Aquaculture Dynamics Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique About this report This report provides insights on the challenges faced by local production and commodities demand, access to inputs Mozambique’s aquaculture sector, with a particular focus on and production costs, the agroecological situation, technical Southern Mozambique, and proposes actions to overcome governance structures, and the environment and ecosystem. them. After providing a snapshot of the state of fish production, Based on these observations, a series of recommended Disclaimer the availability of inputs, and techniques and production actions is proposed to support the development of Southern © 2024 The World Bank, All Rights Reserved. systems across the region’s value chain, it sheds light on Mozambique’s aquaculture sector in line with the Government key constraints and opportunities for the development of Mozambique’s development objectives. of the aquaculture industry in Southern Mozambique by examining six components, namely, the area’s geography, This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views Acknowledgements of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Nothing herein shall constitute or be considered to be a limitation upon or waiver of the privileges and immunities of The World Bank, all of which are specifically reserved. This report is based on analysis conducted by a dedicated team We would also like to extend our sincere gratitude to the led by João Moura (Natural Resources Management Specialist, Ministry of Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries, the Blue Economy The funding for this flood risk study was provided by PROBLUE, a multidonor trust fund Task Team Leader). The team included Pierre-Philippe Blanc Development Fund (ProAzul), the Institute for the Development administered by The World Bank, which supports the sustainable and integrated development (Senior Aquaculture Specialist Consultant), Elisa Vicente of Fisheries and Aquaculture; and the Oceanographic Institute of marine and coastal resources in healthy oceans. (Senior Environmental Specialist Consultant), Jorge Barbosa of Mozambique, for their support. (Senior Aquaculture Specialist Consultant), Juliana Castaño- Isaza (Natural Resources Management Specialist), Manuel Finally, thank you to the various private enterprises and civil Mutimucuio (Natural Resources Management Specialist), and society stakeholders who generously shared their perspectives Rights and Permissions William Leschen (Senior Aquaculture Specialist Consultant). and time through interviews and in meetings. The content in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages Pierre-Philippe Blanc was the lead writer, crafting the narrative This work was made possible by PROBLUE, an umbrella multi- dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for with input from other team members. Jorge Barbosa conducted donor trust fund administered by the World Bank that supports non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. a survey of feed and fry that provided invaluable insights into the sustainable and integrated development of marine and the current challenges facing Southern Mozambique. William coastal resources in healthy oceans. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows: World Bank. 2024. “World Bank. 2024. Leschen provided valuable insights on institutional aspects of Aquaculture Dynamics: Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in aquaculture development. João Moura, Pierre-Philippe Blanc, Southern Mozambique. © World Bank” and Elisa Vicente carried out two field missions, the findings of which underpinned much of this report. All photos courtesy of the World Bank or purchased from Image Banks. The team would like to express appreciation for the insightful comments provided by Isabel Omar (ProAzul), Daniel Segura (ProAzul), Sachiko Kondo (Senior Natural Resources Cover photo: © World Bank Management Specialist), and others who contributed to the refinement of the work. © Adobe Stock © Adobe Stock © Freepik Contents 5. Recommendations for developing the aquaculture sector in Southern Mozambique ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 Aquaculture research, strategy, and information services .............................................................................................. 49 1. Mapping areas with potential for aquaculture .................................................................................................................. 49 Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................................................. 7 2. Support for research and development ............................................................................................................................ 49 3. Aquaculture Development Strategy: Mid-term review ...................................................................................................... 49 1. Introduction .......................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Extension services and aquatic animal health .................................................................................................................... 50 4. Extension services ............................................................................................................................................................. 50 2. Overview of Mozambique’s aquaculture sector .................................................................................... 13 5. Aquatic animal health and diseases .................................................................................................................................. 51 Policy and institutional context .................................................................................................................................................... 14 Feed and seed support .............................................................................................................................................................. 52 Associations ................................................................................................................................................................................... 17 6. Fingerling production support ............................................................................................................................................ 52 Current production ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17 7. Aquaculture feed production support ................................................................................................................................ 53 Current export markets ................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Governance and productive alliances for aquaculture producers ................................................................................. 53 Farmed species .............................................................................................................................................................................. 20 8. Balcão do Aquacultor (Aquaculture Desk) ........................................................................................................................ 54 Contribution to employment ........................................................................................................................................................... 20 9. Coordination of aquaculture producers ............................................................................................................................. 55 Extension services .......................................................................................................................................................................... 22 Development of production models and support for investment ................................................................................... 55 10. Stocking of artificial dams and seasonal ponds ............................................................................................................. 56 3. Challenges faced by the aquaculture sector ........................................................................................... 23 11. Support for resilient aquaculture models ........................................................................................................................ 56 Climate change and other environmental challenges ...................................................................................................... 24 12. Financing the commercial aquaculture value chain ....................................................................................................... 57 Climate change ....................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Cross-cutting activities .............................................................................................................................................................. 57 Diseases .................................................................................................................................................................................. 24 13. Environmental and social impact assessment, safeguards, and monitoring tools ...................................................... 57 Pollution ................................................................................................................................................................................... 25 14. Gender-responsive actions and targeting ....................................................................................................................... 57 Economic challenges ................................................................................................................................................................. 25 The cost of feed ...................................................................................................................................................................... 26 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................................ 58 Poor coordination of the fry value chain ................................................................................................................................ 27 The cost of seed and fingerlings ............................................................................................................................................ 27 Annexes .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Aquaculture sector size .......................................................................................................................................................... 28 Underdeveloped value chain and distribution networks ....................................................................................................... 29 4. The case for aquaculture in Southern Mozambique ......................................................................... 31 The status of aquaculture in Maputo, Gaza, and Inhambane ........................................................................................... 32 Mapping the value chain in Southern Mozambique ........................................................................................................... 34 Challenges facing southern Mozambique’s aquaculture sector ..................................................................................... 36 Climate variability and temperatures during the cold season .............................................................................................. 36 Economic challenges ............................................................................................................................................................. 37 Lack of technical capacity ...................................................................................................................................................... 37 Advantages in Southern Mozambique ................................................................................................................................... 38 Conducive agroecological characteristics ............................................................................................................................. 38 The presence of suitable fish species ................................................................................................................................... 39 Relatively high economic activity ........................................................................................................................................... 41 Sufficient population ............................................................................................................................................................... 41 Local market size and demand .............................................................................................................................................. 42 Developing cold chain infrastructure ..................................................................................................................................... 42 Proximity to suppliers ........................................................................................................................................................... 43 Proximity to export and local markets ................................................................................................................................... 43 Aquaculture schools ............................................................................................................................................................... 46 Aquafish farm, Inhambane Province © World Bank LIST OF FIGURES ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS Figure 1: CEPAQ research center .................................................................................................................................................. 16 Figure 2: Aquaculture production in thousand metric tons for the past two decades for AAM Mozambique Aquaculturists Association (Associação de Aquacultores de Moçambique) Mozambique, Kenya, Zambia, Uganda, and Ghana .................................................................................................. 17 AMAQUA Mozambican Aquaculturists Association (Associação Moçambicana de Aquaculturores) Figure 3: Aquaculture value chains and enabling environment ................................................................................................. 29 ADNAP National Fisheries Administration (Administração Nacional das Pescas) Figure 4: Map of Southern Mozambique ....................................................................................................................................... 32 CEPAQ Centro de Pesquisa em Aquacultura (Center for Aquaculture Research) Figure 5: Mapping value chain function, actors, and relationships ............................................................................................ 34 DPAP Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Fisheries (Direcção Provincial de Agricultura e Pescas) Figure 6: Aquaculture value chain actors and connections in Southern Mozambique ........................................................... 35 EDA 2020–2030 Aquaculture Development Strategy 2020-2030 (Estratégia de Desenvolvimento da Aquacultura 2020–2030) Figure 7: Seasonal lakes in Inhambane province ........................................................................................................................ 39 EIA Environmental Impact Assessment FSRP Food Systems Resilience Programme LIST OF TABLES IFAD International Fund for Agriculture Development Table 1: Mozambique’s aquaculture production (in tons) .......................................................................................................... 18 IDEPA National Institute for the Development of Fisheries and Aquaculture (Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento de Pescas e Aquacultura) Table 2: Value of aquaculture production in thousand meticais ............................................................................................... 18 INOM Oceanographic Institute of Mozambique (Instituto Oceanográfico de Moçambique) Table 3: Aquaculture Development Strategy’s annual average aquaculture production projections IIAM Mozambique Agriculture Research Institute (Instituto de Investigação Agrária de Moçambique) between 2019 and 2030 (in tons) .................................................................................................................................. 19 Table 4: Mozambique’s aquaculture production from 2017 to 2021 in tons (excluding seaweed) ...................................... 20 INAM National Meteorological Institute (Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia) Table 5: Number of people involved in aquaculture in Mozambique by type of involvement, INAQUA National Aquaculture Development Institute (Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento de Aquacultura) sex, and province, in 2022 .............................................................................................................................................. 21 INIP National Institute of Fish Inspection (Instituto Nacional de Inspecção do Pescado) Table 6: Number of farmers by type of aquaculture, by province, 2022 .................................................................................. 21 MADER Ministries of Agriculture and Rural Development (Ministérios da Agricultura e Desenvolvimento Rural) Table 7: Price of fry (US$ per fingerling) ...................................................................................................................................... 27 MIMAIP Ministry of Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries (Ministério do Mar, Águas Interiores e Pescas) Table 8: Production units by type in the Southern Mozambique system ................................................................................. 33 SDAE District Services of Economic Activities Table 9: Number of aquaculture producers by segment in the Southern region .................................................................... 33 Table 10: Hatchery, actual production and declared production capacity ................................................................................. 37 UEM UEM Biotechnology Center Maputo (Universidade Eduardo Mondlane Centro Biotecnólogia) Table 11: Summary of recommended activities to develop aquaculture in Southern Mozambique ...................................... 48 VAT Value added tax Table 12: Types of stakeholders ...................................................................................................................................................... 60 Table 13: Stakeholders consulted and relevance to the project ................................................................................................. 61 LIST OF SCIENTIFIC NAMES LIST OF BOXES Box 1: Overview of Mozambique’s Aquaculture Development Strategy 2020–2030 .......................................................... 14 Black tiger prawn Penaeus monodon Box 2: CEPAQ, the Center for Aquaculture Research ............................................................................................................ 16 Carp Cyprinus carpio Box 3: Production assumption and projections ........................................................................................................................ 19 Catfish Clarias species Box 4: Box 4: Papá Pesca, a sustainably established aquaculture farm in Gaza, Southern Mozambique ..................... 33 Chichlids Family Cichlidae Box 5: Aquapark ............................................................................................................................................................................ 