The World Bank Environmental & Social Systems Assessment INDIA: Animal Health System Support for Improved One Health (AHSSOH) (P177671) 24 September 2022 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment TABLE OF CONTENTS EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................. 1 1 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ....................................................................................................... 7 1.1 Background and Context......................................................................................................... 7 1.2 Government Program ............................................................................................................. 8 1.3 Program Development Objective ......................................................................................... 11 1.4 Program Beneficiaries ........................................................................................................... 12 1.5 Key Result Areas.................................................................................................................... 12 1.6 Government Program and Bank Financed Program ............................................................. 16 1.7 Geographic Scope ................................................................................................................. 18 1.8 Institutional and Implementation Arrangements ................................................................. 19 1.9 Borrower’s Previous Experience ........................................................................................... 19 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS ASSESSMENT ......................................... 21 2.1 Environmental Context ......................................................................................................... 21 2.2 Social Context........................................................................................................................ 23 2.3 Objectives of ESSA ................................................................................................................ 25 2.4 Methodology ......................................................................................................................... 26 2.5 Report Structure ................................................................................................................... 27 3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS ............................................. 28 3.1 Environmental Benefits......................................................................................................... 28 3.2 Social Benefits ....................................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Potential Environmental Risks and Adverse Effects ............................................................. 29 3.4 Potential Social Risks and Adverse Effects ............................................................................ 31 3.5 Environmental and Social Risk/Benefits Matrix .................................................................... 32 3.6 Indirect and Cumulative Impacts .......................................................................................... 42 4 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS ................................... 43 4.1 Program Assessment............................................................................................................. 43 4.2 Institutional Arrangement and Gaps .................................................................................... 44 4.3 Legal and Regulatory System ................................................................................................ 46 4.4 Existing Environmental and Social Practices in Participating States ..................................... 47 4.1 Environmental and Social Management System Assessed Against Core Principles ............. 55 4.5 Grievance Redressal Mechanism .......................................................................................... 60 5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE................................................ 62 5.1 Stakeholder consultations .................................................................................................... 62 5.2 Summary of Multi-stakeholder consultation workshop ....................................................... 64 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 5.3 Disclosure .............................................................................................................................. 66 6 RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................................................................................ 67 6.1 Exclusion of High-Risk Activities............................................................................................ 67 6.2 Key Recommendations ......................................................................................................... 67 ANNEXURES ...................................................................................................................................... 70 Annexure – 1: List of Relevant Documents Reviewed ..................................................................... 71 Annexure – 2: Key Officials Consulted .............................................................................................. 72 Annexure – 3: Applicable Legal And Regulatory Framework............................................................ 73 Annexure – 4: Description Of E&S Management System And Capacity Assessment ....................... 80 Annexure – 5: Details of Stakeholder Consultation Workshops ....................................................... 95 Annexure – 6: Screening Format for Environmental and Social Risks/Impacts ................................ 99 Annexure – 7: Grievance Redressal ................................................................................................ 103 List of Table Table 1: LHDCP Schemes and Sub-Schemes......................................................................................... 9 Table 2: LHDCP Results Areas (RAs) ................................................................................................... 9 Table 3: PHSSP and AHSSOH One Health Coordination Measures ................................................... 11 Table 4: LHDCP and PforR Program Scope ........................................................................................ 17 Table 5: Program Financing.................................................................................................................. 18 Table 6: The Program Expenditure Framework.................................................................................... 18 Table 7: Status of capacity utilization of existing CBWMTFs of these 5 states is as under ................. 22 Table 8: BMW Management during Covid-19 pandemic (Early pandemic June-Dec 2020) ............... 22 Table 9: Livestock Ownership Among Different Social Groups .......................................................... 25 Table 10: Level of Concern with Potential Environmental Impacts and Risks associated with Construction Activates .......................................................................................................................... 29 Table 11: Level of Concern with Potential Environmental Impacts and Risks associated with Operational Aspects .............................................................................................................................. 30 Table 12: Environmental and Social Risks and Benefits ...................................................................... 32 Table 13: State-wise Summary of Key Environmental Concerns ........................................................ 48 Table 14: State-wise Summary of Key Social Concerns ...................................................................... 50 Table 15: Consultations Undertaken for Preparation of ESSA ............................................................. 62 Table 16: Input to Program Action Plan ............................................................................................... 68 List of Figures Figure 1: Rural Monthly Income .......................................................................................................... 24 Figure 2: Institutional Ecosystem for BMW Operations of Veterinary Facilities ............................... 45 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment ABBREVIATIONS AH Animal Health AHD Animal Husbandry Department AMR Anti- Microbial Resistance BMGF Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation BMWM Bio-medical Waste Management BMWTF Bio-medical Waste Management Treatment Facility CADRAD Centre for Animal Disease Research and Diagnosis CBWTF Common Bio-medical Waste Treatment Facility CHW Community Health Worker CPCB Central Pollution Control Board CSF Classical Swine Fever DAHD Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) ESSA Environmental and Social Systems Assessment FBD Food borne diseases FMD Foot and Mouth Disease FSSAI Food Safety and Standards Authority of India GAHP Good Animal Husbandry Practice GDP Gross Domestic Products GHG Greenhouse gases GoI Government of India HCF Health Care Facility ICAR Indian Council for Agriculture Research IARI Indian Agricultural Research Institute ICMR Indian Council for Medical Research IDSP Integrated Disease Surveillance Programme IHIP Integrated Health Information Platform INFAH Indian Federation of Animal Health Companies ISO International Organization for Standardization IVA Independent Verification Agency KFD Kyasanur Forest Disease KPI Key Performance Indicators LHDCP Livestock Health and Disease Control Program LHDCS Livestock Health and Disease Control Scheme LIMS Laboratory Information Management System Environmental & Social Systems Assessment MoEFCC Ministry of Environment, Forestry and Climate Change MoFAHD Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying MoHFW Ministry of Health and Family Welfare MVU Mobile Veterinary Unit NABL National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories NADCP National Animal Disease Control Program NADRS National Animal Disease Reporting System NCDC National Centre for Disease Control NDDB National Dairy Development Board NLM National Livestock Mission NIVEDI National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics OBC Other Backward Castes OH One Health OHSC One Health Steering Committee OHSU One Health Support Unit PDO Program Development Objective(s) PMU Project Management Unit PPP Public Private Participation PPR Peste des Petits Ruminants disease QAQC Quality Assurance, Quality Control RA Result Areas RDDL Regional Disease Diagnostic Laboratories RTI Right To Information SC Scheduled Caste SPCB State Pollution Control Board SPIU State Program Implementing Unit SSP State Strategic Plan ST Scheduled Tribe TSA Technical Support Agency VCI Veterinary Council of India VF Veterinary Facility VI Veterinary Institutions WB World Bank Environmental & Social Systems Assessment EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. Environmental and Social Systems Assessment. An Environmental and Social systems Assessment (ESSA) for the Animal Health System Support for Improved One Health (AHSSOH) program has been completed in line with the World Bank guidance for Program for Results (PforR) financing operations. The ESSA assesses the key environmental and social (E&S) risks and impacts associated with the AHSSOH program interventions, and the gaps in existing institutional and operational systems and capacities to manage the E & S risks and impacts; and recommends measures for addressing the gaps and enhancing the overall environmental and social sustainability in the Animal Health (AH) sector. The ESSA process involved i) desk review of key reports, studies and guidelines associated with government programs1; ii) organization of workshops and meetings with key officials from the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) and Animal Husbandry Departments (AHDs) from the participating states of Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh, along with other key stakeholder institutions; iii) consultations with other stakeholders. The assessment also benefitted from written inputs received from AHDs of the participating states, and Bank’s ongoing experience with livestock-based livelihoods as well as AH service delivery among excluded communities. 2. Consultations. Two multi-stakeholder workshops were conducted during June 22-24, 2022, and included dedicated consultation with NGOs, CBOs, community resource persons (CRPs), and field level officials related to AH from all participating states, including representatives from tribal areas; and another consultation with key AHD officials and other stakeholder department officials. The consultation reconfirmed the gaps and measures identified in ESSA. The draft ESSA report was shared with the DAHD and the AHDs of the participating states for their comments and feedback. In addition, it was disclosed on the World Bank external website to seek further feedback and suggestions. The revised draft ESSA report will be disclosed on the DAHD website and the World Bank’s external website prior to negotiations. 3. In addition, extensive consultations with government counterparts and their various state and field level officials took place during the Program identification and preparation missions. 4. Environment and Social Benefits and Risks. The AHSSOH Program will deliver significant environmental and social benefits through improved coordination pertaining to One Health, improved diagnostic infrastructure and capacity; increased preparedness to prevent and manage disease outbreaks; improved delivery of animal health services to communities; and improved community capacity to deal with AH, and in turn protecting the livelihood of the community/ farmers especially for the small and marginal farmers whose dependance are higher on livestock. 5. The key environmental risks relate to biosafety and Operational Health and safety concerns in labs and diagnostic facilities and the management of biomedical waste (including liquid, e-waste, pharmaceutical, carcass and other hazardous wastes) in the mobile veterinary units, laboratories, veterinary clinics, slaughterhouses, and wet markets/local markets in urban and rural areas. Temporary construction induced environmental impacts during physical upgradation of select laboratories and occupational health & safety concerns of workers/field staff (working in veterinary facilities & hazardous waste management activities), are other key environmental risks. The social risk of the proposed Program is Moderate. Upgradation of diagnostic, veterinary and market facilities will involve civil works for repair, maintenance, and renovation. These works will be within the existing physical footprint of facilities, and land acquisition, resettlement or involuntary resettlement impacts are not expected. Adequate safeguard measures will be implemented to mitigate any health and safety risks for laborers employed in these small-scale works. Managing worker health and safety risks in diagnostic facilities and waste management activities, as well as community health and safety risks associated with biomedical waste management are key social risks associated with the program. Other social risks relate 1 This includes the LHDC, ASCAD, NADCP & NADRS. 1 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment to poor access to quality veterinary services in remote, hilly, and difficult to reach areas, including tribal areas, migratory routes/settlements and disaster-prone areas; lower access of women livestock farmers and small holders from vulnerable communities to AH and veterinary services; low levels of community awareness about, and engagement with, AH and zoonotic diseases; and e) weak capacity of frontline workers on OH/AH. Risk mitigation will include, among others: (i) occupational health and safety measures for workers, para-veterinarians, and communities; (ii) outreach to remote tribal pockets; (ii) community engagement and awareness building concerning AH/OH, including behavioral changes in communication approaches; and (iii) strengthening the coordination mechanism with other departments, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and local governments. The overall E&S risk is rated ‘Moderate’. given that most of the E&S risks could be effectively mitigated and managed through strengthening of existing E&S systems and capacities. 6. Environmental and Social systems Assessment: The provisions of the existing environmental legal and regulatory framework are adequate but require enabling institutional systems and technical capacity to ensure enforcement. While the provisions of the Biomedical Waste Management & Handling) Rules, 2016 – as amended up to 2019, and provisions of other relevant environmental Acts, such as, hazardous, solid, plastic and E-waste Rules 2016 require additional capacity building efforts. There are significant gaps in the operational compliances in veterinary facilities (like limited authorization to SPCBs, incomplete inventorization of VFs in participating states, limited registrations to a Common BMWTF, lapses in record keeping and reporting mechanisms, noncompliance to required bar coding system etc.) as per the requirement of Biomedical Waste Management & Handling Rules. The wastes generated during the services provided at the doorsteps of the beneficiary households/ villagers by the veterinary staffs, and the disposal of dead animals are often left to the community/ villagers and have no proper disposal mechanisms. Unchecked deep burial is being practiced in many areas of the participating states. Waste generated through MVUs are brought back for disposal at Vet hospital/ Dispensary – however, any organic waste/ animal waste is often openly disposed of by the villagers. Management of waste in slaughterhouses and wet markets is the responsibility of local municipalities and is mostly mismanaged and highly unorganized in the participating states. Women are more at risk for contracting any disease from animals, as the rural women provide most of the production labor, which includes managing animal fodder and nutrition, milking, animal health, manure management, and overseeing pen cleaning etc. along with generally taking care of the animals at home. Most of the states currently don’t have any guideline or standard operating procedure ( SoP) for occupational and community health and safety measures. 7. The existing legislative framework is adequate to ensure social sustainability and the protection of interest of marginalized and vulnerable population including women, the elderly, the differently abled, Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled castes (SC), women headed households, informal sector workers (including domestic workers, laborers, and construction workers). It ensures (a) protection of the interest of all the vulnerable population as mentioned above, (b) non-discrimination based on religion, race, caste, and gender, and (c) transparency with right to information. While no personal data is collected during surveillance, the Government of India (GoI) and the State Governments including DAHD, and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and their state departments have experience in protection of personal data through its various surveillance programs through established standard operating procedures for data protection. The data protection would be also guided by India’s upcoming Data Protection Bill which is soon expected to become the legislation. The building and other constructions workers related act, and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 further strengthens the labor related framework and legislations. However, it requires enabling institutional, capacity, and regular monitoring to comply with. 8. The institutional mechanism of the AHDs at the state, district, and field level are well defined and are further supported by para vets and community volunteers such as Gopal Mitra, and Pashu Sakhi etc. at the field level to provide services at the doorstep. The mechanism for training AHD staffs at district and block level and the para vets, Gopal Mitra, and Pashu Sakhi etc. are well laid out. However, 2 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment they need strengthening and regular training on E&S aspects. While there are veterinary institutions even in remote areas and tribal areas in most of the participating states, in many cases they are not functional at full capacity as they lack having adequate number of doctors, and other technical staffs. This has been a common issue faced by most of the states. To further strengthen the provision of services in these areas is through mobile veterinary units (MVUs). All the Program participating states face staff shortage, and hence rely on para-veterinarians and community AH workers, mobile vet units (MVUs) and vet camps to cover tribal and underserved areas. The PforR seeks to increase the number of veterinary paraprofessionals and community health workers and provide them with required trainings ( RA3 and R5 ). The animal vaccination drives are the key events when the consultations and awareness creation are being undertaken in most of the states. In addition, veterinarians, para vets, Gopal Mitra, and Pashu Sakhi do the communication on animal diseases and related precautions and practices. All the paraprofessionals and community workers are part of the local community, familiar with local customs, and speak local language/ tribal language. Under the proposed program, the RA 2 (veterinary service provision) and RA 5 (strengthening community level AH management) will streamline and strengthen the community engagement and stakeholder communication interventions through increased access of livestock farmers to quality veterinary services, scaling up the outreach through MVUs, capacity building of paravets, community service providers and livestock farmers, focus on women and livestock farmers in underserved aeras, community awareness campaigns, communication activities, outreach for and , MVUs, veterinary camps. These interventions are directly addressing the gaps that have been identified by Program participating states. 9. Excluded Activities: Activities causing high or substantial E&S risks and impacts are not financed under the current program. The Program will not Finance; (i) activities that could affect physical cultural resources; (ii) convert or encroach forests, notified wetlands or eco-sensitive areas; (iii) activities that could cause large-scale submergence beyond the drainage line; (iv) the conversion of common property resources, including grazing lands; (v) activities that could restrict minimum ecological flows of rivers and rivulets; (vi) activities that could cause land acquisition and/or involuntary resettlement; (vii) activities that could engage child and forced labor; (viii) the use Class I toxic pesticides; and (ix) the use or generation of hazardous materials or chemicals beyond permissible levels, as specified in Schedule II of the Hazardous Waste Handling and Management Rules of 2016. Construction of new Biosafety Level 3 (BSL 3) labs or upgradation of a BSL2 to a BSL3 labs will not be funded under the current program. 10. Recommended E&S measures. The ESSA recommendations focus on strengthening the national and state level systems and processes, institutional arrangements for implementation, management, and reporting of E&S aspects through recommendations to Program Action Plan (PAP) actions as well as recommendations that can be addressed through actions towards strengthening systems and processes in the Program Implementation Manual. 11. The key recommendations have been included in the Program Action Plan (PAP) are: a. Appointment of Environment and Social Safeguards Nodal Officers in DAHD and 5 participating State AHDs, with clearly defined responsibilities for implementing and managing all recommended ESSA actions under AHSSOH program. b. OH/AH specific E and S guidelines prepared and adopted (customized to AHD activities) for addressing measures with respect to; biosafety, biosecurity, waste management (biomedical, e-waste, liquid waste, other Hazardous wastes), occupational and community health and safety for department staffs, paraprofessionals, and community in general c. Development of OH/AH training modules on core ES topics, Implementation of E&S trainings as per designed schedule for AHD staffs, field workers, communities, and beneficiaries. d. The State Diagnostic and Strategy to include Environment and Social Modules/sections with a focus on (a) Sustainable Waste management in Veterinary facilities; (b) increased 3 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment coverage and quality of AH/Vet services in remote/ tribal areas, pastoralist and vulnerable communities; (c) service provision in areas cut-off due to natural disasters/flooding; (d) consultations with livestock groups, PRI representatives, women’s federation; and (e) inclusive beneficiary targeting. e. Conduct of annual audit of BMW & other waste(s) (including Liquid wastes), by a specialized agency, and compliance to recommended actions and audit observations. 12. The recommendations towards Program implementation manual (PIM) includes: a. Safeguard Screening of facility upgradation sites and works with respect to E&S Safeguard aspects, and incorporation of essential E&S safeguard measures in design, construction and operation of diagnostic facilities/ laboratories and veterinary facilities. b. Design and implementation of OH/AH focused communication products and campaigns facilitated by field officials, community workers and NGO partners targeting key stakeholders. c. Participating states to coordinate with respective State Pollution Control boards on biomedical waste tracking and reporting in its veterinary facilities and diagnostic laboratories (including the adoption of mandated bar-coding systems). AHSSOH will leverage from the learnings of the Health Pandemic Preparation PforR. d. Awareness building on various Grievance Redressal options available to citizens; Quarterly consolidation and reporting of grievances (received, resolved, pending) related to AH/OH and veterinary services. e. DAHD to share E&S progress reports to the world bank, based on inputs from participating program states. f. Laboratory Information Management System to have dedicated sections on Environmental and Social risk management. g. Organization of knowledge events, workshops, trainings and exchange visits on E and S aspects, with necessary external partnerships as well as support from World Bank. 13. Input to Program Action Plan (PAP). The table below presents the PAP actions with key responsibilities, timeline, and measures of completion. Action Description Responsibil Recur Frequency Due Date Completion ity rent Measurement Appointment of Environment DAHD/ No One time Within 3 Both Environmental and Social Safeguards Nodal AHDs in months of Nodal Officers and Officials in DAHD and the 5 Participatin effectiveness Social Nodal State AHDs with key g state Officers are responsibility for appointed/ implementing and managing designated in all ESSA actions under DAHD and 5 AHDs AHSSOH program OH/AH specific E and S DAHD/ No One time Within 12 OH/AH specific guidelines prepared and AHDs in months of E&S guideline adopted customized to AHD Participatin effectiveness prepared by DAHD; activities addressing g state and adopted by biosafety, biosecurity, waste AHDs in the management (biomedical, e- participating states. waste, liquid waste, other Hazardous wastes), occupational and community 4 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Action Description Responsibil Recur Frequency Due Date Completion ity rent Measurement health and safety for department staffs, paraprofessionals, and community in general Development of OH/AH AHDs in No One time Within 12 Online and in- training modules on core ES Participatin preparation months of person course topics, and preparation of E g state of training effectiveness modules available and S training schedule for modules; and part of the AHD AHD staffs, field workers, Training training schedule communities and will be beneficiaries continuous process The State Diagnostic and AHDs in No One time. Within 12 Approved State Strategy to include participatin To be months of Strategic Plans Environment and Social g state updated effectiveness submitted to DAHD Modules/ sections focusing along with addressing key areas on (a) Sustainable Waste state mentioned. management in Veterinary strategic facilities; (b) increased plans coverage and quality of AH/Vet services in remote/ tribal areas, pastoralist and vulnerable communities; (c) service provision in areas cut- off due to natural disasters/flooding; (d) consultations with livestock groups, PRI representatives, women’s federation; and (e) inclusive beneficiary targeting Conduct of annual audit of State AHDs Yes Yearly First Audit to Audits approved BMW & other waste(s) done within and submitted to (including Liquid wastes), by 12 months of DAHD a specialized agency, and effectiveness compliance to recommended actions and audit observations 14. Stakeholder consultations and disclosures. Multiple rounds of stakeholder consultations, workshops and meetings were held with program officials from the Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Odisha States, as well as officials from other agencies. The consultations and discussions focused on existing mechanisms, capacities, and practices concerning key environmental and social aspects in the AH sector. These interactions were conducted through a virtual mode, as In- person meetings were restricted due to COVID-19 travel restrictions/protocols. Two multi-stakeholder workshops were conducted during 22-24th June 2022 and included dedicated consultation with NGOs, CBOs, community resource persons (CRPs), and field level officials related to AH from all participating states and including from tribal areas; and another one with key AHD officials and other stakeholder department officials. The consultation reconfirmed the gaps and measures identified in ESSA. The draft ESSA report was shared with the DAHD and the AHDs of the participating states for their comments and feedback. In addition, it was disclosed on the World Bank external websites to seek further feedback and suggestions. The revised draft ESSA report will be disclosed on the DAHD website and the World Bank’s external website prior to negotiation. 5 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 15. Citizen engagement. The AHSSOH Program will enhance public outreach and citizen’s engagement in the animal health and veterinary services sector through: (i) behavior change, public awareness and information campaigns targeting livestock farmers, community AH workers, and other value chain actors on animal health-related issues; (ii) targeted outreach efforts to mobilize women, vulnerable farmers and other end users in extension activities and training programs, and increase their access to and use of veterinary facilities; (iii) annual satisfaction surveys of end-users of veterinary service provision; and (iv) strengthening of service standards on AH service delivery and existing grievance redress mechanisms. 16. Grievance redress mechanism. The AHSSOH program’s participating states will leverage the existing country systems to receive, resolve and manage grievances, mainly through call centers and toll-free numbers. In Participating states, Grievances are received, tracked and resolved through online state portals as well as through departmental systems and district grievance mechanisms that vary across states. Citizens can seek information from the department through the Right to Information (RTI) Act. At the national level, the Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) is an online web-enabled system (https://pgportal.gov.in/) in association with the Directorate of Public Grievances (DPG) and the Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) is also available to citizens for grievance registration and redressal. Most of the beneficiary groups and community in general uses call centers, CM’s grievance portal and/or the manually written complaints at the local district offices of the AHDs. DAHD also has a separate unit to handle complaints submitted through CPGRAMS with a Joint Secretary rank officer overseeing the process. These channels – both at national level and at state level are functional and data on grievances received and resolved are tracked and reported on regular basis. While the grievance tracking, and escalation mechanisms do exist but are not well disseminated and well understood among many stakeholders. The AHSSOH Program will support the strengthening of GRM reporting systems and GRM related communication campaigns targeting beneficiary communities. 