Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi II Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of the Executive Directors of The World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. This publication has been funded by the Australian Government through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade via the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. The views expressed in this publication are the author's alone and are not necessarily the views of the Australian Government. 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Photos Page 11, 12, 20: Rony Zakaria IV Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Table of Contents 01 Executive summary 07 Disasters and GBV 03 Key takeaways and lessons learned 08 Disaster risk management in Indonesia 04 Timeline of CSRRP and GBV The 2018 Central Sulawesi 09 mitigation activities disaster 06 Glossary of relevant terms World Bank post-disaster 10 engagement in Central 07 Purpose of this Note Sulawesi 07 Context Box 1. The Central Sulawesi 11 Rehabilitation and 07 Gender dynamics of disaster risk Reconstruction Project – management project background Laying the groundwork Operationalizing for CSRRP GBV mitigation: the groundwork 13 The Environmental and Social 20 The importance of bid documents Management Framework (ESMF) as a risk mitigation framework 20 Training and outreach as a core priority Box 2. Applying the World Bank's 14 23 Community led engagement Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) and Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) 24 Operating an integrated GBV reporting and case handling mechanism 14 Project GBV Strategy and Action Plan 26 Institutionalizing GBV mitigation efforts between government offices 15 Box 3. GBV programming beyond sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment mitigation 26 Incorporating gender considerations in infrastructure planning and design Box 4. A survivor-centered approach to 16 empower survivors 27 Box. 6 – “Building Back Better and More Inclusive” 16 Terms of Reference for preventing and handling GBV and VAC 28 Key takeaways and lessons learned 17 Capacity building for project stakeholders 30 Next steps 18 Box. 5 – Gender audits of public Additional resources infrastructure and facilities 31 relevant to addressing GBV in DRM projects 19 The Ministry of Public Works and Housing’s CSRRP Gender Action Plan Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 01 Executive Summary Women, girls, boys, and men face different levels of was declared a pandemic in March 2020, many of exposure and vulnerability to natural hazards, driven the disaster-affected population were still living in by gender dynamics and pre-existing inequalities temporary settlements. The impacts of the pandemic in society. Women and girls are disproportionately further heightened GBV risks, especially for women affected by natural disasters across many outcomes, and girls living in these settlements. including loss of livelihoods, limited mobility, and lack of access to reproductive health services and The World Bank responded to the Government of sanitation facilities. In many post-disaster settings, Indonesia’s (GoI) request for support by channeling gender-based violence (GBV) is also exacerbated. existing project financing and launching accelerated GBV traumatizes survivors and their families, emergency recovery operations. The CSRRP is and undermines the resilience of individuals and supporting targeted communities to reconstruct societies, making it harder to recover and rebuild. housing settlements and strengthen public facilities Failure to consider underlying gender inequalities, to bolster resilience against future disaster events.1 including GBV drivers and consequences, in Equipped with evidence from other post-disaster the design and implementation of disaster risk contexts, gender-inclusive planning and GBV risk management (DRM) programs is likely to render DRM mitigation were incorporated from the outset support less effective. of CSRRP project design. Project preparation incorporated gender analysis to identify inequalities This note documents good practices to prevent, specific to the context of the Central Sulawesi mitigate, and respond to GBV in post-disaster disaster, such as differentiated constraints and contexts, utilizing the World Bank-financed Central challenges faced by women and men, and GBV risks Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project in the DRM sector more broadly. Women’s limited (CSRRP – P169403) as a case study. In September access to property and land tenure, lack of access to 2018, Central Sulawesi was struck by a series of post-disaster reconstruction job opportunities, and natural disasters, which caused over 4,400 lives to limited ability to participate in public forums were be lost and whole neighborhoods destroyed. The identified as prevailing issues that could also impact disaster exacerbated pre-existing gender inequalities GBV risk. In response, the project design set out clear and created new ones, including new GBV risks. actions to narrow the identified gaps. In the immediate aftermath of the disaster, local government offices and GBV service providers The CSRRP has utilized a GBV risk mitigation recorded and responded to cases of rape, sexual approach that focuses both on implementing actions harassment, child marriage, and other forms of to prevent the occurrence of project-related GBV violence in temporary settlements across the cases and establishing a survivor-centered case- impacted regions. When the COVID-19 outbreak handling mechanism to respond to cases if they 1 The Indonesia Disaster Resilience Initiatives Project (P170874) is also supporting the government of Indonesia to strengthen multi-hazard early warning systems and emergency preparedness, learning from the Central Sulawesi disaster event. 02 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi arise. Laying the groundwork for GBV risk mitigation disaster-affected areas, engaging with members involved the project’s implementing agency of the community to disseminate information applying the World Bank’s Environmental and Social about the project and field any complaints that Framework (ESF) and preparing several project- arise. These facilitators have received training on specific instruments, including the Environmental GBV risk mitigation and play an important role in and Social Management Framework (ESMF). The disseminating information about GBV. For awareness ESMF includes a dedicated GBV Strategy and raising, a simple but effective intervention has been Action Plan that identifies GBV trends and risks in local-language posters conveying GBV prevention Central Sulawesi; documents the existence of local messaging and explaining how individuals can report GBV service providers; and outlines implementing cases of violence at project sites. arrangements and mitigation measures, including training for project stakeholders, awareness-raising As of September 2022, no GBV cases involving initiatives for local communities, and provisions for CSRRP project personnel have been reported, a monitoring and reporting. The CSRRP’s Feedback fact that project stakeholders largely attribute to and Grievance Redress Mechanism (FGRM) and the success of the training and outreach program. GBV Response Protocol set out a survivor-centered Some cases of non-project related GBV occurring mechanism for receiving complaints and responding in the wider community have been reported via to GBV incidents. the project’s established FGRM and GBV Response Protocol. In these cases, support is being provided From an early stage, the project sought to build the to the survivors and case resolution, either through capacity of stakeholders, including through a gender legal or non-litigation channels, is being pursued. A inclusion workshop that encompassed training on comprehensive case-handling framework consisting conducting gender audits of public infrastructure. The of three interlinked stages has been established. workshop informed the creation of the Ministry of Provincial- and district-level Women’s Empowerment Public Works and Housing’s (MoPWH) CSRRP Gender and Child Protection (DP3A) offices play a central Action Plan (GAP). The GAP further establishes an role in this system, which also encompasses a wide operational framework for implementing targeted network of specialized service providers to maximize activities to close identified gaps and increase survivors’ access to all needed services. In accordance universal accessibility by ensuring settlements and with the CSRRP’s survivor-centered approach, the public facilities are constructed in line with the needs survivor’s identity and case information are kept of people of all genders, ages, and abilities. confidential, and the mechanism ensures that survivors are accompanied by the project’s GBV In operationalizing the groundwork for GBV risk specialist throughout the process. mitigation, contractors’ bid documents were required to include specific budget provisions for A cross-agency Cooperation Agreement between GBV mitigation. Training for all stakeholders has central and provincial government offices has been been a central tenet of the project’s GBV mitigation drafted to institutionalize government cooperation strategy, with subject matter experts and local GBV on GBV and gender mainstreaming. It aims to build service providers delivering comprehensive but synergy and collaboration, define stakeholder roles, accessible materials to all project workers. Regular and strengthen communication and coordination outreach and field trips by project GBV specialists frameworks. Engaging local experts and communities have further served to build and maintain important on infrastructure design and integrating universal communication channels and rapport with workers. accessibility features in settlement site plans has GBV specialist consultants have also ensured that been another key strategy to prevent and mitigate local communities are aware of the mitigation and GBV and improve residents’ sense of security in referral mechanisms. Under the CSRRP, there are line with the project’s ‘build back better and more 26 teams of community facilitators who work in inclusive’ ethos. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 03 Key takeaways and lessons learned: Planning to mitigate GBV and identifying champions from the outset is critical. Specific GBV mitigation measures are essential, but broader interventions for women’s empowerment are also necessary. Build a cross-sectoral network of dedicated experts, identify project-related GBV risk mitigation champions and institutionalise arrangements. Local language, knowledge and sector expertise is crucial. Implement and build on lessons learned from previous disaster reconstruction efforts. Design housing units, public infrastructure, and facilities to be accessible for all, in line with community and expert feedback. Systematically implement activities aimed at preventing GBV while operating a case handling mechanism to respond to cases if they arise. Focus both on implementing actions to prevent the occurrence of project-related GBV cases in the first instance and establishing survivor-centred case handling mechanisms to respond to cases if they arise. Engage in continuous capacity development and outreach for all project stakeholders. A solid ‘on paper’ framework must be supported by responsive in- field implementation. No amount of action plans or guidelines can replace the need for timely and proactive activities in the field. 