Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Friedrich Stark / Alamy Stock Photo Suriname N atural disasters have gender-differentiated effects. Women and girls are disproportionally impacted due to existing inequalities Country Profile 1,2 in access to endowments, economic opportunities, and agency.3 This objective of this note is threefold. First, to present recent data on key gender gaps in relation to DRM in Suriname and compare its 1 This note is an output of the LAC Regional Gender Coordination (Poverty performance against regional and structural peers. Second, to present and Equity GP) with support from the gender-differentiated effects of previous disasters in Suriname based on Canada-Caribbean Resilience Facility. It was written by Giacomo Palmisano. existing evidence. And third, to use the evidence on gaps and differentited Marcela Natalicchio and Eliana Rubiano-Matulevich provided insightful effects to help task teams identify gender-responsive activities and comments. The note was edited by indicators for the gender tag, a tool to systematically track implementation Shari Johnson. 2 Climate change impacts in Suriname of the WBG Gender Strategy and measure the quality and results of World mainly include risks of extensive Bank operations. This note presents examples of results chains for project coastal erosion, prolonged dry seasons, and flooding (Solaun et. al., 2021). teams working on DRM-related operations to obtain the gender tag with a focus on exposure and vulnerability, preparedness and coping capacity. Details about key policy documents on gender equality and GBV, gender gaps in DRM national-level policies and laws in Suriname as well as recommendations for policy makers to address gender such gaps—which go beyond the gender tag requirements for World Bank project teams—are presented in the Annexes. 3 Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience: Existing Evidence. GFDRR (2021). Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile among men (UN Women, 2021). According to Buitelaar et. al (2007), the districts of Brokopondo and Sipaliwini were the most heavily affected by the floods in May 2006 and Irishka777 | Dreamstime.com Indigenous and Maroon communities were among the most impacted. Disruptions to the health sector were reported which compounded pre-existing public health issues such as limited primary health care facilities, access to safe water resources, burial traditions and sanitary concerns as well as gender and cultural patterns in the two communities which may have influenced the vulnerability of women and men (Buitelaar et. al, 2007). Women in these two districts still face specific issues 1. Exposure and vulnerability, related to their sexual and reproductive health as they report a preparedness and coping capacity more limited use of contraception and a higher level of unmet of women and men in case of natural need for family planning compared to the national average disasters (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2018). Education. Table 1 shows gaps relative to boys’ 1.1. Exposure and vulnerability4. education—lower rates of overall secondary school enrollment and completion compared to girls—even though they report According to UN Women (2021), women’s vulnerability to higher rates of enrollment in vocational training. Boys and girls natural hazards in Suriname is mainly linked to their traditional residing in the interior of the country show poorer educational roles and responsibilities in the household and community, outcomes compared to those in urban and coastal areas. cultural practices which limit women’s mobility, and unequal This is due to factors such as lower quality education, lack access to services, education, and information. Data in of secondary schools, the unaffordability of school fees and Table 1 show some gender gaps that may provide a deeper inadequacy of school buildings. As such, the floods in May 2006 understanding of gender-differentiated impacts induced by greatly increased the vulnerability of the education system in natural disasters in Suriname—including but not limited to a the interior, with impacts on Maroon and Indigenous children high level of maternal mortality, under performance of boys who were the most affected communities (Buitelaar et. al., compared to girls in education, lower labor force participation 2007). According to UN Women (2021), the onset of flood and among women compared to men, and limitations on women’s drought in Suriname increase the risk of education disruptions for voice and agency. Where data is unavailable— for instance, on both girls and boys, but girls may experience a higher propensity of time allocated to unpaid domestic and care work for women disruption to help with household duties and inability to pay school and access to and control over assets and resources—insights fees. Other risks include child marriages and early pregnancies from available reports and assessments for the country are which may affect girls’ educational continuity. included below. Care work. In line with other countries, there is a clear Health. According to UN Women (2021), in rural areas of division of gender roles and responsibilities in the household Suriname in 2017, 90% of the population had access to potable and community whereby women perform most of the unpaid water and 74.82% had at least basic sanitation services. This care work (UN Women, 2021). An analysis of potential impacts situation is likely to worsen in the event of floods and extreme of floods and droughts in Suriname highlights the risk of weather events, with a greater impact on those with critical increased burden on women given their caregiving role, as needs such as pregnant women. As data in Table 1 shows, the well as for girls tasked with assisting with household duties rate of maternal mortality is almost double the average for the (UN Women, 2021). Water scarcity and/or contamination LAC region and is 3 times higher than the average for other are also reported to particularly affect rural Surinamese countries at the same income level. Health risks in Suriname women because of their role within the households—they are include the spread of diseases resulting from contaminated responsible for fetching water to cook, clean and provide care; water, which can particularly affect women when performing they are the main caregivers in the household and have greater household duties, as well as mental issues such as trauma to exposure to contaminated water (UN Women, 2021). The UNDP which women, men, girls and boys may respond differently. For report (2009) analyzes the gendered-performance of roles and instance increased alcohol consumption is a likely outcome According to Erman et al (2021), exposure constitutes the assets that are of interest and at risk—including population, environment, 4 economy, buildings—in a disaster-affected area. Vulnerability is the assets’ susceptibility to damage or impact from a hazard. 