- ministrative procedures to access. However, for ef- tional Infrastructure Assessment (GoSL, UNOPS, fective risk-based project planning and implemen- and ITRC, 2020). tation, these platforms require updated data and » To promote resilient infrastructure in Saint Lucia’s data quality and consistency-control systems. tourism sector, the good practice of conducting a » National Damage Assessment and Needs Analysis risk analysis during the process of approval of fi- (DANA), Damage and Loss Assessment (DALA) nancial incentives (for example, tax deductions) for and PDNA processes have progressively enhanced construction or renovation projects has been es- the capacity of the GoSL, and the Ministry of Tour- tablished. However, for this practice to be effective ism in particular, to scope the multiple dimensions and more than a formality, the sector requires up- and cascading effects of hazard impacts, including to-date and good quality risk data and information, those on vulnerable groups, including PwD, and currently unavailable. the industry. This learning has improved the pri- » It is acknowledged that not all tourism projects in oritization and targeting of recovery interventions. Saint Lucia are suitable for people with disabili- Currently, national PDNA methodological process- ties. However, with a focus on tourists, efforts to es and data capture protocols are in place and strengthen disability inclusion at the sub sectoral each sector has a data collection format. PDNAs level have been made through the integration of are elaborated with the compiled information and disability considerations in relevant standards. An shared with donors by the Ministry of Finance. The example of this is the accommodation standards Ministry of Tourism shares PDNA information con- that new constructions or renovations need to cerning infrastructural damage with hotel owners comply with for approval. as guidance for reconstruction investments and » Building codes for construction exist and are in- also capitalizes from donors following the recom- tegrated into the designs of public buildings, pri- mendations made in the PDNAs and offering assis- vate tourism projects seeking financial incentives tance and investment for recovery projects in the through the Tourism Incentives Act (1996), and sector. However, for the Ministry of Tourism, meet- Tourism Stimulus and Investment Act (2014), and Results overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 30 also applied to donations of materials for recovery. ened coordination and recording of DRM- and re- However, the Ministry of Physical Planning needs covery-related data by all actors in the sector are sufficient resources and tools to enforce compli- needed to understand progress and to build capaci- ance with building codes beyond the design stage ty at all levels, as no single entity oversees the entire of projects, and quality controls on imported ma- cycle of recovery project portfolio management. terials need to be strengthened, particularly in the aftermath of disasters. The assessment identified the following opportunities » The Ministry of Tourism depends on the Ministry to strengthen the resources and tools available for re- of Finance to access recovery funding as it does covery in Saint Lucia’s tourism sector: not have a budget line earmarked for recovery, de- spite having previously requested it. Sectoral public » Use the opportunities presented by new develop- stakeholders are aware that international funding ment projects, funded by international donors, to sources for recovery interventions are available build through technical assistance, national and when required. However, they have not yet identi- sectoral capacity to generate, manage, and use fied these sources and it is unclear to them how to hazard and risk information. access these funds directly. » Embed elements of the socially inclusive DRM ap- » At the private sector level, recovery is funded by proach based on CDEMA’s CDM framework (haz- the enterprises’ own resources. This is a major ards, risk assessments, and measures) in all proj- challenge for SMEs and individuals who depend ect management cycle protocols used in the sector. on bank loans or insurance proceeds for recon- » Include sectoral DRM allocations in the budget struction and the restoration of activities. With in- construction and planning processes of the coun- creasing insurance premiums and decreasing tour- try and donors. ist arrivals during the COVID-19 pandemic, SMEs » Increase the visibility of recovery financing options that undertook reconstruction using insurance for the sector and build requisite capacity on ac- payouts after the last hurricane, have been unable cess protocols and criteria. to cover the premiums and were forced to close » Integrate the BBB approach and the application of their insurance contracts, increasing their vulner- appropriate building codes as requirements in the ability to future hazard impacts. In addition, many planning and design of national and sectoral strat- stakeholders, including micro and small enterpris- egies, plans, and budgets, particularly those related es, find multiple obstacles in accessing loans for to recovery. recovery, as they do not fulfill the conditions and » Strengthen PDNA data collection processes by requirements imposed by banks and other lending reviewing and improving the formats presently institutions (e.g. the Saint Lucia Adaptation Facility, used and establishing agreed data management supported by the World Bank) and are left with few standards and sharing protocols. Tailor and de- alternatives. Some of these stakeholders contrib- liver training on the PDNA process to Ministry of ute to the Tourism Enhancement Fund, which is a Tourism staff and private sector stakeholders on a fund for emergencies managed by the Saint Lucia regular basis. Trainings could take place with the Hospitality and Tourism Association. However, this support of a group of people who were trained on fund was rapidly depleted during the COVID-19 different aspects of DRM in the past by different in- crisis, demonstrating that it is insufficient to cov- ternational agencies and have continued to be ac- er recovery needs for its contributors after a major tively involved in DRM policy and supporting NEMO disaster. in various initiatives. Training needs for SMEs in the » The simultaneous public and private nature of the sector—such as business continuity training—are tourism industry and of recovery efforts represents well known to the Ministry of Tourism, however an a challenge for the monitoring and evaluation of assessment of the needs of major private sector recovery, its efficiency, and effectiveness. Strength- players is required. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results overview » Conduct a nation–wide exercise to test and eval- PwD have been included directly and indirectly in the 31 uate the application of existing DRM and recovery DRM policy and legal framework, as shown by the RCI protocols in the tourism sector. This exercise would of 43 and 63, respectively (figure 14). However, the permit to further identify strengths and weakness- public and private institutions involved in tourism lack es, and help guide the design of capacity building the expertise required on a permanent basis for main- interventions, including training tailored for the sec- streaming gender and disability inclusion into their op- tor’s stakeholders. erations, including into strategic planning and project implementation processes (RCI of 42 and 25 respec- tively). The level of resources and tools available for 4.5 Findings for the inclusion of gender integrating gender considerations into recovery pro- and disability in recovery processes cesses was assessed as moderate (RCI of 54) while existing resources and tools for disability inclusion in In general, the capacity of government agencies to in- recovery are only basic (RCI of 38). A more detailed as- tegrate gender and disability considerations into the sessment of these results is provided by the analysis design and implementation of recovery projects is of gender and disability integration at the level of key incipient. The needs of women, girls, men, boys, and elements below. FIGURE 14 . Recovery Capacity Indexes for a. Gender and b. Disability inclusion at the level of the components assessed: Governance, Competencies (operational capacity) and Skills, and Resources and Tools. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. a. Gender 1. Governance 100 80 60 43 40 20 Low or absent 0 (0-24) Basic or 42 Recovery Capacity Index 54 incipent 2. Competencies (25-49) 3. Resources and (operational capacity) Tools and Skills Moderate (50–74) b. Disability inclusion 1. Governance Advanced 100 (75–89) 80 63 Full 60 (90-100) 40 20 0 25 38 2. Competencies 3. Resources and (operational capacity) Tools and Skills Results overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 32 Gender agencies, youth groups and the National Coun- Recommendations cil of and for Persons with Disabilities are involved in A series of steps is needed to ensure that recovery DRM activities led and coordinated by NEMO. How- efforts are likely to be gender- and disability-inclusive. ever, this engagement is weak and is usually based These include: on ad hoc awareness training opportunities, and on participation in committees that are making DRM de- » Developing explicit operational guidance in policy cisions—around policy and operations—often late in and legal frameworks to ensure gender and disabil- the process and not well facilitated. There are some ity inclusion are systematically considered. reports that this type of engagement has begun to » Recruiting dedicated staff with the requisite skills strengthen during the response to the COVID-19 pan- on gender and disability inclusion and integrating demic, although there is no evidence of this directly these issues in HR protocols and processes to supporting the tourism sector. build and retain in-house capacity. At present, mini- mum knowledge of these issues is not included as Currently, gender needs and disability inclusion are not requisite in public recruitment processes. consistently integrated in the design of tourism proj- » Elaborating guidance for staff, and training in gen- ects. The Integration of gender- and disability-inclu- der and disability inclusion with a focus on DRM. sive requirements takes place mainly as a response to » Collecting robust disaggregated gender and dis- funding opportunities and donor requirements. ability data and storing it in managed and accessi- ble databases. FIGURE 15 . Recovery Capacity Index for Gender and Disability inclusion in recovery processes at the level of the key elements assessed: Policies and legal framework; Strategies and plans; Institutions and coordination; Workforce; Capacity (Knowledge and skills); Human resources, profile suitability; Natural hazard data and risk information; PDNA and project portfolio planning; Resilient recovery project design; Financing; and Project implementation. Capacity levels are indicated by colored dots. Component 1: Component 3: Governance Resources and tools 1.1. Policies and Legal Low or Framework absent 100 (0–24) 3.5. Project implementation 1.2. Strategies and Plans 80 Basic or Recovery Capacity Index incipient 6050 (25–49) 1.3. Institutions and 3.4. Financing 40 Coordination Moderate 25 25 50 (50–74) 25 20 0 25 3.3. Resilient recovery 44 Advanced 2.1. Workforce (75–89) project design 25 25 45 Full 75 (90-100) 3.2. PDNA and Project 2.2. Capacity (knowledge portfolio planning and skills) 3.1. Natural-hazard data 2.3. Human Resources, and risk information Profile suitability Component 2: Competencies SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Results overview » Enabling a more direct engagement of people with through the Tourism Incentives or Tourism Stimu- 33 disabilities or their representatives with the tour- lus and Investment Acts. ism sector in planning recovery projects and BBB. » Supporting the inclusion of people with disabilities This could include facilitating greater participation in tourist industry recovery efforts through increas- through the representation of the National Council ing access to employment opportunities and sup- of and for Persons with Disabilities on the Nation- port for establishing SMEs. al Tourism Authority; and in projects supported » Creating a disability policy and an integrated dis- ability-inclusion action plan. Results overview SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 05 01 34 Recommendations Introduction Photo: Nandani Bridglal | istock.com The following points summarize the recommenda- Physical investments: 35 tions of this assessment, which are detailed in Annex 1. They are made with the objective of building and a) Infrastructure strengthening the capacity of Saint Lucia’s tourism » Reduce the vulnerability of critical infrastructure to sector to prepare for the implementation of resilient climate change and weather extremes to lower the and inclusive recovery projects well before disasters risk of disruptions that affect Saint Lucians and the strike. The recommendations respond to the capacity Tourism sector. This involves: needs for recovery identified in SRCA, existing oppor- > Ensuring all critical infrastructure projects in tunities, and recommendations made by the consulted the National Infrastructure Projects Pipeline stakeholders, as well as by sectoral experts, and gen- are ready to finance by conducting the