6 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 1 PROGRAM DESCRIPTION 1.1 Background and Context 17. India has one of the largest livestock populations in the world, with the sector significantly contributing to India’s agricultural GDP. The livestock census (2019) estimates India’s livestock population at 536 million2. Globally, India has the largest buffalo population, and the second largest cattle and goat populations. It also has also one of the largest poultry markets. The livestock sector contributes about 27 percent to agricultural GDP, which amounted to US$ 91.66 billion in 20193. The sector employs 50 percent of the workforce engaged in agriculture and plays a significant role in the livelihoods of millions of people working in the rural economy. There are an estimated 70 million small-scale dairy farms in the country. Livestock is the main source of livelihoods for small and marginal farmers4, contributing to food and nutrition security through the consumption of milk, eggs, and meat, as well as to farm incomes through the sale of livestock and livestock products. Furthermore, livestock is an important asset for many rural households, providing draught power, manure for agricultural production, and insurance against extreme weather. 18. In India, 68 percent of the workforce relies on farming and remains in close contact with domestic animals and poultry, thereby being frequently exposed to sick or infected animals. The high exposure between livestock, people and wildlife poses risks of disease outbreaks. There have been high incidences of endemic zoonotic diseases, including Rabies, Brucellosis, Toxoplasmosis, Cysticercosis, Echinococcosis, Japanese Encephalitis (JE), Leptospirosis, Scrub Typhus, Zoonotic Tuberculosis, and Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD). Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) outbreaks alone are estimated to result in about US$3.3 billion in annual losses through the high mortality of animals, low productivity, and income losses due to reduced export revenues. More recently, the African Swine Fever (ASF) outbreak in March 2020 killed more than 100,000 pigs in the northeastern states of Arunachal Pradesh Assam, and Mizoram. Zoonotic disease outbreaks have also been occurring at regular intervals in India. They include Leptospirosis (2005), the Avian Flu (2006, 2020), NIPAH (2018); SARS (2003), COVID-19 (2020) and the bubonic and pneumonic plague (1994). 19. Lack of awareness about good animal husbandry practices, poor waste management practices and weak food safety enforcement also contribute to disease outbreaks, causing significant economic losses. Globally, Asia and Africa have the highest burden of food-borne diseases, with India bearing the second largest cost of Food borne diseases (FBD) globally. Furthermore, FBDs disproportionately affect children under five years old and are one of the main drivers of stunting. Animal products (and fresh produce) are a major source of food-borne diseases and contribute significantly to the economic burden of FBDs. For example, pathogenic bacteria, such as Salmonella, are commonly found in meat, poultry, seafood and khoa in India. Similarly, E coli 0157 is commonly found in meat, milk, paneer, and ice cream. India has more than 1,176 slaughterhouses and 75 modern abattoirs, as well as hundreds of illegal slaughterhouses. The implementation of disease control mechanisms and food safety standards at critical risk points including slaughter facilities and informal cattle markets is poor contributing to FBD and animal disease outbreaks. 20. India is one of 17 mega-diverse countries, with 7-8 percent of recorded species on 2.4 percent of the earth’s land area. While India has taken significant measures to protect its forest areas well (currently about 24 percent of India’s geographic areas), the quality of forests is degrading in several pockets due to the continued extraction of firewood and open grazing practices by forest fringe livestock owners. These forest- fringe populations are exposed to increased risk of zoonotic diseases that jump to livestock and/or humans. The key issues in the wildlife sector that increase zoonotic disease transmission risks include a lack of 2 This includes 192 million cattle, 109 million buffaloes, 74 million sheep, 148.2 million goats, and about 9 million pigs 3 Trading Economics. www. radingeconomics.com. (2019). 4 Bora, N. (2017). “Vulnerability of the Livestock Sector to Climate Change Condition: A Case of India�. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB). Vol. 2, Issue 1 7 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment systematic disease surveillance, inadequate veterinary capacity, lack of unified protocols with livestock and human health, and lack of a consolidated database on wildlife disease incidence. 21. The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) launched several schemes to strengthen animal health management. The implementation of the overall set of animal health management schemes has achieved some results. However, key challenges remain, including institutional strengthening to enhance the results orientation of such programs, and to adopt a One-Health approach. The key challenges include: a) Veterinary manpower shortages and low Capacities - At the country level, a mere 34,500 field veterinarians are employed for field services as compared to a requirement of 67,000. There is a gap of around 50 percent in the number of available para-veterinarians. The existing veterinary technicians and field support staff (52,000 actively employed) meet less than 20 percent of the need on the ground. There is also a lack of epidemiology training and knowledge among veterinarians, as well as poor service provision capacity by paraprofessionals. b) Operational Health and Safety: There is also lack of operational health and safety measures for the Veterinary staff/para vets/field workers, exposed to hazardous chemicals in laboratories and other veterinary facilities, and required biosafety measures are often inefficient/or completely absent. c) Diagnostic capacity. There is a lack of a standardized sampling framework; training and incentives to field staff to collect and transport samples following proper handling protocols; few diagnostic facilities at the district level; and weak infrastructure and systems for last-mile veterinary service provision and disease diagnostics. d) Biomedical Waste Management: The laboratories often lack environment infrastructure like Effluent treatment plants and access to a common Biomedical treatment facility. Most VFs are plagued with inefficient or poor biomedical waste management practice/systems. e) Disease surveillance and reporting challenges. Gaps include lack of access to disease reporting systems by last-mile staff, and a lack of systematic training and poor incentives for staff to use such systems. Awareness among farmers about the need to report is also a challenge. There is weak coordination with the staff of the wildlife/forest department at the state level for integrating wildlife disease surveillance. 1.2 Government Program 22. The DAHD is implementing an overarching animal health management program, namely the Livestock Health and Disease Control Program (LHDCP). Its objective is to control animal diseases and zoonoses. The program was restructured in 2021 in line with the findings of the OIE PVS evaluation report (2018) and the recommendations of the PSCA (2021). The program consists of: (i) an umbrella Livestock Health and Disease Control Scheme (LHDCS) with sub-components targeting the upgrading of veterinary facilities, control of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) and Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR); and (ii) the National Animal Disease Control Program (NADCP), with two sub-schemes for the control of Food and Mouth Disease (FMD) and Brucellosis (See Table 1). The key objectives of the LHDCP are to maintain a healthy, disease-free livestock population and prevent various zoonotic diseases. The NADCP seeks to control FMD and Brucellosis by 2025 with vaccinations, and to eradicate them by 2030. The program and schemes are strategically highly relevant. Firstly, they contribute directly to national development objectives of doubling farmer incomes, employment generation and entrepreneurship by improving animal health, and increasing livestock productivity and production. Secondly, they contribute to controlling zoonoses and increasing core capacity for animal disease management, thereby helping to reduce the threat of future pandemics. Thirdly, the program contributes to reducing emissions from livestock by improving animal productivity. 8 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Table 1: LHDCP Schemes and Sub-Schemes LHDCP Scheme Brief Description A. Livestock Health and Disease Control Scheme (i) Assistance to States for Control of • Vaccinate against economically important diseases. Animal Diseases (ASCAD) • Control of emergent and exotic diseases. • Support for research innovation, publicity, awareness, and training. • Strengthen disease diagnostic laboratories and biological production units. • National Digital Livestock Mission (NDLM) - streamline reporting of animal diseases using a computerized system to record and monitor the livestock disease situation in the country. • Compensation to farmers for the culling of infected animals. (ii)Establishment and Strengthening of • Help states establish new veterinary hospitals, dispensaries, and Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries Mobile Veterinary Units (MVUs), as well as strengthen/equip the (ESVHD). existing ones. (iii) Peste des Petits Ruminants Control • Vaccination of goat and sheep population against PPR. Programme (PPR). (iv) Classical Swine Fever Control • Vaccination against classical swine fever. Program (CSF – CP) B. National Animal Disease Control Program (NADCP) (i) Foot and Mouth Disease Control • Vaccination against FMD. Program (FMD-CP) (ii) Brucellosis Control Program • Vaccination against Brucellosis. 23. The government has shown a commitment to the LHDCP, and the program has achieved results. Achievements include: (i) the vaccination of 381 million cattle against FMD and the declaration of FMD- free zones in three states; (ii) the introduction of an animal disease reporting system (NADRS); (iii) immunization against other economically important diseases (including Brucellosis and PPR); and (iv) the initiation of a control program for classical swine fever in the northeastern regions. However, these achievements are constrained by the factors noted earlier, and gaps exist. The Government allocated approximately US$462 million from FY2017-18 to FY2020-21 covering all 29 states and 8 union territories. Budgetary allocations to the schemes have been increasing, and about US$140 million was spent in the fiscal year 2020-21. The budgetary allocation for the overall government program for 2021-26 is US$1.3 billion. 24. The restructured LHDCP focuses on building systemic capacity to prevent, manage, and respond to animal diseases. The program seeks to move from a focus on financing inputs to a focus on systemic capacity and outcomes. To do so, it focuses on six Results Areas (RAs) related to key challenges identified in the sector: strengthening institutional capacity for integrated animal health management and OH coordination; improving quality, coverage and access to veterinary services; strengthening disease diagnostic capacity and efficiency; developing and scaling up the use of digital disease surveillance platforms; enhancing community awareness and the adoption of the GAHP; and achieving comprehensive vaccination coverage against the most economically significant animal diseases. (See Table 2). Table 2: LHDCP Results Areas (RAs) Measurable Results I. Strengthen institutional and implementation capacity Strengthen planning, • Evidence-based strategic plans for program implementation focusing on implementation, coordination, and priority diseases and high-risk geographic areas developed and monitoring capacity. implemented by states. • One Heath coordination framework established, and animal disease and Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) data are shared at the state and national 9 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment levels. II. Improve access to quality animal health care and better disease control and management Upgraded veterinary health and • Upgraded animal health service infrastructure in 100 districts. laboratory infrastructure for effective service provision. Functioning Mobile Veterinary Units • Increase in the number of women farmers and farmers in remote locations (MVUs) providing services in remote receiving doorstep services. locations. Enhanced capacity of veterinarians, • Increased proportion of veterinarians, para-veterinarians trained under the para-veterinarians to provide quality updated OH framework. services. III. Building capacity for better diagnostic systems Laboratory and diagnostic facility • Upgraded infrastructure for regional and state laboratories, with relevant capacity upgraded at regional, state, accreditation received. district, and block levels. Training of laboratory manpower in • Good laboratory practices (GLP) adopted by laboratories. good practices. IV. Consolidate and scale up animal health and disease surveillance using information technology (IT) systems Disease reporting under the NDLM is • The NDLM is rolled out in all districts. functional. • Animal disease data is being regularly shared with the human health platform. V. Increased adoption of the GAHP by farmers and other actors along livestock commodity value chains Training, extension systems and • Increased number of farmers adopting the GAHP, biosafety and communication campaigns include biosecurity measures. the GAHP and enhancing coverage of farmers. Training on handling practices for • Increased adoption of safe handling practices and disease screening and staff of identified livestock points, reporting at high-risk sites. including livestock markets and abattoirs. VI. Comprehensive vaccination coverage. Enhanced pace and coverage of • 100% coverage for all nationally important animal diseases. vaccination. 25. The Program will collaborate closely with development partners (DPs) on different aspects of program implementation. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) in India is working on advancing the One Health Framework. It is funding the One Health Technical Support Unit (OHTSU) to support the Ministry of Fisheries Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD) in developing technical capacity on One Health implementation. The OHTSU is anchored in the MoFAHD, and it will support the Program on OH coordination. In addition, the Program will collaborate closely with the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) on research and technical support, as well as with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The DPs will contribute to the technical aspects, including undertaking required assessments. The World Bank Executed Food System 2030 Multi-Donor Trust Fund will provide technical support for analyses and implementation support to the program. 26. Another Bank operation, the Transforming India’s Public Health Systems for Pandemic 10 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Preparedness Program (PHSSP), which was recently approved5; complements the “One Health� framework proposed under areas of the AHSSOH. The PHSSP program aims to strengthen pandemic preparedness and response systems, as well as institutions in India. The PHSSP is anchored in the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), and it will be implemented by various agencies of the MoHFW, including the Department of Health and Research, the National Center for Disease Control (NCDC) and the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). The AHSSOH will also collaborate with the PHSSP on priority areas for One Health, including: (i) strengthening of the OH coordination mechanism among the MoHFW, the MoFAHD and the Ministry of Environment Forestry and Climate Change (MoEFCC); (ii) augmenting Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) data and investigations from the livestock sector into the National AMR Plan led by the NCDC; (iii) instituting disease surveillance data sharing mechanisms; (iv) the development of common national standards and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for priority zoonotic diseases; and (v) the promotion of joint research, including the identification of climate-related zoonotic disease hotspots. There are no overlaps in funding between the PHSSP and AHSSOH PforR Programs. Table 3 summarizes the keys features and OH coordination measures of the AHSSOH and PHSSP programs. Table 3: PHSSP and AHSSOH One Health Coordination Measures Results Areas Linkages to strengthen One Health PHSSP, $500 1. Expanding an Information Technology (IT) million, enabled surveillance system and One Health coordination ▪ Sharing of disease surveillance data 2022-2027 2. Enhancing Bio-security Capacity between animal and human health sectors. 3. Transforming Core Public Health Institutions and Research Agencies ▪ Increased coordination in the detection of zoonotic diseases of human importance through increased sentinel surveillance AHSSOH, $82 1. Strengthening Institutional Capacity for sites. million, 2023- Implementation and Coordination of the One 2028 Health (OH) Framework 2. Enhancing Diagnostic Capacity for Effective ▪ Standardized SOPs and joint investigation and Timely Disease Diagnosis of hot spots. 3. Increasing Access to Quality Veterinary Services ▪ Joint training needs assessment and training 4. Enhancing surveillance capacity for effective of human, livestock and wildlife health animal disease reporting and monitoring personnel. 5. Increasing Community Awareness of Animal Disease Management Practices and Zoonoses ▪ Promotion of joint research platforms to identify priority zoonotic diseases of human importance and develop hotspot maps. 1.3 Program Development Objective 27. The program development objective (PDO) is to increase the quality and coverage of animal health services for livestock farmers and improve One Health coordination in participating states. The PDO will be measured by the following indicators: • Laboratories operating under improved quality assurance and quality control procedures • Livestock farmers with increased access to improved animal health services (disaggregated by gender). 5 P175676: $500 million, approved June 28, 2022. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project- detail/P175676. 11 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment • Digital disease surveillance system operating at the participating state level • One Health joint actions covering animal, wildlife and human health implemented (i) Functioning OH platforms established in each Program participating state. (ii) Joint coordination plan for identified state zoonotic diseases and AMR. • Number of livestock farmers adopting biosecurity measures (disaggregated by gender). 1.4 Program Beneficiaries 28. The targeted program beneficiaries include farmers, and particularly women, who account for over 75 percent of production labor. They are most at risk and are often excluded from training and services; as such, they will benefit from enhanced GAHP skills and risk communications. Market actors, such as butchers, will benefit from increased capacity to reduce public health risk. The Animal Health Veterinary Departments (AHVD) will also support training and risk communications capacity. Thus, consumers will benefit from reduced public health risks from consuming livestock products. 1.5 Key Result Areas 29. The PforR will support five Results Areas (RAs): (i) Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Coordination of the One Health Framework; (ii) Enhancing Diagnostic Capacity for Effective and Timely Disease Diagnosis; (iii) Increasing Access to Quality Veterinary Services; (iv) Enhancing Surveillance Capacity for Effective Disease Reporting and Monitoring; and (v) Increasing Community Awareness of Animal Disease Management Practices and Zoonoses. The detailed descriptions of the RAs and their associated activities follow. 30. RA 1 – Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Coordination of the One Health (OH) Framework. RA1 supports a shift from individual schemes focusing on input provision to a result-based approach that focuses on effective management and prevention of animal diseases, establish functioning coordination mechanisms for specific One Health action areas and improve institutional capacity to implement effective animal health management. RA 1 will support improved capacity across the nodal national and state-level institutions responsible for livestock, wildlife, and human health. It will also conduct a detailed diagnostic exercise and develop State Strategic Plans (SSPs) for animal health and zoonoses management, as well as for the State’s One Health framework. These SSPs will form the basis for Program financing and implementation in the participating states. In addition, RA 1 is expected to strengthen joint planning, surveillance, and implementation of integrated disease management strategies, including clear, measurable goals. 31. Activities under the RA1 include: (i) conducting a diagnostic assessment to identify disease risks, capacity constraints, quality, and capacity utilization of existing animal health infrastructure; (ii) developing SSPs that prioritize interventions and investments based on a risk-based approach, including strengthening the states’ One Health frameworks; (ii) training and capacity building for staff (with state -level targets for female staff) in the stakeholder departments and agencies; (iii) developing national quality standards, including animal health service provision, the mapping and benchmarking of animal health infrastructure, and manpower and training facilities against such standards; (iv) establishing One Health Steering Committees (OHSCs) for OH coordination across different Ministries to operationalize coordination mechanisms for selected OH actions; and (v) implementing joint research platforms with national and international institutions concerning specific aspects of One Health. The diagnostic assessment will also assess gaps and identify investments needed to strengthen compartmentalization, restrictions on animal movement and quarantine systems to manage disease spread. l. Under RA 1, the Program will help support states in specific areas of OH to demonstrate and operationalize it. These OH areas include: a. Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR). This will include research concerning microbial residues and resistance in animal-sourced products; the development of AMR State-level action plans; AMR training; and data and information sharing between human and animal health agencies to strengthen the coordination with the National AMR Action Plan led by the NCDC under the Ministry of 12 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW). b. Identification and mapping of emerging disease risk hotspots, including climate-sensitive zoonotic diseases in each participating state. c. Implementation of joint actions concerning selected priority and zoonotic diseases by state and joint investigations of disease outbreaks in the participating states. d. Establishment of coordination between the Food Safety and Standards Authority of India (FSSAI) and the veterinary and animal husbandry departments at the national and state levels. e. Formalization of agreements and protocols for the sharing of diagnostic facilities, as well as for the testing of wildlife disease diagnostics and surveillance between the Ministry of Fisheries Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD) and the Ministry of Environment Forestry and Climate Change (MoEFCC). f. Joint training needs assessment and delivery of training to animal, wildlife, and human health personnel under the relevant Program RAs in the states. 32. These activities complement the human health and One Health institutional capacity building program activities under PHSSP the strengthening of epidemic response, disease surveillance and training of public health workers. 33. RA 2 – Enhancing Diagnostic Capacity for Effective and Timely Disease Diagnosis. RA 2 aims to strengthen the diagnostic capacity for animal diseases at the district, state, regional and national levels to facilitate timely, quality diagnosis and effective responses to disease outbreaks. Activities under RA 2 include: (i) the physical upgrading of diagnostic facilities at the district, state, regional and national levels; (ii) the development and adoption of service standards for faster, more accurate disease screening; (iii) the adoption of best practice protocols and accreditation of laboratories with the relevant national and international standards; (iv) the development and implementation of a laboratory information system for effective information and data sharing; (v) the enhancement and the availability of economical, kit-based diagnostics to increase last-mile diagnostic service provision; and (vi) training and capacity building of laboratory staff, field-level veterinarians, para-vets and forest department staff (including training in field epidemiology). Joint training and improving diagnostic effectiveness are key OH elements related to diagnostics. The Program will also support the state disease diagnostic laboratory in establishing an epidemiological unit, as well as in building the capacity of the unit to conduct disease surveillance and epidemiology with support from national and international institutes. 34. Physical upgrading of diagnostic facilities at the district, state, regional and national levels . The specific upgrading activities will be informed by a detailed needs assessment/diagnostic (under RA 1) regarding infrastructure, manpower, capacities, current level utilization, as well as potential needs based on emerging challenges and state requirements. A technical agency will be hired to assess the laboratories in each state and develop a strategic road map for strengthening diagnostic capacities. Laboratory upgrading will include the installation of appropriate disposal facilities for laboratory waste (for example, sharps, cultures, tissues, blood, animal products, glassware, and so on). The Program will also support each state in strengthening at least one laboratory to conduct food (of animal origin) safety tests for surveillance purposes with support from the FSSAI. 35. Adoption of best practice protocols and accreditation of laboratories with relevant national and international standards. The diagnostic assessment under the guidance of the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) will evaluate the laboratory system and protocols followed in the laboratories from the point of sample collection to results communications. It will also review the existing standards. Regarding the nodal referral, that is, the state-level laboratories, the Program will aim to obtain the NABL’s accreditation with the International Organization for St andardization (ISO) 17025/2017 standards. For laboratories below the nodal referral level (that is, those at the district and block levels), the Program will aim for the laboratories to adopt service standards and protocols to obtain quality assurance quality control (QAQC) certification. The laboratories will be supported in implementing a 13 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment systematic process for procurement of lab consumables to avoid scarcity and to improve optimal utilization. In addition, the Program will support the development of best practice Standard Operating Procedures for various laboratory functions, training, and technical assistance interventions and support implementation capacity to increase adoption of these SOPs and reduce biological/ chemical risks and hazards. 36. Improving efficiency of laboratories and diagnostic services offered. The Program will support developing and implementing a laboratory information management system (LIMS) to enhance effective information sharing and timely communication of results. In addition, the Program will support increased adoption of low-cost economical kit-based diagnostics to extend the speed and effectiveness of diagnostic services in remote areas. The program will conduct a baseline assessment of time taken from sample collection to communication of test results to the referring entity for a set of five national priority diseases as part of the SSP and target continuous improvement in this metric over the life of the program, achieving an overall reduction of 30% by the end of the program period. The Program will make significant investments in periodic training and capacity building of laboratory staff across several areas including SOPs, handling biological samples from wild animals and standard biosafety and biosecurity protocols. The Program will aim to create a cadre of lab staff for each state so that laboratory personnel are transferred from one laboratory to another laboratory, and not to non-laboratory assignments. Lastly the Program will seek to enhance the participation of women in technical job roles and as laboratory scientists as part of diagnostic capacity- building interventions. 37. RA 3: Increasing Access to Quality Veterinary Services. This RA aims to increase the access of livestock farmers to quality veterinary services. The activities under RA 3 include: (i) upgrading of veterinary hospitals and dispensaries to meet minimum national standards; (ii) scaling up of the use of the MVUs for last-mile service provision, with a particular focus on women farmers and rearers; (iii) an increase in services in underserved locations; (iv) developing model veterinary hospitals and model livestock markets in a cluster of districts through upgradation of existing facilities; and (v) capacity building of para-vets and community health workers through induction and refresher training. This will help to increase the strength of the workforce, as well as the quality of services. RA 3 will also support adoption of solar energy systems to power veterinary facilities, MVUs and model livestock markets, and develop and incorporate training modules linking the impacts of climate change and heat stress on animal health to relevant stakeholders. 38. RA 3 will target training, equipping, and certifying women para-vets and Community Health Workers (CHWs). As community para-veterinary workers, the women will play a critical role in the provision of last-mile livestock services. This RA will also assess gaps in existing service provision to women farmers and rearers. As such, it will add service provision options, for example, flexible timing, home delivery of services, and village-level support networks. The Program will introduce innovative approaches to bolster service delivery and quality monitoring. These include field tests, hand-held reporting devices, call-centers, tele-medicine, and innovative animal health service provisions to beneficiaries. In addition, the Program will support the development of national standards and guidelines for animal health service delivery, including for veterinary hospitals and other dispensaries. Under this RA, the Program will mobilize women paraprofessionals and offer targeted training programs to them with the objective of increasing the proportion of women animal health trained and accredited animal health professionals to 50 percent in participating states. 