2 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile activities in Maroon and Indigenous communities in Suriname they needed to perform these manual tasks (UNDP, 2009). Eco- and indicates that women are more vulnerable to natural tourism and related activities were also particularly affected by the hazards because of the sexual division of domestic labor based 2006 floods. Men significantly suffered income loss as owners of on cultural traditions. For instance, the floods in 2006 washed small eco-lodges or as boatmen, fishermen, hunters, traders of away stored firewood used for cooking and high water levels birds and animals, although they were able to benefit after the hindered women from collecting new firewood. Access to water flood from higher prices charged for transportation and labor for washing, cooking and cleaning was limited and negatively services to aid providers. On the contrary, women had to pay impacted women’s ability to carry out their traditional roles. more for transportation in addition to losing their agricultural Increased health risks placed a greater burden on them as the produce (UNDP, 2009). main sources of care. Assets and entrepreneurship. According to the Ministry Livelihoods. Data on labor force participation shows more of Home Affairs’ report (2018), the legal framework in limited access to employment for women compared to men Suriname (including customary law) guarantees equal rights (39.4% vs. 64%), although the rate of engagement in vulnerable to land ownership and/or control for women and men as forms of employment is higher for men (14.4% vs. 10.1%). well as the ability to access loans provided they meet the According to the National Report on the Situation of women required conditions (e.g. holding a permanent job and/or having and men in Suriname (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2018), women collateral). Still, sex-disaggregated data on access to and are more likely than men to be unpaid family workers and work control over assets and resources, including to land and credit, part-time. Occupational sex segregation also exists across is not available. Although gender-specific data is not included, sectors—men tend to be more involved in the industrial sector, barriers to access to credit are reported for the residents of the while women make up a large proportion of the service sector. interior, mainly Indigenous and Maroon communities—often Sex-disaggregated data in the agriculture sector as well as on they lack a permanent and formal job, do not hold rights to informal employment are not available. Moreover, within sector the land where they live or cannot provide collateral (Ministry gender differences exist. In the agriculture sector for instance, of Home Affairs, 2018). With regard to entrepreneurship, the women are mainly involved in subsistence farming, including percentage of women-led firms (11.9%) is about that of the rearing livestock and poultry for their own protein requirements, LAC average and same-income level peers which may indicate as well as labor intensive activities or post-harvest handing relevant barriers for entrepreneurship among Surinamese and processing. In contrast, men tend to concentrate more on women. commercial production (of livestock and goldmining) and on soil Female-Headed Households (FHHs). According to the preparation and spraying fertilizer (Samoender, 2018). As result, latest data available (shown in Table 1), about a third of the livelihood impact on women and men and their exposure Surinamese households are female-headed. Additionally, to natural disasters may be different. Rural women are more the Suriname report on the Implementation of the Beijing vulnerable due to their reliance on local natural resources and/ Declaration and Platform for Action + 25 (Bureau of Gender or agriculture for their livelihoods (Government of Suriname, Affairs, 2019) suggests that FHHs are likely to face higher 2019). The UNDP report (2009) analyzes the differentiated levels of poverty which seems to be confirmed by the fact impacts of climate change on the livelihoods of women and that FHHs are significantly represented in the first quintile men in both the Maroon and Indigenous communities, based on (Beuermann, 2018). According to Buitelaar et. al (2007), existing unequal gender roles and responsibilities, as well as on 54% of FHHs were severely affected by the floods in 2006 differing economic opportunities. In both communities, women compared to 46% of male-headed households (MHHs). Among play a major role in agricultural production and food processing. Maroon communities, increases in FHHs are due the high labor Bearing responsibility for maintaining plots and harvesting migration of men towards urban areas and places increased crops, women-owned agricultural plots tend to be located pressure on women with respect to their family responsibilities close to rivers/creeks because of higher fertility and easier (UNDP, 2009). In comparison, based on local consultations, accessibility, but are particularly vulnerable to flooding and single MHHs are believed to face more issues than single FHHs high risk of crop loss, including the main food staple—cassava as they have no one to provide food, care for the children and (UNDP, 2009). Because of the 2006 floods, many women in these perform household duties. The UN Women policy brief (2021) communities lost their ability to provide food for their families and identifies single FHHs depending on subsistence farming to be had to survive by depending on relatives for food and on food relief among the most vulnerable to natural disasters . assistance (UNDP, 2009). Among men, there was severe pressure as fishing and hunting became impossible and they now had to clear Gender-based violence. GBV is still a relevant issue in new plots for and with their wife or wives, but had lost the tools Suriname and crosses social strata such as ethnicity, status, 3 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile management, including response and prevention. Additionally, women also make up a substantial number of the staff in frans lemmens / Alamy Stock Photo district administration offices (“Bestuursdienst”) who are trained in disaster management procedures and planning (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2019). 