neces- der- and disability-inclusion specialists. These recom- sary studies, such as feasibility studies that are mendations principally target central government min- currently missing (indicated in the National In- istries, the Ministry of Tourism, NEMO, CDEMA, and frastructure Financing Strategy, GosL, UNOPS donor agencies involved in DRM and resilience-build- and ITRC, 2021), and updating the pipeline to ing processes in the country. cover additional projects of high relevance for the Tourism sector, particularly projects related to climate-proofing the road network and ports. Policy and strategic recommendations: > Developing an investment plan for resilient in- frastructure to ensure the continuity and opera- » Integrate climate-resilient and inclusive recovery bility of the tourism sector after major adverse considerations into the national and sectoral policy events. The plan should focus on coastal and framework through the finalization of the National flood protection for critical transport infrastruc- Recovery Contingency Plan and the development ture, and on airports and ports. of a sectoral contingency plan for Tourism, follow- > Developing an investment plan for infrastruc- ing the guidance provided in the National Contin- ture maintenance, to reduce reconstruction gency Plan, once available. costs. » Establish mechanisms for the operationalization of > Creating an investment portfolio for energy and recovery-related policies by integrating DRM, recov- water projects to generate the additional capac- ery, gender, and disability considerations in existing ity Saint Lucia will need under various climate policies, regulations, strategies, and plans. Prog- change and tourism development scenarios. ress in this direction could be achieved by revising This should take into consideration relevant and including relevant considerations in the Hospi- projects in the National Infrastructure Projects tality Crisis Management Plan, the Tourism Incen- Pipeline, and the recommendations provided by tives Act, the Tourism Stimulus and Investment the Low Carbon and Resource Efficient Action Act, and by developing a Recovery Framework and Plan for Accommodation in Saint Lucia (UNEP Strategy for the Tourism sector. 2019). » Provided that tourism imposes a high burden on > Evaluating grey and green infrastructure solu- energy and water resources and generate added tions to coastal erosion, including the conser- waste and emissions, foster the development of a vation of the Choc and Vieux Fort wetlands, and more responsible tourism sector generating a low- implementing a project portfolio using as basis er impact on resources, and encourage innovative some of the projects contained in Saint Lucia’s and decentralized solutions in energy and waste Portfolio of Project Concept Notes for Resilient management, and sustainable practices such as Ecosystems 2020–2028 (GoSL, 2020). rooftop rainwater harvest and storage, ground wa- ter recharge, water recycling, and other similar in- » Encourage owners of hotels and other tourism fa- terventions in order to increase water security. cilities to retrofit assets exposed to climate change Recommendations SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 36 by creating a technical assistance plan with a range dustry, and creating a database of international re- of risk-reduction interventions, including improved covery funding opportunities for tourism. guttering and drainage, and increasing septic tank » Create a plan to finance software updating and volumes to compensate for flooding. maintenance at the Ministry of Tourism to facilitate project management operations. b) Equipment, systems, and financial resources: » Strengthen the generation, management, and use of risk- and recovery-relevant data and informa- Capacity strengthening: tion by finalizing the construction and operation- alization of the Disaster Information Management » Raise awareness, at the strategic and operational System (DIMS) and the GeoNode, and developing levels, of the added value of acquiring and sus- detailed flood models for coastal areas. taining DRM and inclusive recovery capacity for » Strengthen sectoral budgets for DRM and recovery the sector’s development. This can be achieved by accelerating the operationalization of the Na- through well-designed awareness-raising cam- tional Disaster Fund and estimating and including paigns and events for public officers. a contingent annual recovery allocation in the Min- » Build and sustain the required knowledge and skills istry of Tourism’s budget. for the implementation of resilient and inclusive » Enhance resilience and recovery funding instru- recovery projects in the sector through the recruit- ments for SMEs in tourism by improving access ment of specialized staff in areas specific to DRM, to existing financial mechanisms for resilience and the institutionalization of training in DRM, gender- recovery, reviewing insurance premiums for SMEs and disability-inclusion for public and private sec- and micro enterprises operating in the tourism in- toral stakeholders, and the improvement of public recruitment protocols, among other measures. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Recommendations 06 01 37 Conclusion Introduction Photo: todamo | istock.com 38 The analyses conducted in this assessment deter- Gender is integrated into DRM processes through the mined that the capacity of Saint Lucia’s tourism sec- work of the Gender and Vulnerable Groups Commit- tor to implement resilient and inclusive projects in a tee, but there is a need for systematic integration of timely, efficient, and effective manner is moderate, gender- and disability- inclusion into policies, strat- with a sector-level RCI of 53. The implementation of egies, programs, and projects of the tourism sector, recovery projects is enabled, to a certain extent, by a particularly related to DRM. Compliance with building moderate integration of recovery considerations into codes is required for tourism enterprises to obtain national and sectoral governance frameworks (RCI of fiscal benefits, but monitoring of code application be- 54), specifically into national and sectoral policy and yond project design is lacking due to limited mecha- legislation, and by the resources and tools available nisms and budget. While there has been progress in (RCI of 60). However, resilient recovery is constrained integrating recovery considerations into national DRM by weaknesses in competencies, operational capaci- and development frameworks in Saint Lucia, there are ty, and skills (RCI of 41), particularly, in the knowledge gaps that need to be addressed, including the need and skills available within the sector for planning and for recovery considerations in important guiding