INTEGRATED SEASCAPE MANAGEMENT Blue Economy Data and Tools MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 2 © 2022 The World Bank This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Telephone: 202-473-1000; Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments Internet: www.worldbank.org they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, Some rights reserved. colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Attribution—Please cite the work as follows “World Bank. 2022. Blue Economy Data and Tools”. Lead Authors Simone Lee, and Juliana Castaño-Isaza Technical contributors Jacqueline Alder Cover images credits World Bank and Estudio Relativo. All queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 3 Acknowledgements The Guidance Note “Blue Economy Data and Tools”, The team expresses thanks to the Disruptive is the result of a World Bank’s Advisory Services and Knowledge Information and Data Services (KIDS) Analytics (ASA) product, led by Juliana Castaño- Helpdesk, especially to Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep, Isaza, and funded by PROFISH 3, under the Isabel Maria Ramos Tellez, Hrishikesh Patel, and PROBLUE Umbrella 2.0 Multi-Donor Trust Fund. other KIDS team members Akash Mehta, Afua This Guidance Note was developed alongside the Oguah, Marcel Giovanni Prieto Castellanos, overall Guidance Note “Marine Spatial Planning for Aminul Islam, Yolande Munzimi, Shaffiq Somani, a Resilience and Inclusive Blue Economy” , which Nfamara Dampha, and Hak Joo Song, in their has two volumes: Volume 1, Key Considerations to role in developing the associated Data and Tools Formulate and Implement Marine Spatial Planning , Dashboard and Story Map. and Volume 2, Integrating Cross-Cutting Themes into Marine Spatial Planning. The development of this Global Analytical Product benefited from technical contributions The team especially wishes to thank PROBLUE for provided by peer reviewers including, Idriss Deffry financing this product, and for the guidance and (Environmental Specialist); Ambroise Brenier leadership provided by World Bank staff including (Natural Resources Management Senior Specialist); Juergen Voegele (Vice President for Sustainable Sachiko Kondo (Environmental Specialist), Stefanie Development) Christian A. Peter (Acting Global Onder (Environmental Senior Economist), Juan Jose Director, and Global Unit Practice Manager for Miranda (Environmental Senior Economist), Environment, Natural Resources and the Blue Peter Kristensen (Lead Environmental Specialist), Economy Global Practice), Charlotte de Fontaubert Giovanni Ruta (Lead Environmental Economist), (PROBLUE Program Manager), and Sylvia Michele Luis Diego Herrera (Environmental Economist), Diez (PROBLUE Pillar 4 Manager, and Senior Natural and Boris van Zanten (Disaster Risk Management Resources Management Specialist). Specialist). This effort also benefited from inputs from Chantal Rigaud (PROBLUE External The team would like to recognize the support Communications Officer), and John Burgess and guidance provided by the members of the (Consultant). Marine Spatial Planning Steering Group including Jessie F. McComb (Tourism Senior Specialist), Finally, the team would like to express gratitude Mark Leybourne (Offshore Wind Energy Senior to Pablo Porta, Natalia Fernández Abarca, y Specialist)), Lori Anna Conzo (Biodiversity Lead, Laura Hidalgo from Estudio Relativo, for translating IFC), Brenden Jongman (Disaster Risk Management complex scientific data into clear illustrations Senior Specialist), Andrew Losos (Maritime Transport and infographics. Senior Specialist), Nagaraja Rao Harshadeep (Data and Disruptive Technologies Global Lead), and Julien Million (Fisheries Senior Specialist). MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 4 Contents Acronyms 6 1. Introduction 7 Importance of data and tools in MSP 7 1 2 4 3 2. Methodology 9 3. MSP Data 10 MSP Data Categories 14 Boundaries 17 Physical / Chemical / Biological 18 Activities and Uses 20 Socio-Economic and Cultural 22 Data Gaps 23 4. MSP Tools 25 Software and Application Tools 26 Online GIS Mapping Tools and Portals 37 Other Tools 41 MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 5 5. World Bank Data and Data Services 43 Data Development Hub (DDH) 43 1 2 Geospatial Operations Support Team (GOST) 44 ITS Technology & Information Lab 44 Knowledge Information and Data Services (KIDS) 44 6. Opportunity Areas for Engagement 45 Making the Case 45 Enabling Conditions 45 Planning 45 Implementation 47 Supporting Institutions 48 7. Conclusion 51 8. References 52 Other sources 53 Appendix A. Marine data tools (infrastructures) that were actually being used by EU MSP Planners 55 Appendix B. Data Management Framework and Protocols 58 MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 6 Acronyms ARIES Artificial Intelligence for Environment IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate & Sustainability Change CCRES Capturing Coral Reef & Related ITSTI ITS Technology & Information Ecosystem Services KIDS Knowledge Information and Data DDH Development Data Hub Services DEVOTES Development Of innovative Tools for LSMS Living Standards Measurement Study understanding marine biodiversity and M&E Monitoring & Evaluation assessing good Environmental Status MarLIN Marine Life Information Network DGA Data Gap Analysis MPA Marine Protected Area ECR Enabling Conditions Review MSP Marine Spatial Planning EEZ Exclusive Economic Zones MTC Making the Case EMODnet European Marine Observation and NASA National Aeronautics and Space Data Network Administration EO4SD Earth Observation for Sustainable ODEMM Options for Delivering Ecosystem- Development Based Marine Management EU European Union P Planning EWE Ecopath with Ecosim SEEA System of Environmental-Economic GEO Group on Earth Observations Accounting GOAP Global Ocean Accounts Partnership TTL Technical Team Leaders GOST Geospatial Operations Support Team UN United Nations I Implementation UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management and Cultural Organization IIED International Institute for Environment USGS U.S. Geological Survey and Development VRE Virtual Research Environment IOC Intergovernmental Oceanographic WAVES Wealth Accounting and the Valuation Commission of Ecosystem Services MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 7 1 Introduction This chapter outline the importance of data and tools in Marine Spatial Planning (MSP), examines different aspects data and tools, general challenges and identifies how project managers, planners and implementers can support and add value to MSP projects. Importance of data and tools in MSP Data forms the backbone of any decision-making and planning process. Therefore, the type and quality of data you use in the process will directly impact the results of planning and implementation (Lodge et al., 2014; Albotoush et al., 2021). In some MSP resource material, data is also called ‘evidence,’ with the difference being that data intrinsically has no meaning for planning, but ‘evidence’ is for something relating to the planning process. Data or evidence can take many forms, including “environmental, social or economic assessments, scientific advice, analysis of planning and management measures, marine monitoring or the use of geographic information systems and the data that underpins them”1.  1 Gov.uk (2018). Evidence and the Marine Management Organisation (MMO). Accessed Nov 2021. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 8 MSP data (in particular geospatial data) tends to play a role in 3 specific ways (European Commission, 2017): 1. Provides an overview of spatial distribution of human activities, marine ecosystems, and hotspots (e.g., species distribution maps, shipping density, wind areas, Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), etc.); 2. Identifies conflicts and shared space opportunities (e.g., user conflicts between fishers and shipping areas); 3. Allows spatial exploration of future economic and climate scenarios (e.g., different predictions under climate change scenarios). Alongside the importance of available, usable, and good quality data for MSP, there is a need for planning and support tools to utilize the data fully. Tools are used for (i) spatial evaluation tools for assessment, impact and conflict analysis; (ii) guidance on how to factor ecosystem services into plans; (iii) analysis of the spatial dimension of future trends and related future scenario planning (European Commission, 2017).  Several tools exist but tend to be industry-specific and are therefore unable to integrate across sectors or are model-based, making it hard for stakeholder engagement and decision-support for non-technical persons (Steenbeek et. al., 2020). The 2016 review of European Union (EU) MSP activities noted that initial assessment tools were either (i) not used as they did not fit the purpose of ‘real’ MSP planners or (ii) MSP planners did not know about them or (iii) their potential scope was not known. The review also found that tools were utilized more in the project context and less in the consultation process (European Commission, 2017).  MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 9 1 2 2 4 3 Methodology The approach for this chapter was to perform a literature review on available research found using the keyword “marine spatial planning” and dating from 2001 to 2021. Additional searches were explicitly done for “data” and “tools” in MSP-related publications. The review was not limited to academic journals but also information and lessons learned from any available multilateral development banks, international development agencies, governments, global non-profits, research institutes, universities, and companies that may have conducted MSP-related activities. In addition, consultations were held with other authors of other Chapters of this work, e.g., MSP Economic Advisory Note, and WB personnel, e.g., Development Data Hub (DDH). Note that ‘tool’ is a broad term and can refer to anything from a guidance document describing an approach to a highly technical model. This chapter focuses on ‘tools’ as any instrument that assists processes and can include information or guidance documents, data or mapping portals, or models. Analysis of data needs and gaps and tool usability is based on secondary sources and can be considered a limitation. First- hand experience of tools would reveal a much more in-depth assessment and comparison of available tools; however, this was beyond the scope of this work. As such, the information provided in the sections below is to be used as guidance for Technical Team Leaders (TTLs) and other users as a stepping stone toward further exploration dependent on the specific features of the marine spatial plan context in question. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 10 3 MSP Data The data needs of a marine spatial plan are varied and depend on the unique characteristics of (i) geographical area (including transboundary factors), (ii) economic sectoral priorities, (iii) current stage of the MSP process (See Figure 1) (iv), the time frame of activities (including monitoring and evaluation), (v) participation level of stakeholders, (vi) types of available knowledge, (vii) need for justification of decisions (for example if needed at the court level) and (viii) level of integration pursued by the plan (McGowan et al., 2020; Said and Trouillet, 2020; Shabtay et al., 2020). MSP decisions need to be guided by good quality baseline data, especially for situations where displacement occurs. This baseline data should include information on current and future activities and externalities. Generally speaking, there are a few key datasets considered essential for a basic MSP: 1. Administrative and political boundaries (e.g., Exclusive Economic Zones, EEZs) 2. Policy boundaries (e.g., MPAs) 3. Biological presence (e.g., location of coral reefs) 4. List of activities and users, preferably georeferenced (e.g., location of shipping channels)  Data needs for MSP can also depend on the stage in the MSP process (Figure 1).  MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 11 Making the Case: Data needs at this stage should focus on the Blue Economy and ecosystem services to emphasize the need for sustainable management of activities. Baseline data demonstrating (i) the presence and status of ecological areas (e.g., mangroves and their MTC current condition); (ii) social areas (e.g., communities and their level of dependence on ecosystem services); and (iii) economic activities (e.g., offshore wind energy) are essential to help identify the complexity (and therefore need for management) of the marine area. Ecosystem service valuations and non-spatial data are needed to identify marine spatial plan objectives and design. The MSP Economic Advisory Note, produced alongside this Chapter, provides a thorough analysis, particularly for using an economic lens to strengthen the case for MSP.  