1.2. Preparedness and coping capacity. For Suriname, data gaps on financial inclusion, access to assets and resources such as land, credit, mobile and internet educational level (Joel et. al, 2019). According to UN Women still exist and do not allow a proper understanding of women (2021), the impacts of floods, droughts and other natural and men’s preparedness and coping capacity. The analysis disasters in Suriname include the increased risks of GBV, below is based on the limited data and evidence available. sexual trafficking, sometimes owing to increased alcohol Evacuation. Geographic isolation of the interior areas consumption among men. The UNDP report (2009) highlights of Suriname, where mainly Indigenous and Maroon peoples the pre-existing vulnerability of women caused by domestic reside, may have a great impact on people’s preparedness and violence within Indigenous and Maroon communities and response to natural disasters, including evacuation. In the case the increased risk of violence against women when there is a of women, cultural practices that place restrictions on their natural disaster. Interestingly, while people interviewed for the movement are also reported (UN Women, 2021). For instance, report have acknowledged pre-existing gender-based violence, Indigenous and Maroon women may face limitations on none of them expressed the view that the 2006 floods had travelling or selling their products outside the village if they are caused any increase in domestic violence. not accompanied by their spouses or a trusted male relative Women in DRM decision-making. The proportion of (UNDP, 2009). female representatives in national parliaments is about a Early Warning System (EWS). According to UNDP (2021a), third—in line with the LAC regional average and those of lower income women across the Caribbean may not have access structural peers—showing existing gaps when it comes to the to smart phones and the weather systems apps, thereby they participation of women in decision-making positions (Ministry may have a more limited access to EWS. In Suriname, while of Home Affairs, 2018). Despite strong matriarchal traditions, Table 1 shows a data gap in phone ownership among women women’s limited involvement in decision-making seems to and men at the national level, data for Paramaribo and Wanica also occur within Indigenous communities where they are less indicate a higher rate of ownership among men compared likely to be involved in risk management and have minimal to women (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2018). The UN Women control over emergency recovery. In fact, there is currently policy brief for Suriname (2021) reports that women have more no structure or system for consulting with Indigenous women limited access to information and EWS compared to men in (UN Women, 2021). Women’s limited power and decision- case of floods and extreme weather events. Socio-cultural making are linked to their low social status in their respective norms may limit women from acquiring the information and communities. Despite this, many expressed that they would skills necessary to escape or avoid hazards, for instance they like to be able to share their opinions, experiences, preferences bear the responsibility for small children who cannot swim or and to propose solutions for DRM (UNDP, 2009). Nevertheless, outrun disasters (Government of Suriname, 2019). The gap this seems in contrast with the Report for Suriname on the between women and men in accessing EWS is also reported Implementation of the Montevideo Strategy for 2016 – 2019 within Indigenous and Maroon communities in Suriname. In (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2019). According to the report, the case of 2006 floods, while these communities were overall the National Coordination Center for Disaster Management poorly informed women had even less access to important (NCCR) is striving to ensure the effective participation of information due to their lower level of education and limited Indigenous and Maroon women in its activities in the interior, travel opportunities. Men, who were more likely to travel to including the coordination of emergency assistance where cities, had a greater chance of gathering information and women are usually the recipients. Based on the report, an learning about the impacts of climate change (UNDP, 2009). increasing number of the traditional leaders of Indigenous and Maroon peoples – captains, chiefs, “basjas” or assistants—are Livelihoods. Indigenous and Maroon women involved in women and many villages have women’s organizations which agricultural production were particularly affected by the 2006 are involved at the community level in discussing disaster floods, which caused the direct loss of crops and required long 4 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile time for recovery. Among adaptation strategies following the or household items including houses, water tanks, pots, pans floods, women reportedly decided to move their plots to higher and personal items. Among the Maroon communities with a locations in the forest but this made cultivation more difficult high rate of FHHs due to male migration, the female heads of and posed implications for access and security for women households reportedly did not have building skills and had to (UNDP, 2009). Cultural traditions in both Indigenous and contract men to undertake house repairs, leading to long and Maroon communities may give men more freedom of physical difficult periods of recovery (UNDP, 2009). mobility compared to women which may result in easier access Social protection, pensions, and roles in response to to the mainstream economy and secure paid employment disaster. According to the Bureau of Gender Affairs’ report (UNDP, 2009). In case of disaster, men may quickly transition (2019), the establishment of a universal and right-based across sectors to earn an income, while women may face social protection system in Suriname is still lagging as certain barriers besides limited mobility, such as a narrow skill base vulnerable groups, such as poor pregnant women, single FHHs and constraining reproductive and productive roles (Buitelaar and teen mothers, are often at risk of being insufficiently et. al, 2007). or entirely without coverage. This, in addition to existing Assets. Table 1 shows a data gap in relation to banking provisions affecting the size of a woman’s pension (Table 1), for women and men in Suriname. Overall, limited economic may contribute to reduced