45 Freshwater shrimp Macrobrachium rosenberggii Indian white prawn Penaeus indicus Marine brown mussel Perna perna Milkfish Chanos chanos Mud crab Scylla serrata Mullet Family Mugilidae Sand mussel Modiolus philippinarum Sea cucumber Holutoria scabra Seaweed Eucheuma denticulacum and Kappaphycus alvarezii Tilapia Native to Mozambique: Oreochromis mossambicus Non-native: Oreochromis niloticus Aquaculture in Mozambique remains at an early stage of development despite more than 30 years Executive of investment by the Mozambican government, development partners, and the private sector, complemented by a growing demand for fish and fish products. Production in 2021 was Summary estimated at 4,123 metric tons (tons), which is about 1 percent of the total wild catch of the country. In the same year, the total value of the country’s aquaculture production was estimated at US$6.9 million. The stagnant growth of the aquaculture sector can be attributed to several constraints. Southern Mozambique, particularly the provinces of Maputo, Gaza, © World Bank and Inhambane, has shown potential for aquaculture development, with a significant portion of the production originating from commercial farms. Constraints Mozambique’s aquaculture sector faces a wide array of challenges that limit its development. Our study identified the most impactful challenges as follows: Insufficient and poor-quality aquaculture inputs, Limited access to credit has been a significant including commercially formulated fish feed and bottleneck for aquaculture development in fingerlings, have hindered the sector’s growth. Mozambique. Limited investments in research and extension Climate change and a cooler environment services have hampered the development of the can lower production volumes, and Southern aquaculture industry. Mozambican farmers must adapt their strategies to these conditions. The reduced number of technicians and extension workers has limited the dissemination The small sector size results in a mismatch of technical knowledge among local fish farmers. between supply and demand, limiting the growth of both sides of the equation. Inefficiencies in sector governance and the limited connections between the actors limit Administrative requirements place time and cost coordination for sector development. burdens on existing and new aquaculture actors. Maria Clara Producer – Inharrime, Inhambane province © World Bank 7 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 8 Poelela farm, Inhambane province © World Bank Opportunities Recommendations For the past few decades, the government has expressed renewed interest in freshwater fish farming in particular as a means The report makes several recommendations that aim to address the challenges and take advantage of the opportunities for to supply fish to rural populations that have limited access to animal protein and are beyond the reach of existing marine and aquaculture in Mozambique, with a focus on the South. These recommendations include: freshwater fish distribution networks. Revise and update potential areas for Develop stronger networks and connections The demand for aquatic products is significant, The aquaculture sector has the potential to aquaculture development to inform public policy between public and private sector actions particularly in and around major urban centers contribute to poverty reduction and create job and investment facilitation efforts. to adapt to sector needs and support the such as Maputo, Inhambane, Xai-Xai, and Maxixe. opportunities, particularly for the youth and implementation of sector-specific solutions women, who make up more than 50% of the and assistance. sector’s workforce. Strengthen technical knowledge and skills The tourism and catering industry represents a among local fish farmers through coordinated significant opportunity for increasing demand The aquaculture sector in Southern Mozambique actions and network development within the for aquaculture products. Southern Mozambique’s seasonal lakes has significant potential for growth. Addressing public and private sector. present unique opportunities for extensive the identified constraints while leveraging the aquaculture which requires fewer inputs that available opportunities can lead to sustainable intensive aquaculture. and resilient development of the industry. The region offers development potential for Efficient extension services—both government various aquaculture commodities—including and private sector led—are crucial for the tilapia, mussels, catfish, sea cucumber, sustainable development of aquaculture. Adapt seaweeds, freshwater shrimps, carps, Infrastructure links offer good access to domestic the coordination and technical preparation clams, milkfish, and mullet—tailored to and international inputs and enable market of government extension services to sector market specificities. access and demand for aquaculture products. development challenges and align it with extension initiatives of the private sector. 9 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 10 This report consolidates the analytical findings of two technical missions to Mozambique between 2022 and 2023 and subsequent thematic studies that focus on the status of feeds and seeds and their impact on sector 1 development, and the governance and interactions between the public and private aquaculture actors in Southern Mozambique. It concludes with a set of recommendations to further develop aquaculture in three Introduction Southern Mozambique provinces (Maputo, Gaza, and Inhambane) in line with the Government of Mozambique’s objective of developing aquaculture to improve nutrition security and enhance livelihoods. © World Bank © World Bank Maria Clara Producer – Inharrime, Inhambane province © World Bank 11 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 12 Policy and institutional context National strategy 2 The aquaculture sector is a government priority (ProAzul 2021) and has the potential to contribute substantially to the country’s socioeconomic development by providing affordable protein and creating jobs and income-generating opportunities. The The follow-up Aquaculture Development Strategy 2020–2030 (Estratégia de Desenvolvimento da Aquacultura 2020–2030, EDA 2020–2030) was approved by the Council of Ministers in 2020 with the aim of promoting the development Overview of first Aquaculture Development Strategy in Mozambique 2008– of aquaculture in Mozambique. EDA 2020–2030 aims to 2017, approved in 2007, was concomitant with the creation promote the development of aquaculture in Mozambique of the Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento de Aquacultura by exploiting the existing national potential in a way that is (INAQUA, the National Aquaculture Development Institute), socioeconomically and environmentally sustainable. The which aimed to promote the development and sustainable approach prioritizes minimizing wild catching by increasing management of aquaculture in Mozambique (Mapfumo et al. farmed fish production while combating malnutrition and Mozambique’s 2009). The strategy focused on more effectively exploiting income generation in households by promoting, expanding, natural resources, with aquaculture identified as having the and managing aquaculture activity. Box 1 below provides key potential to support economic growth and reduce poverty details on EDA 2020–2030. levels. In particular, the strategy aimed to create a more competitive, sustainable, and diversified sector. aquaculture BOX 1: OVERVIEW OF MOZAMBIQUE’S AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY 2020–2030 sector The objectives of Mozambique’s Aquaculture Development Strategy 2020–2030 (EDA 2020–2030) are organized into four pillars: (i) production and productivity, (ii) private investment and access to financing, (iii) access to the market, and (iv) training and institutional development. The EPA 2020–2023 includes establishing aquaparks, industrial catalysts, and producer clusters. Specific locations (centralities) are identified to prioritize interventions in a way that ensures efficient resource allocation, while private- public community partnerships are encouraged to support development of the value chain. The aquapark model allows producers to pool infrastructure and resources, thereby improving zoning plans, the use of aquaculture area, and overall freshwater body management. These aquaparks are classified according to production infrastructure (tanks or cages), the system adopted (extensive, semi-extensive, intensive), likely production volumes (low/135 tons, medium/200 tons, or high/more than 200 tons), and whether the supporting investments are private, public, or mixed. The Ministerial Diploma 108/2023 of 11 August approved the legal framework for aquapark implementation. EDA 2020–2030 provides a detailed action plan for the first five years of its implementation, with a mid-term evaluation in the third year. At the end of the five-year period, a comprehensive evaluation will be conducted to take stock of achievements and prepare a new action plan for the remaining duration. While EDA 2020–2030 aims to drive the sustainable growth of aquaculture in Mozambique by setting clear objectives, prioritizing interventions in specific locations, and fostering partnerships between the public, private, and community sectors, implementation is slow largely due to insufficient human and financial resources being directed to its implementation. Samora Machel productive unit, Gaza province © World Bank 13 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 14 In addition to the entities noted on previous page, the Instituto of Small-Scale Fisheries Development. IDEPA’s primary Nacional de Desenvolvimento de Pescas e Aquacultura objective is to promote the development of fisheries and (National Institute for the Development of Fisheries and aquaculture. It is also responsible for coordinating the activities Aquaculture, IDEPA) was established as a public entity by related to experimentation, demonstration, and extension of decree (No. 3/2016) in February 2016 through the merging of fishing activities by providing a unified platform for fisheries the National Institute of Aquaculture and the National Institute and aquaculture in Mozambique. BOX 2: CEPAQ, THE CENTER FOR AQUACULTURE RESEARCH CEPAQ, managed by the Instituto Oceanográfico de Moçambique (INOM, the Oceanographic Institute of Mozambique), is a project developed to supply quality tilapia fry to the market, manage genetic selection, and provide a place for research activities. CEPAQ’s main function is to act as a service center to facilitate private sector investment in the field of aquaculture by: (i) developing faster-growing strains of tilapia, (ii) producing high-quality fry for fish farms, (iii) breeding broodstock for other ponds, and (iv) drawing up production support protocols (Norges Vel and KPMG 2023). The center currently has the support of Norway and Iceland from 2013 to 2024, covering most operating costs. The center offers an area for research and development, a hatchery, and the presence of technical knowledge hosting government institutions. Today, it focuses on the genetic selection of Oreochromis mossambicus, a program started six years ago. However, fingerling production does not use the center’s full potential and it sells very low volumes (about 300,000 fingerlings yearly) to the private sector. The center faces a lack of connection with the private sector. Its activities in research and development are also limited. Figure 1: CEPAQ research center CEPAQ Research Center, Chokwe District, Gaza province © World Bank Key national and subnational institutions The Government of Mozambique appointed the Ministério Mozambique’s provinces consist of districts and municipalities do Mar, Águas Interiores e Pescas (MIMAIP, Ministry of that oversee local governance and administration. Mozambique Sea, Inland Waters and Fisheries) as the government entity also legally recognizes the authority of traditional community responsible for fisheries and aquaculture, among other leaders, who are responsible for smaller community structures. responsibilities, in 2015. While the country has many other At the subnational level, key institutions from an aquaculture Source: Norges Vel institutions with some role on aquaculture development, the perspective are: main ones based at MIMAIP are: The Provincial Service of Economic Activities CEPAQ is an appealing asset for aquaculture development in the area. However, despite more than 10 years of The Instituto Oceanográfico de Moçambique (SPAE), which is responsible for preventing and support, it has still not settled on a development model or an economic model, and has very few income-generating (INOM, National Oceanographic Institute of controlling pests and phytosanitary diseases; activities. A report by Norges Vel and KPMG (2023) stated that “building the sustainability of CEPAQ will take many Mozambique), which is responsible for developing supporting local seed production; providing years to accomplish. During that period, CEPAQ needs to have a clear role in the value chain, with a combination of fisheries and aquaculture and contributing to the training to aquaculture professionals; controlling fishing predictable public funding (national and international) and independently generated income. wellbeing of fishery and aquaculture communities. INOM activities through licensing and monitoring; and managing The independent income will require a different business model (CEPAQ Operating Company or an alternative), a line oversees the Centro de Pesquisa em Aquacultura (CEPAQ, marine conservation areas. of services to be sold, and possibly other forms of research collaboration at the international level”. Center for Aquaculture Research) (see box). The Provincial Directorate of Agriculture National Fisheries Administration (ADNAP), and Fisheries (DPAP), which is responsible for which is tasked with ensuring the responsible aquaculture development, licensing, technical and sustainable development of fishing and assistance, and building capacity and providing aquaculture, and with contributing to the training to aquaculture producers. conservation of aquatic resources. These government bodies each play an important role in National Institute of Fish Inspection (INIP), aquaculture development. However, for a sector producing which is responsible for ensuring food safety in just a few thousand tons of product, the risks of overlapping fishery and aquaculture products. and replication are high and present an important constraint for private sector involvement. The Blue Economy Development Fund (ProAzul), which promotes blue economy activities through funding and project support. 15 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 16 Legal and regulatory framework Table 1: Mozambique’s aquaculture production (in tons) The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique defines the environmental concerns in all sectorial policies so as to Description 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 right of all citizens to a balanced environment and the duty guarantee citizens the right to live in a balanced environment to protect it (Article 90). In addition, the state is required to supported by sustainable development (Article 117). Annex Industrial 667 512 194 207 387 276 241 408 590 1,312 1,454 2,203 2,832 ensure the promotion of initiatives to ensure ecological balance B presents all existing legislation and regulations relevant to Marine shrimp 667 506 39 10 0 0 0 0 21 33 150 260 0,190 and environmental preservation, and the implementation aquaculture development. of policies to prevent and control pollution and integrate Marine fish 0 6 70 130 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Freshwater fish 0 0 85 67 237 276 241 408 569 1,279 1,304 1,943 2,642 Associations Small scale 177 284 409 514 792 857 939 1,427 2,654 2,458 1,858 1,920 2,688 Associations are one of the main channels to govern fully registered as an association. It has seven members that Freshwater fish 177 284 409 514 792 857 939 1,427 2,654 2,458 1,858 1,920 2,688 and connect private sector and public sector actions represent 80 percent of Mozambique’s aquaculture production in aquaculture. Currently, Mozambique has two formal due to the larger commercial farm members. AAM is a fully Total 844 796 603 721 1,179 1,133 1,180 1,835 3,245 3,770 3,312 4,123 5,520 aquaculture associations: the Associação Moçambicana de registered association founded in 2023. It focuses mainly on Aquacultura (AMAQUA) and the Associação de Aquacultura small-scale aquaculture and its members represent many Source: MIMAIP 2022. de Moçambique (AAM). AMAQUA was founded in 2015 and is actors in Mozambique’s three southern provinces. Table 2: Value of aquaculture production in thousand meticais Current production Description 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 Between 2000 and 2021, global aquaculture nearly trebled in (from 74,000 to 410,000 tons), and in Western and Central size due to investments and innovations in associated value Africa, where production multiplied by more than 12 times Industrial 667 512 194 207 387 276 241 408 590 1,312 1,454 2,203 2,832 chains (Belton and Thilsted 2014, FAO 2022b, Pauly and Zeller over the same period, with Uganda and Ghana at the forefront Marine shrimp 667 506 39 10 0 0 0 0 21 33 150 260 0,190 2019). This pattern was amplified across Eastern and Southern (Figure 2). Africa, where aquaculture production multiplied by 5.5 Marine fish 0 6 70 130 150 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Freshwater fish 0 0 85 67 237 276 241 408 569 1,279 1,304 1,943 2,642 Figure 2: Aquaculture production in thousand metric tons for the past two decades for Mozambique, Kenya, Zambia, Uganda, and Ghana Small scale 177 284 409 514 792 857 939 1,427 2,654 2,458 1,858 1,920 2,688 150 Kenya Freshwater fish 177 284 409 514 792 857 939 1,427 2,654 2,458 1,858 1,920 2,688 Aqualculture production in 125 Mozambique Total 844 796 603 721 1,179 1,133 1,180 1,835 3,245 3,770 3,312 4,123 5,520 thousand metric tons 100 Zambia Source: MIMAIP 2022. 