Samoa Food and Tobacco Tax Household Survey 2020 |1 Government of Japan © 2022 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy, completeness, or currency of the data included in thiswork and does not assume responsibility for any errors, omissions, or discrepancies in the information, or liability with respect to the use of or failure to use the information, methods, processes, or conclusions set forth. 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Somoan Farmers © Mayeta Clark/World Bank. Further permission required for reuse. Fruits and Vegetables / Coconuts in Traditional Samoan Baskets, purchased from iStock (contact N Hawley for receipt). Cover design: Lauren Cassar |2 Contents ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ......................................................................................................................................................... 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 Recommendations ................................................................................................................................................................. 5 INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................................................................................................... 8 The Country Context ...................................................................................................................................................... 10 The NCD Crisis And Development Impacts .................................................................................................................... 11 NCD Risk Factors ................................................................................................................................................................. 12 History Of Food Taxes In Samoa And Recommended Best Practices ................................................................... 19 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................................................... 20 Household Survey ............................................................................................................................................................... 20 Retail Survey ........................................................................................................................................................................ 26 Key Methodological Limitations ..................................................................................................................................... 27 FINDINGS ............................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Participant And Household Characteristics ................................................................................................................. 29 Health Characteristics, Health Knowledge, And Likelihood Of Changing Health Behaviors. ........................... 31 Food And Beverage Consumption Purchasing Behaviors .......................................................................................... 35 DISCUSSION ......................................................................................................................................................................... 50 RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................................................................................... 55 REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................................................... 58 APPENDICIES ...........................................................................................................................................................................61 List of Tables Table 1 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Fruit And Vegetable Consumption In A Typical Week Among 2013 Samoa STEPS Survey Respondents (18-64 Years) Table 2 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Prevalence Of Food Insecurity Among 2018 Household Income And Expenditure Survey Respondents (Based On The Food Insecurity Experience Scale) Table 3 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Prevalence Of Alcohol Use Disorders And Alcohol Dependence (%), 2016 Table 4 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Prevalence Of Overweight And Obesity Among Samoans, 2002 And 2013 STEPS Survey Data Table 5 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Age Distribution Of The Samoan Population Based On The 2016 Census And Associated Sampling Targets By Age And Gender Table 6 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 24 Age, Gender, And Census Region Of Residence Of Household Survey Participants (n=2,522) Table 7 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Prevalence Of Obesity Among Survey Respondents, By Age Group And Census Region (In %) List of Figures Figure 1 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Map Of Polynesia Figure 2 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 10 Samoan Islands Figure 3 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 11 Trends In Prevalence (%) Of Diabetes And Obesity In Samoa Between 1978 And 2013 (Adults Aged 25-64 Years) Figue 4 ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 12 Prevalence Of Current Smokers Among Students Aged 13-15 Years By Sex And Pacific Island Country/Territory Figure 5 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 13 Average Dietary Energy Consumption By Food Groups Figure 6 ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 14 Caloric Availability Of Coconuts, Fruit, And Starchy Root Crops, 1961-2007 Figure 7 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 16 Alcohol Consumption By Type Of Alcoholic Beverage, 2016 Figure 8 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 18 Age-Adjusted Mean BMI By Household Asset Score Tertile Samoan Adults (2010) Figure 9 ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 21 Geographic Distribution Of Selected Study Villages Figure 10 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 23 Flip Charts Used To Prompt Participant Recall (Chart Is Included As An Appendix) Figure 11 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 29 Proportion Of Households Below The Basic Needs And Food Poverty Lines*, By Census Region Figure 12.................................................................................................................................................................................... 30 Proportion Of Respondents Who Owned Household Items Used For Preparation And Storage Of Food (In %) Figure 13 .................................................................................................................................................................................... 31 Self-Reported Health Among Survey Respondents Figure 14.................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Proportion Of Survey Respondents Reporting Barriers To Healthy Eating (In %) Figure 15 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 32 Proportion Of Participants Expressing Confidence That They Could Change Their Eating Behavior (In %) Figure 16 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 33 Proportion Of Participants Expressing Confidence That They Could Change Their Eating Behavior, By Household Income Quintile Figure 17 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Proportion Of Participants Who Thought SSBs Contributed To Selected NCDs (In %) Figure 18 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 34 Reported Enthusiasm About Learning About Healthier Cooking And Eating (In %) Figure 19 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 35 Major Source Of Food And Beverages By Census Region Figure 20 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 Proportion (in %) Of Survey Respondents Consuming Beverages At Least Weekly (By Proposed Tax Changes) Figure 21 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 37 Comparison Of Consumption Versus Household Purchasing For Beverages Subject To Planned Tax Increases (In %) Figure 22 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 38 Proportion (in %) Of Survey Respondents Consuming Meat Products At Least Weekly (By Proposed Tax Changes) Figure 23 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Comparison Of Consumption Versus Household Purchasing For Meat Products Subject To Planned Tax Changes (In %) Figure 24 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 39 Sources Of Pork And Fresh Chicken Figure 25 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 40 Proportion (in %) Of Survey Respondents Consuming Sweet And Salty Snacks At Least Weekly (By Proposed Tax Changes) Figure 26 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 41 Source Of Sweet And Salty Snack Foods That Are Subject To Planned Tax Increases (In %) Figure 27 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 42 Proportion (in %) Of Survey Respondents Consuming Imported Vegetables At Least Weekly Figure 28 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 42 Proportion Of Participants That Can Cook (Or Someone In Their Household Can Cook) A Tasty Dish With Imported Vegetables (In %) Figure 29 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 43 Tobacco Smoking (% Of Respondents) By Gender And Census Region Figure 30 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 50 Tobacco Consumption By Type And Census Region Figure 31 ................................................................................................................................................................................... 44 Market Share Of Different Cigarette Brands In Samoa, 2020 (In %) Figure 32 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 45 Proportion Of Participants Reporting Each Reason For Decreasing Manufactured Cigarette Consumption, By Age Group (In %) Figure 33 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Proportion Of Participants Reporting Each Reason For Decreasing Manufactured Cigarette Consumption, By Census Region (In %) Figure 34 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 46 Proportion Of Participants Reporting Each Reason For Decreasing Manufactured Cigarette Consumption, By Household Income Quintile (In %) Figure 35 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 47 Cigarette Purchase Task – Predicted Consumption Based On Price Per Pack (By Household Income Level) Figure 36 .................................................................................................................................................................................. 48 Cigarette Purchase Task – Predicted Consumption Based On Price Per Pack (By Gender) Figure 37................................................................................................................................................................................... 49 Proportion Of Participants Who Reported Ever Having Consumed Alcohol, By Age And Gender Appendices 1. Supplementary Tables ..................................................................................................................................................... 61 S1 .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 62 Proportion Of Participants Consuming Beverages Subject To Planned Tax Changes At Least Weekly, By Selected Participant Characteristics S2 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 63 Proportion Of Participants Consuming Meat Products Subject To Planned Tax Changes At Least Weekly, By Selected Participant Characteristics S3 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 64 Proportion Of Participants Consuming Sweet And Salty Snacks Subject To Planned Tax Changes At Least Weekly, By Selected Participant Characteristics S4 ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 65 Proportion Of Participants Consuming Vegetables Subject To Planned Tax Changes At Least Weekly, By Selected Participant Characteristics S5.................................................................................................................................................................................................. 66 Proportion Of Participants Consuming Selected Foods Subject To Planned Tax Increases Or Reductions At Least Weekly, By Weight Status (Underweight/Normal Weight, Overweight, Obesity) S6 ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 67 Proportion Of Participants Consuming Selected Foods Subject To Planned Tax Increases Or Reductions At Least Weekly, By Weight Status (Underweight/Normal Weight, Overweight, Obesity) 2. Pre-Tax Household Survey Instrument ................................................................................................................... 68 3. Pre-Tax Household Survey Portion Size Prompts ............................................................................................ 141 4. Samoa NCD Tax Structure .......................................................................................................................................... 156 Acknowledgements The preparation of this report is led by Sutayut Osornprasop, with Nicola Hawley, Jutta Krahn, Kiatanantha Lounkaew, Terri Loimata, Rong Zheng, Sarulchana Viriyataveekul, and Pimon Iamsripong as team members. The household survey was conducted by Lutia I Puava Ae Mapu I Fagalele (LPAMF), led by Nicola Hawley, Kima Savusa and Muagututia Sefuiva Reupena with assistance from Kendall Arslanian. We are grateful to the LPAMF enumerators: Vaimoana Lupematisila, Melania Selu, Faafofola Unasa, Pelenatete Vaomalu, Grace Toveli, Junior Tafuna’i, Faith Simamao, New Caledonia Naseri, Vaie’e Ki, Maria Arorae, Joseph Su’a, and Molimau Viali. The team appreciates contributions from the Government of Samoa, including the Ministry of Finance, Ministry for Customs and Revenues, Ministry of Health, Samoa Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, and Ministry of Commerce, Industry & Labor. The team appreciates contributions from Maeva Natacha Betham Vaai and Lynn Ioana Malolua from World Bank Samoa Office; Aparnaa Somanathan, Lasse Melgaard, Aneesa Arur, Shuo Zhang, Carol Dayo Obure, and Kim Alan Edwards from the World Bank; and World Health Organization and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Financial support for this work was provided by the Government of Japan, through the Japan Trust Fund for Scaling Up Nutrition, as well as the Government of Australia’s Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, through Advance Universal Health Coverage Multi-Donor Trust Fund. |1 Executive Summary Samoa faces one of the greatest burdens of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) globally. Combined, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease are responsible for >75 percent of the total disease burden in Samoa. The predicted probability of dying from NCDs between the ages of 30 and 70 years is more than double in Samoa compared to high-income nations in the Pacific region. Major risk factors for NCDs in Samoa include poor nutrition, smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity. Addressing all of these risk behaviors requires multisectoral, multilevel action, including efforts to change the currently unhealthy food environment. The food environment in Samoa is characterized by an excess of high fat, high salt, and calorie dense imported foods. These foods are a more affordable source of calories than fruits and vegetables, which is particularly problematic in a setting with widespread food insecurity (almost a quarter of households in Samoa experience some degree of food insecurity). Systems level approaches such as fiscal policy and legislative efforts have greater potential than individual level interventions to change the local food supply. In recent years, the Samoan Government has introduced a number of taxation policies designed to promote population health. Excise taxes have been imposed on a number of products including cigarettes, alcohol, sugar sweetened beverages (SSBs) and selected meat products with high sugar content, and salty snack products (more details on tax structure are provided in Appendix 4). Although the impact of taxes on food have not been formally evaluated, national trends in cigarette smoking indicate declining consumption as the cost of tobacco has increased indicating the potential for fiscal policy to change consumer behavior. There are plans to introduce additional measures that target these products in the near future, including to raise excise taxes on tobacco and SSBs to meet the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) recommendations, raising import duty and/or excise taxes on imported pork, high fat cuts of lamb, syrups, confectionery, biscuits, ice cream and french fries. Simultaneously, there are plans to reduce and/or waive import duty on selected vegetables, fresh chicken, and bottled water.i i The Government of Samoa planned to increase excise taxes on selected unhealthy products and to reduce import duty on selected healthy products in early 2021. While the plan was approved by the cabinet and about to be implemented, it was delayed at short notice due to the national election. Then, it has been further delayed by the subsequent change in the government. According to the Ministry for Customs and Revenues, the new government is considering implementation in early 2023. |2 This study aims to provide baseline data on consumption of food products subject to planned tax changes as well as to report on current tobacco and alcohol consumption. The findings are expected to serve as the basis for evaluation of the taxes to be implemented, with a post-tax survey well positioned to monitor the impact of taxes on consumer behavior, subject to the government’s planned increase of excise taxes on selected unhealthy products in the near future.ii A nationally representative survey of n=2,531 individuals was conducted between November and December 2020. Participants reported on individual and household demographic characteristics, socioeconomic position, consumption of food and beverages (with special focus on foods subject to changes in tax and possible replacement products), knowledge of healthy eating, and barriers/ facilitators to healthy eating as well as cigarette and alcohol consumption. A cigarette purchase task, which is a behavioral economic measure of the reinforcing value of smoking in monetary terms (that is, cigarette demand), was also undertaken by participants who reported consuming manufactured cigarettes to examine hypothetical changes in consumption with continued increases in price. The prevalence of overweight and obesity was high among the study sample, reflecting previously published reports from this setting. Among men, 86.9 percent of the sample had either overweight or obesity while among women the prevalence was higher: 91.6 percent. The extent to which obesity was present among the sample exemplifies the population-level risk for related NCDs and the urgency with which mitigation strategies must be employed. Knowledge of planned taxes was low among survey respondents. More than 90 percent of respondents were unaware of the planned implementation of new food taxes. Increasing public awareness of tax increases with an accompanying education campaign to describe health and economic benefits may improve effectiveness. In addition, highlighting planned reductions in import duty on healthier items (for example, vegetables) may increase public pressure on importers to pass on, rather than absorb, any cost savings, thereby increasing demand. Without public awareness, there is potential for the importers to be the sole beneficiaries of price reductions. In general, foods subject to new tax increases are consumed more frequently by those in the highest income households and those from urban areas. Consumption of SSBs, syrup and confectionery, and salty snack foods were more commonly consumed by those in the Apia Urban Area compared to any other census region. In the case of SSBs, younger adults are the most common consumers and therefore likely to be impacted by taxes, which may have a positive impact on NCD prevention. Since higher household income may buffer price increases on some products, there is a risk of limited impact among high-income households, who have the greatest burden of ill health. In the Apia Urban Area, where residents are also significantly more likely to buy fresh chicken than raise their own livestock compared to other census regions, access to large supermarkets means that imported vegetables are more readily available and more often consumed. This means that the same households (urban, higher income) are also more likely to benefit from tax reductions than lower income, rural residents. Risk of substitution is high for snack foods and meat products. The survey data suggest the frequent consumption of a number of comparator snack products (less sweetened, but still unhealthy snacks which are imported and locally produced). Evidence from other settings suggests that rather than reducing consumption, consumers may substitute more expensive products with these cheaper options. In Tonga, for example, consumers moved from taxed, and therefore higher cost, imported ice cream to locally produced ice cream. Similarly, in other settings, when high fat meat products were subject to price increases, consumers were seen to move to other high fat, often ultra-processed options (canned meats, for example). ii Given that the government’s plan to increase excise taxes on unhealthy products has been delayed due to the national election and subsequent change in the government, the World Bank initially postponed the implementation of the post-tax survey, awaiting the government’s policy. However, as the government is yet to implement the policy and as the Trust Fund supporting the study was closed in May 2022, a post-tax survey will not be completed. |3 The ability of tax reductions on vegetables to influence consumption will likely be limited by issues of accessibility, education, and taste if accompanying interventions to address these systemic issues are not implemented. Alongside cost, lack of availability, lack of knowledge about preparation, and taste preferences were cited as reasons for the current low consumption of imported vegetables. There is an opportunity to address these issues through accompanying social and behavior change communication interventions and promotion of heathy foods among small store owners. Importers must be encouraged to pass on cost savings to consumers. Increasing demand may improve consistency of supply and quality of produce available. Evidence that taxes levied on imported meat products will drive consumers to local vendors suggests opportunity for strengthening local markets. A shift from imported to locally produced meat products may benefit the local economy, particularly from lower income households who participate more in the informal food market. Social and behavior change communication measures are necessary though, to ensure that consumers are able to choose the healthiest cuts of meat, prepare and cook meat in ways that reduce exposure to saturated fats, and choose appropriate portion sizes. Food consumption is not, however, only influenced by price. As well as the issues of access and availability reported for imported vegetables, more than a third of survey participants cited disliking the taste of healthy foods as a barrier to consumption and more than a quarter of respondents reported that other people believed that they should not be consuming healthy foods. The strong food culture in Samoa, which has historically favored high fat, imported foods as a symbol of wealth and status may mean that efforts to change the food environment through fiscal policy could be met with resistance. Reported declines in smoking among survey respondents, in response to rising costs of tobacco, indicate the success of fiscal policy interventions for behavior change. A quarter of survey respondents reported reducing their cigarette consumption, with those in the 30–64-year age group citing increased price as a key driver. Participants also frequently cited their health as a motivator to change behavior, which is likely a result of Ministry of Health campaigns to reduce tobacco use. Responses to hypothetical cigarette price increases suggest that further increases in taxes on tobacco will continue to result in declines in the prevalence of smoking. Recent declines in smoking prevalence have been attributed to rising cigarette costs. Findings from the household survey indicate that households of all income levels remain extremely sensitive to price and that price increases would lead individuals to further reduce consumption or stop smoking completely, rather than driving them to other tobacco products. Providing more resources to support those hoping to quit smoking may further reduce smoking prevalence. Comprehensive monitoring and evaluation will be needed to assess the impact of the proposed food taxes on consumer behavior and indicators of NCD risk. Monitoring price changes in response to new tax policy will determine whether increases or decreases in import cost are being passed on to consumers (a key driver of changing consumption in other settings). Repeating this household survey, ideally with the same participants will provide evidence for changes in consumption. Systematic, longer- term monitoring will be needed to measure any potential impact on NCD risk. |4 RECOMMENDATIONS A comprehensive, life course approach is needed to address the current burden of NCDs in Samoa. Such an approach would consider the entire physical and social environment and attempt to optimize it to protect and promote health and well-being. It would also take into account differences in risk factors by gender (for example, men are less likely to be physically inactive, but smoke and drink more often than women). Accompanied by other public health measures, introduction of a new tax policy may contribute to reduction of NCD risk through its impact on unhealthy food consumption. There are a number of specific recommendations related to the implementation of such policies: Tax Structure 1 Unified approaches to imported and locally produced foods should be considered. Findings from the household survey highlight the likelihood of substitution of higher price items with lower cost but equally unhealthy products; this could include both other imported products and locally produced alternatives. Introducing unified tax policies, as the proposed tax does for ice cream, may offset this risk and avoid dilution of the effect of the proposed taxes on consumption. 2 Where administratively possible, taxes on food should be guided by nutritional quality. Not all cuts of meat, for example, are equally high fat and taxes should be levied strategically to decrease the availability and accessibility of high fat cuts while ensuring that leaner cuts are readily available and competitively priced. This is suitable for the Pacific context as most cuts of meat that are high in fat (for example, turkey tails, mutton flaps) are imported as frozen cuts of meat, and tax can be easily implemented. 3 To be effective, tax cuts must be passed on to consumers in the form of lowered price. While lowered duty may be an incentive for importers to increase supply and availability, cost is the primary driver of consumption of most foods. If importers and retailers are the only beneficiaries of reductions in import duty, without lowering price, there is a risk that there will be little to no impact on consumption or health outcomes. 4 Annual increases in tobacco tax should continue. Evidence suggests a significant decline in use of manufactured cigarettes, both in terms of number of smokers and, among smokers, and number of cigarettes consumed in response to price increases over the past several years. Since the evidence presented here suggests that consumers remain very sensitive to price, continued increases are likely to be impactful. Since results from the survey suggest that a 1 WST (Samoan tala) increase in cost per pack (that is an ~7 percent increase on current price) would lead a third of smokers to consider quitting, the government should consider tax increases greater than the current 5 percent per year planned increases. 5 There are no current plans to increase tax on alcohol products but this may be important to reduce alcohol-related harm as well as obesity risk. Although relatively few survey respondents reported frequently consuming alcohol, an increasing degree of binge drinking has been reported. Addressing this would reduce alcohol-related harm but also address obesity risk. The Samoan government plans to review existing policies in the near future. |5 Transparency 1 Consumers should be informed about proposed tax changes, particularly reductions in import duty, such as on fresh chicken meat, and vegetables. Increasing public awareness of these planned reductions in import duty may increase pressure on importers to pass on cost savings, thereby increasing demand. Without public awareness, there is potential for the importers to be the sole beneficiaries of price reductions. 2 The government may consider disclosing revenue raised through tax increase and using those for specific health promotion activities to strengthen public support. There should be transparency about funds raised through the taxation of unhealthy food items as well as commitment to use these funds to protect and promote health (for example, through funding key health services, community- based activities, public health initiatives, or improving access to opportunities for physical activity that may increase public support for fiscal policies). Complementary Non-Tax Measures 1 A coordinated multisectoral approach is needed. New tax policies from the Ministry of Finance should be supported by other government agencies, for example, the Ministry of Health may be engaged in public health awareness campaigns, or the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in supporting local produce markets. 2 A number of complementary interventions are needed to make healthy foods more accessible, affordable, and appealing. As well as cost, household survey respondents reported availability, taste preferences, and perceptions of the social value of “healthy” foods as barriers to consumption. Interventions to increase awareness of options for food preparation, engagement of community leaders in promoting the social value of healthful foods, and increasing the purchasing power of small store owners are all possible options to address these barriers. 3 To promote vegetable consumption, produce quality and storage options would need to be improved. Without prompting, several participants described how quality of imported vegetables was poor considering their currently high cost. Lack of refrigeration also prevented survey respondents from purchasing these products in larger quantities. 4 Increased resources should be made available to those who wish to stop smoking. Evidence suggests that increases in price of manufactured cigarettes will lead Samoan consumers to quit smoking rather than replace those products with other, cheaper alternatives. Improving availability of resources such as counseling and nicotine replacement products should complement any fiscal policy approaches. Efforts should be particularly focused on young women, who appear to be at significant risk of adopting smoking habits early in life. |6 Monitoring and Evaluation 1 Comprehensive monitoring and evaluation is needed to examine effects of planned taxes on consumption as well as the local and household economy. Monitoring pricing changes in response to new taxes will determine whether costs or savings are passed on to consumers. This could be achieved with store surveys, examination of historical sales data from importers, or supermarket sales logs; or ideally, a combination of all of these. Repeating this household survey post-implementation of new tax policies will determine whether consumption is influenced by the new policies. 2 The overall impact of tax changes on food price as well as the differential impact of tax policies on low- and high- income households should be monitored. Samoa is unusual in the sense that consumption of most foods subject to tax change (increases and decreases) is greater in higher income households. Close monitoring to detect any regressive impacts on low-income households will be important as well as a more general examination of the impact of broadening the number of products subject to taxes on the consumer price index and inflation. 3 Longer term plans should be put in place to monitor the impact of food policies on health. Many participants cited their health as an important reason to change behavior. Demonstrating health impacts—through monitoring Body Mass Index (BMI), for example—may increase public support for such measures. |7 Introduction Samoa faces one of the greatest burdens of NCDs globally. Combined, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease are responsible for >75 percent of the total disease burden in Samoa. The predicted probability of dying from NCDs between the ages of 30 and 70 years is more than double in Samoa compared to high-income nations in the Pacific region.1 Samoa has among the highest prevalence of overweight and obesity globally, with ~85 percent of adults having a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2. Urgent action is required to reduce risk factors and create an environment that protects against the development and progression of NCDs. Four key risk factors for NCDs have been acknowledged by the Samoan Government.2 1 2 3 4 Tobacco Poor Excessive Physical consumption nutrition alcohol inactivity consumption The contemporary Samoan diet is high in fat (including saturated fats from cooking oils, animal fats, and from snacks and other ultra-processed foods containing trans fats), carbohydrates (including refined sugar), and salt, while fruit and vegetable consumption is low. Although major declines in smoking have been recorded over past decades, almost a quarter of the population still smokes daily and particularly worrisome trends in both smoking and alcohol consumption are present among Samoan youth. While the overall proportion of the population who consume alcohol is relatively low, heavy episodic drinking is a concern. Levels of physical inactivity among the Samoan population have reportedly declined over the past decade, but this may not be sufficient to offset the health impacts of the other NCD risk factors. The Government of Samoa is committed to stemming the rise of NCDs through multisectoral approaches and interventions including application of excise taxes on unhealthy products. This is expected to lead to increased retail prices and consequently toward reduced consumption. Excise taxes have been imposed on a number of products, including cigarettes, alcohol, SSBs, as well as selected meats, sugary and salty products (detailed tax structure is provided in Appendix 4). These legislative efforts are taking place alongside major efforts to reform and decentralize the health system in order to promote earlier screening and diagnosis as well as improve the accessibility of chronic disease care. To our knowledge, the consumer and health impacts of increased excise taxes have not been formally evaluated but declines in smoking prevalence observed alongside increases in tobacco taxation suggest potential for their efficacy. |8 The current excise tax rates for cigarettes and SSBs are still well below the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). According to the latest (2017) WHO data, the total tax incidence of the most sold cigarette brand in Samoa is 51.6 percent of retail price, with the excise tax accounting for 38.5 percent of retail price. This is significantly below WHO’s recommendation of at least 70 percent excise tax share in final consumer price of a tobacco product. The Samoa Ministry of Health (MOH) advised that the Government of Samoa had committed to increasing excise tax on tobacco to reach WHO’s recommendation of minimum excise tax share in retail price of tobacco products by 2021. According to the World Bank team’s preliminary calculations (based on the example of Coca Cola) the current SSB excise tax is only around 10 percent of the retail price, which is significantly below the recommendation by the WHO and the international benchmark of at least 20 percent excise tax share in final consumer price, which is expected to generate some impacts on consumption. Hence, there is more room for the Government of Samoa to consider further increases to the excise taxes on these products to optimize the impact on consumption behaviors. Furthermore, nutritional values have not been taken into account when designing excise taxes on food (for example, products with high levels of fat, sodium, and sugar). For example, 20 percent import duties apply to all sheep/ mutton products, regardless of their fat content. Since the import duty charged on the lean part of the sheep is the same amount as the import duty as the fattiest part of the sheep (mutton flaps), this policy design may not be successful in influencing consumers to choose the less fatty part of the meat. Another example is when the Government imposed the 10 percent import duty on frozen chicken cuts in April 2018. Chicken is an important source of protein for Samoan children and adults3,4; and in general chicken cuts are not considered “unhealthy”. It is the method of cooking that can make them more or less healthy. Chicken meat without skin and prepared in a soup or stew contains low amounts of fat.5 Samoa’s Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Labor (MCIL) agreed with the World Bank team’s earlier recommendation that any price control list should exclude the products that are considered unhealthy (the original price control list contained a number of products that are not considered healthy, including cigarettes, alcohol products, mutton flaps, and corned beef). There are plans to introduce additional taxes in the future that target SSBs, sweet and salty snacks, and high-fat meat products. Simultaneously, the cost of importing vegetables and taxes on bottled water are expected to be reduced. Given the new taxation policy initiatives to address NCDs and overnutrition, the Government of Samoa asked the World Bank to assess the potential effects of these new policies on prices, imports, consumption behaviors, and government revenue.iii This is in line with priorities highlighted in the 2014 NCD Roadmap for Samoa, which stresses the importance of generating empirical evidence to better inform governmental policy. This report presents findings from a household survey undertaken prior to the planned implementation of the new food taxation policy. The study aims to provide pre-tax estimates of consumption, record awareness of planned food taxes, estimate the possible impact of the proposed taxes, and make recommendations for measures to be undertaken alongside the planned taxes to increase their impact. iii The Government of Samoa planned to increase excise taxes on selected unhealthy products and to reduce import duty on selected healthy products in early 2021. While the plan was approved by the cabinet and about to be implemented, it was delayed at short notice due to the national election. Then, it has been further delayed by the subsequent change in the government. According to the Ministry for Customs and Revenues, the new government is considering implementation in early 2023. |9 THE COUNTRY CONTEXT The Independent State of Samoa lies approximately equidistant between Hawai’i and New Zealand in the Polynesian region of the Pacific Ocean (see Figure 1). Its land area—a little over 2,800 km2 comprising two large islands (Upolu and Savai’i) (see Figure 2) and eight smaller islets—is home to 198,400 people, 92.6 percent of whom identify as having Samoan ancestry.6 Around three-quarters of the population are residents of the island of Upolu7, which is the smaller of the two main islands and home to the capital city of Apia. Ruled by Germany in its early history (1900-1914) and then New Zealand (1914-1962), Samoa became independent in the early 1960s. The country remains closely aligned with New Zealand as its principal trading partner, with New Zealand typically providing 35-40 percent of total imports and purchasing 45-50 percent of total exports.8 Figure 1: Figure 2: Map of Polynesia Map of Samoan Islands Source: Wikipedia (Accessed December 1, 2021) Source: World Atlas (Accessed December 1, 2021) The economy of Samoa is dependent on agricultural exports, development aid, migrant remittances, and tourism. Major agricultural exports include coconut, taro (a starchy root vegetable), bananas, yams, pineapple, mango and papaya.9 The more than 100,000 Samoans who live overseas contribute over US$12.1 million in migrant remittances annually and contribute substantially to tourist visits.8 In addition, Samoa receives upward of US$28 million annually in development assistance with major contributions from China, Japan, Australia, and New Zealand.8 Having moved swiftly from classification as a least developed country in 2014 to upper-middle income in 2019, a recent reclassification as lower-middle income (2021), reflects damage to the tourism and hospitality industries associated with COVID-19 and a fall in the nation’s GDP per capita from US$4,324 in 2019 to US$4,067 in 2020 (>5 percent decrease).10 The most recent Samoa Hardship and Poverty Report, based on 2013-14 Household Income and Expenditure Survey data, places 13.4 percent of households under the Basic Needs Poverty Line and 4.3 percent of households under the Food Poverty Line.11 Measured by both metrics, poverty is more prevalent in the urban than rural areas, reflecting both the greater cost of living and the less strong influence of the Samoan village systems in these areas.11 | 10 THE NCD CRISIS AND DEVELOPMENT IMPACTS While Samoa performs better than many other lower-middle income nations on health indicators such as life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, and maternal mortality ratio12, the country faces one of the highest burdens of NCD globally. NCDs—including type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension (high blood pressure)—account for more than half of all premature deaths (before the age of 70 years).13 While WHO surveillance data suggests that the predicted probability of dying between the ages of 30 and 70 years from NCDs (cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory disease) is slightly lower in Samoa (31.2 percent) compared to other Pacific Island nations (Fiji 38 percent, Federated States of Micronesia 46 percent, Solomon Islands 39 percent, Vanuatu 40 percent), it is much higher than in other, developed nations such as the United States (13.6 percent) and three times as high as in New Zealand (10.3 percent).1 Between 1978 and 2013 the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is estimated to have increased from 1.2 percent to 19.6 percent in men and from 2.2 percent to 19.5 percent in women (see Figure 3).14 While there is no recent national level data on diabetes prevalence, models developed using this trend data predicted a prevalence of 26.2 percent in both men and women in 2020.14 Over a similar period (1991- 2013) hypertension (defined as either high blood pressure or use of medication such as ACE inhibitors, statins or diuretics for hypertension) rose from 18.3 percent to 33.9 percent in men and from 14.3 percent to 26.4 percent in women.15 Cardiovascular disease (CVD), a result of chronic hypertension among other risk factors, accounts for about 39 percent of premature mortality in Samoa16 and contributes to morbidity even among young adults: approximately 20 percent of adult Samoans (> 18 years) report CVD-related symptoms, and 22.3% percent report symptoms of transient ischemic attacks.17 NCDs are a major contributor to rising health care expenditure in Samoa. In the financial year 2014-2015, which is the most recent year for which cost data is available, the cost of NCDs amounted to 40.3 million WST (US$15.4 million); that is 34 percent of total health spending.2 Projections suggest that health care costs per person will increase markedly from US$235 in 2019 to US$331 per person by 2050, a 41 percent increase.18,19 While this per capita spending is low compared to other nations, the vast majority of health expenditure comes from government and development funds, challenging a national economy struggling to maintain growth in the face of external economic shocks.12 The current, hospital-centered health system (while taking important steps to decentralize) spends the majority of its funds on inpatient, curative care, rather than the primary and secondary prevention that is needed to address a rising tide of NCDs.17 Additionally, with many NCDs more prevalent among the wealthiest members of society12,20, there is a risk that increasing use of subsidized public health services by these individuals may direct much needed resources away from the poorest members of the population for whom achieving health equity is priority for the MOH. Figure 3: Trends in prevalence (%) of diabetes and obesity in Samoa between 1978 and 2013 (adults aged 25-64 years) 70 30 Obesity 60 25 Diabetes Diabetes Prevalence (%) Obesity Prevalence (%) 50 20 40 15 30 10 20 5 10 0 0 1978 1991a 1991b 1995 2002 2003 2010 2013 Source: Reproduced using data from Lin et al. (2017). | 11 NCD RISK FACTORS Both the World Health Organization and the Samoa Government acknowledge four key risk factors for NCDs: smoking (tobacco use), poor nutrition, excessive alcohol consumption, and physical inactivity. Tobacco consumption Smoking is one of the major causes of preventable disease, disability, and death in the Pacific Islands. While Samoa has reported significant