resilience among Surinamese opportunities for women compared to men in Suriname may women, especially those most vulnerable. On the other suggest a potential gap between them in their capacity to hand, women are reported to play a relevant role in disaster cope with the impacts of natural disasters. According to response—the matriarchal structure provided important UN Women (2021), Surinamese women experience a lower forms of support for women within the Indigenous and Maroon livelihood resilience compared to men in the event of natural communities, including joint food production and preparation, disasters, and this can be even lower for single FHHs. Also, sharing of shelter and access to services, support with planting Indigenous and Maroon communities may have limited coping and harvesting, and childcare support by elderly women which capacity with potential gender differences. Following the 2006 allowed younger women to undertake their productive work floods, many of the affected persons in the interior areas did (UNDP, 2009). not have the cash to replace or repair basic possessions and/ TABLE 1. Benchmarking gender gaps related to DRM Same income- Performance Year LAC Year level group Year Source Human endowments Life expectancy at birth, female (years) 75.06 2019 79 2019 79 2019 WDI (2021) Life expectancy at birth, male (years) 68.46 2019 72 2019 73 2019 WDI (2021) Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 120 2017 74 2017 41 2017 Country scorecard live births (modeled estimate) (2021) Births attended by skilled health staff 98.4 2018 93.8 2018 98.4 2018 Country scorecard (% of total) (2021) School enrollment, secondary, female 64 2015 79.1 2018 83.9 2018 Country scorecard (% net) (2021) School enrollment, secondary, male 53 2015 76 2018 80.7 2018 Country scorecard (% net) (2021) Lower secondary completion rate, 63.7 2019 82 2019 88.2 2019 Country scorecard female (% of relevant age group) (2021) Lower secondary completion rate, male 32.3 2019 77.3 2019 86.2 2019 Country scorecard (% of relevant age group) (2021) Proportion of persons aged 15-24 17.1 2018 or the World Bank, 2021a enrolled in vocational training (%); female latest year available Proportion of persons aged 15-24 19.73 World Bank, 2021a enrolled in vocational training (%); male 5 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile Same income- Table 1. (cont.) Performance Year LAC Year level group Year Source Percentage of female tertiary graduates NA UN Women (2020) in Information and Communication Technologies Percentage of female tertiary graduates NA UN Women (2020) in Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Assessing laws affecting the size of a 75 2021 80.5 2020 NA NA WBL (2021) woman’s pension (on a scale ranging from 0 – the lowest to 100—the highest Proportion of population above 100 NA UN Women (2021) statutory pensionable age receiving a pension, female Proportion of population above 100 NA UN Women (2021) statutory pensionable age receiving a pension, male Share of Female-headed households 33 2012 Gov. of Suriname (2018) Proportion of time spent on unpaid NA WDI (2021) domestic and care work, female (% of 24 hour day) Economic opportunity Female labor participation (% of female 39.4 2019 52.5 2019 56 2019 Country scorecard population ages 15+) (2021) Male labor participation (% of male 64 2019 76.7 2019 74.8 2019 Country scorecard population ages 15+) (2021) Vulnerable employment, female 10.1 2019 33.8 2019 38.1 2019 Country scorecard (% of female employment) (2021) Vulnerable employment, male 14.4 2019 33.4 2019 35.6 2019 Country scorecard (% of male employment) (2021) Firms with female top manager 11.9 2018 20 2020 19 2020 WDI (2021) (% of firms) Account ownership at a financial NA 52.03 2017 69.28 2017 WDI (2021) institution or with a mobile-money- service provider, female (% of population ages 15+) Share of agricultural landowners who NA Our World in Data are female (2021) Female mobile phone ownership as NA ITU (2021) a % of total female population Female internet use as a % of total NA ITU (2021) female population Voice and agency Proportion of seats held by women 29.4 2020 32.8 2020 26.5 2020 Country scorecard in national parliaments (%) (2021) Number of domestic violence cases 1299 2016 Joel et. al. (2019) reported to police by female victims 6 DRAFT Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile 2. DRM policies and gender main barrier to appropriate and effective gender strategy at institutional level (UN Women policy brief for Suriname [2021], The GoS has scaled up efforts to integrate DRM into national UN Women and IISD [2021]). Lack of sex-disaggregated data policies and long-term sustainable development plans. For at the sector level is also reported in the National Adaptation example, the Suriname National Adaptation Plan (NAP) Plan NAP for Suriname (Government of Suriname, 2019) 2019-2029 (Government of Suriname, 2019) acknowledges contributing to a weakened evidence base from which to the higher vulnerability of women to natural disasters based generate policy level and strategic decisions to close gender on existing gender gaps, and an even higher vulnerability for gaps in risk and vulnerability. women living in rural areas who are mainly dependent on local natural resources and agriculture for their livelihood. As such, it sets a specific outcome5 with related activities and 3. Building result chains for impact indicators, including but not limited to – increased focus on through the gender tag the development of sex-disaggregated datasets, increased visibility of women and women’s groups and their groups in the This section presents a non-exhaustive set of gender gaps in adaptation implementation; ensuring gender-specific budget key priority areas for Suriname (in line with section 1), examples line items, and the development of a strategy to identify and of actions that could be integrated in DRM-related projects to address gender-differentiated needs in relation to climate address such gaps, and indicators to monitor progress at the change. Other disaster-related laws and plans, however, have project level. These results chains are intended to inform the limited gender content (Table A.2). design of World Bank DRM-related operations to meet the Key findings from a recent survey reveal the existence requirements for the gender tag. Specific recommendations of knowledge gaps and limited awareness with respect to for policy makers to address existing gender gaps (going understanding gender and its concepts; bias in attitudes beyond the requirements of the gender tag) are presented in for women and men; and lack of disaggregated data as the Table A.3 in the Annex. Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples In rural areas in 2017, only 90% of the Support the provision of healthcare Percentage of population had access to water and services, including continuity of low-income/rural/ 74.82% had at least basic sanitation sexual and reproductive health indigenous women services (UN Women, 2021), which is services, especially for those accessing healthcare likely to worsen in case of floods and with more limited access to them services/ sexual and extreme weather events and greatly (women in remote areas, especially reproductive health impact those with critical needs as from indigenous and maroon services. pregnant women. Health risks include the communities). spread of diseases due to contaminated water, as well as mental issues such as trauma to which women and men, girls Health and boys may respond differently (UN Women, 2021). Gender and cultural patterns among Indigenous and Maroon communities who were most affected by the floods in 2006 may pose gender-differentiated vulnerabilities. These include sexual and reproductive health risks for women due to limited contraceptive use and higher levels of unmet needs for family planning services (Ministry of Home Affairs, 2018). Outcome 5: Climate change adaptation that respects Surinamese values and culture and reduces gender and other social inequities. See 5 more at https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Documents/Parties/Suriname%20Final%20NAP_apr%202020.pdf 7 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Some gender gaps in education still exist Support the continuity and Share of female/male in Suriname and these may be widened strengthening of educational students attending as result of natural disasters. Girls activities during emergency, school regularly in are more susceptible to disruptions in especially in areas where there is a selected areas. education as they are more likely to take large percentage or number of out- on duties at home and inabilities to pay of-school/underperforming children, Out of school girls/ school fees. Child marriages and early boys/girls. boys in selected areas. pregnancies are also obstacles to girls’ continued education, compared to boys Provide incentives for family and (UN Women, 2021). community engagement to create environments that support boys’/ Education Boys and girls residing in the interior girls’ success in school. of Suriname show worse education performance and achievement compared to those in urban and coastal areas due to issues such as lower quality education, unaffordability of school fees, inadequate of school buildings (Buitelaar et. al., 2007). As such, the floods in May 2006 may worsen educational outcomes of Maroon and Indigenous children with differentiated impacts on boys and girls. Surinamese women undertake the Provide infrastructure and service Reduction in time majority of unpaid care work and the support to reproductive and care spent on unpaid work burden on women is likely to increase in work: provision of childcare; in the household. case of natural disasters, including for increased water access points, in line girls helping with household duties (UN with gender-specific needs, as part of Reduction in time Women, 2021). water supply system rehabilitation; spent fetching water Care work improved overall accessibility via due to improved Rural women are particularly vulnerable improved road networks as part of access to water to water scarcity and contaminated infrastructure rehabilitation; etc. supply system. water which also limit their ability to carry out domestic roles such as cooking, cleaning and providing care (UNDP, 2009; UN Women, 2021). Labor force participation is lower for Provide targeted support to affected Female/male P166328 – women (64% vs. 39.4%). More women are women/men which addresses their beneficiaries reached Dominica involved in unpaid family work and work specific needs to recover/restart their with productive assets Emergency part-time. Gender segregation in the labor livelihoods. For instance, through the and services (to be Agricultural market see more women concentrated in provision of inputs and tools (e.g. defined in the project Livelihoods the service sector while men are largely grants, loans, micro-finance), as document). and Climate involved in the industrial sector (Ministry well as technical support to start/ Resilience of Home Affairs, 2018). develop their businesses. This needs Number of women/ Project to include support to formalization of men-owned The percentage of women-led firms (11.9%) their activities and access to social businesses receiving is quite low compared to the average security. support for LAC and same-income level peers, indicating relevant barriers for female Promote female participation in non- Number of women/ entrepreneurship. traditional fields as reconstruction men with formal Livelihoods work through targeted training, employment and Gender inequality persists among recruitment (e.g. quota in bidding access to social women and men, even in Maroon and documents). security benefits by Indigenous communities, which manifest the end of the project. in different ways (Buitelaar et. al., 2007; UNDP, 2009)—unequal gender roles and Share of women responsibilities; women’s narrow skill base in permanent jobs affecting their opportunities for sectoral created by the project. mobility; limitations on physical mobility which also affect access to employment; gender segregation in “traditional fields” (e.g. men were also able to benefit from higher prices charged for transportation and labor services post-disaster while women had to pay for these services). 8 DRAFT Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Lack of sufficient social protection among Provide access to social safety Number of female- Locust vulnerable groups, including women, nets (relief/recovery funds, inputs headed households Emergency owing to the insufficient establishment assistance) with specific targets, that receive support and Food of a universal and right-based social especially for FHHs and/or through the safety Security protection system in Suriname (Bureau of indigenous/maroon people (women/ net programs (specific Project Gender Affairs, 2019). men). This may include CCT (linked targets may be set for (P174314) to school enrollment of children), indigenous/maroon High levels of poverty and dependence on cash-for-work programs, including women and men) Somalia subsistence farming among FHHs lead childcare services to be provided and Emergency to high disaster vulnerability (Bureau of offered as an optional paid activity, Number of women Drought Social Gender Affairs, 2019; UN Women policy monetary subsidies, etc. heads of households’ Response assistance brief, 2021). 