Enabling Conditions Review: Information on sectorial policies, national policies, national development objectives, and existing frameworks are needed to conduct a regulatory and institutional review. Information on the availability and access to funding for planning and ECR implementation will also drive the design process. This information is likely to be non-spatial information during this stage. Planning: This stage is where the bulk of the traditionally thought of data will play an important role, especially in determining the quality of model and tool outputs. Data needs will heavily depend on the sectors at play and geographical factors. Spatial information will P be important as an input for models, such as those to analyze conflicts and synergies, impact assessments, user-environment interactions, etc. Many of these will also require future use and management data, including the impacts of climate change, industrial trends, etc.  Implementation: Data needs here are for monitoring the area of interest and the plan’s effectiveness. Adjustments to the marine spatial plan will be made based on monitoring and evaluation data.  I MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 12 Figure 1: Data needs and examples for each stage of the MSP process Marine Spatial Planning Process Adjustments MAKING THE CASE ENABLING CONDITIONS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW Data emphasizing Blue Data reflecting institutional Geospatial data to help M&E data to guide Economy, ecosystem arrangements, national identify zones of potential adjustments and future services and the need policies, funding sources, conflict, exploitation decisions, as well as provide for management of the etc. that support (or don’t) and priority areas feedback to stakeholders marine area MSP in the area for preservation EXAMPLES EXAMPLES EXAMPLES EXAMPLES Valuation studies Transboundary agreements Location of coral reefs Grievance logs Ecosystem services Shipping channels mapping There are several considerations when using data for marine spatial plans: Availability of data depends largely on the economic priorities of the area, with more prominent activities having more available data. Not all datasets will be available to fulfill the needs of a marine spatial plan and will therefore rely on the best available data at the time. MSP is complex, requiring data from marine, terrestrial, and climate zones, with the added complication of oceans also existing vertically with data at different depths. Data is often unavailable due to gaps which are addressed in a further section (European Commission, 2017). Data compatibility is often a big challenge, more than the availability of data itself. Data collection is often done in sectoral silos and unable to cross over for use in other sectors or industries, leading to incompatibility and incomparability. The data is then unusable and MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 13 cannot contribute to the MSP process. The ability to reuse data is an important characteristic project manager needs to consider to save time and accelerate planning and scientific discovery (Flynn et al., 2020; Said and Trouillet, 2020; Tulloch et al., 2020). Transnational data is a common occurrence in the marine sector, as oceanic data has the possibility of crossing jurisdictional boundaries. This can make data collection and collective cooperation among a wide variety of parties more difficult. Transnational data challenges can include, for example, different data protocols and formats, different languages, and the lack of cooperation among the wide variety of parties – from high-level political to regional and local groups (European Commission, 2017; Tulloch et al., 2020; Albotoush et al., 2021). Data collection is as varied as the types of data. It is important to identify (i) purpose of data collection (e.g. stocktaking, mapping routes); (ii) who collected the data (e.g. governmental scientist, citizen scientist); (iii) types of data (e.g. spatial, non-spatial); and (iv) methodology (e.g. conventional scientific vs traditional local knowledge). All these factors can affect the usability of data for purposes other than what it was originally collected for (Said and Trouillet, 2020).  Data management is often unstructured and inefficient for potential users and available only over unconnected databases or repositories managed by a wide variety of types of entities (e.g., government vs. scientific). Data collection is expensive and tends to take most of the budget, with little dedicated to management post-collection (García et al., 2020; Maragno et al., 2020; Tulloch et al., 2020). Data quality for MSP needs to be of a standard, acceptable quality, including clearly described metadata, the ability for use in web-based platforms, and at a scale or resolution suitable for the marine spatial plan in question. The quality of data will also affect its’ ability to be analyzed and distilled into shareable knowledge. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 14 MSP Data Categories Four broad categories of MSP data can be identified and used throughout this chapter (See Figure 1). The level of inclusion for each of these data categories varies across marine spatial plans (European Commission, 2017): Administrative boundaries: Physical / Chemical / present in most marine spatial plans Biological features and processes: present in most marine spatial plans Activities and Uses relating to the relevant Socio-Economic: human sectors: varies the most on whether or not it was included tend to be present to some degree of detail in and to what extent. Trade-offs and economic every plan, but vary on the diversity of data and valuation studies are very important here but may the weight given to each sector, as well as whether require a variety of methodologies that are specific or not activities include land-sea activities or to the context. exclusively sea activities. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 15 The below section outlines potential data needs, as identified in the literature review and consultations. It does not represent a comprehensive list and should be used as a guideline that would be modified to the local context, and based upon the specific activities and uses identified in the area of interest. This list is of use to project managers and TTLs to help identify necessary stakeholders to engage with, outline data needs, and demonstrate to clients the complexity and importance of interrelationships between users of marine space. Planners and implementers can utilize this list as a ‘wishlist’ for data needs, to identify important data gaps that need to be addressed in future data collection work, and to identify key data that should be monitored during the implementation of a marine spatial plan. The data categories below (Figure 3) are organized in a three-tiered system, with more specific examples provided for each category. The potential depth or variety of data beyond this is extensive and beyond the needs of this product. For example, the below Figure 2 shows the hierarchy of Storm Activity, which can potentially be further broken down temporally (e.g., historical vs. future scenarios (European Commission, 2017), by intensity (e.g., tropical storm vs. hurricanes), or other factors. Figure 2: Example of three-tiered data categorization used in this Chapter TIER 1 TIER 2 TIER 3 Physical / Hazards Storm Chemical / and Activity Biological Disasters MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 16 Figure 3: Categories and examples of data needs for Marine Spatial Planning and Blue Economy Administrative Cultural Economic National, Territorial, Cultural and artistic Land and building EEZ, ... design, ... values, ... Policy Social Priority areas, Conflict Resolution, Globally recognized Demographic, areas, MPAs, ... Well-being, ... Climate Sea Level Rise, Marine Spatial Shoreline erosion, Storm activity, ... Planning POTENTIAL DATA NEEDS Coastal Defense Biological Coastal Engineering, Nature Based Habitat, Fisheries, Solutions, ... Seabirds, ... Underwater Physical Cultural Bathymetry, Salinity, Heritage pH, ... World Heritage sites, Monuments, Wrecks, Pressures & ... Impacts Dredging, Extraction, Fisheries Maritime Renewable Pollution, ... Transport Energy Aquaculture, Fishing Effort, ... Anchorages, Ferry, ... Location, Depth, ... Tourism & Scientific Submarine Recreation Research Cables & Pipeline Routes Marinas, Tourism Research Areas, Areas, Blue Flag Monitoring Stations, Telecommunication, Awards, ... ... Pipelines, ... Raw Material Extraction Ports Military Installations & Infrastructure Sand, Biotechnology, Locations, Depth, Bases, Training Areas, ... Bunkering, ... .... Buoys, Bridges, ... MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 17 The below Table 1 highlights a list of potential data needs, and is meant to be used as a guideline and not a comprehensive checklist. Actual needs and availability will vary depending on the situation and context. The table also highlights which data could be useful for the different stages of the MSP process. Table 1: Potential data needs for an MSP, including usefulness in each of the MSP process steps Useful for MSP Stage Enabling Conditions Implementation (I) Making the Case Review (ECR) Planning (P) (MTC) Boundaries Administrative National Administrative Regional Administrative Local Administrative Territorial Administrative EEZ Marine Management MPAs, reservations, no build, Policy Areas development, priority areas Areas of high biodiversity value, World Heritage, Ecologically or Biologically Globally Recognised Policy Significant Areas, Important Marine Area Mammal Area, Particularly Sensitive Sea Area, Ramsar Site, UNESCO Biosphere Intercoastal Zone Policy Management Areas International and Policy Agreements, policies, regulations National legislation MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 18 Physical / Chemical / Biological MTC ECR P I Seabed relief and Physical Characteristics bathymetry Physical Characteristics Hydrodynamics Oceanic currents Physical Characteristics Wind and wave action Wave height Land and Sea Surface Temperature, Physical Characteristics Temperature Urban Heat Islands Physical Characteristics Turbidity Sedimentation Water transparency / Physical Characteristics Light Physical Characteristics Salinity Water masses and Physical Characteristics residence time Nutrients and Physical Characteristics dissolved oxygen pH, pCO2, sea Physical Characteristics acidification Physical Characteristics Tidal flow Water courses / Physical Characteristics Dams, reservoirs, lakes watersheds Physical Characteristics Land cover Terrain Physical Characteristics Shoreline change Climate Change Sea Level Rise Climate Change Ocean acidification Sea Surface Climate Change Temperature changes Waves and tidal Climate Change changes Historical hurricane paths, future Hazards & Disasters Storm activity predictions, storm surge Vulnerability Hazards & Disasters assessments Hazards & Disasters Flooding Urban flooding MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 19 Physical / Chemical / Biological MTC ECR P I Biological Seabed Substrate type Characteristics Estuaries, tidal flats, marshes, dunes, Biological Habitat presence kelp beds, coral reef, mangrove, Characteristics seagrass, nature-based solutions Biological Habitat status Health assessments Characteristics Biological Water column Characteristics Biological Angiosperms, macro- Characteristics algae Stock / population, spawning and Biological Fisheries areas nursery areas, fecundity, migration Characteristics routes Biological Marine mammal Migration routes, breeding areas Characteristics activity Biological Migration routes, wintering grounds, Sea birds Characteristics nesting areas Invasive species tracking, species Biological Species distribution listed under community legislation or Characteristics international conventions Ecosystem service Biological valuation and Characteristics assessments Pressures and Impacts Fisheries Impact on ecosystems Physical destruction, dumping of Pressures and Impacts Dredging activities dredged material, chemical effects Physical destruction, selected extraction Pressures and Impacts Extraction activities of species and by-catch Eutrophication and Pressures and Impacts algae blooms Pressures and Impacts Underwater noise Introduction of Pressures and Impacts synthetics and heavy metals Ship ballast discharge, marine litter Pressures and Impacts Pollution (plastics, solid waste), urban run-off MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 20 Physical / Chemical / Biological MTC ECR P I Introduction from Radionuclides, microbial pathogens, Pressures and Impacts anthropogenic non-indigenous species sources Land use (urban Pressures and Impacts expansion) Invasive species Pressures and Impacts Sargassum, Lionfish distribution Mapping pollution, agricultural Waste management Pressures and Impacts discharge, plastics and solid waste, mapping ghost fishing gear Activities and Uses MTC ECR P I Designated aquaculture areas (offshore Fisheries Aquaculture and inshore) Important fishery areas by species, Fisheries Fishing areas fishery management areas, landing/ processing sites, harbours, Number of vessels, capacity, fishing type (industrial/artisanal, species specific, Fisheries Fishing effort vessel movements (vessel monitoring system and automated identification system data), fish aggregating devices, Indigenous fishing grounds, villages and Fisheries Cultural routes, important to community Type of renewable energy (e.g. solar, Location wind, wave, etc.), proposed sites, total Renewable Energies surface area covered, water depth, shortest distance to the coast Number of turbines/other plants, cable Renewable Energies Infrastructure landing