04 Good Practice Note: GBV Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi As the CSRRP continues to progress, several ‘next steps’ have been identified. These steps, which can Timeline of be implemented to sharpen the project’s ability to prevent and respond to GBV, include: CSRRP and GBV mitigation activities Explore avenues to increase the availability of safe houses for survivors in project areas. Currently, there are several safe houses for survivors of GBV and violence against children in September 2018 the provincial capital Palu, but these safe houses Magnitude 7.5 earthquake and have limited resources. subsequent tsunami strikes Central Sulawesi, destroying entire settlements and causing over 4,400 fatalities. Continue to strengthen engagement with October 2018 community stakeholders and NGOs, including Rapid analysis by development by holding dedicated GBV-focused meetings for partners including CARE village officials so local-level stakeholders better and UN Women identifies understand their respective roles related to GBV gendered vulnerabilities and risk mitigation. gender-based violence (GBV) risks in the disaster aftermath. October 2018 Local women’s organizations Further institutionalize GBV risk mitigation and GBV service providers mechanisms for post-project sustainability. begin to establish Women As the CSRRP nears its scheduled completion Friendly Spaces (Tenda Ramah date in 2024, efforts will be made to ensure Perempuan) in cooperation the sustainability of the GBV risk mitigation with the Provincial Women’s mechanisms, procedures, and knowledge Empowerment and Child established by the project. This can be done Protection Office (DP3A). by institutionalizing and mainstreaming the mechanisms, concepts, and good practices that the project has introduced. October 2018 The World Bank announces funding for the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to support post-disaster recovery efforts in disaster-affected areas. Introduce periodic simulation GBV response exercises to ensure established mechanisms are operational and well-suited to deal with a variety of cases in the event that GBV incidents are reported. Good Practice Note: GBV Gender-Based MitigationViolence Contexts in Post-Disaster (GBV) Mitigation in–Post-Disaster Lessons Learned Contexts from Central – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Sulawesi 05 November 2018 December 2018 June 2019 The GoI requests the activation Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and The World Bank Board of the Contingent Emergency Reconstruction Project (CSRRP) approves the CSRRP. Response Component (CERC) under preparation begins, including the World Bank-financed National analysis of prominent gender gaps, Slum Upgrading Project (NSUP) to mapping of GBV prevalence and address urgent rehabilitation and service providers, and GBV risk reconstruction needs. assessments. December 2019 December 2019 September 2019 The World Bank issues the second The MoPWH and the World Bank The Ministry of Public Works edition of a Good Practice Note convene an initial workshop on ‘Gender and Housing (MoPWH) adopts on GBV in Investment Project Inclusion in Post-Disaster Rehabilitation the CSRRP Environmental Financing (IPF), with a specific and Reconstruction in Central Sulawesi’ and Social Management focus and guidance on sexual to address the next steps for gender Framework (ESMF), which exploitation and abuse/sexual inclusion, universal accessibility design, includes a dedicated GBV harassment (SEA/SH). and GBV mitigation under the CSRRP. Strategy and Action Plan. February 2020 October 2020 April 2021 The MoPWH completes CSRRP project stakeholders GBV specialist a Gender Action Plan for facilitate GBV prevention and recruited to the the CSRRP. case handling training for Project Project Management Management Units and CSRRP Consultant – training and NSUP-CERC consultants. continues. April 2022 August 2021 May 2021 The GoI signs a cross-agency Training for contractors CSRRP project stakeholders MoU to institutionalize and community outreach begin to develop GBV and government cooperation on to raise awareness of violence against children (VAC) GBV and gender mainstreaming project-related GBV risk case handling standard operating in Central Sulawesi. mitigation continues. procedures and guidelines. June 2022 December 2022 Ongoing NSUP-CERC closes. Good Practice Note: Gender- Next steps identified in the good practice Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation note are implemented, and the results of the in Post-Disaster Contexts – project-led initiatives to promote livelihood Lessons Learned from Central opportunities for women and increase Sulawesi is published. access to land titles are documented. 06 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Glossary of relevant terms Child marriage Any formal marriage or informal union in which one or both parties are under the age of 18. Gender-based violence In line with the 2015 Inter-Agency Standing Committee’s definition, GBV is an umbrella (GBV) term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a person’s will and that is based on socially ascribed (i.e., gender) differences between men and women. It includes acts that inflict physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion, and other deprivations of liberty. GBV is experienced predominantly by women across all social and income groups. Gender-based violence An organization that provides specific services for GBV survivors, such as healthcare (GBV) service provider services, psychosocial support, shelter, legal aid, security services, etc. Sexual exploitation Sexual exploitation: any actual or attempted abuse of a position of vulnerability, differential and abuse (SEA) power, or trust for sexual purposes, including but not limited to, profiting monetarily, socially, or politically from the sexual exploitation of another (UN Glossary on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 2017, pg. 6). Sexual abuse: actual or threatened physical intrusion of a sexual nature, whether by force or under unequal or coercive conditions (UN Glossary on Sexual Exploitation and Abuse 2017, pg. 5). Sexual harassment (SH) Any unwelcome sexual advances, request for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature. Survivor-centered The survivor-centered approach is based on a set of principles and skills designed to guide approach professionals, regardless of their role, in their engagement with survivors (predominantly women and girls but also men and boys) who have experienced sexual or other forms of violence. The survivor-centered approach aims to create a supportive environment in which the survivor’s interests are respected and prioritized, and in which the survivor is treated with dignity and respect. The approach helps to promote the survivor’s recovery and ability to identify and express needs and wishes, as well as to reinforce the survivor’s capacity to make decisions about possible interventions. Violence against Article 1 of the 1993 UN Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women defines women (VAW) violence against women as any act of gender-based violence that results in, or is likely to result in, physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life. The term violence against women and girls is also used. Violence against Includes all forms of violence against people under 18 years old. For infants and younger children (VAC) children, violence mainly involves child maltreatment (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and neglect) at the hands of parents and other authority figures. Boys and girls are at equal risk of physical and emotional abuse and neglect, and girls are at greater risk of sexual abuse (World Health Organization). Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 07 Purpose of this Note: This note aims to document good practices to prevent, mitigate, and respond to gender-based violence (GBV) in post-disaster contexts, utilizing the World Bank-financed Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP) as a case study. The note aims to extend the knowledge base on GBV risk mitigation in post-disaster contexts and reflect on challenges as well as lessons learned during CSRRP implementation to inform future emergency recovery projects. It is envisaged that this document can serve as a reference point for World Bank task teams, government counterparts, and other development actors seeking to implement GBV risk mitigation in their projects, both within Indonesia and globally. Context Gender dynamics of disaster risk management Women, girls, boys, and men face different responsibilities can further limit women’s mobility and levels of exposure and vulnerability to natural their ability to be involved in reconstruction planning, hazards, driven by gender dynamics and pre- pursue education, access markets, and benefit from a existing inequalities in society. Gender roles and range of other opportunities and resources. norms determine how women and men prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. Gender Gender inequalities and vulnerabilities are dynamics often result in unequal distribution of power, highly dependent on local contexts. Differences economic opportunities, and gaps in voice and agency in vulnerability to natural hazards can be further that disadvantage women and girls. Men and boys compounded due to age, race, ethnicity, sexual also face distinct disaster-related vulnerabilities, for orientation, religion, disability, as well as socioeconomic example, men being overrepresented in high-risk and migration status. Reproductive roles also limit rescue professions and boys being more likely to be women’s mobility and result in unique vulnerabilities taken out of school to meet increased labor needs during and after disasters. Lack of access to during reconstruction. However, women and girls are sexual and reproductive health (SRH) services and disproportionately affected by disasters across many water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) facilities outcomes, including unemployment, loss of assets and disproportionately impacts women and girls who are livelihoods, as well as limited access to information menstruating, pregnant, or caring for young children. on disaster preparedness and rehabilitation In many settings, GBV is particularly exacerbated in activities. Gender norms and the burden of domestic post-disaster contexts. Disasters and GBV Gender-based violence2 (GBV) has been described as Violence against women and girls is a persistent the most pervasive yet least visible human rights problem in Indonesia, as it is throughout much violation. GBV is deeply rooted in gender inequality of the world. In line with global statistics, the 2016 and is a widespread phenomenon that affects one in Indonesian National Women’s Life Experience Survey three women.iii showed that one in three Indonesian women aged 2 GBV is an umbrella term for any harmful act that is perpetrated against a people based on socially ascribed differences between males and females. It includes acts or threats of acts that inflict physical, sexual, or mental harm or suffering. The terms GBV and violence against women are often used interchangeably as most acts of GBV are inflicted on girls and women. Inclusion of the words 'gender-based' highlights the reality that the violence is a manifestation unequal power relations between men and women. (2021. Guidelines: Integrating Gender Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action. IASC Standing Committee.) 08 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 15 to 64 have experienced violence in their lifetime.3 of livelihoods, unsafe or limited housing, restricted The National Commission on Violence against Women movement and transport availability, increased conflict (Komnas Perempuan) has referred to violence against and tension in the community, reduced support women as an 'iceberg phenomenon', suggesting that networks and public services, as well as negative coping many of cases go unreported and the relatively few mechanisms that reinforce inequalities are amongst reports that surface are only the 'tip of the iceberg.' 4 the numerous stressors that have been identified as However, Komnas Perempuan also notes that increasing potential triggers for GBV in post-disaster contexts.vii numbers of reports over recent years suggests that community awareness of GBV is increasing along with Failure to consider gender inequalities, including survivors' willingness to report cases of violence they GBV risk, in the design and implementation of experience. disaster risk management (DRM) programs is likely to render resilience-building efforts less effective. Since the 1990s, mounting global evidence has Responses that do not incorporate a gender lens shown that GBV increases in the wake of disasters. and target GBV risk mitigation can also perpetuate iv GBV traumatizes survivors and undermines the existing gender inequalities.viii Global evidence shows resilience of individuals and societies, making it harder that women are not only affected disproportionately to recover and rebuild.v The impacts of disasters are by disasters but also play a crucial role as powerful not gender-neutral and affect women, girls, men, and agents of change in post-disaster recovery. The boys differently.vi Pre-existing social inequalities are success of post-disaster recovery programs depends magnified, and new inequalities emerge during and in on how reconstruction efforts respond to the needs the aftermath of disasters. Trauma, grief, the erosion of all diverse groups to address inequalities and of interpersonal relationships, economic strain, loss vulnerabilities.ix Disaster risk management in Indonesia Indonesia is one of the most disaster-prone affecting Indonesia, including the 2004 Indian Ocean countries in the world and is exposed to a range earthquake and tsunami, during which more women of natural hazards that can hinder development than men died due to various factors.xii outcomes. Some 127 active volcanoes are spread across the country, and earthquake risk is particularly There have been significant advances in Indonesian high due to tectonic plate activity. Tsunamis, floods, DRM governance in recent years. The paradigm for droughts, and landslides are also common across the dealing with disasters and their impacts has begun to archipelago, with an estimated 97 percent of Indonesia’s shift from emergency response to addressing the root population living in disaster-prone areas. Based on x cause of disasters and ensuring preparedness through probabilistic loss models, there is a 2 percent chance a more comprehensive DRM framework.xiii While the each year of a significant earthquake occurring and Government of Indonesia (GoI) and development causing damages of approximately US$1.3 billion.xi partners have worked to increasingly incorporate a The poor and vulnerable often bear the brunt of gender lens in DRM efforts, many projects in the DRM disaster impacts as they tend to live in hazardous areas, sector have traditionally been ‘gender blind’.xiv lack access to basic services, and have limited access Continuing to document lessons learned and good to resources and assets to cope with losses. Gendered practices is crucial for the development of a gender- impacts have been pronounced in various disasters responsive DRM sector, both in Indonesia and globally. 