Biosecurity in aquaculture Franck CJ Berthe Senior Livestock Specialist Agriculture Global Practice • Aquaculture is a complex and dynamic sector, with potential to meet the Aquaculture increasing global demand for food and deliver on the Bank’s twin goals • Diseases are a major constraint to the development and sustainability of and the sector; they have a huge economic impact although there is a need for more systematic and thorough assessment of these impacts Biosecurity • As a general principle, prevention is better than cure: investing in prevention is justified by the high returns on investments • The Bank in partnership with technical agencies is currently developing the Progressive Management Pathway (PMP), which provides a step- wise approach to LMICs, and opportunities for involving private and public sectors, and maximizing financing • There is a need to harness a global financial architecture to provide support to LMICs in their investments, for which the Bank has a competitive advantage Aquaculture is increasingly important to global food security In 2014, for the first time, aquaculture supplied more fish that capture fisheries in terms of food supply. It is one of the fastest growing food producing sectors: one fish out of two on the market comes from aquaculture. • The average consumption per capita has doubled since 1950 • It provides a valuable source of high- quality proteins and nutrients • It provides employment for about 20 million people Aquaculture contribution to food security Farmed fish is produced predominantly by a segment of commercial and increasingly intensive farms, and overwhelmingly remains in domestic markets for consumption by poor and middle- income consumers in both urban and rural areas, making an important but underappreciated contribution to global food security 1.5 billion people, mostly in Africa and Asia, depend on fish for healthy nutrition Economic impact of diseases in aquaculture Disease/Pathogen Host Impacts/Reference “Future growth in White spot syndrome (WSS) Shrimp USD 100M in Mexico (Hernandez-Llamas et al. 2014) fish production will Abalone viral ganglioneuritis (AVG) Abalone USD 10M in Australia between 2005-2015 (Lafferty et al. 2015) come from Infectious salmon anaemia (ISA) Salmon USD 11M in Norway; USD 14M in Canada; USD 29M in UK (Bondad-Reantaso et. al. 2005) USD 2B in Chile from 2007 until present aquaculture and Epizootic ulcerative syndrome (EUS) Finfish 1993-1991 outbreaks in Thailand – USD 100M (FAO 2009) disease problems are one of the factors Infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) Shrimp End of 2005: USD 440M in Brasil (Andrade 2007) 2009-2014: USD 265.5M accumulated loss (Ramsden 2016) that may affect the Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease Shrimp >USD 1B combined loss estimate for China, Vietnam, Malaysia, Thailand and Mexico prospects of this (AHPND) (Zorriehzahra & Banaederakhshan 2015; World Bank 2014) sector� Tilapia lake virus (TiLV) Tilapia Thailand: 20-90% mortality… no $ figures yet Stage Progression in the Progressive Management Pathway Description of National Stages 4 Stage 4 achievement STAGE Evidence: national policy supported in law with legal and financial commitments. Evidence Sustainable & resilient MAINTAIN 4 base supports confidence in International confidence in national aquaculture and 3 STAGE national aquaculture ecosystem health, and in capacity management maintained to prevent and respond to threats sector and evidenced at national level National Biosecurity Stage 3 achievement 2 STAGE FROM 3 to 4 Evidence: performance indicators for System in place Management system proven to be a functioning national system that addresses risks, includes systematic competent and capable to sustain surveillance and evidence for health Biosecurity in specific aquaculture health status (pathogen freedom) 1 STAGE sectors/compartments FROM 2 to 3 Stage 2 achievement Evidence: evidence of sufficient National Biosecurity Management system stakeholder application of biosecurity plans; evidence that a task force is Assessment of gaps and plan adopted by sectors or compartments effective, and problems encountered identification of priorities are being addressed FROM 1 to 2 Stage 1 achievement evidence: Risk assessment and prioritisation are performed, Establish the co-regulation and co- and a Strategic Biosecurity Action Plan is ownership of the pathway between public and private sector stakeholders developed with stakeholders Reducing • Landscape AAH Peru, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and Disease in Madagascar Aquaculture – Relevant productive sector with participation in exports and potential for expansion by Investing in • Methodology for ex-ante modelling of Health investment in AAH management and biosecurity – Adaptable to country and productive scenarios Management – Inform prioritization and implementation of activities • Sound arguments for increased investments in AAH – Public good as it increases profit, creates jobs and fosters food security – Inform policy dialogue Key Messages • Disease has a strong impact on production – Decrease GM by up to 50% – Animal health and welfare – Efficiency in production • Vaccination as a public good – Reduce use of AM – High uptake in open water systems maximizes benefits – Increased production towards food security, (international) trade, rural employment, livelihoods, etc. • Disease freedom needs to be assessed on a case-by-case basis – Disease freedom is the highest level of protection, but not necessarily optimal Methodology Step Methods and objective Typical Farm Model (TFM) for a selected sector Standardized methodology to develop virtual farm level datasets that can provide insights into the economics of a production system. TFMs can be used to identify barrier to development and unused potentials of aquaculture production. Gross Margin of TFM for productive sector Estimates the total annual production and revenue based on revenues and operating costs directly linked to production. Gross Margin for “utopian production� (zero Based on GBADs, the economic status quo at farm level is determined and a theoretical maximum production from the farm mortality) under “utopian� conditions is calculated, i.e. in the absence of all mortality and costs associated with disease and health. Cost-benefit analysis of potential interventions Assess the potential economic benefit for farm-level interventions. The model structure allowed mortality, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and stocking levels to be iteratively adjusted to determine the break-even points for interventions (where the benefits equaled the costs). Conclusion • Improved AAH management is crucial for sustainable aquaculture • Significant potential economic benefits of investing in improved AAH management • Government intervention an imperative for – High uptake of vaccination – Disease freedom • Government investments in biosecurity reduces risk and will encourage private investment in aquaculture • Economic analyses are needed to support decision making about resource allocation to AAH – Constrained by lack of robust data Biosecurity in aquaculture Franck CJ Berthe Senior Livestock Specialist Agriculture Global Practice