points Power stations, fuel storage, nuclear Installations & Energy stations, electricity cables, buoys and Infrastructure pods (with link to Energy Production) Installations & Transportation Tunnels, bridges, masts, platforms Infrastructure Installations & Benthic structures Infrastructure Installations & Urban (Coastal) Infrastructure infrastructure MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 21 Activities and Uses MTC ECR P I International Maritime Organization routes, local ferry lines, fairways, Maritime Transport Routes and shipping roadsteads, anchorages, dumping areas, Routes & Traffic Flows areas capital and maintenance dredging areas, restricted areas Maritime Transport Global Shipping Traffic Vessel-type, Automatic Identification Routes & Traffic Flows Density Systems Total surface area covered, water depth, Ports Locations accessibility (slipways, berthing spots), bunkering Direct and indirect employment, percentage of goods handled, Ports Socio-economic percentage of turnover, total container transfer Military training areas, radar areas / Military Locations observation areas, munition disposal sites, military bases Active extraction sites Sand and gravel, natural gas, oil, carbon, Raw Material Extraction fracking, deep sea Sand and gravel, natural gas, oil, carbon, Raw Material Extraction Storage fracking Raw Material Extraction Blue biotechnology Research areas, measuring and Scientific Research Locations monitoring stations or networks Telecommunication / data cables Submarine Cables & Infrastructure (in and not in use), high voltage cables, Pipeline Routes pipelines, underwater data centres Boating, nautical tourism, fisheries Tourism & Recreation Zones tourism, kiting, whale watching, eco-tourism Marinas, hotels, floating platforms, Tourism & Recreation Sites seascapes Tourism & Recreation Distribution of tourists Tourism density, Internationally Tourism & Recreation Blue Flag awards recognized sites MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 22 Activities and Uses MTC ECR P I Underwater Cultural Internationally World Heritage sites, historically Heritage recognized sites important sites Underwater Cultural Sites Wrecks, ruins, monuments Heritage Coastal Defense Zones Areas used for dredging Coastal protection schemes, artificial coastlines, flood defence schemes, Coastal Defense Coastal engineering nature-based solutions, managed realignment schemes Direct and indirect employment by sector, current and future consumption, Cross-cutting Socio-economic gross added value, economic importance Socio-Economic and Cultural MTC ECR P I Grievance logs, recorded types of Social Conflict resolution conflicts Populations and Social Gender, age, nationality, education Demographics Land ownership and cadastral, employment type, livelihood type, job Social Economic standing generation, insurance and financial access Social Well-being Food security, vulnerability Social Vulnerable groups Gender, indigenous people, elderly Assets (wrecks, ruins, etc), cultural and Culture Important sites recreational activities, important artistic designs Current land, building, non-market Economic Valuations values Economic Analyses Cost-benefit analyses, impact evaluation Economic Ocean accounting MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 23 Data Gaps Data gaps can exist on many levels but fundamentally are either due to (i) inexistence or (ii) inability to use existing data. That is, the data could be completely missing from any database, never having been collected before, or they could exist, but an essential element is missing (e.g., scale, language, geospatial representation, etc.) that renders it useless for analysis, interpretation or integration with other datasets. Generally speaking, boundary data is in existence but may suffer ‘gaps’ or the inability to be used due to a lack of data harmonization. The data categories ‘Physical / Chemical / Biological’ and ‘Activities & Uses’ are generally well represented, but gaps lie in the level of detail and impacts. The biggest gaps identified are in Socio-Economic, Cultural and Governance data types. In many older MSP projects, they are not represented at all, and in newer ones represented only to a limited extent (European Commission, 2017). Some cited reasons for this gap include (i) the difficulty of representing this data spatially, (ii) the lack of defined methodology in collecting multiple forms of data for MSP; and (iii) compartmentalization of existing data, making the data not useful for marine components only (Said and Trouillet, 2020). Strategic data is less common than descriptive data, especially as it relates to future uses and activities and their associated impact (García et al., 2020; McGowan et al., 2020). Gaps can also be categorized by the MSP process (Figure 4). MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 24 Figure 4: Data gaps based on the MSP process Marine Spatial Planning Process Adjustments MAKING THE CASE ENABLING CONDITIONS PLANNING IMPLEMENTATION REVIEW Wide range of Governance and policy in a Harmonization of data Gender-specific data on methodologies, especially spatial format across boundaries activities for economic valuation studies, can make them Identification of M&E incomparable indicators SPECIFIC DATA ON: SPECIFIC DATA ON: Ecosystem service Cumulative impacts on mapping ecosystems Socio-cultural value of Deep ocean ecosystems activities mapping Land-sea interactions Geographically speaking, developing countries tend to lack available information across all categories and sectors. The global south has been identified as an area that lacks MSP progress, which is also reflected in the amount of MSP tools specific to the north or globally, rather than to the south. Some of the data is available at a broader scale (global or regional) rather than the needed local scale. A Data Gap Analysis (DGA) specific to the MSP context should be performed by TTLs, managers, and planners as part of the MSP process and performed periodically during MSP implementation. A DGA is meant to identify actions to transition from current and ideal states of data availability. The ideal state can be defined by stakeholders and secondary literature. One such method for a DGA is outlined by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility’s ‘Best Practice Guide for Data Gap Analysis for Biodiversity Stakeholders’ (Ariño et al., 2016). Table 1 above provides a good foundation to help identify data gaps by category. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 25 4 MSP Tools Although there are several relevant tools in existence, their use in MSP is not as prevalent. This chapter focuses on ‘tools’ as any instrument that provides assistance and can include information or guidance documents, data or mapping portals, or models. Some examples of types of tools used in MSP projects include (European Commission, 2017): Applied modeling tools to support management: Decision support software for conservation A combination of a hydrodynamic model (SHYFEM) planning: and a 3D sediment transport model (SEDTRANS05) Marxan was used in the Belize National Protected were used in the EcoDump project (2011-2014) to Area System Assessment and Analysis (2005) to help determine offshore dumping sites in the SE assist as a planning tool for future protected areas. Baltic Region. Highly technical modeling tools are not described below in detail. Conflict resolution: Cumulative impact: The Maritime Use Conflicts Analysis score Symphony was a model-based tool developed for tool developed within the Adriplan project (2013- Sweden to support their implementation of the 2015) allows for the quantification of overlapping ecosystem-based marine spatial plan, specifically uses, calculating the direct spatial conflict score examining the effects of cumulative impacts and (in the current and future scenarios) based on the incorporating climate change. COEXIST project methodology (see Tools4MSP in the table below). Future scenario planning: Improving data harmonization and integration: The study Options for Coastal Information The project Bringing Together Land and Sea Systems conducted an impact assessment for (BLAST, 2009-2012) focussed on improving merging future EU Integrated Coastal Zone Management information across the coastal margin in the North (ICZM) with a focus on social, economic, and Sea region, which resulted in a series of datasets, environmental consequences. tools, and applications. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 26 Providing intelligible visualizations to facilitate stakeholder engagement: The Marine Spatial Challenge has used its products – Simulation Platform, Board Game, and 3D Oceans view to support the implementation of the Scottish National Marine Plan and participation in the development of Regional Marine Plans.  In a 2016 review of EU MSP projects, it was found that the majority of tools or infrastructures used were either Data Portals, GIS Mapping Tools, or Information Services, and mainly addressed the theme of describing the environment, followed by interactions in the marine environment. Software and Application Tools The below section presents an overview of several tools that have been used in MSP-related projects but should not be considered a comprehensive list. Information provided on tools, including advantages and disadvantages where given, is based on secondary sources. Each tool overview follows the below structure: 1 1 3 Cost (one-time payment Artificial Intelligence for / monthly subscription / Brief description open access) Environment & Sustainability (ARIES) ARIES: is a modeller which builds all the agents involved in the nature/ society interaction, connects them into a flow network, and creates the best possible models for each agent and connection. The result is a detailed, adaptive, and dynamic assessment of how nature provides benefits to people. 2 MSP Process the tool 3 MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT would be useful for providing support 2 MTC, P Open-access Downloadable 4 4 Format (online platform / software downloadable software / downloadable form) CASE STUDY: 5 5 Using ARIES and other tools to model ecosystem services from ridge to reef in Hawai’i Case Study examples where possible MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 27 Developed through the Corals Artificial Intelligence for & Climate Adaptation Planning Environment & Sustainability (ARIES) Adaptation project, to help coral reef managers ARIES: is a modeller which builds all the Design Tool: incorporate climate-smart design agents involved in the nature/ into their programs and projects society interaction, connects them Corals and at any stage of planning and into a flow network, and creates Climate implementation. The Tool can be the best possible models for each Adaptation used to incorporate climate change agent and connection. The result is adaptation into management plans a detailed, adaptive, and dynamic Planning: using existing planned actions as assessment of how nature provides a starting point, and also to guide benefits to people. The ARIES for development of additional climate- SEEA Explorer is the first AI tool for smart strategies as needed. It rapid natural capital accounting (see includes worksheets, instructions, below in Online GIS Mapping Tools). and examples as well as information on expanded considerations, MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT resources and lessons learned to support managers in using the tool. Making the Case, Open-access Downloadable Planning software MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT CASE STUDY: Using ARIES and other tools to model ecosystem services from Planning Open-access Downloadable file ridge to reef in Hawai’i The Capturing Coral Reef & Related This manual and set of associated Ecosystem Services (CCRES) project worksheets describes an Capturing Coral (2014-2018) developed 16 technical Changing approach for developing climate Reef & Related tools and knowledge products to Tides: Climate adaptation measures in coastal assist managers, policy-makers and and marine protected areas. It Ecosystem Adaptation planners improve the management walks users through identifying Services of coastal ecosystems. These Methodology for ecological, ecosystem service, (CCRES) project include the MPA and Fisheries Protected Areas and socio-economic targets; Simulator, Rebuilding reef collating information on baseline tools fisheries with MPAs toolbox, MPA conditions; assessing vulnerability placement optimization tool, MPA of the protected area; developing size optimization tool, Fish SPACE, scenarios of likely changes as a Reef React, Coastal Protection, result of threats; and validating SESAMME, System Simulation Tool, vulnerability assessment results with SYSTORY, and FishCollab. stakeholders. The end result is the identification of potential impacts MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT and prioritization of possible adaptation actions to address these Planning, Open-access Downloadable impacts. Implementation software and web- based tools MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT CASE STUDY: Planning, Open-access Downloadable file Two pilot projects, one in the Philippines and the other in Implementation Indonesia. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 28 This kit, created through EcoAdapt, is an iterative decision support was created to make climate process, developed through the Climate adaptation planning a simple, direct, Coastal Climate CoastAdapt, to support climate Adaptation and feasible process for marine Adaptation change adaptation planning and protected area managers. It contains implementation on the Australian Toolkit for Decision tools that help protected area coast, but many aspects are Marine and managers evaluate the vulnerability Support applicable globally. It includes Coastal of their sites to climate change, guidance, tools, case studies, identify appropriate adaptation templates and other resources. It Protected Areas strategies and learn about those supports building organizational strategies through case studies, buy-in, communicating and reports and other resources. engaging effectively with stakeholders, and understanding MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT financing options. The tool is designed to reach a variety of Planning, Open-access Downloadable audiences at different levels. Implementation software MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Planning, Open-access Downloadable file Implementation supports the operationalization The DEVelopment Of innovative of the recommendations Tools for understanding marine Decision produced within the Interreg DEVOTES biodiversity and assessing good Support Tool for MED PHAROS4MPAs project, Environmental Status (DEVOTES) translating the knowledge from project (2012-2016) aimed to support Blue Economy the capitalization baselines reports the implementation of the MSFD in Marine into a fully user-friendly online tool. in European waters. The project Protected Areas The tool is specifically intended included development of the for MPA managers and planners, DEVOTool catalogue of biodiversity public authorities and economic indicators, and the Nested operators, to help them to easily find Environmental Assessment Tool the recommendations and other (NEAT), along with a smartphone information (e.g. best practices or app and two other catalogues. case studies) that are more useful for their specific needs. MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Planning, Open-access Downloadable Implementation software Planning, Open-access Downloadable CASE STUDY: Implementation software Developed through the DEVOTES project, aimed at improving CASE STUDY: understanding of human activities impacts (cumulative, The PHAROS4MPAs project explores how Mediterranean synergistic, antagonistic) and variations due to climate MPAs are affected by maritime activities and provides a set of change on marine biodiversity, using long-term series (pelagic practical recommendations on how the environmental impacts and benthic). can be prevented or minimized. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 29 an analysis tool designed to simplify an easy-to use open source software earth observation and remote tool for mapping human impacts on Earth Blox sensing; includes Earth Blox for EcoImpact marine ecosystems. It is based on Education project. Mapper the additive human impact model suggested by Halpern et al. (2008). MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Planning, Online, Implementation cloud-based Planning, Open-access Downloadable Implementation software CASE STUDY: Advancing marine cumulative effects mapping: An update in Canada’s Pacific waters (Murray et al., 2015) a modelling software suite comprised of Ecopath – a static, Tool Review Ecopath with Ecopath with mass-balanced snapshot of the system; Ecosim – a time dynamic No. 1 Ecosim (EWE) Ecosim (EwE) simulation module for policy exploration; and Ecospace – a Advantages: spatial and temporal dynamic module primarily designed for Open-access, downloadable file; widely used with good exploring impact and placement of user support; constant improvements (e.g. the addition protected areas; increasingly used to of a dynamic geospatial data exchange framework has assess the effects of environmental opened up Ecospace to increased realism); important change on marine ecosystems for characteristics (e.g. geographic boundaries) can be policy advice. incorporated into the simulation platform solely through data input without requiring software changes, thereby MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT making it possible to develop new regional editions within an acceptable time frame and budget. Making the Open-access Downloadable Case, Planning, software Implementation Disadvantages: CASE STUDY: Constraints associated with fast model runs; simplified An Ecopath with Ecosim Analysis on Offshore Platform definitions / categories / systems (e.g. lack of variety Influences on Gulf of Mexico Red Snapper (Gomez, 2020) of artificial substrate types); use of simple linear response functions rather than evidence-based elaborate response curves was a simplification born out of a lack of data for all species included in functional group aggregations. Case Study Details on next page MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 30 Case Study Details: Offshore oil and gas platforms platform changes and modeling the resulting in minor changes in have had a significant presence perturbation from 2005 to 2050. biomass for all three scenarios of in the Gulf of Mexico since the The simulation was accomplished offshore platform change. The most 1950s. An important secondary using the ecological model EWE notable differences were in the function of these structures is where Ecosim executes the time types of vulnerability estimations that they provide artificial habitat dynamic portion of the model and used which dictates the interaction to fisheries, most notably Red Ecopath provides the initial mass between organisms in the model. snapper. Policy changes intended balanced information for all species Based on these parameters offshore to reduce the risk associated with in the system. Fecundity estimates platforms were not seen to be a aging infrastructure have reduced were used on a per platform basis major contributor to Red snapper the number of standing platforms and imposed on the egg production populations in any scenario or from 4044 to 1867 from 2001 to parameter of the Ecosim model to estimation method (Abstract, 2018. The effect this loss of habitat complete the scenarios. Results Gomez, V. (2020). has on Red snapper was tested showed Red snapper fecundity by creating three scenarios of on platforms to be relatively low (Source: Christensen and Walters, 2004) offers a series of services – is a simulation software used for Support for MPA management, decision-making in a number EO4SD Marine Coastal habitat mapping, Coastal ExtendSIM of fields, including engineering, and Coastal bathymetry mapping, Shoreline environmental management, and mapping and change detection, public policy, allows for better Resources Benthic habitat mapping, Coastal understanding of how natural Portfolio land use change, Water quality systems react to changing conditions, including anthropogenic MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT impacts. Planning Unknown Advisory Service MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Planning, Licenses must Downloadable Implementation be purchases; software additional packages available CASE STUDY: The SPICOSA simulation effort represents the first comprehensive quantification of the marine ecosystem linked to relevant socio-economical components. The multidisciplinary modeling of Mar Piccolo utilized the ExtendSIM simulation software (Caroppo et. al., 2011). MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 31 presents a global, zoomable time- developed through the project lapse video of the planet from 1984 Engaging Communities to Conserve Google Earth 3D to 2020, based on U.S. Geological Guide for Marine Biodiversity through the Timelapse Tool Survey (USGS) Landsat satellite data Planners and North American Marine Protected and imagery. Imagery is for land Areas Network, this guide uses Managers use, above surface only and not scientific information gathered able to accurately show changes in to Design on the impact of climate change underwater. Resilient Marine on MPA networks to improve the design and management process Protected Area MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT for healthier, more resilient oceans. Networks in It provides steps for meeting four Making the Case, Open-access Online Google climate change goals. a Changing Planning Earth Extension Climate MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Planning Open-access Downloadable File a collaborative initiative aimed at the World Bank’s flagship household supporting the implementation of survey program focused on iMarine the Ecosystem Approach to fisheries Living strengthening household survey management and the conservation Standards systems in client countries and on of living marine resources. It improving the quality of microdata Measurement provides an e-infrastructure that to better inform development facilitates open access and the Study (LSMS) policies. The overarching goal of the sharing of a multitude of data, LSMS is to foster the development collaborative analysis, processing and facilitate the adoption of and mining processing, as well as new methods and standards in the publication and dissemination household data collection for of newly generated knowledge. It evidence-based policymaking. The offers four ‘bundles’ of applications, LSMS data are publicly available each with 2-6 related applications; and open access through the World and have developed over 15 Virtual Bank Microdata Catalogue. Research Environment (VREs) that combine several of the applications. MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Making the Case, Open-access Downloadable Planning guides Planning, Open-access, Downloadable Implementation requires software registration CASE STUDY: The Vessel Activities Analyzer (VRE) allows users to manage vessel trajectories, alongside additional information such as bathymetry, fishing areas, etc. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 32 a widely used conservation planning tool supporting the design of marine Tool Review Marxan and terrestrial reserves worldwide. Used for design of new systems, No. 2 Marxan reporting on the performance of existing systems, developing multi- Advantages: use zoning plans for natural resource management. Explicit target setting, integrate costs (limited), fairly unique analysis, simulated annealing concept MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT / optimizing algorithm, transparency, systematic methodology, ability to explore scenarios, insights into Making the Open-access Downloadable trade-offs, multiple options (for complexity), no data Case, Planning, software assumptions, handles many data layers, transparency Implementation for planners and stakeholders, easy to work with and (Adjustments) free CASE STUDY: Marxan was applied as a support tool to identify suitable sites Disadvantages: for offshore wind power in the pilot area Pomeranian Bight / Arkona Basin in the western Baltic Sea (Göke et. al., 2018). Connectivity challenging to integrate, cost function not helpful, not all MSP questions can be solved by optimizing, high level of expertise necessary, strict data requirements, calibration is demanding, scale of different input data and study area, difficult parameterization, approximation / assumptions, no option to have biological and hydrodynamic processes, climate change etc. directly included, impacts not predefined, misleading interpretation if not performed properly, communication with stakeholders, difficult to explain, overly complex, lacks user-friendly interface, resource demanding Case Study Details: The development of offshore targets. However, specific tools Basin in the western Baltic Sea. The wind energy and other competing supporting spatial decisions at sea software was successfully tested interests in sea space are a major incorporating all relevant sectors and scenarios were developed incentive for designating marine are rarely adopted. The decision that support the sites indicated in and coastal areas for specific support tool Marxan is traditionally existing national plans, but also show human activities. Maritime Spatial used for systematic selection and options for alternative developments Planning (MSP) considers human designation of nature protection of offshore wind power in the activities at sea in a more integrated and conservation areas. In this study, Pomeranian Bight / Arkona Basin way by analysing and designating Marxan was applied as a support area (Abstract, Göke et. al., 2018) spatial and temporal distributions tool to identify suitable sites for of human activities based on offshore wind power in the pilot (Source: Janßen et. al., 2019) ecological, economic and social area Pomeranian Bight / Arkona MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 33 five standard protocols: developed through the Interreg MED Program, aims to improve the well-being of Monitoring these protocols provide guidance Natural Capital people and our planet by motivating climate-related for tracking climate-related impacts Project targeted investments in nature. in Mediterranean MPAs and beyond. responses in It includes an e-learning unit, video MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Mediterranean tutorials, presentations, standard Marine protocols, and files for data inputs. Making the Open-access Downloadable Case, Planning, software Protected Implementation Areas and CASE STUDY: beyond Modeling benefits from nature: using ecosystem services to inform coastal and marine spatial planning (Guerry et al., 2012). MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Planning, Open-access Downloadable file Implementation Integrated Valuation of Restoration Opportunities Offset Portfolio Analyzer and Ecosystem Services and Optimization Tool (ROOT) Locator (OPAL) Tradeoffs (InVEST) a tool to perform optimization a tool for quantifying the impacts a suite of free, open-source and tradeoff analysis. It uses of development and the value of software models used to map information about potential potential protection or restoration and value the goods and services impact of restoration or activities to biodiversity and from nature that sustain and management change activities ecosystem services. fulfil human life. InVEST enables together with spatial prioritization decision makers to assess or serviceshed maps to identify quantified trade-offs associated key areas for ecosystem with alternative management service provision. Mapping Ecosystem Services to choices and to identify areas where investment in natural Human well-being (MESH) capital can enhance human development and conservation. an integrative modelling platform This tool is well suited for coastal that calculates and maps and marine spatial planning. ecosystem service supply under different landscape management scenarios. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 34 was created to help MPA managers based on the European Commission evaluate the implications of climate 7th framework funded project North American change for the habitats of their ODEMM Options for Delivering Ecosystem- Marine sites. This tool includes a user guide, Based Marine Management worksheets and sample worksheets. (ODEMM), which generated and Protected They can help MPA managers provided resources and knowledge Area Rapid conduct a rapid vulnerability that were tested in European Vulnerability assessment and adaptation strategy regional seas but are adaptable to development process. any marine managed area. The tools Assessment are still accessible upon request, Tool though are not actively updated. MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Planning, Open-access Downloadable file Making the Case, Open-access Downloadable file Implementation Planning Linkage Framework Pressure Assessment Ecological Risk Assessment tool to understand the pathways tool to assess and rank the threat uses an exposure-effect analysis through which sector-activities associated with any particular of the pressure assessment’s affect ecological components. sector/pressure combination categorical scoring of the The Linkage Framework can on any ecological component. interactions between human help with decision support and This tool follows on from the activities, pressures and visualisation of the system. Linkage Framework outputs components of the ecosystem, by helping to determine which to assess the risk to ecosystems. sectors and activities to prioritise for management. Nested Governance Structures Integrated Management outline structure can be used as a Strategy Evaluation (iMSE) tool to explore who are the relevant Cost Benefit Analyses bodies at each level of governance, decision-support tool and and how do they connect to each decision-making tool that can comprehensive framework that other, for any specific issue. inform policy-making. ODEMM aims to provide guidance for the has developed key resources identification and selection of to facilitate CBA including consistently defined management typologies of costs and benefits, options and allows an evaluation and methods to compare of these options to achieve policy Alternative Governance Models the implications of different objectives through their reduction management options. of risk. models were developed to facilitate thinking about the options and possibilities of stakeholder involvement and regional cooperation and collaboration. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 35 connects coral reef and MPA uses advanced game technology managers and practitioners with and aspects of gameplay to Reef Resilience information, experts, and resources The Marine engage and facilitate planners Toolkit to improve global coral reef health, Spatial Planning and stakeholders, as they learn restoration of reef fisheries, to manage the maritime (blue) Challenge and community-based climate economy and marine environment, adaptation efforts. It includes thus facilitating ecosystem-based scientific information, management MSP. Provided are simulation tools and techniques, journal articles platform, board game, and 3D and case studies. The toolkit serves oceans view; some of which are still as a gateway to the Reef Resilience under development. Network. MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Making the Case, Open-access Downloadable file Planning Open-access Downloadable file Planning CASE STUDY: The BalticLINes project on transnational trends in Shipping and Energy used the MSP Challenge software, to increase awareness among MSP stakeholders, as well as to discuss these future trends with the stakeholders more intensively2. 2 MSP Platform (n.d.) MSP Challenge simulation game. Accessed 24 Nov 2021. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 36 are a set of web and open source tools developed to support the Tools4MSP implementation of MSP, with a specific focus on the analysis of conflicts between marine uses and the analysis of cumulative impacts of human activities on marine environments. The Tools4MSP portal also hosts data layers and maps. There are four tools available. MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Making the Case, Open-access Online platform Planning CASE STUDY: The Adriatic Ionian Maritime Spatial Planning (ADRIPLAN) project utilized these tools during their 18-month project. Cumulative Effects Assessment Maritime User Conflict Tool Marine Ecosystem Services Tool Threat (MES-Threat) Assessment can be used for the following assesses the potential cumulative tasks overlay analysis of sea combines the expert-based impacts of maritime activities uses, calculation of direct spatial MES supply index with the CEA on the marine environment, conflict scores, development modelling capabilities generating and can be used for cumulative of current and future sea use a threat index describing the impact maps, sea use overlay scenarios and visualization of risk of reduction of ES capacity, analysis maps, and visualization of statistical results. Previously loss or impairment of use due statistical results. known as the COEXIST tool to cumulative effects from that was developed for the anthropogenic impacts. COEXIST Project. Decision Support Tool for Blue Economy in Marine Protected Areas explores how MPAs are affected by activities in the growing Blue Economy, and provides a set of practical recommendations. This tool was developed for the PHAROS4MPAs project in the Mediterranean. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 37 Online GIS Mapping Tools and Portals These facilitate the sharing of information or simple analysis for users. Some of these have transitioned into operational systems. Some offer the ability to download data, others only static maps. a cloud-based software to create enables users anywhere in the world and share interactive web maps. to produce rapid, standardized, ArcGIS Online The Marine Cadastre is an ArcGIS ARIES for SEEA scalable and customizable online group that provides oceans Explorer ecosystem accounts for their area data, offshore planning tools, and of interest that are consistent with technical support to the offshore the SEEA Ecosystem Accounting renewable energy community. It has framework. ARIES for SEEA is three primary focus areas: Web map available on the UN Global Platform, viewers and oceans planning tools; a cloud-service platform supporting spatial data registry; and technical international collaboration in the support and regional capacity development of official statistics building. using new data sources and innovative methods3. Can be used MSP PROCESS COST either online or as a downloadable software. Making the Pricing options available Case, Planning, MSP PROCESS COST Implementation Making the Case Open-access a multi-user, multi-platform an online digital platform that stores collaborative Spatial Decision and provides access to geospatial Baltic Explorer Support System that allows for Caribbean information (and related documents) group work in Maritime Spatial Marine Atlas on the “Marine Environment and Planning in the Baltic Sea region. Human Societies in the Wider Caribbean Region”. MSP PROCESS COST MSP PROCESS COST Making the Case, Open-access Planning Making the Case, Open-access Planning 3 Aries (n.d.) Aries for SEEA Explorer. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 38 Portal from The Nature Conservancy a Google Earth Enterprise tool which that provides maps as satellite offers on-demand cloud computing Caribbean imagery, airborne imagery, drones Climate Engine and data visualization of climate and Marine Maps and divers, Mapping Coral from remote sensing data, especially for Outer space to Undersea and decision support related to drought, Maps In Action. water use, agriculture, wildfire and ecology. MSP PROCESS COST MSP PROCESS COST Making the Case, Open-access Planning Making the Case, -- Planning hosted by Flanders Marine Institute, this portal from The Nature this tool provides an overview of Conservancy examines nature’s role Coastal the Belgian coast, mainly as a static Coastal in reducing coastal flood risk. Explorer communication tool for a broad Resilience audience, and is an interactive and (Belgium) dynamic planning and mapping tool MSP PROCESS COST that will support decision-making on the Belgian coast. Interactive Making the Case, Open-access maps, static maps, downloadable Planning metadata and other resources are available at this portal. It also features “CoastSnap” which is a global citizen science project offers the power of Earth Engine that aims to engage citizens to but with less coding requirements, participate in scientific research on Earth Map and developed through a Food the accretion and erosion of fixed and Agriculture Organization of location beaches. the United Nations (FAO) - Google partnership. MSP PROCESS COST Making the Open-access MSP PROCESS COST Case, Planning, Implementation Making the Case, Open-access Planning MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 39 hosted by the European Commission, combines a catalogue of 37 years this provides information of satellite imagery and geospatial European Atlas about Europe’s marine environment. Google Earth datasets with planetary-scale of the Sea Users can view predefined and ready Engine analysis capabilities, allowing to use maps, covering topics such users to detect changes, map as nature, tourism, security, energy, trends and quantify differences on passenger transport, sea bottom, the Earth’s surface. fishing stocks and quotas, aquaculture, and much more. MSP PROCESS COST MSP PROCESS COST Making the Case, Open-access Planning Making the Case, Open-access Planning A novel tool for flexible spatial and is hosted by Marine Conservation temporal analyses of much of the Institute and is a comprehensive IPCC WGI observed and projected climate Marine global database of marine Interactive change information underpinning Protection protection based on self-reported the Working Group I contribution data submitted by countries to Atlas Atlas to the Sixth Assessment Report, the official World Database on including regional synthesis for Protected Areas (WDPA), and Climatic Impact-Drivers. includes the MPA Guide Framework. MSP PROCESS COST MSP PROCESS COST Making the Case, Open-access Making the Case, Open-access Planning Planning provides a permanent single portal a living platform from United for accessing seabed habitat data in Nations Environment Program – MESH Seabed Europe. This includes the EMODnet Ocean+ World Conservation Monitoring Habitat Maps broad-scale seabed habitat map Habitats Program, providing the world’s for Europe (AKA EUSeaMap) and decision-makers and communities (EMODnet) habitat maps from surveys across of practice with the best possible Europe. Tool was used by SIMCelt global information, knowledge to compile an inventory of available and tools required to manage and datasets that could be readily used conserve ocean ecosystems. for a proposed Maritime Spatial Plan in the Celtic Sea4. MSP PROCESS COST MSP PROCESS COST Planning Open-access Planning, Open-access Implementation 4 Emodnet (n.d.) Seabead Habitats. Acccessed 12 December 2021. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 40 a live mapping portal resource for highlights areas where ecosystem sharing understanding of the value restoration and / or protection can Ocean Wealth of marine and coastal ecosystems PEDDR be used to protect the greatest Explorer to people. It includes global Opportunity number of people globally, by maps, regionally-specific studies, overlaying global datasets on Mapping Tool reference data, and a number of ecosystem distribution and “apps” providing key data analytics.  