3 Statistics Indonesia (2016). 2016 Indonesian National Women’s Life Experience. The survey was a joint study with the Ministry of Women Empowerment and Child Protection and the UNFPA. 4 Komnas Perempuan (2022). 'CATAHU 2022: Catatan Tahunan Kekerasan Terhadap Perempuan 2021'. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 09 The 2018 Central Sulawesi disaster In September 2018, Central Sulawesi was struck by on the ground documented several disproportionate a series of natural disasters, the cascading effects impacts on women and girls in the direct aftermath of of which caused tragic loss of life and devastating the disaster. CARE’s Rapid Gender Analysis in October impacts on the affected communities. Initially, a 2018 found that women and girls faced increasing magnitude 7.5 earthquake struck 81 kilometers north of workloads, including care responsibilities, coupled with the provincial capital Palu City, causing three near-field a loss of livelihoods and access to food caused by the tsunamis up to 6 meters in height to surge through the widespread destruction of food gardens.xvi A Joint Needs Bay of Palu. The narrowing gulf morphology amplified Assessment conducted by multiple NGOs found that the damaging effects of the waves, which destroyed more than 50 percent of women and girls interviewed homes and coastal infrastructure. Three neighboring reported challenges related to maintaining hygiene, districts, Donggala, Sigi, and Parigi Moutong, were also and 67 percent faced challenges in accessing sanitary affected by severe ground shaking. Entire residential napkins.xvii In November 2018, UN Women noted that neighborhoods were destroyed due to the extent of soil 45,300 pregnant women had been impacted by the liquefaction, unprecedented globally. In addition to the disaster, with pregnant and lactating women being at loss of over 4,400 human lives, the disasters damaged particular nutritional risk due to food scarcity. A lack approximately 100,000 homes as well as crucial public of gender-segregated toilets in shelters, insufficient infrastructure. Estimates suggest the event caused lighting, and long distances to WASH facilities were US$1.3billion in economic losses and displaced around identified as additional problems disproportionately 170,000 people.xv impacting women and girls, as was increasing isolation caused by constrained mobility in the aftermath of the As with other disasters, the impacts of the events disaster. Adolescent girls, pregnant women, elderly in Central Sulawesi were not gender-neutral. The women, female household heads, and women with disaster exacerbated pre-existing gender inequalities disabilities were identified as groups with heightened and created new vulnerabilities. Organizations working vulnerabilities.xviii 1 in 3 3,764 Indonesian women experience female headed households physical or sexual violence in identified among the 60,400 their lifetime households displaced 1 in 5 girls An estimated 45,300 pregnant women were affected by the from Central Sulawesi are earthquake and tsunami married before the age of 18 352,000 1,900 persons women of reproductive age in central Sulawesi affected by the disasters living with HIV 50% of 212,141 1,771 persons displaced persons are women with disabilities among and girls the displaced population UN Women. 2018. Gender and Inclusion Alert: Central Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami. UN Women. 10 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi New GBV risks emerged in the immediate In response to the documented spike in GBV aftermath of the disaster. The provincial Women’s cases, local women’s rights activists, government Empowerment and Child Protection Office (DP3A), offices, and development partners mobilized. These LIBU Perempuan, and other local GBV service parties cooperated in establishing Women Friendly providers recorded cases of rape, attempted rape, Tents (Tenda Ramah Perempuan, TRP) and Women sexual harassment, and other forms of violence in Friendly Houses (Rumah Ramah Perempuan, RRP) temporary settlements across Palu, Sigi, and Donggala. to provide safe spaces and services for women and Local service providers also recorded a spike in child girls. Volunteers and cadres worked on the ground to marriages in the months following the disaster, provide much-needed outreach, psychological support, highlighting the unique vulnerabilities experienced and other services to survivors of GBV. by girls.5 Women and girls faced heightened risks of domestic violence, sexual harassment, abuse, and When the COVID-19 outbreak was declared a exploitation, in part due to their displacement, reduced pandemic in March 2020, many of the disaster- control over resources within the household and affected people were still living in temporary community, and loss of income.xix The lack of privacy settlements. Local service providers confirmed that and security in temporary shelters and sanitation the pandemic and resultant social-distancing measures facilities further exacerbated the risk of GBV. and economic insecurity stemming from a loss of livelihoods further heightened GBV risks, especially for women and girls living in temporary settlements.6 World Bank post-disaster engagement in Central Sulawesi Following the catastrophic events, the World Bank designs for the reconstruction of public facilities. responded to the GoI’s request for a comprehensive support package to address the urgent need for The US$150 million Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation financial and technical assistance on the ground. and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP) was one of two The World Bank responded by channeling existing emergency operations approved by the World Bank project financing to complement the GoI’s recovery in 2019 as a direct response to the disaster events in program and launching accelerated emergency recovery Central Sulawesi.7 Equipped with evidence from other operations. The National Slum Upgrading Project’s post-disaster contexts regarding disasters exacerbating (NSUP) Contingent Emergency Response Component gender inequalities and resulting in increased GBV risk, (CERC) was activated to immediately address urgent gender-inclusive planning and GBV risk mitigation were rehabilitation and reconstruction needs and begin incorporated from the outset of CSRRP project design.8 activities in the field by training community facilitators, At the project outset, a broad gender action plan and a establishing beneficiary groups, and preparing technical specific GBV mitigation plan were developed. 5 An increase in child marriage has been observed in multiple post-disaster contexts globally as a coping strategy where families 'marry off' daughters earlier than usual to reduce the size of a household and financial strain on the family. This coping mechanism is seen as a way to enhance the financial resources immediately available to households, but girls entering these marriages are often forced to abandon their education while facing early pregnancy and associated health risks. 6 This is consistent with global evidence that shows GBV risks can increase during various types of emergencies, including economic crises, disasters, and disease outbreaks. According to the UNFPA, pandemics can lead to the breakdown of social infrastructures and compound existing gender inequalities. See, for example Mittal S, Singh T. (2020) Gender-Based Violence During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mini-Review. Front Glob Women's Health and UNFPA (2020). As Pandemic Rages, Women and Girls Face Intensified Risks. 7 The other being the separate but complementary Indonesia Disaster Resilience Initiatives Project (IDRIP), supporting the improved preparedness of central government and select local governments for future natural hazards. The implementing agencies of IDRIP are the National Disaster Management Authority (BNPB) and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). 8 Studies have shown increased prevalence of GBV in post-disaster settings across the world, including in New Zealand and Haiti following earthquakes in 2010 and in the US after Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 11 BOX 1 The Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project – project background The Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP) is supporting targeted communities to reconstruct and strengthen housing and public facilities to bolster resilience against future disaster events. The project was designed to support implementation of the Government of Indonesia’s (GoI's) Central Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami Post-Disaster Recovery and Reconstruction Master Plan, with an aim to 'build back better' and inclusively by improving the building quality, accessibility, and sustainability of critical public facilities and housing settlements. The CSRRP is implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MoPWH) and includes three components. The first component focuses on resilient construction of permanent housing units and settlement infrastructure, by financing the construction of permanent housing units as well as related settlement infrastructure for disaster-displaced households. The second component supports the reconstruction and strengthening of public facilities – such as schools, health facilities, markets, and priority government administration buildings – to reduce disaster vulnerability and improve functionality and service standards. The third component is project implementation support, supporting managerial and technical assistance of the project through financing technical teams and community facilitators to support the project and strengthen the GoI's capacity on post-disaster recovery. As the CSRRP enters its third year, it is important to reflect on and document the good practices implemented through the project to prevent, mitigate, and respond to cases of GBV in Central Sulawesi. This note aims to extend the knowledge base on GBV risk mitigation in post-disaster contexts and document challenges as well as lessons learned during CSRRP implementation to inform future responses. It is hoped that this note can serve as a reference point for World Bank task teams, government counterparts, and other development actors seeking to implement GBV risk mitigation in their projects in Indonesia and globally. 