ARGENTINA GENDER SCORECARD 2023 OVERVIEW OF KEY GENDER GAPS Young women in Argentina Adolescent fertility rate are 5 percentage points Only 58% of firms have in Argentina is twice the more likely than young men female participation in average rate of countries in to be out of employment, ownership. the same income group. not in education, or training. Boys are 5 percentage Men are 4 percentage points less likely than points less likely than girls to complete lower women to have access secondary education. to a financial account. This scorecard was prepared by Daniela A. Maquera Sardon and Diana Galeano under the guidance of Eliana Rubiano-Matulevich and Paola Buitrago-Hernández as part of the LCR Regional Gender Coordination in the Poverty and Equity Global Practice. For more information, contact LCR_Gender_Coordination@worldbankgroup.org GENDER EQUALITY IN ARGENTINA COMPARED TO ITS REGIONAL, STRUCTURAL AND ASPIRATIONAL PEERS The indicators below align with the priority areas identified by the LAC Region Gender Action Plan (RGAP) FY21-FY25. The table shows comparable data for the most recent year (2015 to 2021)1 and trends for the available years starting from 2010. Argentina Regional: LAC average using the latest country data point between 2015-2021. Structural: country’s income-level group average using the latest data point between 2015-2021. Aspirational: average of the top-5 countries on the Global Gender Gap Index 2022 (Iceland, Finland, Norway, New Zealand, and Sweden) using the latest country data point between 2015-2021. Structural Country trend vs. regional, Country Topic Indicator Country Regional (UMC) structural, and aspirational peers performance2 Women in STEM Female share of graduates from Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) programs, tertiary NA NA NA (%) 2010 2015 2020 Share of youth not in education, employment or training, 18.6 School-to-work transition 27.1 NA female (% of female youth population ages 15-24) [2021] 2010 2015 2020 Share of youth not in education, employment or training, 13.8 15.5 NA male (% of male youth population ages 15-24) [2021] 2010 2015 2020 1 The Argentina Gender Landscape Brief shows additional indicators in endowments, economic opportunity, and voice and agency; Women, Business, and the Law indicators; and other key measures. 2 The scorecard shows the latest country data and compares country performance with its regional and structural peers in the same or similar year. The country’s performance is scored relative to the comparison groups using a Traffic Light System: green if the country performs better than the two comparison groups; yellow if the country fares better than one comparison groups; red if both peers perform better than the country. No traffic light means that no comparisons can be made due to incomplete data. Argentina Regional Structural Aspirational Structural Country trend vs. regional, Country Topic Indicator Country Regional (UMC) structural, and aspirational peers performance2 Lower secondary completion rate, female (% of relevant 96.8 School dropout 82.9 91.8 age group) [2020] 2010 2015 2020 Lower secondary completion rate, male (% of relevant age 91.3 77.9 90.4 group) [2020] 2010 2015 2020 Teenage pregnancy Adolescent fertility rate (births per 1,000 women ages 62.1 60.3 29.3 15-19) [2020] 2010 2015 2020 Violence against women and girls Proportion of women subjected to physical and/or sexual 5.0** violence in the last 12 months (% of ever-partnered NA NA [2018] women ages 15-49) Vulnerable (contributing family and own-account) 21.0 More and better jobs employment, female (% of female employment) (modeled 33.7 38.5 [2019] ILO estimate) 2010 2015 2020 Vulnerable (contributing family and own-account) 24.0 employment, male (% of male employment) (modeled ILO 33.4 35.6 [2019] estimate) 2010 2015 2020 Argentina Regional Structural Aspirational Structural Country trend vs. regional, Country Topic Indicator Country Regional (UMC) structural, and aspirational peers performance2 Women entrepreneurs 57.8 Firms with female participation in ownership (% of firms) 49.9 35.6 [2017] 2010 2015 2020 Account ownership at a financial institution or with a Ownership and control of 73.8 mobile-money-service provider, female (% of population 70.1 82.3 productive assets [2021] ages 15+) 2010 2015 2020 Account ownership at a financial institution or with a 69.6 mobile-money-service provider, male (% of population 77.0 86.3 [2021] ages 15+) 2010 2015 2020 Time spent on unpaid Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care NA NA NA household work work, female (% of 24 hour day) 2010 2015 2020 Proportion of time spent on unpaid domestic and care NA NA NA work, male (% of 24 hour day) 2010 2015 2020 Data points refer to latest data point available. Sources: World Bank World Development Indicators (WDI) and World Bank Gender Statistics. **WHO estimates from the Global Database on the Prevalence of Violence Against Women refers to Intimate Partner Violence (physical and/or sexual) in the past year, women ages 15-49. LAC average: includes the 42 countries (all income levels) in Latin America and the Caribbean, as classified by The World Bank Group. For FY23, income groups are defined according to 2022 gross national income (GNI) per capita (in USD), calculated using the World Bank Atlas method: HIC: high-income group aggregate; economies with a GNI per capita higher than $13,205. UMC: upper middle-income group aggregate; economies with a GNI per capita between $4,256 and $13,205. LMC: lower middle-income group aggregate; economies with a GNI per capita between $1,086 and $4,255; LIC: low-income group