39. AHSSOH will support the LHDCP program in mobilizing private sector participation in veterinary and diagnostic service provision, and online service delivery to livestock farmers. The ASSOH Program seeks to support increased private sector participation in veterinary, diagnostic and food safety service provision through: (i)supporting public-private partnerships (PPPs) with private sector agencies for the deployment of MVUs in participating states; (iii) supporting DAHD to roll out the National Digital Livestock Mission (NDLM) and (iii) supporting market assessments of veterinary and diagnostic service provision. The NDLM targets increasing private sector participation in provision of animal health services and knowledge dissemination through digital applications. The project will support setting data standards that foster market development and on-boarding of private sector farmer-facing software applications; and scaling up the use of Livestock, a unique ID system linked to ear tagging of animals intended to support farmer-facing software and services application development. This will include creating 14 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment incentives for private sector players to operate call centers and MVUs on a fee-for-service model. 40. Market development for veterinary and animal health diagnostic services are hampered by: (i) the lack of clear regulations and standards for such services; (ii) the public sector through state AHDs and Regional Diseases Diagnosis Laboratories (RDDLs) being the single largest provider of such services; (iii) the unwillingness of farmers to pay for improved services due to a lack of awareness and financial constraints; and (iv) due to the economic incentives above, a private sector focus on commercial value chains (such as poultry) instead of smallholder farmers that make up the bulk of livestock rearers. The Program will support DAHD in (i) undertaking a market assessment identifying policy and regulatory changes needed to spur market-based service provision in these areas; (ii) assessing opportunities for closer collaboration and data sharing between private and public animal health service providers, and (iii) increasing the use of low- cost diagnostic kits for major diseases, thus spurring private sector development of such kits. 41. RA 4- Enhancing surveillance capacity for effective disease reporting and monitoring. RA 4 aims to strengthen the surveillance of animal diseases, including zoonoses. It will also operationalize OH in disease surveillance. The activities under RA4 include: (i) developing integrated information technology platforms and mobile applications for disease reporting, that would be aligned with and able to feed information into human disease reporting platforms; (ii) integrating wildlife disease surveillance in the National Digital Livestock Mission (NDLM); (iii) the training and onboarding of forest department staff to disease-reporting platforms; (iv) capacity building of animal, human and wildlife health, specifically to strengthen joint disease surveillance in high-risk locations and protected areas; and (v) strengthening the capacity of the FSSAI to test animal-sourced products, as well as initiating coordination with the DAHD to promote food safety in animal products. Integrating wildlife disease surveillance into the NDLM directly contributes to OH, given the significant origin of zoonoses from the animal and wildlife sectors. Also, improving surveillance will contribute to early detection and prevention. The World Bank, in partnership with technical institutions, will provide technical support to DAHD to use the improved surveillance data to inform decision making on allocation of budgets and adjusting implementation strategies for priority diseases. 42. Developing integrated IT platforms and mobile applications for livestock and wildlife disease reporting, surveillance, and epidemiology. The Program will support the implementation of NDLM, an integrated, IT-based disease surveillance system and regular disease reporting (using IT platforms and mobile applications). This will help to achieve timely disease reporting and monitoring. Designed by the Principal Scientific Advisor’s (PSA) Office, the NDLM will be rolled out in a phased manner with a pilot in one of the participating states informing subsequent rollout in the other participating states. The Program will provide support for integration of wildlife disease reporting linking critical data across animal health services including disease diagnostics, treatment, animal identification and vaccination status into the NDLM database. Support for development and rollout for NDLM is predicated on enabling data sharing and linkages with the human heath disease surveillance system, the Integrated Health Information Platform (IHIP), and efforts will be made for both systems to have similar back-end software to assure efficient data sharing. 43. Strengthening forecasting for priority animal diseases. The Program will provide support for building the capacity of states to use disease forecasts to target interventions. The Program will support building the capacity of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics (NIVEDI), specifically on epidemiology, disease forecasting and disease economics modeling. This will be done through support for training and partnerships with global experts and technical institutions. High-quality data is essential to conducting useful disease forecasting and analysis of the economic burden of animal diseases, including zoonoses. However, disease underreporting is a challenge. The ICAR-NIVEDI factors in 60-70 percent of underreporting predictions in its disease forecasting. The Program will support states in establishing epidemiological units responsible for supplying data at regular intervals to the Central Epidemiological unit, the ICAR-NIVEDI, as well as for sharing the epidemiological reports with other departments, including the Health Department, the Forestry Department and the FSSAI. An assessment concerning the key factors and disincentives that contribute to disease under- reporting at the field level will be done to inform disease reporting scaling up interventions. 15 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 44. Capacity building of animal, human and wildlife personnel to strengthen disease surveillance, monitoring, and epidemiology. Key personnel will be trained in planning, designing, and implementing epidemiological studies, as well as in data analysis and reporting. District- and block-level staff under the Veterinary and Wildlife Departments will also receive training to improve their knowledge and skills regarding field epidemiology, biological sample collection, data, and information collection for disease surveillance, monitoring, and epidemiology. The program will support joint routine surveillance in high-risk areas identified in the SSPs. Further, capacity building in data entry, data cleaning and statistical analysis is also important to make optimal use of the collected data. The field staff who perform biological sample collection will receive training covering methods for different types of biological samples collection, proper sample handling and storage, as well as personal protective measures to avoid zoonotic transmission and spread. Training will include proper disposal of biomedical waste in the field and to the laboratory for disposal. The Program will share resources with the Wildlife and Forestry Department to ensure the collection of biological samples from wild animals, as well as domestic animals in the fringe areas of forestry. The biological sample collection from the live animal markets, the smuggled animals (wildlife) markets, and aggregation points would help in investigating food safety and zoonoses. 45. RA 5 - Increasing Community Awareness of Animal Disease Management Practices and Zoonoses. RA 5 aims to increase community awareness about animal disease management practices by farmers and other value chain actors, with a focus on high-risk areas identified in the SSPs. This will help to minimize the risks of zoonoses. The main areas of support include: (i) conducting community awareness campaigns about zoonotic diseases, disease prevention and reporting requirements with a specific focus on pregnant women and young mothers; (ii) building the capacity of livestock farmers to maintain the GAHP necessary to strengthen biosecurity and biosafety measures at the farm level; and (iii) improving disease management capacity and practices in high-risk sites — including livestock markets, abattoirs, slaughterhouses, and informal markets. Training will include guidance and awareness building about food hygiene, with a focus on women. This will help to increase food safety at the household level. RA 5 will also contribute to OH by reducing the risks of zoonoses and AMR at the community level. In addition, RA 5 will support specific behavior change, awareness and information campaigns tailored to women farmers, as well as laborers vis-a-vis disease management including zoonoses. It will also support training on the GAHPs, including biosafety measures, good practices in food hygiene and food safety. 46. Capacity building at the farm level will include training farmers on biosecurity measures to minimize disease spread, as well as animal health management practices. These will include the use of ethno-veterinary medicine, knowledge and awareness about AMR, proper manure management, as well as other practices that promote animal health and nutrition. These measures will help to reduce the risks of disease outbreaks. Good practices for the other value chain actors will include: (i) training and building the knowledge of butchers, market operators, other retailers, slaughterhouse workers and owners, and transporters concerning hygienic product handling practices; and (ii) training in the use of low-cost and safer equipment, as well as other interventions to improve food safety in selected markets. In addition, awareness campaigns will include risk communications about wildlife and animal meat consumption and trade. 47. The intermediate outcomes of implementing activities under these RAs include: (i) RA1 – efficient disease management, planning, OH coordination and AMR management capacity; (ii) RA2 – increased accuracy and timely disease diagnosis through the adoption of best diagnostic practices and protocols, as well as better data and information; (iii) RA3 – increased access to animal health services for farmers through strengthened capacity of animal health professionals; (iv) RA4 - effective disease surveillance and increased capacity to prevent and detect disease outbreaks; and (v) RA 5 – improved awareness of disease management and reduced risks of zoonoses. 1.6 Government Program and Bank Financed Program 48. The Program will be implemented over a period of five years (that is, from FY2022-27). The US$164 million Program Boundary supported by the AHSSOH PforR focuses on aspects of the LHDCP concerning the building of systemic capacity for animal health management and OH coordination. It supports 16 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment interventions for institutional capacity building, systems development, and improving the quality and coverage of diagnostic and veterinary services. It will be financed in the amount of US$82 million by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and a US$82 million by the GoI. A detailed breakdown of financing across the disbursement-linked indicators (DLIs) is provided in Table 6 and the expenditure framework in Table 5 and Annex 3. 49. The Program for Results focuses on building systemic capacity for animal health management and OH coordination; as such, it will enhance the impact of the larger government program expenditures. To achieve this, the AHSSOH program is supporting a fundamental shift in the nature of the MoFAHD’ s support architecture through the LHDCP. This includes strengthening the capacity of participating states to implement the LHDCP as an integrated program with clearly defined outcomes rather than a set of animal health schemes. It will also adapt the program to focus on priority diseases and high-risk geographies based on state context. In addition, the AHSSOH will support the capacity of the DAHD to implement and monitor the LHDCP at the national level. 50. The PforR adds value to the LHDC Program through (i) directly addressing the key identified gaps on animal disease diagnostics, surveillance, and in animal health service delivery; (ii) investing in specific activities to strengthen preventive measures of animal diseases and zoonoses management, including increasing knowledge and training on biosecurity and GAHPs; (iii) improving One Health coordination mechanism and addressing selected OH issues in participating states, and by (iv) addressing food safety and conducting risk-based assessments in livestock product value chains, which will create knowledge and data to support evidence-based interventions and policies on animal disease and zoonoses management. Table 4: LHDCP and PforR Program Scope Government Program Program Supported by the Reasons for Non-alignment PforR (“p�) (“P�) Objective Improving animal health Strengthening institutional The Bank will support a subset of outcomes through enhancing capacity, quality of technical the government program. support to states and services and coverage to implementing disparate achieve enhanced animal health animal health interventions as and OH outcomes in a unified program. participating states. Duration 2021-2026 2022-2026 The restructured LHDCP has been in place since 2021. The PforR will support the strengthening and scaling up of the program in participating states. Geographic National Five participating states Concentrating investments and coverage selected based on criteria demonstrating an approach and including livestock population impact which can then be and disease risks. (Assam, replicated through the national Karnataka, Maharashtra, program in other states. Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh). Results See Table 2 for RAs 1-6. The PforR will support the RA 6 concerning vaccination Areas LHDCP coverage is not being supported directly. Government financing is RAs 1-5. in place for procurement and supply of vaccines. The PforR will support implementation capacity for enhanced delivery of the vaccination programs through RAs 1-5. 17 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Government Program Program Supported by the Reasons for Non-alignment PforR (“p�) (“P�) Financing National Program: US$1.3 US$164 million. PforR Contribution – US$82 billion million. Table 5: Program Financing Source Amount (US$ Percentage of Million) Total International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) 125.00 50 Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying, Government of 82.00 50 India (GoI) Total Program Financing 164 100.00 51. Table 6 summarizes the US$164 million Program portion of the LHDCP supported by the PforR by expenditure allocation. It encompasses expenditures corresponding to the five core RAs of the Program, and these expenditure categories are mapped to specific DAHD budget line items (refer to Table 2 in Annex 3). Table 6: The Program Expenditure Framework Expenditure Categories Summarized from Budget Total Heads/Objects Research and innovation 3.4 Publicity and awareness 2.7 Training and capacity building 42.7 Consultancies and professional services 7.7 Surveillance and monitoring of important livestock and 6.4 poultry diseases Upgrading disease diagnostic laboratories 58.6 Upgrading veterinary facilities and scaling up the use of 37 MVUs Program management costs 5.5 Total 164 1.7 Geographic Scope 52. The PforR will be implemented in the states of Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh. These states hold about 138.8 million livestock, which amounts to 26 percent of India’s total. Madhya Pradesh is the third leading state in total livestock population in the country. Maharashtra, Assam, and Odisha are among the top ten cattle population states holding a total of 34.8 million cattle. Maharashtra is a major poultry producing state. Together with Karnataka, Assam, and Odisha, it is among the top ten poultry states, holding 207.9 million poultry. The five participating states hold approximately 31 percent of India’s dog population of 9.4 million dogs. The five states constitute about 29 percent of India’s forest cover, and forests account for 39 percent of the total area of Odisha. There is a sizable wildlife population in the participating states, and Maharashtra and Assam have among the highest cases of poaching, 18 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment and illegal trafficking of wild animals is high in Odisha. The rate of animal disease incidence is high in these Participating states. Using the incidence of nine selected priority diseases in states reported by the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) (2019 through 2020), the participating states reported the most incidences. 53. The states were selected based on a set of criteria, including livestock population, disease risks and commitment to conduct a diagnostic exercise, as well as the development of a State Strategic Plan (SSP) clearly listing outcome goals. The AHSSOH program implementation in these states will generate learning and best practices for national program implementation in other states. 1.8 Institutional and Implementation Arrangements 54. The Program will be implemented through the DAHD’s existing institutional modalities and systems, which will be strengthened through Program support. The Program will be implemented by the DAHD at the national level, and by the state Animal Husbandry Departments (AHDs) in each of the five participating states. Three RDDLs in Assam, Karnataka, and Maharashtra will also serve as the Implementing Agencies (IAs) under the project, directly receiving funds from the DAHD for facility management, and diagnostic and training services related to their own operations. 55. A Program Steering Committee (PSC) headed by the Secretary of Animal Husbandry with corresponding One Health departments and agencies (including human health, environment/wildlife, and food safety) will be established to oversee the Program at the national level. The National Project Implementation Unit (NPIU) will consist of the existing staff of the DAHD, headed by the Joint Secretary of Animal Health. The existing One Health Support Unit (OHSU) will provide support to manage technical aspects of the program at the national level. The DAHD will hire additional technical staff to strengthen capacity in specific areas including procurement, as well as implementation and oversight of the environmental and social framework. participating states will be required to submit a Letter of Undertaking (LOU) to the Ministry of Fisheries Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD), confirming their readiness to participate in accordance with the Program design and procedures laid out in the Program Implementation Manual (PIM). At the state level, a One Health Coordination Committee will be established. It will correspond to the national PSC, which will also serve to oversee implementation of the State Strategic Plans at the state level. A State Program Implementing Unit (SPIU) will be hired in each of the five participating states to assist the AHDs in implementing the Program. The DAHD will also hire an Independent Verification Agency (IVA) to verify disbursement-linked results (DLR) achievements. 56. A two-pronged approach is proposed to manage both technical aspects and overall program implementation. The One Health technical aspects of the Program will be led by the Animal Husbandry Commissioner, while the program implementation, including the administrative aspects will be led by the Joint Secretary of Livestock Health. The implementation design will assure effective linkages and communication between both the technical aspects and the coordination elements of the program. A Program Steering Committee (PSC) will be led by the Secretary of DAHD will oversee and guide the overall program. 1.9 Borrower’s Previous Experience 57. The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (AH&D) is one of the Departments of the newly created Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry & Dairying6. The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (AH&D) renamed as Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairying & Fisheries (DADF) was one of the Departments in the Ministry of Agriculture and came into existence w.e.f. 1st February 1991, by converting two divisions of the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation namely Animal Husbandry and Dairy Development into a separate Department. The department is currently responsible for matters relating to Delhi Milk Scheme (DMS) and National Dairy Development Board (NDDB). Between 2012 – 2019, World Bank supported the National Dairy Support Project that aimed at increasing the productivity of milch 6Created vide Cabinet Secretariat's Notification No.1/21/7/2019-Cab dated 17.06.2019 published in eGazette S.O.No.1972(E). – Reference - https://dahd.nic.in/about-us/about-department 19 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment animals and improve market access of milk producers in project areas. The project covered about 40,000 villages across 14 major dairying states (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Odisha, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, and West Bengal). In 2014, four additional states were added to the NDSP: Uttarakhand, Telangana, Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh, bringing the total states participating in the project to 18. It is expected that cross fertilization of learnings in the implementation/processing of WB’s environment and social safeguards in the aforesaid project can be utilized by the Department of Animal husbandry & Dairying (DAHD) for the current program. 58. Being a comparatively new department formed only in the year 2019, it does not have any direct prior experience of working with the World Bank or other multilateral/international donor agencies. More recently (on 23rd September 2021), the Department of Animal husbandry & Dairying (DAHD) signed an MoU with the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) to support India’s livestock sector. Under this MoU a One Health Technical Support Unit (OHTSU) has been established within the Department to support the Government of India in developing India's National One Health Platform. Within this unit a team of professionals including an Epidemiologist, Program Managers for Lab Capacity Development, Veterinary, Communications, Benchmarking, a Monitoring and Evaluation Manger, Event Manager and state wise consultants amongst others have been housed within the department. One of the key objectives of this partnership is to Build convergence with World bank Program and support its overall implementation on behalf of the department. The unit is also mandated to bring in international best practices from lead organizations working in the field of One Health thus enhancing the capacity of the Borrower. Although there are no dedicated Social and Environment Specialist currently, they do have provisions for appointing consultants and the current staff are well qualified to undertake related environmental monitoring and evaluation works. 59. In addition, the Program will collaborate closely with the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) on research and technical support, as well as with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The DPs will contribute to the technical aspects including undertaking required assessments. The World Bank Executed Food System 2030 Multi Donor Trust Fund will provide technical support that will provide analytical and implementation support to the program. 60. Another World Bank project under preparation: Transforming India’s Public Health Systems for Pandemic Preparedness PforR is focused on strengthening pandemic preparedness and response in MOHFW agencies. Its scope will include: (i) key public health agencies, i.e., the ICMR, the NCDC and divisions within MOHFW (DH and IH); (ii) three select results areas from activities being implemented by the three key agencies. With a larger - convergent agenda of improved animal and public health systems in the country, it is expected that the learnings from the two Programs can be leveraged as the implementation phase begins. 61. The above is indicative of improved borrower capacity to deal with the environmental and social aspects of the proposed program and can be further strengthened through appointment of dedicated professionals in proposed NPIU (National Project Implementation Unit) for management of Environmental and Social components of the Program. 62. While the AHDs in the participating states - Maharashtra, Karnataka, Assam, Odisha, and Madhya Pradesh have limited experience of Bank’s procedures and requirements, the State Government in these states have decades of experience with World Bank programs. The DAHD and the State AHDs will be engaging qualified E and S specialists either from within the existing talent pool or from the market. The E and S Managers will use the existing technical and operational expertise that exists within the departments, with training and resource agencies and NGOs. 20 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS ASSESSMENT 2.1 Environmental Context 63. The AHSSOH PforR will support five Results Areas (RAs): (i) Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Coordination of the One Health Approach; (ii) Enhancing Diagnostic Capacity for Effective and Timely Disease Diagnosis; (iii) Increasing Access to Quality Veterinary Services; (iv) Enhancing Surveillance Capacity for Effective Disease Reporting and Monitoring; and (v) Increasing Community Awareness of Animal Disease Management Practices and Zoonoses. 64. The proposed Program will help build national capacity in Implementation and Coordination of the One Health Approach including enhanced surveillance and diagnostics capacities. The program will be complimented by other parallel Bank-financed Programs, particularly the Bank operation - Transforming India’s Public Health Systems for Pandemic Preparedness Program (PHSSP) which is currently under negotiation, and it complements the “One Health� framework proposed under areas of AHSSOH. The PHSSP program aims to strengthen pandemic preparedness and response systems, and institutions in India. PHSSP is anchored by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), and it will be implemented by different agencies of the MoHFW, including Department of Health and Research, National Center for Disease Control (NCDC) and the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). AHSSOH will collaborate with PHSSP around priority areas for One Health such as: (i) strengthening of OH coordination mechanism among MoHFW, MoFAHD and the MoEFCC; (ii) augmenting Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) data and investigation from the livestock sector into the National AMR Plan led by NCDC (iii) sharing of disease surveillance data; and (iv) development of common national standards and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for priority zoonotic diseases, and (v) promotion of joint research including the identification of climate related zoonotic disease hotspots. 65. Animal diseases are a major driver of reduced animal productivity and increased emission intensity. The OIE estimates that, on average, 20 percent of animal productivity losses globally can be attributed to animal diseases. Improved animal health contributes to greater gains in efficiency and productivity, which in turn helps to reduce the GHG intensity of livestock farming. India has the largest cattle population in the world, but it has among lowest beef consumption of any country. Thus, cows live longer and emit more methane over their lifetimes. But while the livestock sector is a major source of GHG emissions, it is equally a potential part of the solution to help reduce GHG emissions because there are practical entry points for mitigating climate change. 66. The PforR’ s contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions will be derived from improving animal productivity through enhanced health and disease management, as well as the training of livestock farmers on GAHPs, thus helping to reduce methane emissions. The GAHPs supported through the program will include: (i) better health management of livestock and disease management practices, which will improve animal productivity, thereby helping to reduce emissions; (ii) better manure management practices and use of manure for biogas to reduce emissions; and (iii) other climate-smart related activities that are relevant in specific cases and areas of the program. 67. Although the proposed program activities are expected to have overall positive Environment, Health and Safety impacts, associated system level environmental context of the program include; i) increased generation of biomedical wastes in enhanced diagnostic facilities and laboratories, ii) risks related to lack of biosafety measures and protocols in labs and diagnostic facilities, iii) unsustainable handling/management of biomedical waste (including liquid, pharmaceutical, carcass and other hazardous waste) in the mobile veterinary units, laboratories, veterinary clinics, slaughterhouses, and wet markets/local markets in urban and rural areas, iv) occupational health and safety risks of workers involved in diagnostic facilities and other waste management activities. 68. With the objectives of providing increased access to veterinary services, enhanced disease surveillance capacity care and improved diagnostic facility the biomedical waste generation is also projected to grow during the program activities. The current waste management systems of the veterinary sector will 21 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment require substantial investments to sustainably handle, store, manage and dispose the biomedical (also liquid and e-wastes) wastes, while also ensuring the operational health and safety of its staff/field workers. 69. While there is no clear assessment of bio-medical waste generated from Animal health care facilities, on the human health care aspects alone, as reported by State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB), about 619 tons/day of biomedical waste was generated during the year 2018-2019 by 3,22,425 numbers of Healthcare Facilities. Out of 619 tons/day of biomedical waste only 544 tons/day of biomedical waste is treated and disposed of by 202 CBWTFs and 18,015 nos. of captive treatment facilities installed by Healthcare Facilities. Biomedical waste of about 74 tons/day might get disposed of through deep burials located at isolated places. 