75 Uganda Demonstrating how data differs by source, the FAO found 50 that 2022 national aquaculture production was about Ghana 3,200 metric tons, with freshwater species making © Adobe Stock 25 up the bulk of production (at approximately 2,900 tons). Of this, nearly 300 tons was 0 shrimp and 2,900 tons came from other 1990 2000 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 aquaculture species, primarily tilapia. Source: World Bank 2023. Data regarding aquaculture production within Mozambique Of this, almost half the production came from small-scale vary greatly depending on the source of the study, likely due production units. However, this sixfold increase in production to the lack of a formal registration and licensing mechanism. was not matched by a proportional increase in value, which, Some government estimates indicate that aquaculture according to government estimates, increased just more than production increased 6.5 times, from less than 850 tons four times, from 105 million meticais (Mt) to 442 million Mt in 2010 (79 percent which came from industrial shrimp) to (US$1.6 million to US$6.9 million) (Table 2). just more than 5,500 tons in 2022 (Table 1) (MIMAIP 2022). Current export markets BOX 3: PRODUCTION ASSUMPTION AND PROJECTIONS Countries in the Southern Africa Development Community Traditional and artisanal fish processing methods (salting, (SADC) and Southern Africa Custom Union (SACU) present drying, and smoking) used for fisheries products are also used The Aquaculture Development Strategy 2020–2030 presents overly ambitious average annual growth projections, with an important export market for Mozambique’s fish products. Of in rural areas for aquaculture fish, of which an unknown quantity 2023 production projections far from being realized (Table 4). the SADC and SACU countries, South Africa and Zimbabwe is informally exported to neighboring countries (Tanzania, reported the highest import volumes of fish products from Malawi, Zimbabwe, and the Democratic Republic of Congo). Mozambique in 2015. In terms of Mozambique’s global Fish exports to Tanzania come from Cabo Delgado province, Table 3: Aquaculture Development Strategy’s annual average aquaculture production projections between 2019 and 2030 (in tons) export values, South Africa and Zimbabwe ranked fourth and exports to Malawi come from Nampula, Zambézia, Sofala, and fifth, respectively, surpassed by Portugal, Spain, and and Cahora Bassa dam. Fish exported to Zambia comes from 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030 China (UNCTAD 2017). Zimbabwe in particular imports large Tete (Cahora Bassa Dam). Most of the products are dried or Commercial 1,313 1,648 2,059 2,677 3,748 5,997 59,800 74,750 112,125 168,187 252,281 349,500 volumes of freshwater small pelagic fish (kapenta) from the smoked, except for those exported to South Africa, which tend semi-industrial sector. to be frozen shrimp and fish (WorldFish Center 2007). Small-scale 2,458 2,471 6,438 13,036 19,642 21,923 30,832 34,050 37,605 41,534 45,877 50,675 Shrimp currently has the highest export market value of all The demand for tilapia aquaculture in the region is exemplified Total 3,771 4,119 8,497 15,713 23,390 27,920 90,632 108,800 149,730 209,722 298,158 400,176 aquaculture species, while industrial aquaculture has improved by the purchase and informal export of dried, small-size marine tilapia’s modest value and irregular production. Commercial tilapia from Zambézia province. These aquaculture products Source: EDA 2020–2030. farms (such as Chicoa and Papá Pesca) take an export are reportedly bought in Quelimane and transported to Malawi approach and their expansion model primarily focuses on and Zimbabwe by local wholesalers. This spontaneous FAO projections based on the actual increase in aquaculture production in Mozambique between 2017 and 2021 found niche urban markets. demand and distribution network illustrates the potential that the country’s aquaculture production is expected to reach 6,224 tons by 2030 in a business-as-usual scenario. dynamism of the aquaculture sector. However, in order to generate sufficient supply to cover the additional demand that population growth will place on fish products by 2030, the country’s aquaculture production should reach 138,275 tons to cover needs(with a 43.7 times growth; 45.91 percent per year between 2020 and 2030) without relying on additional imports (FAO 2024). Table 4: Mozambique’s aquaculture production from 2017 to 2021 in tons (excluding seaweed) The current report draws on FAO figures for 2022, which was cross-checked using data collected from farm owners and with aquaculture associations during field visits in 2023. This data points to 3,200 tons of production on the national level Volume (metric tons) in 2022, of which 500 tons can be attributed to the three provinces of Southern Mozambique. Type of Aquaculture 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 Annual average Based on this data, and assuming a tenfold increase in aquaculture by 2030 (an optimisic yet feasible assumption based on regional trends—see below), the current analysis expects Mozambique to produce 32,000 tons as a whole, of which Marine – shrimps 0 21 33 150 260 93 about 15 percent (4,800 tons) could come from Southern Mozambique by 2030. A tenfold increase in annual production is still less than 1 percent of the government’s EDA 2020–2030 projection of 400,000 tons for the country by 2030. Freshwater – commercial 408 569 1,279 1,304 1,944 1,101 Freshwater – artisanal 1,427 2,654 2,458 1,858 1,920 2,063 Total 1,835 3,244 3,770 3,312 4,124 3,257 Regional trends in aquaculture production East African countries are experiencing rapid growth in aquaculture production: Source: IDEPA 2022. • Zambia increased its aquaculture production by more than six times in 10 years: from 10,000 tons in 2010 to 63,000 tons in 2020. • Uganda increased its aquaculture production more than twelvefold in 15 years: from 10,000 tons in 2005 Farmed species Contribution to employment to 123,000 tons in 2020. Commonly farmed marine species in Mozambique include The preliminary results of the Censo da Pesca Artesanal e • Ghana increased its aquaculture production almost ninefold in 11 years: from 10,000 tons in 2010 to finfish, seaweed (including Eucheuma spinosum and Aquacultura (CEPAA, Artisanal Fishing and Aquaculture 83,900 tons in 2021. Kappaphycus alvarezii), and shrimp (Peneaus monodon). Census) (IDEPA 2022) found that Mozambique’s aquaculture Freshwater fish farming is currently dominated by freshwater sector employs 23,305 people, of which 2,682 are based Source: World Bank and FAO 2021 species of tilapia (genus Oreochromis), with pond sizes in Southern Mozambique (Table 5 and Table 6). Women ranging from 150 square meters (m2) to 300 m2 on average represent 71 percent of aquaculture owners and almost 51 (Muhala et al. 2021). While shrimp production represents an percent of participants in the sector. The predominance of important share of aquaculture exports in terms of value, only women in the value chain offers opportunities for inclusivity in Annual aquaculture production of 32,000 tons would create about 15,000 jobs in production and input supply alone across one shrimp farm was operating in Mozambique in 2023. developing more economic activities for the aquaculture sector. the three provinces. These figures have been extrapolated from 2022 production and number of workers, and do not include income-generating activities created in other segments of the value chain, such as retailers, wholesalers, and at market level. Development programs supporting aquaculture sector growth should look beyond 2030 to ensure that the sector is equipped to handle at least a twentyfold increase in production1. Such value chain development programs should focus on activities that would proactively drive the sector’s growth, such as ensuring adequate animal feed and seed supply; extension services; disease control measures; and all other necessary controls to support the sector’s development. 1 A twentyfold increase in the aquaculture sector by 2030 would mean an annual production of 65,000 tons of product for Mozambique, and up to 10,000 tons for the three southern provinces © World Bank Table 5: Number of people involved in aquaculture in Mozambique by type of involvement, sex, and province, in 2022 Extension services Owners Workers Other professionals Total Efficient extension services are crucial for the development of • Farm visits and consultations to provide on-site guidance, Province sustainable aquaculture. Extension services help disseminate answer questions, and offer recommendations Men Women Total Men Women Total Men Women Total people knowledge, technology, and best practices to farmers, leading Maputo to increased productivity, income, and overall growth of the • Bringing back information from the field using a 3 23 26 70 10 80 0 0 0 106 structured methodology and clear objectives to develop a City aquaculture sector. Strategies for efficient extension services in aquaculture development include: broad understanding of sector development. Maputo 20 124 144 520 345 865 112 315 427 1,436 • Tailored training and workshops that are specific to • Regular monitoring and evaluation to continuously Gaza 50 90 140 503 497 100 0 0 0 1,140 farmers’ needs and the local context assess the impact of extension services and adjust Inhambane 83 147 230 370 248 618 11 5 16 864 strategies accordingly. • Field demonstrations to show farmers best practices in a Sofala 65 461 526 727 397 1,134 20 1 21 1,681 real-world setting Manica 215 975 1,190 2,832 2,119 4,951 0 0 0 6,141 Tete 15 249 264 1,142 720 1,862 2 0 2 2,128 The government provides extension services to the country’s managed cycle, current extension services do not result in Zambézia 55 398 453 1,292 1,312 3,604 11 5 16 4,073 aquaculture sector on an ad hoc basis, free of charge. Field sustainable and viable economic improvements. Nampula 23 182 205 1,065 805 2,870 7 1 8 3,083 actions appear to be effective, with good connections to existing aquaculture initiatives. The support provided by The private sector also provides extension services through Cabo the government’s extension services is real, and many field aquaculture schools and youth training programs. Such 9 83 92 507 237 744 0 0 0 836 Delgado programs offer financial or operational support to trainees that activities depend directly on the government supplying fry Niassa 19 190 209 980 602 1,582 20 6 26 1,817 and feed. However, because the support is not provided in show promise after several months on production units. This sufficient quantities or duration to achieve a satisfactorily model increases technical capacity in aquaculture by producing Total 557 2,922 3,497 12,018 7,292 10,310 183 333 516 23,305 skilled technicians with practical production experience. Source: MIMAIP 2022. Table 6: Number of farmers by type of aquaculture, by province, 2022 Type of aquaculture Total Province Training and Subsistence Artisanal Experimental Semi-industrial Industrial Research people education Maputo 0 25 0 0 0 1 0 26 Cidade Maputo 4 122 13 1 0 3 1 144 Gaza 22 102 4 10 0 1 1 140 Inhambane 34 187 5 1 0 1 2 230 Sofala 45 467 1 9 1 1 2 526 Manica 1,024 150 8 2 1 1 4 1,190 Tete 215 44 2 2 1 0 0 264 Zambézia 169 267 13 2 0 0 2 453 Nampula 116 77 2 10 0 0 0 205 Cabo 21 71 0 0 0 0 0 92 Delgado Niassa 153 51 3 1 0 0 1 209 Total 1,803 1,563 51 38 3 8 13 3,479 Source: MIMAIP 2022. Fish farmers of Baixa de Macuamene, Inhambane province © World Bank 21 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 22 The aquaculture sector in Mozambique is nascent and dominated by small- scale aquaculture, which accounts for about 65 percent of total production. The growth of the sector has been affected by climate change, diseases, and 3 economic challenges, including insufficient and poor-quality aquaculture inputs (such as commercially formulated fish feed and fingerlings), limited investments in research and extension services, a reduction in the number Challenges of technicians and extension workers, and limited access to credit. Climate change and other environmental challenges faced by the Climate change Mozambique is highly vulnerable to extreme weather events, being cyclically affected by floods, cyclones, and droughts, storms from the Indian Ocean. High temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns will also affect the country in years to come. aquaculture which are becoming increasingly common. According to the United Nations’ 2022 Global Assessment Report on Disaster Aquaculture faces both direct and indirect risks from climate Risk Reduction (UNDRR 2022), Mozambique is the third-most change, including: (i) sea level rise, storm surges, and vulnerable country in Africa to disaster risks including droughts, increased run-off from inland; (ii) changes in rainfall patterns floods, tropical cyclones, and epidemics. and evaporation rates; (iii) increase in extreme weather events, including more frequent drought periods; (iv) possible changes sector The country’s susceptibility to climate variability is due to a in habitat and ecosystems; and (v) increased conditions for combination of geophysical and human factors. More than 60 disease and predation. Any proposed aquaculture model must percent of the country’s population lives in low-lying coastal consider these risks and aim to mitigate their impacts. areas, which is vulnerable to rising sea levels and intense Diseases Biosecurity and aquatic animal health are of paramount • Long-term viability. Early establishment of biosecurity importance for a nascent aquaculture sector for several and animal health practices ensures the sector’s long- reasons: term viability and is more cost-effective than dealing with outbreaks later. • Prevention of disease outbreaks. Biosecurity measures help prevent disease outbreaks, protecting the industry from • Attracting investment. A commitment to biosecurity and economic losses and maintaining investor confidence. animal health attracts investors, who see it as an indicator of a well-managed and sustainable industry. • Sustainable growth. The health of aquatic animals is crucial for sustainability, as healthy animals grow faster and • Compliance with regulations. Mozambique is engaged in have higher survival rates, leading to increased production following international trade regulations which include World and profitability. Organization for Animal Health (WOAH). • Market access and consumer confidence. Compliance • Knowledge transfer. Developing expertise in biosecurity with biosecurity standards and disease-free status enhance and aquatic animal health helps the industry improve over consumer confidence and facilitate access to domestic and time and adapt to changing conditions. international markets. • Environmental protection. Biosecurity measures help protect local ecosystems from potential ecological damage caused by disease outbreaks. • Risk mitigation. Proper biosecurity planning can mitigate risks associated with limited expertise and infrastructure in a nascent aquaculture sector. Tilapia do Bilene, Gaza province © World Bank © World Bank Currently, Mozambique’s aquaculture industry has very few measures in place for disease prevention and management. However, biosecurity, The cost of feed disease management, and aquatic animal health are critical for the The price of feed has a major impact on the cost of production imported feed by submitting a reimbursement request from the short-term success of a nascent aquaculture sector and its long-term and the farm’s profitability. Because fish production depends government, in practice none of the private sector stakeholders sustainability and growth. Implementing rigorous biosecurity measures on feed, a farm’s success depends largely on the quality of consulted reported being able to recover those costs. and ensuring the health of aquatic animals are investments that pay off in the feed it uses. This import tax, in addition to raw material increases arising economic, environmental, and social terms. from the global economic situation, has made importing feed In 2023, quality feed in Mozambique cost between US$1.30 extremely expensive. Mozambique undertook a Performance of Veterinary Services (PVS) and US$2.35 per kilogram. At US$1.30 per kilogram, feed evaluation of the Aquatic Animal Health Services in July 2023 to serve as represented more than 46 percent of the total production Local production fails to meet fish farmers’ requirements in a baseline for biosecurity implementation measures. Manuals based on cost; at US$2.35 per kilogram, a farm cannot make terms of cost or quality. The problem is worse in the this evaluation will help to enhance future biosecurity efforts. a profit on its fish products. Only bigger farms south, but it also affects the central and northern that can afford to import larger volumes provinces. To mitigate this challenge, ProAzul The University of Edouardo Mondlane has an ISO-accredited © Adobe Stock (>100 tons) are able to secure feed at and IDEPA have funded the construction biotechnology laboratory that could be a useful resource to the aquaculture US$1.30 per kilogram. Most farmers of several small to medium-sized feed industry. Currently, the lab is the reference laboratory for shrimp white spot pay significantly more for smaller production facilities for the center and disease and can potentially add more analysis to its activities. volumes. the north of the country. Building is scheduled to take place in 2024. One reason feed is so expensive One industrial-level feed mill is the choice of protein source. would meet current demand three Fish feed producers and farmers Pollution predominantly use fishmeal and times over. Pollution challenges to aquaculture include: vegetable source (mainly soya), For their part, local manufacturers although Papá Pesca was testing blame lack of demand and the • River water pollution from industrial activities, agriculture, and insect meal and chlorella (see Box high administrative burden of domestic waste reaching coastal and marine environments 4). However, land-based proteins unit inspections and licenses (such as blood meal and chicken needed to produce and sell feed. • Air pollution from wood fuel and mining activities meal) are both cheaper and authorized Some of the licenses, especially those • Inadequate sewage treatment, especially in Maputo and the bay for aquaculture use in Mozambique and relating to health regulations, need to be ecosystem in the South. internationally. An optimized formulation could renewed every three months, which becomes drive down the cost of commercial feed prices to challenging when analyses of production batches farm arrival prices of less than US$1 per kilogram. At that price, are delayed. feed would represent only 30 percent of the production cost. As imported feed prices continue to increase, small-scale Economic challenges Before 2022, imported fish and tilapia feed was not subject subsistence fish farmers resort to making their own feed, often to value-added tax (VAT) or customs tax. That changed in under inadequate technical conditions. This low-quality feed is Economic challenges to the development of the aquaculture sector at the December 2022, when the country included fish feed in the highly inefficient, leading to poor growth, increased costs, and national level include: list of duty subject to taxation at an import tax of 7.5 percent decreased earnings, forcing farmers to abandon aquaculture (with exemptions for imports from the European Union or as a viable option. • The cost of feed SADC countries) and 16 percent VAT on imported feed for • Poor coordination of the fry value chain tilapia. While farmers can theoretically recover VAT from • The cost of seed and fingerlings • The size of the aquaculture sector • An underdeveloped value chain and distribution networks. These challenges are discussed in greater detail on the next page. © Freepik © Freepik 25 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 26 Poor coordination of the fry value chain Aquaculture sector size The rearing of fry is a crucial stage in fish farming, serving as • Information asymmetry. Some fish producers are unaware Mozambique’s aquaculture sector is currently not large enough Currently, aquaculture in Mozambique represents a significant the basis for future commercial production. One of the most of the benefits of using quality fingerlings to improve to enjoy industrial levels of supply and demand. The lack of risk for potential investors, despite its natural wealth and pressing challenges in Mozambique’s aquaculture value chain production. Lack of access to information about reliable fry critical mass means that products and services for the sector suitability for aquaculture activities. Development projects is the mismatch between supply of fingerlings and demand suppliers can also restrict demand. are expensive or unavailable in the country. This problem could drive demand and supply improvements to support the from fish producers. Even though hatcheries have ample affects all parties in the sector: feed manufacturers and seed transition to viable levels. capacity to produce more fry, fish producers find it difficult to • Financial constraints can limit a farm’s ability to acquire suppliers complain about the lack of demand from fish farmers, source high-quality fry when they need to. This mismatch has good-quality fingerlings, and access to credit is limited. while farmers complain about the lack of available seeds The critical mass necessary to ensure aligned demand significant implications for the sustainable development of the and feed. and supply should be considered an objective and not a Many of these issues stem from the quantity of seeds prerequisite. To achieve a critical mass that will attract further sector and can be attributed to several factors, including: needed: small farmers only require fry infrequently, and in Consider feed production. A medium-sized extruder will investment, sector development efforts would usefully consider • Lack of production planning. Some fry producers limited amounts. This makes it difficult for hatcheries to plan produce between five to eight tons per day of feed, or about production projections and focus on flexible feed production overproduce due to a lack of market research or prior production around periods of little or no activity. 