doc- implementing recovery projects (RCI of 34). uments for sectoral development, systematic inte- gration of gender and disability inclusion in tourism sector policies, and enhanced monitoring of building Governance code compliance. Further efforts are needed to fully implement an integrated DRM approach and ensure While there has been progress in integrating recovery comprehensive and inclusive recovery and resilience considerations into national disaster risk manage- strategies in Saint Lucia. ment (DRM) and development frameworks in Saint Lu- cia, there are still areas that require improvement. The Disaster Management Act and the Saint Lucia Nation- Competencies al Emergency Management Plan, which govern disas- ter management in the country, are primarily focused There are significant capacity limitations in the gov- on emergency response and contingency, despite ex- ernment agencies and private enterprises associated pressing the intention of implementing an integrated with the tourism sector in Saint Lucia in the area of DRM approach. Recovery considerations are absent DRM and recovery. There are few public servants with from important guiding documents for sectoral devel- the necessary knowledge and experience to identify, opment, such as the Saint Lucia Tourism Strategy and plan, design, implement, and oversee recovery proj- Action Plan, the Tourism Incentives Act, and the Hos- ects. The number of government officers with exper- pitality Crisis Management Plan. However, there are tise in DRM methods and tools is limited, and capacity positive steps towards recovery integration in DRM building efforts have been sporadic and not integrated and development policy, including the Donations and into the tourism sector development agenda. Specif- Importation of Relief Supplies Policy and Guidelines, ic areas where capacity building interventions are re- the National Telecommunications Plan, the National quired include damage assessment and need analy- Recovery and Resilience Plan, and the Medium-Term sis, geographic information systems (GIS), hazard and Development Strategy. These documents outline risk map use, PDNA and recovery planning, recovery strategies and measures for recovery, resilience, and project formulation, resilient infrastructure using the sustainable development, including economic stimu- Building Back Better (BBB) approach, gender main- lus, infrastructure development, social protection, and streaming, disability inclusion, and communication disaster-risk financing. The increase of tourism arriv- skills for raising awareness about hazards, impacts, als and receipts, and the provision of resilient infra- and risks to stakeholders. Currently, there are limita- structure are also identified as goals for sustainable tions in gender and disability expertise, and commu- growth in the Medium-Term Development Strategy. nication skills for DRM action. Furthermore, there SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Conclusion is a low level of training and skills related to project tives for construction or renovation projects. How- 39 management cycle issues across the tourism sector, ever, the effectiveness of these practices is hindered which constrains the design and implementation of re- by the unavailability of updated and quality risk data. silient recovery projects. In conclusion, addressing the Climate-proofing critical infrastructure for the tourism capacity limitations in DRM and recovery is crucial for sector is identified as an urgent need but requires in- improving the resilience of the tourism sector in Saint vestments. Disability inclusion efforts at the sub-sec- Lucia. This would require targeted capacity-building toral level have been made, but further improvements efforts, integration of DRM into recruitment protocols, are needed. Building codes exist but enforcement and and strengthening of expertise in areas such as GIS, quality controls need to be strengthened. The Ministry PDNA, BBB, gender mainstreaming, disability inclu- of Tourism also faces challenges in accessing recov- sion, and communication skills. It is important to pri- ery funding and SMEs and individuals struggle with oritize these capacity-building interventions to ensure funding for reconstruction due to insurance premium sustained and effective recovery efforts in the face of increases and impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic. disasters. While efforts are being made to improve natural haz- ard data, risk information, and disaster management processes in Saint Lucia, challenges remain in terms Resources and tools of budget constraints, technical capacity, data avail- ability, and funding for recovery. Addressing these Saint Lucia faces challenges in generating and access- challenges and investing in resilient infrastructure and ing up-to-date and complete natural hazard data and inclusive tourism practices are crucial for building re- risk information due to budgetary constraints and lim- silience in the tourism sector in Saint Lucia. ited technical capacity. This includes outdated hazard and risk maps, lack of multi-hazard maps, and insuf- This assessment calls for investments in resilient in- ficient demographic data. However, efforts are being frastructure to reduce disaster risks in Saint Lucia’s made to develop national mechanisms for data col- tourism sector in the face of increasingly frequent lection, management, and sharing through platforms extreme events and the impacts of climate change, such as the Disaster Information Management Sys- including rising sea levels. It is expected that the re- tem (DIMS) and the GeoNode. The Ministry of Tour- sults and recommendations made in this report will be ism in Saint Lucia has made progress in incorporating taken into consideration and implemented by national risk considerations into decision-making processes, and international agencies supporting Saint Lucia’s ef- such as conducting risk analysis for financial incen- forts to build resilience. Conclusion SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR References 40 Adshead, D., Fuldauer, L.I. et al. (2020). 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Ca- fault/files/low_carbon_and_resource_efficient_ac- ribbean Resilience and Recovery: Minimizing the tion_plan_for_accommodation_in_saint_lucia_1. Impact of the 2017 Hurricane Season on the Ca- pdf ribbean’s Tourism Sector. World Bank (2018). Comparing the Impact of All-In- World Travel and Tourism Council. (2019). 