improvements in the prevalence of smoking, as well as the number of daily smokers and the number of cigarettes smoked daily, in the last two decades, the proportion of the population who smoke daily remains high (23.3 percent).2 Data from WHO STEPwise Surveillance of NCD Risk Factors (STEPS) surveys conducted in 2002 and 2013 indicate that the prevalence of smoking among 25–64-year-olds decreased by more than 30 percent between surveys from 40.4 percent to 25.6 percent.2 This is a continuation of a decline in the use of manufactured cigarettes since the late 1970s when 76 percent of men and 27 percent of women were reported to smoke.21 Smoking is highly gendered with 36.5 percent of Samoan men identifying themselves as smokers and 13.7 percent of women.22 Early initiation of smoking is a major concern in Samoa, with most smokers reporting smoking their first cigarette before 21 years of age.22 In response to the Global School-based Student Health Survey in 2011 >40 percent of male Samoan students and >25 percent of female students aged 13-15 years identified themselves as current smokers. The prevalence of smoking among youth in Samoa compared to other Pacific Island nations is shown in Figure 4. Particularly concerning is the fact that the proportion of young women who report smoking is much higher than the proportion of adult women who smoke, indicating that prevention efforts must be targeted to this group to prevent an increase in tobacco use among women in general. Figure 4: Prevalence of current smokers among students aged 13-15 years by sex and Pacific Island country/territory 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 American Samoa 2005 CNMI 2004 Cook Islands 2011 Fiji 2010 FSM 2007 Guam 2011 Kiribati 2011 Marshall Islands 2009 Nauru 2011 New Caledonia 2010 Niue 2010 Palau 2005 Papua New Guinea 2007 Samoa 2011 Solomon Islands 2011 Tonga 2010 Tuvalu 2013 Vanuatu 2011 Male Female Source: Reproduced using data from Kesseram et al. (2015). Among smokers in Samoa, reported benefits of smoking include relief of boredom and stress, improvements in digestion, and feelings of strength and energy.24 Although many smokers are aware of the harmful effects of smoking, due to on packet messaging and public health campaigns, the delayed manifestation of negative outcomes associated with smoking means that these campaigns have provided little motivation among smokers to quit.24 Quitting smoking is rare, or temporary in relation to pregnancy or ill health, and few resources are available to support those who want to quit. Among salient reasons to quit smoking, motivation to save money is commonly reported by Samoan smokers24, meaning that continued taxation may be an effective strategy to reduce initiation, prevalence, and number of cigarettes smoked. | 12 Unhealthy Diet Food in Samoa has historically been, and remains, integral to the building and maintaining of social relationships and the cohesion of communities and is synonymous with cultural expressions of love and respect.25 Until the 1960s, the majority of the Samoan diet consisted of foods produced or procured by individual households. This included coconuts, taro, yams, breadfruit, bananas, fish, and other seafood as staples, with meat from chicken or pork only consumed occasionally.25 Like much of the rest of the world, Samoa has since experienced significant globalization and economic modernization that has bought with it a nutrition transition and an increasing reliance on energy dense, highly processed imported foods which are high in fat, salt, refined carbohydrates and added sugar. The cost of imported foods has fallen so considerably in Samoa, that many imported products (fatty off-cuts of meat, SSBs, and baked goods) have become cheaper than local produce.26 The most recent Household Income and Expenditure Survey in Samoa (2018) describes a diet high in fat and carbohydrates (34 percent and 55 percent of energy intake, respectively), the majority of which (62 percent) is purchased, rather than produced.26 Four main food groups, including sweets and sugar; cereals and products; roots, tubers and plantains; and pulses, seeds, and nuts contribute more than 70 percent of average daily caloric intake (Figure 5). The average proportion of household income spent on food was reportedly 45 percent, although regional differences were evident with people in Savai’i (the most rural region) allocating >50 percent of their household budget to food versus 36 percent in the Apia Urban Area.26 Cereals, chicken quarters, sweets and sugars, and fats and oils are all affordable sources of calories at 1-2 WST per 1,000 calories, while the most expensive sources of calories are vegetables and beverages (>18 WST per 1,000 calories).26 Figure 5: Average dietary energy consumption by food groups 600 20 Average Dietary Energy (kcal/capita/day) 18 % of Dietary Energy Consumption 500 16 Contribution to Dietary Energy Consumption (%) 14 Kcal/Capita/Day 400 12 300 10 8 200 6 4 100 2 0 0 Sweets and Sugars Cereal Products Roots, Tubers, Plantains Pulses, Seeds, Nuts Meat, Meat Products Unclassifed Foods Fish, Shellfish Fats, Oils Fruits, Fruit Products Composite Dishes Beverages Milk, Milk Products Vegetables Spices, Condiments Savory Snacks Eggs Nutritional Supplements Food Additives | 13 Source: Reproduced using data from FAO and Samoa Bureau of Statistics (2020). Food Security and Consumption in Samoa based on the analysis of the 2018 Household Income and Expenditure Survey. While calories available from meat, oils, cereals, and many imported foods have increased in Samoa over time, the availability of fruits, vegetables, and starchy root crops have remained relatively stable.27 Local fruits are available in abundance, but many families choose to produce for export, rather than consumption.26 In line with those practices, and the high cost of vegetables (particularly, imported vegetables), consumption of fruits and vegetables has declined significantly over time. Between the 2002 and 2013 STEPs surveys, the percentage of individuals who ate less than five servings of fruits and vegetables a day increased from 37.7% percent to 91.6 percent (Table 1).2 Locally produced fruits, vegetables, and starchy root crops are particularly vulnerable to climate events as evidenced by the cyclones of the early 1990s (Figure 6).27 Table 1: Fruit and vegetable consumption in a typical week among 2013 Samoa STEPS survey respondents (18-64 years) Both Sexes Male Female Mean number of days fruit consumed 3.1 3.1 3.1 (2.9-3.3) (2.9-3.4) (2.8-3.4) Mean number of servings of fruit consumed on average 0.8 0.8 0.9 per day (0.8-0.9) (0.7-0.9) (0.8-1.0) Mean number of days vegetables consumed 4.5 4.4 4.5 (4.2-4.8) (4.2-4.7) (4.1-4.8) Mean number of servings of vegetables consumed 1.3 1.3 1.3 on average per day (1.2-1.4) (1.2-1.4) (1.2-1.5) Percentage who ate less than five servings of fruit 91.6 91.6 91.6 and/or vegetables on average per day (88.9-94.3) (88.0-95.3) (89.3-93.9) Source: WHO STEPS Chronic Risk Factor Surveillance. Samoa STEPS Survey 2013 Fact Sheet. Figure 6: Caloric availability of coconuts, fruit, and starchy root crops, 1961-2007 Source: Seiden et al. (2012). | 14 Estimates based on the 2018 Household Income and Expenditure survey suggest that around 1 in 40 people, or 2.6 percent of households experience severely limited access to food (food insecurity) due to lack of money or other resources.26 An additional 48,000 people (24 percent) of the population experienced moderate food insecurity—lack of regular access to safe and nutritious foods, although perhaps in the absence of hunger. Food insecurity is patterned by census region, with the most rural areas most affected and food insecurity lowest in the Apia Urban Area (Table 2).26 Table 2: Prevalence of food insecurity (%) among 2018 Household Income and Expenditure Survey respondents (based on the Food Insecurity Experience Scale) Urban Northwest Rest of Samoa Rural Savai’i (Apia) Upolu Upolu Moderate food insecurity 22.4 15.2 24.4 19.7 25.6 30.5 Severe food insecurity 2.4 1.9 2.5 2.6 1.1 3.6 Moderate or severe food insecurity 24.8 17.1 26.8 22.3 26.7 34.1 Source: FAO and Samoa Bureau of Statistics (2020). Food Security and Consumption in Samoa based on the analysis of the 2018 Household Income and Expenditure Survey. | 15 Harmful Alcohol Use There is an established link between alcohol use and NCD morbidity and mortality.28 In fact, a new policy brief from the World Heart Foundation stresses that any level of alcohol consumption, not just heavy alcohol consumption, can lead to loss of healthy life.29 In Samoa, around 40 percent of deaths from liver disease can be attributed to alcohol consumption along with 16.4 percent of road traffic injuries. 30 Yet, according to the 2013 STEPS survey, only 10.9 percent of Samoans are currently drinkers (consumed alcohol in the last 30 days).19 Alcohol use is heavily gendered, with more men (18.8 percent) reporting current consumption than women (2.2 percent).22 The 2014 Demographic and Health Survey found the highest reported alcohol consumption among those in the highest wealth quintile, those resident in the Apia Urban Area, and those with higher education.31 Recorded alcohol consumption in Samoa is largely from beer with wine and spirits and other alcohol (included unrecorded production) contributing far less to consumption30 (Figure 7). Figure 7: Alcohol consumption by type of alcoholic beverage, 2016 Beer Wine Spirits 6% wine Other 94% beer Source: World Health Organization (2018). Samoa Fact Sheet. While the proportion of the population that consumes alcohol is only 10 percent, heavy episodic consumption of alcohol, or binge drinking, is a major concern in Samoa. Among all drinkers (15+ years of age) in 2016, 71.5 percent of men and 35.6 percent of women met criteria for binge drinking (consuming at least 60g or more of pure alcohol on at least one occasion over a 30-day period or >4 standard drinks).30 Binge drinking may be an early marker of vulnerability to alcohol use disorders32 and is also a significant risk factor for NCD mortality.28 An issue of great concern is that >65 percent of drinkers aged 15-19 years met these criteria (76.2 percent of males and 40.6 percent of females). The prevalence of alcohol use disorders (alcohol dependence and harmful use) is above the average for the WHO Western Pacific Region30 (Table 3). Table 3: Prevalence of alcohol use disorders and alcohol dependence (%), 2016 Alcohol Use Disorders Alcohol Dependence Males 8.8 5.2 Females 1.8 0.7 Both Sexes 5.4 3.0 WHO Western Pacific Region 4.7 2.3 Source: World Health Organization (2018). Samoa Fact Sheet. N.B. Alcohol use disorders refer to alcohol dependence and harmful use of alcohol. Harmful use is defined by the WHO as repeated consumption of alcohol leading to physical or mental harm; Alcohol dependence is defined by three or more of the following: strong desire to use alcohol, impaired capacity to control alcohol consumption, preoccupation with alcohol, evidence of tolerance, physiological withdrawal after reduction of use, and persistent use despite clear evidence of harm. | 16 Physical Inactivity Increasing physical activity can reduce some of the risks associated with NCDs, including lowering the prevalence of overweight and obesity. Physical activity improves heart health, reduces blood lipid levels (which reduces risk of stroke and heart disease), and improves insulin sensitivity, thereby reducing risk of diabetes. Samoa reported a marked reduction in the prevalence of low physical activity (defined as <600 MET-minutes per week or less than 150 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic physical activity per week) between 2002 and 2013, which the government attributes to increasing awareness of the importance of physical activity for health and the increasing availability of physical activity programs nationwide.2 The percentage of people with low activity levels decreased from 51.7 percent to 19.9 percent between 2002 and 2013, while the proportion of the population who reported being highly active (≥3,000 MET-minutes/week) increased from 32.3 percent to 62.2 percent.2 Like many of the other NCD risk factors, physical inactivity affects one gender more than the other. While men report spending 154 minutes engaged in physical activity each day, women report spending 86 minutes and a higher proportion of women (58.0 percent vs. 29.1 percent of men) do not engage in any vigorous activity.2 Despite the availability and accessibility of many physical activity programs (Zumba-based dance programs, the locally developed Culture X program that incorporates Samoan music and dance as well as prayer33, cross-fit, and twice-daily televised aerobics sessions) little of the physical activity reported is leisure time activity, with most coming from work-related activities and transportation (walking). Obesity Globally, at least 4 million deaths each year are attributed to having overweight or obesity (a body mass index—weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters—of ≥25 kg/m2 or ≥30 kg/m2, respectively).34 Overweight and obesity also contribute to 120 million disability-adjusted life years globally.35 Samoa is among the countries with the highest burden of obesity, globally. Between 1975 and 2016, the mean BMI of Samoan adults increased from 25.45 to 30.63 kg/m2 among males and from 27.64 to 34.34 kg/m2 among females, placing the BMI of the average Samoan adult in the obese range.36 Data from the 2013 STEPS survey indicates that 84.7 percent of Samoans aged 18-64 years had a BMI ≥25 kg/m2 (overweight/obesity; 79.8 percent of males, 90.4 percent of females; Table 4) and that obesity was present among 55.8 percent of the population (44.8 percent of males and 68.6 percent of females).2 Although there was relatively little change in prevalence between 2013 and the 2002 STEPS survey, where 54.7 percent of the population had obesity2, these values mask the severity of obesity. Among those with obesity, average BMI is continuing to rise thus increasing the prevalence of severe or morbid obesity (BMI ≥40 kg/m2). Between 2005 and 2014, the prevalence of morbid obesity is estimated to have risen from 4.1 percent to 6.4 percent in adult men (+56 percent) and from 10.4 percent to 13.3 percent in women (+28 percent).37 Increases in mean BMI explained 31 percent of the increase in Type 2 diabetes prevalence among men between 1978 and 2013, and 16 percent of the increase among women.14 | 17 Table 4: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Samoans, 2002 and 2013 STEPS survey data Year Males Females Total 2002 30.0 33.2 31.4 Mean body mass index (29.4-30.5) (32.4-33.9) (30.8-32.1) (BMI; kg/m2) 2013 30.3 34.1 32.1 (29.5-31.0) (33.4-34.8) (31.5-32.6) 2002 81.1 89.8 85.2 Percentage with (78.4-83.7) (87.3-92.2) (83.1-87.2) overweight or obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m2) 2013 79.8 90.4 84.7 (72.6-87.0) (88.4-92.4) (81.2-88.3) 2002 44.8 66.3 54.7 Percentage with obesity (39.1-50.5) (60.2-72.3) (49.3-60.1) (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) 2013 44.8 68.6 55.8 (40.1-49.4) (65.5-71.6) (53.0-58.7) Source: 2003 STEPS Survey and 2013 STEPS Survey (Samoa Ministry of Health and WHO). At earlier stages of economic development, obesity tends to be more prevalent among those with higher socioeconomic resources. As economic development progresses, the burden tends to shift to those with low socioeconomic resources experiencing greater risk of obesity. In Samoa, despite ongoing economic development the greatest burden of obesity remains among those with higher socioeconomic position (Figure 8), greater educational attainment, and those in the Apia Urban Area.38 Figure 8: Age-adjusted mean BMI by household asset score tertile Samoan adults, 2010 38 Female (n=1985) 36 Male (n=1385) Body Mass Index (kg/m2) All P for trend <0.001 34 32 20 28 26 Low Medium High Household asset score tertile Source: Choy et al. (2020). | 18 HISTORY OF FOOD TAXES IN SAMOA AND RECOMMENDED BEST PRACTICES While Denmark is the nation most often credited with the first introduction of taxes on unhealthy foods, their 2011 tax policy, which targeted all foods with saturated fats39, was preceded by other efforts in the Pacific (for example, French Polynesia in 200240) including Samoa’s decision in 2007 to ban the import of turkey tails and mutton flaps in an attempt to improve public health.41 In the 1950’s poultry producers in the United States saw an opportunity to benefit from the sale of their waste products and began exporting turkey tails—a gland, filled with oil, that attach the turkey’s feathers to its body—to Pacific Island communities where animal protein was scarce.42 Turkey tails became highly valued by the Samoan community and by 2007 the average imports suggested that Samoans were consuming more than 44 pounds of turkey tails, which are 75 percent fat, each year.42 New Zealand and Australia, following suit, contributed mutton flaps, the equally unhealthy (50 percent fat), low- quality end of sheep ribs, to the meat market in the Pacific. Noting the rising prevalence of obesity nationally, Samoa’s government banned the import of both of these products in 2007. The ban on the import of turkey tails and mutton flaps was lifted in 2013 as a condition of Samoa’s joining of the World Trade Organization (which does not allow unilateral bans on commodities) and replaced by high tariffs.40 Since then, Samoa has expanded its focus on the taxation of unhealthy items to include cigarettes, alcohol, SSBs, and other products with high sugar content and selected meat products. Tobacco, alcohol, and sugary beverages have traditionally been the target of health-informed taxation policies since their consumption has been consistently linked to poor health outcomes. Sugar sweetened beverages, in particular, are a popular food target since it is one approach to targeting high dietary sugar consumption. Targeting all foods with sugar is complex, since sugars are both naturally occurring and added, and taxing all free sugars may impact the consumption of foods that otherwise contribute important nutrients to the diet.43 Targeting SSBs, however, addresses sugar and calories that contribute very little other nutritional value. The proposed tax changes build on existing policies by expanding the list of sweetened beverages and snacks targeted by excise taxes. The proposed policy extends the reductions of import duty on fruits to include vegetables and bottled water. The detailed structure of the health-oriented taxes can be found in the Annexes of this report. | 19 Methodology This study employed both household and retail surveys to understand current awareness among the Samoan public about planned taxation policy, consumption of foods to be targeted by the upcoming tax policy (including recording consumption of potential replacement foods), and to understand general attitudes toward and knowledge about healthy eating. The study also aims to understand the impact of ongoing efforts to increase taxes on tobacco. Although alcohol consumption is not a major focus of this report, consumption of alcohol products is also described to inform future policy in this area. As required by the Samoa Ministry of Health, the procedures used in this research were reviewed by the Health Research Committee of the Samoa Ministry of Health and approval for this work was granted in November 2020. HOUSEHOLD SURVEY This baseline (pre-tax) survey was conducted between November and December 2020 to understand the consumption behaviors of consumers before the implementation of new food taxes planned for 2021-2022.iv Survey questionnaires were administered by trained Samoan enumerators, in the Samoan language. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants prior to completion of the survey and participants were informed that they may choose not to answer any individual question or to withdraw from the study at any stage. Study design and sampling An initial sample of 2,500 individuals (participants) over the age of 18 years were chosen as household representatives to complete the Samoa NCD Taxation Household Baseline (Pre-Tax) Survey 2020. Twenty Samoan villages were targeted for data collection, selected to represent the distribution of the Samoan population across the four census regions of Samoa (four villages in the Apia Urban Area; seven villages in the Northwest Upolu region; five villages in the Rest of Upolu; and four villages in Savai’i) (Figure 9). In each village, 125 participants (each from a unique household) were targeted (Table 5). iv However, the planned excise tax increase in 2021-2022 has been postponed due to the national election and the new government. It should be noted that at the time of the survey, Samoa was COVID-19-free and data collection was not affected by COVID-related policies, although the imported food supply may have been minimally impacted. | 20 Figure 9: Geographic distribution of selected study villages *Blue = Apia Urban Area (AUA), Orange = Northwest Upolu (NWU), Green = Rest of Upolu (ROU), Purple = Savai’i The census region and age distribution of the sample was selected to be nationally representative (including the age groups 18-29.9 years, 30-64.9 years, and 65+ years) and to include approximately equal numbers of men and women. The most recent census data (2016)7 indicates that 52 percent of the Samoan population identify as men and 48 percent as women. Data from the most recently conducted census (2016) were used to inform the sampling approach reflecting the distribution of the population at the last national enumeration. The goal was to recruit 19 percent of the sample from the Apia Urban Area, 35 percent from Northwest Upolu, 24 percent from the Rest of Upolu, and 22 percent from Savai’i. Pregnant women were not eligible for participation since their dietary intake, tobacco, or alcohol consumption may not be representative of their usual behavior. Table 5: Age distribution of the Samoan population based on the 2016 census and associated sampling targets by age and gender Age Distribution Target Sample Size Based On 2016 Census  Per Village 0-14 years: 38% N/A 15-29 years*: 25% 50 (25 male, 25 female) 30-64 years: 32% 65 (33 male, 32 female) 65+ years: 5% 10 (5 male, 5 female) 125 *Survey data collection included those 18 years and older Household lists for each study village were generated by the Samoa Bureau of Statistics based on the 2016 Census, which was the most nationally representative survey to take place prior to the implementation of this project. Prior to the initiation of data collection in each village, enumerators consulted with village mayors and representatives who updated the household list by removing households that had left the village, adding new households, updating household names. Village mayors and/or women’s representatives also indicated whether there was a household member for each household who fell into each age category. Using this information, a random sampling procedure was employed to generate a list of households to be targeted by enumerators, with replacements should any household not be contactable. Enumerators were provided with household names (the first name and surname of the household head) and GPS coordinates to assist in locating each household. Using another random number generating procedure, each household was assigned a target age group and gender, meaning that household representatives were asked to nominate a household member in the specified age group (18-29.9 years, 30-64.9 years or 65+ years), and with the correct gender, to provide responses to the household survey. Again, a secondary age group was provided for each household should a household not have a member in the age range specified. Enumerators reported the characteristics of households surveyed after each day of data collection and new recruitment targets/ household lists were generated for the following day of work based on progress to date. | 21 Survey procedures Surveys were completed by an enumerator team of twelve individuals. Enumerators received five days of training prior to survey implementation including training on informed consent procedures, questionnaire administration, and the collection of physical measurements (weight and height). Training consisted of didactic sessions to explain the study goals and procedures as well as hands on training (practicing survey measures on one another, pilot testing with members of their families). This pilot testing among 24 participants served as the pre-test for the survey with minor adjustments to language made to improve participant understanding before the final version was implemented. Village mayors and women’s representatives made general announcements to their villages about the dates and purpose of the study. Then, upon approaching each targeted household, enumerators gave more detailed explanations of the survey purpose and procedures to household representatives who were asked to identify someone from their household to complete the survey (who met the assigned age group and gender criteria for that specific household). If a household had a member who met eligibility/target criteria, but who was not home at the time of their visit, enumerators made arrangements to return to the household at a later time/date. Where households could not be contacted at the initial attempt, two further attempts—on different days or times of the day—were made. After three attempts, the household was listed as being impossible to contact. Individual survey participants were given a written information sheet/consent form explaining the purpose of the study, which the enumerators explained in detail. After answering any participant questions, the enumerators gained written, informed consent from each participant and proceeded with survey procedures. Participants completed a 636-item questionnaire in the Samoan language, which collected data on demographic and household characteristics, socioeconomic position, cigarette and alcohol consumption, consumption of food and beverages (with specific focus on foods subject to changes in tax and possible replacement products), knowledge of healthy eating, and barriers/facilitators to healthy eating (see Appendix 2). Enumerators administered questionnaires using an iPad-based software (REDCap). Questions were presented in a standardized fashion with the question and all possible response options provided to participants before recording a response. To measure socioeconomic position of households two approaches were taken: first, a household assets inventory was completed. A list of 16 household items (taken from the 2016 census) was provided to participants who were asked to report whether or not each item was owned by their household. The total number of items owned was summed to create a material lifestyle score. While this approach does not necessarily reflect disposable income (assets may have been gifted) it has been shown to broadly characterize household wealth in this setting. Second, annual household income was calculated by asking participants to report income from work, remittances from overseas, pensions, and any other sources of income. To generate income quintiles, total annual income was used. | 22 To assist in the collection of data on the amounts of Figure 10: foods/beverages consumed by participants, enumerators Flip charts used to prompt participant were each equipped with a prompt kit consisting of models recall (Chart is included as Appendix 3) for each of the amounts used in the survey (that is, measuring spoons with teaspoons and tablespoons, standard US cups, pack of cards to represent a 3oz portion of meat/fish, and images of standard alcohol amounts—beer bottles, wine and shot glasses). Visual prompts were provided for each of the food categories with example foods and beverages (an example is provided in Figure 10). For the development of the visual prompts, enumerators visited supermarkets and family (‘aiga’) stores to identify the most commonly available foods in each category (for example, SSBs), photographed the items and noted the usual serving sizes. Participants were able to view these prompts as they responded to the questionnaire. A cigarette purchase task, a behavioral economic measure of the reinforcing value of smoking in monetary terms (that is, cigarette demand)44 was undertaken by any participant who reported consuming manufactured cigarettes. Based on the estimated average cost of a pack of cigarettes (16 WST or 80 sene per cigarette; US$6.20 or 31 cents per cigarette) at the time of the survey, questions were generated that asked participants how many cigarettes they were likely to smoke if prices were changed. Participants were asked to report their likely consumption as the price fell or rose in 4 sene per stick (5 percent) increments ranging from 14 WST 40 sene per pack (US$5.58) to 32 WST (US$12.41) per pack; a 100 percent increase in cost. Anthropometric measurements were collected from each of the household survey respondents. Height was measured to the nearest 0.1 cm using a portable stadiometer (SECA 213; Seca, Hamburg, Germany) and weight to the nearest 0.1 kg using a digital weighing scale (Tanita HD-351; Tanita, Illinois, USA; maximum capacity 220 kg). Measures were collected in duplicate and averaged for analysis. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated using the formula: weight (kg)/height(m)2. | 23 Household characteristics No households declined participation. Where households initially on the recruitment list were not contacted, it was because no household representative could be contacted. In some census region/ age/sex categories as a result of multiple research teams being deployed to carry out surveys, more interviews than the target number were completed. Teams were not always able to communicate their success in reaching enrollment targets in real time, leading to other teams continuing to recruit in those categories. As a result, n=2,531 interviews were completed, although the distribution of participants by census region and sex remained nationally representative. Of the participants surveyed (Table 6), n=9 were excluded from data analysis based on the fact that they reported knowing nothing at all about how food was purchased or prepared in their household. The final sample, therefore, included n=2,522 participants. Table 6: Age, gender, and census region of residence of household survey participants (n=2,522) Apia Urban Area Northwest Upolu Rest of Upolu Savai’i Total Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 18-29 years Targeted (n) 100 100 175 175 125 125 100 100 500 500 Interviewed (n) 100 113 174 176 130 125 102 102 506 514 Response rate (%) 100.0 113.0 99.4 100.6 104.0 100.0 102.0 102.0 101.2 102.8 30-64 years Targeted (n) 132 128 231 224 165 160 132 128 660 640 Interviewed (n) 124 129 232 240 166 158 132 127 654 654 Response rate (%) 93.9 100.8 100.4 107.1 100.6 98.8 100.0 99.2 99.1 102.2 65+ years Targeted (n) 20 20 35 35 25 25 20 20 100 100 Interviewed (n) 20 23 35 36 27 22 20 20 102 101 Response rate (%) 100.0 115.0 100.0 102.9 108.0 88.0 100.0 100.0 102.0 101.0 Total Targeted (n) 252 248 441 434 315 310 252 248 1260 1240 Interviewed (n) 244 265 441 452 323 305 254 247 1262 1269 Response rate (%) 96.8 106.9 100.0 104.1 102.5 98.4 100.8 99.6 100.1 102.3 | 24 Data analysis Data are presented using descriptive statistics; numbers and percentages for categorical variables and median and interquartile range (IQR) for continuous variables. Data were primarily examined by age group and census region, since census regions are representative of urbanization, agricultural production, concentration of supermarket facilities and household income of residents. The Apia Urban Area has the highest concentration of markets and restaurants, the lowest agricultural production and the highest income, followed by Northwest Upolu, the Rest of Upolu, and Savai’i. Comparative analyses, which were conducted for key variables (food consumption and nutrition knowledge) were completed using one way analysis of variance (ANOVA; continuous, normally distributed variables), Wilcoxon rank sum tests (continuous, non-normally distributed variables, or Chi Squared tests (categorical variables) with p values reported. Analyses did not take into account clustering by village or household since equal numbers of participants were selected from each village and only one survey respondent per household was selected. Because there was little variation in patterns of food consumption by age or census region, and because the proportion of participants reporting consuming individual food products was occasionally small, data on food purchasing is presented for the overall sample. Additional analyses were undertaken to explore consumption of foods subject to tax changes by census region, age, sex, household income (quintiles), food poverty, and weight status. These analyses are presented in Supplementary Tables (S1-S5). Data were graphed to show changing demand for cigarettes based on price, participant reported gender, and household income quintile. Variation from the implementation plan Due to challenges with data collection in the Apia Urban Area (large numbers of empty rental properties; challenges locating participants) an additional village was added for this region to achieve the targeted nationally representative population distribution; data collection took place, therefore, in 21 total villages. This action did not affect the representatives of the sample. | 25 RETAIL SURVEY Because many families rely on small, family run (‘aiga’) stores for the purchasing of much of their food, cigarettes and alcohol—particularly in more rural regions—we implemented a store survey to complement data collected from household surveys and with the intention of examining the impact of the proposed taxes on purchasing behaviors. Changes in purchasing behavior post-tax implementation—a move from whole packs to single cigarettes, larger to smaller bottles of beer/spirits/ SSBs, cash to requesting store credit between the pre- and post-tax surveys, for example—may have identified ‘coping strategies’ used by consumers to offset increased unit costs of these items. Family-run stores in each of the study villages were asked to keep a log for two continuous weeks: the last and first weeks of a month (to allow for any fluctuations in sales based on monthly pay periods) of all tobacco, alcohol, and confectionery/salty snack sales. Daily sales logs captured customer purchases, including the date of the transaction, the number of whole packs and/or individual cigarettes, bottles/cans/ packets of alcohol/SSBs/foods purchased, the price charged, and the method of payment (cash, store credit or ‘aikalafu’ or I.O.U.’s, etc.). We did not attempt to collect similar data from large supermarkets in the urban center given the complexities of obtaining permission for such activities, the high volume of store staff that would have needed training in survey procedures, and the concern that the busy environment/large volume of purchases may have led to inaccurate reporting. Variation from the implementation plan Store surveys proved incredibly challenging to implement. A reduced timeline, due to delays in study approval by the Samoan Ministry of Health Research Committee, meant that data collection took place over a much shorter period than originally planned. This prevented the planned implementation of the surveys during the first and last weeks of the month; stores were therefore asked to complete the logs for 14 consecutive days after initial contact. Dates of data collection were recorded so that the timing within the month could be controlled for in any statistical analysis. Compliance with the store log keeping was very poor. For example, shop owners attributed the lack of compliance to often changing store staff (multiple family members or employees) who did not all remember to complete the logs or could not be trained on their completion. Another issue was that several paper logs were lost or damaged during data collection. Logs were provided to a total of 35 stores (9 in the Apia Urban Area, 12 in Northwest Upolu, 7 in the Rest of Upolu and 8 in Savai’i). Thirty-three stores completed at least one day of sales data. On average, stores logged sales for 4.4 days. | 26 KEY METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS Potential biases It is a well-known fact that surveys are subject to several types of bias. While sampling and non-response bias were minimal given the design and response rate, the potential limitations of recall and social desirability bias are acknowledged. Several steps were undertaken to avoid these issues. Participants were provided with prompts designed to assist in their recall of food consumption (images of common products in each food category prepared in a variety of ways) as well as portion size prompts. Survey enumerators were trained to encourage participants to report their behaviors (particularly risk behaviors such as cigarette and alcohol consumption) honestly and to respond in a non-judgmental manner to participant reports. Several recent national or research surveys collected similar data on these risk behaviors; comparisons to those data are presented here, where available, to illustrate comparability. Translation/understanding issues Two translation issues arose that impacted data analysis. First, it was determined that the prompt associated with a question about cigar consumption was translated to include the same language as was used to describe local loose-leaf tobacco. As a result, a very similar number of participants reported smoking cigars as local tobacco. Given that cigar smoking is historically rare in Samoa (as reported in other government surveys and by research staff) the overlap was considered problematic, and no data could be presented on cigar consumption. Second, the Samoan word for spinach refers to both imported and locally grown varieties. While additional language was added to the survey question about spinach consumption to stress that the focus of the question was on imported spinach, many participants who reported consuming this product then went on to answer “other” to where they purchased the item. On further examination, all of those who selected “other” specified— “grown at home”. Participants with this response pattern had their original response to whether they had consumed imported spinach changed from “yes” to “no” for the purpose of reporting. Challenges in reporting household purchasing Many survey respondents were not themselves responsible for household food purchasing or decision-making about household food needs and, while they reported being at least somewhat knowledgeable about household level food purchasing (an eligibility criterion), enumerators reported that participants had significant challenges recalling the amounts of food items purchased. Enumerators were equipped with both pictorial and physical prompts (that is, a set of measuring cups and spoons to assist with portion size recall) but these did not assist with larger amounts (pounds or grams of meat or vegetables, for example). Depending on where foods are purchased (supermarkets or wholesalers versus local stores or markets) quantities may or may not appear in labels on food packaging. Participants very often reported either not knowing the quantity purchased on a household level or guessed at this question. Because of the participant expressed uncertainty, data on amount of each item purchased at the household level, is therefore not reported in the summary data tables; and this report reports on the frequency of purchasing only. For this reason, descriptions of changes in purchasing (between pre- and post-tax) will be limited to how often participants purchase food but will not be sensitive to changes in the amount of foods purchased. | 27 Lack of compliance with store logs As noted above, there was a lack of compliance with store log record keeping resulting in fewer stores completing data collection than anticipated and no stores reaching the original goal of 14 days of reporting. Data on store surveys are not presented here due to the challenges described. | 28 Findings PARTICIPANT AND HOUSEHOLD CHARACTERISTICS The median age of participants was 36.0 years of age (IQR: 24.0, 52.0) and the majority (>80 percent) had completed at least a high school education. Most respondents were unemployed (73.2 percent; a rate slightly higher than reported by the most recent Demographic and Health Survey, 2019).45 Education and employment were greater in the Apia Urban Area than the more rural Rest of Upolu and Savai’i regions. In line with the reported GDP per capita (US$4,0677), annual household income from work, migrant remittances, pensions/investments and other sources ranged from 14,500 WST (approximately US$5,730) in the Apia Urban area to 8,100 WST (US$3,200) in the rural Savai’i region. Households relied on migrant remittances from overseas for approximately a third of their household income. Based on calculated income per week, per person (counting adults in the household only), many households fell below the United Nations Development Program-derived Basic Needs and Food Poverty Lines8 (Figure 11). The proportion reporting income below both poverty lines was markedly higher than has been previously reported.8 Caution should be taken in interpreting these findings given differing methodological approaches to calculating income, but these findings may reflect the impact of COVID-19 on both the local economy and migrant remittances. Figure 11: Proportion of households below the Basic Needs and Food Poverty Lines*, by census region 60 Basic Needs Poverty Line 50 Food Poverty Line 40 30 20 10 0 AUA NWU ROU SAV * Food Poverty Line: 34.49 WST/capita/week (~US$13.60); Basic Needs Poverty Line (all per capita/week): Apia Urban Area: 69.27 WST (~US$27.36); Northwest Upolu: 57.11 WST(~US$22.56); Rest of Upolu: 57.42 WST (~US$22.68); Savai’i: 56.13 WST (~US$22.17) | 29 Facilities for the storage and preparation of food varied significantly by census region. While almost all participants in Upolu had access to piped water, either directly into their home or to a tap in the house grounds, only a little more than half of respondents in Savai’i had piped water into their home (55.7 percent) and many relied on public or village-owned taps. Similarly, stove types varied by census region with more than half of families in Savai’i only having access to an ‘Umu’ (a traditional above ground oven) while households in the Apia Urban Area and other Upolu regions had access to gas stoves for cooking (Figure 12). The proportion of households with a refrigerator was largest in the Apia Urban Area and decreased linearly with decreasing urbanicity; less than 40 percent of households in Savai’i owned a refrigerator. Conversely, freezer ownership was lowest in the Apia Urban Area (likely a result of proximity to stores and less need to store food for longer periods) and similar among the other census regions (Figure 12). Figure 12: Proportion of respondents who owned household items used for preparation and storage of food (in %) 90 Gas Stove 80 Electric Stove Refrigerator 70 Freezer 60 50 % 40 30 20 10 0 AUA NWU ROU SAV The majority of participants owned a mobile phone and had access to a television and the internet in their household. More than two-thirds of participants owned a mobile phone, with the majority reporting smart phone ownership. Those in the oldest age category (65+ years) and in the rural census regions (Rest of Upolu and Savai’i) were least likely to own a phone. Televisions were owned by more than 70 percent of households and a similar proportion of participants had access to the internet in their homes via smartphone hotspot. Although fewer homes in the rural areas of Samoa had access to television and internet compared to in the Apia Urban Area and Northwest Upolu, the widespread access nationally suggests that these may be useful methods for communicating information about initiatives to promote health, including the planned taxation policies. | 30 HEALTH CHARACTERISTICS, HEALTH KNOWLEDGE, AND LIKELIHOOD OF CHANGING HEALTH BEHAVIORS Obesity was prevalent among household survey respondents. Among men, 59.6 percent of participants had a BMI indicative of obesity (BMI >30 kg/m2) while a further 27.3 percent of men had overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2). A greater proportion of female participants had either obesity (72.0 percent) or overweight (19.6 percent). There were no significant differences in the proportion of participants with obesity by census region or household income level. Table 7: Prevalence of obesity among survey respondents, by age group and census region (in %) AUA NWU ROU SAV TOTAL Age (years) Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female Male Female 18-29 52.7 56.1 55.0 58.7 50.0 57.1 46.3 65.2 51.4 59.2 30-64 76.6 80.6 65.3 78.9 66.1 79.8 65.1 89.1 67.9 81.6 65+ 46.7 87.0 48.1 72.0 58.8 57.1 44.4 73.3 49.4 74.0 Despite the high rates of obesity among the survey sample, most participants (59.0 percent; 62.2 percent of men and 55.9 percent of women) believed that their weight was just right. Very few participants indicated that they felt they were much too heavy (9.7 percent of all respondents) and only a fifth of participants considered their weight to definitely be problematic for their health (20.7 percent). These responses were gendered with men more likely than women to report their weight as being just right and women more likely to report being much too heavy or having weight that is problematic for their health (p<0.01). Somewhat contradicting these findings, a little less than half of the sample (42.7 percent, no difference by gender) reported that it was quite or very important for them to reduce their weight and dieting was almost ubiquitous among survey respondents; 85.9 percent of participants reported