1,200 to 2,000 tons per year. Current demand in Southern solutions. Potential production units in the south of the country negotiation with potential clients. Better guidance needs to Mozambique is less than 700 tons per year, or 100 to 180 days would do well to focus on meeting national demand in terms This mismatch between supply and demand for fingerlings be given on sizing production in relation to market demand. of activity of a medium-sized extruded feed unit. of volume and quality. has direct implications for the aquaculture value chain in • Lack of efficient distribution channels can prevent Mozambique. It affects the financial stability of fingerling fingerlings from promptly reaching potential buyers. producers and the ability of fish producers to achieve their production goals. Further, it creates an atmosphere of • Marketing challenges. Many fish fry producers need uncertainty in the market, which can inhibit investment and stronger marketing and negotiation skills to better market aquaculture industry expansion. Resolving this mismatch will their products. be key for promoting a more stable and prosperous business environment for all those involved in the aquaculture value • Lack of logistics. Farmers cannot afford the logistics chain in Mozambique. required to obtain seeds from a hatchery, and few hatcheries offer delivery. The cost of seed and fingerlings Fry prices range from 5 to 15 Mt per fingerling in Mozambique and the cost to seed 1 kilogram of tilapia is significantly higher in Mozambique than in the rest of the world (at seven to nine times higher than in Brazil and two to three times higher than in countries like Zambia and Uganda). This calculation considers the volume of fry to produce a kilogram of final product, which is directly related to survival rate and size of fish at the harvest. For instance, assuming 80 percent survival one would need 1.25 fry to harvest to 1 kilogram of tilapia, while a harvest of 300 g tilapia with 60 percent survival would need 5.5 fry per kilogram of tilapia.: Table 7: Price of fry (US$ per fingerling) Seed price depends on the hatchery production costs and Cost of seed US$ per farm production strategies (the size of their products, survival, to produced fingerling and performances). Different farm and feed management 1 kilogram of Tilapia strategies could reduce the number of fingerlings needed Mozambique CEPAQ 0.078 to 0.11 0.40 to reach one kilogram of finished products by two or more by improving survival rates. Most of these improvements Mozambique Poelela 0.078 0.312 do not depend on seed production or hatchery features, but Mozambique Other 0.07 to 0.094 rather on farm management practices. Genetic quality is the only external variable that can be strengthened to improve Tanzania 0.06 to 0.12 0.34 seed quality. Zambia 0.046 0.138 Uganda 0.053 0.159 Brazil 0.04253 0.045 Source: World Bank, Aquaculture Association of Tanzania (2023), Associação Brasileira de Pisciculltura (2023). CEPAQ center, Gaza province © World Bank 27 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 28 Underdeveloped value chain and distribution networks The aquaculture value chain consists of a core value chain Actors from both value chains need to collaborate and find (focusing on production of the commodity), an extended value mutually beneficial business models, supported by a national chain (focusing on inputs and equipment), and national and global and international enabling environment. These enabling enabling environments (Figure 3). Because the sustainability environments include environmental, economic, and social of the core value chain depends on the extended value chain, and governance aspects. Southern Mozambique’s value chain it is best to view the aquaculture value chain holistically. is discussed in greater detail in the next chapter. Figure 3: Aquaculture value chains and enabling environment Environment Consumers Climate Hazards Economic Supermarket Restaurant Social & Ponds construction governance Cages Socio-cultural Retailer Farm equipment Organisation © World Bank Wholesaler Feed Infrastructures Processing Hatchery Institutions Other imputs Even though Mozambique produces fish, the distribution Market access and market linkages are pillars of the nation’s Production – Farm Regulation network for fish—especially fresh fish—within the country is development strategy and have been identified as important not well developed (Benkenstein 2013, World Bank 2018). aspects of PRODAPE, a five-year, US$50.22 million Core Value Chain Most fish harvested by artisanal fishers are for their own investment that forms part of a long-term (15-year) partnership Coordination consumption or distribution close to landing sites. The same between IFAD and the Mozambican government to develop Extended Value Chain trend is observed in commercial aquaculture, where direct the country’s aquaculture sector. Initiated in 2021, PRODAPE sales are typically made on farms or at nearby markets. aims to reduce poverty and enhance nutrition and food security National Enabling Environment of rural households by increasing production, consumption, The few wholesalers that do exist typically consist of women and incomes among rural households and other actors in the who buy small quantities of fish that are then transported to aquaculture value chain. Among other activities, PRODAPE Global Enabling Environment local fish markets and sold fresh. Some wholesalers may buy aims to develop extension services for aquaculture (including these products for further processing (such as drying, salting, revising extension training material, capacity-building, and Source: World Bank or smoking). Processed fish products are usually packed in strengthening all organizational operations of extension sacks and transported by bicycle or pick-up truck to local fish officers) for 23 districts in seven provinces. markets in villages and larger towns and cities. This system is more developed for fisheries and less so for artisanal aquaculture, where volumes are limited. Local fish markets are concentrated in the comparatively densely populated regions, where buyers and sellers can negotiate the price. However, as more traders sell the same product, prices will drop. © World Bank 29 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 30 Figure 4: Map of Southern Mozambique 4 The case for Inhambane aquaculture Gaza Maputo in Southern Source: World Bank Mozambique The status of aquaculture in Maputo, Gaza, and Inhambane Commercial aquaculture activities in Mozambique primarily • Gaza province contains more medium-sized ponds than its occur in the provinces of Cabo Delgado in the north; Zambézia, counterparts and is home to two private commercial farms Manica, and Tete in the center of the country; and Gaza in the in Chokwe and Bilene. The province logged 1,612 tons of south (IDEPA 2018). The main types of aquaculture are pond fish in 2022, of which 320 tons came from Chokwe and 219 and cage aquaculture. tons came from Bilene. However, flooding in 2023 affected infrastructure and production inputs, resulting in a decrease Mozambique’s southern region—consisting of the Maputo, in total production for the year. Gaza, and Inhambane provinces—is especially well suited for further aquaculture development due to its climate and • In Inhambane province, fish production in 2022 totaled 311 infrastructure. However, despite its natural suitability, current tons of tilapia, of which 106.7 tons came from commercial farms development remains limited to small-scale, artisanal farms. and 204.3 tons came from small-scale farms (IDEPA 2022). Key findings of the main aquaculture areas in Southern Mozambique include: • In Maputo province, aquaculture consists primarily of small-scale production, which totaled 135 tons of fish and 0.8 tons of mussels in 2022 (IDEPA 2022). Mussel production growth is constrained by limited demand in nearby markets. © World Bank Aquafish farm, Inhambane province © World Bank Preliminary data from the 2022 CEPAA identifies how many production units (by type) and producers (by segment) there by Mapping the value chain in Southern Mozambique province in Mozambique. Data for Southern Mozambique has been summarized in Table 8 and Table 9. Figure 5 shows the interaction between various players and wholesalers. There are no actors specializing in nursery in the aquaculture value chain in Southern Mozambique. activities. Some private hatcheries have a nursery for their own Table 8: Production units by type in the Table 9: Number of aquaculture producers by segment Mozambique suffers from a lack of national actors in many parts use, but do not sell fry to other producers. Additionally, tilapia Southern Mozambique system in the Southern region of the value chain, including feed mills, laboratories, nurseries, wholesalers are currently absent in Southern Mozambique. Region Earth ponds Cages Region Artisanal Semi-industrial Figure 5: Mapping value chain function, actors, and relationships Country 10,518 872 Maputo 126 1 Maputo 534 43 Gaza 124 10 Ponds and cages construction Links in - Feed - Seed - Other inputs - Production Distribution Consumption Gaza 796 125 Inhambane 221 1 the chain Equipment - Analysis Inhambane 875 177 Source: IDEPA 2022 Source: IDEPA 2022 Set up farms Storing, raising, Transport, Feed/Seed Supply caring for and conservation, To buy, prepare Function Equipment Supply harvesting transform, sell and consume Analysis/Support aquatic animals aquatic animals BOX 4: PAPÁ PESCA, A SUSTAINABLY ESTABLISHED AQUACULTURE FARM IN GAZA, SOUTHERN MOZAMBIQUE Cage Builder Papá Pesca’s farm in Gaza province exemplifies a meticulous approach to sustainable aquaculture in Mozambique. Landscaper The farm undertook extensive feasibility studies to identify potential sites, optimal fish varieties, and suitable marketing strategies. Once the site was identified, water management, farm layout, and stocking strategies were developed to Feed Mill ensure optimal fish growth. Wholesaler The pilot site, launched in 2015 with the support of Norwegian NGO Norgesvel, successfully validated the viability of Feed Supplier Production farm raising tilapia using imported feed and locally sourced fingerlings. The farm boasts a well-designed infrastructure with Intensive 136 ponds and designated wetland areas for conservation. The farm’s hatchery has the capacity to produce more Actors Hatchery Retailer than 3 million fries and has been instrumental in producing sufficient fingerlings for the operation. Since its inception, Semi-intensive Final consumer Papá Pesca has produced a total of 390 tons of fish, including 105 tons in 2023, with production expected to increase Nursery Extensive in the future. To reach international markets, Papá Pesca constructed an EU-compliant processing plant awaiting final Market approval by the time of writing this report. Additionally, it has begun a black soldier fly production operation to reduce Equipment Supplier Supermarket production costs through innovative waste management. While initial results are promising, further funding is needed Restaurant for expansion. Laboratory Technical Expert Supporters Support and extension structures, associations and cooperatives, NGOs, research centres Source: Amian et al. 2018 Tilapia do Bilene, Gaza province © World Bank Value chain diagram and product flow High-quality feed and seeds contribute greatly to better production yields, but the farmers themselves play a vital role in this equation. Most artisanal The links in the value chain constitute four types of actors: 51 percent of the aquaculture workforce, sector development farmers lack the technical skill to optimize their production environment, developers, who are the suppliers of inputs and equipment; will create economically empowering opportunities for women. leading to lessened impacts and greatly increased production costs when producers; distributors and processors; and consumers they switch to higher-quality inputs. (Figure 6). One of the features of the Southern Mozambican Support services and equipment supplies are not readily aquaculture value chain is limited flow of product. Commercial available to farmers or hatcheries, largely due to the small Many small-scale farmers currently rely on extensive farm methods that farms deal directly with buyers, while artisanal farms use their size of the aquaculture sector. Aquaculture producers need to cost less but offer low returns on investment. These farmers would benefit produce or sell it locally. Wholesalers are absent from the value work with local middlemen—who often enjoy a quasi-monopoly from investigating more intensive techniques. chain, most likely due to low production volumes. position—or procure supplies from outside Mozambique at extra cost and at a delay. Ideally, seed should be robust enough to allow for high yields under While job creation focuses on producers, increased production suboptimal conditions while remaining affordable to keep production costs will likely lead to retail network growth, opportunities for low. Feed should also be affordable while offering good nutrition in a wholesalers, and increased development across the value variety of contexts. Because few Mozambican farmers are able to optimize chain. Similarly, because women make up approximately their feed conversion in production management to levels required with the use of imported feeds, feed quality should instead focus on providing optimal economic returns for existing farms. Figure 6: Aquaculture value chain actors and connections in Southern Mozambique Value chain map from south Mozambique Challenges facing southern Mozambique’s Export Consumers aquaculture sector The challenges and characteristics of Mozambique’s aquaculture sector Market, Supermarket, Restaurant also apply in Southern Mozambique. Tilapia fresh and frozen Retail Retailers Climate variability and temperatures Importers (horse mackerel and during the cold season Wholesale Tilapia frozen) Mozambique’s extreme climate vulnerability demands solutions that facilitate and promote the adaption capacity of the country’s population. The south, with its dry climate, is more prone to droughts than the center Importation and north of Mozambique. However, its lower temperatures may represent (horse mackerel and an advantage in protecting aquaculture investments in these areas. Tilapia frozen) Diversifying the economy with fish farming could make communities more Processing / Commercial farm resilient to climate-related challenges, especially since aquaculture is Freezing ((N=2 (Processing plant Commercial farm Artisanal farms adaptable to changing environmental conditions. in construction)); Tilapia fresh (N=8?); (N=?); The southern provinces experience cooler temperatures during dry Tilapia fresh or hand frozen Tilapia fresh (V=? tonnes) and frozen season, which directly impacts fish growth and survival. Low temperatures Production (V: about 300 tonnes) (V: about 100 tonnes) Mussels Fresh (V=0.7 tonnes) can slow down the metabolic rates of many aquatic species, resulting in reduced growth rates and increased susceptibility to some parasites and diseases. Fish may require more energy to maintain their body Commercial production Commercial Artisanal temperature, leading to higher feed conversion ratios and increased Import with processing plant production production production costs. Legend Overlays Flows and interactions N Number of actors Existing connection Note: Horse mackerel is V Volume of tonnes Sale not part of the Aquaculture Value Chain, but as a main Needs further information National border competitor, its mention has Auto -consumption been added © World Bank Source: World Bank 35 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 36 Economic challenges Advantages in Southern Mozambique Southern Mozambique is especially well suited for aquaculture • The center manages a genetic program of marine tilapia Lack of coordination between feed manufacturers and buyers development due to its: with low practical application in aquaculture for three southern provinces in that it does not offer genetic selection In addition to the national-level challenges to accessing and substantial opportunity costs. Suppliers are unaware of • Agroecological characteristics. These include water or broodstock supply for Oreochromis niloticus. feed (discussed in Chapter 4), feed production in Southern the buyer’s market, while buyers are unaware of the options availability; good soils and climate; and the presence of Mozambique suffers from a lack of coordination, which leads available to them, resulting in missed opportunities for both. both native and exotic fish species for farming, such as • Its research activities are limited and not designed to bring to a lack of critical mass to sustain aquaculture in the region Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), blue practical, rapid answers to the private sector. For example, tilapia (Oreochromis aureus), and Nile tilapia (Oreochromis only two studies were done in the past three years that do niloticus) (Salia and Alda 2008). not apply to private sector farms. • High population densities with potential peri-urban • The center does not have activities on cage aquaculture. Lack of coordination between hatcheries and producers market demand. CEPAQ will play a necessary role in all potential projects in The lack of coordination between hatcheries and producers (discussed in Chapter 4) is also evident in Southern Mozambique, • Economic activity. southern Mozambique, although special care should be given where hatcheries are underutilized (Table 10) yet fish producers struggle to obtain seed and fingerlings. to avoid replication of activities or resource allocations. The southern part of the country also hosts the government aquaculture research center, Centro de Pesquisa em Area mapping for aquaculture is currently limited to an early Table 10: Hatchery, actual production and declared production capacity Aquacultura (CEPAQ, Center for Aquaculture Research) in evaluation conducted in 2011 (INAQUA 2011). The study does Gaza’s Chokwe District. CEPAQ acts as a service center to not consider all relevant species or farming practices, and Province/ Production/ Capacity of yearly Use of installed Hatchery facilitate private sector investment in aquaculture by developing needs to be updated to provide a clearer picture of potential district yearly sales production capacity faster-growing strains of tilapia; producing high-quality fry for aquaculture sites in the country. Centro de Pesquisa em Aquacultura (CEPAQ, Center for Gaza 300,000 3,000,000 10% fish farms; breeding stock for other ponds; and drawing up Aquaculture Research) production support protocols (Das 2019). However, CEPAQ’s activities do not fully align with southern Mozambique’s Papá Pesca Gaza 900,000 3,000,000 30% aquaculture needs in the following ways: Tilapia do Bilene Gaza 300,000 1,500,000 20% Poelela Inhambane 800,000 2,000,000 40% Source: World Bank Conducive agroecological characteristics The three southern provinces have a dry savannah climate Inhambane province has less of a surface water network, characterized by a longer dry season and summer rainfall. although seasonal lakes (lasting between six and 11 months) Regular tropical cyclones present a clear risk for aquaculture appear during the rainy season (Figure 7). These water Lack of access to quality fry and fingerlings producers. However, the region’s overall ecological diversity bodies could be stocked with a very low density of fingerlings Despite Southern Mozambique’s logistical advantage and represents a significant percentage of the price of the final and favorable climate conditions during most of the year makes that would feed on the algal bloom and natural production of its numerous import channels, the aquaculture sector lacks product for both extensive and intensive production systems. the region suitable for aquaculture systems. these seasonal lakes, providing a novel food source for local access to quality inputs. This limitation arises principally from Fry price can vary from one supplier to another according populations. The main rivers and artificial dams (including two insufficient access to quality fish feed and fingerlings. As in to its hatchery production, size of the fingerlings, fingerlings hydroelectric dams) in Maputo and Gaza provinces offer the rest of Mozambique, fry price in Southern Mozambique availability or season. multiple opportunities for aquaculture development. Lack of technical capacity As a nascent industry dominated by artisanal actors, aquaculture in