2019 An- clusive and Non All-Inclusive Tourism Models nual Research: Key Highlights. Available online on the Quality of Jobs for Women. Available at: https://www.wttc.org/economic-impact/coun- online at: https://www.a2f-c.com/wp-content/ try-analysis/country-data u p l o a d s / 2 0 1 9 / 0 8 / To u r i s m - R e p o r t - R E - Xavier, J.V. (2015). Gender Aware Beneficiary Analysis VISED-WP-PUBLIC-11-2-2019-14-25-2-Tour - of Saint Lucia’s Public Assistance Programme. ismGenderandCompetitivenessReportFinal.pdf UN Women Multi-Country Office – Caribbean and World Bank. 2020. Resilient Tourism: Competitiveness UNICEF Office for the Eastern Caribbean Area. in the Face of Disasters. Washington, DC: World Available online at: https://caribbean.unwom- Bank. Available at: https://openknowledge.world- en.org/en/materials/publications/2016/06/ bank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/7b1611f4- gender-aware-beneficiary-analysis-of-saint-lu- df2e-5226-979a-891e3149b811/content cias-public-assistance-programme World Bank Development Indicators (WDI) St Lucia. Online resource available at: https://data.world- bank.org/country/st-lucia?view=chart (Accessed on 11 October, 2021) SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR References Annex 1. 43 Specific recommendations to strengthen the capacity of Saint Lucia’s tourism sector for resilient and inclusive recovery GOVERNANCE: Recommendations and potential actions to strengthen the policy and regulatory framework for resilient and inclusive recovery. Recommendations Actions Strengthen the enabling Facilitate the integration of climate resilience and gender- and disability-inclusive national and sectoral recovery considerations into the national and sectoral policy framework. Specifically: policy and regulatory » Finalize the National Contingency Plan, ensuring it provides guidance on the environment for recovery elaboration of sectoral contingency plans. » Develop the sectoral contingency plan for the tourism sector, following the guidance provided in the National Contingency Plan (once it is ready), ensuring it integrates gender- and disability-inclusion considerations. Establish mechanisms that support the operationalization of recovery enabling policies. Specifically: » Revise and update the Hospitality Crisis Management Plan of 1996, ensuring it integrates recovery considerations that are gender-responsive and disability-inclusive. The updated Plan should also integrate climate risks, pandemics, and multi-hazard impact handling provisions, as well as elements for its operationalization and coordination at the sectoral level. » Develop a Recovery Framework and Strategy for the Tourism sector that integrates measures that build resilience (including those for a transition to low-impact tourism), gender and disability considerations, as well as guidance for the implementation of the BBB approach (with adequate and up-to-date building codes and norms) and ensure that strategic outputs are affordable and inclusive for the sector beneficiaries. » Revise the Tourism Incentives Act and the Tourism Stimulus and Investment Act, key mechanisms for the private sector to obtain fiscal benefits, to include DRM and resilient recovery considerations to ensure new, retrofitting, and reconstruction projects are risk–based. » Use the process of elaboration of the M&E system for the 2020-2030 Saint Lucia Tourism Strategy and Action Plan to integrate gender-responsive and disability- inclusive considerations, currently absent in this Strategy and Action Plan. » Update national DRM and recovery plans to include pandemic-related considerations in recovery operations. » Provide incentives to facilitate the inclusion of PwD as owner operators of SMEs in the sector. » Establish MoUs between the Ministry of Tourism and other government agencies for the better coordination and smooth execution of recovery efforts. Annex 1 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 44 COMPETENCIES: Recommendations and potential actions to build the required competencies (knowledge and skills) required for resilient and inclusive recovery. Recommendations Actions Raise awareness, » Develop awareness-raising campaigns that are gender- and disability-informed, including at the strategic and events and materials to highlight the risks associated with climate change on the tourism operational levels, sector and provide recommendations for impact reduction. To ensure inclusion, the of the added value campaigns should be developed in consultation and/or partnership with PwD and facilitated of acquiring and to support their active participation. sustaining DRM and » Organize events for public officers on the importance of gender- and disability-inclusive recovery capacity recovery as a mechanism to strengthen resilient development efforts, placing specific focus for the sector’s on the need to integrate recovery considerations in policies, strategies, plans, programs, and development projects to reduce losses and damages from disaster events. Actively involve PwD or their representatives in these events. Build and sustain the » Institutionalize and implement training of sectoral staff in DRM, disaster cycle management, required knowledge recovery and gender analysis and integration, and Nature-based solutions, to ensure and skills for the requisite knowledge and skills are developed and sustained. implementation » Recruit skilled staff specialized in areas specific to DRM, specifically, disaster cycle of resilient and management and recovery and gender analysis and integration, to cover urgent gaps. inclusive recovery » Include in public recruitment protocols specific requirements to ensure new staff can projects in the sector systematically and sustainably cover the limitations in knowledge and skills that affect the planning and execution of recovery projects. These should include basic experience on the use of DRM tools and methodologies and gender and disability analysis. » Create alliances with donor agencies and programs, such as CRF, to cover urgent capacity gaps through direct technical assistance to the Ministry of Tourism and NEMO, as well as to fund training programs for sectoral staff in the areas required and to support the institutionalization of DRM capacity building in the public sector. Donor funding could largely contribute to strengthening the capacity of the Ministry of Tourism to effectively facilitate the building of DRM capacity across private sector enterprises in the industry. » Transition from the current ad hoc training on DRM that NEMO delivers in collaboration with the Council of and for Persons with Disabilities to a facilitated formal and regular capacity building training program, with the participation of tourism industry stakeholders. » Train public and private staff working in the tourism industry in requisite tasks for the implementation of resilient-recovery projects. This includes training in: > PDNA, data collection, and design of recovery projects based on PDNAs recommendations for staff at the Ministry of Tourism. > GIS and remote sensing. > Hazard mapping (there is currently only one GoSL officer with the skills required for this task). > Disaster prevention, preparedness, and response. > BBB approaches, building codes, and other resilience norms. > Disability inclusion. > Gender analysis and integration. > Project Cycle Management (including M&E). > DRM and recovery communication and awareness raising skills. » Articulate existing capacity building opportunities with sectoral needs by creating and/ or tailoring academic programs and other training opportunities to the sector. This may include: » Creating and tailoring resilient infrastructure and BBB trainings for local contractors working in the tourism industry in collaboration with the Sir Arthur Lewis Community College. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 1 RESOURCES AND TOOLS: Recommendations and potential actions to ensure the sector has the resources and 45 tools required to undertake resilient and inclusive recovery projects. Recommendations Actions Strengthen the generation, » Finalize the construction of the Disaster Information Management System (DIMS) and management and use of the GeoNode, ensuring that these systems provide access to relevant information that risk and recovery–relevant is currently spread across agencies and become progressively populated with updated data natural hazard data and risk information at appropriate scales for decision making in the tourism sector. This includes the generation of: > A hazardous events registry > updated hazard maps (volcanic activity maps are a priority) > Multi-hazard maps > Historic hazard impact event maps » Make the use of updated natural hazard and risk information a requirement for the risk assessments conducted for projects applying to the incentives program. » Develop flood models for coastal areas under SLR scenarios to strengthen coastal-zone management planning and decision-making, including risk management decisions and actions for coastal tourism resorts and activities. Invest in protecting » Conduct the necessary studies to ensure that all critical infrastructure projects in the infrastructure from shocks National Infrastructure Projects Pipeline are ready to finance, such as the feasibility studies that are currently missing (indicated in the National Infrastructure Financing Strategy, GosL, UNOPS and ITRC, 2021), and update the pipeline to cover additional projects of high relevance for the Tourism sector, particularly projects related to climate–proofing the road network and ports. » Develop an investment plan for resilient infrastructure to ensure the continuity and operability of the tourism sector after major climate events. The plan should focus on coastal and flood protection for critical transport infrastructure, in airports and ports. » Develop an investment plan for infrastructure maintenance—inclusive of implementation and maintenance of nature-based solutions and other temporary defenses to protect critical infrastructure,—to reduce reconstruction costs. » Create an investment portfolio for energy and water projects to generate the additional capacity that Saint Lucia will need under various climate change and tourism development scenarios. This should take into consideration relevant projects in the National Infrastructure Projects Pipeline, and the recommendations provided by the Low Carbon and Resource Efficient Action Plan for Accommodation in Saint Lucia. » Evaluate grey and green infrastructure solutions to coastal erosion, including the conservation of the Choc and Vieux Fort wetlands, and implementing a project portfolio, using as a basis the projects included for this purpose in Saint Lucia’s Portfolio of Project Concept Notes for Resilient Ecosystems 2020–2028 (GoSL, 2020). » Encourage hotel and other tourism facility owners to retrofit assets exposed to climate variability and change by creating a technical assistance plan on a range of risk reduction interventions, including improved guttering or drainage and increasing septic tank volumes to compensate for flooding. Ensure the necessary » Create and finance a plan for software updating and maintenance at the Ministry of equipment and tools are Tourism. available for recovery project management Annex 1 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 46 Recommendations Actions Strengthen sectoral » Evaluate disaster impacts on the sector in the past years, estimate the required annual budgets for DRM and recovery budget and include in the Ministry of Tourism’s budget an annual contingent recovery recovery allocation and an allocation to support and incentivize disaster prevention measures. » Accelerate the operationalization of the National Disaster Fund under the Disaster Risk Financing Policy. Enhance resilience » Improve access to existing financing mechanisms for resilience building and recovery. and recovery funding This includes a revision of the lending requirements and procedures of the Saint Lucia instruments for SMEs in Development Bank’s Climate Adaptation Financing Facility (CAFF), which currently tourism make it inaccessible to many SMEs and individual owners in the tourism industry. » Review insurance premiums for SMEs and micro enterprises in tourism to enhance access and coverage. » Create a database of international recovery funding opportunities for the tourism sector. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 1 Annex 2. 47 Inundation scenario maps for Saint Lucia a. Coastal flooding scenarios for a 100-year return period and for a high-level climate change scenario (RCP 8.5) by 2100 Annex 2 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 48 b. Inland flooding for a 100-year return period. SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 2 Annex 3. 49 Sectoral Recovery Capacity Assessment Questionnaire COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.1 Policies 1.1.1 Policies 1 Is there a National Disaster Risk Management (DRM) policy? and Legal Framework 2 Are institutional mandates clearly defined in the existing DRM policy? 3 Does the main sectoral development policy integrate recovery considerations when addressing DRM and CCA? 4 Is there an effective process to update recovery considerations into national/sectoral policies? 1.1.2 Legal 5 Is there a national disaster risk management (DRM) legal framework? framework 6 Is there an effective institutionalized process to deliver timely updated legal frameworks? 7 Are institutional mandates clearly defined in the existing DRM legal framework? 8 Are recovery considerations integrated in the main sectoral laws and regulations that address DRM and CCA? 1.1.3 9 Do the national DRM policies and legal framework include preparedness Foundations for (risk management ex ante) and Recovery (disaster management ex post) recovery considerations? 