70. At the national level, installed capacity of 1200 MT/day to treat biomedical waste appears adequate as against the 814 MT/day biomedical waste generated, in terms of installed capacity utilization, there are variations across different states. Table 7: Status of capacity utilization of existing CBWMTFs of these 5 states is as under Sr SPCB CPCB Installed Capacity Utilized %age No. reference Capacity (Tonnes /day) capacity (Tonnes/day) Utilized 1 MPCB 130.9 62.3 47.6 2 KSPCB CPCB 108.4 36.3 33.5 3 OSPCB Annual 14.9 17.4 116.8 report 2020 4 ASPCB 7.2 6.2 86.1 71. COVID-19 placed extra strain on the national capacity for treating biomedical wastes. An analysis of COVID-19 biomedical wastes data from CPCB across 10 states responsible for generating maximum wastes revealed that substantial quantities of biomedical waste was generated, due to single use gloves, coveralls, masks, swabs, diagnostic kits etc. The total wastes across the 10 states ranged from 2451.5 to 4633.6 Tons/day during early pandemic (June to December 2020). These ten states contributed to 74.14 % to 89.22 % of the total Covid-19 BMW generated during this period. Table 8: BMW Management during Covid-19 pandemic (Early pandemic June-Dec 2020) Name of state / UT June 20 July 20 August Sept 20 Oct 20 Nov 20 Dec 20 No. of TPD TPD 20 TPD TPD TPD TPD TPD CBWTFs engaged Maharashtra 524.82 1180 1359 524.82 542.31 609 629.3 29 Gujarat 350.8 306.1 360.0 622.9 545.9 423.5 479.6 20 Delhi 333.4 389.6 296.1 382.5 365.9 385.5 321.3 2 Tamil Nadu 312.3 401.3 481.1 543.8 524.2 300.8 251.2 8 Madhya Pradesh 224.6 56.1 106.6 339 308.4 208.7 249.5 13 Uttar Pradesh 210 307.5 408.9 507.2 478.1 316.7 276.5 18 West Bengal 195 136.4 235.1 434.8 486.8 330.8 279.1 6 Kerala 141.3 291.3 588.1 494.1 642 600.3` 542.5 1 Karnataka 84 540.3 588 168 218 211 218 26 Haryana 75.3 184.2 210.7 278.3 238.5 239.4 209.9 11 Covid-19 BMW generated 2451.5 3795.1 4633.6 4295.3 4350 3625.7 3456.8 134 by 10 states Source: Data from monthly report on state-wise generation of Covid-19 related BNW in states / UTs on CPCB website 22 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 72. In the Annual report for 2019, CPCB has considered the compliance of identified 12 Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) to assess States with respect to effectiveness in monitoring and ensuring compliance and implementation of BMWM Rules, 2016. The monitoring of Veterinary institutes was one of the KPI parameters. As per the BMW 2016 rules all veterinary facilities need to get an authorization from respective state pollution control board and register with a common biomedical waste treatment facility if available within 75kms. This compliance was also scrutinized by CPCB in its report and the results of the participating states presented a grim situation. Amongst the participating states, it was reported that only 29% of Veterinary institutes have authorization from SPCB in Maharashtra, while Odisha and Assam have 0 and 3% respectively. Karnataka is amongst the forerunners with 92% of its Veterinary institutes having an authorization from SPCB. Rampant and unsustainable deep burial7 being practiced by many states is another challenge to be addressed under this program. 73. Based upon the findings of the ESSA, some program actions are proposed to augment national/state capacities and systems, primarily of the implementing organizations, for managing potential environmental risks. The details of recommendations are provided in Chapter 6. 2.2 Social Context 74. India has one of the largest livestock populations in the world, with the sector significantly contributing to India’s agricultural GDP. The livestock census (2019) estimates India’s livestock population at 536 million. The livestock sector contributes about 27 percent to agricultural GDP, which amounted to US$ 91.66 billion in 2019. The sector employs 50 percent of the workforce engaged in agriculture, and it plays a significant role in the livelihoods of millions of people working in the rural economy. There are an estimated 70 million small-scale dairy farms in the country. Livestock is the main source of livelihoods for small and marginal farmers, contributing to food and nutrition security through the consumption of milk, eggs, and meat, as well as to farm incomes through the sale of livestock and livestock products. Furthermore, livestock is an important asset for many rural households, providing draught power, manure for agricultural production, and insurance against extreme weather. 75. Livestock production, particularly the dairy sector, is important for food and nutritional wellbeing of communities in India, it supports livelihoods of many farmers, and contributes to the economy of the country. Dairying has become an important secondary source of income for millions of rural families and has assumed the most important role in providing employment and income generating opportunities particularly for women and marginal farmers. About 80 million rural household are engaged in milk production with very high proportion being small & marginal farmers and landless. The animal husbandry and dairy sector plays a significant role in supplementing family incomes and generating employment in the rural sector. Income from animal husbandry accounts for about 29.4 percent of the total farm income in 20198. The sector employs 50 percent of the workforce engaged in agriculture and it plays a significant role in the livelihoods of millions of people working in the rural economy. Livestock is the main source of livelihoods for small and marginal farmers9, contributing to food and nutrition security through the consumption of milk, eggs, and meat, as well as to farm incomes through the sale of livestock and livestock products. Majority of the livestock (~87.7 percent) is owned by farmers of small and marginal and semi- medium farmers10. 7 CPCB has established guidelines on deep burial practices. It is recommended to undertake deep burial as per these guidelines only if a CBMWTF Is not available within a range of 75Km of the facility. CBMWTFs are to be established and operated by respective SPCBs. 8 Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land and Livestock Holdings of Households in Rural India, 2019. NSS 77th Round, 2019. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India 9 Bora, N. (2017). “Vulnerability of the Livestock Sector to Climate Change Condition: A Case of India�. International Journal of Environment, Agriculture and Biotechnology (IJEAB). Vol. 2, Issue 1. 10 https://www.infah.org/animal-health/animal-husbandry# 23 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 76. Livestock holding in general and milch animal holding, is more equitable than land holding. About 86% of the total farmers are small and marginal, they together own about 47.34% of farmland whereas own about 75.24% of milch animals11. Small land base encourages farmers to practice dairying as an occupation subsidiary to agriculture which provides year-round income and generates gainful employment in rural areas. Therefore, it is an important economic incentive for the landless, small & marginal farmers particularly women who contributes large proportion of labor to take up dairying as a source of livelihood. Average monthly income from livestock ranges from 12.4% to 19.1% for different types of farmers. It’s contribution to average monthly income after out-of-pocket expenses gradually decreases with size class of farmer and inversely proportion to increase in agricultural income except for large farmers. Figure 1: Rural Monthly Income Average Rural Household's Monthly Income (After Expenses) From Different Sources 100% 5.4% 4.7% 1.7% 1.9% 9.2% 9.6% 90% 12.4% 16.2% 15.7% 19.1% 80% 18.6% 15.5% 70% 14.8% 22.7% 60% 46.3% 50% 57.9% 70.6% 40% 72.5% 30% 57.4% 52.2% 20% 32.1% 10% 21.8% 15.3% 0% 6.6% Landless Marginal Small Semi-Medium Medium Large Income from Wages Income from Cultivation* Income from Animal Farming* Net Income from Non-farm Business Source: Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land and Livestock Holdings of Households in Rural India, 2019. NSS 77th Round, 2019 77. Scheduled Castes (SCs) and Scheduled Tribes (STs) are the most disadvantaged socio-economic groups in India. According to Census 2011, SC, and ST population account for 18.5% and 11.3% of India’s rural population. The five program participating states (i.e., Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, and Odisha) account for a fifth of India’s rural population, and about 16% of SC and 27% of ST population of rural India. The ST population is particularly high in Odisha (~26%), Maharashtra (~15%) and Assam (~14%). 78. The type of livestock ownership varies across social groups with SC and ST owning more of Ovine and poultry birds compared to OBC and other castes owning buffalos. In case of owning buffalos, it is higher among OBC and Other castes and lower among SCs and STs and is somewhat inversely proportion to owning Ovine and poultry birds. 11 DAHD Annual Report 2019-20 24 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Table 9: Livestock Ownership Among Different Social Groups Table: Percentage of Households Owning Livestock and Average Number of Livestock ST SC OBC Others % Average No. % Average No. % Average No. % Average No. Livestock/ Household of Livestock Household of Livestock Household of Livestock Household of Livestock Poultry Owning per 100 HHs Owning per 100 HHs Owning per 100 HHs Owning per 100 HHs Livestock Livestock Livestock Livestock Cattle In-milk 14.00 18.50 12.30 15.40 17.60 24.00 19.50 26.30 Young stock 23.70 45.00 15.30 22.00 20.40 32.30 20.10 29.90 Others 24.50 52.80 8.50 46.50 12.10 20.50 10.80 18.10 Buffalo In-milk 5.80 8.20 6.00 7.30 13.20 18.20 13.20 19.00 Young stock 7.00 10.30 8.40 12.20 14.50 23.30 12.00 19.40 Others 3.30 6.40 3.80 5.10 6.70 9.90 5.50 8.20 Ovine and Poultry Birds Ovine and other 43.20 280.90 21.60 141.30 18.90 218.40 16.20 123.40 mammals Poultry Birds 28.10 211.80 8.20 53.30 7.60 169.50 9.60 97.30 Others 0.40 1.80 0.10 0.20 0.10 0.50 0.20 7.60 Source: Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land and Livestock Holdings of Households in Rural India, 2019. NSS 77th Round, 2019 79. The targeted beneficiaries include farmers, and particularly women, who account for over 75 percent of production labor. They are most at risk and are often excluded from training and services. Women face multiple barriers in accessing animal health services; thus, targeted interventions are needed to address these barriers as they are most at risk of zoonoses. The following three gender gaps were identified as relevant to the Program Boundary. First, rural women provide over 75 percent of production labor, which includes managing animal fodder and nutrition; milking; animal health; manure management; and overseeing pen cleaning. Yet, women face many constraints, including a lack of awareness and access to veterinary and extension services (especially to distant veterinary facilities), as well as to training interventions. Second, women scientists also face limited leadership opportunities. As a result, gender disparities in management roles are noteworthy in the sector. For instance, whereas 56 percent of scientists working in animal health laboratories are women, only 43 percent of laboratory managers are women (World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) 2012). Third, pregnant women and women frontline workers are highly vulnerable to zoonoses exposure since they oversee managing regular livestock activities. The risks for pregnant women extend to miscarriages, as well as stillbirths due to inadequate information, exposure, and the consumption of raw food. Veterinarians and para-vets are also more at risk of zoonoses — and over 70 percent of veterinary students are female. These gaps and constraints highlight the need for greater capacity development in terms of awareness and training, as well as appropriate biosafety and biosecurity practices.64) In India, 68 percent of the workforce relies on farming and remains in close contact with domestic animals and poultry, thereby becoming frequently exposed to sick or infected animals. The high exposure between livestock, people and wildlife also poses risks of disease outbreaks. With climate change and more interaction of the human population with wildlife, these threats are intensifying — especially given the projected growth in the demand and production of animal-sourced products in India, combined with the importance of the livestock sector for the livelihoods of the poor. 2.3 Objectives of ESSA 80. This Environmental and Social Systems Assessment (ESSA) has been prepared by a World Bank ESSA Team for the proposed India Animal Health System Support for Improved One Health (AHSSOH), in accordance with the requirements of the World Bank Policy for Program-for-Results Financing. The PforR Policy requires that the Bank conducts a comprehensive ESSA to assess the degree to which the PforR Program promotes environmental and social sustainability and to ensure that effective measures are in place to identify, avoid, minimize, or mitigate any environmental, health, safety, and social impacts. Through the 25 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment ESSA process, recommendations to enhance environmental and social management outcomes within the program are developed, which subsequently become a part of the overall Program Action Plan. 81. The main objectives of this ESSA are to: (i) identify the Program’s environmental, health, safety, and social effects; (ii) assess the legal and policy framework for environmental and social management, including a review of relevant legislation, rules, procedures, and institutional responsibilities that are being used by the Program; (iii) assess borrower’s institutional capacity to manage the potential adverse environmental and social impacts; (iv) and to recommend specific actions to address gaps in the Program’s environmental and social management system. The ESSA also describes the extent to which the applicable government environmental and social policies, legislations, program procedures and institutional systems are consistent with the six ESSA ‘core principles’ and recommends actions to address the gaps and enhance performance during Program implementation. These six core principles are listed below and further defined through corresponding Key Planning Elements in this report: (a) Core Principle 1: Environmental and Social Management: Environmental and social management procedures and processes are designed to: (a) promote environmental and social sustainability in Program design; (b) avoid, minimize, or mitigate against adverse impacts; and (c) promote informed decision making related to a Program’s environmental and social effects (b) Core Principle 2: Natural Habitats and Physical Cultural Resources: Environmental and social management procedures and processes are designed to avoid, minimize, and mitigate any adverse effects (on natural habitats and physical and cultural resources) resulting from the Program. (c) Core Principle 3: Public and Worker Safety: Program procedures ensure adequate measures to protect public and worker safety against the potential risks associated with: (a) construction and/or operations of facilities or other operational practices developed or promoted under the Program; and (b) exposure to toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, and otherwise dangerous materials. (d) Core Principle 4: Land Acquisition: Land acquisition and loss of access to natural resources are managed in a way that avoids or minimizes displacement, and affected people are assisted in improving, or at least restoring, their livelihoods and living standards. (e) Core Principle 5: Indigenous Peoples and Vulnerable Groups: Due consideration is given to cultural appropriateness of, and equitable access to, Program benefits, giving special attention to the rights and interests of indigenous peoples and to the needs or concerns of vulnerable groups. (f) Core Principle 6: Social Conflict: Avoid exacerbating social conflict, especially in fragile states, post- conflict areas, or areas subject to territorial disputes. 2.4 Methodology 82. The ESSA has relied on desk review of existing information and data sources, complemented by workshops, bilateral meetings with relevant officials, and broader consultations with key stakeholders from Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The desk review involved reviewing existing reports, guidelines, websites and other documents of the DAHD, Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Ministry of Rural Development, State Departments/ Directorates of Animal Husbandry, Research Laboratories, World Bank as well as studies and reports prepared by various experts. 83. The desk review was accompanied by workshops, consultations and state-specific meetings aimed at understanding the environmental and social issues, impacts as well as opportunities associated with the Program interventions. The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying had nominated nodal officers for each of the participating states to lead the respective state level consultation process and these nominated officers were also the chief point of contact during the preparation of ESSA. These virtual interactions were aimed at capturing field experiences, implementation issues and challenges, institutional mechanisms and capacity gaps related to E & S aspects, and high priority areas of support for the Program. Consultations were carried out with AHDs from the participating states to understand key regulations, the current systems and procedures both at state level and at district level. Consultations with other key institutional stakeholders 26 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment included Wildlife Division of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Veterinary Council of India (VCI), and with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in One Health program in the participating states and at national level. 2.5 Report Structure 84. The World Bank team and the DAHD and AHD officials worked closely in the conduct and completion of the ESSA process. The ESSA report was prepared by the World Bank team. The report has been structured around the following chapters: Chapter 1: Program Description Chapter 2: Environmental and Social Systems Assessment Chapter 3: Potential Environmental and Social Impacts Chapter 4: Assessment of Environmental and Social Systems Chapter 5: Stakeholder Consultations and Disclosure Chapter 6: Recommendations Annexures 85. The findings, conclusions and recommendations expressed in this document are those of the World Bank ESSA team. These findings and recommendations have been discussed with Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) and used in formulation of an overall Program Action Plan (PAP) with key measures to improve environmental and social management outcomes of the Program. 27 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 3 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL EFFECTS 3.1 Environmental Benefits 86. The proposed program is expected to scale up positive environmental benefits in the animal health sector, with improved diagnostic and surveillance capacities. It will help improve quality of veterinary health services covering aspects of better environmental hygiene and sustainable waste management. Along with overall improvement in the institutional capacity of implementing agencies to implement One Health approach at National level and for the participating states, it is expected that laboratory management systems and practices for Biomedical Waste Management and occupational health and safety of staff will be improved as a part of this Program. 87. The proposed program offers several opportunities to enhance overall systems and build technical capacities of the Veterinary staff/para – vets/ field workers in reducing threats and risks of environmental pollution and infection. It will pave way to create more sustainable bio medical waste management systems in various veterinary institutes in the pilot states and provide support to undertake infrastructure improvements for reducing environmental footprints, reduce public health risks by providing staff training for efficient waste management and ensuring personal safety from occupational hazards. The program will not only improve integrated reporting on waste generation and management but will also lead to joint actions and collaboration activities covering animal, wildlife, and human health sectors under a common one health framework. 3.2 Social Benefits 88. The proposed Program will improve institutional capacity for addressing animal health management along with improved diagnostic and veterinary services that will eventually benefit a large number of farmers and animal rearers in rural India especially in the five participating states. Improved diagnostic capabilities, timely diagnosis of diseases, quality veterinary services and improved surveillance is expected to contribute to livelihood of farmers mainly the small and marginal farmers who own more than 87 percent of the livestock and whose dependence on livestock is generally higher for their livelihood. 89. The Program will also protect the livelihood and food security of the farmers as well as other and other livestock value chain actors by increasing community awareness about animal disease management practices including ways to minimize the risks of zoonoses. This will further help in protecting the livestock assets and reducing the economic losses. Program will have overall positive impact on the rural economy as the Animal husbandry sector employs about 55 percent of the workforce engaged in agriculture and contributes more than 25 percent of the total value of output in agriculture, fishing & forestry sector. 90. The Program will target and benefit women through specific interventions. Under RA 2, women laboratory scientists will be supported for diagnostic capacity-building interventions. Gender-disaggregated assessments to evaluate the impact of training will also be undertaken as part of the Program. The Program will target women as 50 percent of the beneficiaries in the training of animal health professionals. Activities under RA 3 will target training, equipping, and certifying women para-vets and Community Health Workers (CHWs). As community para-veterinary workers, the women will play a critical role in the provision of last- mile livestock services. This RA will also assess gaps in existing service provision to women farmers and rearers. As such, it will add service provision options, for example, flexible timing, home delivery of services, and village-level support networks. Under this RA, the Program will mobilize women paraprofessionals and offer targeted training programs to them with the objective of increasing the proportion of women animal health trained and accredited animal health professionals to 50 percent in participating states. 91. Activities under RA 5 will aim at increasing community awareness about animal disease management practices by farmers and other value chain actors, with a focus on high-risk areas identified in the SSPs. This will help to minimize the risks of zoonoses. The main areas of support include: (i) conducting community awareness campaigns about zoonotic diseases, disease prevention and reporting requirements 28 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment with a specific focus on pregnant women and young mothers; (ii) building the capacity of livestock farmers to maintain the GAHP necessary to strengthen biosecurity and biosafety measures at the farm level; and (iii) improving disease management capacity and practices in high-risk sites — including livestock markets, abattoirs, slaughterhouses, and informal markets. Training will include guidance and awareness building about food hygiene, with a focus on women. This will help to increase food safety at the household level. RA 5 will also contribute to OH by reducing the risks of zoonoses and AMR at the community level. In addition, RA 5 will support specific behavior change, awareness and information campaigns tailored to women farmers, as well as laborers vis-a-vis disease management including zoonoses. It will also support training on the GAHPs, including biosafety measures, good practices in food hygiene and food safety. 92. The AHSSOH Program will enhance public outreach and citizen’s engagement in the animal health and veterinary services sector through: (i) behavior change, public awareness and information campaigns targeting livestock farmers, community AH workers, and other value chain actors on animal health-related issues; (ii) targeted outreach efforts to mobilize women, vulnerable farmers and other end users in extension activities and training programs, and increase their access to and use of veterinary facilities; (iii) annual satisfaction surveys of end-users of veterinary service provision; and (iv) strengthening of service standards on AH service delivery and existing grievance redress mechanisms. The Program will introduce innovative approaches to bolster service delivery and quality monitoring. These include field tests, hand-held reporting devices, call-centers, tele-medicine, and innovative animal health service provisions to beneficiaries. 3.3 Potential Environmental Risks and Adverse Effects 93. It is expected that the activities proposed under the AHSSOH program will not have any significant/irreversible Environment and Social Impacts. The proposed activities (with a physical footprint) are not expected to take place in and/or around natural/sensitive habitats or be in areas of high biodiversity value, or affect any areas protected for physical cultural resources. 94. Nonetheless some activities supported under the Pfor4 can have potential negative impacts and risks associated with upgradation/extension activities of select Laboratories, rehabilitation and upgradation of operational veterinary facilities, possible hazards due to improper management of biomedical waste and lack of trained manpower at implementing agencies to deal with potential environmental risks. Broadly the Environmental risks associated with the program can be summarized under two heads. i) Risks related to Construction activities and ii) Risks associated with operations of veterinary facilities. Table 10: Level of Concern with Potential Environmental Impacts and Risks associated with Construction Activates i) Construction related activities under the program S.N Environmental Potential Program Activities Level of Concern Issues (and potential adverse impacts on Environment) 1 Dust, noise, Physical construction works Level of concern: Low general solid with respect to upgradation of waste, wastewater veterinary facilities will cause Such effects are site-specific and can be dust, noise, wastewater and effectively mitigated by measures such as general solid waste related water spray, dust-net, site-fencing, vehicle concerns in/around respective cleaning; proper construction waste sites. management measures and use of low-noise Health and Safety issues for on- equipment. site construction workers (including Covid related safety Prohibition of construction during nighttime, concerns) construction site settling tanks and effluent discharge municipal sewers, and collection and 29 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Given the location of the works, transportation of general solid waste in a timely the visitors, (particularly the manner. inpatients) may be exposed to The construction contract should include noise and dust during relevant clauses to address these issues and construction/rehabilitation of the include provisions to ensure workers health and structures within the facilities. safety (including covid safe practices.) The contractor shall be supervised regularly to avoid such potential impacts. 2 Social Veterinary facilities may be Level of concern: Low disturbance, in/around inhabited urban area, including influx and the construction/upgradation Given the limited scale of of workers, traffic of structures or rehabilitation construction/upgradation activities, no safety and works will be within the significant influx of labor is anticipated during congestion, boundary of these facilities. construction. construction The safety of the patients, Necessary clauses to ensure workers safety and safety, Covid visitors and staff will be affected good construction practices to be included in the Safety by the transportation of construction contracts. The contractor shall be materials and the construction supervised regularly to avoidsuch potential activities. impacts. Table 11: Level of Concern with Potential Environmental Impacts and Risks associated with Operational Aspects ii) operation and use of Veterinary facilities S.N Environmental Potential Program Activities Level of Concern Issues (and potential adverse impacts on Environment) 1 Infections, Quantum of Bio-medical solid Level of concern: Moderate hygiene, odor and liquid waste is likely to from BMW within increase with expansion of In many districts level veterinary facilities, Veterinary services & proper waste biomedical waste is collected and handled by facilities management in veterinary medical workers, and temporarily stored at facilities/hospitals. designated places and treated at common biomedical waste treatment facilities (privately operated). For facilities below District levels, while the quantity will Most of facilities even at district level are not increase, the composition of authorized by the state pollution control board and the bio-medical solid & liquid hence the required environmental compliance waste will not change cannot be monitored officially. substantially. There is a need to strengthen BMWM systems including waste categorization, waste management plan, trainings and reporting. 2 Infections and Most veterinary facilities are Level of concern: Substantial pollution from not treating liquid wastes before untreated liquid releasing into the municipal New ETPs and upgrading of some of theolder ones BMW released drains or release into the open (as necessary) is required for ensuring that treated from veterinary environment. This has adverse effluent will meet applicable standards. facilities impacts and risks with respect to contamination of surface 30 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment water, groundwater, streams The flow and composition of the medical and wetlands. wastewater needs to be monitored occasionally. A robust strategy is required to address this risk. 3. Exposure to Use of medical imaging or Level of concern: Moderate radiation radiotherapy equipment (where Procedures and guidelines for managing the applicable or being planned), if n radiation impacts adrisks are well established at not well managed or protected, national level (NACO Operational Guidelines). can lead to radiation exposure and/or radiation contaminated For radiation contaminated wastes, specific materials (including liquids, requirements on collection, separation, storage, paper, medical gloves), packaging, transport,and final disposal need to be resulting on concerns for public in place before its disposal to a TSDF (Facility for and community health. The risk treatment, storage & disposal of Hazardous wastes) is higher in urban areas where such equipment is available. 4 Air emissions: Emissions for Diesel Generator Level of concern: Moderate sets are likely to pollute the Energy footprint can be substantially l owr ed by e surrounding environment in switching veterinary facilities to solar power addition to causing noise systems. pollution. Noise & air pollution –Can be addressed by providing sufficient chimney height and acoustics 3.4 Potential Social Risks and Adverse Effects 95. The upgradation of diagnostic, veterinary and market facilities will involve civil works for repair, maintenance and renovation. These works will be within the existing physical footprint of facilities, and land acquisition, resettlement or involuntary resettlement impacts are not expected. 96. Physical construction works are likely to cause dust, noise, wastewater and general solid waste related concerns in/around respective sites. However, these effects are expected to be small scale and site specific and could be effectively mitigated. Civil work contracts will include various risk mitigation measures to protect the health and safety of labors, workers and visitors. Managing workers health and safety risks in diagnostic facilities and waste management activities, as well as community health and safety risks associated with biomedical waste management are key social risks associated with the program. 97. Risks of labor influx, traffic congestion, worker and community safety are expected to be low, given the limited scale of construction/upgradation activities. Necessary clauses to ensure workers safety and good construction practices to be included in the construction contracts. Health risks to lab officials and waste workers from biomedical wastes at veterinary facilities will need to mitigate through effective safeguards. 98. Other social risks relate to a) poor access to quality veterinary services in remote, hilly, and difficult to reach areas, including tribal areas, migratory routes/settlements and disaster-prone areas; b) lower access of women livestock farmers and small holders from vulnerable communities to AH and veterinary services; low levels of community awareness about, and engagement with, AH and zoonotic diseases; and c) weak capacity of frontline workers on OH/AH. Risk mitigation will include, among others: (i) occupational health and safety measures for workers, para-veterinarians, and communities; (ii) outreach to remote tribal pockets; (ii) community engagement and awareness building concerning AH/OH, including behavioral changes in communication approaches; and (iii) strengthening the coordination mechanism with other departments, Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs) and local governments. 