Southern Mozambique faces challenges related to a lack of knowledge and training among local fish farmers. This lack of knowledge can result in poor management practices, low productivity, and irregular product survival and growth, impacting the activity’s economic return and sustainability. Actions that strengthen general aquaculture technical knowledge include extension services, which could take the form of aquaculture schools that offer practical learning opportunities. © World Bank © Freepik 37 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 38 Figure 7: Map of Southern Mozambique Marine species The main marine species farmed in Mozambique include the Species with aquaculture potential present in Mozambique’s black tiger prawn, Indian white prawn, and seaweed. Some natural environment include the sea cucumber, mullet, milkfish, initiatives have targeted bivalves such as the marine brown and several tropical and inter-tropical marine species produced mussel, sand mussel, mud crab, and others (Meretrix meretris, in other parts of the world (grouper, rabbitfish, sea urchins, Eumarcia pauperculata, Sacrostrea cucullata, Crassostrea sea-scallops, and more) (Blanc 2021). Lago Tuze gigas, and Veneruspis japonica) (WorldFish Center 2007, Blanc 2021). Lago Nhangela Lago Situane Lago Macucoe Lago Tessongue Freshwater species Lago Sului Lago Intessimue Lago Cuduhi Freshwater aquaculture in Mozambique is dominated by the Some amphihaline species (species that can survive in both farming of native cichlids and tilapia. Other popular species salt and freshwater) such as mullet and milkfish may also include non-native tilapia, catfish (specifically the Clarias offer additional opportunities. Tilapia currently offers the best species), freshwater shrimp, and carp (FSC 2017, Blanc market, technical, and development opportunities for the area. 2021). Freshwater aquaculture species must be considered according to market availability and local consumption. Aquaculture species The choice of aquaculture species for Southern Mozambique • Sea cucumber, seaweed, mussels, clams, mullet, Inharrime should be based on the available market and their price milkfish, and carp. These could also be produced in (regional market and export possibilities); the temperatures multitrophic systems with other aquaculture species under recorded in the region; the areas suitable for aquaculture specifically adapted financial and operational viability production and their specific features (such as lakes, estuaries, models. mangroves, coastal areas, ponds, and dams); as well as the available technical aspects of the production units. In conclusion, diversifying aquaculture species and products could be considered for: The aforementioned species are all present in Southern Source: World Bank • The flexibility of production environment of some Mozambique. However, only tilapia, catfish, and mussels are reportedly used in aquaculture, despite the opportunities that amphihaline species that can survive in fresh and sea water, Although Southern Mozambique lies along the Tropic of ecosystems for many aquaculture species (oysters, clams, exist with other species. such as mullets and milkfish. Capricorn, the climate is relatively mild due to the ocean. shrimps, brackish water fish species, sea cucumbers, crabs, Decreased temperatures in the cold season may impact the • Species with low trophic levels (herbivorous or without The three southern Mozambican provinces have a combined and so on). The region also has a rich aquatic biodiversity, economic model of aquaculture based on tropical species, external feeding) such as mullets, milkfish, clams, or sea coastline of more than 800 kilometers (km), with several which provides opportunities for the cultivation of a wide range but may also offer opportunities when focusing on species cucumbers. mangrove estuaries (mainly in Maputo and Inhambane of fish and shellfish species. This diversity could support both bays) and some islands in Inhambane province. These bays commercial and conservation-focused aquaculture projects. that are more adapted to colder climates such as mussels, • Robust species with high resistance during production offer shelter against otherwise rough seas, creating suitable some marine fishes, and several freshwater ponds species, phase, such as catfish conditions for cage aquaculture, while mangrove areas offer including tilapia. • Species with high international export market demand, The following species show potential for profitable aquaculture such as sea cucumber in Southern Mozambique: • A niche market sector, such as higher-value marine fish • Sea cucumber and seaweed, which are in high demand production for export or sale to hotels and restaurants, or on the international markets. Southern Mozambique freshwater prawns for national urban markets The presence of experiences the same climatic conditions as other countries at the same latitude where these types of aquacultures have • The possibility of developing artisanal aquaculture suitable fish species been developed, such as Southern Madagascar. models for sea cucumbers, clams, and an extensive selection of fish. Both freshwater and marine aquaculture in Mozambique • Mullet and catfish. These are suitable stock for farmers or benefit from a diverse natural environment and the availability production models with less technical expertise. of suitable native species for farming. Some species present in the southern part of the country stem from neighboring • Milkfish, mullet, freshwater shrimp, and some tilapia countries through shared water networks and catchment strains that are tolerant to variations in salinity or brackish areas. This section describes the key existing and potential water, which is found in some Inhambane lakes and marine and freshwater farmed species in Mozambique. seasonal ponds. • Sea cucumbers, seaweed, mussels, and clams, which can © World Bank be produced directly in the sea using sea-ranching models. 39 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 40 Relatively high economic activity Local market size and demand As in the rest of the country, agriculture is the most important Artisanal fishing is one of the main subsistence and income- The Mozambican aquaculture sector currently represents less 180 Mt per kilogram (US$2.35 and US$2.80) frozen, economic activity in Southern Mozambique. Most of the generation activities for people living along the Southern than 2 percent of national fish consumption. However, demand representing a protein source of less than US$3 per kilogram. population depends on subsistence farming and there is a Mozambique coastline. for fish is growing, driven by an increase in local consumption Frozen horse mackerel is also exempt from Mozambique’s significant commercial agricultural presence. Other economic (from 11.4 kilograms per capita in 2014 to 16.4 kilograms per 16 percent VAT. sectors in the southern provinces include fishing, tourism, Maputo is the most industrialized of the three provinces. The capita in 2020) and an increase in fish exports (from 37,268 and industry. The natural resources sector has also grown 700-hectare Belulane Industrial Park in Maputo’s Boane tons in 2010 to 77,769 tons in 2019). At the same time, total Currently, the price of tilapia is very close to that of chicken. in recent years, with natural gas exploration in Vilanculos district is the country’s main industrial zone, while Matola is the fish production has stagnated, with production decreasing from Prices vary dramatically between imported and locally raised district (Inhambane) and a heavy sands prospecting program province’s main commercial area. Gas production dominates 420,845 tons in 2019 to 373,563 tons in 2021 (Sitoe chicken, with the latter reaching more than 125 percent of in Chibuto district (Gaza). industry in Inhambane (EDM 2019), where Maxixe is the main 2022, MIMAIP 2020). Aquaculture is well placed the price of imported chicken due to consumer commercial zone. Gaza province’s main commercial zone is to bridge the potential gap between demand preference. Similar trends have also been Marine fishing in Inhambane, Gaza, and Maputo provinces Xai-Xai. Its industrial sector is still under development, with and supply. seen for tilapia, where locally produced is mainly practiced by semi-industrial and artisanal fleets that several planned projects. fish are more attractive on local markets. use small (<10 meters long) or no vessels. Fishing occurs Assuming fish consumption of throughout the year, except for January and February, when 16.4 kilograms per person, These prices illustrate an opportunity shrimp fisheries are closed (in line with MIMAIP rules). Southern M o z a m b i q u e ’s for the sector. As the sector population of 4.8 million people develops, technical and input represents a potential demand of market improvements will increase about 78,000 tons of fish per year. the quantity of tilapia that can be This demand is concentrated produced while reducing the cost Sufficient population around the Maputo area and of production. If import taxes are major provincial towns such as simultaneously gradually changed According to the National Institute of Statistics, the populations Together, the three southern provinces represent 20 percent in line with increases in production Inhambane, Xai-Xai, and Maxixe. of Southern Mozambique’s provinces were 1.5 million for of the country’s population, offering an important potential volumes, fish producers in Southern Maputo, Gaza, and Inhambane all Inhambane; 1.5 million for Gaza; and 1.8 million for Maputo workforce and market demand for aquaculture. Mozambique (and indeed across the contain popular Mozambican tourist in 2016. All three provinces follow the typical age pyramid country) would be able to compete with locations, and the tourism and catering © World Bank structure for developing countries, with a larger youth chicken and mackerel on local markets. sector in these provinces also creates population and smaller elderly population. Mozambique tilpia production prices would a niche market for aquaculture products. This market typically prefers marine products, get closer to global market prices, where the price although demand for fresh local fish products does include of tilapia in 2023 ranged in the vicinity of between US$2 freshwater species. (Brazil) and US$2.55 per kilogram (in the Philippines and Egypt) (Delgado 2023, CEIC data 2023). Fish weighing between 200 grams (g) and 300 g costs between 200 Mt and 250 Mt (US$3.13 and US$3.90) per kilogram. A final point relates to the dynamics of production and demand Prices increase for larger fish sizes and can reach 600 Mt in Southern Mozambique: the three southern provinces are (US$9.39) per kilogram for frozen tilapia fish filet. more dependent on the other provinces of Mozambique and on imports than their northern and central counterparts The main competitor to tilapia on the local market is imported (Soethoudt 2015, WFP 2016). mackerel (carapau), which sells at between 150 Mt and Developing cold chain infrastructure All three southern provinces have reasonable road networks. However, access to ice for preserving fish products becomes Inhambane and Maputo have local and international air and limited the further away you get from the coast. maritime links. The main road connecting the southern and northern provinces travels along the coastline, representing Three aquaculture projects in Southern Mozambique (Papá an important arterial link for freight transport. Pesca, Poelela farm, and Sihaka farm) have started to develop processing facilities with cold storage and freezing capabilities. Urban and peri-urban areas are well supplied with These cold chain projects offer opportunities for development electricity and water, although rural areas to the north of formal labor in fish processing. of Southern Mozambique have gaps in coverage. Ice blocks or flake ice are available for purchase within two hours’ travel by road between Maputo and Inhambane. Tilapia do Bilene, Gaza province © World Bank 41 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 42 Proximity to suppliers Although Maputo is home to three large and several smaller feed producers, none of the big producers and very few of the smaller feed producers have the equipment needed to produce the floating feed used in fish aquaculture. While a few producers are trying to break into the aquaculture feed market, most are inefficient or offer low-quality feed. All feed production equipment is imported. South Africa represents an excellent opportunity (in time and cost) to import aquaculture materials and equipment for farms in Southern Mozambique. This is further facilitated by the fact that Maputo represents a dynamic hub to import overseas feed and aquaculture material. Proximity to export and local markets All existing and potential production in the region is located less than 700 km (about 10 hours by road) from the capital city, which itself is about 90 km (two hours by road) from the border with both South Africa and eSwatini. Road access between Maputo and three key South African cities (Johannesburg/Pretoria and Durban, which are each about 550 km away) is good and well frequented by commercial trucks. Maputo also has a concentration of trade and processing companies, and facilities for international export. As mentioned earlier, Southern Mozambique is home to 20 percent of the country’s population. The cities of Maputo and Matola in particular are key markets for fresh, frozen, and processed fish products. Tourism is an important sector in Southern Mozambique, with beaches, outdoor activities and World Heritage Sites attracting local and international tourists to the coastlines of Inhambane, Gaza, and Maputo. In 2022, the number of foreign tourists staying in Mozambican hotels exceeded 461,000—a 43 percent increase from the previous year. However, this is still only a fraction of the tourists that visited the area before the COVID-19 pandemic. Maputo continues to be the most popular region among foreign tourists (200,113 visitors), followed by the provinces of Inhambane (106,109) and Gaza (53,057) (Club of Mozambique 2023). The tourism industry employs many local people in hotels, restaurants, and bars, while creating a market for some aquaculture products through coastal restaurants. However, this category of consumer typically prefers marine species that are not commonly available in aquaculture. Nonetheless, the tourist market should be considered in plans to develop aquaculture activities. Fish farmers of Baixa de Macuamene, Bloc 6, Inhambane province © World Bank 43 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 44 Aquaculture schools BOX 5: AQUAPARK Southern Mozambique has two aquaculture schools: Escola The Aquaculture Engineering diploma provides theoretical de Pesca (School of Fisheries) in Matola, Maputo province, and practical knowledge for the design of aquaculture projects Terras Salinizadas in Chokwe, Gaza province, is the model is oriented to the local market, but the farm has and the Instituto Superior Politécnico de Gaza (ISPG, Higher as well as rearing, harvesting, conservation, and processing country’s first aquapark. It spans 6,000 hectares and recently installed a processing facility that will allow Papá Polytechnic of Gaza) in Chokwe district, Gaza province. of fish. Students develop skills, abilities, and strategies that contains the CEPAQ aquaculture center. Several projects Pesca to access some export markets. Papá Pesca is respond to the demands of the labor market and that support The School of Fisheries is a public institution offering the development of Mozambique’s aquaculture sector. About have supported aquapark’s creation and development, not yet sufficiently profitable. In 2023, the company was professional and vocational-technical education for the 190 aquaculture students graduate from the ISPG each year. including supplying water through a system of channels experimenting with locally made feed protein (insects fisheries sector. It was created in 1979 as the Fisheries and dikes. and algae) to reduce production costs, but it appears that Training Center, although its name was changed by decree in A memorandum of understanding between IDEPA and ISPG this model’s potential has not yet been fully exploited. The aquapark follows the cluster approach used in other 1990. The school offers the following courses: navigation and aims to ensure cooperation on research and extension countries such as Nigeria, Tanzania, and southeast Asia That the aquapark in Chokwe has failed to attract fishing; marine machines; aquaculture; biology; and fisheries activities, to facilitate dissemination of results, and to support to concentrate activities and needs. By concentrating sufficient private sector investment for more than a extension. These courses last between three and 3.5 years, the training of students and qualified professionals to meet the investments, it can incentivize further investment, decade of operation suggests that initiatives require more and the school graduates an average of 33 students each sector’s development needs regarding production, testing, and facilitate shared learnings, and improve the viability than a launching investment facility approach (matching year. The school also offers short-term professional technical the use of sustainable technologies. of supporting industries to enable the sector to grow grants and preparation of land for starting an activity). courses. Candidates must be at least 16 years old and have as rapidly as possible. Existing aquapark preparation Stakeholders have identified feed and seed availability completed grade 10 or grade 12 (or equivalent), according to and government incentives provide the bulk of and ease of access as major constraints. The guarantee the National Education System. development support. of a stable economic environment and long-term trust Courses at ISPG aim to promote agricultural sciences with for business development are also currently lacking. Aquaparks create a competitive advantage by sharing a view to stimulating the socioeconomic development of Recent changes in taxes2 on imported feed have created costs and resources. Capital expenditures are estimated Mozambican communities by offering research and extension difficulties for all commercial aquaculture pioneers in the to be reduced by 69 percent through reduced pond- services in the fields of agriculture and economic sciences. country and the absence of interim solutions could be building costs due to water flow and access to the seen as a significant risk for future major investments. irrigation scheme; shared licensing and concession costs ; a subsidized environmental impact assessment; The PRODAPE project (a five-year, US$50.22 million shared electricity, water, and road infrastructure ; and investment funded by IFAD and implemented in the possibility of shared operational assets. Operating partnership with the Mozambican government) also expenditures are estimated to be reduced by 14 supports aquapark development as a vehicle to integrate percent from bulk feed purchasing, reduced fingerling smallholder farmers in rural communities into the costs, reduced transport costs, shared or subsidized aquaculture value chain. Connecting the aquapark with training costs, and reduced infrastructure usage costs their efforts would promote national coordination. (TechnoServe 2022). An aquapark also serves as an information cluster, and different private operators can The economic and operational model of the aquapark monitor the park to improve overall performance. There could also be discussed with the various stakeholders could also be spin-off benefits to those outside the park, (government, projects, companies already on site, and such as farmers buying quality fingerlings and feeding. producers’ associations) to find ways to improve its development. Proven models, such as those in Nigeria, However, the aquapark model in Chokwe has which are based on private-sector management with encountered some difficulties. The company managing local authority structures, may provide food for thought. water supply has struggled to satisfy existing farms, The current model has not succeeded in attracting and the land