hazard exposure. Currently three Part of the Bahamas Protected ecosystem-hazard combinations project involved developing a Marine exist for viewing: coral reef Protection Plan to expand The opportunities to reduce coastal Bahamas Marine Protected Areas risks, mangrove opportunities to Network. The results can be viewed reduce coastal risks, and forest on the Ocean Wealth Explorer. opportunities to reduce disaster risks. Datasets are available for MSP PROCESS COST download in TIFF format. Making the Case, Open-access MSP PROCESS COST Planning Making the Case, Open-access Planning an online participatory mapping a World Bank application that platform designed to allow planners visualizes available spatial and SeaSketch and stakeholders to interact with Spatial Agent temporal development-related data data related to MSP processes. on an interactive mobile platform. The tool can be customized to both It pulls together thousands of types large and small-scale planning of data from more than 300 web projects to include options such services from major institutions— as data sharing, scenario planning, United Nations Organizations, message boards, analytical National Aeronautics and Space functions and other engagement Administration (NASA), European methods. One of the objectives of Space Agency, World Bank, the tool is to provide user-friendly universities, and many more. access to maps and map data relevant to MSP. 5 The Barbuda Blue MSP PROCESS COST Halo Initiative used SeaSketch to engage almost every resident of Making the Case, Open-access Planning Barbuda in the collaborative design of a zoning plan.6 MSP PROCESS COST Making the Case, License Planning 5 Marine Planning (n.d.) Seasketch. Accessed 24 February 2022. 6 Seasketch (n.d.) Case Study Barbuda. Accessed 24 February 2022. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 41 (formerly ADRIPLAN Portal) is a provides an interactive map community-based, open source interface for viewing The World Bank Tools4MSP portal based on GeoNode, a The World Bank projects and datasets. Geoplatform web-based Content Management Maps System for developing geospatial information systems and for MSP PROCESS COST deploying spatial data infrastructure. It host four tools (see above). Making the Case, Open-access The Adriatic Ionian Maritime Spatial Planning Planning (ADRIPLAN) project utilized these tools during their 18-month project. MSP PROCESS COST Making the Case, Open-access Planning Other Tools launched through the UN, this From the Global Oceans Accounts innovative artificial intelligence Partnership, this tool is designed AI Tool for (AI) tool can vastly accelerate Ocean Accounts to engage and guide structured Rapid Natural implementation of the new ground- Diagnostic Tool dialogue among stakeholders – data breaking standard for valuing the users, producers and holders – for Capital contributions of nature that was strategically implementing and Accounting adopted by the UN Statistical advancing ocean accounts. Commission. The tool makes use of AI technology using the Artificial MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Intelligence for Environment and Sustainability (ARIES) platform to Making the Case, Open-access Downloadable Planning Microsoft Word support countries as they apply form the new international standard for natural capital accounting, the CASE STUDY: System of Environmental-Economic 5 pilot studies in Asia and Pacific Accounting (SEEA) Ecosystem Accounting. MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Making the Case, Unknown Unknown Planning MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 42 a United Nations framework a method for ecosystem based that integrates economic and maritime spatial planning, originally System of environmental data to provide Symphony developed for Sweden but can be Environmental a more comprehensive and adapted to other countries. The multipurpose view of the model depicts through maps and Economic interrelationships between the other graphical representations Accounting economy and the environment and (including sensitivity matrix), how (SEEA) the stocks and changes in stocks ecosystem components respond of environmental assets, as they to human pressures. The outputs bring benefits to humanity. Online inform planners of the baseline e-learning courses are available, as conditions and the potential effect well as an Implementation Guide of various planning options on the and Diagnostic Tool, Technical Notes cumulative impacts in different and Manuals. areas, including incorporating climate change. MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT Making the Case Open-access Downloadable file Planning Open-access Downloadable form CASE STUDY: Methodology is included in ongoing international collaboration with countries in the Western Indian Ocean through Swedish Agency Marine and Water Management’s Program for Development Cooperation (SwAM Ocean 2019-2022). a World Bank-led global partnership directed graphs with probability that aims to promote sustainable tables, where the nodes represent Wealth development by ensuring that Bayesian Belief relevant variable dependencies that Accounting and natural resources are mainstreamed Networks can be continuous or discrete. BBNs in development planning and can help define relevant spatial the Valuation national economic accounts. relationships. Typically, BBNs have of Ecosystem Under development is a toolkit been used in ecological studies or Services for sustainable investment policy environmental management. and regulation. (WAVES) MSP PROCESS COST FORMAT an open-source JavaScript library Making the Case, Unknown Unknown for mobile-friendly interactive maps. Review Enabling Leaflet Conditions free plug-in for Adobe Reader that allows anyone to access, update and share GeoPDF maps and imagery. The combination of a geoPDF with the TerraGo toolbar allows for a portable, TerraGo Toolbar low-technology format that allows georeferenced comments, and is thus ideal for collating feedback from stakeholders (Agostini et al., 2010).assesses the potential cumulative impacts of maritime activities on the marine environment, and can be used for cumulative impact maps, sea use overlay analysis maps, and visualization of statistical results. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 43 5 World Bank Data and Data Services Data Development Hub (DDH) The World Bank Development Data Hub is an important repository of information for project managers and TTLs as it provides access to over 4,000 public datasets, 15,000 indicators, and 200 visuals on a range of topics, as well as software tools for data use, curation, storage, sharing and reuse. This information can also guide managers on stakeholder engagement – helping to identify those stakeholders who are actively involved or gaps that need to be addressed in project implementation.  The selection of keywords is important in identifying relevant data sets without generating a lot of additional non-relevant datasets. For example, a recent search for the purpose of this chapter in the DDH was performed; 588 datasets were generated using the below keywords: “marine, maritime, spatial planning, coastal zone management, coastal zone, oceanic, offshore, geospatial information, spatial data, blue economy, data model, coastal, MSP, ICZM, shipping, wind energy, coral reef, banks, fishing, energy, gas, oil.” The below table provides guidance to project managers and TTLs on the selection of keywords. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 44 Table 2: Guidance on keywords for using the World Bank’s DDH Guidance Keyword examples Keywords such as ‘GIS’ are likely to generate a lot of marine, maritime, spatial planning, coastal General datasets zone management, coastal zone, oceanic, spatial data, MSP, ICZM Data may not be available at the desired scale (e.g. local), World, global, Latin America and however larger more regional datasets may be applicable. the Caribbean, Cuba Location Keywords should start specific, and expand geographically if not available Where possible provide specifics on sectors you know are wind energy, fishing, gas, oil, tourism considered priority. Also consider removing keywords to Sector help identify sectors that may not be considered priority, but are nonetheless present. Geospatial Operations Support Team (GOST) The Geospatial Operations Support Team (GOST) helps to make the World Bank Group a sophisticated consumer of geospatial analytics works, and offers a variety of services to internal stakeholders, including technical assistance and purchasing support for data and imagery. ITS Technology & Information Lab (ITSTI) The ITSTI Lab serves as an internal technology advisor, and a knowledge and exploration hub around operationalizing emerging technologies for development impact, enabling WBG to be future-ready and competitive in the digital age. Knowledge Information and Data Services (KIDS) The KIDS Helpdesk supports the use of disruptive technology (particularly related to modern information and analytical aspects) in ENR GP operational and ASA activities. Its aim is to provide very quick inputs on requests and automate popular requests for the future. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 45 6 1 2 Opportunity Areas for Engagement Making the Case Improved transboundary stakeholder dialogue would facilitate better data exchange and harmonization across nations and different sectors and would ultimately lead to an improved understanding of the issues at hand and the need for marine space management. A preliminary data gap analysis would also help identify which stakeholders need to be brought into the process from the early stages. Increased access to consistent, comparable data and tools for ecosystem service valuation and mapping would provide important information to support the need for implementing MSPs. Knowledge products, databases, and technical guidance on methodologies would be useful to elevate the generation, acceptance, and use of this type of data. Enabling Conditions Accessing finance for long-term data management beyond project lives is not often considered in budgets but can facilitate a more sustainable, effective MSP.  Planning Equitable, fair, and trustworthy relationships among all stakeholders facilitate good data-sharing practices that support decision-making. Marine spatial planning is extremely complex MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 46 and requires the communication and cooperation of a wide range of stakeholders with varying responsibilities, levels of technical understanding, priorities, and areas of interest.  Establishing data management protocols in planning can reduce challenges faced by unusable data. These can include: 1. Data management protocols7 (data management plans, data sharing protocols, documentation of recommended best practices, standards, experiences, examples, tools, software, etc.)  2. Incorporating long-term data management expenses into budgets (storage, personnel, training, technology, and software) 3. Incorporating long-term knowledge systems and data management plans into proposals and recommendations to governments and public administrations (Maragno et al., 2020) 4. Data management done in accordance with the above protocols can improve the quality, effectiveness, and long-term use of databases. The latter is an important aspect given the numerous project-based data portals in existence that are no longer usable due to the lack of long-term management. Improved awareness and access to open-source or alternate data and tools can support planning decisions. Capacity building in clients to improve the identification, access to, and training in relevant tools and data can foster better decisions and long-term sustainability. 7 Data management protocols are meant to provide a guideline, best practices, and a standard procedure for receiving, managing, and using MSP-related data. Appendix B provides a brief overview of suggested protocols that could be adopted by projects. Protocols should be designed in a user-friendly, easy-to- use format to encourage uptake. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 47 Implementation Making use of existing data portals and aggregator sites is an important data management step in MSP monitoring and evaluation, as well as guiding future adjustments to the plan. The use of national and sub-national MSP data portals and GIS facilities is important for: 1. maintaining baseline and collected data during implementation 2. increasing transparency of the MSP implementation 3. displaying all up-to-date information to the wider public 4. providing a communication and analysis tool 5. encouraging stakeholders to contribute data  Existing databases and portals can be enhanced for use through improved harmonization and compatibility, opting for best quality data (over other similar data), improved organization and fragmentation of existing data sets, better availability, and lack of duplication (Quero García et al., 2020). For example, The European Marine Observation and Data Network (EMODnet) provides a common framework to aggregate and process marine data from diverse sources and generates a broad range of harmonized marine data, metadata, products, and services across the European sea basins (Quero García et al., 2020).  