10 Does the government have a clear vision for recovery? (for example, national/centralized; sectoral/decentralized, focused on a specific sector, focused on building back better)? 11 Does any policy, law, regulation, program or project at the national or sectoral level addresses the possibility of dealing with the impacts of more than one hazard at a time (e.g., COVID-19 and hurricane season) 1.1.4 12 Is climate resilience considered in the National disaster risk management Mainstreaming policies and legal framework? DRM&CCA 13 Does the sector participate in the elaboration of DRM or recovery policies and legal framework? 14 Do all, the private sector, academia, NGOs, local communities, and parastatal organizations, participate in the elaboration of DRM policies or legal frameworks? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 50 COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.1 Policies 1.1.4 15 Do the DRM policies and legal frameworks require sectoral ministries to and Legal Mainstreaming formulate and implement sectoral resilient recovery plans? Framework DRM&CCA (cont.) (cont.) 16 Have DRM protocols been adapted to integrate pandemic-related (e.g., COVID-19) considerations in recovery operations? 1.1.5 Gender 17 Do the recovery policies take into account gender (men and women, and and disability boys and girls) capacities and their different recovery needs? inclusion 18 Do the recovery laws and regulations take into account gender (men and women, and boys and girls) capacities and their different recovery needs? 19 Do the recovery laws and regulations take into account the needs of persons with disabilities? 20 Are there laws mandating that recovery efforts benefit men and women, and boys and girls equitably? 1.1.6 Building 21 Do most of the sector’s constructions conform with building codes regulations? codes and regulations 22 Does the government have a review and evaluation process for its building codes regulations which includes climate change considerations? 23 Are mechanisms for regulating compliance with building codes in place? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve the integration of recovery factors into sectoral policies and legal frameworks. 1.2 1.2.1 Strategies 24 Does the sector have a recovery strategy? Strategies and plans and Plans 25 Has the sector developed recovery plans? 26 Are the sectoral recovery strategies and plans aligned with national development objectives? 27 Is there an effective institutionalized process to deliver timely updated recovery strategies and/or plans at the sector level? 28 Are there financing mechanisms for recovery in place (e.g., recovery funds)? 1.2.2 Building 29 Do the recovery strategies and plans include provisions for integrating back better (BBB) measures that build resilience? 1.2.3 Gender 30 Are the outputs of the recovery strategies and plans affordable and and disability inclusive for the sector beneficiaries? inclusion 31 Do the recovery plans take into account gender (men and women, and boys and girls) capacities and gender-differentiated recovery needs? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve issues related to recovery strategies and plans? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3 51 COMPONENT 1: GOVERNANCE Key elements Sub elements Questions 1.3 1.3.1 Institutions 32 Is the development of recovery plans at the sector level led by one or more Institutions institutions with authority and autonomy? and Coordination 33 Are the roles and responsibilities to implement the recovery plans clearly defined within the sector? 1.3.2 34 Is there a coordination mechanism (formal or informal) between sectors to Coordination implement the national recovery plan? 35 Does the sector coordinate recovery activities with the National Disaster Management Office? 36 Are concrete activities being coordinated between the sector and the National Disaster Management agency? 37 Is there any coordination between the sector and CDEMA during the recovery process? 1.3.3 Building 38 Are there, within the legal framework of the country, stakeholders who are codes and responsible, accountable, and liable for assuring compliance with building- regulations related legislation? 39 Is there a sufficient budget approved for enforcing building codes? 1.3.4 Gender 40 Are there mechanisms in place for the coordination of recovery between the and disability DRM agencies, gender agencies and women’s networks? inclusion Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve institutional coordination issues? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 52 COMPONENT 2: COMPETENCIES Key elements Sub elements Questions 2.1 Workforce 2.1.1 41 Are there sufficient technical persons working in the sector? Workforce 42 Are there sufficient DRM specialists for the needs of the sector? 43 Are all projects being implemented in the sector overseen by at least one DRM specialist? 44 Is there sufficient staff to implement the sector’s current portfolio? 45 Do technical teams have the necessary working conditions to fulfil their tasks (e.g., connectivity, equipment, software)? 2.1.2 Gender 46 Is there a sufficient number of gender specialists to fill the needs of the sector? 2.1.3 Private 47 Does the sector have an adequate number of qualified implementing sector contractors based in the country? 48 Are international contractors in charge of implementing only a minimum proportion of the recovery projects in the sector each year? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve institutions and coordination issues? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3 53 COMPONENT 2: COMPETENCIES Key elements Sub elements Questions 2.2 Capacity 2.2.1 Skills 49 Are there sufficient national professionals to fill all the sector’s (knowledge and skills) demands? 50 Are there sufficient professionals in the sector with expertise to implement resilient recovery projects? 51 Are there sufficient national experts in the sector with knowledge of DRM methods and tools such as integrating hazard risks, geo- referenced information management systems (GIS, remote sensing)? 2.2.2 Training 52 Are there frequent opportunities to enhance the technical skills that activities ensure resilient reconstruction of infrastructure/buildings? 53 Do all genders have the same opportunities for DRM training? 54 Are technical persons trained on gender responsiveness and disability inclusion? 55 Is there a mentoring and advising program/process for building back better? 