acquisition process has been a long, multi- companies, and there is a need to rethink the system stage process that limits initiatives. Terras Salinizadas to better adapt it to the needs of investors (not only still needs to reach a critical mass to attract services for the initial investment, but also for longer-term and inputs. management guarantees). After one decade, only a few aquaculture farms have started activities in Terras Salinizadas. The biggest one is Papá Pesca, which has about 5 hectares of ponds, a tilapia hatchery, and poultry farm. Its tilapia production 2 As described previously in the report, prior to 2022, imported fish and tilapia feed were exempt from VAT and customs tax. However, in December 2022, the country imposed a 7.5% import tax (excluding imports from the EU or SADC) and a 16% VAT on tilapia feed. Despite the theoretical option for farmers to claim VAT refunds, private sector stakeholders have not successfully reclaimed these expenses. Coupled with global economic factors driving up raw material costs, the importation of feed has become significantly costlier. SIHAKA farm, Inhambane province © World Bank 45 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 46 Fish is a valuable source of protein and essential nutrients. Ensuring access to an adequate supply of fish could help address malnutrition and food insecurity in Mozambique. In 2014, fish protein accounted for about 5 50 percent of total animal protein consumed nationally (Souto 2014). Aquaculture also has a role in alleviating poverty by providing livelihood opportunities for disadvantaged communities. Recommendations Despite this potential and the country’s extensive coastline and This section presents a set of 14 activities and for developing the abundant terrestrial water resources, aquaculture production recommendations based on the World Bank’s analytical work in Mozambique lags its regional counterparts (FAO 2022a). and elaborated in line with the Government of Mozambique’s While fish products are the primary source of animal protein expressed objective of developing the country’s aquaculture in the country, aquaculture currently contributes only 2 percent sector. These activities should ideally be executed by a aquaculture to overall fish production. broad base of stakeholders including key government and provincial institutions, academic institutions, extension The three provinces in Southern Mozambique—Maputo, agents, and the private sector to enable knowledge-sharing, Gaza, and Inhambane—have medium to high levels of food create an environment that is conducive to investment, and insecurity, but high potential to develop aquaculture. However, sector in Southern support a partnership approach to stimulating aquaculture in the region lacks public aquaculture investment due to the focus Southern Mozambique. on aquaculture projects in the central and northern regions. Mozambique Table 11: Summary of recommended activities to develop aquaculture in Southern Mozambique Component Province/ district 1. Map areas with potential for aquaculture Aquaculture research, strategy, and 2. Support research and development information systems 3. Aquaculture Development Strategy: Mid-term review 4. Extension services Extension services and aquatic animal health 5. Aquatic animal health/diseases 6. Fingerling production support Feed and seed support 7. Aquaculture feed production support 8. Aquaculture Desk (Balcão do Aquacultor) Governance and productive alliances for aquaculture producers 9. Coordination of aquaculture producers 10. Stocking of artificial dams and seasonal ponds Development of production models 11. Support for resilient aquaculture models and support for investment 12. Financing the commercial aquaculture value chain 13. Environmental and social impact assessments, safeguards, and monitoring tools Transversal activities 14. Gender-responsive actions and targeting © Freepik 47 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 48 Aquaculture research, strategy, and information services Extension services and aquatic animal health This group of activities aims to map areas suitable for aquaculture development, review ongoing country development strategies This group of proposed activities aims to enhance and expand existing extension activities and support the monitoring of aquatic and realign them where necessary, and strengthen the research and development sector. animal diseases. 1 Mapping areas with potential for aquaculture 4 Extension services In 2011, mapping work was initiated to define the area for • Undertake a more detailed pre-study on areas Effective extension services that are provided by operationally The main recommendations are to involve the private sector aquaculture development and to connect the different existing where aquaculture businesses could operate (lakes, and technically proficient extension officers are the cornerstone in most extension actions, measure and monitor the efficiency databases. Completing this work to include an assessment of development zones), including assessing ecosystem on which Southern Mozambique’s aquaculture sector will be of the services provided by extension officers, and to link the aquaculture potential in the southern provinces, including carrying capacities and determining built. Key questions that need to be answered when designing their actions to observable impacts. Monitoring can provide the potential of existing permanent and seasonal lakes, biomass recommendations extension services include: information to increase extension service efficiency and offer would support the development of aquaculture in Southern impactful services by developing a “profitable” extension model Mozambique. Enhanced database management would • Map lakes selected for cage-based aquaculture • Is there alignment between extension services and other in which the cost of the service is offset by the improvement support this mapping exercise and monitoring of subsequent development efforts to develop the sector? All sector development experienced by the aquaculture sector. sector development efforts. Possible actions under this activity actions should be aligned with existing technical knowledge • Build capacity for database management. and field situations. Practical experience of extension officers include the following: • Update area maps for aquaculture development (marine • How is the technical information being communicated? It is strongly recommended that each extension officer and land, including seasonal and permanent lakes) Capacity building and documents for farmers should have hands-on private sector experience. At least a month ideally be produced in a format and language that is of practical experience on private sector farms, repeated at understandable to all. Extension systems should also be intervals of less than three years, would serve to connect a designed to facilitate communication between field actors, theoretical technical extension approach with field production the public sector, and associations to allow for better access reality and operations. This practice would also enable useful 2 Support for research and development and dissemination of information. For example, a website and constructive interaction with the private sector for overall will not have the same impact as a mobile phone application sector development. Supporting research and development projects at universities could also be provided for postgraduate research into topics or a local focal point. Communication methods should be and educational institutions would strengthen local technical related to aquaculture development such as new species, adapted and potentially contain multiple channels. A potential mechanism for ensuring that small-scale farmers knowledge and capacity while developing the country’s market research, post-harvest, and community approaches receive practical training would be for private sector farms to aquaculture sector. One way to do this would be to provide for aquaculture. The private sector could also offer bursaries • Who is providing the extension services? An extension act as demonstration hubs by offering services to farmers at grants to undergraduate students studying aquaculture-related for study based on a work-back system. service that is only provided by the government runs the a small fee. In this way, farmers would gain hands-on training courses at the School of Fisheries or ISPG. Study support risk of being disconnected from the technical and economic and insight into how private sector farms operate, showing the realities of the private sector. Complementary private realities of aquaculture as a business. sector extension is therefore important, although possible competition between public and private extension actions Coordination between extension activities should be considered. Extension activities should ideally facilitate coordination 3 Aquaculture Development • How is the effectiveness of extension services being between the private and public sectors to coordinate sector development activities; adapt extension services to Strategy: Mid-term review measured and monitored? Government extension better support the development of the sector; and build a services should be measurable using relevant indicators In 2025, Mozambique will be halfway through such changes in production mass or increases in profit. comprehensive aquaculture framework that supports the implementing its 10-year Aquaculture Development These indicators should align with overall objectives to sector’s sustainability. Indeed, extension services reinforce Strategy 2020–2030. A consultative mid-term review develop the aquaculture sector. almost all aquaculture sector activities and ensure coordination on the implementation of this strategy would throughout the aquaculture sector. provide useful insights that could be used to • Is a robust data management system in place to support such monitoring? An operational database with a proper Another aspect to consider is the coordination between public formulate an action plan to ensure that the sector institutions and extension activities. The roles of field second half of the implementation journey registration system and verified production and activity records would provide accurate production statistics from officers should ideally be structured and well defined, and not achieves the strategy’s objectives. Including in conflict with other public sector activities. the private sector in such a review would fish farms, inform more meaningful extension services, and serve to identify farm and production-scale enable better management of fish diseases. Current extension services would benefit from an operational, challenges and achieve consensus on the • Is an external, independent team monitoring extension reliable database of aquaculture activities for sector country’s projections data. services? An independent assessment of extension management and monitoring. Such a database would serve services after three years of implementation in Southern as a tool to consolidate extension service field activities and Mozambique would provide important insights for improving data collection but would also monitor sector development extension efforts. Factors to consider include the staff strengths and weaknesses. involved, their contribution, the cost of the services, and the results obtained. The size of the three Southern Mozambique provinces and their low level of aquaculture production offer an opportunity to serve as a pilot area for extension service activity monitoring, which could then be rolled out at the national level. © World Bank 49 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 50 Feed and seed support Stakeholders indicated that feed and seed support will be key for aquaculture sector development. The following actions may support Southern Mozambique’s seed and feed production and supply. 6 Fingerling production support The general quality of fingerlings, their survival rate, and the coordination of supply and demand are key issues in fingerling production. Greater coordination of the sector would improve production and fingerling genetics and variability. The genetic resource in Southern Mozambique is currently managed by private sector hatcheries. CEPAQ has no genetic program for Oreochromis niloticus and there is no control or monitoring strategy for breeders, or fry genetics. One solution would be to roll out a center (or a group of hatcheries) that maintains germ plasm adapted to regional specificities for use by fish farmers and hatchery owners. The government or a private sector association could manage and monitor this system and coordinate communications throughout the value chain. Given that Southern Mozambique is vulnerable to cool temperatures Tilapia do Bilene, Gaza province © World Bank during the dry season, the production cycle would benefit from considering seasonal changes to ensure an optimal return on activities by, for example, avoiding high biomass content during the cold season. Farmers could consult with other African countries that have successful aquaculture initiatives and face the same seasonal challenges. For instance, Egypt 5 Aquatic animal health and diseases produces the most tilapia by aquaculture in Africa and has also a suboptimal climate with a cold season. It may therefore be worthwhile The Government of Mozambique has a responsibility to • Implement official controls, including a surveillance consulting Egyptian tilapia farmers to teach production methods and monitor and control aquatic animal diseases in line with campaign, in Southern Mozambique strategies in the three southern provinces in Mozambique. sector development objectives and international regulations. The proposed activity focuses on building capacity, increasing • Provide hands-on training on key tilapia pathogens and Possible actions under this activity include the following: diagnostic knowledge, and ensuring that laboratories are the use of pond tanks and cages to both fish farmers and extension staff. • Design adapted protocols and standards for fingerlings to improve equipped to provide pathology identification services for the quality of seed and support monitoring aquatic animal diseases. The Biotechnology Center at the • Develop protocols, standard operating procedures, and Universidade Eduardo Mondlane, which is able to process manuals on taking farm samples, biosecurity, and aquatic • Provide material and technical support in the form of international certain tilapia diseases and conduct other aquatic animal animal health using methods that are adapted to the local exchanges, thematic workshops, and by providing support for hatchery health analyses, appears to have the most relevant technical context. feed to improve hatcheries production capacity and experience. The laboratory is already the country reference laboratory for diagnosing white spot disease, a Ideally, these actions should be combined with extension • Establish a cooperative of producers to improve coordination of shrimp virus. service activities and with activities of the private sector, which production will be the first to implement biosecurity measures. Possible actions under this activity include the following: • Improve access to quality broodstock and traceability to improve genetic availability • Upgrade the current laboratory and provide officials with training in aquatic animal health (fish and • Equip aquaculture schools with small, functioning hatchery units other species), lab management, lab equipment use, backed by training by subject matter experts. interlaboratory controls, and laboratory audits. © World Bank 51 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 52 7 Aquaculture feed production support Efficient and optimized formulation could reduce the production • Develop an e-voucher system for providing imported feed cost of commercial feed to US$0.77 per kilogram, with farm to producers until the country can afford local production arrival prices reaching about US$1 per kilogram. At that in quantity and quality. This system could cover between price, feed would represent 30 percent in the simulated 10 and 20 percent of the price of imported feed, up to a production costs, a reduction of about 30 percentage points maximum of 50 percent of feed used by farmers. Local feed of the production price per kilogram of fish compared with the producers and start-ups would need support to stimulate minimum price of US$1.30 per kilogram, observed at farms production and to ensure that their business models are not in 2023. affected by the e-vouchers. Sustainable aquaculture development requires local feed • Establish a sector feed monitoring and support group with production. While a nascent sector can rely on imported feed an action plan. (with government incentives), as it grows it will eventually produce enough demand for a feed industry. Mozambique’s • Improve local feed quality, both in terms of formulation aquaculture sector is not yet ready for industrial feed and by improving technical processes at feed producers in production, but it is time to consider small and medium-scale Southern Mozambique. solutions to meet the sector’s needs. • Enhance availability of feed analysis by providing Today, the total feed requirement for southern provinces materials, training, and support for the development of a is about two tons of feed per day,3 which could be met by business plan to offer competitive feed analysis. medium-sized companies based in Maputo or the provinces. • Enable aquaculture schools to provide training on feed- At both the national and the regional level, the best strategic extruded production, including practical formulations. option for providing feed at the desired quantity and quality • Improve feed use at farm level through capacity building would be determined by the sector’s development approach. that focuses on the low-input pond fertilization model and Government support could usefully focus on avoiding good manufacturing practices. monopolies and distinguishing between commercial and artisanal farm requirements. Commercial farms need high- • Provide multi-stage training for local producers on how to quality feed for optimal results, while artisanal aquaculture use feed effectively focuses on cheaper feed. Diversifying feed offerings in terms of cost and quality would support a wide range of production • Conduct a study on locally available raw material. models. Aquafish, Inhambane province © World Bank To manage the transition in a way that does not compromise farms and investments, the focus would need to be on feed quality and price competitiveness. Possible actions under this activity include the following: 8 Balcão do Aquacultor (Aquaculture Desk) The suggested Aquaculture Desk’s aim would be to • Proposing internal governance and validation mechanisms Governance and productive alliances for aquaculture producers provide support to aquaculture investors in developing and to avoid duplication of procedures implementing their business plans. This technical assistance Proposed activities under this component aim to strengthen One way to enhance governance would be to develop a Balcão would strengthen productive relationships between industry • Monitoring government efficiency indicators on the coordination of actions between the private and public do Aquacultor (Aquaculture Desk) or platform between the players. extension activities and administrative work. sectors. The governance of the value chain and relationships private and public sector. The role of this platform would The Aquaculture Desk would include an online platform that The Aquaculture Desk would serve as a “one-stop shop” between players would benefit from being optimized to enable be to provide information on administrative and regulatory provides expert technical assistance on: that offers administrative assistance to financing seekers adaptive sector development, solve problems, and guarantee obligations for aquaculture production structures (including by simplifying administrative procedures. In particular, the sustainable and reasoned development. hatcheries and feed producers) and to offer direct support for • Designing business plans desk would enable private sector applicants to make a single ongoing and new activities. “joint application” for licenses that meets all the information • Developing and documenting environmental and social requirements by multiple government institutions. A simplified safeguards that align with good manufacturing practice licensing model would provide government institutions with manuals and environmental screening standards, and that the validation they require while reducing field inspections. (An integrate gender recommendations alternative recommendation would be to either have longer • Coordinating with private sector representatives license periods of three to five years to support investments and production activities, or to have a “start-up phase” • Disseminating emerging knowledge and data from a secured by conformity analysis that leaves sufficient time for proposed database of regional production and actors subsequent administrative phases. Such a system for the local market would comply with current regulations that apply to • Obtaining information on the status and actions of other small-scale farms that can operate without a license.) 