that they were currently trying to lose weight. More than half of survey respondents considered their health to be either excellent or very good, with men and women responding similarly to this question (Figure 13). Figure 13: Self-reported health among survey respondents 19% Excellent 37% Very Good 40% Good 2% Poor 2% Very Poor | 31 Almost all survey respondents reported that at least some of the people in their community and within their church had taken measures to eat more healthily. This was despite the fact that more than 90 percent of participants believed that eating more healthily (less added sugar, fat and salt) was something that took effort. Cost was the most commonly cited barrier to healthy eating (Figure 14), followed by the belief that healthy foods don’t taste good, other people’s beliefs that they shouldn’t be eating healthy food, and their lack of availability in participant’s communities. Among the ‘other’ barriers to healthy eating identified by participants were difficulty changing habits, the unhealthy food environment, greed and laziness, and personal choice. Figure 14: Proportion of survey respondents reporting barriers to healthy eating (in %) Cost 80.9 Taste 37.7 Others views 26.5 Availability 23 Lack of knowledge about which foods are healthy 17.5 Time to prepare 11.5 Other 2.6 Inability to cook healthy foods 3 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 0 Many participants expressed motivation to be healthy and confidence that they could change their eating behavior. When participants responded to the prompt “I am motivated for me and my family to be healthy”, more than 90 percent said that they were at least sometimes motivated. Of all respondents, 32 percent said that they were always motivated, 30 percent very often motivated, and another 31 percent were sometimes motivated. These responses did not differ based on participant gender. While few participants expressed that they were ‘very confident’ they could change their eating behaviors, most participants stated that they were confident they could cook and eat more healthily, drink less SSBs, increase their fruit and vegetable intake, and replace fatty cuts of meat with leaner ones (Figure 15). Figure 15: Proportion of participants expressing confidence that they could change their eating behavior (in %) Replace fatty with leaner meats Increase fruit & vegetable intake Drink one less SSB per week Start to cook and eat healthier 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 0 Not confident Somewhat confident Confident Very confident N.B. Percentages will not sum to 100 percent; missing responses (<1%) are not graphed here. | 32 Confidence in ability to change eating behavior differed by gender, census region, and household income level. A greater proportion of men than women reported being ‘Very confident’ that they could cook and eat healthier (p=0.002), drink one less SSB per week (p=0.005), increase their fruit and vegetable intake (p=0.001), and replace fatty meats with leaner cuts (p=0.013). A greater proportion of participants from Savai’i compared to all other census regions were very confident that they could change all four behaviors (all p<0.001). Participants from household with the greatest income (Figure 16) were more likely to report being very confident that they could change their eating behaviors. Figure 16: Proportion of participants expressing confidence that they could change their eating behavior, by household income quintile 50 Quintile 1 (highest) 45 40 Quintile 2 35 Quintile 3 30 Quintile 4 25 Quintile 5 20 (lowest) 15 10 5 0 Start to Cook Drink one less Increase fruit & Replace fatty with and Eat Healthier SSB per week vegetable intake leaner meats | 33 While most participants recognized the contribution of SSB consumption to high blood pressure risk and diabetes, few associated their consumption with obesity and even less with dental caries (Figure 17). Among the whole sample, only 66.2 percent of participants believed that consuming SSBs contributed to obesity. Participants did, however, believe that they had a good understanding of nutrition. The majority of participants (84.4 percent) reported having tried to learn about nutrition and almost the whole sample reported knowing what foods were high in sugar (97 percent), salt (97.1 percent), and fat (97.6 percent) and why fruits and vegetables are good to eat (96.7 percent). Most study participants reported that they liked learning about healthier cooking and eating, but few “quite liked it” or “liked it a lot” (Figure 18). Figure 17: Proportion of participants who Figure 18: Reported enthusiasm about learning thought SSBs contributed to selected about healthier cooking and eating (in %) NCDs (in %) 100 91.4 100 90 84.9 90 80 80 66.2 71 70 70 60 60 50 44.4 50 40 40 30 30 19.2 20 20 10 10 0.3 4.1 5.1 0 0 High Obesity Diabetes Dental Don’t Like it Like it Quite Like it Blood Caries like it a little like it a lot Pressure N.B. Missing responses (0.3% of the sample) are not reported here. | 34 FOOD AND BEVERAGE CONSUMPTION PURCHASING BEHAVIORS Supplementary Tables S1-S5 contain detailed analyses of consumption by census region, age, sex, income, and weight status. Knowledge of the planned food taxes was low among household survey respondents. Only 7.2 percent of those surveyed were aware of the planned implementation of new food taxes. Knowledge of the planned taxes did not vary significantly by age but was generally lower in the Rest of Upolu and Savai’i census regions compared to the Apia Urban Area and Northwest Upolu. Among the whole survey sample, food and beverage purchasing accounted for half of all weekly household spending. The proportion of weekly spending allocated to food and beverages was highest in the Apia Urban Area (75 percent) and lowest in Northwest Upolu (53 percent); reported spending was similar in the Rest of Upolu and Savai’i regions (67 percent). How food and beverages are purchased varied by census region. While the majority of food and beverages were acquired with earnings from work in all census regions, a significant proportion of food was grown in the more rural census regions (Figure 19). Figure 19 Major source of food and beverages by census region (in %) Earned from work Migrant Remittances In Kind Remittances Given by Others Grown by Household Missing AUA NWU 85.5% 11% 79.8% 11.6% 0.4% 1.4% 0.9 0.9% 1.4% 0.4% 6.6% 0.1% ROU SAV 64% 13.5% 49.9% 25.9% 4% 0.8% 6.4% 1.4% 14.2% 3.5% 16.4% 0% | 35 Beverages Beverages subject to the planned tax increases include sweetened fruit beverages, flavored milk, soft drinks, non-alcoholic beer (ginger beer), sweetened tea, milo (malted chocolate), and energy drinks. Of these beverages, sweetened fruit beverages were the most commonly consumed by participants, with 22.6 percent reporting consuming these products at least weekly. Soft drinks and milo were the next most commonly consumed items (at least weekly by 12.2 percent and 13.2 percent of participants, respectively), while consumption of flavored milk, non-alcoholic beer, sweetened tea, and energy drinks was generally low. A little over 20 percent of survey respondents reported consuming bottled water, which will be subject to tax decreases, at least weekly. The consumption of comparator products was generally higher, with the majority of participants reporting consuming Koko Samoa (Samoan ‘hot chocolate’ made with ground cacao beans and often sweetened with added sugar) at least weekly and half of participants consuming tea or coffee (black or sweetened and/or with milk) at least weekly (Figure 20). Figure 20: Proportion (%) of survey respondents consuming beverages at least weekly (by proposed tax changes) 90 80 78.6 70 60 57.4 50 40 37.3 30 22.6 21.3 20 12.2 13.2 14.6 13.9 10 2.1 0.4 0.5 1.3 0.8 0 Sweetened Fruit Beverages Flavored Milk Soft Drinks Non-Alcoholic Beer Sweetened Tea Milo Energy Drinks Bottled Water 100% Fruit Juice Milk (unflavored) Diet Drinks Tea/Coffee with Cream and/orSugar Black Tea or Coffee Koko Samoa N.B. Beverages subject to tax increases are in orange, tax decreases in yellow, and comparator products (no planned changes in tax) are in golden brown. Differences in reported beverage consumption and household purchasing suggest that many of the beverages that will be subject to tax increases are consumed outside of the home. While >20 percent of survey respondents reported consuming sweetened fruit beverages at least weekly, for example, only 12.5 percent of respondents reported that their households had purchased these beverages in the past week (Figure 21). Depending on where these beverages are most commonly consumed (which should be the subject of further investigation) planned tax increases may need to be accompanied by educational campaigns targeting the offering of more healthful beverage options at community gatherings/events. Alternatively, participants may be buying these items in bulk, meaning that they were not reported in a weekly recall of household purchasing. Another possibility, which is true for all items reported here, is that individual respondents were unaware of the behaviors of others living in their home. | 36 Figure 21 Comparison of consumption versus household purchasing for beverages subject to planned tax increases (in %) 25 Consumed at least weekly Purchased by household in the past week 20 15 10 5 0 Sweetened Fruit Beverages Flavored Milk Soft Drinks Non-Alcoholic Beer Sweetened Tea Milo Energy Drinks Consumption of beverages subject to tax increases, and therefore household spending on these items, was patterned by census region with consumption highest in the Apia Urban Area and then decreasing with distance from the urban center. That is, consumption was highest in the Apia Urban Area followed by NWU, then the ROU and lowest in SAV, the most rural of the census regions. Consumption of comparator products (in red in Figure 20) was similarly patterned, with the exception of Koko Samoa, which was consumed by a greater proportion of respondents in Savai’i. Participants in the 18–29-year age range were more likely than 30-64 or 65+ year-olds to consume sweetened fruit beverages (p<0.001) and soft drinks (p<0.001). Consumption among the other two age groups was similar. Those aged 65+ years were more likely than younger participants to consume unsweetened tea or coffee, although almost all participants put sugar in their hot beverages (12.3 percent of 65+ year-olds drank unsweetened tea/coffee versus 3.7 percent of 30–64-year-olds and 0.6 percent of 18–29-year-olds). Consumption of sweetened fruit beverages (p=0.03) and milo (p=0.003) was greater among females than males, while all other beverages were consumed similarly by both genders. In general, beverages subject to planned taxes were consumed more frequently by households in the highest income quintile and households above versus below the food poverty line; the only exception being flavored milk, which was more frequently consumed by households below (3.5 percent of households) than above (1.4 percent) the national food poverty line. Consumption of beverages subject to tax changes did not differ based on participant weight status (under/normal weight versus overweight versus obesity). | 37 Meat products Meat products subject to tax increases include pork (all cuts), lamb flank, lamb neck, lamb rack, and offal. Taxes on fresh chicken will be decreased under the proposed policy changes. Among meat products subject to tax increases, pork was the most commonly consumed by household survey respondents with 12.5 percent of participants reporting consuming pork at least weekly. Meat products to be taxed were generally consumed at a lower frequency than comparator products such as frozen chicken and fish (consumed at least weekly by 92 percent and 54.7 percent of survey respondents, respectively) (Figure 22). Figure 22: Proportion (%) of survey respondents consuming meat products at least weekly (by proposed tax changes) 100 92 90 80 70 60 54.7 50 40 30 20 16.2 12.5 10 6.4 7 0.5 1.3 0.5 0.2 1.7 0 Pork Lamb Lamb Lamb Offal Fresh Lamb Lamb Frozen Beef Fish Flank Neck Rack Chicken Flaps Chops Chicken N.B. Meat products subject to tax increases are in orange, tax decreases in golden brown, and comparator products (no planned changes in tax) are in red. Differences in reported consumption and household purchasing can be explained by the fact that many households still raise their own animals for food or rely on other families in their villages who raise animals for local sale. While 12.5 percent of survey respondents reported consuming pork at least weekly, only 0.8 percent reported that their household had purchased pork in the past week. A large proportion of participants who reported consuming pork reported raising pigs for meat (49.2 percent) or acquiring pork meat from other families (41.5 percent) (Figure 23). Even in the Apia Urban Area, where access to land to raise stock animals is sparse, almost a quarter of participants (24.2 percent) reported raising pigs for pork consumption. The proportion of consumers who obtained pork from other families was highest in the Apia Urban Area (59.1 percent versus 54.8 percent in NWU, 31.0 percent in ROU and 28.6 percent in SAV). Comparatively, the other meat products subject to increases in tax were more likely to be purchased in supermarkets than acquired from other sources. Given that most pork meat stems from family production, or is acquired through informal markets, planned tax increases may have limited impact on consumption. Furthermore, as pork is a popular food item, nutrition education could help to raise awareness to avoid fatty parts of pork meat (for example, skin layers). | 38 Figure 23: Comparison of consumption versus household purchasing for meat products subject to planned tax changes (in %) 18 Consumed at least weekly 16 14 Purchased by household in the past week 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Pork Lamb Lamb Lamb Offal Fresh Flank Neck Rack Chicken N.B. Fresh chicken will be subject to reduction, all other products will be subject to tax increases. Fresh chicken meat, which is subject to a planned reduction in tax (with the intent of making this meat more accessible—as without skin it can be considered a healthful option of meat), is similarly unlikely to be widely impacted by new tax policy given that the majority of fresh chicken meat comes from poultry raised by families (Figure 24). In the Apia Urban Area, almost half of survey respondents (49.3 percent) raise their own chickens for food, while this proportion increases to about 89 percent in the Rest of Upolu and Savai’i. Those who may benefit from planned tax decreases are the 20% of Apia Urban Area residents who reported purchasing fresh chicken meat from either supermarkets or local family (‘aiga’) stores. Figure 24: Sources of pork and fresh chicken Pork Chicken 42.9% Supermarket 75.9% Supermarket 41.5% Local Family Stores 14% Local Family Stores 1% Raise Themselves 1.7% Raise Themselves 6.3% From Other Families 5.6% From Other Families 2.1% Other 2.8% Other There was no difference in consumption of the meat products subject to planned taxes based on participant age or gender, but fewer low- income households consumed meat products. Without exception, meat products were consumed most frequently by households in the highest income quintile. Only offal and fresh chicken meat were consumed at least weekly by a similar proportion of participants from households above and below the food poverty line; for all other meat items, having a household below the national food poverty line was associated with less frequent consumption. | 39 Sweet and salty snack foods Sweet and salty snack foods subject to planned increases in tax include syrups, confectionery (including white and dark chocolate products), ice cream, biscuits with chocolate, cream or coconut, waffles and wafers, and french fries. Among the sweet and salty snack foods subject to tax increases, ice cream was the most commonly consumed by survey respondents with 19.9 percent reporting that they consumed ice cream at least weekly. Imported biscuits with chocolate, cream, or coconut (12.5 percent of participants) and french fries (10.6 percent) were also commonly consumed by household survey participants. Comparator products—imported plain biscuits, locally made biscuits, and salty snacks—were consumed at least weekly by a similar proportion of survey respondents (Figure 25). Figure 25: Proportion (%) of survey respondents consuming sweet and salty snacks at least weekly (by proposed tax changes) 25 20 17.6 15.3 15 14 9.7 9.6 10 9 8 5 3.7 2.7 1 0.5 0.4 0 Supermarket Sugar Confectionery Ice Cream Imported Biscuits (not plain) Waffles/Wafers French Fries Milk Chocolate Imported Biscuits (plain) Locally-made Biscuits (not plain) Locally-made Biscuits (plain) Chips/Crisps Salty Snacks N.B. Snack products subject to tax increases are in red and comparator products (no planned changes in tax) are in orange. Similarities in reported consumption and household-level purchasing indicate that many snack foods are consumed inside the home. Similar proportions of participants reported that their household purchased ice cream in the week prior to the survey (17.6 percent), for example, as reported consuming ice cream at least weekly (19.9 percent). Sweet and salty snack products that will be subject to tax increases were purchased almost exclusively from supermarkets and family stores, with the exception of french fries, where approximately 17 percent of respondents reported purchasing at restaurants or fast-food outlets. Confectionery, biscuits, and ice cream were more commonly purchased at small, local family stores than large supermarkets (Figure 26). Purchasing from this type of store was also more common in the rural Rest of Upolu and Savai’i regions where supermarkets are less abundant. Purchasing from family-run or ‘Aiga’ stores is often more flexible than supermarket purchasing with options for purchase of smaller quantities (single candies, for example), store credit, or exchange of goods. As taxes are implemented, monitoring the cost of these snack foods as well as customer purchasing practices will be useful for measuring impact. | 40 Figure 26: Source of sweet and salty snack foods that are subject to planned tax increases (in %) 90 Supermarket 80 Family stores 70 Other 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Syrup Sugar Ice Cream Biscuits Waffles/Wafer s Fries Confectionar y (Imported ) Consumption of sweet and salty snack foods subject to planned taxes varied by census region, age and income. Syrup and confectionery were more frequently consumed by residents of the Apia Urban Area than any other census region (p<0.001; all other regions were similar to one another). Chocolate, ice cream, waffles/wafers, and fries were consumed with similar frequency by residents of the Apia Urban Area and Northwest Upolu and consumption in these regions was higher than in either of the more rural census regions (p<0.001). In all cases except for confectionery, consumption of sweet and salty snack foods was highest among the 18–29-year-old age group and similar among 30-64 and 65+ age groups. Frequency of confectionery consumption decreased in a linear fashion by age with consumption highest in 18–29-year-olds and lowest in 65+year-olds. Younger adults in the Samoan population should therefore be the target of efforts to reduce consumption of these foods. In all cases, consumption of sweet and salty snack foods was highest among participants from households in the highest income quintile. Imported vegetables Under the planned taxation policy, a number of imported vegetables will be subject to reductions in import duty, designed to make these products more attractive to importers and more accessible to the general Samoan population. With the exception of garlic (consumed at least weekly by 36.2 percent of survey respondents), cabbage (19.5 percent), and carrots (19.6 percent) current reported consumption of other types of imported vegetables is low, with 0-6 percent of survey respondents reporting at least weekly consumption (Figure 27). Research assistants conducting the survey often made notes in surveys that reflected participant’s comments about these foods being either unavailable to them (especially in the rural Rest of Upolu and Savai’i regions where supermarkets are sparse) or too costly to purchase (broccoli, for example, retails for 60 WST (US$23) per kilogram in Samoan supermarkets. | 41 Figure 27: Proportion (%) of survey respondents consuming imported vegetables at least weekly 40 36.2 35 30 25 19.5 19.6 20 15 10 6 5 3.4 2.1 1.7 0.6 0.2 1.1 0.2 0.1 0 0.1 0 er s us ge ch es s s ts lic s i s y ol ek ut r ip m er ro pe w liv ag ar a cc ba rn oo ro el Le in lo ar G ep O ar ro ab C Tu Sp Sp lif hr C sp B lP au C us s A el el C M B ss ru B As well as cost and availability, knowledge of how to cook these foods may be barriers to consumption. With the exception of garlic, cabbage, and carrots (the vegetables most commonly consumed), 80 percent or more of respondents reported that there was no one in their household who knew how to prepare or cook a tasty meal with these imported vegetables (Figure 28). Even if reductions in import costs are passed on by importers to the consumer, changes in price may have very little impact on consumption of these vegetables without practical education and examples of how to prepare healthy and tasty meals with a variety of vegetables. Storage of fresh vegetables may also be a challenge, given the relatively small proportion of households that own a refrigerator (Figure 12). Participants also spontaneously commented to research assistants that the quality of these imported products, when available, was often poor and they had a short shelf life. There was minimal variation in consumption of imported vegetables by age and gender but those with higher income were significantly more likely to consume imported vegetables. Consumption of all imported vegetables was greater in the Apia Urban Area and Northwest Upolu regions compared to the more rural Rest of Upolu and Savai’i regions, which likely reflects the disproportionate geographic distribution of supermarkets throughout these regions. With the exception of cauliflower, asparagus, and olives (all of which were consumed very infrequently by survey participants) consumption was strongly patterned by household income with participants from higher income households and those households above the national food poverty line significantly more likely to consume imported vegetables at least weekly. Figure 28: Proportion of participants that can cook (or someone in their household can cook) a tasty dish with imported vegetables (in %) 80 69.7 70 60 52.9 47 50 40 30 20 20 14.2 15.8 15.6 12.4 12 12 7.1 6.7 5 4.5 10 0 er ts s us ge h es s ts lic rs li ps y ek m co ac er ro u pe w liv ag ar i ba rn o ro el Le in c lo ar G ro ep O ar ro ab C Tu Sp Sp lif C h sp B lP au C us ls A el C M se B s ru B | 42 While not covered under the upcoming tax policies, participants also reported how often, in the past 30 days, they had consumed fruit. Of the survey respondents, 53.6 percent reported consuming fruit at least weekly. Household purchasing data indicated that only 14.3 percent of households had purchased fruits in the last week, likely reflecting the large amount of locally available, family grown fruits. Surprisingly though, the proportion of participants consuming fruits at least weekly was lowest in the most rural census region (Savai’i: 42 percent versus 48.3 percent in the AUA, 65.9 percent in NWU, and 49.1 percent in the ROU), where participants were more likely to report growing their own food. Consumption was similar among each of the three age groups, but differed by gender with a greater proportion of women consuming fruit at least weekly compared to men (55.6 percent versus 51.7 percent). Cigarette and Alcohol Consumption Among all household survey respondents, 36.6 percent of men and 10.8 percent of women reported smoking tobacco (manufactured or locally produced). These values are comparable to the most recent Samoan Demographic and Health Survey data (2019) that reports smoking among 35.4 percent of men and 12.5 percent of women. Among men, smoking is more prevalent among those resident in the Apia Urban Area (41.8 percent of respondents) and Savai’i (43.1 percent) than in Northwest Upolu (32.0 percent) and the Rest of Upolu (33.7 percent). The proportion of women who smoke is similar across the three census regions of Upolu (11.3 percent to12.5 percent) but lower among residents of Savai’i (Figure 29). Figure 29: Tobacco smoking (% of respondents) by gender and census region 50 Men 45 43.1 41.8 Women 40 35 32.0 33.7 30 25 20 15 12.5 12.1 11.3 10 6.5 5 0 AUA NWU ROU SAV Type of tobacco used varies by census region, with residents of the rural Savai’i region consuming more locally produced tobacco than manufactured cigarettes (Figure 30). In all other census regions on the island of Upolu, manufactured cigarettes make up the majority of tobacco consumption. Use of local tobacco in the three Upolu census regions increases with distance from the urban center, with consumption highest among the more rural Rest of Upolu region. Smokers tend to consume either manufactured or local tobacco; only 46 out of 598 smokers (7.7 percent) reported smoking both types of tobacco. To reduce tobacco consumption, efforts in the Savai’i region, in particular, should take into account local tobacco use. | 43 Figure 30: Tobacco consumption by type and census region 100 Manufactured Cigarettes 93.3 90 82.3 80.8 Local Tobacco 80 73.6 70 60 50 40 36 30 26 21.9 20 14.1 10 0 AUA NWU ROU SAV Tobacco smoking was more prevalent among survey respondents in the 30–64-year age range (26.6 percent were smokers) than in the 18–29-year (21.6 percent) and 65+ year (14.8 percent) age groups. The youngest age group were the least likely to report smoking hand-rolled cigarettes. The proportion of smokers who smoked daily was higher among the 30-64-year age group (84.2 percent) than in the other two age groups (both about 80 percent). In the older age groups, median time since smoking initiation did not differ by census region (30-64.9 years old, sample average 21.2 years; 65+ years old, 41.8 years), but in the youngest age group (18-29 years) participants resident in Savai’i reported having smoked for a longer period of time (14.1 years versus 10.4 years in the AUA, 9.0 years in NWU and 8.0 years in the ROU), indicating earlier initiation in that rural census region. Manufactured cigarettes are most often purchased at local family stores. Almost 70 percent of tobacco smokers reported purchasing their cigarettes at family stores, compared to 27.5 percent who purchased at supermarkets. Less than 2 percent of the sample reported purchasing tobacco at gas stations or being given cigarettes by others. Among manufactured cigarette brands, Pall Mall is the most commonly consumed (86 percent), followed by Rothman (9 percent). Other brands have a much smaller market share (Figure 31). Figure 31: Market share of different cigarette brands in Samoa, 2020 (in %) 85.5% Pall Mall 2% Cida 8.9% Rothman 1.3% Winfield 1.3% Consulate 0% Cocoma 0.7% Filter Tobacco 0.2% Other | 44 A quarter of survey respondents who smoked manufactured cigarettes reported having reduced their consumption of tobacco in the past year. The proportion of survey respondents who reported reducing their cigarette consumption was highest in the 65+ year age group (28.6 percent reported reducing their consumption and the average decrease was by 7 sticks per day). Among 30–64-year-olds, 26.9 percent reported reducing consumption by an average of 4 sticks per day, and among 18-29-year-olds 20.9 percent reported reducing their consumption by 2 sticks per day. Health was cited as the most common reason for reducing cigarette consumption among 18-29-year- olds while price increases were the most common reason for reducing consumption among 30–64-year-olds (Figure 32). Persons in the 30–64 age group may be primary family wage earners, making cost a more salient concern. An equal number of 65+ year-olds selected price increases and health concerns as reasons for decreasing consumption. Reasons for decreasing manufactured cigarette consumption did not differ by census region (Figure 33), but when data were examined by household income quintile, a greater proportion of participants from households in the lowest two quintiles noted increases in price as drivers of their changing consumption pattern (Figure 34; p=0.03). While increasing cost was commonly cited as a reason for reducing tobacco consumption, only 13.1 percent of the overall sample were aware that Samoa had been increasing taxes on cigarettes at the rate of 5 percent per year. Almost 40 percent of respondents surveyed planned to decrease their smoking in the coming year, with health cited as the most common motivation, including those aware of the past and planned tax increases. Among those who smoked hand rolled cigarettes, approximately 40 percent of respondents planned to reduce their tobacco consumption over the coming year (equivalent to the proportion of manufactured cigarette smokers reporting similar plans). Health was the major motivation for the vast majority of participants (86.7 percent) with cost playing a much smaller role; only 9.3 percent of participants reported increasing cost as a reason for their plans to decrease tobacco consumption. Figure 32: Proportion of participants reporting each reason for decreasing manufactured cigarette consumption, by age group (in %) 65+ years 16.7 Other Reason 13.6 30-64 years 8.1 18-29 years Other People's Opinion 7.6 16.2 Doctor Told Them To 3 2.7 50 Unhealthy 43.9 70.3 50 Price Increased 54.5 35.1 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 0 N.B. Participants could check multiple options, therefore percentages may not sum up to 100 percent within age groups. | 45 Figure 33: Proportion of participants reporting each reason for decreasing manufactured cigarette consumption, by census region (in %) SAV 14.3 12 Other Reason 11.9 ROU 11.4 NWU 12 Other People’s Opinon 11.9 AUA 8.6 4 Doctor Told Them 2.4 2.9 71.4 64 Unhealthy 42.9 54.3 28.6 40 Price Increased 59.5 42.9 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 0 N.B. Participants could check multiple options, therefore percentages may not sum up to 100 percent within census regions. Figure 34: Proportion of participants reporting each reason for decreasing manufactured cigarette consumption, by household income quintile (in %) Quintile 1 16.7 11.1 (highest) 19 Other Reason 6.3 Quintile 2 5.3 13.3 Quintile 3 11.1 9.5 Other People’s Opinon 6.3 Quintile 4 5.3 Quintile 5 (lowest) 4.8 6.3 Doctor Told Them 5.3 40 61.1 57.1 Unhealthy 56.3 57.9 66.7 55.6 Price Increased 23.8 37.5 42.1 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 0 N.B. Participants could check multiple options, therefore percentages may not sum up to 100 percent within household income quintiles. | 46 Further increasing the cost of manufactured cigarettes is likely to result in marked decreases in consumption. A Cigarette Purchase Task that simulated increases in the cost of cigarettes, indicates that those who currently smoke manufactured cigarettes are extremely sensitive to price, regardless of household income. When households were divided into income quintiles the highest income quintile (Quintile 1, 41,740 WST/year; US$16,194) and the lowest income quintile (Quintile 5, 2,000 WST/year; US$776) showed similar sensitivity to price (Figure 35). Consumption is, however, higher—and would remain higher—among those in the highest income quintile. At the current price, marked with the red dashed line in Figure 35, the lowest income quintile would reportedly smoke 4 sticks per day (50 percent) less than those in the highest income quintile. To halve current daily consumption (a reduction of about 6 sticks per day), the price per pack of manufactured cigarettes would have to increase by 6-7 WST (US$2.30 – US$2.70) (Figure 36). Around a third of those who smoked manufactured cigarettes reported that a 1 WST increase in cost (that is about a 7 percent increase in current price) would lead them to consider stopping smoking. Doubling the current cost of a packet of cigarettes would lead most respondents to quit smoking. While men and women were similarly sensitive to proposed changes in price (see Figure 30) those in the Rest of Upolu and Savai’i regions were more likely than those in Northwest Upolu or the Apia Urban Area to consider alternatives to manufactured cigarettes (that is, switching to locally produced tobacco) before quitting all together; a phenomenon observed in other countries such as for instance Tonga. This likely reflects the greater availability or ability to grow local tobacco in these more rural settings. Figure 35: Cigarette Purchase Task—Predicted consumption based on price per pack (by household income level) 9.00 Quintile 1 (highest) 8.00 Quintile 2 7.00 Consumption (Sticks/Day) Quintile 3 Estimated Cigarette 6.00 Quintile 4 5.00 Quintile 5 (lowest) 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 26 0 0 0 20 0 0 24 0 0 0 20 0 22 0 32 0 0 0 23 0 25 0 0 0 29 0 30 0 24 0 28 0 0 0 .0 .4 .6 .6 .6 .0 .8 .8 .8 .2 .2 .2 .0 .0 .6 .4 .4 .4 .0 .4 .2 .2 .4 19 27 31 15 21 17 14 28 16 16 18 N.B. Cigarette purchase task: Based on the estimated average current cost of a pack of cigarettes (16 WST or 80 sene per cigarette) participants reported how many cigarettes they were likely to smoke if prices were changed. Participants were asked to report their likely consumption as the price fell or rose in 4 sene per stick (5 percent) increments ranging from 14 WST or 40 sene per pack (current price, indicated by red line) to 32 WST per pack; a more than 100 percent increase in cost. | 47 Figure 36: Cigarette Purchase Task—Predicted consumption based on price per pack (by gender) 8.00 Men Women 7.00 6.00 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 16 0 20 0 24 0 18 0 20 0 22 0 32 0 0 23 0 25 0 27 0 29 0 0 0 24 0 28 0 26 0 30 0 0 0 0 28 0 .0 .4 .6 .6 .0 .0 .8 .8 .4 .2 .2 .2 .4 .2 .4 .4 .0 .2 .6 .6 .8 .4 .0 19 15 31 21 17 14 16 N.B. Cigarette purchase task: Based on the estimated average current cost of a pack of cigarettes (16 WST or 80 sene per cigarette) participants reported how many cigarettes they were likely to smoke if prices were changed. Participants were asked to report their likely consumption as the price fell or rose in 4 sene per stick (5 percent) increments ranging from 14 WST or 40 sene per pack (current price, indicated by red line) to 32 WST per pack; a more than 100 percent increase in cost. Alcohol consumption varied by both age and gender (Figure 37) with women more likely to report lifetime abstinence. Of household survey respondents, 13.7 percent reported ever having consumed alcohol. Those in the 18-29-year-old age group (13.0 percent) and 30-64-year-old age group (15.3 percent) were more likely than those in the oldest (65+ years; 7.0 percent) to have ever consumed alcohol (p=0.04). A greater proportion of participants from the Apia Urban Area had ever consumed alcohol compared to those in other regions (AUA: 20.2 percent, NWU: 12.8 percent, ROU: 9.9 percent, and SAV: 13.6 percent; p=<0.001). Consumption did not differ by household income quintile. Among those who had ever consumed alcohol, a quarter reported consuming alcohol 1-4 days a week on average, while a third consumed alcohol 1-3 days per month, and another third less than once a month. There were no differences by census region in the median number of drinks (beer, wine, liquor, oli oli) reportedly consumed during a day where participants drank alcohol, but men reported drinking more of each of these drinks than women. A little less than half of survey respondents (43.9 percent) reported plans to decrease their drinking in the next year, with health reasons and cost as the most commonly cited reasons for the planned change. | 48 Figure 37: Proportion of participants who reported ever having consumed alcohol, by age and gender 30 Men 25 Women 20 15 10 5 0 18-29 years3 0-64 y ears 65+ ye ars | 49 Discussion In the context of still rising prevalence of obesity and associated risk of morbidity and mortality—along with its major impact on the national economy by reducing productivity and life expectancy while increasing disability and health care costs—action to address unhealthy eating behaviors is imperative. The survey data suggests that compared to the most recent national survey data (STEPS, 2013)2 a greater proportion of household survey respondents had obesity (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) and the difference was substantially greater among men (59.6 percent of household survey respondents had obesity versus 44.8 percent of 2013 STEPS survey respondents; 68.6 percent of women included in the 2013 STEPS survey had obesity compared to 72.0 percent in the household survey). The rise in the prevalence of obesity is likely to translate into increased prevalence of obesity-related NCDs including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer.14 On the basis of predicted increases in all of these diseases health care costs per person are projected to increase markedly from US$235 in 2019 to US$331 per person by 2050, a 41 person increase18,19, likely placing a greater number of households below the national basic needs and food poverty lines. In other countries, taxes on unhealthy foods have effectively curbed population level consumption and improved health. In 2014, in an effort to address rapidly increasing prevalence of obesity and diabetes the Mexican government introduced an 8 percent tax on all non-essential foods with an energy density equal to or greater than 275 kcal/100g and a peso-per-liter tax on SSBs. Early evaluation of the impact of the taxes suggested that overall, purchasing of taxed foods/beverages was reduced by 5.1 percent in the first year46 and 9.7 percent in the second year.47 Taxes did not, however, affect the purchasing behavior of the highest income households, which may be a concern in the Samoa setting also. In Tonga, excise tax on turkey tails, mutton flaps, and ice cream both increased the market price of these items and reduced consumption.48 The planned tax measures in Samoa are responsive to the recommendations of public health professionals who suggest that raising the cost of unhealthy foods may reduce consumption. Previous studies conducted in Samoa have highlighted cost of food as a major driver of consumption and food choice.25,49-51 A five-fold increase in the volume of imported foods over the past half century in Samoa has lowered the cost of some imported, high fat, nutrient poor foods enough so that these products have become more affordable for some families than eating locally produced foods. The current rising prevalence of food insecurity in Samoa11,49 means that any price increases may disproportionately impact the nutritional status of lower- income families which merits special consideration as taxes are formulated. Contrary to consumption patterns in some other low- and middle-income country settings, where lower-income households consume a greater amount of unhealthy foods52, this baseline data shows that most of the foods to be targeted by the planned tax increases are consumed more frequently by individuals from higher-income rather than lower-income households. The taxes planned for Samoa | 50 may, therefore, have less impact among lower-income families (although increasing prices may mean a proportionally larger amount of income spent on these items). Future efforts to examine the impact of the taxes on consumption (for example, repeating this survey post-tax implementation) will determine whether taxes are large enough to have an impact on consumption of higher-income households or whether their income is large enough to avoid any impact on consumption. Directing all consumers to, and ensuring a healthy and competitively priced local food market, should be a priority alongside raising food prices. Lessons could be learned from the coordinated, multisectoral approach to tobacco reduction and applied to efforts to impact consumption of unhealthy foods. The declines in smoking in Samoa, in response to rising costs of tobacco, indicate that introducing comparable taxes on unhealthy foods may change consumer behaviors. A quarter of survey respondents reported reducing their cigarette consumption, with those in the 30–64-year age group citing increased price as a key driver. Participants also frequently cited their health as a motivator to change behavior, which is likely a result of Ministry of Health campaigns to reduce tobacco use. Although the survey data collected here does not indicate replacement of manufactured cigarettes with locally produced products, the Samoan government are mindful of the potential for this as prices continue to increase and are discussing how fiscal policies may be extended to local production to prevent this from happening. Further international lessons suggest that multiple sectors—health, agriculture, finance; as well as women, community and social development—should be engaged to raise awareness of the plans for taxation and educate consumers about the potential health benefits. In Mexico, awareness of the SSB tax was associated with reduced consumption in the year after taxes were introduced. This was attributed to the success of a broad educational and information campaign that provided public health rationale.53 In Hungary, where taxes targeting unhealthy foods (pre-packaged sweets and biscuits, soft drinks, fruit jams, flavored beer with added sugar, alcopops, energy drinks, and excessively salty snacks) were introduced in 2011, successes were attributed to both the changing cost of food and a comprehensive education campaign which altered consumer behavior toward available healthier alternatives.53 Public health experts from the Hungarian Ministry of Health, National Institutes for Food and Nutrition Science, the Ministry of Finance, and the WHO worked together both to formulate the taxation policy and the education campaign that accompanied it, offering an example of successful engagement of multiple stakeholder groups.54 Among participants surveyed here, more than 30 percent were unaware of the association between SSB consumption and obesity indicating the importance of such awareness-raising campaigns. Across all food and beverage categories to be targeted by new tax increases, consumption of beverages and snack foods is most likely to be impacted. While participants consumed tea, coffee, and Koko Samoa (to which almost all participants added sugar) more frequently than SSBs, sweetened fruit beverages, soft drinks, and milo were consumed regularly by survey respondents (mostly younger survey respondents). Increasing the price of these items may deter their consumption; concurrently making bottled water more accessible may increase the health impact of the planned price change, although it remains to be seen how the government’s plan to begin collecting duty from local bottled water manufacturers will impact availability and cost. Many participants also consumed sweet and salty snack foods; 20 percent of survey respondents, for example, reported consuming ice cream at least weekly. SSBs are among the most commonly taxed food products globally and most taxation campaigns have been successful at changing consumer and/or manufacturer behavior. Similar to the success of Mexico’s tax campaign mentioned above46,47, Chile introduced an 18 percent SSB tax in 2014, which led to a 3.4 percent decrease in sales of soda and industrialized juice drinks in its first year.55 Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates levy a 50 percent tax on sweetened beverages and a 100 percent tax on energy drinks. Although the goal in Saudi Arabia was raising revenue rather than improving public health, these taxes were effective at changing behavior (a 19 percent reduction in consumption) and had a positive impact on obesity.56 | 51 Fewer countries have attempted to levy taxes on snack foods and results have been less conclusive. Denmark, for example, added a surcharge to foods containing more than 2.3 percent saturated fat in 2011 but the surcharge was removed after a year following criticism of inflated food prices and the impact on the Danish job market.57 Conversely, taxes on sweets and ice cream implemented by the Finnish government in 2011 were removed in 2017 after the European Commission ruled that taxes violated state aid rules by unfairly favoring local producers over importers. In Samoa, taxes on ice cream have, to date, been levied on imports only, but the new taxes proposed will extend to cover local producers also. Given that the snack foods to be targeted with tax increases in Samoa are still mostly imported, rather than locally produced, despite an increase in local production, the impact on local producers is likely to be negligible. Data on the effectiveness of Samoa’s approach may provide important evidence to guide other nations globally in their pursuit of fiscal approaches to public health improvement. Consumption of fatty cuts of imported meat is less likely to be impacted by changes to the tax structure. Very few survey respondents reported regularly consuming the imported meat products that will be subject to planned taxes. Among the meat products subject to new tax policy, pork meat was the most commonly consumed (at least weekly by 12.5 percent of the survey respondents). Most, however, were not purchasing pork but either raising pigs themselves or acquiring it from other families through an informal local market. The most likely impact of new taxes on imported pork will therefore be to drive consumers further toward this local market, which will benefit local producers and may raise the income of some families. In light of this likely