31 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 3.5 Environmental and Social Risk/Benefits Matrix 99. The component-wise environmental and social effects of the program, including the potential benefits, risks and impacts are presented in the table below. Table 12: Environmental and Social Risks and Benefits Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits Results Area 1: Strengthening Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Coordination of the One Health (OH) Approach Conducting a diagnostic assessment to identify • Development of ToR for diagnostic assessment Environment and Social Risks disease risks, capacity constraints, quality, and • Contracting agency/ institution for undertaking capacity utilization of existing animal health diagnostic assessment • The diagnostic assessment should include infrastructure • Undertaking Diagnostic Assessment and sharing the indicators/ elements of assessing and assessment with states addressing E&S risks and designed monitoring indicators. The recommendations if not suitably reflected in the State specific Strategic Plan for animal health, may lead to deteriorated management of E&S risks in future projects Developing SSPs, which will include the states’ • Preparation of State specific Strategic Plans (SSPs) for Environment and Social Benefits One Health frameworks Animal health management by each of the • It provides opportunity to integrate E&S participating states aspects for environmental and social risk management in veterinary services/operations. Training and capacity building of staff at • Conducting training need assessment Environment and Social Benefits stakeholder departments • Identify training institutions • It provides opportunity to integrate training on • Development of training modules E&S aspects for environmental and social risk • Identify stakeholder department staffs for training management in veterinary services/operations. • Development of training calendar • Undertaking training 32 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits Developing national quality standards, including • Development of National Standards for veterinary and • The Environment and Social related risks in animal health service provision, the mapping and diagnostic service provision including for AH sector could remain unaddressed if the benchmarking of animal health infrastructure, and infrastructure, human resources, and capacity building required mitigation measures are not included manpower and training facilities against such • Assess and benchmark veterinary infrastructure, in the national standards for veterinary and standards. manpower and training facilities against the national diagnostic services. standards • Training of manpower/facility staff to • Identify gaps and potential measures for meeting implement good practices and national national standards standards will lead to overall improvement in the sustainable management of veterinary and diagnostic services. • Many states also lack in having enough MVUs to serve the remote, hilly and difficult to reach areas in an equitable manner and may have access to services related risks. In some cases, even if the veterinary centers are there in these areas, they lack human resources. Establish One Health Steering Committees • Identifying technical thematic areas for working (OHSCs) to operationalize coordination groups mechanisms for selected OH actions • Establishing technical working groups Implementing joint research platforms with • Developing joint research platforms with national and • No specific E&S risks. In fact, it adds to national and international institutions concerning international institutions on One Health. benefit in enhancing institutional capacity specific aspects of One Health towards detection of any disease outbreaks and response mechanism. Results Area 2: Enhancing Diagnostic Capacity for Effective and Timely Disease Diagnosis Physical upgradation of diagnostic facilities at the • Gap identification based on physical and technical Environment and Social Risks district, state, regional and national levels, and the assessment of existing diagnostic facilities at district, 33 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits development and adoption of service standards for state and national level based on national standards • The physical upgradation/construction faster, more accurate disease screening being developed. activities may involve temporary • Developing physical and technical up-gradation plan environmental (pollution related) impacts like for the district, state and national diagnostic facilities. dust, noise, general solid waste, wastewater • Contracting for physical and technical upgradation. • Need for any clearing and cutting of trees etc. • Physical and technical upgradation of diagnostic (if required) facilities at district, state and national level. • Occupational health and safety risks for workers (including covid related risks) may emerging during civil works. • Risks emerging from improper handling, transportation, and disposal of bio-medical wastes from the diagnostic facilities. • Occupational risks to the staff of veterinary facilities being exposed to hazardous chemicals, contaminants and infectious materials • Risks of land acquisition and physical relocation and displacement are minimal, since Though the program does not anticipate any land acquisition. • Adoption of best practice protocols and • Identifying gaps and developing measures including Environment Benefits accreditation of laboratories with relevant national systems and process, and capacity towards adoption of and international standards best practices. • Best practices adopted for accreditation of • Gap assessment for accreditation of laboratories laboratories will lead to safer and more • Designing measures to fulfill the requirement based on sustainable practices in all laboratory gap assessment for accreditation of laboratories operations (addressing any environmental including physical, technical and capacity concerns and staff EHS issues; also, requirements for accreditation. 34 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits • Undertaking necessary measures towards accreditation application of additional green and sustainable of laboratories. practices where possible) Developing and implementing a laboratory • Creation of Laboratory information database • No specific E&S risks information system for effective information • Designing and developing mechanism and protocols sharing for data sharing Enhancing the availability of economical, kit- • Assessing potential areas for promoting economical, Environment and Social Risks based diagnostics to enhance last-mile diagnostic kit-based diagnostic services • Environmental risks may emerge from service provision • Developing institutional mechanism increased use and improper disposal of used • Training frontline staffs including para medics and diagnostic tools and chemicals community health workers • Overall, this will enhance social benefits, however non-availability of diagnostic kits in remote, hilly and difficult to reach areas can lead to risk of exclusion. Training and capacity building of laboratory staff, • Conducting training need assessment Environment and Social Benefits field-level veterinarians, para-vets and forest • Identify training institutions • Training on E&S aspects will lead to more department staff (including field epidemiology). • Development of training modules environmentally sustainable and socially Joint trainings and improving diagnostic • Identify laboratory staff, field-level veterinarians, para- responsive diagnostic and surveillance effectiveness are key OH elements vets and forest department staff (including field operations epidemiology) staffs for training • Development of training calendar • Undertaking training Result Area 3: Increasing Access to Quality Veterinary Services Upgrading of veterinary hospitals and • Gap assessment for upgrading veterinary hospitals and Environment and Social Risks dispensaries to meet minimum national standards dispensaries to meet minimum national standards • The physical upgradation/construction activities may involve temporary 35 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits • Designing and developing measures including environmental (pollution related) impacts like physical, technical and human resource capacity to dust, noise, general solid waste, wastewater meet minimum national standards • Need for any clearing and cutting of trees etc. • Undertaking measures for upgrading veterinary (if required) hospitals and dispensaries. • Occupational health and safety risks for workers (including covid related risks) may emerging during civil works. • Risks emerging from improper handling, transportation, and disposal of bio-medical wastes from the diagnostic facilities. • Occupational risks to the staff of veterinary facilities being exposed to hazardous chemicals, contaminants and infectious materialsRisk for relocation and resettlement is minimal since land acquisition for physical upgradation and construction is not expected. Environment Benefits • Best practices adopted to meet minimum national standards will lead to safer and more sustainable practices in veterinary hospitals and dispensaries (addressing any environmental concerns and staff EHS issues, also additional good-green practices where possible) • • Health and safety risks to adjoining communities (including covid related risks) 36 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits may emerge during upgradation activities and related civil works (if any). Scaling up the use of mobile veterinary units • Need assessment for MVUs for last mile services in Environment Risks (MVUs) for last-mile service provision, with a each of the districts and states • Environmental risks may emerge from particular focus on women farmers and rearers • Developing plan for additional MVUs to be deployed improper disposal of bio-medical wastes from along with necessary human resources MVUs. • Procurement of MVUs • Training of human resources to be deployed in MVUs Social Risks and Benefits • Deployment of MVUS • Overall, this will enhance social benefits, • Designing and implementation of IEC focusing on however even if the MVUs are there but not women farmers and rearers for making optimal use of enough staffs, then non-availability of last mile MVU services services in remote areas may lead to risk of exclusion. An increase in services in underserved locations • Enhance services in hilly, remote and difficult to reach Social Risks and Benefits of program areas areas, and other underserved areas. • Overall, this will enhance social benefit by ensuring that underserved areas and tribal areas are served properly. Development of model veterinary hospitals and • Identifying locations and existing veterinary hospitals Environment and Social Risks model livestock market in a cluster of districts and livestock markets for developing them as ‘models’ • The development of model veterinary hospitals • Need assessment of select veterinary hospitals and and model livestock market may involve livestock markets. temporary environmental (pollution related) • Designing measures for veterinary hospitals and impacts like dust, noise, general solid waste, livestock markets to be demonstrated as ‘models’ wastewater • Developing select veterinary hospitals and livestock • Need for any clearing and cutting of trees etc. market as model veterinary hospitals and model (if required) livestock market. • Necessary permissions may be required if the development activity has a physical footprint 37 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits in proximity to any eco-sensitive area or designated physical cultural resources. • Occupational health and safety risks for workers (including covid related risks) may emerging during civil works. • Risks emerging from improper handling, transportation, and disposal of bio-medical wastes from model veterinary hospitals and model livestock market. • Occupational risks to the staff of veterinary facilities being exposed to hazardous chemicals, contaminants, and infectious materials • Risk of resettlement and relocation of people from civil works is minimal, since land acquisition is not expected for physical upgradation works. • Health and safety risks to adjoining communities (including covid related risks) may emerge during development activities and related civil works (if any). Environment Benefits • Best practices adopted in “model� veterinary hospitals and “model� livestock market will lead to safer and more sustainable (addressing any environmental concerns and staff EHS issues, also additional good-green practices where possible) 38 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits • Capacity building of para-vets and community • Identifying training institutions No specific E&S risks health workers through induction and refresher • Development of training modules training to increase the strength of the workforce • Identify para-vets and community health workers Environment and Social Benefits and to enhance the quality of services training • Training on E&S aspects will lead to more • Development of training calendar environmentally sustainable and socially • Undertaking training responsive veterinary services (diagnostic and surveillance operations) Result Area 4: Enhancing surveillance capacity for effective disease reporting and monitoring Developing integrated information technology • Assessment of existing IT systems and platforms for Environment Risks (IT) platforms and mobile applications for disease disease reporting and its integration to human health • Environmental risks may emerge from reporting, that would be aligned with and able to disease reporting system improper disposal of E-waste (increased use of feed information into human disease reporting • Developing protocols for disease reporting and IT equipment) platforms information sharing • Identifying and developing IT solutions including Social Risks Apps etc. for disease reporting and its integration with human health disease reporting system • No identified social risks • Providing necessary training and capacity building for staffs managing and handling digital solutions • Developing and implementing IT solutions for disease reporting Integrating wildlife disease surveillance in the • Identifying necessary measures for integrating wildlife • No specific E&S risks National Digital Livestock Mission (NDLM); and diseases into National Animal Disease Reporting the training and onboarding of forest department System (NADRS) staff into disease reporting platforms • Coordinating with Forest Department for using NADRS platform 39 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits • Building Forest department staffs on disease reporting on NADRS Capacity building of animal, human and wildlife • Undertaking training need assessment for disease • No specific E&S risks personnel to strengthen disease monitoring in monitoring in high-risk locations and protected areas high-risk locations and protected areas • Identifying training institutions • Development of training modules • Identify para-vets and community health workers training • Development of training calendar and undertaking training Strengthening capacity of FSSAI to test animal- • Strengthening capacity of FSSAI for product food • No specific E&S risks sourced products and initiating coordination with testing DAHD to promote food safety in animal products • Initiating coordination with DAHD towards promoting food safety Result Area 5: Increasing Community Awareness of Animal Disease Management Practices and Zoonoses Conducting community awareness campaigns • Designing communication and community engagement No Environmental Risks about zoonotic diseases, disease prevention and strategy and tools reporting requirements with a specific focus on • Designing campaigns for communications and citizen Social Benefits pregnant women and young mothers engagement • Overall, it will benefit in garnering community • Hiring of communication agency to help develop support along with building their capacity to communication materials and undertake identify and take necessary actions towards communication campaigns disease reporting • Implementation of communication campaigns and • Orienting women livestock rearers/farmers, citizen engagement activities including pregnant women and young mothers will have preventive health benefits Building the capacity of livestock farmers to • Identifying institutions/ civil society actors to help No Environmental Risks maintain good animal husbandry practices undertake the same at farm level 40 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Component and Sub-Components Potential Activities Potential Environmental and Social Risks/Benefits (GAHP) necessary to strengthen biosecurity and • Designing and implementing community/ farmers biosafety measures at the farm level capacity building measures through communication Social Benefits campaigns, community engagement tools, focused • Overall, it will benefit in garnering community training sessions etc. towards GAHP support and building community/ farmer’s • Monitoring and reporting. capacity towards GAHP Improving disease management capacity and • Identifying training institutions Environmental and Social Benefits practices in high-risk sites, including livestock • Development of training modules • Training on E&S aspects will lead to more markets, abattoirs, slaughterhouses, and informal • Identify target stakeholders at high-risk sites including environmentally sustainable and socially markets community members/ farmers, para-vets and responsive operations in livestock markets, community health workers etc. abattoirs, slaughterhouses, and informal • Development of training calendar and undertaking markets training 41 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 3.6 Indirect and Cumulative Impacts 100. The PforR will be implemented in Maharashtra, Odisha, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, and Assam. These states hold about 138.8 million livestock, which amounts to 26 percent of India’s total livestock. Madhya Pradesh is the third leading state in total livestock population in the country. Maharashtra, Assam, and Odisha are among the top ten cattle population states holding a total of 34.8 million cattle. Maharashtra is a major poultry producing state. Together with Karnataka, Assam, and Odisha, it is among the top ten poultry states, holding 207.9 million poultry. The five Program States hold approximately 31 percent of India’s dog population of 9.4 million dogs. The five states constitute about 29 percent of India’s forest cover, and 39 percent of the total area of Odisha. There is a sizable wildlife population in the Program states, and Maharashtra and Assam have among the highest cases of poaching, and illegal trafficking of wild animals is high in Odisha. The rate of animal disease incidence is high in these participating states. Using the incidence of nine selected priority diseases in states reported by the Integrated Disease Surveillance Project (IDSP) (2019 through 2020), the participating states reported the most incidences. 101. Cumulative environmental impacts relate primarily to generation of additional biomedical wastes in these states. On an individual veterinary facility and laboratory level, biomedical waste generated might not be significant and mostly manageable through project interventions, but on an aggregate basis, considering the huge cattle population and environmental sensitivities in the participating states, this could overwhelm the existing capacity, particularly for facility level storage and transport to final disposal site. 102. Some positive cumulative impacts are also anticipated. Efficient and functional laboratory services is likely to have a positive impact on improving the emergency response and thus shortening the duration and severity as well as spread of disease outbreaks. By helping in keeping the health of workforce healthy and functional, the indirect adverse impacts on non-emergency and routine essential veterinary services, would be prevented. 103. Continuous training and learning opportunities are expected to build cumulative capacity across the states veterinary sector and sustainable management of biomedical wastes and improved operational health and safety systems will lead to strengthened biosecurity and biosafety provisions. 42 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 4 ASSESSMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SYSTEMS 4.1 Program Assessment 104. As mentioned earlier, the PforR Policy of the Bank requires the proposed Program to operate within an adequate environmental and social management system that can manage environmental and social effects (particularly adverse impacts and risks) identified during the ESSA process. This includes: a) an adequate legal and regulatory framework and institutional setting to guide environmental and social impact assessment and the management of environmental and social effects, and b) adequate institutional capacity to effectively implement the requirements of the system including staffing, resources and process and practices in place 105. This section assesses whether the program’s environmental and social management systems are consistent with the core principles and key planning elements contained in the PforR Policy and whether the involved institutions have the requisite capacity to implement the requirements of these systems. Both elements (e.g., program systems and capacity) are necessary towards ensuring that the environmental and social effects identified in Chapter 4 of this document. Through this analysis, the ESSA team has identified some gaps, which can be addressed through actions recommended under Chapter 7 of this report. A detailed analysis of the proposed program with respect to the core principles laid out in PforR policy/ ESSA guidance is presented in the Annex 4. 106. A program system is constituted by the rules and “arrangements within a program for managing environmental and social effects12, “including institutional, organizational, and procedural considerations that are relevant to environmental and social management13� and that provide “authority� to those institutions involved in the program “to achieve environmental and social objectives against the range of environmental and social impacts that may be associated with the Program14.� This includes existing laws, policies, rules, regulations, procedures, and implementing guidelines, etc. that are applicable to the program or the management of its environmental and social effects. It also includes inter-agency coordination arrangements if there are shared implementation responsibilities in practice15. 107. Program capacity is the “organizational capacity� of the institutions authorized to undertake environmental and social management actions to achieve effectively “environmental and social objectives against the range of environmental and social impacts that may be associated with the Program.� This ESSA has examined the adequacy of such capacity by considering, among other things, the following factors: a) Adequacy of human resources (including in terms of training and experience), budget, and other implementation resources allocated to the institutions. b) Adequacy of institutional organization and the division of responsibilities among institutions. c) Effectiveness of inter-agency coordination arrangements where multiple agencies or jurisdictions are involved; and d) The degree to which the institutions can demonstrate prior experience in effectively managing environmental and social effects in the context in projects or programs of similar type and magnitude. 12 Drawn from Program-for-Results Financing: Interim Guidance Notes on Staff Assessments, “Chapter Four: Environmental and Social systemss Assessment Interim Guidance Note,� Page 77, paragraph 1 13 Ibid, page 82, paragraph 12 14 Ibid., Page 77, paragraph 2, and page 82 paragraph 12. 15 Based “Chapter Four: Environmental and Social systems Assessment Interim Guidance Note,� Program-for- Results Financing: Interim Guidance Notes on Staff Assessments 43 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 4.2 Institutional Arrangement and Gaps 108. The AHSSOH program will be implemented by the Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD), Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD) at the national level, officials of the Animal Husbandry Departments (AHDs) in the participating states. 109. The State Animal Husbandry departments are headed by a Commissioner/ Director level officer who is assisted by Additional Directors/ Joint Directors, who in turn are assisted by Deputy Directors or District Animal Husbandry officers at the district level. At the Block/Taluka level, the Block Animal Husbandry Officer or Livestock or Veterinary Officers are responsible for program implementation. In the district and blocks, Senior Veterinary Surgeons, Veterinarians, and Veterinary Assistants function in various veterinary institutions. Most participating states reported shortage of staff/officials, including veterinarians/ veterinary graduates. While there are veterinary institutions even in remote areas and tribal areas in most of the participating states, in many cases they are not functional at full capacity as they lack having adequate number of doctors, and other technical staffs. In some of the states MVUs also face challenges of having adequate number of staff. 110. For effective delivery of veterinary services to farmers, the Para-veterinarians (paravets) play an important role in providing ‘minor veterinary services’ to farmers, especially services related to animal health, nutrition, breeding and other veterinary and extension services. They are named differently in different regions like Paravets, Multipurpose AI Technicians in Rural India (MAITRI) workers, Pashu Mitra, Gopal Mitra, Pranibandhu, PraniMitra, Pranisebee etc. These community- based animal health workers are skilled professionals who have undertaken training in artificial insemination, first aid, administration of medicines and vaccines, assisting veterinarians in surgical, medical and gynecology treatments, etc. Each paravet provides breeding and minor veterinary services to farmers in about 5-8 villages. They are further assisted by Field Extension workers, often a women woman (Pashu-Sakhi), who serve from 2-3 villages. Paravets continue to serve a large gap in extension services and have enabled more people to access extension and advisory services to protect their livestock. 111. In context of environment segment of the current program the regulatory structure at the Government level is the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), which is the nodal agency in the administrative structure of the Central Government for the planning, promotion, co-ordination and overseeing the implementation of India's environmental and forestry policies and programs. The wildlife division of MoEFCC is the responsible authority for looking into animal wildlife conflict aspects of the one Health approach. 112. In addition, for better coordination & monitoring purposes, the ministry has 18 regional offices all over India. Further, the ministry has established 21 Subordinate offices /Institutes / Boards / Authorities / autonomous organizations spread all over India covering all aspects of Environment. 113. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is the agency for monitoring & regulating the various laws enacted by the MoEFCC. Biomedical Waste Management (BMWM) is the most critical area under the environment context of the current PforR. Below is the institutional ecosystem under which the BMW operations of veterinary facilities would work in all the participating states. 44 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Figure 2: Institutional Ecosystem for BMW Operations of Veterinary Facilities 114. CPCB is located at New Delhi and has 6 regional offices. The CPCB regulates all aspects of Environmental pollution (including BMW and other forms of waste management) all over the Country and oversees the function of state pollution control board(s) or SPCB(s) / Pollution Control Committee(s), which have been established in all states /Union territories respectively. The CPCB has formulated various guidelines to supplement the rules enacted by MoEFCC. In addition, The CPCB has formulated various guidelines to supplement the rules enacted by MoEFCC. In addition, CPCB acts as a bridge between various SPCB(s) and MoEFCC and compiles all statistics/data from different states for further submission to MoEFCC. Although the State Pollution Control Boards are mandated to oversee the biomedical waste management of state’s veterinary units and supervise the work of statewide network on Common Biomedical Treatment Facilities (CBMWTF), the capacity of these organizations is often low for required technical supervision. Again, veterinary services are mostly on low priority in these organizations, and it does not have dedicated divisions. SPCBs in pilot states also lack in required human and budgetary resources to deliver their mandates on BMW management. 115. The State Animal Husbandry Departments (AHDs) also do not have any dedicated environment safeguards or social safeguards officer, due to which the critical tasks of BMW management and issues with respect to operational health and safety of workers as well as communities are dealt by other technical/non-technical staff members. Availability of dedicated budget is also a major constraint in participating states (Maharashtra expressed the need for an expanded budget head for BMWM, while Odisha mentioned requirement of additional funds for laboratory upgradation16). Additionally, lack of a clear environment strategy at state level, absence of mandated written protocols for Veterinary Facilities, and inadequate technical capacities/systems at the state AHDs often lead to inefficient overall coordination and management of the hazardous wastes being generated at state’s veterinary faciliti es. 116. Implementation Arrangement - For the current P4R Program, a Program Steering Committee (PSC) headed by the Secretary of Animal Husbandry with corresponding One Health departments and agencies (including human health, environment/wildlife, and food safety) will be established to oversee the program at the national level. The National Program Implementation Unit (NPIU) will consist of the existing staff of the DAHD, headed by the Joint Secretary of Animal Health. The existing One Health Support Unit (OHSU) will provide support to manage the program at the national level. The DAHD will hire additional technical consultants to strengthen capacity in specific areas including 16 Information as received during state wise (virtual) consultation workshop organized on 23rd and 24th February 2022. 45 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment procurement, as well as implementation and oversight of the environmental and social risk mitigation interventions. Participating states17 will be required to submit a Letter of Undertaking (LOU) to the Ministry of Fisheries Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD) confirming their readiness to participate in accordance with the Program design and procedures laid out in the Program Implementation Manual (PIM), which also includes key ESSA recommendations as mentioned in Section-6 of this report on strengthening environmental and social systems. 117. At the State level, a One Health Coordination Committee will be established. It will correspond to the national PSC, which will also serve to oversee implementation of the State Strategic Plans at the State level. A State Program Implementing Unit (SPIU) will be hired in each of the five participating states to assist the AHDs in implementing the program. The DAHD will hire an Independent Verification Agency (IVA) to verify DLR achievements. The appointment of dedicated officers for environment and social oversight at national level and state level PIUs are expected to provide for the required implementation capacities of the program. 