54% of FHHs were affected beneficiaries of cash- and Recovery by the 2006 floods compared to 45% of for-work programs Project MHHs (Buitelaar et. al, 2007). (including indigenous/ (P163830) maroon women and Increases in FHHs resulted from rural- men) urban migration of Maroon men, which increased the burden of family Share of public works responsibilities and care for the women of offering childcare/ those households (UNDP, 2009). Share of beneficiaries with access to childcare. Women generally have more limited Support awareness campaigns and Share of registered P170874— access to information and EWS EWS targeting women and men, users of mobile Indonesia compared to men in case of floods and especially those living in rural areas, phone application Disaster extreme weather events (UN Women Indigenous and Maroon women (to for EWS (or other Resilience policy brief, 2021). This also exists to meet specific information needs, use EWS application) Initiative Maroon and Indigenous communities of inclusive language and materials, that are women (and Project where women are less educated, have use of appropriate channels for disaggregate by fewer opportunities for travel compared dissemination, etc.). urban/rural areas, to men who were more likely to travel ethnic groups). to cities and had a greater chance to EWS gathering information and becoming informed about the impacts of climate change (UNDP, 2009). Socio-cultural norms also limit women’s capacity to escape or avoid hazards, for instance, as women are primarily responsible for the care of small children who may not be able to swim or outrun disasters (Government of Suriname, 2019). Floods, droughts and extreme weather Support infrastructure design and Number of shelters events in Suriname worsen women’s services to prevent and address with established pre-existing vulnerability to GBV and GBV, not only in shelters (set up protocol and sexual trafficking. Men’s negative protocol and procedures to prevent measures to prevent coping strategies to disaster (increased and address GBV cases; training/ and address GBV consumption of alcohol) also contribute awareness campaign on GBV cases. to this risk (UNDP, 2009; UN Women and measures in place for DRM (2021). professionals and communities). Number of women and girls reporting GBV GBV Ensure protocol and measures cases in shelters. are in line with needs of rural and indigenous and maroon women. Overall, ensure shelters design and services to meet women’s specific needs and priorities, including for indigenous women (provide separate toilets6 and adequate lighting). Please note that having separate facilities (as separate toilets) is a basic requirement of universal project design and, as such, it does not 6 fulfil the criteria for the gender tag. 9 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Women less represented in decision- Se up mechanisms to promote Percentage of female making positions in Suriname (Ministry representation and involvement representatives in of Home Affairs, 2018), due to low social of women in higher-level decision- DRM decision-making status in their respective communities— making of DRM-related institutions bodies even in Indigenous societies where strong (e.g. quotas and targeted training for Participation matriarchal practices exist. Despite their women to develop their careers in in decision- desire to contribute to DRM, women DRM/promotion; set up standardized making are less likely to be involved in risk procedures and mechanisms management and have minimal control for promotion to avoid bias and over emergency recovery, (UNDP, 2009; discrimination). UN Women, 2021). There is currently no structure for the consultation with Indigenous women. The National Adaptation Plan Set up adequate systems, protocols, Disaster risk, exposure P171474 – (NAP) highlights the lack of gender- and guidelines for collecting and and vulnerability Haiti Covid-19 disaggregated data at the sector level in analyzing sex-disaggregated data in information, Response and Suriname which weakens the evidence DRM. disaggregated by Resilience base from which to generate policy gender and age, Development level and strategic decisions to close Provide targeted support (e.g. made available for Policy gender gaps in risk and vulnerability capacity building, technical investment planning/ Operation (Government of Suriname, 2019). assistance) to generate and disaster response and disseminate disaster risk, exposure data sharing among DRM policies and vulnerability information, sectors. and gender disaggregated by gender and age. issues Set up/review DRM framework to include a set of gender-responsive indicators informed by sex and age-disaggregated baseline data, that can be used to select/prioritize investment projects/disaster response and monitor and evaluate progress in addressing identified gaps. 10 DRAFT Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile References UN Women and IISD, 2021. Gender-Responsive Resilience Building in the Caribbean: Understanding the Role of Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviours, Beuermann D., 2018. Main Findings Suriname Survey of Living and Practices in Coordination Mechanisms for Climate Change and Conditions 2016-2017. June 2018. IDB. https://publications.iadb.org/es/ Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.iisd.org/publications/gender- publicacion/13005/suriname-survey-living-conditions-2016-2017 responsive-resilience-building-caribbean Buitelaar R., Kambon A., Hendrickson M., Blommestein E., 2007. UN Women, 2020. Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Suriname: The impact of the May 2006 floods on sustainable livelihoods. Mathematics (STEM) in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region. ECLAC – Studies and Perspectives series – The Caribbean – No. 3. https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20americas/ https://www.eird.org/wiki/images/SURINAME_MAY_2006.pdf documentos/publicaciones/2020/09/women%20in%20stem%20un%20 Bureau Gender Affairs, 2019. Suriname Report – National review women%20unesco%20en32921.pdf?la=en&vs=4617 implementation of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action + 25. UN Women, 2021. EnGenDER Gender Inequality Climate Change & https://www.cepal.org/sites/default/files/informe_beijing25_suriname_ Disaster Risk Resilience Brief – SURINAME. https://caribbean.unwomen. final_0.pdf org/en/digital-library/publications/2022/02/engender-gender- Erman A., De Vries Robbé S. A., Thies S. F., Kabir K., Maruo M., 2021. inequality-climate-change-disaster-risk-resilience-brief-suriname Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience. Existing Evidence. UN Women. Country Fact Sheet for Suriname. https://data.unwomen. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/926731614372544454/ org/country/suriname pdf/Gender-Dimensions-of-Disaster-Risk-and-Resilience-Existing- UNDP Project “Enabling Gender-Responsive Disaster Recovery, Climate Evidence.pdf and Environmental Resilience in the Caribbean” (EnGender Project), 2019. Government of Suriname, 2018. Suriname Progress Report on the https://www.bb.undp.org/content/barbados/en/home/engender.html implementation of the Montevideo Consensus 2103-2018. https://crpd. UNDP, 2009. Case Study on the impact of Climate Change on Agriculture cepal.org/3/sites/crpd3/files/national_report_suriname.pdf and Housing on Indigenous Communities in Suriname https://www. Government of Suriname, 2019. Suriname National Adaptation Plan latinamerica.undp.org/content/rblac/en/home/library/crisis_prevention_ (NAP) 2019-2029. https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/NAPC/Documents/ and_recovery/adaptacion-al-cambio-climatico-con-un-enfoque-de- Parties/Suriname%20Final%20NAP_apr%202020.pdf genero-en-el-ca0.html ITU. The Digital Development Dashboard. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/ UNDP, 2021a. EnGenDER Newsletter: Confronting Gender Disparities Statistics/Dashboards/Pages/Digital-Development.aspx and Multiple Hazard Events: A Caribbean Reality. https://www.bb.undp. Joel J., Pemberton C., Phillips U., 2019. National women’s health survey org/content/barbados/en/home/library/undp_publications/engender- for Suriname – Final report. Inter-American Development Bank (IDB). newsletter--confronting-gender-disparities-and-multiple.html https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/document/National_ Women, Business and the Law website. https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/ Women%E2%80%99s_Health_Survey_for_Suriname_en.pdf wbl Ministry of Home Affairs, 2018. National Report – Situation Analysis World Bank, 2021a. Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and of women and men in Suriname. https://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/ Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review. Canada Caribbean Resilience materials/publications/2018/9/suriname-launches-its-national-report- Facility. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35215 on-the-status-of-women-and-men World Bank, 2021b. Suriname—Country Gender Scorecard. Ministry of Home Affairs, 2019. Suriname Report on the Implementation https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com.mcas.ms/sites/LCR/ of the Montevideo Strategy October 2016—May 2019. https://www. Documents/Gender/Country%20Scorecards/LCR%20Country%20 cepal.org/sites/default/files/suriname_em_2019.pdf Gender%20Scorecards%202021/Suriname_SCORECARD-OK-linked. Our World in Data website. https://ourworldindata.org pdf?McasTsid=20892 Samoender I., 2018. Gender and climate change in Suriname, with focus World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/ on the Agriculture sector. https://www1.undp.org/content/dam/LECB/ world-development-indicators events/2018/20191008-caribbean-ndc-dialogue/undp-ndcsp-caribbean- dialogue-presentations/undp-ndcsp-caribbean-dialogue-27-Panel%20 Discussion-Suriname.pdf Solaun K., Resomardono C., Hess K., Antich H., Alleng G., Flores A, 2021. State of the climate report: Suriname: summary for policy makers. IDB Technical Note; 2205. https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/ document/State-of-the-Climate-Report-Suriname-Summary-for-Policy- Makers.pdf 11 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile Annex TABLE A.1. Suriname’s key policy documents on gender equality and GBV Laws, policies and plans Content Integral Gender Action Plan The 2019–2020 plan focuses on labor, income, poverty reduction, education, (2000–2005, 2006–2010, health, power and decision making, GBV, legal and regulatory framework, 2019–2020) environment and climate change. Policy Development Plan (2017– It guarantees gender equality in access to any profession and work, and 2021) ensures that laws and regulations and policy principles of private and public organizations guarantee the right to personal safety and freedom of men and women, and that the opportunities to realize their ideals and talents are not negatively affected by gender stereotypes. Gender Vision Policy Document It ensures that the legal and regulatory framework and policy principles of (2021–2035) private and public organizations guaranteeing the right to personal safety and freedom of men and women and the opportunities to realize their ideals Gender equality and talents, are not negatively influenced by gender stereotypes. Minimum Hour Wage Act (2014), These social protection intervention’s target groups are mainly vulnerable General Pension Benefits Act groups or groups at risk such as the elderly or disabled people, children and (2014), National Basic Health women in poor households or households with a minimum monthly income. Insurance Act (2014) National Sexual and It contains strategies and priorities aimed at further improving the maternal Reproductive Health and Rights health services, working towards a decline of new HIV infections, and Policy of Suriname (2013–2017) increasing awareness and education for the prevention and reduction of teen pregnancies, sexual violence, cervical cancers, and other sexual related issues. Child Day Care Bill (under It would allow the care of small children to enable the mother to work by consideration) improving the quality of childcare facilities. Combating Domestic Violence It allows the protection of DV victims from an early stage on and through Act (2009) rapid procedures. Criminal Code, Article 295 It focuses on sexual harassment, and sexual violence as a sex crime within (amended in 2015) the marriage and sexual exploitation of persons within the family. Gender-based violence Trafficking in Persons: Criminal These laws and the articles focus on the criminalization of trafficking and Code (1911, amended in 2004), smuggling of women and minors, and define the sanctions that will be placed Article 307 of the Criminal Code on persons guilty of trafficking. (2006), Article 249a (2006 and 2015) Source: From “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 12 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile TABLE A.2. Gender in Suriname’s key policy documents on DRM Laws, policies and plans Content Suriname National Adaptation It establishes climate change adaptation that respects Surinamese society Plan (2019–2029) and culture and reduces gender and social inequities, and proposes to include gender inequalities in climate change adaptation initiatives. National Climate Change Policy, It provides for gender considerations in agriculture and gender equality in General DRM Strategy and Action Plan (2014– climate change education as part of knowledge and behavior. 