aggregate; economies with a GNI per capita of $1,085 or less. NA refers to cases when the number is not available for the country or peer groups, which impacts the assessment of country performance. TURNING RESEARCH AND EVIDENCE INTO ACTION Below are 10 persistent gender gaps3 in LAC and corresponding evidence-based interventions that can help close them. Women in STEM Fields School-to-Work Transition Young women are more likely than young Women are underrepresented in STEM men to be out of employment, not in graduate programs and careers education or training Evidence-based solutions Evidence-based solutions • Promote women’s participation in non-traditional skills training programs by • Address gender biases in teaching and build a ‘science identity’ for girls. subsidizing attendance costs. • Expose young girls to female mentors and role models in STEM. • Supplement in-classroom training with on-the-job internships. • Fund female students and researchers through scholarships, postdocs, and internships • Strengthen labor intermediation with local and private entities for better training and to retain women in STEM careers. targeting of vulnerable women. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. Boys’ School Dropout Teenage Pregnancy Fewer boys complete lower secondary Girls from lower socio-economic status face school than girls higher risk of teenage pregnancy Evidence-based solutions Evidence-based solutions • Inform boys on wage returns to secondary education to raise interest to stay in school. • Offer financial incentives like CCT or vouchers conditional to school attendance and • Offer peer-to-peer sexual and reproductive health education. academic progress. • Include goal-setting and critical thinking activities in life skills trainings. • Train teachers on how to identify at-risk students and offer remedial learning to those • Avoid teen mothers’ school dropout through CCT programs. falling behind. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. 3 There are more gender gaps in LAC beyond the ones presented here. However, this scorecard focuses on the priority areas identified by the Regional Gender Action Plan FY21-FY25. Violence Against Women and Girls More and Better Jobs On average, 1 in 3 women In most LAC countries, the average woman are subjected to violence has a vulnerable job Evidence-based solutions Evidence-based solutions • Supplement economic empowerment programs with activities like community activism • Offer certification in non-traditional sectors, combined with on-the-job training. and school-based interventions to prevent dating violence. • Guarantee parental leave and equal pay for equal work between men and women. • Create and ensure safe spaces in schools and public transport. • Adopt workplace strategies that promote the recruitment of women such as quotas in • Develop intersectoral response as well as phone and internet helplines to improve the short lists and gender-inclusive language in job postings. prevention and detection of gender-based violence. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. Women Entrepreneurs Ownership and Control of Productive Assets Women tend to segregate in less profitable Women are less likely to own and control sectors assets than men Evidence-based solutions Evidence-based solutions • Combine business training with increased women’s access to grants and lending • Formalize joint titling and registration of property rights for female heads of assistance. households. • Match female entrepreneurs to male role models and mentors. • Simplify procedures for women’s access to housing.4 • Expand women’s credit access using alternative forms of collateral. • Train land administration staff on gender-equitable governance. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. 4 In countries with low levels of financial inclusion, the inability to own productive assets (e.g., land or housing) worsens the problem of limited access to collateral and, thus, credit, especially for women (Manysheva, 2022). Time spent on unpaid household work Gender data gaps Gender data are limited: often incomplete, Women spend significantly more time on methodologically inaccurate, or completely unpaid domestic and care work than men lacking. Evidence-based solutions Evidence-based solutions • Expand the supply of good-quality childcare services that meet families’ needs (location, times, ages served). • Subsidize childcare services to increase mothers’ labor participation and earnings. • Mainstream the adoption of international best practices in the production of gender • Complement paternity or parental leave policies with parenting guidance for fathers data. offered via virtual workshops and SMS messages. • Leverage existing engagements with National Statistical Offices regionally. Find more solutions and examples of WB-supported operations here. COUNTRY RESOURCES Legislative and regulatory framework Country-specific data and analysis • Argentina 2-pager of laws and regulations affecting women’s economic opportunities • Coding Bootcamps for Female Digital Employment: Evidence from an RCT in Argentina (2022) and Colombia (2021) • Learning modules for vulnerable young women students in Argentina (2020) Gender strategic framework • Single registry of cases of violence against women 2019 – National Institute of Statistics and Census • Argentina Country Partnership Framework FY19-22 (2019) • Time Use Survey 2021 - National Institute of Statistics and Census • Argentina Gender Assessment and Gender Action Plan - GEEF (2020) • Argentina Country Profile – Gender Equality Observatory, ECLAC • Argentina Fact Sheet – UN WOMEN