Identifying the status of national and international goals or targets can provide indicators for monitoring MSP implementation. These can include the Sustainable Development Goals (SDG), National Determined Contributions (NDC), post-2020 biodiversity targets, as well as other national sectoral goals. Providing clients and implementers with an MSP ‘Helpdesk’, which offers technical support, guidance, and a communication system will also improve the usability of data and a more efficient data catalog. Table 3 below summarizes the above as entry points during the MSP process. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 48 Table 3: Entry points for good data management practices during the MSP Process Review Enabling Making the Case Planning Implementation Conditions Transboundary, equitable Financing for long-term data Equitable and fair stakeholder Existing data portals and stakeholder engagement management participation and data sharing aggregator sites Economic analyses Data management protocols International and national goals and targets Tools and data identification and sharing MSP Helpdesk and support Supporting Institutions In order to fulfill the potential for MSP, there must be awareness of and coordination with external bodies regarding standards and technical approaches (Beaujardière, 2016). The below table outlines some important institutions for MSP activities but is not considered comprehensive. Institution Description Commonwealth Secretariat The Commonwealth Secretariat has launched a public database full of practical training courses related to ocean action. Targeted at officials who work in the ocean sector, courses range from understanding blue carbon markets to aiding coral reef resilience to mainstream gender in ocean science. European Marine Observation EMODnet is a long-term marine data initiative, delivering harmonised transboundary marine spatial and Data Network (EMODnet) data for a number of relevant MSP data categories covering all European sea-basins. It offers a series of data portals: Bathymetry, Geology, Seabed Habitats, Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Human Activities and Coastal Mapping. Offers geospatial datasets. European MSP Platform The European MSP Platform is an information and communication gateway designed to offer support to all EU Member States in their efforts to implement Maritime Spatial Planning. It offers access to a team of experts, an interactive information gateway, question & answer service, and technical studies. European Union Has implemented the INSPIRE Directive – a legislation to create a European Union spatial data infrastructure for the purposes of EU environmental policies and policies or activities which may have an impact on the environment. The INSPIRE spatial themes are potentially useful for establishing coherence of spatial data across states, but do have limitations with respect to types of data included. Earth Observation for A European Space Agency initiative which aims to achieve a step increase in the uptake of satellite- Sustainable Development based environmental information in the IFIs regional and global programs. It will follow a systematic, (EO4SD) user driven approach in order to meet longer-term, strategic geospatial information needs in the individual developing countries, as well as international and regional development organizations. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 49 Institution Description FutureMARES Future Marine Ecosystem Services and Biodiversity is research project examining the relations between climate change, marine biodiversity and ecosystem services, focusing on effective restoration, effective conservation, and sustainable harvesting of marine resources. The goal is to provide science-based policy advice on how best to use NBS to protect future biodiversity and ecosystem services in a future climate. Global Ocean Accounts A diverse membership network with a common interest to ensure that the values and benefits of Partnership (GOAP) oceans are recognized and accounted for in decision-making social and economic development. The have developed a shared technical framework for ocean accounting, coupled with collaborative capacity-building activities that support the development, maintenance, and ongoing use in decision-making, of holistic ocean accounts that link together social, environmental and economic statistics. Have developed the Ocean Accounts Diagnostic Tool. Geospatial Operations Support GOST works with geospatial data throughout the World Bank, and offering a variety of services to Team (GOST) stakeholders, including advice on how geospatial data can help solve specific problems, purchasing support for data and imagery, and direct technical assistance for internal stakeholders, to help make the World Bank Group a sophisticated consumer of geospatial analytics, and ultimately carry out its development operations in the most cost-efficient and effective manner. HELCOM HELCOM (Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission – Helsinki Commission) is A platform for environmental policy making at the regional level to protect the marine environment of the Baltic Sea from all sources of pollution through intergovernmental cooperation.  International Institute for An independent research organisation that aims to deliver positive change on a global scale, with Environment and Development a mission to build a fairer, more sustainable world, using evidence, action and influence, working in (IIED) partnership with others. Has developed among other resources, toolkits such as No Hidden Catch: Mainstreaming Values of Small-Scale Fisheries in National Accounts, and Fair Fishing: Supporting Inclusive Fishing Reform in Fisheries Intergovernmental Panel on The objective of the IPCC is to provide governments at all levels with scientific information that they Climate Change (IPCC) can use to develop climate policies.  International Waters Learning A content management system that supports knowledge sharing in the Global Environment Facility Exchange & Resource Network (GEF) International Waters portfolio. Includes resources such as the Marine Spatial Planning Toolkit Marine Regions Marine Regions is a standard list of marine georeferenced place names and areas. It integrates and serves geographic information from the VLIMAR Gazetteer and the MARBOUND database and proposes a standard of marine georeferenced locations, boundaries and regions. Offers geospatial datasets. Marine Spatial Planning Global Initiative coming out of UNESCO’s Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC-UNESCO) and the European Commission adopted in March 2017 a Joint Roadmap to accelerate Maritime/ Marine Spatial Planning processes worldwide. MSPglobal covers the following priority actions of the MSP Roadmap: 1) Transboundary MSP; 2) Sustainable Blue Economy; 3) Ecosystem-based MSP; and 4) Capacity building. On the other hand, the MSP Forum was implemented to achieve the priority action 5 on Building mutual understanding and communicating MSP. Marine Life Information Provides information to support marine conservation, management and planning, based on available Network (MarLIN) scientific evidence and designed for all stakeholders, from government agencies and industry to naturalists and the public. MarLIN hosts the largest review of the effects of human activities and natural events on marine species and habitats yet undertaken. NASA Sea Level Change Established to improve the understanding of regional relative sea-level change on a range of timescales. The web portal at was created to communicate the understanding that was obtained from these efforts and to provide an outlet for sharing data and guidance to the global public. Offers geospatial datasets, online mapping portal, interactive data visualization and simulation tool. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 50 Institution Description Natural Capital Project A partnership working to integrate the value nature provides to society into all major decisions. The ultimate objective is to improve the well-being of all people and nature by motivating greater and more targeted natural capital investments. They currently offer the InVEST suite of software. Ocean+ Library Connects users to the latest data and online resources on biodiversity at global and regional levels. The library is a consortium of various partners and offers users the change to submit data as well as download. Offers geospatial datasets. Open Geospatial Consortium The Open Geospatial Consortium is an international consortium of more than 500 businesses, government agencies, research organizations, and universities driven to make geospatial (location) information and services FAIR - Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable. Organization of Eastern Implementers of the Caribbean Regional Oceanscape Project is a funded project by the Global Caribbean States Environment Facility through the World Bank which aims to move the Caribbean towards a blue economy. Project; not tool. Partnership for Ecosystems for Their Opportunity Mapping Tool is the first to offer a cross-mapping of ecosystem distributions and Disaster Risk Reduction and human exposure to hazards at a global scale. Specifically, the tool highlights geographic locations Resilience where ecosystem restoration or protection are particularly appropriate for reducing the impact of certain hazards. Offers online mapping portal. The United Nations Geospatial The United Nations Geospatial is a consortium that provides geospatial data, analysis and services for decision-making and operational support to the Security Council, the leadership of the Organization and its Secretariat services, including the United Nations Operations & Crisis Centre. The team is also augmented by geospatial experts in peace operations and their field missions, and supporting Regional Commissions and Offices Away from Headquarters.  On request basis, the UN Geospatial services also supports and coordinates activities with the geospatial solutions and services of Agencies, Funds and Programmes.  Offers maps and geoservices. The Nature Conservancy A global environmental non-profit working to create a world where people and nature can thrive. Has developed among others, the Caribbean Marine Maps and the Ocean Wealth Explorer, two useful mapping portals for MSP United Nations Conference All statistics of UNCTAD are harmonized and integrated into UNCTADstat- free to use dissemination on Trade and Development platform. It gives access to basic and derived indicators built upon common rules, harmonized (UNCTAD) environment and clear methodology supported by powerful data browsing system. UNCTADstat offers ready-to-use analytical groupings, with a unique coverage for countries and products and a particular focus on developing and transition economies.  United Nations Educational, The Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission of UNESCO is the United Nations body Scientific and Cultural responsible for supporting global oceans science and services. Member states work together to Organization strengthen our scientific understanding of the oceans for the benefit of humanity. Unidata Unidata is a diverse community of education and research institutions with the common goal of sharing geoscience data and the tools to access and visualize that data. For more than 30 years, Unidata has been providing data, software tools, and support to enhance Earth-system education and research. United States Geological Survey USGS is the sole science agency for the Department of the Interior, United States. It’s mission is to monitor, analyze, and predict current and evolving dynamics of complex human and natural Earth- system interactions and to deliver actionable intelligence at scales and timeframes relevant to decision makers. Their data and imagery are the key foundation for Google Earth’s 3D Timelapse Tool MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 51 Institution Description World Resources Institute A global research organization whose vision is an equitable and prosperous planet driven by the wise management of natural resources; where the actions of government, business and communities combine to eliminate poverty and sustain the natural environment for all people. World Meteorological The WMO is dedicated to international cooperation and coordination on the state and behaviour Organization (WMO) of the Earth’s atmosphere, its interaction with the land and oceans, the weather and climate it produces, and the resulting distribution of water resources.   7 Conclusion Data is fundamental for any decision-making process, providing the ability to make informed choices and facilitating transparency between multi-stakeholder decisions. For the transboundary, multi-stakeholder MSP process, there are additional data challenges that are faced but are not insurmountable. There are also several tools available to aid in data collection, access to and analysis of data, and support using the data in a digestible format for stakeholders and decision-making. Tools are often developed for specific projects or purposes and so may not be as widely known by MSP project managers and planners. This chapter provided guidance on data needs for different MSP contexts and an overview of available tools. The nature of technology – including data and tools – and the rapidly developing world means that available data and tools will continuously grow past the date of this document. An online dashboard through the World Bank KIDS team has been created to support the continuity of this information beyond the life of this project. MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 52 8 References Albotoush, R., & Tan Shau-Hwai, A. (2021). An authority for Flynn, S., Meaney, W., Leadbetter, A. M., Fisher, J. P., & Nic marine spatial planning (MSP): A systemic review. Ocean & Aonghusa, C. (2020). Lessons from a Marine Spatial Planning Coastal Management, 205, 105551. data management process for Ireland. International Journal of Digital Earth, 1–19. Agostini, V. N., S. M. Margles, S. R. Schill, J. E. Knowles, https://doi.org/10.1080/17538947.2020.1808720 and R. J. Blyther (2010). 