2021) National Disaster Response Plan Under development. (Draft) Environmental Framework Law Under development. (Draft) Land Registration and Land It does not include gender-specific content. Information System Act (2009) Act on Regional Bodies (amended It does not include gender-specific content. in 2002) Urban Development Act (1972), They do not include gender-specific content. Planning Decree (1973) National Health Disaster Plan It does not include gender-specific content. Sector/Agency DRM (2009) National Health Plan (2011–2018) It provides for the mainstreaming of gender in all health policies and programs and includes the Safe Hospital Initiative that allows for the increased capacity through the safe hospital initiative to comply with international health regulations in emergencies and disaster situations. Forest Management Act (1992) It does not include gender-specific content. National Biodiversity Action Plan It does not include gender-specific content. (2012–2016) Act on Construction by State It does not include gender-specific content. Decree (2002) Source: From “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 13 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile TABLE A.3. Gender gaps in DRM and recommendations for Grenada Area Gaps Recommendations • Lack of a gender perspective • Amend DRM policies to include gender considerations. in most DRM policies and programmatic plans. • Raise awareness among policy makers about the disproportionate vulnerability of women to disaster impacts. • No gender analysis for social Legislation, policies, safety net programs on food • Provide technical assistance to environment-responsible agencies to build and plans and nutrition security such their capacity in gender mainstreaming, ensuring that gender-based as a specialized focus on the considerations form a significant part of their planning and response unemployed youth, unemployed strategies. women with children, and mentally-ill persons. • Insufficient information about • Strengthen collection of data on disaster impacts, disaggregated by sex gender-differentiated disaster and other key variables of vulnerable groups. impacts. • Enhance data collection on the number of women in disaster and climate • Lack of information on the change management positions. number of women in DRM and climate changerelated decision- • Strengthen collection of data disaggregated by sex and other key Sex-disaggregated data variables of groups vulnerable to food and nutrition insecurity. and gender-specific making processes. research • Limited disaggregation of data • Develop time-use surveys periodically to measure unpaid work performed by gender or age to define by women and men. groups vulnerable to food and nutrition insecurity. • Lack of data on unpaid domestic work. • Inadequate protection • Expand the services provided to GBV and DV victims. Gender-based violence measures for GBV victims as well as limited support services. • Increase the allocation of resources dedicated to the responsible agencies, NGOs, and CSOs that address GBV. • Lack of incentives to achieve • Develop initiatives to boost vulnerable groups’ incomes, employment, economic independence, enhance their access to health care, critical services, and improve their especially among the poor resilience. women and men. • Strengthen tools to integrate child and gender-responsive budgeting into • Few programs with special governmental DRM programs. Institutional provisions for vulnerable groups strengthening • Develop and standardize a gender-sensitive methodology for multihazard in relation to DRM. mapping and VRAs. • Lack of a standardized gender- sensitive methodology for multihazard mapping and VRAs. 14 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Suriname Country Profile Area Gaps Recommendations • Insufficient discussions • Conduct continuous public awareness campaigns about the importance on gender equality in of women and other vulnerable groups for building capacity and policymaking, planning, and enhancing resilience to climate change, using a range of media targeted developing programs related to specific audiences–radio, television, theatre, and social media. to water management, waste management, land • Organize workshops on child and gender-responsive budgeting to Advocacy and management, renewable increase the knowledge of relevant policy makers and social development education energy, clean transportation, practitioners about financing child and gender-related policies and and other environmental topics. programs in DRM. • Lack of awareness raising campaigns about the importance of gender-sensitive budgeting. • Only a brief mention of • Develop partnerships with various CSOs and NGOs to work in stakeholders in the draft of the collaboration with the NaDMA on the development and implementation of National Disaster Management the National Disaster Management Plan. Plan. • Enhance partnerships with CSOs and NGOs that address critical issues Partnerships in DRM • Limited efforts to create affecting women and other vulnerable groups. partnerships with women’s organizations in climate change programs in the most affected areas. • Lack of evidence-based policies • Increase involvement of community-based groups—village councils, on inclusion of ethnic minorities, women’s groups, youth groups, and underprivileged or marginalized indigent people, people groups such as handicapped, senior citizens, and HIV/AIDS groups—in with disabilities, HIV/AIDS, programs on DRM and climate change. Social inclusion and members of the LGBTI community in disaster and climate change programs and decision-making processes. • Insufficient women’s • Target and remove gender-biased criteria or processes of decision-making Women’s participation participation and leadership bodies, and strengthen mechanisms to increase women’s participation and leadership in DRM and climate change and leadership in DRM and climate change activities. activities. Source: From “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 15