56 Are there sufficient people with the technical capacity to implement PCM activities, with a climate resilience focus, in the sector? NOTE: PCM includes, at least the following activities: management of sector portfolio; execution of PFM procedures; project management; M&E; mainstreaming climate and disaster resilience into projects; coordinating recovery activities with other relevant sectors; performing quality control projects and inspections of building codes compliance during and after design and construction of buildings and infrastructure. 2.2.3 Proven 57 Do technical persons in the sector have the capacity to translate capacity PDNA results into actionable projects? 58 Do technical persons in the sector understand the basics of DRM and are able to use hazard maps? 59 Can technical persons in the sector produce recovery plans that are aligned with the existing legislation, policies, and strategies? 60 Do the technical persons have the knowledge and necessary training to formulate quality ToRs for projects implementation? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve capacity (skills, training opportunities)? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 54 COMPONENT 2: COMPETENCIES Key elements Sub elements Questions 2.3 Human Resources 2.3.1 Human 61 Is there an HR recruitment plan that includes recovery activities? (HR), Profile resources Suitability (HR), profile 62 Does the sectoral hiring process follow the recruitment plan? suitability 63 Are there ToRs for recovery-related positions? 64 Is there an employee induction process? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve human resources, profile suitability? COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.1 Natural 3.1.1 Data 65 Are there mechanisms in place for the collection and management of hazard Data and collection and natural hazard data and risk information? Risk Information management 66 Is there a national and sectoral online repository for risk data and information? 67 Is the existing risk data and information accessible to technical people in the sector? 3.1.2 Use of risk 68 Does the sector use multihazard risk maps?  information 69 Are hazard maps regularly updated? 70 Does the sector share multihazard risk maps? 71 Is a participatory approach used in the development and preparation of hazard maps? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3 55 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.2 PDNA and 3.2.1 PDNA 72 Is there a PDNA including specific methodologies and plans for Project Portfolio mechanisms recovery in the sector? Planning 73 Is there an efficient and effective PDNA coordination mechanism? 74 Are there focal points with clear roles and responsibilities assigned within the sector to carry out a PDNA? 75 Have “lessons learned” from postdisaster assessments and DANAs been integrated into PDNA planning or used to adjust the methodology after previous disasters? 3.2.2 Planning 76 Have the results of the PDNA been used for recovery purposes and of recovery development across institutions and sectors? priorities 77 Does the government have criteria to define the priority sectors for recovery support? 78 Has the government used the results of PDNA to prioritize recovery projects? 3.2.3 Gender 79 Does the PDNA methodology require the collection of gender, age, and and disability disability disaggregated data? inclusion Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve PDNA and Project portfolio planning? 3.3 Resilient 3.3.1 Availability 80 Does the sector have the necessary tools (e.g., best practice, software, Recovery Project of BBB tools check lists, cost benefit analysis for resilience measures available to Design ensure project designs incorporate the Build Back Better approach? 3.3.2 Use of risk 81 Do the sectors use risk information to design resilient recovery projects? information 82 Is risk information available and accessible, at the required resolution and geographic coverage for sectoral project planning and implementation? 3.3.3 Building 83 Are building codes and land use planning guidelines integrated into codes and project design? regulations 3.3.4 Gender 84 Do project designs take into account gender-based needs? and disability inclusion 85 Do project designs take into account the basic needs for the conditions of persons with disabilities? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve Resilient design of project? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR 56 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.4 Financing 3.4.1 Availability 86 Are there identified and accessible funding sources for recovery of funding interventions in the sector (e.g., National MDB, bilateral, others)? sources 87 Are the mechanisms for accessing funding for recovery actions clear and widely known to people working in the sector? 88 Has the government used international funding for recovery in the past? 3.4.2 Access 89 Is it easy to access to recovery funding? to recovery funding 90 Do the eligibility criteria for recovery funding reflect the PDNA results for the most affected sectors? 91 Is the disbursement of international funding for recovery rapid? 92 Is the recovery funding process fast (from application by the government to disbursement)? 3.4.3 Budget for 93 Does the sector’s budget have a line item earmarked for recovery? recovery 94 Does the sector have a sufficient actual or estimated annual budget for recovery? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve access to financial mechanisms for recovery? SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR Annex 3 57 COMPONENT 3: RESOURCES AND TOOLS Key elements Sub elements Questions 3.5 Project 3.5.1 Resources 95 Does the sector have an inventory of qualified implementing Implementation contractors relevant for the sector’s operations? 96 Is there sufficient material for construction available to implement recovery projects? 97 Does the sector or the government have the necessary equipment to implement large recovery projects? 3.5.2 Project 98 Does the sector (or reconstruction projects) have access to and use management project management tools? 99 In general, does the expenditures of project activities in the sector follow the original planning? 3.5.3 Building 100 Do the construction materials used in recovery projects meet codes accreditation standards (e.g., strength, testing, quality)? 101 Does the sector have the resources and tools to comply with building codes? 102 Does the regulatory body have the resources and tools to enforce compliance with building codes? 3.5.4 M&E at 103 Does the sector have in place and actively use a monitoring and project level evaluation (M&E) system for projects? 104 Have the most common M&E recommendations been used to improve project planning and implementation across the sector? Recommendations: What would you recommend to improve project implementation? Annex 3 SECTORAL RECOVERY CAPACITY ASSESSMENT REPORT FOR SAINT LUCIA’S TOURISM SECTOR