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Marine Policy, 124, 104325. 12(5), 2026. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12052026 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104325 MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 55 Appendix A Marine data tools (infrastructures) that were actually being used by EU MSP Planners Name MSP Theme Scope Coverage World Ocean Atlas Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology Global GEBCO Describing marine area Bathymetry Global EEA Database Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology European Interactions in marine area Human activities EMODnet Thematic Lots Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology European Interactions in marine area Human activities SeaDataNet Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology European Bathymetry European Atlas of the Sea Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology European Human activities Eurostat Database Describing marine area Economic value of human European activities ESPON 2013 Database Describing marine area Human activities European INSPIRE Geoportal Describing marine area Diverse European ICES Data Portal Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology European Copernicus MEMS Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology European SHOM Marine Data Portal Describing marine area Maritime boundaries and Global French maritime areas geophysical data, cables and pipelines, TSS Spanish Harbours Authority Describing marine area Physics Atlantic, West Mediterranean Sea Balearic Islands Describing marine area Physics Atlantic, Coastal Observing and West Mediterranean Sea Forecasting System MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 56 Name MSP Theme Scope Coverage HELCOM Map and Data Describing marine area State of the biological, physical Baltic Sea Service and chemical environment Interactions in marine area Distribution of human activities Sensitivities Pressures resulting from human activities Social value of human activities and the environment Economic value of human activities and the environment Baltic Sea Bathymetry Describing marine area Bathymetry Baltic Sea Database SMHI Open Data Catalogue Describing marine area Physics Baltic Sea SEAGIS Describing marine area Diverse Baltic Sea GeoSea-Portal Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology Germany Human Activities Marine Data Infrastructure Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology Germany Germany Human Activities CONTIS Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology Germany Human Activities POSEIDON Describing marine area Physics Greece THAL-CHOR WebGIS Describing marine area Distribution of human activities Greece, Cyprus Interactions in marine area Pressures resulting from human activities Cyprus Coastal Ocean Describing marine area Physics Cyprus Forecasting Observing System SHAPE Adriatic Atlas Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Adriatic Sea Geology, Bathymetry Interactions in marine area Human activities ADRIPLAN Data Portal Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Adriatic Sea Geology, Bathymetry Interactions in marine area Human activities Flemish Banks Monitoring Describing marine area Physics Belgium Network Marine Atlas Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Belgium Geology, Bathymetry Interactions in marine area Human activities MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 57 Name MSP Theme Scope Coverage Belgian Coastal Atlas Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Belgium Geology, Bathymetry Interactions in marine area Human activities Noordzeeloket Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Netherlands Geology, Bathymetry Interactions in marine area Human activities Marine Information House Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology Netherlands Marine Spatial Data Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Denmark Infrastructure Geology, Bathymetry Interactions in marine area Human activities MMO Marine Planning Describing marine area Physics, Chemistry, Biology, UK Evidence Geology, Bathymetry Interactions in marine area Human activities Source: European Commission, 2017 MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 58 Appendix B Data Management Framework and Protocols These brief data management protocols are meant to provide a guideline, best practices, and a standard procedure for receiving, managing and using MSP related data (Maxam et al., 2019). The below information is pertinent to (i) internal data management as well as (ii) requirements or considerations that should be incorporated into projects. This Environmental Data Management Framework defines and categorizes the policies, requirements, activities, and technical considerations relevant to the management of observational data and derived products and is based off protocols by the US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Data Management Framework Principles Principles Governance Governance Resources Resources Standards Standards Architecture Architecture Assessment Assessment Data Lifecycle i ii iii MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 59 Principles • Accessibility: e.g. data should be made fully and openly available to all users promptly, in a non-discriminatory manner, and free of charge (or at minimum cost) • Long-Term Preservation: e.g. data should be managed as an asset and preserved for future use • Information Quality: WBG data should be well documented and of known quality. • Ease of Use: WBG observations should be transformed into relevant products for end users that are made discoverable and accessible online using interoperable services and standardized formats to encourage the broadest possible use Governance • The agency bodies that play a role in data management need to be clearly identified and organized into a hierarchy. • Identify and/or develop policies and other documents relating to data management (e.g. “Data Documentation Procedural Directive”, “External Data Usage Recommended Practice”); these can include internal WBG policies as well as relevant national, international or inter-agency ones • Identify the formal authority and responsibility to enforce data management policy and directives Resources • Data cannot be adequately managed without proper resources, including personnel, budget and other supporting elements. Lack of resources is often a factor leading to data that are poorly documented, inaccessible, or improperly preserved (Beaujardière, 2016). • Personnel should be informed of need for good data management principles. Relevant staff should be offered training in data management practices. Data-related knowledge of departing staff should be captured as part of exit procedures MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 60 • Budget is often used for data collection before data management, but needs to be prioritized as a line item in project development • Other resources include Data Centers, pilot projects, teams, conferences, documentation, and software. Standards • Different types of standards are applicable in various phases of the Data Lifecycle. These include common vocabularies, standards for data quality, metadata standards that specify the content and structure of documentation about a dataset, data models and format standards that specify the content and structure of the digital data itself, and interface standards that specify how services are invoked. • Adoption of common standards supports interoperability, which enables diverse data, tools, systems, and archives to be combined without writing custom software to handle every data link. • The broad use of a small set of common data, metadata, and protocol standards across WBG, especially using international standards where possible, will decrease the cost of making and using WBG observations, enhance the utility of the data, and help avoid redundant technical development (Beaujardière, 2016). Architecture • Infrastructure: including the observing platforms and systems themselves, data collection and processing systems, the archival data centers and their associated systems for data ingest, storage and stewardship, dedicated data links such as the WMO Global Telecommunication System (GTS) and Satellite Broadcast Network (SBN), general-purpose network infrastructure, high-performance computing systems, and other computing resources. These infrastructure components are expensive to acquire and maintain. Costs can be reduced over the long term by avoiding project-specific systems built from scratch. Instead, gradual adoption of commodity hardware and software, and the establishment MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 61 of enterprise systems that provide functionality for multiple projects or the entire agency, are preferable. • Service-based approach: WBG environmental data must be available to users both inside and outside of WBG. It is more efficient to make a given dataset accessible from a single authoritative source than to have users download, maintain, and possibly redistribute multiple copies, because the timeliness and accuracy of duplicative collections becomes increasingly uncertain. WBG data and metadata should therefore be delivered through services -- that is, through web-based interfaces that can be invoked by software applications. These services can offer functions such as searching for data, retrieving a copy or a subset of data, visualizing data (e.g., producing a colored map or a time-series graph), or otherwise transforming data (e.g., converting to other formats or other coordinate systems). Rather than establishing vertically-integrated “stovepipes” that only provide services for specific users and customers, a shared-services architecture • Flexibility: Innovations in IT and engineering are frequent and may offer significant benefits in cost or efficiency. WBG should strive for modular and flexible architectures for observing systems, data management systems, and IT infrastructure in order to allow emerging technologies to be readily implemented. Custom-built, vertically integrated systems guided by inflexible design methodologies should be avoided because they are difficult to modify and may lock WBG into old technologies or specific vendors Assessments • Assessment of WBG data management activities includes estimating the current state, measuring progress, and getting feedback from users and implementers. The attributes we can assess include completeness of EDM planning, quality of metadata, level of data accessibility, and successful preservation for the long term. • Estimating the current state of WBG EDM: The Technology, MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 62 Planning and Integration for Observation (TPIO) * program is assessing how data from WBG Observing Systems of Record are managed. This will provide a baseline status. • Measuring progress: Line-office representatives report on the implementation of Procedural Directives at meetings of the EDMC. The EDMC chair reports progress to NOSC and CIO Council several times per year. TPIO and the NGDC Enterprise Data Systems Group have begun prototyping a Data Management Dashboard intended to show current values and trends in metrics such as metadata quality and data accessibility. • Feedback: WBG personnel and contractors involved in EDM are invited to contact the EDMC and the DMIT regarding successes, failures, lessons learned and suggestions concerning this EDM Framework, EDMC Procedural Directives, and related activities. WBG data providers can seek and respond to feedback from users. The US Paperwork Reduction Act imposes some limitations on methods for gathering feedback Data Lifecycle 1. Planning and Production: all activities leading up to data collection. E.g. defining, planning, deployment 2. Data Management: activities related to processing, verifying documenting, advertising, distributing and preserving. 3. Usage: all activities performed by the consumer of the data and are outside the control of the manager e.g. discovery, analysis, citation MARINE SPATIAL PL ANNING • BLUE ECONOMY DATA AND TOOLS 64 INTEGRATED SEASCAPE MANAGEMENT Blue Economy Data and Tools 2022 More information: This publication is intended to www.worldbank.org/problue support Bank staff and its clients involved in the MSP process. problue@worldbank.org PROBLUE is an umbrella multi-donor trust fund, administered by the World Bank, that supports the sustainable and integrated development of marine and coastal resources in healthy oceans.