3 Two tons per day represent 620 tons per year, covering tilapia production of about 500 tons. aquaculture projects 53 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 54 9 Coordination of aquaculture producers 10 Stocking of artificial dams and seasonal ponds The goals of this activity would be to: (i) provide support to • Develop business and action plans for the two formal Gaza province has several artificial dams and reservoirs, and • Build capacity on harvesting strategies, especially for strengthen the private sector, formal and informal aquaculture associations. Ultimately, the business plans would answer both Inhambane and Gaza have seasonal reservoirs suitable seasonal lakes, and post-harvest conservation techniques associations, and farmers’ networks, and (ii) strengthen the question, “What can associations offer that people are for extensive aquaculture. Stocking (or restocking) appropriate the private aquaculture regional network through regular willing to pay for?” water bodies with tilapia and catfish would provide the area’s • Develop stocking and management plans for seasonal coordination meetings. General governance between the most vulnerable communities with a potential income source ponds and artificial dams in the southern provinces, and private and public sectors could need additional actions, such • Develop step-by-step manuals on starting up a small- and a valuable source of protein. At the same time, fingerling monitor progress on these plans as establishing indicators to monitor the sector’s development scale business and investor guidelines. demand would increase, supporting hatchery efforts. • Support catfish production to provide more resistant and governance. • Conduct a study on the enabling environment for small- species for some seasonal lakes. Possible actions under this activity include the following: There are currently two associations active in Mozambique. scale and commercial aquaculture development. Both associations would benefit from structuring their • Establish resource management committees for these • Provide support to a technical group that includes the water bodies organization and adapting their business plan to be more private and public sectors and aims to propose solutions sustainable and provide better services. The associations for reducing existing administrative constraints and • Conduct a consultative study to determine which water would also benefit from support with generating their own requirements for starting up aquaculture enterprises. The bodies are suitable for stocking and develop biomass incomes to cover running costs and offer services. group would need to analyze the current situation, make management guidelines to optimize communities’ benefits Possible actions under this activity include the following: recommendations, and see those recommendations and prevent ecosystem and environmental impacts through. • Establish governance indicators for monitoring coordination and collaboration between extension • Launch an “Aquaculture Prize Competition” that services and the private sector. These indicators could incentivizes stakeholders across the aquaculture value act as a constructive and functional tool for coordinating, chain to submit ideas that could improve the performance of the value chain. 11 Support for resilient aquaculture models measuring, and collaborating between stakeholders during project implementation and sector development. A possible IDEPA and INOM have identified three possible pilot projects Possible actions under this activity include the following: • Host an aquaculture farmers’ conference or a National collaboration with the ongoing Wageningen University- for assessing various aquaculture techniques to identify those Aquaculture Day in Maputo on a regular basis to promote • Support the establishment of two production cycles led Aquaculture Governance Indicators project4 could be that are more resilient and suitable for implementation in their products and communicate on their activities. at three pilot farms over three years. Support could considered. Southern Mozambique: include capacity building and training tailored to conditions • Convene an annual coordination meeting with IDEPA. • Mussel farming. Existing farms show good production in Southern Mozambique, conducting a market assessment outcomes, but encounter market issues and require better and post-harvest study, and developing a strategy for market access and post-harvest processing options. Mussel continuation. farms offer passive aquaculture possibilities at an artisanal • Develop local construction expertise for building simple, Development of production models and support for investment level. effective artisanal aquaculture equipment by supporting This component focuses on stocking artificial dams and seasonal ponds, providing support for resilient aquaculture models, and • Cage construction, aquaculture equipment, and two pilot projects. Support could include capacity building that support investment in the commercial aquaculture value chain. rethinking “standard” ponds. Production models that and demonstration training. In addition, material and use locally sourced materials to build cages or provide support could be provided to four new projects, along with other aquaculture equipment would facilitate new product communications materials. initiatives. Support could include developing manuals and field protocols about simple, low-cost equipment options. • Explore aquaculture production alternatives to be developed by selecting two species according to • Developing production of other aquaculture species. opportunity, culture constraints, market opportunities, and Alternative products could help diversify and develop resilience. aquaculture in Southern Mozambique but would require a pilot study or production action plan. IDEPA has identified Support should ideally emphasize business and investment sea cucumber as a potential alternative product. models that clarify the recovery time of the initial investment. This work would need to be done at the pilot scale but should Site selection will be critical, as will choosing individuals to run ultimately provide a return on investment at a larger scale. the pilot project. Both IDEPA and project specialists should be involved in the selection process. © World Bank 4 More information about the Aquaculture Governance Indicators project is available at: www.aquaculturegovernance.org. 55 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 56 12 Financing the commercial aquaculture value chain ProAzul’s current Mais Peixe Sustentável5 (“More Sustainable Fish”) matching grant scheme supports MSME aquaculture • Economically revitalize salinized lands in Chokwe through community involvement Bibliography projects that could have a large impact on sector development by adapting financing models for commercial and small-scale • Increase production capacity of fish feed to commercial Amian AF, Ble MC, Wandan EN, Vanga AF, Imorou Toko I, EDM (Electricidade de Moçambique). 2019. “Volume I – aquaculture initiatives. This activity could support aquaculture levels. Assi Kaudhjis PJ, and Ewoukem TE. 2018. “Analyse de la Introduction, Project Description and Baseline Assessment.” projects through a cofinanced funding model for initiatives that chaine de valeur de la pisciculture extensive familiale en Côte In Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Process of The main action under this activity would be to develop d’Ivoire : cas des régions du Centre-Ouest et Sud-ouest.” the Mozambican Integrated Transmission Backbone System aim to: structured investment plans that support sector development. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 131: 1333–13346. https:// (STE Project) – Phase 1: Vilanculos – Maputo. Maputo, • Increase the productive capacity of floating cages and dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v131i1.8 Mozambique: EDM. https://esa.afdb.org/sites/default/ medium-scale aquaculture projects files/1%20TTP%20Mozambique_%20STE%20EIS%20Vol_I_ Associação Brasileira de Pisciculltura. 2023. “Exportação 3 Submitted_for_Disclosure_0.pdf Tri 2023”. [online] Available at: https://www.peixebr.com.br/ exportacao-3-tri-2023/ [Accessed 14 May 2024]. ‌ FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2022a. Socioeconomic and biological impacts of the fish-based Cross-cutting activities Aquaculture Association of Tanzania. 2023. “Fish Feed and feed industry for sub-Saharan Africa. Rome, Italy: FAO. Fish Seed Market Pool Price Status”. Aquaculture development actions ideally include cross-cutting activities to strengthen the actions’ environmental and social impact. FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Belton B and Thilsted SH. 2014. “Fisheries in transition: Nations). 2022b. Towards Blue Transformation. Rome, Italy: Food and nutrition security implications for the global South.” FAO. https://openknowledge.fao.org/items/4c87cf04-a7f2- Global Food Security. 3(1): 59–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. 4725-85ca-1bb584c1e3e9 gfs.2013.10.001 13 Environmental and social impact assessment, safeguards, Benkenstein A. 2013. “Small-Scale Fisheries in Mozambique.” FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 2024. “Aquaculture growth potential in Mozambique – WAPI and monitoring tools Policy brief. Johannesburg, South Africa: South African factsheet to facilitate evidence-based policy-making and sector Institute of International Affairs (SAIIA). https://www.files.ethz. management in aquaculture.” Rome, Italy: FAO. https://www. An environmental and social impact assessment is crucial activity would draw on the proposed mapping activity (Activity ch/isn/170334/saia_spb_72_benkenstein_20130903.pdf fao.org/3/cc9834en/cc9834en.pdf for preparing an area for aquaculture and should be paired 1) to identify suitable areas and assess and direct their with an environmental and social management plan that subsequent development. Blanc P-P. 2021. “Technical Report No. 03 – Review of FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). includes standard operating procedures, manuals, impact Aquaculture, Governance and Development of Small-Scale 2023. “Aquaculture Transformation - Innovation and investment communication tools, and emergency plans. The proposed Aquaculture in the IORA Region.” IORA. https://www.iora.int/ for sustainable intensification and expansion of aquaculture sites/default/files/2024-04/io349rt03a-review-of-aquaculture- in Asia and the Pacific region.” https://www.fao.org/uploads/ governance-and-development-final-cofrepeche-min.pdf media/APFIC-23-Inf-07_Aquaculture_transformation.pdf CEIC Data economic database. Philippines Retail Price: FSC (Food Security Cluster). 2017. “MOZAMBIQUE: A Tilapia: Region 3: Central Luzon. New York: NY. Accessed Climate Analysis.” FSC. https://fscluster.org/sites/default/files/ 14 Gender-responsive actions and targeting 2023. https://www.ceicdata.com/en/philippines/retail-price- documents/mozclimateanalysis.pdf Women will be prioritized when targeting project activities, develop tools to embed gender aspects in projects that support selected-agricultural-commodities/retail-price-tilapia-region- 3-central-luzon#:~:text=15%20Dec%202023.-,Philippines%20 TechnoServe. 2022. “Aquaculture Industry Strategic Plan”. including under Mais Peixe Sustentável, and when it comes aquaculture SMEs. These tools could be leveraged in Southern to stocking artificial lakes and seasonal ponds. Through the Mozambique. Retail%20Price%3A%20Tilapia%3A%20Region%20 IDEPA (Ministério das Pescas, Insituto Nacional de Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit 3%3A%20Central%20Luzon%20data,kg%20in%203 Desenvolvimento da Pesca e Aquacultura). 2020. “Aquaculture GmbH (GIZ), ProAzul has partnered with MUVA, a non-profit Development Strategy (EDA) 2020-2030.” Maputo, Club of Mozambique. No date. “Mozambique: Number of social incubator for women’s economic empowerment,6 to Mozambique: IDEPA. https://www.mimaip.gov.mz/wp-content/ foreign hotel guests grew 43% in 2022.” Clubofmozambique. com. Accessed November 8, 2023. https://clubofmozambique. uploads/2023/03/Aquaculture-Development-Strategy-2020- com/news/mozambique-number-of-foreign-hotel-guests-grew- 2030vf-1.pdf 43-in-2022-248472/ IDEPA (Ministério das Pescas, Insituto Nacional de Das K. 2019. “Estimation of genetic parameters and strain Desenvolvimento da Pesca e Aquacultura). 2022. “Resultados genetic effects in Oreochromis mossambicus.” Master’s thesis. Preliminares do Censo da Pesca Artesanal e Aquacultura - Ås, Norway: Norwegian University of Life Sciences. https:// CEPAA 2022.” Maputo, Mozambique: IDEPA. nmbu.brage.unit.no/nmbu-xmlui/handle/11250/2622771 IFAD (International Fund for Agricultural Development). 2019. Delgado V. 2023. “Brazilian tilapia market.” AgroNews, October “Mozambique: Small Scale Aquaculture Promotion Project.” 17, 2023. https://seafood.media/fis/worldnews/worldnews. Rome, Italy: IFAD. https://webapps.ifad.org/members/eb/127/ asp?monthyear=10-2023&day=17&id=126495&l=e&country docs/EB-2019-127-R-29-Project-Design-Report.pdf =193&special=&ndb=1&df=0 5 See more information on Mais Peixe Sustentável at: https://www.proazul.gov.mz/maispeixe-sustentavel/. 6 See www.muvamoz.org 57 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 58 Annexes INAQUA (Instituto Nacional de Desenvolvimento de Salia AMJ and Alda M. 2008. “Economic analysis of small- Aquacultura). 2011. “Actualização de Zonas Potenciais scale tilapia aquaculture in Mozambique.” Maputo: INAQUA, para Aquacultura Marinha em Moçambique.” Maputo, 15–16. https://www.grocentre.is/static/gro/publication/11/ Mozambique: Ministério das Pescas. https://www.mimaip. document/alda08prfa.pdf gov.mz/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/Zonas-Potenciais-de- Aquacultura.pdf Sitoe S. 2022. “A Review of the National Fisheries Management Annex A – Stakeholders consulted for Southern Mozambique aquaculture development and additional technical studies Plans for Mozambique.” Ebène, Mauritius: E€OFISH. https:// IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and ecofish-programme.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/03/ECO- TechnoServe. 2024. “Scoping Study on Blue Economy 2022-39-Fisheries-Mgmt-MOZ.pdf Opportunities in Mozambique. Unlocking business solutions that benefit people, ocean and climate in Inhambane and Cabo Soethoudt H. 2015. “Food retail in Mozambique.” Wageningen, Delgado seascapes.” Netherlands: Wageningen UR Food & Biobased Research. Field missions https://www.rvo.nl/sites/default/files/2016/05/Food-Retail- Two World Bank technical missions undertook discussions institutions or private companies for the first mission and 53 Mapfumo B, Russell D, and Hanoomanjee S. 2009. Sector-Mozambique.pdf and field visits in the context of the completing the aquaculture from 32 institutions and private sector representatives for “Elaboration of Small-scale Aquaculture Development Souto M. 2014. “South West Indian Ocean Fisheries component of Mozambique FSRP-3. The first mission was the second. Plan for Mozambique, Study funded by INAQUA.” Maputo, Governance and Shared Growth in Mozambique - SWIOFish carried out between 27 February and 7 March 2023, and the Mozambique: INAQUA. At the end of the second mission, a workshop was held with the Mozambique.” Process Framework Draft. Maputo, second between 1 and 12 June 2023. private sector involved in aquaculture production to present the MIMAIP D(Ministério do Mar, Águas Interiores e Pescas) and Mozambique: Ministério das Pescas. https://documents1. The missions consisted of convening meetings at a central, project in design and collect further inputs for its improvement. INIP (Instituto Nacional de Inspecçaão do Pescado). 2021. worldbank.org/curated/pt/677981468008768798/pdf/ provincial, and district level with local stakeholders, NGOs and The workshop was led by MIMAIP, with the participation from “Guião prático de Biossegurança nas instalações Aquícolas.” RP16850V10P1320Box385306B00PUBLIC0.pdf CSOs, and relevant agencies working on livelihood generation MADER, to explain the project’s main objectives, the selected Maputo, Mozambique: MIMAIP and INIP. Thiao D and Bunting SW. 2021. Socioeconomic and biological for local communities, vulnerable populations, and host areas, and the institutions involved. Thirty-six participants MIMAIP (Ministério do Mar, Águas Interiores e Pescas). 2020. impacts of the fish-based feed industry for sub-Saharan communities. Besides the government institutions, meetings participated in the workshop (in the room or remotely). A “Boletim Estatístico da Pesca e Aquacultura 2009–2020.” Africa. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1236. were held with other project and cooperation partners to create question-and-answer session was held at the end of the Maputo, Mozambique: MIMAIP. https://www.mimaip.gov.mz/ Rome, Italy: FAO, WorldFish, and University of Greenwich, positive synergies and avoid activity duplication. The details of workshop and the inputs were captured in this report. wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Boletim-Estat%C3%ADstico-da- Natural Resources Institute. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb7990en stakeholders consulted during the missions are presented in Pesca-e-Aquacultura-2009-2020.pdf Table 12: a total of 47 individuals consulted from 18 different UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and MIMAIP (Ministério do Mar, Águas Interiores e Pescas). 2022. Development). 2017. “Chapter 7 Case study: Mozambique.” “Boletim Estatístico da Pesca e Aquacultura 2010–2022.” In Fishery Exports and the Economic Development of Least Maputo, Mozambique: MIMAIP. Developed Countries: Bangladesh, Cambodia, The Comoros, Mozambique, Myanmar and Uganda. Geneva, Switzerland: Table 12: Types of stakeholders Muhala V, Rumieque A, and Hasimuna OJ. 2021. United Nations. https://unctad.org/system/files/official- “Aquaculture production in Mozambique: Approaches and document/aldc2017d2_en.pdf practices by farmers in Gaza province.” Egyptian Journal of Types of stakeholders Details Aquatic Research. 47(1): 87–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction). ejar.2020.11.004 2022. “Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction.” ProAzul, MADER, IDEPA (national and provinces delegation), INOM (national and Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations. https://www.undrr.org/ Government institutions provinces delegation), Norges Vel (The Royal Norwegian Society for Development) media/79595 INIP (provinces delegation), SDAE, and SPAE and KPMG. 2023. “Mid-term review Final report – Scaling up profitable Aquaculture in Mozambique.” WFP (World Food Programme). 