12 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Laying the groundwork for CSRRP GBV mitigation: From the outset, project preparation incorporated gender analysis to identify inequalities specific to the context of the Central Sulawesi disaster, as well as gender inequalities and gender-based violence (GBV) risks in the disaster risk management (DRM) sector more broadly. The dedicated gender analysis section in the project design document highlighted several key inequalities and planned interventions to bridge these gaps. Drawing on lessons learned from past post-disaster contexts was crucial in this exercise. Analysis during project preparation identified despite women’s proven capacity to work to the same that gaps in women’s knowledge of and access to quality as men in post-disaster contexts, they are often property and land tenure rights were prevailing overlooked and underrepresented in job opportunities issues in Indonesia. Lessons learned from the due to pervasive stereotypes. Further evidence Reconstruction of Aceh Land Administration System from Central Java and Yogyakarta demonstrated (RALAS) Project, launched by the World Bank in that access to information could pose a significant response to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, showed barrier to women’s access to opportunities in disaster it was possible to use post-disaster reconstruction reconstruction efforts. The UNFPA’s gender assessment as an opportunity to improve women’s knowledge of of the situation in Central Sulawesi conducted in late ownership and control of assets including land. 2018 was also utilized, which indicated that women lacked access to information on rehabilitation and Women’s lack of access to post-disaster disaster management planning. reconstruction job opportunities was another gap identified during project preparation. Analysis was In response to this gender analysis, clear actions informed by past World Bank-supported reconstruction were set out in the project design that would be programs, including those in Nias, North Sumatra, and undertaken to narrow identified gaps. The gaps Aceh. Experiences from these programs showed that included women’s access to property and land tenure Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 13 rights, disaster reconstruction job opportunities, access housing and shelters increases risks related to to local public services, and planning for housing violence against women and children. Women’s limited reconstruction. The results framework incorporated opportunities to generate income and participate in dedicated targets and indicators to measure women’s public forums further leaves them unable to influence awareness of land and property rights, employment reconstruction planning, leaving them more vulnerable opportunities, and participation in decision-making to sexual exploitation, abuse, and other forms of GBV.xx meetings in the targeted project areas. It was, therefore, crucial to lay the framework for GBV prevention and women’s empowerment, not While women’s access to decision-making, only through specifically targeted violence mitigation employment opportunities, and land rights may mechanisms but also through project design that not seem immediately connected to GBV risk incorporated wider women’s empowerment initiatives, mitigation, extensive evidence shows a clear and addressed potential triggers of GBV at their root. link. As CARE’s Rapid Gender Analysis of the disaster Empowering women, ensuring access to services, observed, the risk of domestic violence can increase reducing poverty, and making environments safe when women’s loss of livelihood challenges their ability are recognized in the RESPECT Women: Preventing to fulfill their prescribed role of feeding their families. Violence against Women Framework9 as key strategies Economic hardship can also increase vulnerability to for preventing GBV. sexual exploitation, and lack of access to appropriate The Environmental and Social Management Framework as a risk mitigation framework The Environmental and Social Management risks are also increased in temporary and permanent Framework (ESMF), prepared by the Ministry of settlement areas where women and children can be Public Works and Housing (MoPWH) as the project’s exposed to new hazards related to reduced security, implementing agency, serves as the overarching lack of privacy, and changing household dynamics. The guideline for managing the project’s environmental increasing prevalence of child marriage in settlements, and social risks, including GBV. The ESMF applies to particularly affecting girls, was also identified as a all activities financed by the project. Using the World concern. Bank’s GBV Risk Assessment Tool, the Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP) was The ESMF proposed project activities to mitigate rated as a ‘Substantial Risk’ due to the prevalence of these identified risks and vulnerabilities. For GBV in Central Sulawesi prior to the disaster and the example, the instrument requires site planning increased risks of GBV in the post-disaster context. and design to address the specific needs of women This risk rating reinforced the need to design proactive and children by incorporating safe lighting and GBV mitigation mechanisms. Drawing on experiences gender-sensitive WASH facility design to ensure safe from other infrastructure projects, the ESMF recognized and equitable access for all. Holding community that the labor influx risk, rated ‘high’ under the project, consultations and raising awareness on GBV prevention carried several GBV related risks. Large inflows of male and the program’s grievance redress mechanisms was workers may increase the demand for sex work, and a central focus, as was creating partnerships with local lead to sexual exploitation and abuse, and other forms NGOs and service providers engaged in GBV prevention of GBV, especially due to the layered vulnerabilities that and women’s empowerment. women and girls experienced after the disaster. GBV 9 This framework was developed by the WHO and UN Women. The RESPECT Women implementation package, designed to support GBV prevention programming, can be accessed at: https://www.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2020/07/respect- women-implementation-package 14 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi BOX 2 Applying the World Bank's Environmental and Social Framework and Environmental and Social Standards Applying the World Bank's Environmental and Social Frameworks (ESF) and relevant Environmental and Social Standards (ESS) prior to project appraisal also identified specific gender-based violence (GBV) risks and actions to be taken to mitigate these risks. Under ESS1 – Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks – resettlement of displaced people as well as risks associated with a large workforce and significant labor influx were identified as involving inherent GBV risks. ESS2 on Labor and Working Conditions was also considered relevant due to the large workforce and the unknown capacity of contractors to mitigate GBV risk at project sites. Application of ESS4 Community Health and Safety was similarly pertinent, with post-disaster GBV and sexual exploitation and abuse risks considered high, particularly due to limited privacy, security issues, and potentially unsafe spaces such as Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) facilities in camps. To mitigate these risks, the project design identified the need for: • a GBV risk assessment to update project-level risk, • a labor management framework, • a grievance redress mechanism, • a GBV prevention and awareness-raising strategy, • safe design for relocation sites, • a Stakeholder Engagement Plan; and • a comprehensive Environmental and Social Management Framework to form the umbrella for these risk mitigation activities. Project GBV Strategy and Action Plan The ESMF also includes a dedicated GBV Strategy existence of dozens of local organizations – government and Action Plan. This Plan was strategically developed agencies, NGOs, law enforcement, health services, by GBV specialists and outlined a series of guiding community groups, and religious organizations – that principles and measures aimed at reducing the risk provide GBV response services ranging from legal of GBV in connection with the CSRRP. It sets out a assistance, medical care, psychological care, provision of division of responsibilities for project stakeholders, safehouses and mediation, to law enforcement. implementing arrangements, and provisions for monitoring and reporting. The Plan identifies GBV A guiding principle of the CSRRP GBV Strategy and trends and risks in Central Sulawesi both prior to, Action Plan is a survivor-centered approach that and after, the disaster events. It also documents the ensures survivors’ safety, well-being, confidentiality, Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 15 and privacy. The Plan also stipulates that relevant the CSRRP has worked with GBV service providers Project Implementation Unit (PIU) specialists and that have established working relationships with the contractors must emphasize the prevention of GBV Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection Office by identifying GBV risks and seek to mitigate these (DP3A), and that are members of the national Service risks, including by using construction designs that Providers Forum (Forum Pengada Layanan, FPL). promote the safety of women and girls in public spaces, and implement GBV mitigation design features. This The Plan further requires all organizations involved document highlights the importance of awareness- in CSRRP implementation to develop and implement raising for communities in the proximity of project mandatory codes of conduct for companies, activities to increase awareness about GBV, services managers, and staff that explicitly prohibit and available to survivors, and case-handling mechanisms. commits to addressing GBV, including acts of sexual The requirement for all project staff to attend GBV exploitation and abuse (SEA) and sexual harassment prevention trainings led by a qualified GBV service (SH). The codes establish escalating sanctions in line provider is also a central focus of the document. To with the severity of transgressions, ranging from an ensure high-quality service provision for survivors and informal warning to termination of employment and quality GBV mitigation training for project stakeholders, referral to law enforcement authorities. BOX 3 GBV programming beyond sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment mitigation The term gender-based violence (GBV) – often used interchangeably with violence against women and girls (VAWG) – is an umbrella term that covers various forms of violence, including sexual exploitation, abuse, and harassment. In World Bank-financed operations, sexual exploitation occurs when access to or benefit from World Bank-financed goods, works, or services is used to extract sexual gain. Meanwhile, sexual abuse occurs when a project worker uses force or unequal power vis-à-vis a community member or colleague to perpetrate or threaten to perpetrate an unwanted sexual act. Sexual harassment (SH) occurs within the context of the company of a contractor or subcontractor and relates to company employees experiencing unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, or acts of a sexual nature that are offensive or humiliating. Sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and SH are the types of GBV most likely to occur or be exacerbated in civil works projects. In December 2019 and early 2020, after the Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP) had commenced, revisions to World Bank standard procurement documents strengthened measures to address SEA/SH risks in operations through bidding and contractual requirements. There are now strict requirements for contractors to manage SEA/SH risks that are within their control – see the World Bank Good Practice Note on Addressing SEA/SH in IPF involving Major Civil Works for more information. Beyond SEA/SH, there are myriad other manifestations of GBV that occur in communities. To respond to GBV risks beyond those related to SEA/SH, Task Teams can work with clients to identify and address specific risks in project design, implementation, and monitoring, and implement interventions that address the root causes of GBV and empower women in the communities surrounding project locations. 