outcome, taxation policies should be combined with educational interventions to improve identification of healthier cuts of meat, encourage low-fat preparation methods, and promote appropriate meat portion sizes. A number of individual and community level interventions in other settings have been successful in achieving these goals, although most have been conducted in higher income nations.58 Reducing duty on imported vegetables is also unlikely to have a meaningful impact on consumption without efforts to address systemic barriers such as availability, produce quality, and knowledge of how to prepare these foods. With the exception of garlic, cabbage, and carrots, very few of the vegetables to be targeted were regularly consumed by survey respondents. Participants cited lack of availability and cost as major barriers to their consumption but even if these barriers could be overcome, there remains a lack of education about how to prepare and cook with these food items. Furthermore, few households have adequate access to refrigerators with which to preserve the shelf life of these items, which are often of poor quality by the time they reach Samoa due to the long transit time from New Zealand or other countries. It is not clear whether savings on the import of these items will be passed on to consumers. In Tonga, tax exemptions were not passed on to consumers and prices of imported apples and oranges remained the same despite tax exemptions being introduced.48 In Fiji, the government has made major changes to the tax structure for fruit and vegetable imports, aiming to both improve health and promote locally grown produce.59 While changes in consumption in response to the policies have not been measured, tariff reductions appear to have contributed to increases in the volume of vegetables (not local to Fiji) and fruits imported.59 In other settings, subsidies on fruits and vegetables that have been targeted directly to consumers have been found to be effective in increasing consumption. In South Africa, for example, 10 percent and 25 percent subsidies on fruits and vegetables, respectively, resulted in increases in intake equivalent to 0.38 servings of fruits and 0.64 servings of vegetables per person per day.60 Samoa might consider additional efforts to ensure that price reductions are passed to consumers. The risk of substitution with equally unhealthy foods is substantial in Samoa, particularly for sweet and salty snack foods. Consumption of foods that could potentially be alternatives, if consumption of to-be-taxed foods becomes cost prohibitive, was already prevalent among survey respondents. For example, both imported plain biscuits (as an alternative to imported biscuits with chocolate, cream or coconut) and locally produced items were consumed regularly by many survey respondents, and risk | 52 of substitution of to-be-taxed items with these equally unhealthy substitutes is substantial. In Tonga, excise tax increase on several unhealthy foods resulted in substitution with other cheaper, low quality, and similarly unhealthy foods.48 For example, while excise tax levied on mutton flaps was successful in reducing consumption, 40 percent of consumers reported substituting mutton flaps with other imported products not subject to tax changes: salted beef, tinned fish, or corned beef, all of which contain unhealthy levels of salt and fat. These data argue for a more comprehensive tax policy that also considers these replacement products. Tongan consumers also reported swapping imported ice cream (on which taxes were increased) for locally made ice cream, which was not subject to any changes in tax policy.48 In Samoa, local producers of ice cream will also be subject to tax legislation, meaning that for this particular product, which is consumed by one in five households at least weekly, substitution may be avoided. Introducing unified tax rates for both imported and local products more broadly may be a useful approach to avoiding substitution in other food categories and may encourage local producers to reformulate their products. The potential impact on the informal market, which is largely driven by low-income households who sell small batches of snack products on the streets or in public places, should be monitored. Food culture in Samoa favors high fat, imported foods, making dietary change challenging. Food is uniquely embedded in Samoan culture; it is the focus of social gatherings and an expression of love and respect.25 One recent description of the Samoan food system states that “food is not simply a source of energy, but also a means of building and maintaining social relationships and reinforcing community cohesion”.61 Imported foods have traditionally been associated with wealth and higher community status62 and those of higher ranking in Samoan villages are traditionally offered higher fat foods and larger portions, which is a common explanation for the fact that obesity is more prevalent among higher income households. These foods have been part of the Samoan food supply for so long that many Samoans report disliking the taste of foods perceived to be “healthy”,25 a finding which was reported in this survey. Not assessed directly here, many Samoans also report stigma associated with individual efforts to change their dietary intake.62 Fiscal policies such as those proposed by the Samoan government have the potential to be more successful than public health interventions targeting individuals and their dietary habits. Addressing the food system and supply chain, which is currently designed to appeal to preferences for food high in salt, fat, and sugar, to improve the healthfulness of foods available for purchase may result in population level shifts that take place without dismantling the existing food culture. Engaging community leaders and influencers will also be important to promote a shift toward a more healthful diet. Small family-run store owners could be targeted as important advocates in efforts to improve the healthfulness of the food supply, while also being a delivery platform for strengthening the demand side. Sweet and salty snack foods were largely purchased from small, family-run stores, rather than large supermarkets. Government stakeholders may consider working with these stores to support store owners in ensuring that the products they offer are the healthiest options available. Store owners may also consider coming together to form purchasing collaboratives that will afford them more power to negotiate cost with wholesalers/importers. While there has been little work in low- and middle- income nations, in high-income settings, small independent store owners have been key partners in initiatives to improve food access in underserved communities. In Philadelphia, United States, the Philadelphia Healthy Corner Store initiative offered support to corner stores in gradually changing their inventory and marketing practices to promote healthier snack food options. In two years, the pilot study of 40 stores grew to a network of 630 participating stores who increased their inventory of healthy products by at least four items, reported increases in profits and customer demand for healthy produce, and saw increased property values.63 Careful monitoring and evaluation efforts will be needed to determine the impact of planned taxes on food prices and consumer behaviors. Data on the cost of foods to be targeted by the new tax policy, collected before and after the implementation of planned taxes will be important to determine whether increases or decreases in tax are passed by importers/wholesalers to consumers. A similar household survey should also be conducted after the implementation of food taxes to determine | 53 whether consumption of the items to be targeted with the new tax policies changes and whether that can be attributed to changing cost of food items. Careful attention should be paid to whose dietary intake is impacted to ensure that any burden of rising food prices does not disproportionately impact the nutritional status of lower-income households. Lack of knowledge about food purchasing may, however, impede monitoring and evaluation efforts. During the implementation of this survey, it became clear that, while knowledgeable about the types of food purchased by their household and about their own consumption, many participants were uncertain about cost or amount purchased and could not specify volumes in grams, ounces, or milliliters. While the frequency of consumption can be compared based on a similar post-tax survey, this will fail to capture scenarios where participants consume foods with similar frequency but in smaller amounts. Additional taxation of unhealthy food products must be part of a comprehensive strategy to address NCDs in Samoa. Evidence from this report suggests that a focus on food alone will not be enough to address issues of NCDs in Samoa. However, in the context of alarming levels of NCDs, a multifaceted approach that considers every possible strategy must be considered. Obesity and related NCDs are related to a complex set of biological, environmental, and social factors; and addressing root causes requires a radical rethinking of policy and practice. Alongside any dietary change driven by tax policy there must also be efforts to address the physical activity environment, improved health education beginning early in life, access to a strong primary health care infrastructure that monitors lifelong health, and a robust treatment approach. | 54 Recommendations A comprehensive, life course approach is needed to address the current burden of NCDs in Samoa. Such an approach would consider the entirety of the physical and social environment and attempt to optimize it to protect and promote health and well-being. It would also take into account differences in risk factors by gender (for example, men are less likely to be physically inactive, but smoke and drink more often than women). Accompanied by other public health measures, introduction of new tax policy may contribute to reduction of NCD risk through its impact on unhealthy food consumption. There are a number of specific recommendations related to the implementation of such policies: TAX STRUCTURE 1 Unified approaches to imported and locally produced foods should be considered. Findings from the household survey highlight the likelihood of substitution of higher price items with lower cost but equally unhealthy products; this could include both other imported products and locally produced alternatives. Introducing unified tax policies, as the proposed tax does for ice cream, may offset this risk and avoid dilution of the effect of the proposed taxes on consumption. 2 Where administratively possible, taxes on food should be guided by nutritional quality. Not all cuts of meat, for example, are equally high fat and taxes should be levied strategically to decrease the availability and accessibility of high fat cuts while ensuring that leaner cuts are readily available and competitively priced. This is suitable for the Pacific context as most cuts of meat that are high in fat (turkey tails, mutton flaps) are imported as frozen cuts of meat, and tax can be easily implemented. 3 To be effective, tax cuts must be passed on to consumers in the form of lowered price. While lowered duty may be an incentive for importers to increase supply and availability, cost is the primary driver of consumption of most foods. If importers and retailers are the only beneficiaries of reductions in import duty, without lowering price, there is a risk that there will be little to no impact on consumption or health outcomes. 4 Annual increases in tobacco tax should continue. Evidence suggests a significant decline in use of manufactured cigarettes, both in terms of number of smokers and, among smokers, and number of cigarettes consumed in response to price increases over the past several years. Since the evidence presented here suggests that consumers remain very sensitive to price, continued increases are likely to be impactful. Since results from the survey suggest that a 1 WST increase in cost per pack (that is, an ~7 percent increase on current price) would lead a third of smokers to consider quitting, the government should consider tax increases greater than the current 5 percent per year planned increases. | 55 5 There are no current plans to raise tax on alcohol products but this may be important to reduce alcohol-related harm as well as obesity risk. Although relatively few survey respondents reported frequently consuming alcohol an increasing degree of binge drinking has been reported previously. Addressing this would reduce alcohol-related harm and obesity risk. The Samoan government plans to review existing policies in the near future. TRANSPARENCY 1 Consumers should be made aware of proposed tax changes, particularly reductions in import duty, such as on fresh chicken, meat, and vegetables. Increasing public awareness of these planned reductions in import duty may increase pressure on importers to pass on cost savings, thereby increasing demand. Without public awareness, there is potential for the importers to be the sole beneficiaries of price reductions. 2 The government may consider disclosing revenue raised through tax increase and using those revenues for specific health promotion activities to strengthen public support. Transparency about funds raised through the taxation of unhealthy food items as well as commitment to use these funds to protect and promote health (for example, through funding key health services, community-based activities, public health initiatives, or improving access to opportunities for physical activity [such as parks and play spaces] may increase public support for fiscal policies). COMPLEMENTARY NON-TAX MEASURES 1 A number of complementary interventions are needed to make healthy foods more accessible, affordable, and appealing. As well as cost, household survey respondents reported availability, taste preferences, and perceptions of the social value of “healthy” foods as barriers to consumption. Interventions to increase awareness of options for food preparation, engagement of community leaders in promoting the social value of healthful foods, and increasing purchasing power of small store owners are all possible options to address these barriers. 2 To promote vegetable consumption, produce quality and storage options would need to be improved. Without prompting, several participants described how quality of imported vegetables was poor considering their currently high cost. Lack of refrigeration also prevented survey respondents from purchasing these products in larger amounts. 3 Increased resources should be made available to those who wish to stop smoking. Evidence suggests that increases in price of manufactured cigarettes will lead Samoan consumers to quit smoking rather than replace those products with other, cheaper alternatives. Improving availability of resources such as counseling and nicotine replacement products should complement any fiscal policy approaches. Efforts should be particularly focused on young women, who appear to be at significant risk of adopting smoking habits early in life. 4 A coordinated multisectoral approach is needed. New tax policies from the Ministry of Finance should be supported by other government agencies, for example, the Ministry of Health may be engaged in public health awareness campaigns, or the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries in supporting local produce markets. 5 Public health messaging should be aligned with planned tax implementation. Alongside education to increase awareness of the planned taxes, public health messaging should focus on (i) healthful alternatives to the unhealthy foods being targeted by the new tax policy; (ii) educating the public on how to store, prepare, and cook with imported vegetables; and (iii) reiterating the role of high sugar, high fat foods in obesity risk as well as other health conditions (including dental issues). | 56 6 Family store owners could be engaged in efforts to redirect consumers to healthier products. Given that the majority of sweet and salty snack foods consumed by household survey participants were purchased from small, family stores, rather than supermarkets, engaging store owners in public health efforts may be beneficial. This could be in the form of education to inform their own purchasing, or incentives to offer healthier produce, or government support of store collectives with increased purchasing power. MONITORING AND EVALUATION 1 Comprehensive monitoring and evaluation is needed to examine effects of planned taxes on consumption as well as the local and household economy. Monitoring pricing changes in response to new taxes will determine whether costs or savings are passed on to consumers. This could be achieved with store surveys, examination of historical sales data from importers, or supermarket sales logs; ideally a combination of all of these. Repeating this household survey post-implementation will determine whether consumption is influenced by the new policies and will detect any potentially regressive impacts on lower-income households. 2 The overall impact of tax changes on food price as well as the differential impact of tax policies on low- and high-income households should be monitored. Samoa is unusual in the sense that consumption of most foods subject to tax change (increases and decreases) is greater in higher- income households. 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Cultural Anthropology, 36(3): 428- 457. 63. Cavanaugh E, Green S, Mallya G, Tiernay A, Brensinger C, Glanz K. 2014. Changes in food and beverage environments after an urban corner store intervention. Preventative Medicine, 65: 7-12. | 60 Appendices 1. SUPPLEMENTARY TABLES | 61 Table S1 Proportion of participants consuming beverages subject to planned tax changes at least weekly, by selected participant characteristics Sweetened Non- Flavored Sweetened Energy Bottled Fruit Soft Drinks Alcoholic Milo Milk Tea Drinks Water Beverages Beer Census Region Apia Urban Area 26.0 3.1 19.1 1.4 2.0 20.7 4.1 36.9 Northwest Upolu 26.2 3.6 14.6 0.3 0.1 16.0 1.1 30.2 Rest of Upolu 16.9 0.5 5.4 0.0 0.0 9.1 0.3 9.9 Savai’i 19.6 0.4 9.6 0.0 0.2 5.8 0.2 3.6 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.064 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 Age Group 18-29 years 28.5 2.7 16.2 0.6 0.4 13.0 1.9 20.5 30-64 years 19.4 1.8 10.0 0.3 0.6 12.6 1.2 21.3 65+ years 13.3 0.5 6.4 0.0 0.0 18.3 0.0 24.6 p<0.001 p=0.09 p<0.001 p=0.502 p=0.617 p=0.218 p=0.126 p=0.431 Gender Male 20.3 1.8 12.3 0.2 0.6 10.2 1.5 19.0 Female 24.9 2.4 12.2 0.6 0.3 16.2 1.2 23.4 p=0.034 p=0.865 p=0.721 p=0.148 p=0.472 p=0.003 p=0.363 p=0.149 Income Quintiles 1 (Greatest 16.7 2.6 15.7 0.4 1.0 20.0 2.6 40.4 Annual Income) 2 24.3 1.0 12.4 0.4 1.2 11.4 1.0 18.3 3 28.4 1.0 15.3 0.0 0.0 13.3 0.8 14.6 4 18.3 1.2 9.3 0.4 0.0 11.0 0.0 13.8 5 (Lowest 24.2 4.5 6.5 0.6 0.2 11.3 1.4 18.1 Annual Income) p<0.001 p=0.005" p<0.001 p=0.101 p=0.227 p<0.001 p=0.035 p<0.001 Food Poverty Line Above 21.5 1.4 13.3 0.4 0.7 14.0 1.3 23.5 Below 24.3 3.5 8.7 0.4 0.1 11.9 1.0 15.7 p<0.001 p=0.007 p<0.001 p=0.220 p=0.197 p=0.031 p=0.323 p<0.001 N.B Shaded columns in orange are foods subject to tax decreases while all other columns are subject to tax increases. | 62 Table S2 Proportion of participants consuming meat products subject to planned tax changes at least weekly, by selected participant characteristics Lamb Lamb Lamb Offal Fresh Pork Flank Neck Rack Chicken Census Region Apia Urban Area 26.0 1.6 6.1 1.8 1.6 26.4 Northwest Upolu 25.7 3.0 5.3 2.6 1.0 34.9 Rest of Upolu 40.6 0.5 1.3 0.2 0.5 33.9 Savai’i 42.2 0.4 1.2 1.4 1.6 37.8 p<0.001 p=0.002 p<0.001 p=0.006 p=0.568 p<0.001 Age Group 18-29 years 32.1 1.4 3.5 1.4 1.0 31.9 30-64 years 33.5 1.6 3.6 1.5 1.1 34.6 65+ years 30.7 2.5 5.0 3.0 2.0 34.3 p=0.909 p=0.792 p=0.784 p=0.585 p=0.250 p=0.178 Gender Male 35.5 1.4 3.8 1.4 1.3 35.1 Female 29.9 1.8 3.6 1.7 1.0 31.9 p=0.094 p=0.337 p=0.308 p=0.448 p=0.308 p=0.220 Income Quintiles 1 (Greatest Annual 38.6 5.7 12.2 5.5 2.7 46.8 Income) 2 31.0 1.4 2.8 1.4 1.4 32.5 3 27.5 0.4 1.4 0.4 0.2 24.7 4 34.1 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.2 29.7 5 (Lowest Annual 32.8 0.6 0.8 0.6 1.2 34.2 Income) p=0.003 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.015 p<0.001 Food Poverty Line Above 32.0 2.2 4.9 2.2 1.3 33.4 Below 34.3 0.4 1.1 0.4 0.6 33.8 p=0.291 p=0.001 p<0.001 p=0.010 p=0.210 p=0.878 N.B. Shaded columns in orange are foods subject to tax decreases while all other columns are subject to tax increases. | 63 Table S3 Proportion of participants consuming sweet and salty snacks subject to planned tax changes at least weekly, by selected participant characteristics Imported Sugar Waffles/ Syrup Ice Cream Biscuits Fries Confectionery Wafers (not plain) Census Region Apia Urban Area 4.0 9.1 36.0 26.7 3.7 33.1 Northwest Upolu 0.9 7.6 42.5 24.9 4.3 33.4 Rest of Upolu 0.0 2.3 16.0 17.2 1.3 6.6 Savai’i 1.2 3.6 18.8 15.6 0.0 8.7 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 Age Group 18-29 years 1.1 8.5 32.9 25.5 2.2 24.0 30-64 years 1.4 4.4 28.1 18.7 3.1 20.4 65+ years 0.0 1.5 27.1 19.2 1.5 20.2 p=0.643 p<0.001 p=0.359 p<0.001 p=0.251 p=0.020 Gender Male Female 1.0 4.9 27.5 19.6 2.0 18.9 1.3 6.7 32.4 23.4 3.2 24.7 Income Quintiles p=0.370 p=0.459 p=0.027 p=0.137 p=0.006 p=0.001 1 (Greatest Annual 3.1 9.4 35.0 38.4 3.7 42.8 Income) 2 1.4 6.7 28.6 30.5 0.8 17.8 3 0.4 5.3 29.8 18.7 0.8 17.3 4 0.4 3.1 23.3 9.4 2.2 12.7 5 (Lowest Annual 0.4 4.1 30.8 10.8 5.3 18.2 Income) p=0.009 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 Food Poverty Line Above Below 1.5 6.6 29.3 26.8 1.7 23.7 0.3 3.8 29.8 10.7 4.3 17.5 p=0.044 p=0.031 p=0.008 p<0.001 p=0.001 p<0.001 | 64 Table S4 Proportion of participants consuming vegetables subject to planned tax reductions at least weekly, by selected participant characteristics Brussel Garlic Leeks Cauliflower Broccoli Sprouts Cabbage Carrots Sprouts Census Region Apia Urban Area 68.8 2.2 1.4 8.3 15.6 44.4 53.3 1.6 Northwest Upolu 71.4 3.0 0.7 9.2 12.9 41.4 47.1 0.8 Rest of Upolu 46.8 0.7 1.2 6.1 9.2 26.7 25.9 0.0 Savai’i 51.9 0.0 1.2 3.5 3.9 25.7 18.9 0.2 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.046 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.023 Age Group 18-29 years 62.1 1.1 0.3 7.9 11.3 36.3 37.0 0.7 30-64 years 61.0 2.3 0.8 6.6 10.5 34.7 38.3 0.7 65+ years 55.7 1.0 1.0 6.5 9.9 34.2 36.6 0.0 p=0.197 p=0.234 p=0.352 p=0.350 p=0.787 p=0.676 p=0.911 p=0.687 Gender Male 58.3 1.7 0.6 6.7 10.5 33.4 35.2 0.6 Female 63.7 1.7 0.6 7.6 11.0 37.2 40.0 0.6 p=0.001 p=0.338 p=0.145 p=0.595 p=0.692 p=0.226 p=0.005 p=0.814 Income Quintiles 1 (Greatest Annual 80.4 4.5 1.4 23.7 32.4 54.6 59.2 2.0 Income) 2 69.3 1.0 0.6 8.1 15.9 45.2 41.8 0.4 3 59.7 0.8 0.4 3.1 4.9 33.4 37.4 0.6 4 47.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.6 21.0 20.0 0.0 5 (Lowest Annual 48.6 1.6 0.4 1.0 0.8 23.6 29.1 0.2 Income) p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.573 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.002 Food Poverty Line Above 76.0 1.9 0.8 10.3 15.7 40.8 42.1 0.8 Below 51.0 1.3 0.3 0.6 0.9 24.4 27.9 0.1 p<0.001 p=0.003 p=0.380 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.056 | 65 Table S5 Proportion of participants consuming vegetables subject to planned tax reductions at least weekly, by selected participant characteristics Asparagus Celery Mushrooms Bell Peppers Spinach Olives Census Region Apia Urban Area 0.4 9.3 3.5 24.2 3.7 0.0 Northwest Upolu 0.7 12.3 7.0 24.4 7.0 0.2 Rest of Upolu 0.2 2.5 1.1 14.8 8.4 0.2 Savai’i 0.0 1.2 0.6 9.3 13.6 0.2 p=0.469 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.291 Age Group 18-29 years 0.3 8.0 3.6 20.4 8.0 0.2 30-64 years 0.5 6.4 3.6 18.6 7.5 0.2 65+ years 0.0 7.0 3.5 15.3 10.4 0.0 p=0.773 p=0.596 p=0.843 p=0.362 p=0.755 p=0.854 Gender Male 0.4 6.7 3.9 17.6 8.4 0.2 Female 0.3 7.5 3.3 20.5 7.6 0.2 p=0.470 p=0.754 p=0.627 p=0.102 p=0.416 p=0.572 Income Quintiles 1 (Greatest Annual 0.8 23.9 13.8 47.7 3.1 0.4 Income) 2 0.4 7.3 3.5 26.0 8.5 0.0 3 0.2 1.6 1.0 11.5 11.3 0.0 4 0.0 1.2 0.0 4.1 13.6 0.2 5 (Lowest Annual 0.4 1.8 0.0 6.7 3.7 0.2 Income) p=0.284 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.531 Food Poverty Line Above 0.4 9.8 5.3 25.4 8.7 0.1 Below 0.3 1.5 0.1 6.1 6.5 0.3 p=0.171 p<0.001 p<0.001 p<0.001 p=0.291 p=0.413 | 66 Table S6 Proportion of participants consuming selected foods subject to planned tax increases or reductions at least weekly, by weight status (underweight/normal weight, overweight, obesity) Sweetened Bottled Fresh Ice Fruit Soft Drinks Pork Biscuits Garlic Carrots Water Chicken Cream Beverages Men Underweight/ Normal 27.8 18.9 14.2 8.6 11.1 22.0 11.0 36.3 18.1 Weight Overweight 21.5 13.5 14.2 12.3 13.2 16.6 6.2 30.8 16.2 Obesity 21.3 13.3 21.5 10.2 12.4 20.7 9.9 35.7 17.4 p=0.387 P=0.525 p=0.335 p=0.344 p=0.525 p=0.941 p=0.238 p=0.839 p=0.718 Women 27.7 14.5 22.9 6.0 8.4 16.8 13.2 38.6 10.8 27.8 13.6 25.4 8.6 13.1 25.7 16.2 37.4 19.6 27.3 13.5 23.2 9.4 12.6 22.7 12.7 38.7 22.7 p=0.602 p=0.766 p=0.080 p=0.881 p=0.886 p=0.788 p=0.476 p=0.231 p=0.221 N.B. Shaded columns in orange are foods subject to tax decreases while all other columns are subject to tax increases. Foods were selected based on these being the most commonly consumed foods among each food category (i.e. beverages, meat products, snack foods, vegetables). Weight status was defined using World Health Organization Body Mass Index Thresholds (Underweight/Normal weight: BMI <25.0 kg/m2; Overweight: BMI 25-29.99 kg/m2; Obesity: 30 kg/m2+) Participants with underweight and normal weight were combined for analysis due to small sample size in the underweight category. Body Mass Index was not recorded for all participants, so analyses are based on a subsample of participants (n=1978) for whom these data were available. Therefore, the proportions reported here may not match those reported in other tables. | 67 2. PRE-TAX HOUSEHOLD SURVEY INSTRUMENT | 68 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. NEW WB Pre Tax Survey ! Project Home " Project Setup # Online Designer Data Dictionary $ Codebook $ Codebook $ Data Dictionary Codebook 11/28/2021 4:58pm % Collapse all instruments Field Label Field Attributes (Field Type, Validation, Choices, # Variable / Field Name Field Note Calculations, etc.) Instrument: Pretax Survey (pretax_survey) % Collapse 1 record_id Record ID text 2 enumerator Enumerator ID text 3 region Itumalo fa'atusigaigoa radio 1 Apia Urban Census Region 2 Northwest Upolu 3 Rest of Upolu 4 Savai'i 4 village Nuu radio 1 Vaivase Tai Village Name 2 Tanugamanono 3 Sinamoga 4 Moamoa Fou 5 Letogo 6 Vaiusu 7 Puipa'a 8 Faleula 9 Tufulele 10 Nofoali'i 11 Leauva'a 12 Saanapu Uta 13 Samatau 14 Manono Uta 15 Lufilufi 16 Luatuanu'u 17 Sapapali'i 18 Safotu 19 Salailua 20 Sili 21 Moataa 5 household Household Number text [Should match the Household Number on the recruitment list] 6 gps GPS text [if recruitment list says no GPS, write 'no GPS'] 7 phone_number Contact Phone Number: text of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 69 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 8 given_name Igoa muamua text Given name 9 family_name Fa'ai'u text Family name 10 gender Ituaiga radio 1 Alii - Male Participant Reported Gender 2 Tamaitai - Female 11 dob O aso fanau text (date_dmy, Min: 2012-10-23) Date of Birth (dd/mm/yyyy) 12 age Ua fia nei ou tausaga? text (integer) How old are you in years? 13 highest_education O lea le maualuga o le tulaga tau aoaoga na ausia? radio 0 E le'I alu I se aoga - No formal schooling What is the highest level of education you received? 1 Aoga fa'ata'itai'i - Less than primary school 2 Mae'a aoga tulaga lua - Primary school completed 3 Mae'a aoga maualuga - Secondary school completed 4 Mae'a aoga Kolisi/ lunivesite - College/University completed 5 Aoga sili atu nai le lunivesite - Postgraduate degree 14 food_knowledge O lea sou lagona e te iloa ai pe fa'apefea ona e fa'atau ma radio, Required saunia meaa'i mo lou aiga? 1 Tele le iloa - A lot How much do you feel like you know about how food is 2 Laititi le iloa - A little purchased and prepared in your household? 3 Tau le tele se iloa - Not very much 4 Leai se iloa - Nothing at all 15 end_int **PLEASE END INTERVIEW** descriptive End interview because the participant doesn't know Show the field ONLY if: anything about how food is purchased in the household. [food_knowledge] = "4" 16 weight_1 Enter first participant weight measurement text kg 17 weight_2 Enter second participant weight measurement text kg 18 weight_3 Enter third participant weight measurement (only if text difference between weight 1 and 2 was >0.1 kg) Show the field ONLY if: kg [weight_1]-[weight_2]>.1 or [w eight_2]-[weight_1]>.1 19 height_1 Enter first participant height measurement text cm 20 height_2 Enter second participant height measurement text cm 21 height_3 Enter third participant height measurement (cm) only if text difference between weight 1 and 2 was >0.5cm Show the field ONLY if: cm [height_1]-[height_2]>.5 or [he ight_2]-[height_1]>.5 | 70 2 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 22 marital_status O lea le tulaga tau fa'aipoipoga? radio 0 E le'I fa'aipoipo - Never married What is your marital status? 1 Ua faaipoipo - Currently married 2 Tete'a - Separated 3 Tatala faaletulafono faipoipoga - Divorced 4 Maliu le to'alua - Widowed 5 Nonofo ae le'I fa'aipoipo - Cohabiting 23 denomination O lea lau tapuaiga? radio 1 Egelani- Anglican What is your religious denomination? 2 Katoliko - Catholic 3 Metotisi - Methodist 4 EFKS - CCCS 5 Lotu Aso Fitu - Seventh Day Adventist 6 Lotu Mamona - Latter Day Saints 7 Isi Lotu - Other 8 Musu e tali le fesili - Refused to answer 24 denomination_other O lea lau lotu? (Isi lotu) text Show the field ONLY if: What is your religious denomination? (Other) [denomination]= "7" 25 employment Fa'amatalaga faigaluega radio 1 Leai se galuega ma o loo sailia se galuega - How would you describe your employment situation? Unemployed, looking for work 2 Leai se galuega ma e lē o sailia se galuega - Unemployed, not looking for work 3 Faigaluega i le fale - Self-employed 4 Faigaluega - Employed 5 Litaea/ Le mafai ona toe faigaluega - Retired or unable to work 26 job_title O le a lau matagaluega? text Show the field ONLY if: What is your job title? [employment] = "3" or [emplo yment] = "4" 27 work_full_time Pe faigaluega tumau pe leai? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Galuega togi aso - Casual work (irregular hours, Is this work full time? no work-related benefits) [employment] = "3" or [emplo yment] = "4" 2 Galuega faavaitaimi - Part time (less than 38 hours per week) 3 Galuega tumau - Full time (38 hours of more per week) 28 mobile_phone Section Header: Matou te fia fesiligia le tulaga o lou aiga ma meatotino. radio O faamatalaga uma e te tuuina mai o le a natia e aunoa ma le iloa e se tasi. Matou te fia malamalama I le olaga o tagata Samoa ma mea totino 0 Leai se telefoni - No phone o lo o latou umia ina ia mafai ai ona iloa le suiga o le olaga ona o le faa 1 E iai telefoni nei ona pō (smart phone) - Has a Samoa. We would like to ask some questions about your home and your smart phone possessions. The answers will be kept confidential. We want to understand how Samoans are living and what they own so that we can understand 2 E iai le telefoni ae le o se telefoni nei ona po - Has changes in the way of life from fa'a Samoa. phone but not a smart phone Do you own a mobile phone? 29 phone_brand O le a le itu'aiga o telefoni fe'avea'i e iai lau telefoni? text Show the field ONLY if: What brand is your phone (for example, Apple, Samsung, [mobile_phone] = "1" or [mobi Nokia, etc.)? le_phone] = "2" 30 mat_house_style Ituaiga Fausaga o fale radio 0 Fale Samoa - Samoan fale Architectural house style 1 Fale Palagi - Palagi 3 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 71 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 31 mat_own_or_rent Ua e faatauina lou fale, po'o e mautotogi ai? radio 0 Faatau - Own Do you own or rent the house? 1 Mautotogi - Rent 32 mat_rooms_in_house Aofa'I o potu o le fale? text (number, Min: 1) Number of rooms in the house? 33 mat_rooms_for_sleep E fia potu o le fale e faaaogaina e momoe ai lo outou Aiga? text (number, Min: 1) How many rooms are for sleeping? 34 mat_plumb_indoor O totonu le fale iai le paipa? radio 0 Leai - No Is the plumbing indoors? 1 Ioe - Yes 35 mat_drinking_water_source O fea e sau ai le vaiinu mo le aiga? radio 0 Paipa e ta'i mai vai o le malo - Pipe into the What is the major source of drinking water for the house household? 1 Paipa e i totonu o lou fanua - Pipe on the house lot 2 Vai fai tele - Public tap 3 Paipa e ta'i mai vai eli - Tube well 4 Vai eli e malupuipuia - Protected well 5 Vai timu - Rainwater 6 Isi - Other 36 mat_drink_water_source_oth Faamatala: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [mat_drinking_water_source] = "6" 37 mat_stove_type O lea le ituaiga ogaumu o lo'o fa'aaogaina? - [filifili i tali checkbox uma nei] 0 mat_stove_type___0 Umu - Umu What type of stove do you have? - [select all that apply] 1 mat_stove_type___1 Karasini - Kerosene 2 mat_stove_type___2 Uila - Electric 3 mat_stove_type___3 Kesi - Gas 38 mat_fridge E iai se pusa aisa? - Do you have a refrigerator? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 39 mat_freezer E iai se pusa aisa taatia? - Do you have a freezer? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 40 mat_port_stereo E iai se laau pese e mafai ona feaveai/ MP3? - Do you have radio (Matrix) a portable stereo? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 41 mat_vcr_dvd E iai se VCR/DVD? - Do you have a VCR/DVD? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 42 mat_couch E iai ni nofoa faamalu (sofa/couch)? - Do you have a couch? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 43 mat_wash_machine E i ai se masini ta lavalava - Do you have a washing radio (Matrix) machine? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 44 mat_mobile_phone E i ai sau telefoni feavea'i? - Do you have a mobile phone? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 4 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 72 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_ 45 mat_computer E iai sau komepiuta I le fale? - Do you have a computer? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 46 mat_tablet E iai sau tapaleti? - Do you have a tablet? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 47 mat_electricity E iai se eletise o lou fale? - Does your house have radio (Matrix) electricity? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 48 mat_microwave_oven E iai se masini faavevela ai meaai? - Do you have a radio (Matrix) microwave oven? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 49 mat_rice_cooker E iai se ulo tunu araisa alu i le eletise? - Do you have a rice radio (Matrix) cooker? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 50 mat_blender E iai se masini vili fai vai, alu i le eletise? - Do you have a radio (Matrix) blender? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 51 mat_sewing_machine E iai se laau su'isu'i? - Do you have a sewing machine? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 52 mat_electric_fan E iai se ili alu i le Uila? - Do you have an electric fan? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 53 mat_air_con E iai se ea malulu? - Do you have an air conditioner? radio (Matrix) 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 54 mat_car E iai se taavale laitiiti po o se loli? - Do you have any cars or radio (Matrix) trucks? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 55 mat_tv E iai se TV? checkbox 0 mat_tv___0 Leai - No Do you have a TV? 1 mat_tv___1 Ioe, ituaiga televise tuai - Yes, a basic [Select all that apply] television 2 mat_tv___2 Ioe, televise mafolafola - Yes, a flat screen television 3 mat_tv___3 Ioe, tv fou - Yes, a smart TV 56 mat_internet E iai se internet i lou fale? radio 0 Leai - No Do you have internet in your home? 1 Ioe, e maua mai le uaea - Yes, from a wire/router 2 Ioe, e fa'aaoga telefoni fa'a onapo nei - Yes, from a smartphone hotspot 57 mat_how_many_adults E toafia tagata o loo tou nonofo faatasi I le fale lenei. text (number, Min: 1) How many people share the house? b. Tagata matutua - Adults 58 mat_how_many_children E toafia tagata o loo tou nonofo faatasi I le fale lenei. text (number) How many people share the house? a. Tamaiti - Children (under the age of 16) 5 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 73 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 59 mat_annual_income E fia le aofa'i o le tupe a lou aiga na maua mai i lau galueg i text (number) le tausaga ua te'a? Field Annotation: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" What was the annual household income from your work last year? WST 60 mat_income_overseas E fia se tupe e maua mai i tagata o lou aiga o loo nonofo i text atunu i fafo i le tausaga? Field Annotation: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" How much money do you receive every year from family living overseas? 61 mat_income_pension E fia se tupe a le aiga e maua mai i le litaea po o le text penisiona i le militeri poo se isi teuga tupe? Field Annotation: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" How much income does the household receive from retirement/military pensions and other investments and savings? 62 mat_other_income Sa iai nisi alaga tupe i le tausaga ua te'a? radio 0 Leai - No Were there any other sources of income last year? 1 Ioe - Yes 63 mat_other_income_amount E fia le aofa'i? text Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: How much? @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [mat_other_income] = "1" 64 cig_smokecig Section Header: Cigarette and Alcohol Consumption E matou te fia radio fesiligia lau susuga e fa'atatau i tele lou fa'aaogaina o le ava malosi ma le tapa'a. E leai ni tali sa'o pe sese foi, fa'amolemole e tali i le fa'amaoni fesili 0 Leai - No o lea fesiligia ai oe. We are going to ask some questions about whether 1 Ioe - Yes and how much you drink and smoke. There are no right or wrong answers, please answer these questions as honestly as you can. O e taumafa tapaa e pei o sikareti, sika poo tapaa utu paipa i le taimi nei? Do you currently smoke cigarettes, cigars or pipes? 65 cig_frequency E faafia ona e ulaula ? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Aso uma - Daily regular smoker How often do you smoke? [cig_smokecig] = "1" 2 Nisi taimi ole vaiaso - Few times a week (social smoker) 3 Laititi ifo ile vaiaso - Less than a few times a week 66 cig_how_long_ago Afai e te le manatua le matua o ou tausaga, o le a le umi text talu ona e ulaula i aso uma? Field Annotation: @PLACEHOLDER='__Tausaga / Show the field ONLY if: __Masina / __Vaiaso' [cig_smokecig] = "1" How long ago did you start smoking? [This should not be a DATE when the person started smoking - this should be NUMBER of YEARS, MONTHS or DAYS ago] 67 cig_manufactured E te taumafa tapa'a gaosi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 0 Leai - No Do you smoke manufactured cigarettes? [cig_smokecig] = "1" 1 Ioe - Yes 68 cig_brand Olea le ituaiga tapa'a gaosi e masani ona e ulaina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Pall Mall What brand of cigarettes do you usually smoke? [cig_smokecig] = "1" 2 Cida 3 Rothman 4 Winfield 5 Consulate 6 Cocoma 7 Filter Tobacco 8 Other brands (specify-faailoa mai) 6 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 74 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 69 cig_brand_specify Fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify brand: [cig_brand] = "8" 70 cig_sticks_daily E fia le aofai o ituaiga tapaa nei e masani ona e ulaina i le text (number) aso e tasi? Show the field ONLY if: [cig_manufactured] = "1" On average, how many sticks of manufactured cigarettes do you smoke each day? Aofaiga Sikareti 71 cig_manu_source O fea o vaega nei e masani lava ona e aumaia ai le tele o le radio tapa'a o lo'o e faaaogaina? 1 Faatauina mai i Supamaketi- I buy them in Show the field ONLY if: [cig_manufactured] = "1" supermarkets Where do you normally get the majority of your cigarettes? 2 Pamu Penisini- Gas stations 3 Faleoloa o Aiiga - Aiga stores 4 Aumai i se isi tagata - Someone gives them to me 5 Aumai i Aiga/Uo mai i atunu'u mamao- Family/friends send them from overseas 6 Ma isi [faamolemole faailoa mai]- Other [please specify] - 72 cig_manu_source_other Faamolemole faailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [cig_manu_source] = "6" 73 cig_price Olea le tau ole pepa sikaleti lapoa (20 sticks) na e faatauina text lata mai nei? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [cig_manufactured] = "1" What was the price of the manufactured cigarettes (packet of 20 sticks) you last bought? 74 cig_cost Ile 7 aso ua tu'ana'I, e fia le aofa'I ose tupe na e fa'aaluina text mo sikareti gaosi? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [cig_manufactured] = "1" In the past 7 days, how much did you spend on manufactured cigarettes? 75 cig_brand_last Olea le igoa o le ituaiga sikaleti gaosi na e faataua lata mai radio nei? 1 Pall Mall Show the field ONLY if: [cig_manufactured] = "1" 2 Cida What was the brand of cigarette you last bought? 3 Rothman 4 Winfield 5 Consulate 6 Cocoma 7 Filter Tobacco 8 Other brand [specify] 76 specify_last_cig Fa'amolemole faailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [cig_brand_last] = "8" 77 cig_changed Faatusa ile tasi le tausaga talu ai, pe sa iai se suiga o lau radio ulaula sikaleti ile aso? 1 Increase - Fa'ateteleina Show the field ONLY if: [cig_manufactured] = "1" 2 Decrease - Fa'aitiitia Compared to a year ago, has your daily consumption of cigarettes changed? 3 No change - Leai se suiga 4 I changed cigarette brand - Sui le ituaiga sikareti 78 cig_increased Faateteleina ile fia sikaleti ile aso? text Show the field ONLY if: Increased by how many sticks per day? [cig_changed] = "1" 79 cig_decreased Faaitiitia ile fia sikaleti ile aso? text Show the field ONLY if: Decreased by how many sticks per day? [cig_changed] = "2" 7 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 75 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 80 cig_change_reason Olea le mafuaaga ua sui ai lau sikaleti? checkbox Show the field ONLY if: 1 cig_change_reason___1 Ua si'itia le tau - Price What was the reason for the change in cigarette increase [cig_changed] = "1" OR [cig_ch consumption? anged] = "2" OR [cig_changed] 2 cig_change_reason___2 E le soifua maloloina - It = "4" was unhealthy Select all that apply 3 cig_change_reason___3 Fa'asa mai le foma'i - Doctor told me to 4 cig_change_reason___4 Fautuaga mai isi tagata - Other people's opinion 5 cig_change_reason___5 Isi mafuaaga - Other 81 cig_change_reason_other Fa'amolemole Fa'amatala: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [cig_change_reason(5)] = "1" 82 cig_plans O iai sau fuafuaga e sui lau ulaula i le tausaga fou pe a radio aulia? 1 Fa'ateleteleina - Increase Show the field ONLY if: [cig_manufactured] = "1" 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease Do you have plans to change your cigarette consumption in the next year? 3 Leai se suiga - No change 4 Sui le ituaiga o Sikareti - Change cigarette brands 83 cig_plans_why Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? notes Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [cig_plans] = "1" or [cig_plans] = "2" or [cig_plans] = "4" 84 cig_tax_awareness I le tolu tausaga ua tuana'i, na si'itia ai luga le totogi lafoga radio ole tapa'a i le 5% i tausaga ta'itasi. Sa e silafiaina le si'itaga 0 Leai - No ole tapa'a? 1 Ioe - Yes For the past three years, Samoa has raised tobacco taxes at the level of 5% each year. Were you aware of the increasing taxes on tobacco? 85 cig_hand_rolled E te taumafa tapa'a ta'ai? radio Show the field ONLY if: 0 Leai - No Do you smoke hand-rolled cigarettes? [cig_smokecig] = "1" 1 Ioe - Yes 86 cig_rolled_type O le a le ituaiga o tapa'a e te faaaogaina i lau sikaleti ta'ai? checkbox Show the field ONLY if: 1 cig_rolled_type___1 Kipi Samoa - Samoan Kipi What type of tobacco do you use in your hand-rolled [cig_hand_rolled] = "1" 2 cig_rolled_type___2 Tapa'a gaosi i lau-tapa'a ua cigarettes? mamago - Manufactured [Select all that apply] loose leaf tobacco 87 cig_kipi_hand_rolled E fia le aofai o ituaiga tapaa nei e masani ona e ulaina i le text (number) aso e tasi? Show the field ONLY if: [cig_rolled_type(1)] = "1" On average, how many hand rolled cigarettes do you smoke each day? Sikareti taai, Kipi Samoa - Samoan Kipi 88 cig_looseleaf_hand_rolled E fia le aofai o ituaiga tapaa nei e masani ona e ulaina i le text (number) aso e tasi? Show the field ONLY if: [cig_rolled_type(2)] = "1" On average, how many hand rolled cigarettes do you smoke each day? Tapa'a gaosi i lau-tapa'a ua mamago - Manufactured loose leaf tobacco 8 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 76 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_ 89 cig_loose_source O fea e masani ona e aumaia ai lau kipi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Ou te totoina lava e a'u - Grow my own Where do you normally get your Kipi/loose-leaf tobacco? [cig_hand_rolled] = "1" 2 Matou te fetufaa'i lava ma a'u uo/pe aumai foi i nisi - Share it with friends/given to me by others 3 Supermaketi - Supermarkets 4 Pamu Penisini - Gas stations 5 Faleoloa o Aiga - Aiga stores 6 Aumai i Aiga / Uo i atunu'u mamao - Family/friends send it from overseas 7 Nisi [faamolemole faailoa mai] - Other [please specify] 90 cig_loose_leaf_source_other Fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [cig_loose_source] = "7" 91 cig_loose_price O le a la le tau o le kipi mulimuli lava sa e faatauina? text Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: What was the price of the kipi/loose leaf you last bought? @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [cig_hand_rolled] = "1" 92 cig_loose_amount O le a le tele o lau kipi e mafai ona e mauaina mai i lena text tau? Field Annotation: @PLACEHOLDER="SPECIFY UNITS" Show the field ONLY if: [cig_hand_rolled] = "1" How much kipi/loose leaf tobacco did you get for that price? 