4.3 Legal and Regulatory System 118. India has specific policy, legal and regulatory provisions directly relevant to the activities being carried out under the program. ESSA has reviewed these national and state specific laws and regulations relevant to managing the environmental and social effects of the proposed program.18. Annex-3 lists legal instruments that manage the biomedical and other wastes, pollution prevention, labor related aspects relevant to the program. While the provisions of the existing environmental and social legal and regulatory framework are adequate, they are constrained by inadequate institutional mechanisms and technical capacity to ensure optimum and timely enforcement. The National Health-Care Waste Management Plan - Guidance Manual Published by World Health Organization (WHO) is a relevant framework for the current program activities. 119. The key legislations that guide the environment context of diagnostic facilities under the program include. i). Bio medical waste Management Rules, 2016 (amended 2019), (additional Guidelines published by CPCB include; Guidelines for Management of Healthcare Waste as per Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016, Guidelines for handling of BMW for utilization – 2019, Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of Mercury Waste Generated From the Health Care Facilities -2012, Guidelines for Bar Code System for Effective Management of Bio-medical Waste, Guidelines for Disposal of Bio-medical Waste Generated during Universal Immunization Programme (UIP), Guidelines for Monitoring Compliance of Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities by State Pollution Control Boards / Pollution Control Committees, Guidelines for Imposition of Environmental Compensation Charges against Healthcare Facilities and Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities, Guidelines for Handling, Treatment and Disposal of Waste Generated during Treatment/Diagnosis/ Quarantine of COVID-19 Patients) ii) Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016, iii) Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016, amended 2018, iv) Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016, amended 2019, 17 The states selection is based on the livestock population size (states with high livestock population); forest cover, animal disease risk incidence (high disease burden and risk of outbreaks); states participating in Zoonosis outreach Program with dedicated fund to strengthen animal health management related and commitment to improve animal health outcomes and willingness to implement the One Health Framework in animal disease and zoonoses management. 18 Covering protection of rights and interests of backward, scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) and other marginalized communities, citizen engagement, livelihoods, inclusion, gender, labor and other sector related laws and policies. 46 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment v) E-Waste Management Rules, 2016, amended in 2018. vi) Additionally, the National Aids Control Organization (NACO) issued by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare provides holistic operational guidelines on Quality Assurance, Equipment Selection and maintenances, lab safety, employee protection and biosafety & infection control. 120. All the participating states have adopted the laws of Central Govt as described above. Further, these states have created State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB)s at the state level for implementation / monitoring of these laws. In addition, some states like Karnataka, Maharashtra and Odisha have enacted laws for Ground Water development /Control and have created departments viz. Directorate of Ground water Development, Ground Water Surveys and Development Agency. 121. The key legislations that guide the social aspects under the program are mentioned below. The existing legislative framework is adequate to ensure social sustainability and inclusion of marginalized and vulnerable population including the SC and ST population, labor welfare, and gender and inclusion but requires strengthening of institutional capacity for better compliance. The key social legislations and provisions assessed include: e) Constitutional provisions under Articles 15,16 and 46 f) Provisions as per Fifth and Sixth Schedule Areas in the Constitution of India g) Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes (Prevention of Atrocities) Act 1989 and further Amendments 2018 h) Minimum wages Act, 1948 i) The Building and Other Constructions Workers (Regulation of Employment and Conditions of Service) Act, 1996 and the associated Central Rules, 1998 j) National Building Codes of India 2016 k) The Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 l) The Child and Adolescent Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act, 1986; and Notification of the Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Amendment Act, 2016 and Rules 2017 m) The Right to Information Act 2005; and rules by the respective states n) The Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016 o) The Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013; and p) Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 - Sexual Offences. 122. The building and other constructions workers related act, and the Occupational Safety, Health and Working Conditions Code, 2020 further strengthens the labor related framework and legislations. However, it requires enabling institutional, capacity, and regular monitoring to comply with. 4.4 Existing Environmental and Social Practices in Participating States 123. Lack of Biosafety and Biocontrol measures, poor or inefficient biomedical and liquid waste management in VFs and Diagnostic facilities, Unsustainable deep burial practices and compromised Workers Health and Safety are key environmental issues in the participating states 124. A state wise summary of the key concerns/challenges is given in the table below19; 19 These findings/inputs are from the participating state workshops conducted between January and February 2022. 47 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Table 13: State-wise Summary of Key Environmental Concerns Participatin Biosafety and Bio Bio-Medical and Liquid Workers Occupational g States Control Measures Waste Management Health and Safety 1 Assam • No uniform SOP for Bio- • On-site deep burial being • Ad-hoc trainings are being Safety and Bio Control practiced in most VFs. Only undertaken measures in state one CBMWTF currently • Assistance to States for laboratories operational at Guwahati (it control of animal diseases • No SOPs, guidance or is not receiving waste as per (ASCAD) scheme under protocols on BMW its design capacity) implementation management • Liquid waste – most labs in • Need proper SOPs for • No dedicated officer for the state are now moving to Workers/Staff Health and Bio-Safety and Bio molecular treatment Safety Control measures methods, leading to huge • Regular Medical checkup • Training on Bio-Safety toxic/hazardous liquid waste for staff is not being done and Bio Control measures production. Grave concern • COVID-19 Precautions is urgently required for the state like masks, sanitization, • Uniform SOPs required at • Uniform SOP for Liquid PPE kits etc. are being all levels of vet facilities in waste management is observed. No fixed SOP. the state required • Need Standardized • A dedicated trained officer protocols for BSL-1, BSL- for Biomedical and Liquid 2, BSL-3 labs Waste Management is needed • Need trainings on managing/maintaining labs equipment • Disposal of COVID related waste is a rising concern 2 Karnataka • Basic SOPs in place • Efficient mechanism for • SOPs for EHS Safety • Trainings being BMWM in place measures in place undertaken • BMW handed over to • Trainings, Guidelines and • Three well equipped authorized CBMWTFs Equipment for EHS are in BSL-3 Labs with (private operators) place efficient and qualified • Liquid waste handled in scientists campus • But need more labs in all • SOPs in local language remaining 17 districts20 available • Some ad hoc trainings being undertaken 3 Maharashtra • Stringent Rules being • BMW waste management • EHS measure well in implemented for Bio- under control of SPCB. There place for all veterinary Safety and Bio Control are more than 30 private labs measures authorized vendors for • SOPs and trainings on • There is a 3-level task CBMWTF in the state EHS are in place force • Liquid waste management is a • Medical checkup for (state/regional/district) very big challenge. Liquid workers is a major gap which conducts monthly waste is being disinfected • Need guidelines and reviews mostly onsite. protocols for medical • Under PHD a State • BSL2 and BSL3 labs need checkup of workers Communicable Disease upgradation • Covid safety protocol is Control Committee has • There are budget constraints currently in place been formed which in BMWM undertakes quarterly • 3 tier lab system – also reviews western region’s RDDL in Maharashtra 20 The current PFR is not funding construction of new labs in participating states. 48 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Participatin Biosafety and Bio Bio-Medical and Liquid Workers Occupational g States Control Measures Waste Management Health and Safety • Agriculture Skill Council • 7 Labs – one for each of the 7 of India: ASCI revenue regions undertaking trainings • 34 District Polyclinics (including one package • Labs need upgradation and are on Bio-Safety and Bio in process of getting SPCB Control measures) authorization • Key concern is the very • District labs need financial low community assistance for infrastructure awareness on Bio-Safety upgradation and Bio Control measures • SOPs present for all labs, but regular training programs are required in BMWM 4 Odisha • Need laboratory • Budget constraints for lab • Annual trainings on EHS infrastructure upgradation upgradation being done at district level • SOPs for Biosafety and • Very few DDDLs registered • COVID vaccination done Bio Control measures are with SPCB for front line workers in place • Need SOPs and training on • Trainings on lab-EHS • Currently the state has BMWM measures being undertaken only BSL 2 labs. • Network of CBMWTF very • Deficiency in worker health Proposal to establish a poor. checkup facilities BSL3 lab • Many facilities are also treating • Need training in biosafety • Third party identified for waste within their campuses measures implementation of Biosecurity measures • Proposal to establish a RDDL • Systematic trainings required at all levels on Biosafety and Bio Control • SOPs need to be revisited/updated and standardized for all labs • Target based capacity building needs at all levels Source: Based on State level consultations, 2022 125. Acknowledging the need to address poor compliance of BMW rules 2016 (amended in 2019) in Indian states, and to review the compliance status in veterinary facilities, CPCB in the July 2020 inspected 85 veterinary hospitals. The below observations/shortcomings were found as per the sample inspections. • Majority of veterinary Hospitals have not obtained authorization obtained from prescribed authority • The Hospitals have not registered with the CBWTFs for treatment and disposal of BMW generated in their veterinary hospitals • No segregation of waste at source is practiced through separate color-coded collection bins • No proper records are being maintained about waste generation, collection, transportation, treatment and disposal • Awareness has not been created for the waste handling staffs through display of Posters & charts 49 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment • No record is available regarding immunization of workers involved in handling of bio-medical waste as per rule 4(h) and conduction of regular health checkups to these workers as per rule 4(m) • No committee has been formed to review and monitor the activities related to bio-medical waste management • No wastewater treatment facility is available, and the wastewater generated is disposed into public sewer. • Annual report in Form -- IV is not submitted to the prescribed authority 126. After the above survey, in view of non-compliance, letters were also issued to the Principal Secretary, Department of Animal Husbandry of all states, requesting to take immediate action to ensure effective compliance to BMWM Rules, 2016 by the veterinary hospitals located in their states. Due to onset of COVID after March 2020, no major progress has been made on the above shortcomings/compliance issues. The same was also validated during the (focus) state level workshops organized in February 2022 by the World Bank team. 127. The state wise summary of the key social concerns/challenges is given in the table below. Table 14: State-wise Summary of Key Social Concerns Participating Community Health and Community Engagement Coverage of Remote Areas States Safety and Tribal Communities 1 Assam • Municipal bodies manage • Veterinarians, para vets, • There is shortage of Vet slaughterhouses markets and Pashu Sakhi undertake doctors and staff to and have their own initial communication. service remote, difficult veterinary staffs – no • Current mechanism for to reach areas, and tribal linkages/coordination awareness creation is pockets. with AHD. based on visitors in the • AH being state subject, • While slaughterhouses animal health/vaccination all hospitals, and livestock markets are camps. Systematic dispensaries, sub-centers targeted for CHS, the Wet approach to are under AHD even in markets are not. communication and Schedule V & VI areas • Limited convergence awareness creation is weak • Some Forest villages are between Animal health . difficult to reach and and human health • Participation of PRI remain underserved. departments and staff members, producer • NGOs will be helpful in • Low awareness about groups, livestock groups is awareness creation/ CHS among veterinary needed. training, but disease staffs, paraprofessionals, • No NGOs are involved – management and community workers, and though there are some who outbreak controls are community in general. are working on animal responsibility of Vet dept • Carcass disposal is health – they can be and Doctors – however improper – need involved for awareness initial linkages will help. mechanism for generation. Also, no strengthening. funding is provided to NGOs from AHD. • Dead animal often disposed off in rivers and water bodies – eaten by dogs, foxes, wild animals – risk of diseases spreading across – 50 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Participating Community Health and Community Engagement Coverage of Remote Areas States Safety and Tribal Communities community awareness is also low on these things. 2 Karnataka • Carcass management is • Awareness done during • Adequate number of left to villagers vaccination drives/ Veterinary institutions campaigns. are functional across the • No SOP or guidelines on • Village based training and states, however areas in CHS awareness will be useful, coastal belt and Western • Municipal bodies manage Ghats need more including involving PRIs. slaughterhouses/ urban attention Wet markets and have • There has been some their own veterinary staffs engagement with PRIs/ – no linkages/ PRI members for coordination with AHD imparting training and or awareness on their awareness. practice and approach. • Mass media (print, radio • Low awareness about etc.) is also used on CHS – need to create awareness creation om awareness among staffs, diseases, outbreaks etc. para vets and community. and have developed communication materials • No engagement/ to be used by para vets, coordination with ANM, MAITRI workers. AWW on human health • 3 Maharashtra • Carcass disposal is done • Call centers are providing • Inadequate staff poses by villagers – they guidance to livestock some challenges to generally bury owners and villagers. Toll service remote tribal • There is no SOP or free number (1602) is used areas, where para- guidelines on CHS. for community professionals are engagement with support • Municipal bodies manage of dedicated staff to utilized to provide slaughterhouses/ urban address community services. wet markets and have concerns. • State has adequate their own veterinary number of Vet staffs. However, the • Good coordination with human health and wildlife institutions (4889), but coordination is weak there are gaps in between AHD and dept. providing service in Municipal bodies. • District level campaigns remote and tribal areas– • Limited convergence are undertaken for MVUs work better in between Animal health awareness generation and these areas given and human health monitored through HQ. geographic spread. departments and staffs. Livestock and poultry farmers provided training • CM Pashu swasthya through existing training yojna started - under modules. NGOs also which 350 MVUs are support in these district sanctioned of which 72 level campaigns. have started operations. • No regular engagement • Under Zilla parishad also with PRIs but they are there are Vet clinics - but involved during IEC these don’t have enough campaigns at district and doctors. block level. • In remote areas/ tribal areas many of the milk 51 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Participating Community Health and Community Engagement Coverage of Remote Areas States Safety and Tribal Communities • Some guidelines on federations also provide zoonotic diseases are animal health services – also being circulated though systematic among veterinary staffs, reporting by them on disease outbreaks is not paravets, production worked out. centers for awareness creation. • As per 1984 act – one vet for 5000 livestock • Communication materials population is supposed to - e.g., leaflets, poster etc. – be there - which is a gap are for circulation to para not only in Maharashtra vets, Pashu Sakhi, and to but across the country – community members. because of which most of • State level training the remote/ tribal areas institute at Pune provides are underserved. training to Vet staffs, para • Many NGOs also vets and other stakeholders working in tribal areas in livestock sector supporting treatment, including on zoonotic deworming etc. – no diseases. National Institute formal linkages set up – of Occupational Health also their training (NIOH) is also involved program are different and no linkage with State AHD. 4 Odisha • No SOP/ Guideline on • Engagement with SHGs or • MVUs provide services community health and training them is mainly for at farm level and in safety poultry/ goatery units for remote areas. • Waste generated through livelihood support through • Dispensaries and Vet MVUs (mainly through para vets, VS etc. institutions are there in vaccination and treatment • Gopal Mitra undertakes remote areas – but – syringes etc.) are initial engagements with shortage of staff is the brought back for disposal community during First biggest challenge at Vet hospital/ aid, AI, and other services, Dispensary, however, any but are few in numbers organic waste/ animal and not every GP has waste is disposed off on them. site. • Some IEC/ communication • No set protocols for awareness materials are disposing animal available at Vet offices – carcasses. but in limited numbers – • No Training program on distribution of awareness CHS either to para-vets/ materials/ leaf lets is rare. Gopal Mitra/ Pashu • Inadequate measures/ Sakhi/ and other mechanism for Citizens’ community workers. engagement and resource • limited awareness about allocation. NGOs are not CHS among Veterinary utilized by the department. hospital/ dispensary staffs • – and poses a major 52 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Participating Community Health and Community Engagement Coverage of Remote Areas States Safety and Tribal Communities concern for zoonotic diseases. • ASHA and AWW play a role in disseminating information on animal health and diseases to para-vet centers/ Vet institutions • There is need for training on CHS aspects, food production and hygiene management. 5 Madhya • No SOP/ Guideline on • Veterinary officers visit • Veterinary hospitals, Pradesh community health and markets, Animal/poultry dispensaries, AI centers/ safety farms for physical AI sub centers are • Carcass management, examination of animals located in tribal and and poultry. IEC camps remote areas to provide Wet markets, are also organized in services. In addition, Slaughterhouses, concerned areas/ special component Zoonotic disease and community for awareness schemes like SC/ST other animal disease generation. plans are also running in outbreaks in the state these areas to provide • Community Engagement are major concerns is primarily through health AH related benefits. • Animal markets, camps, awareness camps However, these areas slaughterhouses, wet and vaccination drives. suffer from manpower, markets, and Carcass These are supported with transport and budget disposal are supposed to posters, electronic media deficiencies. follow local & distribution of • More NGO engagement administration guidelines. pamphlets, leaflets etc. in remote areas will help However, these are not • No proper guideline for address inclusion of uniform and may lack in engaging communities on tribal and communities detailing out clear one health; also, shortage living in remote areas protocols and standards of budget and manpower • Communication is done during village level camps, apart from this there are mass communication through audio-visual, TV and radio • Dedicated call center provides guidance and resolves grievances (Pashudhan Sanjeevani Helpline 1962). This has attended over 10 lakh calls from farmers and provided treatment to more than 5 lakh cows in the state, with about 85% satisfaction rate. 53 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Participating Community Health and Community Engagement Coverage of Remote Areas States Safety and Tribal Communities • NGOs like JK trust, BAIF, and CBOs like Madhya Pradesh Women Poultry Producers Company Pvt Ltd (MPWPCL) are also working in state • Apart from strengthening CE activities it is important to collaborate with Forest and Health departments for better outcome on OH. Source: Based on State level consultations, 2022 128. Given most of the health care services are provided at the community member’s/ farmers doorstep within the community, and where community is also involved in caring and taking care of animals, it is important that community is aware about the risks involved and take proper care of the same. In most cases the wastes generated during the services provided by the veterinary staff, and disposal of dead animals are left to community members/villagers, which often results in improper disposal. Waste generated through MVUs (mainly through vaccination and treatment – syringes etc.) is brought back for disposal at Vet hospital/ Dispensary – however, any organic waste/ animal waste is disposed off by the villagers on site. Most participating states currently do not have any guidelines or standard operating procedure (SoP) for community health and safety measures. 129. In states like Assam, the dead animals often disposed off in rivers and water bodies, which are further eaten by dogs/ foxes/ wild animals and pose enhanced risks of diseases spreading across the geography. Community awareness on emerging risks is also low and need awareness creation including through involving PRIs will be useful as they have good hold among community. 130. In most of the cases, slaughterhouses, abattoirs and wet markets are located in urban areas and being managed by Municipal authorities. While some Municipal authorities have their own veterinary officers, there is very little or no coordination between the AHD and Municipal authorities in managing worker and community health and safety issues or to address any disease outbreaks. 131. In some states, the ASHA(s) and Anganwadi workers (AWW) also disseminate information on animal health and diseases with the community. They usually report to paravets centers nearby or in some cases report to their own health centers or higher officials to inform the block level veterinary officials and institutions. In most cases the information is for Anthrax and Japanese Encephalitis. However, there is no joint trainings to these frontline workers on identifying zoonotic diseases. 132. Engagement with self-help groups (SHGs) is mainly around poultry/goatery units for livelihood development. Support is provided through para vets/ veterinary staffs for their upkeep and for better production practices, including on managing diseases. However, systematic approach to providing extension and advisory support on health and safety measures needed to manage animal health and zoonotic diseases is absent. 133. Discussion with participating states suggests that there is a need for making community and paraprofessionals aware about the risks and training them for taking appropriate mitigation measures. Also, there is low awareness among AHD/ Vet staffs on community health and safety aspects. 134. Paraprofessionals and community level workers like Gau-Mitra, Pranibandhu, PraniMitra, Pashu-Sakhi are key to the community engagement in all the participating states. They undertake initial 54 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment engagement with farmers/ community members and producer groups and communicate on animal diseases and related precautions and practices. State AHDs also undertake various awareness campaigns mainly through mass media channels and vaccination camps. Some states like Maharashtra and Karnataka also involve Panchayati Raj institutions (PRIs) as they have more influence on community groups. In these states, PRI members at times are also engaged in awareness creation and training programs. Village-based awareness creation campaigns and training programs on AH/OH will be critical in creating broader awareness on AH/OH issues. 135. Most states reported having some IEC materials at the Veterinary institutions on various diseases, and prevention mechanisms, however, only a limited number of these are available with paraprofessionals and for distribution at community level. 136. Departments face staffing and logistical challenges in providing services in remote areas and tribal pockets, and largely depend on paraprofessionals to provide services. This aspect will be assessed and mapped further during the preparation of the state diagnostic assessment and the state level strategic plan, and suitable measures shall be incorporated measures. 137. Some Participating states have engaged NGOs with strong experience in livestock-based livelihoods and AH issues, however state AHDs have not undertaken any activity to build their capacities in disease surveillance and responses. 138. To increase accessibility of veterinary services at farmer’s doorsteps, Mobile Veterinary Units (MVUs) are placed in the states under the Livestock Health and Disease Control (LHDC) scheme. One MVU approximately serves one lakh livestock population. These MVUs are customized vehicles for veterinary healthcare with equipment for diagnosis, treatment & minor surgery, audio visual aids and other basic requirements for treatment of animals. These MVUs provide veterinary services at the farmers’ doorstep based on the phone calls received by the Call Centre from the farmers of respective State. The MVUs are generally positioned at a strategic location in order to minimize travel time and to provide service within targeted time. 139. While no personal data is collected during surveillance, the Government of India (GoI) and the State Governments including DAHD, and Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW) and their state departments have experience in protection of personal data through their various surveillance programs as well as through established procedures for data protection. The data protection would be also guided by India’s upcoming Data Protection Bill which is soon expected to become the legislation. 4.1 Environmental and Social Management System Assessed Against Core Principles 140. Core Principle -1: Program E&S Management System Program E&S management systems are designed to: (a) avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts; (a) promote E&S sustainability in the Program design; (b) avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts; and (c) promote informed decision-making relating to a Program’s E&S effects. 141. The Core Principle 1 is applicable. Certain interventions under the program would require mitigation actions and sustainable approaches to better manage program’s environmental and social effects. These include, among others: (1) risks related to biosafety in labs and diagnostic facilities and the management of biomedical waste (including liquid, pharmaceutical, carcass and other hazardous waste) in laboratories, mobile veterinary units, veterinary clinics, slaughterhouses, and wet markets/local markets in urban and rural areas; (2) occupational health and safety risks of workers in diagnostic facilities and other waste management activities; (3) temporary construction induced adverse environmental impacts during physical upgradation of select laboratories; (4) community health and 55 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment safety risks associated with biomedical waste management in urban and rural areas; and weak community health and safety measures with no specific guidance or training to frontline workers, including para vets and community workers. 142. The DAHD is implementing an overarching animal health management program, namely the Livestock Health and Disease Control Program (LHDCP). Its objective is to control animal diseases and zoonoses. The Program will collaborate closely with development partners (DPs) on different aspects of program implementation. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) in India is also working on advancing the One Health Framework and is funding the One Health Technical Support Unit (OHTSU) to support the MoFAHD in developing technical capacity on One Health implementation. OHTSU is anchored in MoFAHD and will support the Program on OH coordination. In addition, the Program will collaborate closely with the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) on research and technical support, as well as with the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE). The DPs will contribute to the technical aspects including undertaking required assessments. The World Bank Executed Food System 2030 Multi Donor Trust Fund will provide analytical and implementation support to the program. 143. Another under preparation Bank operation - Transforming India’s Public Health Systems for Pandemic Preparedness Program (PHSSP) - complements the “One Health� framework that is proposed under the AHSSOH program. The PHSSP program aims to strengthen pandemic preparedness and response systems in human health institutions in India. PHSSP is anchored by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare (MoHFW), and will be implemented by its various agencies, including the Department of Health and Research, National Center for Disease Control (NCDC) and the Indian Council for Medical Research (ICMR). AHSSOH will collaborate with PHSSP around priority areas for One Health such as: (i) strengthening of OH coordination mechanism among MoHFW, MoFAHD and the MoEFCC; (ii) augmenting Anti-Microbial Resistance (AMR) data and investigation from the livestock sector into the National AMR Plan led by NCDC (iii) sharing of disease surveillance data; (iv) development of common national standards and standard operating procedures (SOPs) for priority zoonotic diseases, and (v) promotion of joint research including the identification of climate related zoonotic disease hotspots. 