16 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi The CSRRP’s Feedback and Grievance Redress 3. Inform the survivor of the handling process, Mechanism (FGRM) and GBV Response Protocol is document their complaint, obtain consent for detailed in a stand-alone sub-appendix within the information to be shared, and refer them to Action Plan. This Response Protocol sets out a six-step appropriate services, survivor-centered mechanism for receiving complaints 4. Investigate the complaint, refer to police if relevant, and responding to GBV incidents: and propose relevant sanctions, 5. Verify that the support provided to the survivor is 1. Receive the report and support the survivor adequate and in line with their needs, to access immediate quality care and services, 6. Communicate the outcome of the report to the according to the needs of the survivor, survivor and to affected populations without 2. Assess the nature and severity of the complaint disclosing any identifying information. while notifying the implementing agency and the World Bank in a confidential manner, BOX 4 A survivor-centered approach to empower survivors The Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project’s (CSRRP) survivor-centered approach holds that the survivor’s choices, needs, safety, confidentiality, and wellbeing are at the center of all matters and procedures. Under this approach, all actions taken should be guided by respect for the survivor's choices, needs, rights, dignity, and informed consent. The survivor's agency and resilience must be fostered through the complaint process and GBV response protocol. The survivor-centered approach aims to create a supportive environment in which the survivor’s interests are respected and prioritized. The approach helps to promote the survivor’s recovery and ability to identify and express needs and wishes, as well as to reinforce their capacity to make decisions about possible interventions. Protecting the confidentiality of survivors and recognizing them as principal decision-makers in their own care are key principles of the approach. For further information about survivor-centered approaches, see the World Bank Good Practice Note on Addressing SEA/SH in Investment Project Financing involving Major Civil Works. Terms of Reference for preventing and handling GBV and VAC The Terms of Reference (ToR) for Preventing and the roles of each of the relevant parties in the mitigation Handling GBV and Violence Against Children (VAC) activities and mechanisms. The ToR sets out the in the Contingent Emergency Response Component responsibilities and coordination channels between (CERC) and CSRRP is another document that helped various stakeholders, including the PIU GBV Focal Point, lay the foundations for the project’s GBV mitigation Project Management Consultant (PMC) GBV Specialist, efforts. This ToR was developed by a gender consultant contractors, GBV service providers, as well as relevant with the World Bank’s CSRRP Task Team and clarified local government and law enforcement agencies. This Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 17 document includes a comprehensive mapping of service ESMF can be operationalized in the field through providers, documenting 119 services and organizations coordination structures and specific activities. It spread across the project locations of Sigi, Dongala, and sets out four key actions to strengthen the project’s GBV Palu districts. The ToR reiterates that contractors have mitigation system: a responsibility to work with GBV service providers and • Establish a GBV Focal Point position within the PIU hold GBV mitigation training for all contracted project and recruit a GBV specialist consultant, workers, and ensure that all workers have signed a code • Build synergy and coordination channels with local of conduct on preventing GBV and VAC. Contractors GBV service providers and relevant local government also have a responsibility to report any cases of GBV agencies, occurring in the project area to the project GBV focal • Implement awareness-raising workshops and point, whether the cases involve project staff or not. trainings to educate various project stakeholders on GBV mitigation, and The ToR builds on the project’s ESMF and GBV Action • Implement a project-specific FGRM mechanism for Plan by laying out how the concepts included in the GBV and VAC. Capacity building for project stakeholders Once the overarching project design was determined, a for post-disaster rehabilitation and reconstruction, two-day workshop on ‘Gender Inclusion in Post-Disaster mitigation of GBV risks, and hearing stories from the Rehabilitation and Reconstruction in Central Sulawesi’ was field from women engaged in reconstruction efforts. held in early December 2019. Convened by the MoPWH Members of local GBV service provider LIBU Perempuan and the World Bank, the workshop brought together also shared their experiences and lessons learned relevant stakeholders to address the next steps for from managing GBV cases in post-disaster temporary gender inclusion and GBV mitigation under the CSRRP. settlements in the province. Participants included project staff, representatives from the Ministry of Social Affairs, Ministry of Women’s The World Bank team shared knowledge on GBV Empowerment and Child Protection, Central Sulawesi risk mitigation gained from experience working in DP3A, UN Women, architects, as well as local women’s other Indonesian and global post-disaster contexts. rights activists and GBV service providers LIBU The Bank team also provided introductory training Perempuan and KPKPST. on conducting gender audits of public infrastructure (See Box. 3). Workshop participants took part in the The workshop was conducted with financial support hands-on gender audit exercise to enhance their from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction understanding of how urban design and building and Recovery (GFDRR). It was the first in a series of design interventions can help to create gender- capacity-building and knowledge-sharing activities as inclusive environments and mitigate GBV risks. The part of the World Bank’s technical cooperation program gender audit assessment is a spatial planning and with the MoPWH to enhance gender mainstreaming design tool that can be utilized to assess existing and under World Bank-financed recovery activities in new infrastructure designs. The tool can be used to Central Sulawesi. Subject matter experts presented proactively mitigate the risk of GBV on project sites by on standards and design solutions aimed at ensuring planning and designing inclusive and safe spaces and universal accessibility and enhancing gender inclusion, infrastructure for all that addresses women’s specific as well as incorporating design elements aimed at needs in accessing settlement areas, public spaces, and preventing GBV in project-funded infrastructure. facilities. In addition to capacity building and forming Discussions explored the need for synergy between the inter-organizational networks, the workshop aimed broad range of stakeholders to maximize outcomes, to inform the MoPWH’s creation of a Gender Action and the need for continuous capacity building and Plan that would identify additional activities on gender education for all involved. Key sessions in the workshop mainstreaming and GBV mitigation to be implemented focused on inclusive settlements and infrastructure through the project’s lifecycle. 18 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi BOX 5 Gender audits of public infrastructure and facilities Public infrastructure and facilities, such as education and healthcare facilities, as well as neighborhood parks and open spaces, play an essential role in the well-being of the community. Therefore, these facilities should be designed to be accessible for all, including women and men, the elderly, children, people with disabilities, and all diverse groups in the community. From a gender perspective, designing public infrastructure and facilities that include baby care facilities, and integrating safety, security, and accessibility measures is an important consideration to ensure equal opportunity of access. Providing care facilities such as parenting rooms and baby change facilities in public spaces can contribute to higher participation of women in everyday activities, as it enables them to carry out parenting and caring tasks on-site. Another key concern is the integration of safety and security measures. Full-height, solid partition walls in public toilets, for example, may significantly reduce voyeurism and other gender-based violence (GBV) risks. In addition, perceived risks, for example related to poorly lit public spaces, can also inhibit certain groups like women and children from utilizing public spaces and should therefore also be considered in the design of public facilities. To address these concerns, a design-oriented gender audit tool was created to help Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP) project teams assess public infrastructure and facility design and identify whether existing or proposed designs have incorporated features that could contribute to ensuring equal access and GBV mitigation measures. These features include, for example, baby care rooms in neighborhood parks and public facilities, pavements and footpaths that are wide enough to enable families with strollers or mobility-assistive devices to traverse, as well as streetlights in otherwise dimly lit residential areas, among other checklist items.10 A gender-audit exercise was held in Kota Palu’s GOR Park during the preliminary GBV-risk mitigation workshop in December 2019, to enhance CSRRP stakeholders’ understanding about the role of infrastructure and facility designs in promoting gender equality, universal accessibility, and mitigating GBV risks. 10 As the CSRRP progressed, the items listed in the gender audit checklist were further expanded to include universal accessibility and universal design principles. Three universal accessibility checklists have been developed, each covering the core types of infrastructure and facilities being constructed under the CSRRP: housing and settlements, education facilities, and healthcare facilities. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 19 The Ministry of Public Works and Housing’s CSRRP Gender Action Plan The MoPWH’s CSRRP Gender Action Plan (GAP) It also acts as a guiding document to ensure compliance was completed in February 2020. The GAP, with the project’s social risk management and mitigation designed to be a living document, establishes an measures detailed in the project ESMF. operational framework for integrating gender- responsive activities and mechanisms into project The Plan includes a comprehensive set of priority implementation. The GAP also provides information actions, results indicators to measure progress, and on the relevant national and sub-national regulatory a timeframe for activity competition. Select priority context, the World Bank’s Environmental and Social actions include: Framework (ESF), key roles and responsibilities of • Capacity building and advocacy on joint-name land project stakeholders, and a framework for implementing titling the GAP. It further sets out considerations for project decision-making, planning, and activity implementation • Development of guidelines to improve women’s while identifying a timeframe for implementation. knowledge and access to post-disaster The GAP aims to provide a framework to reduce the reconstruction jobs and opportunities gender gaps identified in project design, mitigate • Participatory planning, design, and construction GBV risk under the project, enhance gender-friendly activities that involve potential users of housing infrastructure planning and design, and increase and public facilities from different gender and women’s representation in consultations and project community groups activities. • Gender audits during the design of housing and public facilities The overall strategy of the GAP seeks to raise women’s awareness of land and property title rights, • Development of a strong and effective mechanism secure women’s active participation in employment to raise awareness on zero tolerance of sexual opportunities, and strengthen women’s voice and harassment, abuse, and other forms of GBV among participation in decision-making processes. In line workers, and to respond adequately to any such with the concept of universal accessibility, the GAP also incidents, including periodic capacity building on GBV aims to ensure housing settlements and public facilities risks for the Project Management Unit (PMU), PIU, under the CSRRP are constructed in line with the needs and other partners. of people of all genders, ages, and abilities. 20 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Operationalizing the groundwork The importance of bid documents Bid documents are a critical tool for gender- and the contractor’s responsibilities to mitigate GBV based violence (GBV) risk mitigation, including risk, the CSRRP Environmental and Social Management for sexual exploitation and abuse (SEA) and Framework (ESMF) Toolkit sets out a requirement sexual harassment (SH). Under the Central Sulawesi for contractor bid documents to mitigate GBV risks. Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP), there Contractors are required to submit bid documents that is a non-negotiable requirement for all contractors’ include a GBV sub-plan that is in line with the project’s bid documents to include budget provisions that overarching GBV Strategy and Action Plan. The sub-plan specifically address GBV training in line with the should also detail the establishment of a Feedback and CSRRP’s GBV mitigation framework. If contractors Grievance Redress Mechanism (FGRM) with multiple submitting bids for project-related civil works activities channels to initiate a GBV complaints process and do not include budget allocations for GBV mitigation ensure the safe and confidential handling of cases. activities, their bids will not be approved. In addition CSRRP project staff ensure that the contractor has to the World Bank’s Standard Bidding Documents for itemized the GBV mitigation strategies and activities in Civil Works setting out clear prohibitions on SEA/SH their Bill of Quantities and budget plan. Training and outreach as a core priority GBV awareness and mitigation training for all strategies. In 2021, 10 training sessions were held for project stakeholders has been a central tenet of staff, contractors, and workers involved in the project. A the project’s GBV mitigation strategy. Using subject total of 357 people took part in the sessions coordinated matter experts and delivering comprehensive but by the Project Management Consultant (PMC) GBV accessible materials to project workers has been crucial Specialist. These sessions were held in various locations, given that many workers had not previously been with contractors engaged in different construction exposed to concepts of gender, GBV, and mitigation components taking part. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 21 While the materials delivered were tailored depending • Integrating GBV mitigation design features on the audience, common themes included: and universal accessibility into infrastructure construction. • A general understanding of what constitutes GBV – including sexual exploitation and abuse, and sexual In the first three months of 2022, another 10 harassment in the context of World Bank-financed coordination meetings and trainings were conducted projects – and what project commitments and with project contractors and key focal points across mechanisms are in place to combat it various construction activities to increase awareness • GBV patterns and prevalence in the post-disaster of the project’s GBV mitigation strategy, and ensure context in Central Sulawesi activities in the field were being conducted in line with • Individuals’ roles and responsibilities in preventing the CSRRP’s code of conduct. and reporting GBV The CSRRP has utilized a GBV risk mitigation • Incident reporting mechanisms and referral approach that focuses both on implementing processes through the Women’s Empowerment and actions to prevent the occurrence of project-related Child Protection Office (DP3A) GBV cases and establishing a survivor-centered • Services available to survivors of GBV and how to case-handling mechanism to respond to cases if access them they arise. The Project Implementation Unit (PIU) Gender Focal Point emphasized the project’s approach • Understanding universal accessibility in to prioritizing GBV prevention. The CSRRP’s Technical infrastructure design Management Consultant (TMC) also emphasized the • Understanding the code of conduct that each importance of prevention efforts: ‘So far there have individual must sign and their responsibilities for been no cases [of project-related GBV]. I view that this is GBV mitigation under these contracts due to the training activities and information provided to workers. They know that there are limits that can’t be • Sanctions for perpetrators of GBV and legal crossed to minimize risks of violence.’ frameworks Image 1 - PMC GBV Specialist discusses GBV mitigation with project workers 22 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi According to the PMC GBV Specialist, the outreach In addition to the training sessions, the PMC GBV training provided to workers in the field successfully Specialist engaged with project workers during broadened their understanding of GBV mitigation. Many regular outreach and field trips, maintaining of the workers had never been exposed to the concept of communication channels and ensuring the GBV, let alone techniques for its mitigation and prevention. workers understood the mechanisms for She emphasized the importance of using the local language reporting cases of GBV and VAC. The required in training and awareness-raising activities as not all intensity of GBV mitigation efforts and outreach to workers are fluent in Bahasa Indonesia. It was equally workers depended on the nature of the construction important to deliver material using language that can be locations and anticipated risks. For example, the easily understood by workers who may not have been construction site for the permanent settlement exposed to concepts related to gender and GBV previously. in Tondo (Palu) borders a university campus, The PIU also emphasized the importance of holding the bringing the workers in close proximity to university trainings multiple times to build the knowledge base of students. Anticipating this as a potential GBV risk, all involved. The PMC GBV Specialist documented various the PMC conducted outreach to inform project responses from workers who took part in the trainings: workers about the prohibition and applicable The PMC GBV Specialist documented various responses from workers who took part in the trainings: ‘It turns out the risks are many and varied, so it’s important to think about security because of the high vulnerability in the permanent settlements.’ ‘[The training was] important because many workers didn’t know about GBV and [violence against children] VAC and the laws that regulate it.’ ‘The material about GBV and VAC needs to be provided to us project workers to avoid unwanted incidents happening in the project environment. This also concerns the reputation and good name of the company.’ ‘Almost all of the workers had never heard about GBV or VAC; therefore, it was really beneficial.’ ‘GBV and VAC mitigation is important for us, to make people vigilant before something bad happens to us.’ Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 23 sanctions for all forms of sexual harassment, including stakeholder coordination and open communication catcalling. The workers were overwhelmingly positive channels, enabling the PMC to assume a monitoring about the GBV mitigation training they received and and guidance role rather than a key facilitation role. understood the severity of the issue. Service provider LIBU Perempuan agreed, further suggesting that the creation of MoUs and coordination The responsibility for funding trainings and agreements directly between contractors and GBV outreach lies with the respective contractors. service providers would enable further ease of To date, however, the PMC GBV Specialist has taken coordination in the event a project-related GBV case a lead role in organizing the sessions, inviting local was reported in the future. GBV service providers and the local government DP3A Office to act as resource people. At a recent Simple posters conveying GBV prevention coordination meeting with project stakeholders, messaging and how individuals can report cases Dewi (the PMC GBV specialist) suggested that in of violence were designed and installed at project the future, contractors should directly contact and sites in prominent locations. These posters were contract GBV service providers to conduct GBV created in Bahasa Kaili, widely spoken in Central mitigation activities, including both training and Sulawesi, and the national language Bahasa Indonesia. community awareness-raising. This would strengthen Community-led engagement Under the CSRRP, there are 26 teams of community including GBV related, can be reported. The meetings facilitators, with each team consisting of five are scheduled for both mornings and evenings to people, including a social and environmental enable high levels of participation by diverse cross management focal point. These facilitators work in sections of the community. Facilitators, reflecting disaster-affected communities, engaging with members on gender relations and women’s involvement of the community to disseminate information about in these meetings, reported that while women the project's progress, field any complaints or queries generally participate more actively than men during that arise, and educate the community on various both meeting slots, women tend to attend morning topics. The facilitators, generally recruited from the meetings at greater rates than men. communities in which they are tasked to operate, act as bridges between the PIU and communities. They The PMC GBV Specialist also actively worked to play an important role in disseminating information ensure that local communities surrounding the about GBV within their respective communities. The project sites were aware of the GBV mitigation and PMC GBV Specialist held trainings for the community referral mechanisms and to encourage community facilitators, in which the facilitators were equipped members to report any incidents that potentially with knowledge about concepts of gender relations violated women’s and children’s rights. The PIU with and GBV, including what constitutes GBV, relevant support from the PMC GBV Specialist has engaged with definitions, and processes for handling reports of village authorities, community leaders, and women GBV within the context of the project FGRM. These leaders in consultations, targeting prominent local training sessions were funded by the PIU. Furthermore, leaders who can further disseminate the messaging the municipal government of Palu and the district to the wider community. Similar to the trainings, while governments of Sigi and Donggala also provided PMC, TMC specialists, and community facilitator teams separate trainings for the community facilitators have been taking the lead on public engagement and that included material related to GBV mitigation. consultations, there is further room for contractors The community facilitators hold regular meetings to directly coordinate with and contract local service for their constituents and engage in door-to-door providers to conduct community outreach and outreach, educating community members and acting awareness-raising. This has been highlighted as a as a channel through which all manner of complaints, future priority. 24 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Image 2 - At a project infrastructure construction site in Pombewe, Sigi, GBV mitigation posters can be seen displayed at the entrance to the site. The posters, displayed in both Bahasa Kaili and the national language Bahasa Indonesia, read: ‘If you experience, see, or suspect violence has occurred, report it immediately,’ with contact numbers for case reporting provided Operating an integrated GBV reporting and case-handling mechanism The CSRRP has established a comprehensive and Following the CSRRP’s survivor-centered approach, integrated GBV case-handling mechanism to the survivor’s identity and case information are kept dynamically respond to reports of GBV as they arise. confidential, and the mechanism ensures that the The mechanism consists of three stages that are centered survivor shall be accompanied by the project’s GBV on ensuring the best outcomes for survivors. The three specialist throughout the process. This approach lines up interlinked stages of the process are: (a) reporting and with the World Bank’s Good Practice Note on Addressing recording, (b) providing assistance to the survivor, and SEA/SH in IPF involving Major Civil Works, which (c) case resolution. Under the mechanism, survivors can emphasizes that every effort should be made to protect report cases to contractors, NGO services providers, the the safety and well-being of the survivor and all actions PIU, village/neighborhood authorities, Community Health should be taken with the survivor’s full consent. Centers (Puskesmas), or Family Welfare Movement (PKK) branches. The party who receives the complaint then As of September 2022, no cases of GBV perpetrated informs the CSRRP GBV Focal Point. Depending on the by project personnel have been reported, a fact that nature of the case and the survivor’s wishes, they may project stakeholders largely attribute to the success be referred to any number of service providers to obtain of the project’s worker training and outreach regime. medical or psychological support, legal aid, access to Approximately 12 cases of non-project related GBV safe houses, law enforcement, or non-litigation dispute occurring in the wider community have been reported resolution. via the project’s established FGRM and GBV Response Protocol. In line with the established mechanisms, Provincial and district-level DP3A offices play a the cases have since been referred to the local DP3A central role in this system, which also includes a wide offices. Support is being provided to the survivors and network of specialized service providers to maximize case resolution, either through legal or non-litigation survivors’ access to services in line with their needs. channels, is being pursued. The reporting of these cases The PMU and World Bank are informed in the event a demonstrates that community members are aware of, project-related GBV case is reported, and the survivor’s and willing to engage with, the project’s GBV reporting privacy is maintained through the case handling process. and response protocols. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 25 Image 3 - PUPR. GBV Risk Mitigation and Case Handling Mechanism NSUP-CERC and CSRRP. CSRRP GBV Case Handling Mechanism Reporting & Case Handling/ Resolution Data Collection Companionship GBV Focal Point • Provincial DP3A • Women World MoPWH PMC GBV Specialist (UPT-PPA) & child Bank (CPMU) OSP GBV Specialist protection • Palu Municipal units (UPT- government PPA) Survivor DP3A • Hospitals • Sigi District DP3A Project Occupational • Psychosocial Health and Safety • Donggala District support Manager DP3A • Women’s shelter • Legal Villages/ Kelurahan, assistance Women’s shelter, PKK, • Police community facilitator, community health center, campus gender task force, NGO Service Provider Litigation/legal paralegals, PATBM, etc Non-litigation (Reconciliation/ Mediation) The survivor can report to the most easily accessible party that they feel comfortable reporting to Two-way reporting and coordination Reporting and referral Coordination and communication Case handling/resolution (Survivor can choose whether they want their case resolved through legal or non-litigation channels Potential channel of assistance/companionship provision for survivors that elect for non-litigation, under the supervision of government agency CPMU Central Project Management Unit DP3A Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection Agency MoPWH Ministry of Public Works and Housing OSP Oversight Service Provider PATBM Integrated Community Based Child Protection PKK Family Welfare Movement RRP Women Friendly Houses UPT PPA Technical Working Unit for the Protection of Women and Children From Figure 5, Page 25 in the MoPWH’s Guideline for Mitigation of GBV and VAC in Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities in Post- Disaster Context in Central Sulawesi for CSRRP and NUSP-CERC 26 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Institutionalizing GBV mitigation efforts between government offices A cross-agency Cooperation Agreement, or MoU, play in processing complaints and referring cases of was drafted to institutionalize government violence for handling and assistance. It also strengthens cooperation on GBV and gender mainstreaming. The communication channels, information, and education MoU was signed by the heads of the Central Sulawesi about GBV and services available while strengthening Balai Prasarana Permukiman Wilayah (BPPW) and the advocacy efforts for women’s empowerment and child Central Sulawesi DP3A. The agreement regards ‘Gender protection. The agreement recognizes the DP3A’s role Participation and Prevention and Handling of GBV and in mobilizing related stakeholders, including service VAC in Post-disaster Rehabilitation and Reconstruction providers, to mitigate GBV risk through planning Activities in Central Sulawesi’ and formalizes synergy for and implementation. The agreement also regulates GBV mitigation work. joint monitoring and evaluation of case handling, stipulates funding for the mechanism, and establishes The PIU GBV Focal Point explained that this MoU a coordination framework with trimester coordination between the BPPW and the provincial government, meetings between the parties, with the results reported represented by the DP3A, creates a cooperation to the Governor of Central Sulawesi. commitment to advance gender mainstreaming and GBV mitigation in reconstruction activities. Its aims While the MoU is to be in effect until 2024, it contains are grounded in building synergy and collaboration a provision for a possible extension through an to provide comprehensive and quality services for addendum, the activation of which would pave the way survivors of GBV and VAC. The agreement provides for a sustainable GBV coordination mechanism that can an integrated case-handling framework for violence be implemented beyond the life of the CSRRP. that stipulates the roles the respective institutions Incorporating gender considerations in infrastructure planning and design Implementing universal accessibility features Housing unit interiors were designed with privacy in settlement site plans has been a strategy and security in mind. The design of the permanent implemented by the CSRRP to mitigate GBV risk and housing units constructed under the project was also improve residents’ sense of security. The project’s developed in line with feedback from gender experts ‘building back better and more inclusive’ ethos has seen to increase privacy and potentially mitigate risks of accessibility and safety designs adopted to promote domestic violence and other forms of GBV. Feedback equal access to and utilization of facilities. While global from experts suggested that a lack of partitions or research is inconclusive on whether design measures separate rooms within shelters was leading to increased such as good lighting reduce crime, substantial evidence household tension and increasing risks of domestic shows that adequate lighting increases women and violence. Responding to this concern, the CSRRP girls’ sense of security and reduces fear of crime.11 Both changed the initial housing unit design of a singular 6 physical obstacles and perceived risks can hamper square meter housing unit with no partition walls, to women and girls’ access to key public infrastructure, a design that included two separate bedrooms and a facilities, and services, therefore it is important to living space (See Box 6). address both. 11 See, for example How Night-Time Street Lighting Affects Refugee Communities, UNHCR, 2018; and Technical Brief: Lighting for Sanitation Facilities. OXFAM, 2018. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 27 BOX 6 “Build Back Better and More Inclusive” One of the key issues discussed at the December 2019 preliminary gender equality and gender-based violence (GBV) risk mitigation workshop was how post-disaster situations could exacerbate GBV risks, including domestic violence. Speakers and participants agreed on the importance of ensuring community participation, especially women’s participation, during the design and development of settlement areas and housing units in Central Sulawesi. “The development of a permanent resettlement area requires the participation of the community as a whole… the government should assist in the empowerment and adaptation of residents that will be moving into the new neighborhoods” – Ir. Sudirman, MM. Expert Staff for Social, Culture, and Community Roles, Ministry of Public Works and Housing. A key outcome of the discussions during the workshop was the addition of interior partition walls in the design of permanent housing units (Huntap). This design development was based on expert feedback that suggested increased household tensions and risks of domestic violence were observed in temporary housing units (Huntara), which previously lacked any form of privacy screens within individual units. Eventually, as communities were consulted on Huntap design, further revisions were made to the design, which led to toilets and kitchens being moved outside of the house. Members of the community perceived that this design improvement would allow for more flexible room arrangements within the house and increased hygiene, as toilets are designed to face away from the living room of Huntap units. As the project progresses and more people resettle into completed units, communities can provide feedback through the established Feedback and Grievance Redress Mechanism (FGRM) channel. The project team can then respond by holding community meetings or other engagements to further refine the design of housing units, facilities, and infrastructure if needed. Image 4 - Progression of the Huntap design. (Left) Original Huntap Design in early-mid 2019, prior to the 2019 gender inclusion workshop. (Middle) Additional partition walls were added to form two private quarters, following discussions in the workshop. (Right) The latest Huntap design iteration, based on consultations with community members. 28 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Key takeaways and lessons learned • Planning from the outset is critical. Detailed planning and resourcing from the outset is necessary to ensure that project design fully considers and incorporates gender-based violence (GBV) risk mitigation. Bid documents for civil works contracts and codes of conduct for all project workers that clearly define roles and responsibilities to enable enforcement are crucial. Contractors and other project stakeholders also need training to understand and fulfill these responsibilities. • Engage in continuous capacity development and outreach for all project stakeholders. Ensuring all project stakeholders, including workers, project staff, and beneficiaries understand concepts related to gender equality and their responsibilities related to GBV prevention is crucial. Continuous and tailored community outreach is needed to ensure project beneficiaries understand concepts relevant to GBV, how to report cases, and survivors' rights under the survivor-centered mechanism. • Specific GBV mitigation measures are essential, but broader interventions for women’s empowerment are also necessary. While prevention and handling of GBV – especially sexual exploitation and abuse and sexual harassment (SEA/SH) – is undoubtedly a crucial aspect of project design, wider-ranging initiatives to close gender gaps and address inequalities are also needed. The Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP) worked to assess and address GBV risk but also increase women’s voice and agency through participation in decision- making forums. The project has also strived to create livelihood opportunities for women and increase access to land titles, which can in turn reduce GBV risk. Expanding support for broader women’s empowerment initiatives beyond mitigating and responding to GBV cases can reduce pre-existing gender inequalities, which make women more vulnerable to disaster impacts and exacerbate risk of GBV. • Build a cross-sectoral network of dedicated experts. Multiple stakeholders engaged with the CSRRP have emphasized the importance of creating integrated networks and building synergy between actors to mitigate GBV. Throughout the project, international development partners, national ministries, women’s rights organizations, sub- national government offices, non-government service providers, infrastructure experts, contractors, and consultants have played a role in informing the project’s approach to GBV mitigation. • Bid documents are a critical tool to enhance GBV, particularly SEA/SH risk mitigation. Project personnel should oversee the requirement for all contractors’ bid documents to include budget provisions that specifically address GBV training and mitigation activities. • Recognize that GBV risk mitigation and gender equality are cross-cutting issues, the responsibility for which is shared across all project stakeholders, including local communities. Local community members, especially community leaders, village authorities, and women leaders, should be involved in GBV prevention initiatives and may be involved in the resolution of GBV incidents, particularly if the survivor chooses to resolve the issue through non-litigation channels. In some settings, respected community actors may be requested to act as mediators in the resolution of GBV incidents. Therefore, ensuring that local communities possess an understanding of mitigation, survivor-centered approaches to case handling, and gender equality should be a priority. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 29 • Institutionalize arrangements. The creation of a formal cooperation agreement between the Women’s Empowerment and Child Protection Office (DP3A), as the provincial authority for women’s empowerment and protection, and the Central Sulawesi Sulawesi Balai Prasarana Permukiman Wilayah (BPPW) establishes a formal working arrangement with top-level buy-in to ensure inter-organizational collaboration on GBV mitigation and gender mainstreaming in rehabilitation and reconstruction activities. This framework divides responsibilities and can enable ease of communication and action across stakeholders in working to prevent and respond to GBV cases. Further, the appointment of a dedicated CSRRP GBV Focal Point ensured that GBV risk mitigation was mainstreamed through all activities and across stakeholders, including by ensuring that specific budgets were allocated for awareness-raising and trainings. • Identify project GBV risk mitigation champions. In the early stages of project implementation, Ihsan Basir, who was then Central Sulawesi DP3A Office Head, played an instrumental role in supporting the establishment of the project’s GBV risk mitigation system and integrating it into local government operations. Identifying and working with strategically placed ‘champions’ can help to ensure progress and secure outcomes. • Local language, knowledge, and sector expertise is crucial. Contracting a highly respected and experienced local Project Management Consultant (PMC) GBV Specialist brought invaluable on-the-ground knowledge to the project. Local networks of service providers and experts contributed an understanding of gender vulnerabilities and patterns of violence specific to the project location. Command of local languages and understanding local community structures and norms was invaluable in outreach and training work. • Implement and build on lessons learned from previous disaster reconstruction efforts. Studying the lessons learned from previous disasters, including in Aceh, Yogyakarta, and Central Java, was crucial to informing the CSRRP’s identification of potential gender gaps and interventions to reduce inequalities through project implementation. Drawing on rapid analysis from development partners engaged in Central Sulawesi helped to provide further evidence about GBV risks and required interventions in the field. • Design housing units, public infrastructure, and facilities to be accessible for all. Making facilities accessible paves the way for increased participation by all community members in communal activities held in public spaces. In the long run, this can contribute to increased women’s representation in decision-making forums and facilitate better dissemination of information on jobs, livelihoods, education, and other opportunities to women and other typically under-represented groups in the community. • Systematically implement activities aimed at preventing GBV while operating a case-handling mechanism to respond to cases if they arise. Creating a comprehensive and integrated survivor-centered GBV reporting and case- handling mechanism is imperative to ensuring that in the event of project-related violence, survivors have access to all the services and support they require, perpetrators are appropriately sanctioned, and redress mechanisms can be put in place. However, implementing activities to prevent GBV from occurring in the first instance should also be a project priority. Training, community consultations, awareness-raising, outreach, and regular monitoring of project sites to ensure compliance with codes, build rapport with contractors, and increase awareness of all stakeholders are crucial. • A solid ‘on paper’ framework must be supported by responsive in-field implementation. In-depth planning, mapping, and analysis is important to lay the groundwork for GBV mitigation activities, but no amount of action plans or guidelines can replace the need for timely and proactive activities in the field. 30 Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Next steps • Explore avenues to increase the availability of safe houses for survivors in project areas. Currently, there are several safe houses for survivors of GBV and violence against children (VAC) in the provincial capital Palu. However, the safe houses – including two managed by local government and one by LIBU Perempuan – have limited resources, each having a standard operating procedure that generally allows women to take refuge in the facility for a maximum of five days. Service providers signaled that CSRRP stakeholders, including government and contractors, could coordinate to explore support to bolster safe house capacity and ensure survivors have access to these services in the event of a project-related GBV case. • Support contractors to directly engage GBV service providers. To date, the PMC GBV Specialist and technical management consultant (TMC) have been largely leading on organizing GBV mitigation training and outreach at the request of contractors. As the project progresses, contractors should be supported to directly contact and contract third-party GBV service providers to conduct project-related GBV mitigation activities, including trainings for workers and awareness-raising initiatives for surrounding communities. Project personnel and local GBV service providers have identified that this approach would strengthen coordination and further open communication channels between contractors and service providers, enabling ease of coordination in the event a project-related GBV case is reported in the future. Directly establishing MoU’s between contractors and service providers would further ease this coordination. • Strengthen engagement with community stakeholders and NGOs. To date, the project has engaged with community representatives through community facilitators. During trainings and informal outreach activities, representatives of communities in the project areas, community leaders, prominent women figures, village governments, and customary (adat) group representatives take part. Village representatives have suggested that moving forward, holding dedicated structured meetings for village officials would be beneficial for local-level stakeholders to better understand their respective roles in the GBV risk mitigation mechanism and be better equipped to disseminate information on GBV prevention and handling to the wider community. In addition, future meetings can engage more NGO service providers to provide for a better understanding and integration of existing NGO case- handling mechanisms with the project's GBV response mechanism. • Further institutionalize GBV risk mitigation mechanisms for post-project sustainability. As the CSRRP nears its scheduled completion date in 2024, efforts should be made to ensure the sustainability of the GBV risk mitigation mechanisms, procedures, and knowledge established by the project. This can be done by institutionalizing and mainstreaming the mechanisms, concepts, and good practices that the project has introduced. Work on this agenda has commenced through the provincial and municipal government's signing of a formal cooperation agreement on GBV mitigation. There is an opportunity to deepen the institutionalization of GBV mitigation systems by further incorporating lessons learned and mechanisms developed through the CSRRP into local law products and institutional structures.12 • Introduce a tabletop GBV response exercise to ensure that established mechanisms are operational. To ensure established mechanisms are operational in the event a GBV incident is reported, a periodic simulation GBV response exercise will be introduced to enhance project stakeholders' readiness and map out any needed tweaks to sharpen the mechanism. The PMC GBV specialist and representatives from the local DP3A agency may take the lead in designing and delivering this exercise and evaluate the process to identify potential room for improvement. 12 Work has already begun on this front. Local law products Central Sulawesi Provincial Regulation No.3/2019 on Protecting Women and Children from Violence and Central Sulawesi Governor Decree No.22/2021 on Procedures for Providing Services to Survivors of Violence already include some of the procedures introduced by the CSRRP. Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 31 Additional resources relevant to addressing GBV in DRM projects Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action Inter-Agency Standing Committee Guidelines for Integrating Gender-Based Violence Interventions in Humanitarian Action IRC Guidelines on Caring for Child Survivors of Sexual Abuse RESPECT Women: Preventing Violence against Women Framework, developed by the WHO and UN Women The World Bank Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) VAWG Resource Guide Disaster Risk Management Brief VAWG Resource Guide Land Brief World Bank Good Practice Note on addressing SEA/SH in IPF involving major civil works Gender Equality | GFDRR i GFDRR & World Bank. 2021 Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience. World Bank, Washington DC. ii Asian Development Bank. 2014. Gender-Inclusive Disaster Risk Management. Asian Development Bank. iii World Health Organization. 2013‎. Global and regional estimates of violence against women: prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence. World Health Organization. iv Parkinson, D. 2022. Gender-Based Violence and Disaster. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Natural Hazard Science. v Le Masson, Virginie & Lim, Sheri & Budimir, Mirianna & Podboj, Jasna. 2016. Disasters and violence against women and girls. Can disasters shake social norms and power relations?. 10.13140/RG.2.2.34574.31045. vi GFDRR. 2018. Disaster Recovery Guidance Series: Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Disaster Recovery. GFDRR, Washington DC. vii Le Masson et al. 2016. viii World Bank. 2012. Making Women’s Voices Count: Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk Management - Overview and Resources for Guidance Notes. East Asia and the Pacific Region Sustainable Development; World Bank, Washington, DC. © World Bank. https:// openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/26531 License: CC BY 3.0 IGO. ix GFDRR & World Bank. 2018. Disaster Recovery Guidance Series: Gender Equality and Women’s Empowerment in Disaster Recovery. GFDRR, Washington DC. x GoI & UNFPA. 2010. Population exposed to Natural Hazards: A Study Based on the 2010 Population Census. xi World Bank. 2011. Indonesia: Advancing a National Disaster Risk Financing Strategy – Options for Consideration. xii ADB & MoWECP. 2011. Gender equality in disaster management and climate adaptation. xiii Djalante, Riyanti & Garschagen, Matthias & Thomalla, Frank & Shaw, Rajib. (2017). Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, and Issues. 10.1007/978-3-319-54466-3. xiv IFRC & UNICEF. 2021. Gender responsive disaster risk management: An analysis of gender integration in national and regional disaster risk management frameworks in Eastern and Southern Africa. xv World Bank. 2019. Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project. Project Appraisal Document. World Bank. xvi 2018. CARE Rapid Gender Analysis. Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami Indonesia. Version 2. CARE INDONESIA. xvii CRS. 2018. Gender Protection Analysis in the CRS Central Sulawesi Response. Catholic Relief Services. xviii UN Women. 2018. Gender and Inclusion Alert: Central Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami. UN Women. xix 2018. CARE Rapid Gender Analysis. Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami Indonesia. Version 2. CARE INDONESIA. xx 2018. CARE Rapid Gender Analysis. Sulawesi Earthquake and Tsunami Indonesia. Version 2. CARE INDONESIA. 32 Good Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Practice Note: GBV Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi Acknowledgements: This note was developed by a World Bank team comprising members of the Urban, Resilience, Disaster Risk Management and Land Global Practice and the Social Sustainability and Inclusion Global Practice. It builds on the good practices developed under the Central Sulawesi Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (CSRRP), implemented by the Ministry of Public Works and Housing (MPWH) of the Government of Indonesia. The note benefits significantly from interviews with MPWH staff including Astriana Harjanti, Dewi Rana, Arnindia Putri, Wulan Hapsari Sutatiningsih, Silviani and Dedy Zubaidi. The lead author was Jack Britton (Gender Specialist, Consultant) with technical guidance provided by Natsuko Kikutake (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist), Jian Vun (Senior Disaster Risk Management Specialist) and Fajar Argo Djati (Senior Social Development Specialist) with overall oversight by Ming Zhang (Practice Manager, East Asia and the Pacific Urban, Resilience, Disaster Risk Management and Land Global Practice). Tony Hartanto Widjarnarso (Disaster Risk Management Specialist, Consultant), Nur Aisyah (Gender Specialist, Consultant), Indriana Apriani (Engineering Analyst, Consultant), and Giorgia Demarchi (Senior Social Development Specialist) provided technical inputs to the note. The team thanks the following peer reviewers in the World Bank for their constructive feedback and guidance: Diana Jimena Arango (Senior Gender Specialist and Global Gender Based Violence Lead), Mirai Maruo (Gender Specialist), Alvina Elisabeth Erman (Economist), Maulyati Slamet (External Affairs Officer) and Mizan Bisri (Disaster Risk Management Specialist, Consultant). Shah Suraj provided editorial support and Nuriza Saputra provided graphic design support. The World Bank extends its appreciation to the Australian Government Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, which provided financial support for this activity through the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). Good Practice Note: Gender-Based Violence (GBV) Mitigation in Post-Disaster Contexts – Lessons Learned from Central Sulawesi 33