93 cig_loose_leaf_spending I le 7 aso talu ai, e fia le aofai o se seleni sa e faaaluina i le text lau kipi/tapa'a samoa? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [cig_hand_rolled] = "1" In the past 7 days, how much did you spend on kipi/loose leaf tobacco? 94 cig_loose_leaf_changed Faatusatusa atu i le tausaga ua te'a, o suia le tele poo le radio aofai o le kipi o loo e faaaogaina i le aso pe leai? 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase Show the field ONLY if: [cig_hand_rolled] = "1" 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease Compared to a year ago, has your daily consumption of kipi/loose leaf tobacco changed? 3 Leai se suiga - No change 4 Ua suia le ituaiga o tapa'a - I changed brand/type 95 cig_loose_leaf_increased Faateteleina ile fia sikaleti ile aso? text Show the field ONLY if: Increased by how many sticks per day? [cig_loose_leaf_changed] = "1" Aofaiga i le aso 96 cig_loose_leaf_decreased Faaitiitia ile fia sikaleti ile aso? text Show the field ONLY if: Decreased by how many sticks per day? [cig_loose_leaf_changed] = "2" Aofaiga i le aso 97 cig_loose_leaf_change_reason O le a le mafua'aga ua sui ai lau tapa'a i le Kipi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Ua si'itia le tau - Price increase What was the reason for the change in kipi/loose leaf [cig_loose_leaf_changed] = "1" 2 E le soifua maloloina - It was unhealthy tobacco consumption? or [cig_loose_leaf_changed] = "2" or [cig_loose_leaf_change 3 Fa'asa mai le foma'i - Doctor told me to d] = "4" 4 Fautuaga mai isi tagata - Other people's opinion 5 Isi mafuaaga - Other 98 cig_loose_leaf_change_reason Fa'amolemole Famatala: text _other Please specify: Show the field ONLY if: [cig_loose_leaf_change_reaso n] = "5" 99 cig_loose_leaf_change_plans O iai se fuafuaga i le toe suia ai lea o lau kipi i le tausaga o radio lumana'i? 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase Show the field ONLY if: [cig_hand_rolled] = "1" 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease Do you have plans to change your kipi/loose leaf tobacco consumption in the next year? 3 Leai se suiga - No change 4 Ua suia le ituaiga o tapa'a - I changed brand/type 9 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 77 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 100 cig_loose_leaf_change_plans_ Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? notes why Why are you planning to make that change? Show the field ONLY if: [cig_loose_leaf_change_plans] = "1" or [cig_loose_leaf_chang e_plans] = "2" or [cig_loose_le af_change_plans] = "4" 101 cig_daily_pipes E fia le aofai o ituaiga tapaa nei e masani ona e taumafa / text (number) ulaina i le aso e tasi? Show the field ONLY if: [cig_smokecig] = "1" On average, how many of the following do you smoke each day? Tapaa utu paipa (Samoa/Palagi) - Pipes full of tobacco 102 cig_daily_cigars E fia le aofai o ituaiga tapaa nei e masani ona e taumafa / text (number) ulaina i le aso e tasi? Show the field ONLY if: [cig_smokecig] = "1" On average, how many of the following do you smoke each day? Sika / Tapaa Samoa (tipi) - Cigars, cigarillos 103 cig_daily_other E fia le aofai o ituaiga tapaa nei e masani ona e taumafa / text (number) ulaina i le aso e tasi? Show the field ONLY if: [cig_smokecig] = "1" On average, how many of the following do you smoke each day? O nisi Tapaa - Other 104 cig_daily_other_specify Fa'amolemole ta'u mai: text (alpha_only) Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [cig_daily_other] > 0 105 cig_smokeless_tobacco Po'o e faaaogaina nisi ituaiga tapa'a, pei o tapa'a mili? radio Show the field ONLY if: 0 Leai - No Do you currently use any smokeless tobacco? (Such as [cig_smokecig] = "1" 1 Ioe - Yes snuff, chewing tobacco) 106 ct_80sene **Fa'atauina o sikareti gaosi - Cigarette Purchase Task text Show the field ONLY if: I se vaai fa'alemafaufau i aso masani ona e ulaula ai. O [cig_smokecig] = "1" fesili nei o lea fesiligia ai oe pe fia le aofa'i o sikareti e te fa'aaogaina pe afai e eseese uma tau e te fa'atauina ai. Po'o a ituaiga sikareti e faigofie ona maua po'o lea ituaiga foi e te fiafia iai. Avea o se ata fa'ata'ita'i le tutusa o lou fa'aaogaina tupe po'o lau seleni o lo'o teu fa'aagaga i le taimi nei ma e leai se eseesega mai le sikareti po'o isi oloa o le tapa'a e ese mai na i lo tau o lo'o iai nei. A'e le gata i lea fa'apea oe lea ulaula tapa'a i le sikareti e te fa'atauina i le aso e tasi - e le mafai ona e sefea pe fa'aputu ni sikareti mo se aso. Ia mautinoa ia mafaufau ma le fa'aeteete i tau ta'itasi. Imagine a TYPICAL DAY during which you smoke. The following questions ask how many cigarettes you would consume if they cost various amounts of money. The available cigarettes are your favorite brand. Assume that you have the same income/savings as you do now and NO ACCESS to any cigarettes or other tobacco products other than those offered at these prices. Also - assume that you would smoke the cigarettes you bought on the same day - you cannot save or stockpile cigarettes for a later date. Be sure to consider each price increment carefully** Afai o le sikareti e tasi o lona tau ua tusa nei ma le 80 sene, po'o le pepa sikareti foi lapoa e 16 tala Samoa, e fia au sikareti e ula i le aso? If cigarettes were the price they are now: approximately 80 sene per cigarette, or 16 WST per pack, how many cigarettes would you smoke? Aofai o sikareti 10 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 78 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 107 ct_76sene 76 sene i le tasi,tusa $15 WST 20 sene ile pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 76 sene each, 15 WST 20 sene per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 108 ct_72sene 72 sene i le tasi, tusa $14 WST 40 sene i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 72 sene each, 14 WST 40 sene per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 109 ct_84sene A fa'afefea pe afai o le tau e si'i i le 84 sene i le sikareti e text tasi po'o $16 WST 40 sene i le pepa e tasi? Show the field ONLY if: [cig_smokecig] = "1" How about if the price increased to 84 sene per cigarette or 16 WST 40 sene per pack? Aofai o sikareti 110 ct_88sene 88 sene i le tasi, tusa $17 WST 60 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 88 sene each, 17 WST 60 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 111 ct_92sene 92 sene i le tasi, tusa $18 WST sene i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 92 sene each, 18 WST 40 sene per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 112 ct_96sene 96 sene i le tasi, tusa $19 WST 20 sene i le pepa e tasi text Show the field ONLY if: 96 sene each, 19 WST 20 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 113 ct_1wst 1 WST i le tasi, tusa $20 WST i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1 WST each, 20 WST per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 114 ct_104wst 1.04 WST i le tasi, tusa $20 WST 80 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.04 WST each, 20 WST 80 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 115 ct_108wst 1.08 WST i le tasi, tusa $21 WST 60 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.08 WST each, 21 WST 60 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 116 ct_112wst 1.12 WST i le tasi, tusa $22 WST 40 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.12 WST each, 22 WST 40 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 117 ct_116wst 1.16 WST i le tasi, tusa $23 WST 20 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.16 WST each, 23 WST 20 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 118 ct_120wst 1.20 WST i le tasi, tusa $24 WST i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.20 WST each, 24 WST per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 119 ct_124wst 1.24 WST i le tasi, tusa $24 WST 80 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.24 WST each, 24 WST 80 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 120 ct_128wst 1.28 WST i le tasi, tusa $25 WST 60 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.28 WST each, 25 WST 60 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 121 ct_132wst 1.32 WST i le tasi, tusa $26 WST 40 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.32 WST each, 26 WST 40 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 122 ct_136wst 1.36 WST i le tasi, tusa $27 WST 20 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.36 WST each, 27 WST 20 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 1 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 79 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 123 ct_140wst 1.40 WST i le tasi, tusa $28 WST i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.40 WST each, 28 WST per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 124 ct_144wst 1.44 WST i le tasi, tusa $28 WST 80 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.44 WST each, 28 WST 80 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 125 ct_148wst 1.48 WST i le tasi, tusa $29 WST 60 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.48 WST each, 29 WST 60 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 126 ct_152wst 1.52 WST i le tasi, tusa $30 WST 40 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.52 WST each, 30 WST 40 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 127 ct_156wst 1.56 WST i le tasi, tusa $31 WST 20 i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.56 WST each, 31 WST 20 per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 128 ct_160wst 1.60 WST i le tasi, tusa $32 WST i le pepa e tasi. text Show the field ONLY if: 1.60 WST each, 32 WST per pack [cig_smokecig] = "1" Aofai o sikareti 129 sp_1wst E fa'afefea ona suia lau ulaula pe afai o le tau o le pepa e radio tasi o le sikareti masani ona e ulaula ai pea si'itia le tau i le 1 O lea ou ulaula i le aofa'i lava ou te ulaula ai i le Show the field ONLY if: $1 WST? aso - I would smoke the same amount I smoke [cig_smokecig] = "1" today How would your smoking change (if at all) if the price of a packet of your regular cigarettes was increased by $1 WST? 2 O lea sili atu la'u ulaula nai lo la'u ulaula i le aso - I would smoke less than I smoke today 3 O lea sui i le isi oloa o le tapa'a - I would switch to other tobacco products 4 O lea taofi la'u ulaula i sikareti uma nei - I would stop smoking cigarettes all together 5 Ou te leiloa - I don't know 130 sp_2wst E fa'afefea ona suia lau ulaula pe afai o le tau o le pepa e radio tasi o le sikareti masani ona e ulaula ai pea si'itia le tau i le 1 O lea ou ulaula i le aofa'i lava ou te ulaula ai i le Show the field ONLY if: $2 WST? aso - I would smoke the same amount I smoke [cig_smokecig] = "1" today How would your smoking change (if at all) if the price of a packet of your regular cigarettes was increased by $2 WST? 2 O lea sili atu la'u ulaula nai lo la'u ulaula i le aso - I would smoke less than I smoke today 3 O lea sui i le isi oloa o le tapa'a - I would switch to other tobacco products 4 O lea taofi la'u ulaula i sikareti uma nei - I would stop smoking cigarettes all together 5 Ou te leiloa - I don't know 131 sp_5wst E fa'afefea ona suia lau ulaula pe afai o le tau o le pepa e radio tasi o le sikareti masani ona e ulaula ai pea si'itia le tau ile 1 O lea ou ulaula i le aofa'i lava ou te ulaula ai i le Show the field ONLY if: $5 WST? aso - I would smoke the same amount I smoke [cig_smokecig] = "1" today How would your smoking change (if at all) if the price of a packet of your regular cigarettes was increased by $5 WST? 2 O lea sili atu la'u ulaula nai lo la'u ulaula i le aso - I would smoke less than I smoke today 3 O lea sui i le isi oloa o le tapa'a - I would switch to other tobacco products 4 O lea taofi la'u ulaula i sikareti uma nei - I would stop smoking cigarettes all together 5 Ou te leiloa - I don't know 12 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 80 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 132 sp_10wst E fa'afefea ona suia lau ulaula pe afai o le tau o le pepa e radio tasi o le sikareti masani ona e ulaula ai pea si'itia le tau ile 1 O lea ou ulaula i le aofa'i lava ou te ulaula ai i le Show the field ONLY if: $10 WST? aso - I would smoke the same amount I smoke [cig_smokecig] = "1" today How would your smoking change (if at all) if the price of a packet of your regular cigarettes was increased by $10 2 O lea sili atu la'u ulaula nai lo la'u ulaula i le aso - WST? I would smoke less than I smoke today 3 O lea sui i le isi oloa o le tapa'a - I would switch to other tobacco products 4 O lea taofi la'u ulaula i sikareti uma nei - I would stop smoking cigarettes all together 5 Ou te leiloa - I don't know 133 sp_15wst E fa'afefea ona suia lau ulaula pe afai o le tau o le pepa e radio tasi o le sikareti masani ona e ulaula ai pea si'itia le tau ile 1 O lea ou ulaula i le aofa'i lava ou te ulaula ai i le Show the field ONLY if: $15 WST? aso - I would smoke the same amount I smoke [cig_smokecig] = "1" today How would your smoking change (if at all) if the price of a packet of your regular cigarettes was increased by $15 2 O lea sili atu la'u ulaula nai lo la'u ulaula i le aso - WST? I would smoke less than I smoke today 3 O lea sui i le isi oloa o le tapa'a - I would switch to other tobacco products 4 O lea taofi la'u ulaula i sikareti uma nei - I would stop smoking cigarettes all together 5 Ou te leiloa - I don't know 134 sp_20wst E fa'afefea ona e suia lau ulaula pe afai o le tau o le pepa e radio tasi o le sikareti masani ona e ulaula ai pea si'itia le tau ile 1 O lea ou ulaula i le aofa'i lava ou te ulaula ai i le Show the field ONLY if: $20 WST? aso - I would smoke the same amount I smoke [cig_smokecig] = "1" today How would your smoking change (if at all) if the price of a packet of your regular cigarettes was increased by $20 2 O lea sili atu la'u ulaula nai lo la'u ulaula i le aso - WST? I would smoke less than I smoke today 3 O lea sui i le isi oloa o le tapa'a - I would switch to other tobacco products 4 O lea taofi la'u ulaula i sikareti uma nei - I would stop smoking cigarettes all together 5 Ou te leiloa - I don't know 135 alc_ever_consumed Ua e taumafaina se ava malosi i lou olaga atoa (e pei o le radio pia, uaina, fagu malosi poo le pulu)? 0 Leai - No Have you ever consumed an alcoholic drink such as beer, 1 Ioe - Yes wine, liquor or old-oli? 136 alc_how_often I le 12 masina talu ai, e faafia ona e taumafaina se ipu ava radio malosi se tasi pe sili atu? 0 5 aso pe sili atu i le vaiaso - 5 or more days a Show the field ONLY if: [alc_ever_consumed] = "1" week In the past 12 months, how often have you had at least one drink? 1 1 - 4 aso o le vaiaso - 1 - 4 days per week 2 1 - 3 aso o le masina - 1 - 3 days per month 3 Lalo ifo i le tasi i le masina - Less than once a month 4 E leai - Never 137 alc_daily_beer I taimi e te taumafaina ai le ava malosi, e fia ni ipu ava text faapenei e masani ona e taumafaina i le aso? Show the field ONLY if: When you drink alcohol, on average, how many drinks do [alc_ever_consumed] = "1" or you have during one day? ... [alc_how_often] = "1" or [alc_h ow_often] = "2" or [alc_how_of Pia (po'o pulu) - Beer ten] = "3" or [alc_how_often] = If unsure, write "Le iloa" / "Don't know" "4" 13 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 81 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_ 138 alc_daily_wine I taimi e te taumafaina ai le ava malosi, e fia ni ipu ava text faapenei e masani ona e taumafaina i le aso? Show the field ONLY if: When you drink alcohol, on average, how many drinks do [alc_ever_consumed] = "1" or you have during one day? ... [alc_how_often] = "1" or [alc_h ow_often] = "2" or [alc_how_of Uaina - Wine ten] = "3" or [alc_how_often] = If unsure, write "Le iloa" / "Don't know" "4" 139 alc_daily_liquor I taimi e te taumafaina ai le ava malosi, e fia ni ipu ava text faapenei e masani ona e taumafaina i le aso? Show the field ONLY if: When you drink alcohol, on average, how many drinks do [alc_ever_consumed] = "1" you have during one day? ... Fagu malosi- Liquor If unsure, write "Le iloa" / "Don't know" 140 alc_daily_oli I taimi e te taumafaina ai le ava malosi, e fia ni ipu ava text faapenei e masani ona e taumafaina i le aso? Show the field ONLY if: When you drink alcohol, on average, how many drinks do [alc_ever_consumed] = "1" you have during one day? ... Oli oli - Oli oli If unsure, write "Le iloa" / "Don't know" 141 alc_spending I le 7 aso talu ai, e fia le aofai o se seleni na e faaaluina i le text ava malosi? Show the field ONLY if: [alc_ever_consumed] = "1" In the past 7 days, how much did you spend on alcohol? WST 142 alc_change_plans O e mafaufau e fa'aitiitia lau taumafa i le ava malosi i le radio lumana'i? 1 Fa'ateleina - Increase Show the field ONLY if: [alc_ever_consumed] = "1" 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease Do you have plans to change your alcohol consumption in the next year? 3 Leai se suiga - No change 4 Le iloa - Don't know 143 alc_change_reason Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [alc_change_plans] = "1" OR [a lc_change_plans] = " 2" 144 food_purchasing Section Header: Ole a matou fesiligia lau susuga e uiga I taumafa o lo'o radio taumafaina - pe fa'afia fa'apea ai foi male aofa'i. Fa'amolemole ina ia taumafai e tali mai ise tali manino male sa'o. E leai foi se tali sa'o pe sese. 0 Leai, o le isi tagata e fa'atauina meaa'i mo le aiga E iai foi nisi fesili e fa'atatau lava I 'meaai taumafa e fia fesili atu ai We - No, someone else buys the food for the are going to ask you some questions about the foods that you eat - how household often and how much. Please think carefully about your responses and be as accurate as you can be. There are no right or wrong answers! We'll 1 Ioe - Yes follow up with some more questions that are about specific foods. O oe e gafa ma le fa'atauina o meaa'i mo le aiga? Are you responsible for buying food for the household? 145 food_responsibility O ai e gafa male fa'atauina o meaai ale aiga? radio 1 Ulu o le aiga - Household head Who is responsible for buying food for the household? 2 Toalua o le ulu o le aiga - Spouse of the household head 3 Atali'I o le ulu o le aiga - Son of the household head 4 Afafine o le ulu o le aiga - Daughter of the household head 5 O le isi tagata, (fa'ailoa mai) - Someone else (please specify) 146 food_responsibility_other Other person who is responsible for buying food for the text household Show the field ONLY if: [food_responsibility] = "5" 14 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 82 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 147 food_source Pe fa'afefea ona totogi le tele o 'meaai o lo'o taumafaina radio ele aiga? 1 Tupe maua mai ile totogi - Using money the family earns from work How is the majority of the food in the household paid for? 2 Fa'amomoli mai fafo - With remittances from overseas 3 Fa'amomoli mai totonu lava ole atunuu - With remittances from in country (in kind) 4 Mai isi tagata - Given to us by others 5 'Meaai toto I totonu lava ole aiga - We grow the majority of our food 148 weekly_spending E fia se tupe e faaaluina e lou aiga mo faatauga I le vaiaso text (so'o se meaa'i lava e faatau)? Field Annotation: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" How much does your household spend on average each week (on everything)? WST 149 food_spending E fia se tupe a lou aiga e fa'aalu mo le fa'atauina o meaa'i text ma vaiinu i vaiaso uma? Field Annotation: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" How much does your household spend on food and beverages weekly (WST)? WST 150 food_taxes O e silafia pe ete iloa foi le siitaga o tiute o radio nisi meaai mai atunuu I fafo lea ua fuafua ele malo (Ianuari 0 Leai - No 2021)? 1 Ioe - Yes Have you heard or read about the food taxes that will go into effect in January 2021? 151 bevq_water_bottled_freq Section Header: We are going to ask a series of questions about radio beverages you might consume. As you answer, think about your usual behavior in the past month. Do not count beverages used in cooking or 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - other preparations (like milk in cereal). Never or less than one time a week E fa'afia ona e inu i fagu vai? 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week How often do you drink bottled water? (sparkling or still) 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 152 bevq_water_bottles_freq_mor Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text e If 4 or more times per day, please specify: Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_water_bottled_freq] = " 7" 153 bevq_water_bottled_amount E fia fagu vai e te inuina i taimi ta'itasi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) How much bottled water do you drink each time? [bevq_water_bottled_freq] = " [use portion size prompts: cups, bottled water] 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) 1" OR [bevq_water_bottled_fr eq] = "2" OR [bevq_water_bott 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) led_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_wate 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) r_bottled_freq] = "4" OR [bevq 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) _water_bottled_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_water_bottled_freq] = " 5" OR [bevq_water_bottled_fr eq] = "6" OR [bevq_water_bott led_freq] = "7" 15 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 83 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 154 bottled_water_price O lea le tau masani ona e fa'atauina ai le fagu vai e tasi? text Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: What do you usually pay for one bottle of water? @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_water_bottled_freq] = " 1" OR [bevq_water_bottled_fr [use portion size prompts: standard 16.9 oz bottle] eq] = "2" OR [bevq_water_bott WST led_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_wate r_bottled_freq] = "4" OR [bevq _water_bottled_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_water_bottled_freq] = " 5" OR [bevq_water_bottled_fr eq] = "6" OR [bevq_water_bott led_freq] = "7" 155 household_bw_yn radio Did your household buy bottled water in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 156 bottle_water_household E fia ni fagu vai na fa'atau e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? text Show the field ONLY if: How much bottled water did your household buy last [household_bw_yn] = "1" week? Report in cups, bottles (inc. ml), or gallons 157 bottled_water_spending E fia le tupe na fa'aalu e lou aiga i le fagu vai lea i le vaiaso text ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_bw_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that bottled water last week? WST 158 bevq_water_tap_freq E fa'afia ona inu vai paipa? radio 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - How often do you drink tap water? Never or less than one time a week 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 159 bevq_water_tap_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times, please specify: [bevq_water_tap_freq] = "7" 160 bevq_water_tap_amount O lea le tele o le vai paipa e te inuina i taimi ta'itasi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) How much tap water do you drink each time? [bevq_water_tap_freq] = "1" O 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) R [bevq_water_tap_freq] = "2" [use portion size prompts: cups] 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) OR [bevq_water_tap_freq] = " 3" OR [bevq_water_tap_freq] = 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) "4" OR [bevq_water_tap_freq] 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) = "5" OR [bevq_water_tap_fre q] = "6" OR [bevq_water_tap_f req] = "6" OR [bevq_water_tap _freq] = "7" 16 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 84 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 161 bevq_fruitjuice_freq E fa'afia ona e inu vai suamalie ua 100% mai vaiinu o radio fualaauaina suamalie? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink 100% fruit juice? (fruit juice with no added sugar) 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week [show photographs of example brands] 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 162 bevq_fruitjuice_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times a day, please specify: [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "7" 163 bevq_fruitjuice_amount O lea le tele o le vaiinu o fualaauaina suamalie e te inuina i radio taimi ta'itasi? 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "1" OR 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) How much 100% fruit juice do you drink each time? [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "3" OR 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) [use portion size prompts: cups] [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "4" OR 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "5" OR 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "7" 164 fruitjuice_price What do you usually pay for [amount] of 100% fruit juice? text Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: [use portion size prompts: standard amount] @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "1" OR WST [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "4" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_fruitjuice_freq] = "7" 165 household_fj_yn radio Did your household buy 100% fruit juice in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 166 fruitjuice_household Olea le tele o vaiinu suamalie 100% mai i fualaau taumafa text mata sa faatauina e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_fj_yn] = "1" How much 100% fruit juice did your household buy last week? Report in cups, bottles (inc. ml), or liters 167 fruitjuice_spending E fia le tupe sa fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai vaiinu text suamalie 100% mai i fualaau taumafa mata ile vaiaso ua Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: tuana'i? @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_fj_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that 100% fruit juice last week? WST 17 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 85 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 168 bevq_sweetjuice_freq E fa'afia ona e 'inuina vai suamalie nei e pei ole (fruit ades, radio lemonade, punch, sunny delight)? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink sweetened fruit beverages (fruit ades, lemonade, punch, Sunny Delight)? 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week [show photographs of example brands] 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 169 bevq_sweetjuice_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_sweetjuice_freq] = "7" 170 bevq_sweetjuice_amount How much sweetened fruit beverage do you drink each radio time? 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_sweetjuice_freq] = "1" 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) [use portion size prompts: cups] OR [bevq_sweetjuice_freq] = " 2" OR [bevq_sweetjuice_freq] 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) = "3" OR [bevq_sweetjuice_fre 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) q] = "4" OR [bevq_sweetjuice_f 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) req] = "5" OR [bevq_sweetjuic e_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_sweetj uice_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_swe etjuice_freq] = "7" 171 sweetjuice_price What do you usually pay for [amount] of sweetened fruit text beverage? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_sweetjuice_freq] = "1" [use portion size prompts: standard amount] OR [bevq_sweetjuice_freq] = " WST 2" OR [bevq_sweetjuice_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_sweetjuice_fre q] = "4" OR [bevq_sweetjuice_f req] = "5" OR [bevq_sweetjuic e_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_sweetj uice_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_swe etjuice_freq] = "7" 172 household_fb_yn radio Did your household buy sweetened fruit beverages in the 0 Leai - No last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 173 sweetjuice_household E fia se aofaiga o vai suamalie sa fa'atauina ele tou aiga ile text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_fb_yn] = "1" How much sweetened fruit beverage did your household buy last week? Report in cups, bottles (inc. ml), or liters 174 sweetjuice_spending E fia se tupe sa fa'aaluina mole fa'atauina o vai suamalie ile text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_fb_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that sweetened fruit beverage last week? WST 18 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 86 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 175 bevq_milk_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina susu e leai se tofo? radio 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - How often do you drink milk (unflavored)? Never or less than one time a week [show photographs of example brands] 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 176 bevq_milk_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more time per day, please specify: [bevq_milk_freq] = "7" 177 bevq_milk_amount How much unflavored milk do you drink each time? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) Reminder: Do not include milk used in tea or coffee! [bevq_milk_freq] = "1" OR [bev 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) q_milk_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_m [use portion size prompts: cups] 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) ilk_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_milk_f req] = "4" OR [bevq_milk_freq] 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) = "5" OR [bevq_milk_freq] = " 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) 6" OR [bevq_milk_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_milk_freq] = "7" 178 milk_price Olea se tau e masani ona e fa'atauina mai ai le susu e leai text se tofo e 1litre? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_milk_freq] = "1" OR [bev What do you usually pay for 1 litre of unflavored milk? q_milk_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_m ilk_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_milk_f [use portion size prompts: standard amount] req] = "4" OR [bevq_milk_freq] WST = "5" OR [bevq_milk_freq] = " 6" OR [bevq_milk_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_milk_freq] = "7" 179 household_um_yn radio Did your household buy unflavored milk in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 180 milk_household E fia se aofaiga o susu sa fa'atauina ele tou aiga ile vaiaso text ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_um_yn] = "1" How many liters of unflavored milk did your household buy last week? Lita 181 milk_spending E fia se aofaiga ole tupe sa fa'aaluina ele tou aiga i susu e text leai se tofo ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_um_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that unflavored milk last week? WST 182 milk_type Olea le ituaiga susu e masani ona fa'atauina ele tou aiga? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Whole (full fat) milk What type of milk does your household usually buy? [household_um_yn] = "1" 2 Light (reduced fat, 2%) milk 3 Skim (fat-free) milk 4 Almond or soy milk 5 Other 183 milk_type_other Other type of milk: text Show the field ONLY if: [milk_type] = "5" 19 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 87 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 184 bevq_flavmilk_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina susu e iai le tofo e pei ole ( radio chocolate, strawberry, coffee)? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink flavored milk (chocolate, strawberry, coffee)? 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week [show photographs of example brands] 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 185 bevq_flavmilk_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "7" 186 bevq_flavmilk_amount How much flavored milk do you drink each time? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) [use portion size prompts: cups] [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "1" OR 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "3" OR 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "4" OR 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "5" OR 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "7" 187 flavmilk_price Olea se tau e masani ona fa'atau mai ai le kakugi susu? (e text iai le tofo) Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "1" OR What do you usually pay for a carton of flavored milk? [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "3" OR [use portion size prompts: 200ml carton] [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "4" OR WST [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_flavmilk_freq] = "7" 188 household_m_yn radio Did your household buy flavored milk in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 189 flavmilk_household E fia le aofaiga o susu sa fa'atauina ele tou aiga ile vaiaso text ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_m_yn] = "1" How many cartons of flavored milk did your household buy last week? [use portion size prompts: 200ml cartons] 200ml cartons 190 flavmilk_spending E fia le aofaiga ole tupe sa fa'aaluina ele aiga mole text fa'atauina o nei susu ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_m_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that flavored milk last week? WST 20 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 88 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 191 bevq_softdrinks_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina ia vai suamalie? (sugar radio sweetened beverages, sparkling water with added sugar, 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - concentrates) Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink soft drinks? (sugar sweetened 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week beverages, sparkling water with added sugar, 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week concentrates)? 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week [show photographs of example brands] 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 192 bevq_softdrinks_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_softdrinks_freq] = "7" 193 bevq_softdrinks_amount Olea le tele o vai suamalie ete taumafaina i taimi taitasi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) How much soft drinks do you drink each time? [bevq_softdrinks_freq] = "1" O 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) R [bevq_softdrinks_freq] = "2" [use portion size prompts: cups; standard 12 fl oz can] 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) OR [bevq_softdrinks_freq] = " 3" OR [bevq_softdrinks_freq] 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) = "4" OR [bevq_softdrinks_fre 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) q] = "5" OR [bevq_softdrinks_f req] = "6" OR [bevq_softdrinks _freq] = "6" OR [bevq_softdrin ks_freq] = "7" 194 softdrinks_price Olea se aofaiga ose tupe ete fa'aalu ile fa'atauina ose apa text inu? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_softdrinks_freq] = "1" O What do you usually pay for a can of soft drink? R [bevq_softdrinks_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_softdrinks_freq] = " [use portion size prompt: 12 fl oz/330ml can] 3" OR [bevq_softdrinks_freq] WST = "4" OR [bevq_softdrinks_fre q] = "5" OR [bevq_softdrinks_f req] = "6" OR [bevq_softdrinks _freq] = "6" OR [bevq_softdrin ks_freq] = "7" 195 household_sd_yn radio Did your household buy soft drinks in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 196 softdrink_household E fia se aofaiga o vai suamalie sa fa'atauina ele tou aiga ile text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_sd_yn] = "1" How many cans of soft drink did your household buy last week? cans 197 softdrink_spending E fia se tupe sa fa'aaluina ele tou aiga i vai suamalie ile text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_sd_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that soft drink last week? WST 21 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 89 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 198 bevq_nonalcbeer_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina vai suamalie e pei ole (ginger radio beer, no alchol beers)? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink non-alcoholic beers? (ginger beer, no alcohol beers) 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week [show photographs of example brands] 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 199 bevq_nonalcbeer_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_nonalcbeer_freq] = "7" 200 bevq_nonalcbeer_amount Olea le tele o nei ituaiga vai suamalie ete taumafaina i radio taimi taitasi? 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_nonalcbeer_freq] = "1" 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) How much non-alcoholic beer do you drink each time? OR [bevq_nonalcbeer_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_nonalcbeer_fre 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) [use portion size prompts: cups; standard bottle] q] = "3" OR [bevq_nonalcbeer 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) _freq] = "4" OR [bevq_nonalcb 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) eer_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_nona lcbeer_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_n onalcbeer_freq] = "6" OR [bev q_nonalcbeer_freq] = "7" 201 nonalcbeer_price E fia se tau e masani ona fa'atau ai nei vai suamalie? text Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: What do you usually pay for a bottle of non-alcoholic beer? @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_nonalcbeer_freq] = "1" OR [bevq_nonalcbeer_freq] = [use portion size prompt: standard ginger beer bottle] "2" OR [bevq_nonalcbeer_fre WST q] = "3" OR [bevq_nonalcbeer _freq] = "4" OR [bevq_nonalcb eer_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_nona lcbeer_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_n onalcbeer_freq] = "6" OR [bev q_nonalcbeer_freq] = "7" 202 household_nab_yn radio Did your household buy non-alcoholic beer in the last 0 Leai - No week? 1 Ioe - Yes 203 nonalcbeer_household E fia se aofaiga o nei vai suamalie sa fa'atauina ele tou aiga text ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_nab_yn] = "1" How many bottles of non-alcoholic beer did your household buy last week? bottles 204 nonalcbeer_spending E fia se aofaiga ole tupe sa fa'aaluina ele tou aiga ile vaiaso text ua tuana'i i nei vai suamalie? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_nab_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that non- alcoholic beer last week? WST 22 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 90 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 205 bevq_dietdrinks_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina nei vai suamalie e pei ole radio diet/artificially sweetened drinks? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink diet/artificially sweetened drinks? 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week [show photographs of example brands] 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 206 bevq_dietdrinks_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] = "7" 207 bevq_dietdrinks_amount Olea le tele o nei ituaiga vaiinu suamalie ete taumafaina i radio taimi taitasi? 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] = "1" O 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) How much diet/artificially sweetened drink do you drink R [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] = "2" each time? 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) OR [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] = " 3" OR [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) [use portion size prompts: cups; standard 12 fl oz can] = "4" OR [bevq_dietdrinks_fre 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) q] = "5" OR [bevq_dietdrinks_f req] = "6" OR [bevq_dietdrinks _freq] = "6" OR [bevq_dietdrin ks_freq] = "7" 208 dietdrinks_price Olea se tau e masani ona e fa'atauina ai nei vai suamalie? text Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: What do you usually pay for a can of diet drink? @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] = "1" O R [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] = "2" [use portion size prompt: 12 fl oz can] OR [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] = " WST 3" OR [bevq_dietdrinks_freq] = "4" OR [bevq_dietdrinks_fre q] = "5" OR [bevq_dietdrinks_f req] = "6" OR [bevq_dietdrinks _freq] = "6" OR [bevq_dietdrin ks_freq] = "7" 209 household_dd_yn radio Did your household buy diet drinks in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 210 dietdrinks_household Olea le tele o nei vai suamalie sa fa'atauina ile vaiaso ua text tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_dd_yn] = "1" How many cans of diet drink did your household buy last week? cans 211 dietdrinks_spending Olea se aofaiga ose tupe fa'aalu ele tou aiga mo nei vai text suamalie ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_dd_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that diet drink last week? WST 23 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 91 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 212 bevq_sweetenedtea_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina lenei ituaiga tea e pei ole radio (arizona iced tea)? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink sweetened tea? (Arizona iced tea) 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week [show photographs of example brands] 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 213 bevq_sweetenedtea_freq_mor Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text e If 4 or more times per day, please specify: Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_sweetenedtea_freq] = " 7" 214 bevq_sweetenedtea_amount Olea le tele o lenei tea suamalie ete taumafaina i taimi radio taitasi? 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_sweetenedtea_freq] = " 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) How much sweetened tea do you drink each time? 1" OR [bevq_sweetenedtea_fr eq] = "2" OR [bevq_sweetened 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) [use portion size prompts: cups, standard bottle size] tea_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_swee 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) tenedtea_freq] = "4" OR [bevq 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) _sweetenedtea_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_sweetenedtea_freq] = " 6" OR [bevq_sweetenedtea_fr eq] = "6" OR [bevq_sweetened tea_freq] = "7" 215 sweetenedtea_price Olea se tau masani ete fa'ataua mai ai lenei ituaiga tea? text (arizona iced tea) Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_sweetenedtea_freq] = " What do you usually pay for a bottle of sweetened tea? 1" OR [bevq_sweetenedtea_fr eq] = "2" OR [bevq_sweetened [use portion size prompt: standard bottle size] tea_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_swee WST tenedtea_freq] = "4" OR [bevq _sweetenedtea_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_sweetenedtea_freq] = " 6" OR [bevq_sweetenedtea_fr eq] = "6" OR [bevq_sweetened tea_freq] = "7" 216 household_st_yn radio Did your household buy sweetened tea in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 217 sweetendtea_household E fia se aofaiga o lenei ituaiga tea sa fa'atauina ele tou aiga text ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_st_yn] = "1" How many bottles of sweetened tea did your household buy last week? bottles 218 sweetenedtea_spending E fia se tupe sa fa'aaluina ele tou aiga mole fa'atauina o text lenei ituaiga tea ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_st_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that sweetened tea last week? WST 24 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 92 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 219 bevq_teacoffee_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina le lauti/kofe fa'atasi ai male radio kulimi male suka? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink tea/coffee with cream and/or sugar? 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 220 bevq_teacoffee_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "7" 221 bevq_teacoffee_amount Olea le tele o ipu lauti/kofe fa'atasi ai male kulimi male radio suka ete taumafaina i taimi taitasi? 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "1" O 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) How much tea/coffee with cream and/or sugar do you R [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "2" drink each time? 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = " 3" OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) [use portion size prompts: cups] "4" OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) = "5" OR [bevq_teacoffee_fre q] = "6" OR [bevq_teacoffee_fr eq] = "6" OR [bevq_teacoffee_f req] = "7" 222 bevq_teacoffee_sugar E fia le aofaiga o sipuni suka ete fa'asukaina ai lau ipu radio lauti/kofe? 0 No sugar Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "1" O 1 1 teaspoon How many teaspoons of sugar do you usually add to your R [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "2" tea or coffee? 