144. The state Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Departments implement the various AH and veterinary programs within the state. While the departments are well equipped to deliver veterinary services in their respective states, the capacity and institutional arrangements to address the environmental and social issues in the AH sector is minimal. The state Directorates of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary do not have dedicated and/or adequately trained E&S officers/biosafety officers, who often work on these issues on a “need� basis. There are no functional safeguard screening measures for new programs, SOPs for handing BMW or workers occupational health and safety, nor dedicated budget heads to mitigate potential environmental and social impacts and enhance sustainability. With an optimum regulatory framework already in place, the implementing agencies require necessary interventions to strengthen their systems and capacities to manage anticipated environmental and social risks associated with the program. Key Gaps 145. At present, there is no formal mechanism adopted for upfront/early identification of potential environmental and social issues/risks of any given new projects for the sector. There is a need to establish a proper E&S screening mechanism to identify any adverse risks and impacts and plan to mitigate accordingly. 146. Temporary construction related environment impacts (dust, noise, water pollution etc.) are also currently not addressed uniformly and will need to be mitigated through contractual obligations of the appointed construction contractors. 56 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 147. The organizational arrangements and provisions, such as, designated biosafety officers and necessary training and capacity for managing specific OHS and environmental risks of working in biosafety laboratories are at present lacking. 148. There are significant gaps in the enforcement of operational compliances in veterinary facilities in the participating states (like limited authorization from SPCBs, incomplete inventorization of VFs in participating states, limited registrations to a Common BMWTF, lapses in record keeping and reporting mechanisms, noncompliance to required bar coding system etc.) as per the requirement of Biomedical Waste Management & Handling Rules, 2016. 149. Core Principle -2: Natural Habitat and Physical and Cultural Resources Program E&S management systems are designed to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts on natural habitats and physical cultural resources resulting from the Program. Program activities that involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats or critical physical cultural heritage are not eligible for PforR financing. 150. While the state Government once identifies and hands over a new development site for development of any veterinary facility/infrastructure to the respective implementing agencies, it is expected that they are not violating any regulations especially with respect to eco-sensitive areas or conservation areas and meet the necessary provisions as per legal and regulatory framework even though some necessary permissions may be required prior to any construction. However, the screening process can further strengthen this to ensure compliance. 151. Most medium to large veterinary facilities and laboratory infrastructure are generally planned and built in urban and peri-urban areas and do not pose any risk to natural habitats and physical and cultural resources. Key Gaps 152. No major gaps are identified with respect to this Core Principle. 153. Core Principle -3: Public and Workers Safety Program E&S management systems are designed to protect public and worker safety against the potential risks associated with (a) the construction and/or operation of facilities or other operational practices under the Program; (b) exposure to toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, and otherwise dangerous materials under the Program; and (c) reconstruction or rehabilitation of infrastructure located in areas prone to natural hazards. 154. Core principle 3 is applicable. Certain interventions under the program could expose VF workers, laboratory staff and field workers to risks associated with exposure to hazardous materials, infections, radiation as well as risks related to waste management, construction activities and personal safety. Addressing this risk would require integrating mitigation actions in the operational manuals, SOPs, Procedures, etc. These include among others: (i) Improving occupational health and safety practices at veterinary facilities through established protocols, Guidelines and mandated biosafety measures; (ii) Providing protective clothing and personal safety equipment, as required; (iii) Ensuring safe storage, segregation, transport and disposal of hazardous wastes; (iv) Environmental considerations: waste management; (v) worker and public health and safety focusing on emergency response; patient safety focusing emergency response. Additionally, the issue of sub-contracting to local construction contractors often poses additional challenge, particularly with respect to occupational 57 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment health and safety. Some of the physical construction works21may require small labor camps at the construction sites, which would need adequate labor amenities and health and safety measures. Key Gaps 155. Absence of oversight mechanism in DAHD and state Animal Husbandry and Dairying Departments for design safety during construction and operations of/at any new infrastructure/upgradation activity. 156. There is potential occupational health and safety risks from biomedical waste, biohazards and toxic chemicals to the laboratory staff/field workers. Several of the safe laboratory practices and accident prevention approaches can be included in the oversight mechanism for safer and more sustainable operations, and therefore, this is seen as a gap. 157. No dedicated biosafety officers, lack of training and capacity building provisions on occupational health and safety risks for the laboratory workforce is a visible gap on all participating states. 158. Core Principle -4: Land Acquisition and Resettlement Program E&S systems manage land acquisition and loss of access to natural resources in a way that avoids or minimizes displacement and assists affected people in improving, or at the minimum restoring, their livelihoods and living standards. 159. All the participating states follow the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013 (amendment up to 2015. The act provides for a transparent process and fair compensation in land acquisition for public purpose and provides for rehabilitation and resettlement of landowners and those affected by land acquisition. It comprises four schedules that provide the minimum applicable norms for compensation based on market value and replacement cost, multiplier and solatium; resettlement and rehabilitation (R&R) entitlements to landowners and livelihood losers; and facilities at resettlement sites for displaced persons, besides providing flexibility to states and implementing agencies to provide higher norms for compensation and R&R. 160. The physical upgradation of veterinary hospitals/ dispensaries and laboratories may entail minor repair and refurbishment activities without changing the physical footprint of the facility. While the process of land acquisition is well laid across all the states and the designated state revenue department has capacity, no land acquisition is anticipated under the program, and it is part of the exclusion list. Key Gaps 161. No specific gaps identified. Land acquisition and/or involuntary resettlement, and any restriction to land use are excluded from the program activities, and not anticipated. 162. Core Principle- 5: Rights and Interests of Indigenous People Program E&S systems give due consideration to the cultural appropriateness of, and equitable access to, Program benefits, giving special attention to the rights and interests of Scheduled Tribe people (Indigenous Peoples) and scheduled caste people, and to the needs or concerns of vulnerable groups 21 Although the current program is not supporting any new construction activities, The physical upgradation of veterinary hospitals/ dispensaries and laboratories will involve civil works for repair, maintenance and renovation without changing the physical footprint of the facility. 58 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 163. Animal Husbandry is a state subject and in Schedule V/VI areas, it is the AHD department which provides AH and veterinary services. In most of the tribal areas, additional financial support is there through Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) component. 164. Most participating states have veterinary institutions serving the remote areas and tribal pockets, largely through MVUs and Paravets. Majority of the paraprofessionals and community workers are part of the local community, familiar with local customs, and speak local/tribal language. In the participating states, veterinarians, para vets, Gopal Mitra, and Pashu Sakhi provide advisory services on animal diseases and related precautions and practices. Vaccination drives and animal health camps are used for awareness creations by the paravets. While all the Program participating states face staff shortage, and hence rely on para-veterinarians and community AH workers, mobile vet units (MVUs) and vet camps to cover tribal and underserved areas. The PforR seeks to increase the number of veterinary paraprofessionals and community health and train them under RA3 and R5. These interventions in addition to increasing MVUs will help address coverage in remote areas including tribal villages. 165. One of the strategies adopted to serve remote, difficult to reach, hilly areas is provision of services through mobile veterinary units (MVUs). Most participating states do have good number of MVUs except in case of Uttarakhand which is in the process of acquiring MVUs. However, MVUs also face challenges of having adequate staffs to run them. This has been a common issue faced by most of the states. 166. Women are the most vulnerable groups with respect to exposure to zoonotic diseases as they provide more than 75 percent of the production labor, which includes managing animal fodder and nutrition, milking, managing animal health and manure, and overseeing pen cleaning etc. Majority of the Gopal Mitra, MAITRI workers, Pashu Sakhi and other community volunteers are women. Their presence among paravets and community workers has risen in the country, and the adequacy of these numbers is something that would be covered under the state diagnostic. The results areas indicators and DLIs strongly support and incentivize women’ participation in the capacity building interventions. 167. Given that Animal Health is a state subject, the participating states are following diverse approaches of community engagement and stakeholder communication which are in response to their unique agronomic, socioeconomic, and departmental context. The RA 2 (veterinary service provision) and RA 5 (strengthening community level AH management) aims to streamline and strengthen the community engagement and stakeholder communication interventions by increasing access of livestock farmers to quality veterinary services, scaling up outreach through MVUs, capacity building of paravets, community service providers and livestock farmers; focusing on women and livestock farmers in underserved aeras, and undertaking community awareness campaigns and communication activities. These interventions are directly addressing the gaps that have been identified by Program participating states. In addition, the Bank’s ongoing experience with livestock-based livelihoods, and AH service delivery among excluded communities has informed the Program design, especially RA 5 on expanding coverage to underserved areas and communities, strengthening community engagement in AH and communication interventions. The state diagnostic and state action plan will include an assessment of service delivery in tribal areas and suitable interventions. Key Gaps 168. Shortage of staffs is one of the biggest challenges in most of the hilly, remote tribal areas, and difficult to reach areas across all states. 169. For provision of services in the hilly and remote tribal areas, there is larger dependance on Gopal Mitra, Maitri workers, Pashu Sakhi and other community volunteers, and who may have limitations in providing technical diagnostic and treatment facilities as they are not adequately trained for the same. 59 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 170. Some participating states also have local NGO groups who also work in remote and tribal areas and provide animal health services in limited manner. However, there is no formal approach to extending the services through them or build their capacities in disease surveillance and responses. 171. Core Principle- 6: Social Conflict Program E&S systems avoid exacerbating social conflict, especially in fragile states, post- conflict areas, or areas subject to territorial disputes. 172. Program interventions and E and S systems are not expected to exacerbate any social conflicts as they aim to improve the animal health diagnostic and veterinary services in the participating states, including more remote, tribal areas. The animal health and livestock development programs of the government are well received in the participating states as they the improve livelihood security of the rural population. The frontline staff and paravets come from local community and can handle any local level issues/conflicts. However, no social conflicts have been exacerbated due to program activities. 4.5 Grievance Redressal Mechanism 173. The participating states leverage existing country systems to receive, resolve and manage grievances. Some of the key channels for grievance redressal in the participating states are state grievance portals, centralized grievance hotlines, chief ministers’ helplines, AHD departmental channels, district administrations and right to information (RTI) nodal officials as well as the national system of Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS). 174. The program states have institutionalized grievance redressal system to receive complaints through Helpline numbers, Online posting, Media/social media and submission by post/hand. In Karnataka, Janaspandana – an integrated public grievance redressal system is used to receive complaints from individual complainants through call center (1902) in addition to department level complaint cells headed by a Deputy Director. In Maharashtra, Aaple Sarkar – grievance redressal portal uses a citizen call centre number (1800 120 8040) to receive complaints (24x7). In Madhya Pradesh, CM Helpline (181) is used in addition to online mode for receiving complaints, whereas in Assam CPGRAMS is used for lodging complaints apart from in person submission and reporting in media/social media. In Odisha, Jana Sunani portal is used to lodge complaints in which provision of submitting complaints using WhatsApp, email and mobile app is available for the citizens. 175. AHDs in the participating states also have Toll free helpline numbers such as Assam (1062), Karnataka (8277 100 200), Odisha (155 333), Maharashtra (1800 2330 418) and Madhya Pradesh (1962). These are not only used for seeking information but also for feedback and grievances. Citizen’s also use Right to Information (RTI) Act to get information and resolution of grievances as mandated under the Act. All states and departments follow RTI and have deputed officials looking after the RTI within their department. 176. Participating states also have dedicated divisions under the General Administration or Public Grievances Department to handle complaints lodged by aggrieved persons/parties. The escalation hierarchy for handling complaints and the number of days (21-45 days) provided to resolve a complaint differs in program states. The number of complaints received and resolved in a particular year by state grievance redressal system exhibits the general efficacy of the system. According to reports by Animal Husbandry Dept in states, complaints received are similar in nature and pertain to veterinarian, para veterinarian, Pashu Sakhi, medicine unavailability, quality of services provided by dispensaries and veterinary hospitals and under-delivery of benefits provided under the animal health and livestock development schemes. More details are provided in Annexure 7. 177. Grievances are also registered through Chief Minister’s (CMs) grievances portals in most participating states. On receipt of the grievances, initial screening is done at DP&PR and forwarded to 60 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment the concerned department for resolution. The concerned departments make further investigations and address the grievances and report back to DP&PR where the grievances are monitored and tracked online. Registration of grievances can also be done through written application through veterinary institutions and/or AHD offices at district and block/ mandal level across the states. With majority of these grievances resolved locally, tracking them at state level is lacking in many cases. 178. Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS22) is an online, web-enabled system for Central Government’s departments to receive complaints from aggrieved persons/parties concerning services offered by government. Any State specific grievances can also be lodged here which are further directed to respective state and department for resolution and reported back through the CPGRAMS system. Currently, there are 67300 registered organizations with CPGRAMS in which all Central and State/UT government departments are signatories. CPGRAMS is a well-functioning system for grievance receipt and redressal is credited with disposing of 87 percent grievances in less than 45 days. Out of 882,022 grievances received since its launch, 867,248 have been disposed by respective departments. The portal offers a smooth process for complainants and grievances are quickly resolved as they are marked to the portals of President of India, Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Secretariat in addition to PGO/Field office. 179. Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DAPRG) reported that 93 percent complaints were received through CPGRAMS and other state level grievance redressal portals during 2020. For DAHD and State AHDs in the participating states, the major complaints received from states are specific to (i) Pashu sakhi & Para veterinarian not reporting, (ii) veterinary doctor unavailability at dispensary and veterinary hospitals, (iii) non-payment of insurance in case of death of animal (iv) non-attendance of treatment call (v) artificial insemination, castration and de-worming not undertaken, (vi) non-referral for minor surgery, (vii) unavailability of tele-medicine facility and medicines, (viii) poor condition of hospital building and infrastructure, (ix) compensation for death of animals due to natural calamities, diseases/toxicities, (x) seeking assistance under various animal husbandry schemes, (xi) and posting of veterinary doctors and livestock inspectors in veterinary institutions. Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) has a separate unit to handle complaints submitted through CPGRAMS with a Joint Secretary rank officer overseeing the process. The unit is responsible for marking the complaints to the concerned grievance officers within the department and they follow up with the respective officials till the disposal of complaints. Analysis of grievances received by DAHD on CPGRAMS from five program states indicates higher resolution rate of grievances. The number of grievances brought forward for redressal in the next year shows actively functioning departmental grievance redressal system and appellate authority committed to redress the grievances. More details are provided in Annexure 7. 180. While the States are using multiple mechanisms of grievance redressal, and there is adequate evidence of their accessibility and functionality, these mechanisms will benefit from a more systematic, consolidated and periodic approach to monitoring and reporting grievances. The AHSSOH Program will support the strengthening of the grievance redress mechanism in the participating states, and their integration with the M&E systems. 22 https://pgportal.gov.in/ 61 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 5 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATIONS AND DISCLOSURE 5.1 Stakeholder consultations 181. As part of the ESSA exercise, the World Bank and the DAHD undertook a series of workshops and meetings with relevant DAHD/state AHD officials, as well as broader consultations with key stakeholders from the states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, Assam, Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying had nominated nodal officers for each of the participating states to lead the respective state level consultation process and these nominated officers were the chief point of contact during these consultations. These virtual consultations were aimed at capturing field experiences, implementation issues and challenges, institutional mechanisms and capacity gaps related to E & S aspects, and high priority areas of support for the Program. 182. Consultations were undertaken with key officials from DAHD and state AHDs of the participating states on environmental and social practices in a virtual manner over November 2021 to June 2022 period. This was followed by a two-day consultation workshop with each of the state’s nodal officers on ESSA. This involved going over the ESSA core principles and their relevance and applicability for the AHSSOH program, as well as status of service delivery and environmental and social practices including addressing environmental and social risks and impacts in the States. In addition, a detailed checklist was prepared and shared with each of the participating states for their written feedback along with state specific information and documentations. This was followed by bilateral discussions with AHDs in each of the participating states for further clarifications and discussions. 183. Consultations with other key institutional stakeholders included Wildlife Division of Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC), Indian Council for Agricultural Research (ICAR), National Center for Disease Control (NCDC), Veterinary Council of India (VCI), and with non-governmental organizations (NGOs) involved in One Health program in the participating states and at national level. Details of the various consultations undertaken by the ESSA team in preparation of the ESSA report is as below. Table 15: Consultations Undertaken for Preparation of ESSA Date of Type of Key Departments/ Key Participants Consultations Consultation Agencies November 2021 Virtual – DAHD, AHDs from • Key officials from DAHD. Identification all five states • Key nodal officers from Assam, Mission Karnataka, Maharashtra and Odisha • Members of One Health Support Unit (OHSU) • World Bank Task Team 08-09 February 2022 Virtual – DAHD, AHDs from • Key officials from DAHD. Preparation all five states • Key nodal officers from Assam, Mission Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha • Members of One Health Support Unit (OHSU) • World Bank Task Team including ESSA team members 62 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Date of Type of Key Departments/ Key Participants Consultations Consultation Agencies 23-24 February 2022 Virtual – On DAHD, AHDs from • Key officials from DAHD. ESSA all five states • Key nodal officers from Assam, Karnataka, Maharashtra, Odisha • World Bank ESSA team and Task Team members 25 February 2022 Virtual – On One Health Support • Key officials from DAHD. ESSA Unit (OHSU) for • Members of One Health Support One Health Unit (OHSU) • Representatives from BMGF • World Bank ESSA team and Task Team members 10 June 2022 Virtual – On DAHD, AHD from • Key officials from DAHD ESSA Madhya Pradesh • Key officials from AHD- Madhya Pradesh • Representatives from MP State Pollution Control Board • World Bank ESSA team and Task Team members 184. Below are some of the photographs of the virtual consultations. Consultation on 08-Feb2022 Consultation on 08-Feb2022 ESSA Consultation on 23-Feb-2022 ESSA Consultation on 23-Feb-2022 63 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment ESSA Consultation on 24-Feb-2022 ESSA Consultation on 24-Feb-2022 185. Extensive consultations with government counterparts and their various state and field level officials took place during the Program identification and preparation missions. Consultations with veterinary officers also took place during the economic evaluation workshop where challenges and data were shared. Consultation with the implementing agencies were largely concentrated on the themes of (a) key activities planned under the AHSSOH program; (b) the institutional mechanism including environmental and social capacity in DAHD and each of the AHDs; (c) key infrastructure upgradation activities planned to augment diagnostic capacity and veterinary services; (d) land requirement for infrastructure and mechanism for identifying and procuring land; (e) mechanism for ensuring biosafety and biosecurity including handling of bio-medical wastes, and other hazardous wastes; (f) occupational health and safety related issues and concerns for staffs/ workers; (g) Community health and safety related practices and issues and concern; (h) Community engagement process and grievance redress mechanism; (i) Issues related to access to diagnostic and veterinary services of populations living in tribal, hilly, and difficult to reach areas; and (j) training and capacity building on environmental and social risks and impacts. 5.2 Summary of Multi-stakeholder consultation workshop 186. Dedicated consultations with NGOs, CBOs, and field workers, including women and vulnerable communities were also undertaken. Two multi-stakeholder consultations and workshops were conducted during 22-24th June 2022 that was attended by NGOs, CBOs, community resource persons (CRPs), and field level officials including from tribal areas, as well as other stakeholder department officials. Key findings from the ESSA exercise were disclosed to the participants through presentation. The consultation reconfirmed the gaps and measures identified in ESSA. The ESSA was updated based on the suggestions and feedback during the multi-stakeholder workshop. The list of stakeholders present at the consultation workshops are attached in Annex-5. 187. While the participants appreciated the findings from ESSA, the feedback and suggestions from the multi-stakeholder consultation workshops is broadly grouped in a manner to inform program design and ESSA is presented below. 188. Suggestions and feedback from NGOs, CBOs, and Community Resource Persons (CRPs) a) There are large migratory pastoral community groups in some these states and owns large number of animals are often left out of veterinary services, hence there is a need to plan for veterinary services to cater these excluded groups. The capacity and training of Paravets should also include potential options for integrating and addressing the needs of the pastoral community. b) The training protocols of Gopal Mitra, Pashu Sakhi should include training on AMR protocols and awareness towards not using antibiotics or pesticides 64 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment c) Building capacity and strengthening of Paravets is an important aspect to ensure service delivery especially in remote areas. d) To expand the services to wider areas, field level vaccinators/ para vets are important and need to be trained for respective knowledge and skills along with biosafety, biosecurity and bio-medical waste management. e) Promoting Panchayat level animal welfare/ animal husbandry committees and their capacities will be help in coordinating AH/OH activities at the village level 189. Suggestions and feedback from AHD officials and other department officials from participating states and DAHD a) There are geographic areas which gets cut off temporarily during rains and flooding and need to be thought through for services during these times. b) A training manual being developed by Rajasthan University on biosafety and biosecurity and may become useful once completed for customization and adoption by state AHDs c) While SoP development is one time activity followed by training, there is need to audit laboratories regularly and ideally move towards accreditation. Slaughterhouses also need to go through regular audits for ensuring biosafety and biosecurity measures. d) VIs in rural areas require SoPs for carcasses and waste disposal. Also, standardization of the SoPs and guidelines are important to ensure uniformity of approach across states, and same goes for capacity building and training. e) Goshala and Wet market also require awareness about biosafety and biosecurity f) There is need for infrastructure and mobility assistance for many of the areas especially the flood prone areas, remote areas, and hilly areas to serve properly. g) SBCC to be undertaken in proper manner to get the desired impact – often the quality of SBCC result in muted impact. 190. Most of the suggestions provided further informs the ESSA assessment and recommendations for further strengthening. While the others will also be considered within the program scope to feed into operationalizing the design and further implementation. 191. Some of the snapshots of the multi-stakeholder consultations workshop are as below. 65 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 192. In addition, the program plans to have consultations with communities and vulnerable groups as a core part of the detailed states diagnostic exercise planned at the beginning of the Program implementation which will inform the states strategic and action plans. 5.3 Disclosure 193. The draft ESSA report was shared with the DAHD and the AHDs of the participating states for their comments and feedback, and the findings were also disseminated in the multi-stakeholder workshops with NGOs/ CBOs and with state level officials for their feedback and suggestions. In addition, it was disclosed on the World Bank external websites to seek further feedback and suggestions. The revised draft ESSA report will be disclosed on the DAHD website and the World Bank’s external website prior to negotiation. 194. Draft and Final versions of ESSA were shared with DAHD for their comments and feedback. This updated/revised ESSA will be made publicly available in accordance with the Bank’s policy on Access to Information. The final ESSA will be re-disclosed prior to World Bank’s Board consideration of the Program. 195. Key findings and recommendations of the ESSA exercise were disclosed to all the stakeholders through presentations and was discussed with the DAHD. The final ESSA report has incorporated the key feedback and suggestions received from the stakeholders, including DAHD and state AHDs. The final ESSA report has been shared with DAHD for web disclosure 66 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 6 RECOMMENDATIONS 6.1 Exclusion of High-Risk Activities 196. AHSSOH program will not finance any activities that would cause high E&S risks and impacts including activities involving: a) Any land acquisition, physical relocation and/or involuntary resettlement impacts. b) Any work that would convert or encroach forest lands, notified wetlands or any eco-sensitive areas. c) Activities that are not in compliance with Central and State environmental legislation. d) Use of child or bonded or forced labor or labor involved in any hazardous activities. e) Destruction or damage to any physical and cultural resources. 