2016. “A Market Performance Other projects IFAD, UNIDO, Embaixada de Noruega Analysis in Mozambique.” Rome, Italy: WFP. https:// Norges Vel (The Royal Norwegian Society for Development). documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/ena/ Animal feed producers and Merec, Leaders in Development, ABT Consultant, Agronorte, Compania Industrial No date. “CEPAQ – The Centre for Aquaculture Research.” wfp286671.pdf#b0050 aquaculture inputs providers de Matola, Intermed, Tilápia de Bilene, and Agrobusiness https://www.norgesvel.com/projects/cepaq-the-centre-for- aquaculture-research World Bank. 2018. “Communities livelihoods fisheries: AAM (Associação dos Aquacultores de Moçambique), AMAQUA Producers associations fisheries governance and shared growth in Mozambique.” (AssociaçãowMoçambicana de Aquacultura), Association Block 4, Association Block (formal and informal) Pauly D and Zeller D. 2019. “Agreeing with FAO: Comments 6, Association of Dingane Washington, DC: World Bank. https://documents1.worldbank. on SOFIA 2018.” Marine Policy. 100: 332–333. https://doi. org/curated/en/403651525888008345/pdf/Communities- org/10.1016/j.marpol.2018.12.009 Producers of fingerlings Tilápia de Bilene, CEPAQ, Poelela, Papá Pesca livelihoods-fisheries-fisheries-governance-and-shared-growth- ProAzul (Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Economia Azul). in-Mozambique.pdf Tilápia do Bilene, Holy Fish, Papá Pesca, Sihaka, Samora Machel Productive unit, 2021. “Programa Para a Promoção da Pesca, Aquacultura Farmers Poelela, Association of Dingane, Aqua-Fish, Maria Clara Producer, Block 4, Block 6, World Bank. 2023. “World Development Indicators 2023.” Sustentável e Negocios Azuis.” Maputo, Mozambique: MIMAIP. Kulhuvuka Banganhe fish farmers, and Chicoa fish farm Washington, DC: World Bank. https://databank.worldbank. https://www.proazul.gov.mz/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/ org/source/world-development-indicators/Series/ER.FSH. INOM’s Genetics Laboratory, UNIDO, and University Edouardo Mondlane Centro de Mais_Peixe_Sustentavel_Manual_Operativo.pdf AQUA.MT Aquatic animal health Biotechnologia. RCCC (Red Cross Climate Centre). 2021 “Climate Profiles WorldFish Center. 2007. “Fishery Country Profile: Republic of Countries in Southern Africa: Mozambique.” The Hague, Aquaculture university/school Instituto Superior Politécnico de Gaza (ISPG) of Mozambique.” Rome, Italy: FAO. https://worldfish.org/GCI/ Holland: RCRC. https://www.redcross.fi/globalassets/6.- gci_assets_moz/Mozambique%20Fishery%20Overview%20 Other institutions ART Consultant, ANAC (Parque Nacional de Maputo) tyomme--paasivu/kansainvalinen-apu/kehitysyhteistyo/ -%20FAO.pdf ilmastoriskit/climate-profiles-of-countries-in-southern-africa- mozambique.pdf#b0015 59 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS Constraints and Opportunities for Aquaculture Development in Southern Mozambique 60 Table 13: Stakeholders consulted and relevance to the project Table 13 (continued): Stakeholders consulted and relevance to the project No Institution Role / relevance to the project No Institution Role / relevance to the project Fiduciary agency responsible for the implementation of aquaculture related UNIDO is implementing the MAMAP project. Their overall objective is to enhance 1 ProAzul market access for Mozambique’s SMEs of the aquaculture value chain, through activities. strengthening their quality and compliance capacity. UNIDO is working with Technical responsibility of the Subcomponent 1.5: Aquaculture Research, INIP, IDEPA and INOM on the issue of hazard and operability analysis (HAZOP) Fisheries and Aquaculture 2 Extension, and Information Systems. IDEPA is experienced in the leadership and United Nations Industrial certification of aquaculture to target other markets. INOM has the responsibility Development (IDEPA) implementation of development projects. 14 Development Organization to create standards. UNIDO also intends to invest in multi-sector capacity (UNIDO) building to improve post-harvest practices and also promote the transformation Technical responsibility of the Subcomponent 1.5: Aquaculture Research, of associations into cooperatives. While there is scope for collaboration, specific National Oceanographic Institute 3 Extension, and Information Systems. INOM has research and experimentation activities are yet to be defined. Considering women’s informal role in the (INOM) capacities to support the development of aquaculture. aquaculture supply chain, MAMAP project will collaborate to develop the gender analysis of the aquaculture sector in Mozambique. National competent authorities, WOAH focal point for monitoring of diseases in aquaculture products. Improve MIMAIP’s capacity for research, detection, and IFAD is financing the IDEPA-led PRODAPE project, the biggest aquaculture Producers associations prevention of diseases in aquaculture species together with INOM and CEPAQ. project ongoing in Mozambique, which covers Central and Northern Mozambique 4 (US$50 million). The Project foresees the preparation of the aquaculture national (formal and informal) INIP is responsible for all export agreements and conformity of aquaculture structures with export requirements. INIP will inspect all processing facilities and extension strategy and is also working with INOM for the certification process control the product, pre-requisite for export. and has started the process of creating standards. IFAD will finance a network 15 IFAD of extension workers (about 251) who will receive training and salaries through Experience in fisheries administration and is present in all provinces and has the project for two years and then move on to the government payroll. Given National Fisheries the size of the project, it is critical to ensure close coordination with PRODAPE. 5 shown willingness to integrate aquaculture administration at central, provincial Administration (ADNAP) Methodologies developed in certain areas (e.g., cooperative strengthening) may and district levels. be applied in the Project area. Implementing Agency. The majority of the proposed activities will be under the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Norway supports CEPAQ activities and collaborates with private local aquaculture 6 fiduciary responsibility of the Mozambique Institute of Agricultural Research 16 Norwegian Embassy Development (MADER) companies as Papá Pesca. (IIAM). Institute Superior Politécnico de Gaza provides training of Aquaculture Provincial Services of Economic Engineering. They have about 30 students per year. and are already involved in 7 Government implementing agencies at district level Activities (SPAE), Maputo many activities such as artisanal feed production, water quality analysis and have Instituto Superior Politécnico de set up a business center to support initiatives for creating aquaculture activity 17 Provincial Services of Economic Gaza (ISPG) (support in business model and providing funds (from government and project) 8 Government implementing agencies at district level Activities (SPAE), Gaza up to US$200 to support between one to three projects per years). They are interested to support project actions and to get support for creating a small feed Provincial Services of Economic production unit of extruded feed. 9 Government implementing agencies at district level Activities (SPAE), Inhambane 18 Sihaka Aquaculture farmer CEPAQ is developing research for the genetic improvement of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) and is currently in its 5th generation. This program 19 Leaders of Development Lda Aquaculture farmer aims to encourage the culture of tilapia in brackish and saline waters and the Aquaculture Research Center results of resistance to salinity trials have shown to be satisfactory. In parallel, INTERMED currently produces dog and chicken feed. They are in the process 10 of setting up a fish feed production plant in the center of the country (under Mais (CEPAQ) CEPAQ produces and sells tilapia fingerlings (Oreochromis niloticus), however, sales are low, and the center only uses 20 percent of its installed capacity. While Peixe, MOZRURAL) but they also have a feed production unit for chicken feed CEPAQ will certainly have a role in the project, studies agreed to be done will and pet food in Maputo. For this last unit, they are in the process of acquiring allow for better identifying the specific role (e.g. training) that they can provide. equipment to set up a bigger extruder unit with capacity to produce up to four tons 20 UEM Biotechnology Center per day. The production line for dog feed can be used to produce aquaculture The Biotechnology Center (at Eduardo Mondlane University) is very well feed. The raw material can also be similar for protein sources. The main concern equipped and is currently preparing for the ISO 17025 certification process, they have shown is related to cash flow for acquiring local raw material during the which shows a great capacity to comply with international standards. The team seasonal period when prices are relatively lower, and thus guaranteeing that the showed capacity and willingness to establish partnerships to address issues price of the feed is more affordable to the producers. Currently, they import the related to aquatic animal health: technical support to include needed PCR and protein from Eastern Europe. 11 UEM Biotechnology Center bacteriology tests for fish diseases (all needed equipment is already in place), and for interlaboratory control and analysis calibration. There is also a need for 21 Tilapia do Bilene, Gaza Aquaculture farmer, feed and fingerling producer a sample preparation unit for tissue analysis (equipment to i. prepare tissue for micro-sliding for microscope observation, bacteria analysis and colorimetry and MEREC is a company that sells fish feed, imported from Mauritius. They reported ii. for tissue fixation for histology) that they do not produce locally because the demand is too low and does not 22 MEREC justify a large investment to establish a fish feed production line. MEREC’s National Administration of expectation is to obtain financing through aquaculture projects in order to share 12 Conservation Areas (ANAC)- Pilot mussel production the investments risks. Maputo National Park MEREC is a company that sells fish feed, imported from Mauritius. They reported that they do not produce locally because the demand is too low and does not SETSAN is the entity responsible for food security statistics, as well as for AAM (Associação Aquacultores 23 justify a large investment to establish a fish feed production line. MEREC’s Mozambique Technical the promotion of multisector nutrition campaigns, among other activities. The de Moçambique) expectation is to obtain financing through aquaculture projects in order to share 13 Secretariat for Food Security possibility of establishing partnerships in nutritional campaigns and promotion of the investments risks. and Nutrition (SETSAN) aquaculture products and on an adaptation of the existing nutrition manuals to include more information on fish aspects, which are largely excluded. AMAQUA (Associação AMAQUA is the Associação Moçambicana de Aquacultura, fully registered as 24 Moçambicana de Aquacultura) association since 2015 25 Aquafish, Inhambane Aquaculture farmer Table 13 (continued): Stakeholders consulted and relevance to the project Additional studies No Institution Role / relevance to the project To get more information after the first field mission and first • Provide recommendations on the fingerling strategy findings on the main challenges and needs of aquaculture approach to optimize the supply of seeds in the south of 26 Papá Pesca Aquaculture farmer and fingerling producer support coordination aspects in the southern area, two pre- Mozambique for aquaculture farmers. studies were commissioned to list priorities and define the perimeter of action: • Genetic selection needs to comply with farmers’ 27 Aquacultoria, Lda Aquaculture consultancy support farming conditions (freshwater or brackish), farmers’ Aquaculture farmer • Situation and priorities for seed and feed in the three expectations, farming methods, and production 28 Poelela Fisheries southern provinces management. Fingerling and feed production 29 Holy fish Aquaculture farmer • Governance of aquaculture to structure government and • Logistic aspects and supply of the farms including the private sector connection and cooperation to optimized possibility or need to develop nursery approaches. 30 Companhia Industrial de Matola Food and animal feed producers extension and technical support for sector development • Special attention will be given to the supply of fry 31 ABT Consultant Aquaculture consultancy support • Pre-study on feed and seed. available, their actual and maximum quantity, their level of selection and other specifications, such as The first study was a participatory review of the current supply monosex tilapia, sizes, price, and quality. 32 Agronorte Animal feed producers and aquaculture inputs providers of feed and seeds in the south of Mozambique for tilapia aquaculture. This review considered existing situations and • For hatcheries: suggest ways to improve technical 33 La Cooperativa, LDA Supplier country wide possible options around logistic, storage and production working practices to optimize performance and 34 Samora Machel Productive unit Aquaculture farmer challenges and possibilities, and private sector and public supply of seeds in quality and quantity. institution actors’ needs projection and production capacities. Special focus was given to quality and price ratios adapted • Identification of the fry supply demand levels for each 35 Luziathe (Aqua Plus) Feed supplier to existing aquaculture models and technical know-how. The structure will be used to draw up this map with the outcomes of this study are developed in this report and the full aim of identifying the potential for the development 36 Nutrition hub Feed supplier (South Africa) report is available on-demand. of hatcheries and nurseries in each region and proposing lines of collaboration between these fry- 37 Specialized Aquatic Feeds Feed supplier (South Africa) The objective of the pre-study on feed and seed were as producing structures to satisfy the demand more follows: effectively and to counteract periods of fry shortages. 38 Association of Dingane Producers’ associations • Provide recommendations on feed strategy approach to • Define priorities and activities to include at the level of project 39 Association Block 4 Producers’ associations optimize the supply of feed in the south of Mozambique for actions to optimise support and capacity-building actions aquaculture farmers. on feed and seed supply and to support the supply during 40 Association Block 6 Producers’ associations sector development and increase of farmers’ demands (in • Imported feed, industrial locally made feed, and volume and quality) semi-artisanal local production. 41 Maria Clara Aquaculture farmer • List possible phasing and related support to be considered • Feed composition recommendations to adapt to implement recommendations: capacity building, pre- Kulhuvuka Banganhe fish protein levels to extensive and semi-extensive 42 Aquaculture farmer assessment, pilot units, formulation support, material farmers existing models. needed, and equipment. • Solution with local and regional raw materials • Define recommendations and possible roles that can and other sources of proteins that can be used in be supported by public sector aquaculture services or Mozambique (blood meals, terrestrial animal meals, institutions (such as CEPAQ) or by the private sector actors or others) to reduce the production costs and the or Organizations. feed cost for the farmers. Jorge Vieira Barbosa did this pre-study with a field visit done • Consider transport and storage options to during the second field mission. The conclusion of its study make the feed available to farmers in the three has been incorporated in this report. southern provinces. © World Bank Pre-study on governance The second study was to undertake a participatory review • October 072009–Regulation on small dams: Controls dam of the current aquaculture extension services and technical safety, construction, and maintenance of small dams. support networks in the field, with a view to optimizing sectoral growth and investment. This study was authored by William • Water resource management strategy (approved in 22nd Leschen, and its findings were incorporated in this report. The ordinary session of Ministry Council, August 21 of 2007): review considered an analysis of technical support and flow of controls water management strategies. technical knowledge between technical services to field level, • Decree No. 18/2004: Sets standards for effluent discharges and from field levels to government and research institutions; and emissions. both from public institutions (at national, regional, and field levels) and from the private sector (farmer organizations, • Law No. 20/97” Controls the production and disposal of toxic associations, cooperatives). Special focus was given to and polluting substances. links between private (mainly artisanal and small scale) and public sector. • Decree No. 94/2014: Establishes a framework for urban waste management, which may apply to small-scale urban The following key objectives were defined: fish farms. • Provide recommendations on extension strategy approach • Decree No. 83/2014: Controls hazardous waste to optimize project action: Define and evaluate extension management. services and the role of the different services provincial and national and their activities on sector development. • Resolution No. 5/95–National Environmental Policy: Study the link between extension services, technical Establishes the basis for all environmental legislation. training schools/institutes and the private sector, small-scale • Law No. 20/97: Defines the legal basis for sound sector. Define possible private-sector governance support environmental use and management practices. needs to connect to the extension network and define the technical knowledge flow (to ensure the extension service • Decree No. 54/2015: Outlines the framework of will address the developmental needs of all actors in the environmental and social impact assessments. production sector and get back valuable information and understanding to adapt their support). • Decrees No. 25/2011: Controls environmental audits • Define priorities and activities to include at the level of • Decree No. 11/2006: Controls the supervision and project actions/activities to optimize support and capacity- verification of environmental protection compliance. building actions planned for sector development. • Ministerial Decree No. 129/2006: Standardizes the • Propose technical adaptation to optimize support of environmental impact assessment process. extension services and project activities outputs. Provide • Ministerial Decree No. 130/2006: Guides the principles advice on potential viable improvements in governance for and methodologies of the environmental and social impact aquaculture field technical support and controls. assessment consultation process. Annex B – Legislation and regulations relevant to • Resolution No. 10/95–Land National Policy: establishes aquaculture development certain land-use criteria for families. The following legislation applies to aquaculture development: • Law No. 19/1997: Outlines land-use restrictions which may • Fisheries Act (Law 03/90, of 26th September updated in impact aquaculture site selection. 2013 by Law no. 22/2013 of November 1st): establishes a • Law 20/97–Environmental Law: Controls and manages legal framework for fishing and aquaculture activities. biodiversity and protected resources. • Decree No. 71/2011: Determines suitable areas for • Law No. 10/99–Forest and Wildlife Law: Controls the aquaculture development. protection, conservation, and sustainable use of wildlife • Decree No. 3512001: Approves the General Aquaculture resources. regulation and its annexes. • Decree No. 12/2002: Includes a list of protected animals. • Decree No 26/2009 of 17 August and Decree No 76/2009 of • Law 16/2014 (as amended by Law 5/2017): Controls the use 12 November: control biosecurity measures in aquaculture. of national territory, with emphasis on conservation areas. • Law No. 16/91: controls water use and effluence discharge. • Law No. 10/88: Controls material and non-materials assets • 46/2007 of August 21 Water Policy: controls water policy. of Mozambiquan cultural heritage. • Decree 43/2007 of October 30 2007: regulates the private water use licensing process. © World Bank 65 AQUACULTURE DYNAMICS