2 2 teaspoons OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = " 3" OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = 3 3 teaspoons "4" OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] 4 4 teaspoons = "5" OR [bevq_teacoffee_fre q] = "6" OR [bevq_teacoffee_fr 5 5 or more teaspoons, please specify eq] = "6" OR [bevq_teacoffee_f req] = "7" 223 bevq_teacoffee_sugar_more If 5 or more teaspoons, please specify: text Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_teacoffee_sugar] = "5" 224 teacoffee_sugar_change Ua iai se suiga ole aofaiga o sipuni suka ete fa'asukaina ai radio lau ipu lauti/kofe ile tausaga ua mavae? 0 No, stayed the same Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "1" O 1 Yes, increased Has the amount of sugar you add to your tea or coffee R [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "2" changed in the past year? 2 Yes, decreased OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = " 3" OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "4" OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_teacoffee_fre q] = "6" OR [bevq_teacoffee_fr eq] = "6" OR [bevq_teacoffee_f req] = "7" 225 sugar_why Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? notes Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [teacoffee_sugar_change] = " 1" OR [teacoffee_sugar_chang e] = "2" 25 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 | 93 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 226 teacoffee_price Olea se tau e masani ona fa'atauina mai ai lau ipu text lauti/kofe fa'atasi ai male suka male kulimi mai ile faleoloa? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "1" O What do you usually pay for a cup of tea/coffee with cream R [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "2" and/or sugar if you purchase from a store? OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = " 3" OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] = "4" OR [bevq_teacoffee_freq] WST = "5" OR [bevq_teacoffee_fre q] = "6" OR [bevq_teacoffee_fr eq] = "6" OR [bevq_teacoffee_f req] = "7" 227 household_tc_yn radio Did your household buy tea or coffee in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 228 teacoffee_household E fia se aofaiga o ipu lauti/kofe fa'atasi ai male suka male text kulimi sa fa'atauina mai ele tou aiga ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_tc_yn] = "1" How much tea or coffee with cream and/or sugar did your household buy last week? Ipu - Cups 229 teacoffee_spending Olea se tau aofa'i sa fa'aaluina ele tou aiga mole fa'atauina text o ipu lauti/kofe fa'atasi ai male suka male kulimi ile vaiaso Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: ua tuana'i? @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_tc_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that tea or coffee with cream and/or sugar last week? WST 230 bevq_blackteacoffee_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina le kofe uliuli male lauti uliuli? radio (leai se suka mase kulimi) 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink black tea/coffee (no cream or sugar)? 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 231 bevq_blackcoffeetea_freq_mo Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text re If 4 or more times per day, please specify: Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_blackteacoffee_freq] = " 7" 232 bevq_blackteacoffee_amount Olea le tele o nei ituaiga tea ete taumafaina i taimi taitasi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) How much black tea/coffee do you drink each time? [bevq_blackteacoffee_freq] = " 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) 1" OR [bevq_blackteacoffee_fr [use portion size prompts: cups] 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) eq] = "2" OR [bevq_blackteaco ffee_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_blac 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) kteacoffee_freq] = "4" OR [bev 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) q_blackteacoffee_freq] = "5" O R [bevq_blackteacoffee_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_blackteacoffee _freq] = "6" OR [bevq_blacktea coffee_freq] = "7" 26 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 94 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co... 233 blackteacoffee_price What do you usually pay for a cup of black tea/coffee if you text purchase from a store? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_blackteacoffee_freq] = " [use portion size prompt: cup] 1" OR [bevq_blackteacoffee_fr WST eq] = "2" OR [bevq_blackteaco ffee_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_blac kteacoffee_freq] = "4" OR [bev q_blackteacoffee_freq] = "5" O R [bevq_blackteacoffee_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_blackteacoffee _freq] = "6" OR [bevq_blacktea coffee_freq] = "7" 234 household_blackteacoffee_yn radio Did your household buy black tea or coffee in the last 0 Leai - No week? 1 Ioe - Yes 235 blackteacoffee_household E fia se aofaiga o nei ipu kofe po'o ipu lauti sa fa'atauina ele text tou aiga ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_blackteacoffee_y How much black tea or coffee did your household buy last n] = "1" week? UNITS NEEDED 236 blackteacoffee_spending E fia se aofaiga ose tupe fa'aalu ale tou aiga ile vaiaso ua text tuana'i i ipu kofe ma ipu lauti? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_blackteacoffee_y How much did your household spend on that black tea or n] = "1" coffee last week? WST 237 bevq_milo_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina se ipu milo/sukalati vevela? radio 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - How often do you drink milo/hot chocolate? Never or less than one time a week 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 238 bevq_milo_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_milo_freq] = "7" 239 bevq_milo_amount Olea le tele o ipu milo/sukalati vevela ete taumafaina i radio taimi taitasi? 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) Show the field ONLY if: [bevq_milo_freq] = "1" OR [be 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) How much milo/hot chocolate do you drink each time? vq_milo_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_ milo_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_mil 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) [use portion size prompts: cups] o_freq] = "4" OR [bevq_milo_fr 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) eq] = "5" OR [bevq_milo_freq] 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) = "6" OR [bevq_milo_freq] = " 6" OR [bevq_milo_freq] = "7" 240 milo_price Olea se tau e masani ona e fa'ataua mai ai le ipu text milo/sukalati vevela? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_milo_freq] = "1" OR [be What do you usually pay for a cup of milo/hot chocolate if vq_milo_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_ you purchase from a store? milo_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_mil o_freq] = "4" OR [bevq_milo_fr [use portion size prompt: cup] eq] = "5" OR [bevq_milo_freq] WST = "6" OR [bevq_milo_freq] = " 6" OR [bevq_milo_freq] = "7" 27 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 95 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 241 household_hc_yn radio Did your household buy milo/hot chocolate in the last 0 Leai - No week? 1 Ioe - Yes 242 milo_household E fia ni ipu milo/sukalati vevela sa fa'atauina ele tou aiga ile text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_hc_yn] = "1" How much milo/hot chocolate did your household buy last week? UNITS NEEDED 243 milo_spending E fia se tupe sa fa'aaluina ele tou aiga mole fa'atauina o ipu text milo/sukalati vevela ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_hc_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on that milo/hot chocolate last week? WST 244 bevq_kokosamoa_freq Olea le tele o ipu koko samoa ete taumafaina i taimi radio taitasi? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink koko samoa? 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 245 bevq_kokosamoa_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_kokosamoa_freq] = "7" 246 bevq_kokosamoa_amount E fia ni ipu koko samoa ete taumafaina ile aso? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) How much koko samoa do you drink each time? [bevq_kokosamoa_freq] = "1" 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) OR [bevq_kokosamoa_freq] = [use portion size prompts: cups] 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) "2" OR [bevq_kokosamoa_fre q] = "3" OR [bevq_kokosamoa 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) _freq] = "4" OR [bevq_kokosa 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) moa_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_kok osamoa_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_ kokosamoa_freq] = "6" OR [be vq_kokosamoa_freq] = "7" 247 kokosamoa_price Olea se tau e masani ona e fa'ataua ai se ipu koko samoa? text Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: What do you usually pay for a cup of koko samoa if you @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_kokosamoa_freq] = "1" purchase from a store? OR [bevq_kokosamoa_freq] = "2" OR [bevq_kokosamoa_fre [use portion size prompt: cup] q] = "3" OR [bevq_kokosamoa WST _freq] = "4" OR [bevq_kokosa moa_freq] = "5" OR [bevq_kok osamoa_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_ kokosamoa_freq] = "6" OR [be vq_kokosamoa_freq] = "7" 248 household_kk_yn radio Did your household buy koko samoa in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 249 kokosamoa_household Olea le tele o koko samoa sa fa'atauina ele tou aiga ile text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_kk_yn] = "1" How much koko samoa did your household buy last week? UNITS NEEDED 28 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 96 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 250 kokosamoa_spending E fia se tupe fa'aalu ale tou aiga ile fa'atauina o koko samoa text ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_kk_yn] = "1" (fuafua lelei le tau o mea e fa'aaoga mole koko samoa ile fale male faleaiga). How much did your household spend on that koko samoa last week? (Think about the cost of ingredients for koko samoa at home as well as your spending in stores/restaurants) WST 251 bevq_energydrinks_freq E fa'afia ona e taumafaina vai suamalie fa'atupu malosi e radio pei ole (red bull, powerade, gatorade, etc.)? 0 Leai se taimi, po'o le laititi le taimi i le vaiaso - Never or less than one time a week How often do you drink energy/sports drinks (Red Bull, powerade, gatorade, etc.)? 1 Tasi le vaiaso - 1 time per week 2 2-3 taimi i le vaiaso - 2-3 times per week [show photographs of example brands] 3 4-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 4-6 times per week 4 Tasi le taimi i le aso - 1 time per day 5 2 taimi i le aso - 2 times per day 6 3 taimi i le aso - 3 times per day 7 Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: - If 4 or more times per day, please specify 252 bevq_energydrinks_freq_more Afai e sili atu ma le 4 ile aso, fa'amolemole fa'ailoa mai: text Show the field ONLY if: If 4 or more times per day, please specify: [bevq_energydrinks_freq] = " 7" 253 bevq_energydrinks_amount How much energy/sports drinks do you drink each time? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 4 fl oz/118ml (½ cup) [use portion size prompts: cups, standard 500ml bottle] [bevq_energydrinks_freq] = " 2 8 fl oz/237ml (1 cup) 1" OR [bevq_energydrinks_fre q] = "2" OR [bevq_energydrink 3 12 fl oz/355ml (1 ½ cups) s_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_energy 4 16 fl oz/473ml (2 cups) drinks_freq] = "4" OR [bevq_e 5 20 fl oz or more/591ml (2 ½ cups or more) nergydrinks_freq] = "5" OR [be vq_energydrinks_freq] = "6" O R [bevq_energydrinks_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_energydrinks_fr eq] = "7" 254 energydrinks_price Olea se tau e masani ona e fa'ataua mai ai le vai fa'atupu text malosi? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [bevq_energydrinks_freq] = " What do you usually pay for a bottle of energy/sports 1" OR [bevq_energydrinks_fre drink? q] = "2" OR [bevq_energydrink s_freq] = "3" OR [bevq_energy [use portion size prompt: 500 ml bottle] drinks_freq] = "4" OR [bevq_e WST nergydrinks_freq] = "5" OR [be vq_energydrinks_freq] = "6" O R [bevq_energydrinks_freq] = "6" OR [bevq_energydrinks_fr eq] = "7" 255 household_ed_yn radio Did your household buy energy drinks in the last week? 0 Leai - No 1 Ioe - Yes 256 energydrinks_household E fia se aofaiga o vai fa'atupu malosi sa fa'atauina ele tou text aiga ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_ed_yn] = "1" How many bottles of energy drink did your household buy last week? 500 ml bottles 29 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 97 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_c 257 energydrinks_spending E fia se aofaiga ose tupe sa fa'aaluina ele tou aiga mole text fa'atauina o nei vai fa'atupu malosi ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? Field Annotation: Show the field ONLY if: @PLACEHOLDER="$____________(WST)" [household_ed_yn] = "1" How much did your household spend on those energy drinks last week? WST 258 freq_pork I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i se fasi pua'a (e radio aofia uma ai so'o se ituaiga lapoa o le tipiga o le fasi Puaa o 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - le ham ma tapuvae pua'a) Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat pork (any cut)? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 259 amount_pork E fia ni fasi puaa e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece How many pieces of pork do you usually eat? [freq_pork] = "1" OR [freq_por 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) k] = "2" OR [freq_pork] = "3" O [Show participants a deck of cards and explain that this 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces R [freq_pork] = "4" OR [freq_p would be a standard, 3oz piece] ork] = "5" 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 260 source_pork O fea e masani ona aumai ai au fasi pua'a? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your pork? [freq_pork] = "1" OR [freq_por 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store k] = "2" OR [freq_pork] = "3" O R [freq_pork] = "4" OR [freq_p 3 Toto - Grow/raise it ork] = "5" 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 261 source_pork_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_pork] = "5" 262 household_weekly_pork_yn Sa faatauina e lou aiga se fasi pua'a ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy pork in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 263 household_weekly_pork Ole a le tele ole aano o le fasipua'a na fa'atauina mai e lou text aiga i lenei vaiaso? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_pork_yn] How much pork did your household buy this week? = "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] Note units 264 spending_pork E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai le a'ano o text le fasipua'a i lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_pork_yn] How much did your household spend on that pork this = "1" week? (WST) WST 265 food_change_plans_pork O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le fasipua'a i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat pork in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 266 why_change_pork Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_pork] = " 1" OR [food_change_plans_po rk] = "2" 30 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 98 NEW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 267 freq_lambchop I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le fasimamoe radio [lamb chops]? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat lamb chops? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 268 amount_lambchop E fia ni fasi mamoe [lamb chops] e masani ona e radio tausamiina? 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece Show the field ONLY if: [freq_lambchop] = "1" OR [fre 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) How many pieces of lamb chop do you usually eat? q_lambchop] = "2" OR [freq_la mbchop] = "3" OR [freq_lambc 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces hop] = "4" OR [freq_lambcho 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces p] = "5" 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 269 source_lambchop O fea e masani ona aumai ai au fasimamoe [lamb chops]? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your lamb chops? [freq_lambchop] = "1" OR [fre 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store q_lambchop] = "2" OR [freq_la mbchop] = "3" OR [freq_lambc 3 Toto - Grow/raise it hop] = "4" OR [freq_lambcho 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From p] = "5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 270 source_lambchop_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_lambchop] = "5" 271 household_weekly_lambchop Sa faatauina e lou aiga se fasi mamoe [lamb chops] ile radio _yn vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy lamb chops in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 272 household_weekly_lambchop E fia le aofa'i o fasimamoe(lamp chops) na fa'atauina mai e text s lou aiga i lenei vaiaso? How many lamb chops did your household buy this week? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambchop [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make _yn] = "1" sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] Specify Units 273 spending_lambchops E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai le a'ano o text le fasimamoe [lamb chops] i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambchop How much did your household spend on those lamb chops _yn] = "1" last week? WST 274 food_change_plans_lambchop O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le fasimamoe [lamb radio s chops] i le tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat lamb chops in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 275 why_change_lambchops Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_lambcho ps] = "1" OR [food_change_pla ns_lambchops] = "2" 1 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 P | 99 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co.. 276 freq_lambneck I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le u'a mamoe? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat lamb neck? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 277 amount_lambneck E fia ni au u'a mamoe e masani ona tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece How many pieces of lamb neck do you usually eat? [freq_lambneck] = "1" OR [fre 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) q_lambneck] = "2" OR [freq_la mbneck] = "3" OR [freq_lamb 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces neck] = "4" OR [freq_lambnec 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces k] = "5" 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 278 source_lambneck O fea e masani ona aumai ai au u'a mamoe? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your lamb neck? [freq_lambneck] = "1" OR [fre 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store q_lambneck] = "2" OR [freq_la mbneck] = "3" OR [freq_lamb 3 Toto - Grow/raise it neck] = "4" OR [freq_lambnec 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From k] = "5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 279 source_lambneck_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_lambneck] = "5" 280 household_weekly_lambneck_ Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni u'a mamoe i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio yn 0 Leai - No Did your household buy lamb neck in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 281 household_weekly_lambneck O le a le tele o ni u'a mamoe na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i text lenei vaiaso? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambneck How much lamb neck did your household buy this week? _yn] = "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] Specify units 282 spending_lambneck E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai ni u'a text mamoe i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambneck How much did your household spend on that lamb neck _yn] = "1" last week? WST 283 food_change_plans_lambneck O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le u'a mamoe i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat lamb neck in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 284 why_change_lambneck Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_lambnec k] = "1" OR [food_change_plan s_lambneck] = "2" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 100 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 285 freq_lambrack I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le fatafata radio mamoe? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat rack of lamb? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 286 amount_lambrack E fia ni fasi fatafata mamoe e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece How many pieces of rack of lamb do you usually eat? [freq_lambrack] = "1" OR [freq 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) _lambrack] = "2" OR [freq_lam brack] = "3" OR [freq_lambrac 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces k] = "4" OR [freq_lambrack] = " 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces 5" 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 287 source_lambrack O fea e masani ona aumai ai au fatafata mamoe? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your rack of lamb? [freq_lambrack] = "1" OR [freq 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store _lambrack] = "2" OR [freq_lam brack] = "3" OR [freq_lambrac 3 Toto - Grow/raise it k] = "4" OR [freq_lambrack] = " 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From 5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 288 source_lambrack_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_lambrack] = "5" 289 household_weekly_lambrack_ Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni fatafata mamoe ile vaiaso ua radio yn tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy rack of lamb in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 290 household_weekly_lambrack O le a le tele o ni fatafata mamoe na fa'atauina mai e lou text aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambrack How much rack of lamb did your household buy in the last _yn] = "1" week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 291 spending_lambrack E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o ni text fatafata mamoe i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambrack How much did your household spend on that rack of lamb _yn] = "1" last week? WST 292 food_change_plans_lambrack O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le fatafata mamoe i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat rack of lamb in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 293 why_change_lambrack Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_lambrac k] = "1" OR [food_change_plan s_lambrack] = "2" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 101 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 294 freq_lambflank I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le alo po'o le radio manava o le mamoe? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat lamb flank? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 295 amount_lambflank E fia ni fasi alo po'o le manava o le mamoe e masani ona e radio tausamiina? 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece Show the field ONLY if: [freq_lambflank] = "1" OR [fre 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) How many pieces of lamb flank do you usually eat? q_lambflank] = "2" OR [freq_la mbflank] = "3" OR [freq_lamb 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces flank] = "4" OR [freq_lambflan 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces k] = "5" 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 296 source_lambflank O fea e masani ona aumai ai au fasi alo po'o le manava o le radio mamoe? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_lambflank] = "1" OR [fre 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your lamb flank? q_lambflank] = "2" OR [freq_la mbflank] = "3" OR [freq_lamb 3 Toto - Grow/raise it flank] = "4" OR [freq_lambflan 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From k] = "5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 297 source_lambflank_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_lambflank] = "5" 298 household_weekly_lambflank Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni fasi alo po'o le manava o le radio _yn mamoe i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy lamb flank in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 299 household_weekly_lambflank O le a le tele o le a'ano o le alo po'o le manava o le mamoe text na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambflan How much lamb flank did your household buy last week? k] = "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 300 spending_lambflank E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o ni text a'ano o le alo po'o le manava o le mamoe i lenei vaiaso? Show the field ONLY if: (WST) [household_weekly_lambflan k] = "1" How much did your household spend on that lamb flank this week? WST 301 food_change_plans_lambflank O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le a'ano o le alo o le radio mamoe i le tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat lamb flank in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 302 why_change_lambflank Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_lambflan k] = "1" OR [food_change_plan s_lambflank] = "2" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 102 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 303 freq_lambflaps I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le lau mamoe? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat lamb/mutton Never/less than once a month flaps? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 304 amount_lambflaps E fia ni fasi lau mamoe e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece How many pieces of lamb/mutton flap do you usually eat? [freq_lambflaps] = "1" OR [fre 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) q_lambflaps] = "2" OR [freq_la mbflaps] = "3" OR [freq_lamb 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces flaps] = "4" OR [freq_lambflap 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces s] = "5" 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 305 source_lambflaps O fea e masani ona aumai ai au lau mamoe? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your lamb/mutton flaps? [freq_lambflaps] = "1" OR [fre 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store q_lambflaps] = "2" OR [freq_la mbflaps] = "3" OR [freq_lamb 3 Toto - Grow/raise it flaps] = "4" OR [freq_lambflap 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From s] = "5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 306 source_lambflaps_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_lambflaps] = "5" 307 household_weekly_lambflaps_ Sa faatauina e lou aiga se fasi lau mamoe ile vaiaso ua radio yn tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy lamb flaps in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 308 household_weekly_lambflaps O le a le tele o le a'ano o le lau mamoe na fa'atauina mai e text lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambflaps How much lamb/mutton flaps did your household buy last _yn] = "1" week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] Specify Units 309 spending_lambflaps E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o le text a'ano o le lau mamoe i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_lambflaps How much did your household spend on those _yn] = "1" lamb/mutton flaps last week? WST 310 food_change_plans_lambflaps O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le fasi lau mamoe i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat lamb/mutton 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase flaps in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 311 why_change_lambflaps Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_lambflap s] = "1" OR [food_change_plan s_lambflaps] = "2" 5 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 103 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 312 freq_offal I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i totoga o manu radio fasi (mai le pua'a, mamoe, oti, povi) (i.e. fatuga'o, ate, 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - laulaufaiva)? Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat offal (from pigs, 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month sheep, goats, or cow; i.e. kidneys, liver, tripe, tongue, 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week sweetbreads)? 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 313 amount_offal E fia ni fasi totoga o manu fasi e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece How many pieces of offal do you usually eat? [freq_offal] = "1" OR [freq_offa 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) l] = "2" OR [freq_offal] = "3" O R [freq_offal] = "4" OR [freq_o 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces ffal] = "5" 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 314 source_offal O fea e masani ona aumai ai au totoga o manu fasi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your offal? [freq_offal] = "1" OR [freq_offa 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store l] = "2" OR [freq_offal] = "3" O R [freq_offal] = "4" OR [freq_o 3 Toto - Grow/raise it ffal] = "5" 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 315 source_offal_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_offal] = "5" 316 household_weekly_offal_yn Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni fasi totoga o manu fasi (mai le radio puaa, mamoe, oti, povi) (i.e. fatuga'o, ate, laulaufaiva) ile 0 Leai - No vaiaso ua tuana'i? 1 Ioe - Yes Did your household buy offal in the last week? 317 household_weekly_offal O le a le tele o ni a'ano o totoga o manu fasi na fa'atauina text mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_offal_yn] How much offal did your household buy last week? = "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 318 spending_offal E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o totoga text o manu fasi i lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_offal_yn] How much did your household spend on that offal this = "1" week? WST 319 food_change_plans_offal O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i totoga o manu fasi i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat offal in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 320 why_change_offal Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_offal] = " 1" OR [food_change_plans_off al] = "2" 6 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 104 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 321 freq_chick I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le moa fou (vae radio moa male oga vae)? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat fresh chicken (legs, thighs, drumsticks) 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 322 amount_chick E fia ni fasi moa fou (vae moa male oga vae) e masani ona radio e tausamiina? 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece Show the field ONLY if: [freq_chick] = "1" OR [freq_chi 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) How many pieces of fresh chicken (legs, thighs, drumsticks) ck] = "2" OR [freq_chick] = "3" do you usually eat? 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces OR [freq_chick] = "4" OR [freq_ chick] = "5" 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 323 source_chick O fea e masani ona aumai ai au moa fou (vae moa male radio oga vae)? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_chick] = "1" OR [freq_chi 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your fresh chicken (legs, thighs, ck] = "2" OR [freq_chick] = "3" drumsticks)? 3 Toto - Grow/raise it OR [freq_chick] = "4" OR [freq_ chick] = "5" 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 324 source_chick_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_chick] = "5" 325 household_weekly_chick_yn Sa faatauina e lou aiga se fasi moa fou (vae moa male oga radio vae) ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy fresh chicken (legs, thighs, 1 Ioe - Yes drumsticks) in the last week? 326 household_weekly_chick O le a le tele o le a'ano o le moa fou (vae moa male oga text vae) na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_chick_yn] How much fresh chicken (legs, thighs, drumsticks) did your = "1" household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 327 spending_chick E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le a'ano o le moa fou i text lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_chick_yn] How much did your household spend on that fresh chicken = "1" (legs, thighs, drumsticks) this week? WST 328 food_change_plans_chick O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le moa fou i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat fresh chicken 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase (legs, thighs, drumsticks) in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 329 why_change_chick Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_chick] = " 1" OR [food_change_plans_chi ck] = "2" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 105 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 330 freq_chick_2 I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le moa tu'uaisa radio (vae moa male oga vae)? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat frozen chicken (legs, thighs, drumsticks) 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 331 amount_chick_2 E fia ni fasi moa tu'uaisa (vae moa male oga vae) e masani radio ona e tausamiina? 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece Show the field ONLY if: [freq_chick_2] = "1" OR [freq_c 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) How many pieces of frozen chicken (legs, thighs, hick_2] = "2" OR [freq_chick_2] drumsticks) do you usually eat? 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces = "3" OR [freq_chick_2] = "4" O R [freq_chick_2] = "5" 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 332 source_chick_2 O fea e masani ona aumai ai au moa tu'uaisa (vae moa radio male oga vae)? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_chick_2] = "1" OR [freq_c 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your frozen chicken (legs, thighs, hick_2] = "2" OR [freq_chick_2] drumsticks)? 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From = "3" OR [freq_chick_2] = "4" O R [freq_chick_2] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 333 source_chick_other_2 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_chick_2] = "4" 334 household_weekly_chick_yn_2 Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni moa tu'uaisa (vae moa male oga radio vae) i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy frozen chicken (legs, thighs, 1 Ioe - Yes drumsticks) in the last week? 335 household_weekly_chick_2 O le a le tele o le a'ano o le moa tu'uaisa (vae moa male text oga vae) na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_chick_yn_ How much frozen chicken (legs, thighs, drumsticks) did 2] = "1" your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 336 spending_chick_2 E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o le text a'ano o le moa tu'uaisa i lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_chick_yn_ How much did your household spend on that frozen 2] = "1" chicken (legs, thighs, drumsticks) this week? WST 337 food_change_plans_chick_2 O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le moa tu'uaisa i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat frozen chicken 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase (legs, thighs, drumsticks) in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 338 why_change_chick_2 Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_chick_2] = "1" OR [food_change_plans_ chick_2] = "2" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 106 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 339 freq_beef I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le fasipovi (so'o radio se ituaiga e aofia ai le steak)? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat beef (all cuts, including steak)? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 340 amount_beef E fia ni fasi fasipovi e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece How many pieces of beef (all cuts, including steak) do you [freq_beef] = "1" OR [freq_bee 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) usually eat? f] = "2" OR [freq_beef] = "3" O R [freq_beef] = "4" OR [freq_b 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces eef] = "5" 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 341 source_beef O fea e masani ona aumai ai au fasipovi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your beef (all cuts, including [freq_beef] = "1" OR [freq_bee 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store steak)? f] = "2" OR [freq_beef] = "3" O R [freq_beef] = "4" OR [freq_b 3 Toto - Grow/raise it eef] = "5" 4 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 342 source_beef_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_beef] = "5" 343 household_weekly_beef_yn Sa faatauina e lou aiga se fasi povi (so'o se ituaiga e aofia ai radio le steak) ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy beef (all cuts, including steak) in 1 Ioe - Yes the last week? 344 household_weekly_beef O le a le tele o le a'ano o le fasipovi na fa'atauina mai e lou text aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_beef_yn] How much beef did your household buy last week? = "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 345 spending_beef E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o le text a'ano ole fasipovi i lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_beef_yn] How much did your household spend on that beef (all cuts, = "1" including steak) this week? WST 346 food_change_plans_beef O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le fasipovi i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat beef (all cuts, 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase including steak) in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 347 why_change_beef Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_beef] = " 1" OR [food_change_plans_be ef] = "2" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 107 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 348 freq_fish I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le i'a? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat fish? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 349 amount_fish E fia ni fasi i'a e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 fasi - 1/2 piece How many pieces of fish do you usually eat? [freq_fish] = "1" OR [freq_fish] 2 1 fasi - 1 piece (3 oz, 85g) = "2" OR [freq_fish] = "3" OR [f req_fish] = "4" OR [freq_fish] = 3 2 fasi - 2 pieces "5" 4 3 fasi - 3 pieces 5 4 fasi - 4 pieces 350 source_fish O fea e masani ona aumai ai au i'a? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your fish? [freq_fish] = "1" OR [freq_fish] 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store = "2" OR [freq_fish] = "3" OR [f req_fish] = "4" OR [freq_fish] = 3 I'a fa'atagaina mai le falei'a - Fish market "5" 4 Alu e fagota - Go fishing 5 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 6 Isi - Other 351 source_fish_other Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_fish] = "6" 352 household_weekly_fish_yn Sa faatauina e lou aiga se fasi i'a ile vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy fish in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 353 household_weekly_fish O le a le tele o le a'ano o le i'a na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_fish_yn] = How much fish did your household buy last week? "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 354 spending_fish E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le a'ano o le i'a i lenei text vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_fish_yn] = How much did your household spend on fish this week? "1" WST 355 food_change_plans_fish O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le i'a i le tausaga fou pea radio aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat fish in the next 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 356 why_change_fish Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_fish] = " 1" OR [food_change_plans_fis h] = "2" 0 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 108 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 357 freq_syrup I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le sosi suamalie? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat syrup (maple Never/less than once a month syrup)? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 358 amount_syrup E fia ni sipuni sosi suamalie e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1 sipuni - 1 Tablespoon How much syrup do you usually eat? [freq_syrup] = "1" OR [freq_syr 2 2 sipuni - 2 Tablespoons up] = "2" OR [freq_syrup] = "3" OR [freq_syrup] = "4" OR [freq 3 3 sipuni - 3 Tablespoons _syrup] = "5" 4 4 sipuni - 4 Tablespoons 359 source_syrup O fea e masani ona aumai ai au sosi suamalie? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your syrup? [freq_syrup] = "1" OR [freq_syr 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store up] = "2" OR [freq_syrup] = "3" OR [freq_syrup] = "4" OR [freq 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From _syrup] = "5" another family member/household 4 Fai ile fale - Make it at home 5 Isi - Other 360 source_fish_syrup Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_syrup] = "5" 361 household_weekly_syrup Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni sosi suamalie i le vaiaso ua radio tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy syrup in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 362 household_weekly_syrup1 O le a se tele o ni sosi suamalie na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga text i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_syrup] = " How much syrup did your household buy last week? 1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 363 spending_syrup E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o ni sosi text suamalie i lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_syrup] = " How much did your household spend on syrup this week? 1" WST 364 food_change_plans_syrup O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le sosi suamalie i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat syrup in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 365 why_change_syrup Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_syrup] = "1" OR [food_change_plans_sy rup] = "2" 1 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 109 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co.. 366 freq_sugar I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i meaai suamalie radio (sukalati pa'epa'e, pulukamu, lole, ele aofia ai le sukalati e 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - gaosia mai le susu)? Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat sugar 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month confectionary (white chocolate, chewing gum, lollies; NOT 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week including milk chocolate)? 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 367 amount_sugar E fia ni meaai suamalie e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1 bar/pieces/lolly How much sugar confectionary do you usually eat? [freq_sugar] = "1" OR [freq_su 2 2 bar/pieces/lolly gar] = "2" OR [freq_sugar] = " 3" OR [freq_sugar] = "4" OR [fr 3 3 bar/pieces/lolly eq_sugar] = "5" 4 4 bar/pieces/lolly 368 source_sugar O fea e masani ona aumai ai au meaai suamalie? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your sugar confectionary (white [freq_sugar] = "1" OR [freq_su 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store chocolate, chewing gum, lollies; NOT including milk gar] = "2" OR [freq_sugar] = " chocolate)? 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From 3" OR [freq_sugar] = "4" OR [fr eq_sugar] = "5" another family member/household 4 Fai i le fale - Make it at home 5 Isi - Other 369 source_lolly Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_sugar] = "5" 370 household_weekly_sugar Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni meaai suamalie (sukalati radio pa'epa'e, pulukamu, lole, ele aofia ai le sukalati) i le vaiaso 0 Leai - No ua tuana'i? 1 Ioe - Yes Did your household buy sugar confectionary in the last week? 371 household_weekly_sugar_hm O le a se tele o ni meaai suamalie (sukalati pa'epa'e, text pulukamu, lole, ele aofia ai le sukalati) na fa'atauina mai e Show the field ONLY if: lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? [household_weekly_sugar] = " 1" How much sugar confectionary did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 372 spending_sugar E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai meaai text suamalie i lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_sugar] = " How much did your household spend on sugar 1" confectionary this week? WST 373 food_change_plans_sugar O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i meaai suamalie i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat sugar 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase confectionary in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 374 why_change_sugar Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_sugar] = "1" OR [food_change_plans_s ugar] = "2" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 110 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 375 freq_choc I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le sukalati? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat milk chocolate? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 376 amount_choc E fia ni sukalati e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1 bar How much milk chocolate do you usually eat? [freq_choc] = "1" OR [freq_cho 2 2 bar c] = "2" OR [freq_choc] = "3" O R [freq_choc] = "4" OR [freq_c 3 3 bar hoc] = "5" 4 4 bar 377 source_choco O fea e masani ona aumai ai au sukalati? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your milk chocolate? [freq_choc] = "1" OR [freq_cho 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store c] = "2" OR [freq_choc] = "3" O R [freq_choc] = "4" OR [freq_c 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From hoc] = "5" another family member/household 4 Fai i le fale - Make it at home 5 Isi - Other 378 source_choc Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_choco] = "5" 379 household_weekly_choc Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni sukalati i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy milk chocolate in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 380 household_weekly_choc_hm O le a se tele o ni sukalati na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_choc] = " How much milk chocolate did your household buy last 1" week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 381 spending_choc E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o text sukalati i lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_choc] = " How much did your household spend on milk chocolate 1" this week? WST 382 food_change_plans_choc O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le sukalati i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat milk chocolate 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 383 why_change_choc Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_choc] = " 1" OR [food_change_plans_ch oc] = "2" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 111 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 384 freq_ic I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le aisakulimi? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat ice cream? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 385 amount_ic O le a se tele o lau tausami i le aisakulimi e masani ai? radio How much ice cream do you usually eat? 0 1/2 scoop Show the field ONLY if: [freq_ic] = "1" OR [freq_ic] = " 1 1 scoop 2" OR [freq_ic] = "3" OR [freq_i c] = "4" OR [freq_ic] = "5" 2 2 scoops 3 3 scoops 4 4 scoops 386 source_ic O fea e masani ona aumai ai au aisakulimi? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your ice cream? [freq_ic] = "1" OR [freq_ic] = " 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store 2" OR [freq_ic] = "3" OR [freq_i c] = "4" OR [freq_ic] = "5" 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 4 Fai ile fale - Make it at home 5 Isi - Other 387 source_icr Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_ic] = "5" 388 household_weekly_ic Sa faatauina e lou aiga se aisakulimi i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy ice cream in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 389 household_weekly_ic_hm O le a se tele o se aisakulimi na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_ic] = "1" How much ice cream did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 390 spending_ic E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai se text aisakulimi i lenei vaiaso? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_ic] = "1" How much did your household spend on ice cream this week? WST 391 food_change_plans_ic O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le aisakulimi i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat ice cream in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 392 why_change_ic Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_ic] = "1" OR [food_change_plans_ic] = " 2" 4 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 112 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 393 freq_bisc I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i se masi mai fafo radio (e iai le sukalati, kulimi, popo, ma isi, ele a'afia ai masi fua)? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat imported biscuits (with chocolate, cream, coconut, etc; NOT plain biscuits)? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 394 source_bisc O fea e masani ona aumai ai au masi mai fafo (e iai le radio sukalati, kulimi, popo, ma isi, ele a'afia ai masi fua)? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_bisc] = "1" OR [freq_bisc] 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your imported biscuits (with = "2" OR [freq_bisc] = "3" OR [f chocolate, cream, coconut, etc; NOT plain biscuits)? 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From req_bisc] = "4" OR [freq_bisc] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 395 source_biscu Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [amount_bisc] = "4" 396 amount_bisc E fia ni masi mai fafo a e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1 biscuit How many imported biscuits (NOT plain biscuits) do you [freq_bisc] = "1" OR [freq_bisc] 2 2 biscuits usually eat? = "2" OR [freq_bisc] = "3" OR [f req_bisc] = "4" OR [freq_bisc] 3 3 biscuits = "5" 4 4 biscuits 5 5 biscuits 6 6 biscuits 7 7 biscuits 8 8 biscuits 9 9 biscuits 10 10 biscuits 397 household_weekly_bisc Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni masi mai fafo (e iai le sukalati, radio kulimi, popo, ma isi, ele a'afia ai masi fua) i le vaiaso ua 0 Leai - No tuana'i? 1 Ioe - Yes Did your household buy imported biscuits (NOT plain biscuits) in the last week? 398 household_weekly_bisc_hm O le a se tele o ni masi mai fafo (e iai le sukalati, kulimi, text popo, ma isi, e le a'afia ai masi fua) na fa'atauina mai e lou Show the field ONLY if: aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? [household_weekly_bisc] = "1" How much imported biscuits (NOT plain biscuits) did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 399 spending_bisc E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai masi mai text fafo? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_bisc] = "1" How much did your household spend on imported biscuits (NOT plain biscuits)? WST 400 food_change_plans_bisc O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i masi mai fafo (e iai le radio sukalati, kulimi, popo, ma isi, ele a'afia ai masi fua) i le 0 Leai se suiga - No change tausaga fou pea aulia? 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase Are you planning to change the way you eat imported 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease biscuits (NOT plain biscuits) in the next year? 3 Le iloa - Don't Know of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 113 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 401 why_change_bisc Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_bisc] = " 1" OR [food_change_plans_bis c] = "2" 402 freq_bisc_2 I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le masi fua (leai radio se kulimi) mai fafo? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat imported PLAIN biscuits? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 403 amount_bisc_2 E fia ni masi fua (leai ni kulimi) mai fafo e masani ona e radio tausamiina? 1 1 biscuit Show the field ONLY if: [freq_bisc_2] = "1" OR [freq_bi 2 2 biscuits How many imported plain biscuits do you usually eat? sc_2] = "2" OR [freq_bisc_2] = " 3" OR [freq_bisc_2] = "4" OR [f 3 3 biscuits req_bisc_2] = "5" 4 4 biscuits 5 5 biscuits 6 6 biscuits 7 7 biscuits 8 8 biscuits 9 9 biscuits 10 10 biscuits 404 source_bisc_2 O fea e masani ona aumai ai au masi fua (leai ni kulimi) radio mai fafo? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_bisc_2] = "1" OR [freq_bi 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your imported plain biscuits? sc_2] = "2" OR [freq_bisc_2] = " 3" OR [freq_bisc_2] = "4" OR [f 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From req_bisc_2] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 405 source_biscu_2 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_bisc_2]= "4" 406 household_weekly_bisc_2 Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni masi fua (leai ni kulimi) mai fafo i radio le vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy imported plain biscuits in the last 1 Ioe - Yes week? 407 household_weekly_bisc_hm_2 O le a se tele o ni masi fua (leai ni kulimi) mai fafo na text fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_bisc_2] = " How much imported plain biscuits did your household buy 1" last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 408 spending_bisc_2 E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai ni masi fua text (leai ni kulimi) mai fafo? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_bisc_2] = " How much did your household spend on imported plain 1" biscuits? WST 6 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 114 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 409 food_change_plans_bisc_2 O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le masi fua (leai ni kulimi) radio mai fafo i le tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat imported plain 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase biscuits in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 410 why_change_bisc_2 Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_bisc_2] = "1" OR [food_change_plans_bi sc_2] = "2" 411 freq_bisc_3 I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i masi e gaosia i radio totonu o le atunu'u e iai le sukalati, kulimi, popo ma isi? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat LOCALLY made biscuits with chocolate, cream, coconut, etc (NOT PLAIN)? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 412 amount_bisc_3 E fia ni masi e gaosia i totonu o le atunu'u e iai le sukalati, radio kulimi, popo, mai isi e masani ona e tausamiina? 1 1 biscuit Show the field ONLY if: [freq_bisc_3] = "1" OR [freq_bi 2 2 biscuits How many LOCALLY made biscuits with chocolate, cream, sc_3] = "2" OR [freq_bisc_3] = " coconut, etc (NOT PLAIN) do you usually eat? 3 3 biscuits 3" OR [freq_bisc_3] = "4" OR [f req_bisc_3] = "5" 4 4 biscuits 5 5 biscuits 6 6 biscuits 7 7 biscuits 8 8 biscuits 9 9 biscuits 10 10 biscuits 413 source_bisc_3 O fea e masani ona aumai ai au masi e gaosia i totonu o le radio atunu'u e iai le sukalati, kulimi, popo ma isi? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_bisc_3] = "1" OR [freq_bi 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your LOCALLY made biscuits with sc_3] = "2" OR [freq_bisc_3] = " chocolate, cream, coconut, etc (NOT PLAIN)? 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From 3" OR [freq_bisc_3] = "4" OR [f req_bisc_3] = "5" another family member/household 4 Fai ile fale - Make your own 5 Isi - Other 414 source_biscu_3 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_bisc_3] = "5" 415 household_weekly_bisc_3 Sa faatauina e lou aiga se ni masi e gaosia i totonu o le radio atunuu e iai le sukalati, kulimi, popo ma isi i le vaiaso ua 0 Leai - No tuana'i? 1 Ioe - Yes Did your household buy LOCALLY made biscuits with chocolate, cream, coconut, etc (NOT PLAIN) in the last week? 416 household_weekly_bisc_hm_3 O le a se tele o ni masi e gaosia i totonu o le atunu'u e iai le text sukalati, kulimi, popo, ma isi na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i Show the field ONLY if: le vaiaso ua tuana'i? [household_weekly_bisc_3] = " 1" How much LOCALLY made biscuits with chocolate, cream, coconut, etc (NOT PLAIN) did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 115 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 417 spending_bisc_3 E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai masi e text gaosia i totonu o le atunu'u e iai le sukalati, kulimi, popo, Show the field ONLY if: ma isi i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) [household_weekly_bisc_3] = " 1" How much did your household spend on LOCALLY made biscuits with chocolate, cream, coconut, etc (NOT PLAIN) last week? WST 418 food_change_plans_bisc_3 O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i masi e gaosia i totonu o radio le atunu'u e iai le sukalati, kulimi, popo, ma isi i le tausaga 0 Leai se suiga - No change fou pea aulia? 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase Are you planning to change the way you eat LOCALLY 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease made biscuits with chocolate, cream, coconut, etc (NOT PLAIN) in the next year? 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 419 why_change_bisc_3 Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_bisc_3] = "1" OR [food_change_plans_bi sc_3] = "2" 420 freq_bisc_4 I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le masi fua (leai radio ni kulimi) e gaosia i totonu o le atunuu? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat LOCALLY made PLAIN biscuits? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 421 amount_bisc_4 E fia ni masi fua (leai ni kulimi) e gaosia i totonu o le radio atunu'u e masani ona e tausamiina? 1 1 biscuit Show the field ONLY if: [freq_bisc_4] = "1" OR [freq_bi 2 2 biscuits How many LOCALLY made PLAIN biscuits do you usually sc_4] = "2" OR [freq_bisc_4] = " eat? 3 3 biscuits 3" OR [freq_bisc_4] = "4" OR [f req_bisc_4] = "5" 4 4 biscuits 5 5 biscuits 6 6 biscuits 7 7 biscuits 8 8 biscuits 9 9 biscuits 10 10 biscuits 422 source_bisc_4 O fea e masani ona aumai ai au masi fua (leai ni kulimi) e radio gaosia i totonu o le atunuu? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_bisc_4] = "1" OR [freq_bi 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your LOCALLY made PLAIN sc_4] = "2" OR [freq_bisc_4] = " biscuits? 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From 3" OR [freq_bisc_4] = "4" OR [f req_bisc_4] = "5" another family member/household 4 Fai ile fale - Make your own 5 Isi - Other 423 source_biscu_4 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_bisc_4] = "5" 424 household_weekly_bisc_4 Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni masi fua(leai ni kulimi) e gaosia i radio totonu o le atunu'u i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy LOCALLY made PLAIN biscuits in 1 Ioe - Yes the last week? 8 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 116 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 425 household_weekly_bisc_hm_4 O le a se tele o ni masi fua (leai ni kulimi) e gaosia i totonu text o le atunu'u na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua Show the field ONLY if: tuana'i? [household_weekly_bisc_4] = " 1" How much LOCALLY made LOCALLY made PLAIN biscuits did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 426 spending_bisc_4 E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'at masiau ai masi text fua (leai ni kulimi) e gaosia i totonu o le atunu'u i le vaiaso Show the field ONLY if: ua tuana'i? (WST) [household_weekly_bisc_4] = " 1" How much did your household spend on LOCALLY made PLAIN biscuits last week? WST 427 food_change_plans_bisc_4 O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i masi fua (leai ni kulimi) e radio gaosia i totonu o le atunu'u i le tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat LOCALLY 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase made PLAIN biscuits in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 428 why_change_bisc_4 Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_bisc_4] = "1" OR [food_change_plans_bi sc_4] = "2" 429 freq_waf I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le waffles/wafers radio mai fafo e iai le kulimi, sukalati, popo ma isi ele aofia ai 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - waffles/wafers ele iai gi kulimi ma sukalati? Never/less than once a month (add photo) In the last 30 days, how often did you eat IMPORTED 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month waffles/wafers containing cream, chocolate, coconut, etc? 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 430 amount_waf E fia ni waffles/wafers e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1 waffle/wafer How many IMPORTED waffles/wafers do you usually eat? [freq_waf] = "1" OR [freq_waf] 2 2 waffles/wafers = "2" OR [freq_waf] = "3" OR [f req_waf] = "4" OR [freq_waf] = 3 3 waffles/wafers "5" 4 4 waffles/wafers 5 5 waffles/wafers 6 6 waffles/wafers 7 7 waffles/wafers 8 8 waffles/wafers 9 9 waffles/wafers 10 10 waffles/wafers 431 source_wafer O fea e masani ona aumai ai au waffles/wafers mai atunuu radio i fafo e iai le kulimi, sukalati, popo ma isi ? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_waf] = "1" OR [freq_waf] 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your IMPORTED waffles/wafers? = "2" OR [freq_waf] = "3" OR [f req_waf] = "4" OR [freq_waf] = 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 432 source_wafers Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_wafer] = "4" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 117 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co.. 433 household_weekly_wafer Sa faatauina e lou aiga se ni waffles/wafers mai atunu'u i radio fafo e iai le kulimi, sukalati, popo ma isi e le aofia ai 0 Leai - No waffles/wafers e le iai ni kulimi ma sukalati i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? 1 Ioe - Yes Did your household buy IMPORTED waffles/wafers in the last week? 434 household_weekly_waf_hm O le a le tele o ni waffles/wafers na fa'atauina mai ele tou text aiga i lenei vaiaso? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_wafer] = " How much IMPORTED waffles/wafers did your household 1" buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 435 spending_waf E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga e fa'atau ai text waffles/wafers i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_wafer] = " How much did your household spend on IMPORTED 1" waffles/wafers last week? WST 436 food_change_plans_waf O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le waffles/wafers i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat IMPORTED 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase waffles/wafers in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 437 why_change_waf Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_waf] = " 1" OR [food_change_plans_wa f] = "2" 438 freq_fry I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le chips fai le radio pakeka? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat french fries? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 439 amount_fry O le a se tele o lau tausami i le chips e fai le pakeka e radio masani ai? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: How much french fries do you usually eat? [freq_fry] = "1" OR [freq_fry] = 2 1 ipu - 1 cup "2" OR [freq_fry] = "3" OR [fre q_fry] = "4" OR [freq_fry] = "5" 3 2 ipu - 2 cups 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 440 source_ff O fea e masani ona aumai ai au chips fai le pakeka? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your french fries? [freq_fry] = "1" OR [freq_fry] = 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store "2" OR [freq_fry] = "3" OR [fre q_fry] = "4" OR [freq_fry] = "5" 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 4 Fai ile fale - Make your own 5 Isi - Other 441 source_fry Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_ff] = "5" of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 118 W WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co... 442 household_weekly_ff Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni chips fai le pakeka i le vaiaso ua radio tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy french fries in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 443 household_weekly_ff_hm O le a se tele o ni chips fai le pakeka na fa'atauina mai e lou text aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_ff] = "1" How much french fries did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 444 spending_ff E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o chips text fai le pakeka i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_ff] = "1" How much did your household spend on french fries last week? WST 445 food_change_plans_ff O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le chips fai le pakeka i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat french fries in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 446 why_change_ff Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_plans_ff] = "1" OR [food_change_plans_ff] = " 2" 447 freq_chip I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le chips pa'agugu radio fai le pakeka? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - (chips i totonu o le pepa) Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat potato chips/crisps? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 448 amount_chip O le a le tele o lau tausami i le chips pa'agugu/crisps e radio masani ai? 1 1/2 packet Show the field ONLY if: (chips i totonu o le pepa) [freq_chip] = "1" OR [freq_chi 2 1 packet How much potato chips/crisps do you usually eat? p] = "2" OR [freq_chip] = "3" O R [freq_chip] = "4" OR [freq_ch 3 2 packets ip] = "5" 4 3 packets 5 4 packets 449 source_chip O fea e masani ona aumai ai au chips pa'agugu fai le radio pakeka? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_chip] = "1" OR [freq_chi 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your potato chips/crisps p] = "2" OR [freq_chip] = "3" O R [freq_chip] = "4" OR [freq_ch 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From ip] = "5" another family member/household 4 Fai ile fale - Make your own 5 Isi - Other 450 source_chips Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_chip] = "5" 451 household_weekly_chip Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni chips pa'agugu fai le pakeka i le radio vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No (chips i totonu o le pepa) Did your household buy potato chips/crisps in the last 1 Ioe - Yes week? of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 119 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 452 household_weekly_chips O le a se tele o ni chips pa'agugu fai le pakeka na fa'atauina text mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_chip] = " How much potato chips/crisps did your household buy last 1" week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 453 spending_chip E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o chips text pa'agugu fai le pakeka i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_chip] = " How much did your household spend on potato 1" chips/crisps last week? WST 454 food_change_chips O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le chips pa'agugu fai le radio pakeka i le tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat potato 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase chips/crisps in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 455 why_change_chip Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_chips] = "1" OR [food_change_chips] = "2" 456 freq_chip_2 I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le chips o'ona? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat SALTY SNACKS? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 457 amount_chip_2 O le a le tele o ni au chips o'ona e masani ona tausamiina? radio How much salty snacks do you usually eat? 1 1/2 packet Show the field ONLY if: [freq_chip_2] = "1" OR [freq_c 2 1 packet hip_2] = "2" OR [freq_chip_2] = "3" OR [freq_chip_2] = "4" OR 3 2 packets [freq_chip_2] = "5" 4 3 packets 5 4 packets 458 source_chip_2 O fea e masani ona aumai ai au chips o'ona? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your salty snacks? [freq_chip_2] = "1" OR [freq_c 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store hip_2] = "2" OR [freq_chip_2] = "3" OR [freq_chip_2] = "4" OR 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From [freq_chip_2] = "5" another family member/household 4 Fai ile fale - Make your own 5 Isi - Other 459 source_chips_2 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_chip_2] = "5" 460 household_weekly_chip_2 Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni chips o'ona i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy salty snacks in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 461 household_weekly_chips_2 O le a se tele o ni chips o'ona na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_chip_2] = How much salty snacks did your household buy last week? "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 120 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 462 spending_chip_2 E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o chips text o'ona i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_chip_2] = How much did your household spend on salty snacks last "1" week? WST 463 food_change_chips_2 O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le chips o'ona i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat salty snacks in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 464 why_change_chip_2 Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_chips_2] = "1" O R [food_change_chips_2] = "2" 465 food_prep_garlic Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: aniani saina radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with garlic? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 466 freq_garlic I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le aniani saina? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat garlic? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 467 amount_garlic O le a se tele oni aniani saina e masani ona e tausamiina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1 sipuni ti - 1 teaspoon How much garlic do you usually eat? [freq_garlic] = "1" OR [freq_gar 2 2 sipuni ti - 2 teaspoons lic] = "2" OR [freq_garlic] = "3" OR [freq_garlic] = "4" OR [freq 3 3 sipuni ti - 3 teaspoons _garlic] = "5" 4 4 sipuni ti - 4 teaspoons 468 source_garlic O fea e masani ona aumai ai au aniani saina? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your garlic? [freq_garlic] = "1" OR [freq_gar 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store lic] = "2" OR [freq_garlic] = "3" OR [freq_garlic] = "4" OR [freq 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From _garlic] = "5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 469 source_garlics Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_garlic] = "5" 470 household_weekly_garlic Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni aniani saina i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy garlic in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 471 household_weekly_garlics O le a se tele o ni aniani saina na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_garlic] = " How much garlic did your household buy last week? 1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 472 spending_garlic E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o aniani text saina i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_garlic] = " How much did your household spend on garlic last week? 1" WST 3 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 121 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 473 food_change_garlic O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le aniani saina i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat garlic in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 474 why_change_garlic Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_garlic] = "1" OR [food_change_garlic] = "2" 475 food_prep_leek Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina o le: radio fuala'auaina faisua o le liki? 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to 1 Ioe - Yes cook/prepare a tasty dish with leeks? 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 476 freq_leek I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le fuala'auaina radio faisua o le liki? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat leeks? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 477 amount_leek O le a se tele o fuala'auaina faisua o le liki e masani ona e radio tausamiina? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: [freq_leek] = "1" OR [freq_lee 2 1 ipu - 1 cup How much leeks do you usually eat? k] = "2" OR [freq_leek] = "3" O R [freq_leek] = "4" OR [freq_le 3 2 ipu - 2 cups ek] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 478 source_leek O fea e masani ona aumai ai au fuala'auaina faisua o le liki? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your leeks? [freq_leek] = "1" OR [freq_lee 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store k] = "2" OR [freq_leek] = "3" O R [freq_leek] = "4" OR [freq_le 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From ek] = "5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 479 source_garlics_2 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_leek] = "5" 480 household_weekly_garlic_2 Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni fuala'auaina liki i le vaiaso ua radio tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy leeks in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 481 household_weekly_garlics_2 O le a se tele o fuala'auaina liki na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga text i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_garlic_2] = How much leeks did your household buy last week? "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 482 spending_garlic_2 E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o text fuala'auaina liki i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_garlic_2] = How much did your household spend on leeks last week? "1" WST | 122 4 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 483 food_change_garlic_2 O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le fuala'auaina liki i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat leeks in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 484 why_change_garlic_2 Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [why_change_garlic_2] = "1" O R [why_change_garlic_2] = "2" 485 food_prep_cauli Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: cauliflower radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with cauliflower? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 486 freq_cauli I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le cauliflower? radio (kapisi pa'epa'e laititi) 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat cauliflower? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 487 amount_cauli O le a se tele o lau tausami i le cauliflower e masani ai? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup How much cauliflower do you usually eat? [freq_cauli] = "1" OR [freq_cau 2 1 ipu - 1 cup li] = "2" OR [freq_cauli] = "3" O R [freq_cauli] = "4" OR [freq_c 3 2 ipu - 2 cups auli] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 488 source_cauli O fea e masani ona aumai ai au cauliflower? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your cauliflower? [freq_cauli] = "1" OR [freq_cau 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store li] = "2" OR [freq_cauli] = "3" O R [freq_cauli] = "4" OR [freq_c 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From auli] = "5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 489 source_caulif Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_cauli] = "5" 490 household_weekly_cauli Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni cauliflower i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy cauliflower in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 491 household_weekly_caulif O le a se tele o ni cauliflower na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_cauli] = " How much cauliflower did your household buy last week? 1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 492 spending_cauliflower E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o text cauliflower i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_cauli] = " How much did your household spend on cauliflower last 1" week? WST of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 123 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 493 food_change_cauli O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le cauliflower i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat cauliflower in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 494 why_change_cauli Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_cauli] = "1" OR [food_change_cauli] = "2" 495 food_prep_broccoli Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: broccoli radio (kapisi meamata laititi) 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to 1 Ioe - Yes cook/prepare a tasty dish with broccoli? 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 496 freq_broccoli I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le broccoli? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat broccoli? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 497 amount_broccoli O le a se tele o lau tausami i le broccoli e masani ai? radio How much broccoli do you usually eat? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: [freq_broccoli] = "1" OR [freq_ 2 1 ipu - 1 cup broccoli] = "2" OR [freq_brocc oli] = "3" OR [freq_broccoli] = " 3 2 ipu - 2 cups 4" OR [freq_broccoli] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 498 source_broccoli O fea e masani ona aumai ai au broccoli? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your broccoli? [freq_broccoli] = "1" OR [freq_ 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store broccoli] = "2" OR [freq_brocc oli] = "3" OR [freq_broccoli] = " 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From 4" OR [freq_broccoli] = "5" another family member/household 5 Isi - Other 499 source_caulif_2 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_broccoli] = "5" 500 household_weekly_broccoli Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni broccoli i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy broccoli in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 501 household_weekly_broc O le a se tele o ni broccoli na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_broccoli] How much broccoli did your household buy last week? = "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 502 spending_broccoli E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o text broccoli i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_broccoli] How much did your household spend on broccoli last = "1" week? WST of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 124 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 503 food_change_broccoli O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le broccoli i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat broccoli in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 504 why_change_broccoli Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_broccoli] = "1" OR [food_change_broccoli] = " 2" 505 food_prep_bs Ete silafia po'o se isi foi ole aiga le kukaina ole: kapisi laiti radio (lapotopoto) 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to 1 Ioe - Yes cook/prepare a tasty dish with Brussels sprouts? 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 506 freq_bs I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami ile kapisi laiti radio (lapotopoto)? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat Brussels sprouts? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 507 amount_bs O le a se tele o lau tausami i le kapisi laititi e masani ai? radio How much Brussels sprouts do you usually eat? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: [freq_bs] = "1" OR [freq_bs] = " 2 1 ipu - 1 cup 2" OR [freq_bs] = "3" OR [freq_ bs] = "4" OR [freq_bs] = "5" 3 2 ipu - 2 cups 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 508 source_bs O fea e masani ona aumai ai au kapisi laiti? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your Brussels sprouts? [freq_bs] = "1" OR [freq_bs] = " 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store 2" OR [freq_bs] = "3" OR [freq_ bs] = "4" OR [freq_bs] = "5" 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 509 source_bs_1 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_bs] = "4" 510 household_weekly_bs Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni kapisi laiti i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy Brussels sprouts in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 511 household_weekly_bs_1 O le a le tele o ni kapisi laiti na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_bs] = "1" How much Brussels sprouts did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 512 spending_bs E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i lefa'atauina o kapisi text laiti i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_bs] = "1" How much did your household spend on Brussels sprouts last week? WST of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 125 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 513 food_change_bs O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le kapisi laiti i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat Brussels 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase sprouts in the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 514 why_change_bs Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_bs] = "1" OR [fo od_change_bs] = "2" 515 food_prep_cabbage Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: kapisi radio lapotopoto 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to 1 Ioe - Yes cook/prepare a tasty dish with cabbage? 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 516 freq_cabbage I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le kapisi radio lapotopoto? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat cabbage? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 517 amount_cabbage O le a se tele o lau tausami i le kapisi lapotopoto e masani radio ai? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: How much cabbage do you usually eat? [freq_cabbage] = "1" OR [freq_ 2 1 ipu - 1 cup cabbage] = "2" OR [freq_cabb age] = "3" OR [freq_cabbage] 3 2 ipu - 2 cups = "4" OR [freq_cabbage] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 518 source_cabbage O fea e masani ona aumai ai au kapisi lapotopoto? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your cabbage? [freq_cabbage] = "1" OR [freq_ 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store cabbage] = "2" OR [freq_cabb age] = "3" OR [freq_cabbage] 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From = "4" OR [freq_cabbage] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 519 source_bs_2 Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_cabbage] = "4" 520 household_weekly_cabbage Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni kapisi i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy cabbage in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 521 household_weekly_cab O le a se tele o ni kapisi lapotopoto na fa'atauina mai e lou text aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_cabbage] How much cabbage did your household buy last week? = "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 522 spending_cabbage E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o kapisi text lapotopoto i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_cabbage] How much did your household spend on cabbage last = "1" week? WST 8 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 126 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 523 food_change_cabbage O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le kapisi lapotopoto i le radio tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat cabbage in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 524 why_change_cabbage Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_cabbage] = "1" OR [food_change_cabbage] = "2" 525 food_prep_carrots Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: karoti radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with carrots? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 526 freq_carrots I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le karoti? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat carrots? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 527 amount_carrots O le a se tele o lau tausami i le karoti e masani ai? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup How much carrots do you usually eat? [freq_carrots] = "1" OR [freq_c 2 1 ipu - 1 cup arrots] = "2" OR [freq_carrots] = "3" OR [freq_carrots] = "4" O 3 2 ipu - 2 cups R [freq_carrots] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 528 source_carrot O fea e masani ona aumai ai au karoti? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your carrots? [freq_carrots] = "1" OR [freq_c 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store arrots] = "2" OR [freq_carrots] = "3" OR [freq_carrots] = "4" O 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From R [freq_carrots] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 529 source_carrots Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_carrot] = "4" 530 household_weekly_carrots Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni karoti i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy carrots in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 531 household_weekly_carrot O le a se tele o ni karoti na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_carrots] = How much carrots did your household buy last week? "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 532 spending_carrot E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o karoti i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_carrots] = How much did your household spend on carrots last week? "1" WST 9 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 127 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 533 food_change_carrot O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le karoti i le tausaga fou radio pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat carrots in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 534 why_change_carrot Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_carrot] = "1" OR [food_change_carrot] = "2" 535 food_prep_turnips Ete silafia po'o se isi foi ole aiga le kukaina ole: turnips radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with turnips? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 536 freq_turnips I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le turnips? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat turnips? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 537 amount_turnips O le a se tele o lau tausami i le turnips e masani ai? radio How much turnips do you usually eat? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: [freq_turnips] = "1" OR [freq_t 2 1 ipu - 1 cup urnips] = "2" OR [freq_turnips] = "3" OR [freq_turnips] = "4" O 3 2 ipu - 2 cups R [freq_turnips] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 538 source_turnips O fea e masani ona aumai ai au turnips? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your turnips? [freq_turnips] = "1" OR [freq_t 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store urnips] = "2" OR [freq_turnips] = "3" OR [freq_turnips] = "4" O 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From R [freq_turnips] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 539 source_turnip Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_turnips] = "4" 540 household_weekly_turnips Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni turnips i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy turnips in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 541 household_weekly_turnip O le a se tele o ni turnips na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_turnips] = How much turnips did your household buy last week? "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 542 spending_turnips E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o turnips text i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_turnips] = How much did your household spend on turnips last week? "1" WST 0 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 128 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 543 food_change_turnips O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le turnips i le tausaga fou radio pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat turnips in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 544 why_change_turnips Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_turnips] = "1" O R [food_change_turnips] = "2" 545 food_prep_asparagus Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: asparagus radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with asparagus? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 546 freq_asparagus I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le asparagus? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat asparagus? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 547 amount_asparagus O le a se tele o lau tausami i le asparagus e masani ai? radio How much asparagus do you usually eat? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: [freq_asparagus] = "1" OR [fre 2 1 ipu - 1 cup q_asparagus] = "2" OR [freq_a sparagus] = "3" OR [freq_aspa 3 2 ipu - 2 cups ragus] = "4" OR [freq_asparag 4 3 ipu - 3 cup us] = "5" 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 548 source_asparagus O fea e masani ona aumai ai au asparagus? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your asparagus? [freq_asparagus] = "1" OR [fre 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store q_asparagus] = "2" OR [freq_a sparagus] = "3" OR [freq_aspa 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From ragus] = "4" OR [freq_asparag another family member/household us] = "5" 4 Isi - Other 549 source_asparagu Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_asparagus] = "4" 550 household_weekly_asparagus Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni asparagus i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy asparagus in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 551 household_weekly_asparagu O le a se tele o ni asparagus na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_asparagu How much asparagus did your household buy last week? s] = "1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 552 spending_asparagus E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o text asparagus i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_asparagu How much did your household spend on asparagus last s] = "1" week? WST | 129 1 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 553 food_change_asparagus O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le asparagus i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat asparagus in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 554 why_change_asparagus Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_asparagus] = " 1" or [food_change_asparagu s] = "2" 555 food_prep_celery Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: seleli radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with celery? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 556 freq_celery I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le seleli? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat celery? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 557 amount_celery O le a se tele o lau tausami i le seleli e masani ai? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup How much celery do you usually eat? [freq_celery] = "1" OR [freq_ce 2 1 ipu - 1 cup lery] = "2" OR [freq_celery] = " 3" OR [freq_celery] = "4" OR [f 3 2 ipu - 2 cups req_celery] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 558 source_celery O fea e masani ona aumai ai au seleli? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your celery? [freq_celery] = "1" OR [freq_ce 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store lery] = "2" OR [freq_celery] = " 3" OR [freq_celery] = "4" OR [f 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From req_celery] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 559 source_celer Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_celery] = "4" 560 household_weekly_celery Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni seleli i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy celery in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 561 household_weekly_celer O le a le tele o seleli na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso text ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_celery] = " How much celery did your household buy last week? 1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 562 spending_celery E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i lefa'atauina o seleli i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_celery] = " How much did your household spend on celery last week? 1" WST | 130 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 563 food_change_celery O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le seleli i le tausaga fou radio pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat celery in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 564 why_change_celery Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_celery] = "1" OR [food_change_celery] = "2" 565 food_prep_mushroom Ete silafia po'o seisi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: pulou aitu radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with mushrooms? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 566 freq_mr I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le pulou aitu? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat mushrooms? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 567 amount_mr O le a se tele o lau tausami i le pulou aitu e masani ai? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup How much mushrooms do you usually eat? [freq_mr] = "1" OR [freq_mr] = 2 1 ipu - 1 cup "2" OR [freq_mr] = "3" OR [fre q_mr] = "4" OR [freq_mr] = "5" 3 2 ipu - 2 cups 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 568 source_mr O fea e masani ona aumai ai au pulou aitu? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your mushrooms? [freq_mr] = "1" OR [freq_mr] = 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store "2" OR [freq_mr] = "3" OR [fre q_mr] = "4" OR [freq_mr] = "5" 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 569 source_mushrooms Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_mr] = "4" 570 household_weekly_mr Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni pulou aitu i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy mushrooms in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 571 household_weekly_m O le a le tele o ni pulou aitu na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_mr] = "1" How much mushrooms did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 572 spending_mushrooms E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o le text pulou aitu i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_mr] = "1" How much did your household spend on mushrooms last week? WST 3 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 131 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 573 food_change_mushrooms O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le pulou aitu i le tausaga radio fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat mushrooms in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 574 why_change_mushrooms Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_mushrooms] = "1" OR [food_change_mushro oms] = "2" 575 food_prep_bp Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina ole: pepa radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with bell peppers? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 576 freq_bp I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le pepa? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat bell peppers? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 577 amount_bp O le a se tele o lau tausami i le pepa e masani ai? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup How much bell peppers do you usually eat? [freq_bp] = "1" OR [freq_bp] = 2 1 ipu - 1 cup "2" OR [freq_bp] = "3" OR [fre q_bp] = "4" OR [freq_bp] = "5" 3 2 ipu - 2 cups 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 578 source_bp O fea e masani ona aumai ai au pepa? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your bell peppers? [freq_bp] = "1" OR [freq_bp] = 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store "2" OR [freq_bp] = "3" OR [fre q_bp] = "4" OR [freq_bp] = "5" 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 579 source_blp Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_bp] = "4" 580 household_weekly_bp Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni pepa i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy bell peppers in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 581 household_weekly_blp O le a le tele o ni pepa na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_bp] = "1" How much bell peppers did your household buy last week? [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 582 spending_bp E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o pepa i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_bp] = "1" How much did your household spend on bell peppers last week? WST 4 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 132 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 583 food_change_bp O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le pepa i le tausaga fou radio pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat bell peppers in 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase the next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 584 why_change_bp Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_bp] = "1" OR [fo od_change_bp] = "2" 585 food_prep_spin Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina o le: laupele radio [imported spinach] 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to 1 Ioe - Yes cook/prepare a tasty dish with spinach (imported)? 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 586 freq_spin I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le laupele radio [imported spinach]? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat spinach? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 587 amount_spin O le a se tele o lau tausami i le laupele e masani ai? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup How much spinach do you usually eat? [freq_spin] = "1" OR [freq_spi 2 1 ipu - 1 cup n] = "2" OR [freq_spin] = "3" O R [freq_spin] = "4" OR [freq_sp 3 2 ipu - 2 cups in] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 588 source_spin O fea e masani ona aumai ai au laupele? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your spinach? [freq_spin] = "1" OR [freq_spi 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store n] = "2" OR [freq_spin] = "3" O R [freq_spin] = "4" OR [freq_sp 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From in] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 589 source_spina Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_spin] = "4" 590 household_weekly_spin Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni laupele [imported spinach] i le radio vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy spinach in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 591 household_weekly_spina O le a se tele o ni laupele [imported spinach] na fa'atauina text mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_spin] = " How much spinach did your household buy last week? 1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 592 spending_spin E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o laupele text [imported spinach] i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_spin] = " How much did your household spend on spinach last 1" week? WST 5 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 133 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 593 food_change_spin O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le laupele [imported radio spinach] i le tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat spinach in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 594 why_change_spin Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_spin] = "1" OR [food_change_spin] = "2" 595 food_prep_olives Ete silafia po'o se isi foi o le aiga le kukaina o le: olive radio 0 Leai - No Do you or someone in your household know how to cook/prepare a tasty dish with olives? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - I don't know 596 freq_olives I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i le olive? radio 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - In the last 30 days, how often did you eat olives? Never/less than once a month 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 597 amount_olives O le a se tele o lau tausami i le olive e masani ai? radio How much olives do you usually eat? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: [freq_olives] = "1" OR [freq_oli 2 1 ipu - 1 cup ves] = "2" OR [freq_olives] = " 3" OR [freq_olives] = "4" OR [fr 3 2 ipu - 2 cups eq_olives] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 598 source_olives O fea e masani ona aumai ai au olive? radio Show the field ONLY if: 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Where do you usually get your olives? [freq_olives] = "1" OR [freq_oli 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store ves] = "2" OR [freq_olives] = " 3" OR [freq_olives] = "4" OR [fr 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From eq_olives] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 599 source_olive Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_olives] = "4" 600 household_weekly_olives Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni olive i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? radio 0 Leai - No Did your household buy olives in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 601 household_weekly_olive O le a se tele o ni olive na fa'atauina mai e lou aiga i le text vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_olives] = " How much olives did your household buy last week? 1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 602 spending_olives E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o olive i text le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_olives] = " How much did your household spend on olives last week? 1" WST of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 134 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co 603 food_change_olives O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i le olive i le tausaga fou radio pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat olives in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 604 why_change_olives Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_olives] = "1" OR [food_change_olives] = "2" 605 freq_fruit I le 30 aso talu ai, e fa'afia ona e tausami i fuala'auaina radio taumafa mata? 0 Le fa'aaogaina/laititi ifo ma le tasi masina - Never/less than once a month In the last 30 days, how often did you eat fruit? 1 Fa'a 1-3 taimi i le masina - 1-3 times per month 2 Fa'a 1-2 taimi i le vaiaso - 1-2 times per week 3 Fa'a 3-4 taimi i le vaiaso - 3-4 times per week 4 Fa'a 5-6 taimi i le vaiaso - 5-6 times per week 5 Aso uma - Every day 606 amount_fruit O le a se tele o lau tausami i fuala'auiaina taumafa mata e radio masani ai? 1 1/2 ipu - 1/2 cup Show the field ONLY if: [freq_fruit] = "1" OR [freq_frui 2 1 ipu - 1 cup How much fruit do you usually eat? t] = "2" OR [freq_fruit] = "3" O R [freq_fruit] = "4" OR [freq_fr 3 2 ipu - 2 cups uit] = "5" 4 3 ipu - 3 cup 5 4 ipu - 4 cups 607 source_fruit O fea e masani ona aumai ai au fualaauaina taumafa radio mata? 1 Supamaketi - Supermarket Show the field ONLY if: [freq_fruit] = "1" OR [freq_frui 2 Faleoloa a le aiga - Aiga store Where do you usually get your fruit? t] = "2" OR [freq_fruit] = "3" O R [freq_fruit] = "4" OR [freq_fr 3 Aumai tagata o isi aiga po'o le auaiga - From uit] = "5" another family member/household 4 Isi - Other 608 source_frui Fa'amolemole fa'amatala mai: text Show the field ONLY if: Please specify: [source_fruit] = "4" 609 household_weekly_fruit Sa faatauina e lou aiga ni fualaauaina taumafa mata i le radio vaiaso ua tuana'i? 0 Leai - No Did your household buy fruit in the last week? 1 Ioe - Yes 610 household_weekly_frui O le a se tele o ni fuala'auaina taumafa mata na fa'atauina text mai e lou aiga i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_fruit] = " How much fruit did your household buy last week? 1" [Allow participants to choose the units they report in, make sure to note the units i.e. kg, lbs, oz, etc.] 611 spending_fruit E fia se tupe na fa'aaluina e lou aiga i le fa'atauina o text fuala'auaina taumafa mata i le vaiaso ua tuana'i? (WST) Show the field ONLY if: [household_weekly_fruit] = " How much did your household spend on fruit last week? 1" WST 612 food_change_fruit O e mafaufau e suia lau tausami i fauala'auaina taumafa radio mata i le tausaga fou pea aulia? 0 Leai se suiga - No change Are you planning to change the way you eat fruit in the 1 Fa'ateteleina - Increase next year? 2 Fa'aitiitia - Decrease 3 Le iloa - Don't Know 7 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 135 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 613 why_change_fruit Aisea ua e fuafuaina ai lea suiga? text Show the field ONLY if: Why are you planning to make that change? [food_change_fruit] = "1" OR [food_change_fruit] = "2" 614 ssb_health E te silafia o le tele o le suka o lo'o faaaogaina mo le checkbox faasuamalieina o nei vaiinu, o le a se tele o lona a'afiaga i 1 ssb_health___1 Toto Maualuga- High blood vaega ese'ese o lo'o taua i lalo? pressure Do you think that sugar sweetened beverage consumption contributes to the development of any of the following 2 ssb_health___2 Tino Puta Tele- Obesity conditions? 3 ssb_health___3 Ma'i Suka- Diabetes (high blood sugar) [please select all that apply] 4 ssb_health___4 Foma'i Nifo- Dental caries 615 ssb_change_confidence Afai ae fautuaina oe ina ia suia le suamalie e tatau ona e radio faaaogaina mo au vaiinu, e faapefea ona e faia lea tulaga 1 Matua to'a lava- Very confident ina ia mafai ai ona e taumafaina le vai ua faaitiitia le suamalie (e pei o faguinu suamalie ma vaiinu suamalie) i le 2 To'a- Confident vaiaso? 3 Faa-le-to'a- Somewhat confident If you were asked to change your sugar sweetened 4 Le mafaia- Not confident beverage consumption, how confident do you feel that you could drink one or less sugary drinks (such as sodas, juices, nectars, and sweetened water) a week? 616 ssb_taste O le a se tele o lou fiafia i vaiinu suamalie? radio 1 le fiafia iai- Don't Like it How much do you like the taste of sugar sweetened beverages? 2 laititi le fiafia iai- Like it a little 3 fiafia iai - Like it 4 manaia latiti- Quite like it 5 manaia tele- Like it a lot 617 water_availability E te lotomalie i le fuaitau lenei: E mafai ona ou inuina le vai radio i totonu o lo'u nu'u, e aunoa ma se tau pe maua fua foi." 1 Malie atoatoa- Completely agree Do you agree with the statement: "I can drink potable 2 Malie- Agree water in my community at no cost, or for free" 3 Le malie- Disagree 4 Matua le faamalieina lava- Completely disagree - 618 vegetable_taste E te fiafia i le tofo o fuala'au faisua? radio 1 le fiafia iai- Don't Like it How much do you like the taste of vegetables? 2 laititi le fiafia iai- Like it a little 3 fiafia iai - Like it 4 manaia latiti- Quite like it 5 manaia tele- Like it a lot 619 fruits_taste E te fiafia i le tofo lelei o fuala'auaina taumafa mata? radio 1 le fiafia iai- Don't Like it How much do you like the taste of fruits? 2 laititi le fiafia iai- Like it a little 3 fiafia iai - Like it 4 manaia latiti- Quite like it 5 manaia tele- Like it a lot 620 fruitveg_change_confidence Pe a fai atu e fa'atele lau tausami i fuala'auaina taumafa radio mata ma fuala'auaina faisua i vaiaso ta'itasi,e te to'a e 1 Matua to'a lava- Very confident fa'atino nei suiga? 2 To'a- Confident If you were asked to increase your fruit/vegetable 3 Faa-le-to'a- Somewhat confident consumption each week, how confident are you that you could do it? 4 Le mafaia- Not confident 8 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 136 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 621 meat_change_confi Afai e fesiligia oe e sui le a'ano o manu fasi ga'oa i a'ano radio anogase o manu fasi, o le a sou manatu e mafai ona e faia? 1 Matua to'a lava- Very confident If you were asked to replace fatty cuts of meat with leaner 2 To'a- Confident meats, how confident are you that you could do it? 3 Faa-le-to'a- Somewhat confident 4 Le mafaia- Not confident 622 fish_taste O le a le tele o lou fiafia i le tofo o le i'a? radio 1 le fiafia iai- Don't Like it How much do you like the taste of fish? 2 laititi le fiafia iai- Like it a little 3 fiafia iai - Like it 4 manaia latiti- Quite like it 5 manaia tele- Like it a lot 623 comm_healthierfood E fia tagata o le afioaga e te silafia e masani ona kuka ma radio tausasami i mea'ai maloloina? 1 toetiti lava leai seisi - Almost nobody How many people in your community (village) have taken 2 nisi o i latou - Some of them measures to cook and eat more healthily? 3 afa o i latou - Half of them 4 tele o i latou - Most of them 5 toetiti lava nuu atoa- (Almost) all of them 624 church_healthierfood E fia ni tagata o le tou Ekalesia e te silafia e masani ona radio kuka ma tausasami i meaai maloloina? 1 toetiti lava leai seisi - Almost nobody How many people in your church have taken measures to 2 nisi o i latou - Some of them cook and eat more healthily? 3 afa o i latou - Half of them- 4 tele o i latou - Most of them- 5 toetiti lava nuu atoa- (Almost) all of them- 625 confidence_healthierfood E te mautinoa o le a amata ona e kuka ma e tausami i radio mea'ai maloloina? 1 Matua to'a lava- Very confident How confident are you that you can start to cook and eat 2 To'a- Confident more healthily? 3 Faa-le-to'a- Somewhat confident 4 Le mafaia- Not confident of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 137 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 626 barriers_healthyeating O le a sou manatu o a ni fa'afitauli e fa'afaigata ai ona e checkbox tausami i meaai maloloina? 1 barriers_healthyeating___1 e le maua ni meaai maloloina i lo'u nu'u- What do you think the barriers are to healthy eating? Healthy foods are (select all that apply) not available in my community 2 barriers_healthyeating___2 o meaai maloloina ua ova le taugata- Healthy foods cost too much 3 barriers_healthyeating___3 e le tofo lelei meaai soifua maloloina - Healthy foods don't taste good 4 barriers_healthyeating___4 e manatu isi e le tatau ona 'a'aai i mea'ai maloloina - Others don't think I should be eating healthy foods 5 barriers_healthyeating___5 ou te le malamalama po'o fea mea'ai e soifua maloloina ma mea'ai e le soifua maloloina- I don't know what foods are healthy and unhealthy 6 barriers_healthyeating___6 e leai so;u taimi e fai ai ni mea'ai maloloina - I don't have time to prepare healthy foods 7 barriers_healthyeating___7 ou te leiloa kuka mea'ai maloloina- I don't know how to cook healthy foods 8 barriers_healthyeating___8 isi mafua'aga( fa'amolemole fa'amaonia)- Other reason (please specify) 627 barriers_healthyeating_other fa'amolemole fa'amaonia- text Show the field ONLY if: Other reason (please specify) [barriers_healthyeating(8)] = " 1" 628 thankyou These are our final few questions - thanks for your descriptive responses so far! 629 wt_status I le tulaga o lou mamafa, o le a lau faalogo? radio 1 mamafa tele- Much too heavy In terms of your weight, do you consider yourself: 2 mamafa feololo - Moderately heavy 3 paleni- Just right 4 mama tele- Too light 5 Ou te le iloa - Don't Know 630 health_sr I le matua o lou soifua ua iai nei, e faapefea ona e radio faamatalaina le tulaga o lou soifua maloloina? 1 Lelei atoatoa - Excellent For your age, how would you describe your health? 2 Lelei - Very good 3 Lelei feololo - Good 4 Leaga - Poor 5 Leaga tele- Very poor of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 138 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 631 wt_health Ou te manatu o lo'u mamafa i le taimi nei e afaina ai lou radio soifua maloloina? 1 mautinoa lelei- Definitely I consider my current weight to be harmful for my health... 2 masalo iai - Probably 3 masalo e leai - Probably not 4 mautinoa e leai - Definitely not 5 Ou te le iloa - Do not know 632 wt_importance O le a se taua ia te oe, o le fa'aiti'itia o lou mamafa? radio 1 e leai se taua - Not important How important is it for you to lose weight? 2 e laititi se taua- A little important 3 taua - Important 4 e taua tele - Quite important 5 taua tele - Very important 633 diet O e fa'atinoina i le taimi nei le fuafua tatauina o lau radio tausami, po'o se isi vaega e taumafai ai e fa'aiti'itia lou 0 Leai - No mamafa? Are you currently dieting or doing something else to try 1 Ioe - Yes and reduce your weight? 634 nutrition_learn Na e taumafai e a'oa'o ni vaega taua o taumafa paleni? radio 0 Leai - No Have you ever tried to learn about nutrition? 1 Ioe - Yes 635 nutrition_know E te manatu o iai sou malamalamaaga i meaa'i paleni? radio 0 Leai - No Do you think you have a good understanding of nutrition? 1 Ioe - Yes 2 Ou te le iloa - Don't Know 636 foods_sugar O e silafia o meaa'i ia e tele ai le suka? radio 0 Leai - No Do you know which foods contain a lot of sugar? 1 Ioe - Yes 637 salt O e silafia o fea o meaa'i nei e tele ai le masima? radio 0 Leai - No Do you know which foods contain a lot of salt? 1 Ioe - Yes 638 foods_unhealthy_fat O e silafia o fea o taumafa nei o lo'o tele ai le ga'o e le radio soifua maloloina? 0 Leai - No Do you know which foods contain a lot of unhealthy fat? 1 Ioe - Yes 639 foods_fruits_veg_why O e silafia pe aisea ua lelei ai fua o fuala'auaina faisua ma radio fua o fuala'auaina taumafa mata i le tausami? 0 Leai - No Do you know why fruits and vegetables are good to eat? 1 Ioe - Yes 640 health_motivation Ou te fa'amalosia'u lava a'u i lo'u aiga ina ia matou soifua radio maloloina? 1 Taimi Uma- Always I am motivated for me and my family to be healthy 2 Masani- Very Often 3 Nisi taimi- Sometimes 4 Seasea- Rarely 5 Leai lava- Never 641 effort_healthier_food O le a sou manatu, Aisea e taua ai, pe aoga ai foi ona kuka radio ma tausami i meaai maloloina/ (maloloina =laititi ifo le 1 le taumafai- Not effortful fa'aaogaina po'o le faaopo'opo foi o mea'ai e tele ai le suka,gao,ma le masima) 2 sina taumafaiga - A little effortful 3 taumafai- Effortful How effortful do you think it is to cook and eat healthier? (healthier = less intake of added sugar, fat, and salt) 4 fai taumafaiga- Quite effortful 5 matua taumafai- Very effortful of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 139 EW WB Pre Tax Survey | REDCap https://redcap.med.yale.edu/redcap_v10.6.24/Design/data_dictionary_co. 642 like_learning_food O le a le umi ete fiafia e a'oa'o ai e uiga i le lelei o le kukaina radio o taumafa ma le tausami? 1 le fiafia iai- Don't Like it How much do you like to learn about healthier cooking and 2 laititi le fiafia iai- Like it a little eating? 3 fiafia iai - Like it 4 manaia latiti- Quite like it 5 manaia tele- Like it a lot   643 pretax_survey_complete Section Header: Form Status dropdown Complete? 0 Incomplete 1 Unverified 2 Complete 2 of 72 11/28/21, 5:06 PM | 140 3. PRE-TAX HOUSEHOLD SURVEY PORTION SIZE PROMPTS | 141 600 ml/ 5 Gallon 2.5 cups 500 ml/ 2 cups 237 ml 118 ml Fagu vai 380 ml/ 1.5 cups Ipu | 142 | 143 | 144 | 145 | 146 | 147 | 148 | 149 | 150 | 151 | 152 | 153 | 154 | 155 Appendices 4 SAMOA NCD TAX STRUCTURE | 156 1 Tobacco The following taxes are applied to tobacco products: customs duty, excise tax, and Value-added Goods and Service tax (VAGST). As applied in other countries, excise tax is the most important tax which determines the tax incidence of tobacco products so that it has direct and significant impacts on tobacco consumption and therefore on the tobacco industry. Samoa imposes uniform specific excise tax on both imported and domestically produced tobacco products. Excise on tobacco has been increased regularly since 2015. GST was only imposed at import level on imported tobacco products at the rate of 15 percent, while the domestically manufactured cigarettes are exempted from VAGST. Customs duty is imposed on imported tobacco products, the rate is 90 percent CIF or $80 per thousand sticks, whichever is higher. Table A1 lists the tax structure of tobacco products in Samoa. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A1 Tax Structure of Tobacco 2402 - 2403 Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty Locally Imported Locally produced Imported Imported produced 90% CIF 15% imposed on or $80 per Jul.2010-Jun.2011 $193/1000 stick $193/1000 stick (CIF+Customs Free thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on or $80 per Jul.2011-Jun.2012 $193/1000 stick $193/1000 stick (CIF+Customs Free thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on or $80 per Jul.2012-Jun.2013 $201/1000 stick $201/1000 stick (CIF+Customs Free thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on or $80 per Jul.2013-Jun.2014 $201/1000 stick $201/1000 stick (CIF+Customs Free thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on or $80 per Jul.2014-Jun.2015 $201/1000 stick $201/1000 stick (CIF+Customs Free thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on or $80 per Jul.2015-Jun.2016 $211.05/1000 stick $211.05/1000stick (CIF+Customs Free thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on or $80 per Jul.2016-Jun.2017 $221.6/1000 stick $221.6/1000 stick (CIF+Customs Free thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on $232.68/1000 $232.68/1000 or $80 per Jul.2017-Jun.2018 (CIF+Customs Free stick stick thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on or $80 per Jul.2018-Jun.2019 $244.31/1000 stick $244.31/1000 stick (CIF+Customs Free thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher 90% CIF 15% imposed on $256.52/1000 $256.52/1000 or $80 per Jul.2019-Jun.2020 (CIF+Customs Free stick stick thousand sticks, duty+excise tax) whichever is higher | 157 2 Alcohol 2.1 Beer Three taxes are imposed on beer: customs duty, excise tax, and VAGST. Customs duty has been applied on imported beer with the rate of “greater 30%” or $2 per liter. GST was only imposed on imported beer at the rate of 15 percent, while the domestically manufactured beer is exempted. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. VAGST. Excise is applied on both imported and local manufactured beer in the form of specific, the current rate is 3.08 Tala per liter. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A2 Tax Structure of Beer 2402 - 2403 Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2013-Jun.2014 $2.64 /per liter $2.64 /per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2014-Jun.2015 $2.64 /per liter $2.64 /per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2015-Jun.2016 $2.81 /per liter $2.81 /per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2016-Jun.2017 $2.99/per liter $2.99/per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2017-Jun.2018 $2.99/per liter $2.99/per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2018-Jun.2019 $3.08 /per liter $3.08 /per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2019-Jun.2020 $3.08 /per liter $3.08 /per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) | 158 2.2 Liquor Products Customs duty, excise tax, and VAGST are imposed on liquor products (including Whisky, Rum, Gin, and Vodka). Customs duty is applied on imported liquor products at the rate of 30 percent or US$2per liter, whichever is higher. VAGST is imposed on imported liquor products at the rate of 15 percent, while the domestically manufactured liquor is exempted from VAGST. Excise is applied on both imported and local manufactured liquor products in the form of specific, since July 2016, tiered specific rates have been adopted depending on alcohol strength, but the rate is lower than before for all tiers. The have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021 Table A3 Alcohol-Spirits-Whiskies/Rum and Tafia/Liqueurs Tax Structure/Gin and Geneva/Vodka/Liqueurs 2204, 2205, Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty 2207, 2208 Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2009-Jun.2010 $38.60 per liter $38.60 per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2010-Jun.2011 $42 per liter $42 per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2011-Jun.2012 $42 per liter $42 per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2012-Jun.2013 $42 per liter $42 per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2013-Jun.2014 $42 per liter $42 per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2014-Jun.2015 $42 per liter $42 per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Greater of 30% Jul.2015-Jun.2016 $50 per liter $50 per liter (CIF+Customs Free or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) of an alcohol 15% imposed on strength by Greater of 30% $11.34 per liter $11.34 per liter (CIF+Customs Free volume of 30% or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) or less of an alcohol strength by 15% imposed on Jul.2016- Greater of 30% volume of 30%- $19.96 per liter $19.96 per liter (CIF+Customs Free Jun.2017 or $2 per litre 57.12% 2208.30- duty+excise tax) 60 of an alcohol 15% imposed on strength by Greater of 30% $39.93 per liter $39.93 per liter (CIF+Customs Free volume of or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 57.12% or higher of an alcohol 15% imposed on strength by Greater of 30% $11.72 per liter $11.72 per liter (CIF+Customs Free volume of or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 57.12% or higher of an alcohol 15% imposed on Jun.2017- strength by Greater of 30% $19.96 per liter $19.96 per liter (CIF+Customs Free Apr.2018 volume of 30%- or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 57.12% of an alcohol 15% imposed on strength by Greater of 30% $39.93 per liter $39.93 per liter (CIF+Customs Free volume of or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 57.12% or higher of an alcohol 15% imposed on Apr.2018- strength by Greater of 30% $38.60 per liter $38.60 per liter (CIF+Customs Free Jul.2019 volume of 40% or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) or less | 159 2204, 2205, Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty 2207, 2208 of an alcohol 15% imposed on strength by Greater of 30% $13.2 per liter $13.2 per liter (CIF+Customs Free volume of 25% or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) or less of an alcohol 15% imposed on Aug.2019- strength by Greater of 30% $21.23 per liter $21.23 per liter (CIF+Customs Free Jun.2020 volume of 25%- or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) 402% of an alcohol 15% imposed on strength by Greater of 30% $35 per liter $35 per liter (CIF+Customs Free volume of 40 or or $2 per litre duty+excise tax) higher 3 Food 3.1 Water/Soft drinks Samoa imposes excise on Sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and water products. Excise is applied on both imported and domestically produced SSBs/water products. VAGST is applied on imported SSB/water while the domestically manufactured products are exempted from VAGST. Customs duty is imposed on imported SSB/water by $1 per litre. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. 3.1.1 Natural Mineral and Spa Water Table A4 Tax Structure of Water 2201 Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2009-Jun.2010 40 sene per litre 40 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2010-Jun.2011 40 sene per litre 40 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2011-Jun.2012 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2012-Jun.2013 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2016-Jun.2017 51 sene per liter 51 sene per liter (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2017-Jun.2018 52.5 sene per liter 52.5 sene per liter (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2018-Jun.2019 52.5 sene per liter 52.5 sene per liter (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2019-Jun.2020 52.5 sene per liter 52.5 sene per liter (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) | 160 3.1.2 Aerated Soft Drinks nd Non-Alcoholic Beer There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A5 Tax Structure of Aerated Soft Drinks and Non-Alcoholic Beer 2201 Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2009-Jun.2010 40 sene per litre 40 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2010-Jun.2011 40 sene per litre 40 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2011-Jun.2012 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2012-Jun.2013 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 44 sene per litre 44 sene per litre (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2016-Jun.2017 51 sene per liter 51 sene per liter (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2017-Jun.2018 52.5 sene per liter 52.5 sene per liter (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2018-Jun.2019 52.5 sene per liter 52.5 sene per liter (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2019-Jun.2020 52.5 sene per liter 52.5 sene per liter (CIF+Customs N/A $1 per litre duty+excise tax) | 161 3.2 Sugar Excise has been applied on both imported and locally produced sugar since 2016. VAGST is applied on imported sugar products; however, the locally produced sugar products are exempt from GST. Customs duty is applied on sugar with rate of 8 percent. All sugar products in Samoa are imported. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A6 Tax Structure of Raw Beet Sugar, in Solid Form and Cane Sugar 2201 Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2009-Jun.2010 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2010-Jun.2011 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2011-Jun.2012 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2012-Jun.2013 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2016-Jun.2017 5% or 8% or Free 5% or 8% or Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2017-Jun.2018 5% or 8% 5% or 8% (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2018-Jun.2019 5% or 8% 5% or 8% (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2019-Jun.2020 5% or 8% 5% or 8% (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) N.B. (i) Sales volume of the export is excluded for calculation for all years; (ii) In the year of 2016-17 and 2017-18, Raw beet sugar, in solid form and others are classified under 17011200 is 5% excise and cane or beet sugar, containing added flavor or coloring is 8%. Data source Price data is sourced from Samoa Consumer Price Index (http://www.sbs.gov.ws/cpi); Tax and sales volume data is obtained from Samoa Customs and Revenue. | 162 3.3 Syrups and Similar Products There have no changes to the tax structure of syrups and similar products in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A7 Tax Structure of Raw Beet Sugar, in Solid Form & Cane Sugar 1702 Excise Tax GST Customs Duty (Maple Sugar, Maple Syrup) Present 5% 15% 8% Proposed for future 10% 15% 15% Table A8 Sugar Confectionery 1704 (Chewing Gum, White Chocolate, Lollies) Excise Tax GST Customs Duty – Excluding Milk Chocolate Present 5% 15% 20% Proposed for future 10% 15% 25% Table A9 . Sweet biscuits, waffles and wafers 1905.3110 (Biscuits Containing Cream or Chocolate) 1905.3190 (Other Sweet Biscuits) Excise Tax GST Customs Duty 1905.3220 (Waffles, Wafers Containing Chocolate/Cream) 1905.3290 (Waffles, Wafers-) Present 8% 15% 20% Proposed for Jan 2021 10% 15% 25% | 163 3.4 Salt Samoa is among the few countries that apply excise on salt. Excise has been imposed on salt since July 2016, VAGST is applied only on imported salt. Customs duty is applied on imported salt at the rate of 8 percent. All salt products in Samoa are imported. The sales volume and tax revenue has been kept stable during all 4 observing years. The sales volume declined slightly by 7.6 percent in the fiscal year of 2016-17 when excise was introduced but was increased again in the following year of 2017-18. Similar to sugar products, the tax collection on salt products has been well enforced. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A10 Tax Structure of Salt 2501 Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on 5% or Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) Jul.2016-April.2018 15% imposed on 8% or Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on 5% N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) April.2018-current 15% imposed on 8% N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) | 164 3.5 Noodles, Bakers Ware and Snack Products Excise has been imposed on imported noodles, bakers ware and snack products since April 2018, while it has been imposed on local manufactured noodles, bakers ware and snack products since January 2019. VAGST is only applied on imported products of this category at the rate of 15 percent. Customs duty is imposed on imported goods of this category at the rate of 8 percent. No changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table 11 Tax Structure of Noodles, Bakers Ware and Snack Products 2501 Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2016-Aun.2017 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Apr. 2018-Dec.2018 8% N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jan.2019-current 8% 8% (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) | 165 3.8 Cocoa Butter, Fat and Oil Excise was introduced to imported cocoa butter, fat and oil since Sep. 2018, Before 2015, VAGST is only applied on imported products of this category with the rate of 15%, customs duty is imposed on imported goods of this category with the rate of 8%. No changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table 12 Tax Structure of Cocoa Butter, Fat and Oil 2501 Excise Tax GST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2016-Aun.2017 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Apr. 2018- Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% Dec.2018 duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jan.2019-current Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) | 166 3.7 Meat When cigarettes, alcohol, gasoline and SSBs were already taxed world wide through excise or ‘sin taxes’ to help pay for their hidden or environmental costs, meat was only gradually put into the sin tax profile in a few countries due to the health hazard of meat consumption and environmental degradation of meat production. Samoa started to introduce excise on turkey tails and customs duty on mutton flaps in 2018. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. 3.7.1 Turkey Tails Excise applied to imported turkey tails in April 2018 at the rate of 10 percent. VAGST was applied to imported turkey tails at the rate of 15 percent and a customs duty of 20 percent. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A13 Tax Structure of Turkey Tails 0207 Excise Tax VAGST Customs Duty Imported Local produced Imported Local produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2016-Aun.2017 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Apr. 2018-Dec.2018 10% N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jan.2019-current 10% N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) | 167 3.7.2 Meat of Goats, Fresh, Chilled or Frozen There is no excise applied on meat of goats; VAGST is imposed on imported meat of sheep or goats with the rate of 15 percent. Customs duty has been imposed on imported meat of sheep or goats since April 2018 with the rate of 20 percent. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A14 Tax Structure of Meat of Goats, Fresh, Chilled or Frozen 2501 Excise Tax GST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2016-June.2017 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2017-March.2018 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on April 2018-Jun.2019 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2019-current Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) | 168 3.7.3 Meat of Sheep, Fresh, Chilled or Frozen There is no excise applied on meat of sheep; VAGST is imposed on imported meat of sheep or goats at the rate of 15 percent. Customs duty has been imposed on imported meat of sheep or goats since April 2018 with the rate of 20 percent. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A15 Tax Structure of Meat of Sheep, Fresh, Chilled or Frozen 0204 Excise Tax GST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on July.2016-June.2017 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2017- Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A N/A March.2018 duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on April 2018-Jun.2019 Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2019-current Free N/A (CIF+Customs N/A 20% duty+excise tax) | 169 3.7.4 Frozen Chicken Cuts There is no excise applied on chicken, VAGST is imposed on imported chicken at the rate of 15 percent. Customs duty has been introduced since April 2018 at the rate of 10 percent. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table A16 Tax Structure of Meat of Sheep, Fresh, Chilled or Frozen 0207 Excise Tax GST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Jul.2013-Jun.2014 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A Free duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2014-Jun.2015 Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A Free duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2015-Jun.2016 Free Free (CIF+Customs 15% Free duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on July.2016-June.2017 Free Free (CIF+Customs 15% Free duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on Jul.2017-March.2018 Free Free (CIF+Customs 15% Free duty+excise tax) 15% imposed on April 2018-current Free Free (CIF+Customs 15% 10% duty+excise tax) 3.7.5 Pork (All Cuts, Fresh and Frozen, Processed Pork Meat Such as Ham) There is no excise applied on chicken, VAGST is imposed on imported chicken at the rate of 15 percent. Customs duty has been introduced since April 2018 at the rate of 10 percent. There have been no changes to the tax structure in CY 2020 and as of June 2021. Table 17 Tax Structure of Pork (swine) 02.03 Excise Tax GST Customs Duty Imported Locally produced Imported Locally produced Imported 15% imposed on Current Free Free (CIF+Customs N/A 8% duty+excise tax) | 170 Photography throughout Cover Preparing the Samoan Umu Purchased from iStock (contact N Hawley for receipt) Page 13 Samoan Buses in Apia Purchased from Dreamstime (contact N Hawley for receipt) Page 21 Coconuts in traditional Samoan baskets Purchased from iStock (contact N Hawley for receipt) Page 25 Traditional Samoan Fale (Lepea Village) Nicola Hawley Coconut Tree Purchased from iStock (contact N Hawley for receipt) Page 29 Enumerators administering survey Nicola Hawley Page 34 Samoan Children Purchased from Dreamstime (contact N Hawley for receipt) Page 40 Fruits & Vegetables, Fruit Market, Apia Nicola Hawley Page 55 Downtown Apia Purchased from iStock (contact N Hawley for receipt) Page 60 Coastline with rainbow Purchased from iStock (contact N Hawley for receipt) | 171 | 172