6.2 Key Recommendations 197. The ESSA recommendations focus on strengthening the national and state level systems and processes, institutional arrangements for implementation, management, and reporting of E&S aspects through recommendations to Program Action Plan (PAP) actions as well as recommendations that can be addressed through actions towards strengthening systems and processes in the Program Implementation Manual. and includes: 198. Recommendation as part of Program Action Plan (PAP) a) Appointment of Environment and Social Safeguards Nodal Officials in DAHD and the 5 State AHDs with key responsibility for implementing and managing all ESSA actions under AHSSOH program. b) OH/AH specific E and S guidelines prepared and adopted customized to AHD activities addressing biosafety, biosecurity, waste management (biomedical, e-waste, liquid waste, other Hazardous wastes), occupational and community health and safety for department staffs, paraprofessionals, and community in general c) Development of OH/AH training modules on core ES topics, and preparation of E and S training schedule for AHD staffs, field workers, communities and beneficiaries. d) The State Diagnostic and Strategy to include Environment and Social Modules/ sections focusing on (a) Sustainable Waste management in Veterinary facilities; (b) increased coverage and quality of AH/Vet services in remote/ tribal areas, pastoralist and vulnerable communities; (c) service provision in areas cut-off due to natural disasters/flooding; (d) consultations with livestock groups, PRI representatives, women’s federation; and (e) inclusive beneficiary targeting. e) Conduct of annual audit of BMW & other waste(s) (including Liquid wastes), by a specialized agency, and compliance to recommended actions and audit observations 199. Recommendation as part of Program Implementation Manual (PIM) f) The Letter of Understanding to be signed by States will include summary of key ESSA actions (including negative list, data privacy and BMW management among others) g) Safeguard Screening of facility upgradation sites and works, and incorporation of essential E&S safeguard measures in design, construction and operation of diagnostic facilities/ laboratories and veterinary facilities. 67 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment h) Design and implementation of OH/AH focused communication products and campaigns facilitated by field officials, community workers and NGO partners targeting key stakeholders. i) Participating states to coordinate with respective State Pollution Control boards on biomedical waste tracking and reporting in its veterinary facilities and diagnostic laboratories (including the adoption of mandated bar-coding systems). AHSSOH will leverage from the learnings of the Health Pandemic Preparation PforR. j) Awareness building on various Grievance Redressal options available to citizens; Quarterly consolidation and reporting of grievances (received, resolved, pending) related to AH/OH and veterinary services. k) DAHD to share E&S progress reports to the world bank, based on inputs from program states. l) Laboratory Information Management System to have dedicated sections on Environmental and Social risk management m) Organization of knowledge events, workshops, trainings and exchange visits on E and S aspects, with necessary external partnerships as well as support from World Bank 200. The table below presents the PAP actions with key responsibilities, timeline, and measures of completion. Table 16: Input to Program Action Plan Action Description DLI# Responsi Recur Frequency Due Date Completion bility rent Measurement Appointment of Environment - DAHD/ No One time Within 3 Both Environmental and Social Safeguards Nodal AHDs in months of Nodal Officers and Officials in DAHD and the 5 Participati effectiveness Social Nodal State AHDs with key ng state Officers are responsibility for appointed/ implementing and managing designated in all ESSA actions under DAHD and 5 AHDs AHSSOH program OH/AH specific E and S - DAHD/ No One time Within 12 OH/AH specific guidelines prepared and AHDs in months of E&S guideline adopted customized to AHD Participati effectiveness prepared by DAHD; activities addressing ng state and adopted by biosafety, biosecurity, waste AHDs in the management (biomedical, e- participating states. waste, liquid waste, other Hazardous wastes), occupational and community health and safety for department staffs, paraprofessionals, and community in general Development of OH/AH - AHDs in No One time Within 12 Online and in- training modules on core ES Participati preparation months of person course topics, and preparation of E ng state of training effectiveness modules available and S training schedule for modules; and part of the AHD AHD staffs, field workers, Training training schedule communities and will be beneficiaries continuous process 68 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Action Description DLI# Responsi Recur Frequency Due Date Completion bility rent Measurement The State Diagnostic and - AHDs in No One time. Within 12 Approved State Strategy to include participat To be months of Strategic Plans Environment and Social ing state updated effectiveness submitted to DAHD Modules/ sections focusing along with addressing key areas on (a) Sustainable Waste state mentioned. management in Veterinary strategic facilities; (b) increased plans coverage and quality of AH/Vet services in remote/ tribal areas, pastoralist and vulnerable communities; (c) service provision in areas cut- off due to natural disasters/flooding; (d) consultations with livestock groups, PRI representatives, women’s federation; and (e) inclusive beneficiary targeting Conduct of annual audit of - State Yes Yearly First Audit to Audits approved BMW & other waste(s) AHDs done within and submitted to (including Liquid wastes), by 12 months of DAHD a specialized agency, and effectiveness compliance to recommended actions and audit observations 69 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment ANNEXURES 70 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Annexure – 1: List of Relevant Documents Reviewed DAHD 2019. 20th Livestock Census-2019. Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD). Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD) GoI 2021. Situation Assessment of Agricultural Households and Land and Livestock Holdings of Households in Rural India, 2019. NSS 77th Round, 2019. Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of India. September 2021. DAHD 2022. Annual Report 2021-22. Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD). Ministry of Fisheries, Animal Husbandry and Dairying (MoFAHD) IJMR, 2021. Adopting an intersectoral One Health approach in India: Time for One Health Committees. Indian J Med Res 153, March 2021, pp 281-286. IJMR, 2021. Animal disease surveillance: Its importance & present status in India. Indian J Med Res 153, March 2021, pp 299-310 DAHD, 2021. Schemes and Programmes of the Department. Department of Animal Husbandry and Fishery, Government of India. DAHD, 2022. Livestock Health and Disease Control Scheme. Department of Animal Husbandry and Fishery, Government of India. BMC, 2021. Operationalizing the “One Health� approach in India: facilitators of and barriers to effective cross-sector convergence for zoonoses prevention and control. Asaaga et al. BMC Public Health (2021) 21:1517 NRLM. Pashu Sakhi Handbook, National Rural Livelihood Mission (NRLM), Government of India. Available at https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/a-handbook-for-paravets-pdf/pashu-sakhi-hand- book/ and https://aajeevika.gov.in/sites/default/files/nrlp_repository/Pashu%20Sakhi%20Hand%20book.pdf Singh Rajesh, 2019. Role of Para-Vets In Delivering Veterinary Services In Rural India. Available at https://www.pashudhanpraharee.com/role-of-para-vets-in-delivering-veterinary-services-in-rural- india/ World Bank, 2022. India Animal Health System Support for Improved One Health (AHSSOH) (P177671) Websites visited: Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairy, Government of India. https://dahd.nic.in/ Department of Animal Husbandry and Fishery, Government of Karnataka. https://ahf.karnataka.gov.in/english Department Of Animal Husbandry, Government of Maharashtra. https://ahd.maharashtra.gov.in/ Directorate of Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Services, Government of Odisha. https://odishaahvs.nic.in/ 71 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Annexure – 2: Key Officials Consulted 1. Dr. Praveen Mallik, Animal Husbandry Commissioner, DAHD 2. Dr. Aruna Sharma, Assistant Commissioner, DAHD 3. Dr. Amitabh Chakravarty, NERRDL, Govt. of Assam 4. Dr. Bibhu Ranjan Das, Dy Director, Govt. of Odisha 5. Dr. Lokanath Behera, Addl Director, Govt. of Odisha 6. Dr. Suruchi Sahoo, AHD, Odisha 7. Dr. Manjunath S. Palegar, Director, AHD, Karnataka 8. Dr. Krishna Reddy, Joint Director (Livestock Health), AHD, Karnataka 9. Dr. Limaye, Joint Commissioner, Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Maharashtra 10. Dr. Dr. Lahane, Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Maharashtra 11. Dr Jayant Tapase Nodal Officer SADIL Bhopal, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh 12. Dr A K Sharma Deputy Director DAH, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh 13. Dr Priyakant Pathak Additional Deputy Director DAH, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh 14. Dr Vaani Pandey Additional Deputy Director DAH, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh 15. Dr Ajay Ramteke DDVS Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh 16. Dr. Prakash Bhargav, Deputy Director DAH, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh 17. Mr. B. K. Sen, Madhya Pradesh Pollution Control Board 72 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Annexure – 3: Applicable Legal And Regulatory Framework The Government of India and the state government have enacted a range of laws, regulations, and procedures relevant to managing the environmental and social effects of the proposed Program. The following criteria were used to select the relevant legislation that best describes the country’s system for managing the Program’s effects: i. environmental and social policies, ii. environmental and social protection laws, and iii. laws, regulations, or guidelines in the relevant sectors and subsectors that provide relevant rules or norms for environmental and social management I. KEY GOVERNMENT SCHEMES RELEVANT TO THE PROPOSED AHSSOH PROGRAM The key legislation, policies and government schemes in relation to animal health in India is as below. A. The Prevention and Control of Infectious and Contagious Diseases in Animals Act, 2009: An Act to provide for the prevention, control and eradication of infectious and contagious diseases affecting animals, for prevention of outbreak or spreading of such diseases from one State to another, and to meet the international obligations of India for facilitating import and export of animals and animal products and for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. B. Livestock Health and Disease Control (LH&DC) Schemes: The scheme is implemented with the aim of reducing risk to animal health by prophylactic vaccination against diseases of livestock and poultry, capacity building of Veterinary services, disease surveillance and strengthening veterinary infrastructure. The details of the components of the scheme are: a. Critical Animal Disease Control Programme (CADCP) for eradication and control of two major diseases which have hitherto not got focused attention in proportion to their economic significance, namely Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) and classical swine fever (CSF). i. Peste des Petits Ruminants Eradication Programme (PPR-EP): This component covers the entire sheep and goat population in the country under carpet vaccination against PPR for 100% effective coverage of the entire eligible sheep and goat population. Migrants’ flocks/animals are also covered under the vaccination programme. It has 100% central assistance to States for vaccine, accessories for vaccination, remuneration for vaccinators, surveillance & monitoring and IEC / awareness campaigns. ii. Classical Swine Fever control programme (CSF-CP): The control programme for control of Classical Swine Fever is expanded to include all the states / UTs for 100% effective coverage of the entire pig population along with a proposed 100% Central assistance. Funding Pattern: 100% central assistance to States for vaccines, accessories for vaccination, remuneration to vaccinators, strengthening of laboratories, recurring expenditure for laboratory consumables, surveillance and monitoring and IEC / Awareness campaigns. 73 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment b. Establishment and Strengthening of existing Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries Mobile Veterinary Units (ESVHD-MVU): This Provides establishment of Mobile Veterinary Units in the component of Establishment and Strengthening of existing Veterinary Hospitals and Dispensaries (ESVHD) of the LH&DC Scheme. MVUs will provide diagnosis treatment, vaccination, minor surgical interventions, audio-visual aids and extension services to farmers / animal owners at their doorstep. It is envisaged to support one MVU per 1 lakh livestock population in the country. Funding pattern: Under this component, 100% Central assistance is provided for the non-recurring expenditure on the customized mobile van / vehicle, fully equipped with equipment for diagnosis, treatment, sample collection, minor surgery and audio- visual aids, etc. for extension activities. The recurring expenditure on running the mobile vans / vehicles, call centres and the outsourced manpower services shall however have a Central-State fund sharing pattern of 60-40/ 90-10 for NE & Himalayan States/100% for UTs. c. Assistance to States for Control of Animal Disease (ASCAD): The component ASCAD is focused towards assistance to States/ UTs for vaccination against economically important diseases of livestock and backyard poultry duly prioritized by the States as per the disease(s) prevalent and losses to farmers. Emphasis is also given for vaccination against zoonotic diseases viz., anthrax, rabies, etc. State biological production units and Disease Diagnostic Laboratories, for supplementing production of disease diagnostic kits/vaccines and for disease diagnosis are also strengthened and supported under ASCAD. Another activity that has been prioritized under this component is 'Control of Emergent and Exotic Diseases’. This includes surveillance and related activities to check ingress of exotic diseases and emergent / re-emergent livestock/poultry diseases. Financial assistance shall also be given towards payment of compensation to farmers for culling of birds, elimination of infected animals, and destruction of feed/ eggs including operational costs. Funding Pattern: ASCAD is having a Central-State fund sharing pattern of 60-40/90-10 for NER & Himalayan States / 100% UTs except for activities under “Research & Innovation�, publicity & awareness training and allied activities, funding VCI and headquarters expenses (hiring consultants, legal, election etc.) for which 100% Central assistance is proposed. C. National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP): National Animal Disease Control Programme (NADCP) is a flagship scheme launched by Hon'ble Prime Minister in September 2019 for control of Foot & Mouth Disease and Brucellosis by vaccinating 100% cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat and pig population for FMD and 100% bovine female calves of 4-8 months of age for brucellosis. The overall aim of the National Animal Disease Control Programme for FMD and Brucellosis (NADCP) is to control FMD by 2025 with vaccination and its eventual eradication by 2030. This will result in increased domestic production and ultimately in increased exports of milk and livestock products. Intensive Brucellosis Control program in animals is envisaged for controlling Brucellosis which will result in effective management of the disease, in both animals and in humans. The National Animal Disease Control Programme for FMD and Brucellosis (NADCP) is a Central Sector Scheme where 100% of funds shall be provided by the Central Government to the States / UTs. II. RELEVANT NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICIES AND LEGISLATIONS 74 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Agency/ Institution Act/ Rules Key Provisions and Purpose Applicability to the Program No. Responsible 1 The Constitution of India The Indian Constitution (Article 15) prohibits any Applicable to the overall Program Government of India/ State (especially, Articles 15,16 discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, and Governments. and 46) place of birth. Article 16 refers to the equality of DAHD; State AHDs opportunity in matters of public employment. Article 46 directs the state to promote with special care the educational and economic interests of the weaker sections of the people, particularly of the Scheduled Castes and the Scheduled Tribes and directs the state to protect them from social injustice and all forms of exploitation. 2 Fifth and Sixth Scheduled The scheduled area under the Constitution has special Applicable to the overall Program DAHD; State AHDs in Areas as in the Constitution provisions for the administration of the tribal dominated for enhancing access to services consultation with Ministry of India areas and autonomous regions with certain legislative in tribal areas and participation of of Tribal Affairs; State and judicial powers. In the Scheduled Areas, tribal population in the program Tribal Development involvement of tribal councils and communities, especially in States with Schedule Department incorporating their views and culture specific needs will V and/or Schedule VI areas. enhance their participation in the Program. Under the provisions of Fifth Scheduled Areas, the State should set up a Tribes Advisory Council (TAC) to advise the State Government on matters of welfare and development of the Scheduled Tribes in the State. 3 Right to Information Act, Provides a practical regime of right to information for Applicable. As all documents DAHD; State AHDs 2005 citizens to secure access to information under the control pertaining to the Program requires of Public Authorities. The act sets out (a) obligations of be disclosed to public. public authorities with respect to provision of information; (b) requires designating of a Public Information Officer; (c) process for any citizen to obtain information/disposal of request, etc.; and (d) provides 75 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Agency/ Institution Act/ Rules Key Provisions and Purpose Applicability to the Program No. Responsible for institutions such as Central Information Commission/State Information Commission 4 Minimum wages Act, 1948 This act ensures minimum wages that must be paid to Applicable to the overall Program Ministry of Labor; State skilled and unskilled labors. The employer shall pay to Labor Department every employee engaged in scheduled employment DAHD; State AHDs and under him, wages at the rate not less than the minimum Contractors wages fixed by such notification for that class of employee without any deductions except authorized. 5 Child labour (prohibition This act prohibits the engagement of children below 14 Applicable to hiring contract Ministry of Labor; State and regulation) Act 1986; and 15 years in certain types of occupations and labour for construction activities Labor Department 2016 regulates the condition of work of children in other DAHD; State AHDs and occupations. No child shall be employed or permitted to Contractors work in any of the occupations set forth in Part A of the schedule, processes set forth in Part B of the schedule which includes building and construction industry. The 2016 amendment also prohibits the employment of adolescents in the age group of 14 to 18 years in hazardous occupations and processes and regulates their working conditions where they are not prohibited. 6 The Right to Fair The act provides for a transparent process and fair Not applicable as no land State Administration/ Compensation and compensation in land acquisition for public purpose and acquisition or resettlement is Revenue Department Transparency in Land provides for rehabilitation and resettlement of anticipated. However, it will Acquisition, Rehabilitation landowners and those affected by land acquisition. It become applicable in case any and Resettlement Act, 2013 comprises four schedules that provide the minimum land acquisition is required for applicable norms for compensation based on market setting up new hospitals/ value, multiplier and solatium; resettlement and dispensaries/ laboratories. rehabilitation (R&R) entitlements to landowners and livelihood losers; and facilities at resettlement sites for 76 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Agency/ Institution Act/ Rules Key Provisions and Purpose Applicability to the Program No. Responsible displaced persons, besides providing flexibility to states and implementing agencies to provide higher norms for compensation and R&R. 7 The Building and Other This is a social welfare legislation that aims to benefit Applicable to the program and Ministry of Labor; State Constructions Workers workers engaged in building and construction activities applicable for sub-projects Labor Department (Regulation of Employment across the country and regulates the employment and involving any construction. DAHD/ State AHDs; and Conditions of Service) conditions of service of building and other construction Contractors Act, 1996 and the associated workers and to provide for their safety, health and Central Rules, 1998 welfare measures and for other matters connected therewith or incidental thereto. 8 National Building Codes of The Code provides regulations for building construction Relevant for any building being Civil Contractors India 2016 by departments, and public bodies. It lays down a set of constructed or upgraded. appointed by DAHD/ State minimum provisions to protect the safety of the public AHDs about structural sufficiency, fire hazards and health aspects. The Code mainly contains administrative regulations, development control rules and general building requirements; fire safety requirements; stipulations regarding materials, structural design and construction (including safety); building and plumbing services; signs and outdoor display structures; guidelines for sustainability, asset and facility management, etc. 9 The Occupational Safety, This code on occupational safety, health and working Relevant for all workers and Civil Contractors Health and Working conditions applies to all establishments with 10 or more construction activities. appointed by DAHD/ State Conditions Code, 2020 workers and includes building and construction workers. AHDs It is applicable to all infrastructure works supported under the program. The Occupational Safety, Health, and Working Conditions Code (“Code�) is enacted to 77 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Agency/ Institution Act/ Rules Key Provisions and Purpose Applicability to the Program No. Responsible consolidate and amend the laws regulating the occupational safety, health, and working conditions of the persons employed in an establishment, and for the connected and incidental matters. The Code also lists benefits to the inter-state migrant workman such as the benefits of the insurance and provident fund benefits either in the native state or the state of employment, portability of benefits of the inter-state migrant worker working for building or other construction work out of the building and other construction cess fund in the destination State where such inter-state migrant worker is employed. It also mandates free health check-ups for who attained the age of forty-five years for prescribed industries such as factories, mines, plantations, workers employed in hazardous process. 10 The Sexual Harassment of An act that aims at providing a sense of security at the Applicable to all participating Ministry of Women and Women at Workplace workplace that improves women’s participation in work departments, agencies, and their Child development; State (Prevention, Prohibition and and results in their economic empowerment. It requires offices. Women and Child Redressal) Act, 2013 an employer to set up an “Internal Complaints Development Department Committee� (ICC) and the Government to set up a DAHD/ State AHDs ‘Local Complaints Committee’ (LCC) at the district level to investigate complaints regarding sexual harassment at workplace and for inquiring into the complaint in a time bound manner. The ICC need to set up by ever organization and its branches with more than 10 employees. 78 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Agency/ Institution Act/ Rules Key Provisions and Purpose Applicability to the Program No. Responsible 11 Criminal Law (Amendment) The Act recognizes the broad range of sexual crimes to Relevant and applicable to deal Ministry of Women and Act, 2013: Sexual Offences which women may fall victim, and a number of ways in with GBV including SEA/ SH Child development; State which gender-based discrimination manifests itself. It issues. Women and Child also acknowledges that lesser crimes of bodily integrity Development Department; often escalate to graver ones and offences such as acid State Police Department attack, sexual harassment, voyeurism, stalking has been DAHD/ State AHDs; incorporated into the Indian Penal Code (IPC). It seeks to treat cases as “rarest of the rare� for which courts can award capital punishment if they decide so. The Act clarifies and extends the offense of sexual assaults or rape as a result of abuse of position of trust. As per the Act, the police will also be penalized for failing to register FIRs – this will make it easier for rape victims to report their cases. 12 The Ancient Monuments, The act provides for the preservation of ancient and Applicable as it deals with Archeological Survey of Archaeological sites and historical monuments and archaeological sites and Cultural resources and will be India Remains (Amendment and remains of national importance, for the regulation of applicable for any civil work in the Validation) Act, 2010 archaeological excavations and for the protection of vicinity of such notified sites. sculptures, carvings and other like objects. The Archaeological Survey of India functions under the provisions of this act. The rules stipulate that area near the monument, within 100 meters is prohibited area. The area within 200 meters of the monument is regulated category. Any repair or modifications of buildings in this area requires prior permission. 79 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Annexure – 4: Description Of E&S Management System And Capacity Assessment System and Capacity Assessment - Core Principle 1 Sl. Management System Potential Recommendations to Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Align with Core Principle Core Principle #1: Program E&S management systems are designed to 1(a) promote E&S sustainability in the Program design; (b) avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts; and (c) promote informed decision-making relating to a Program’s E&S effects 1 Bank program procedures • While the existing policies and • While the legislative and regulatory • Strengthening coordination are backed by an adequate legislation covers all aspects related provisions are adequate, also the mechanism between animal health legal framework and to environment concerns which may biomedical waste management rules departments, wildlife division, and regulatory authority to arise on program implementation, it spell out clear roles, responsibility human health at state and district guide environmental and requires enabling institutional and and the process to be adopted for, risk level for surveillance of any social impact assessments technical capacity for compliance. emerges due to its weak compliance. diseases and its response along at the programmatic level with addressing the environmental • There are key legislation and • There is lack of technical capacity, and social concerns. schemes that guides the Animal and human resource at state level for health sector in India across all states implementation of sustainable • Capacity building of frontline and provides for the prevention, biomedical waste management staffs of AHDs on E&S aspect will control and eradication of infectious approaches be important to identify and and contagious diseases affecting mitigate any E&S risks including • Capacity gaps are observed in animals, for prevention of outbreak its legal provisions. ensuring health and safety of or spreading through various means. veterinary workers and systems to • The schemes are supported with ensure uniform compliance on EHS annual budgetary allocations and of veterinary workers throughout the targets. state is currently lacking. • The approach towards One health is still in early stage, and coordination with Animal health department, 80 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Potential Recommendations to Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Align with Core Principle wildlife division, and human health requires to be strengthen. 2 Incorporate recognized • The current processes being followed Screening for E&S risks and impact Screening for E&S risks and elements of good practice at center and (pilot) state level, does prior to any civil works is a clear gap impacts need to be instituted as in E&S assessment and not specify a mechanism for and it may lead to adverse part of planning process for any management, including: systematic screening of E&S risks environment or social impacts in infrastructure / new construction and impacts. some cases related works. (i) Early screening of potential impacts • The assessments and clearances (eg NOCs from Pollution control board, EIA clearances as applicable) required by default in new construction activities are applicable to the veterinary facilities also, but no additional screening by design on possible environmental impacts is currently in place. 3 (ii) Consideration of In most of the states the Veterinary The current process of site The process of site selection for strategic, technical, and Facilities (VFs) are developed on selection does not involve any infrastructure/ civil works to be site alternatives (including available Government land parcels and alternative analysis or community strengthened through capacity the “no action� hence does not include a process to consultations and needs enhancement of district/ block level alternative). consider alternatives before the final systematizing and strengthening AHD staffs. “site selection� is done. from the perspective of possible E&S risks and impacts. 4 (iii) Explicit assessment of • Though any small-scale outbreak of • The capacity enhancement of the • The capacity building modules for potential induced, diseases is often localized and does AHD staffs at district and block district and block level staffs cumulative, and not have any transboundary impacts level in early identifying disease should include coordination and transboundary impacts. and are dealt effectively through state outbreaks and sharing precautionary information sharing mechanism. AHDs in collaboration of other 81 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Potential Recommendations to Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Align with Core Principle stakeholders within the state. information to neighboring districts However, any sizable outbreak often and states needs strengthening. cut across state boundaries to • Leachate percolation thus pollution neighboring areas and require close groundwater coordination with other state AHDs and Administration. The procedure for sharing information in such situation with neighboring districts and are well laid out, it requires strengthening in the process of surveillance to address it before any major outbreaks. 5 (iv) Identification of • Biomedical waste management • The system lacks in doing systematic • measures to mitigate remains a critical concern for all the screening for E&S risks and issues adverse E&S risks and pilot states. including for any adverse effects on impacts that cannot be biodiversity and cultural resource. otherwise avoided or • The authorization of VFs is minimized. extremely limited (with few states • At present there is no system to having authorization with SPCB in address environmental and social less than 10% of their Veterinary impact and mitigation plans that facilities) and poses significant risk to exists at implementation agency. environment due to adhoc/ • Implementation agencies have no unsustainable waste management dedicated personnel at any level to practices. address E&S risk and management. • In absence of available infrastructure The veterinary experts employed in Deep burial of hazardous waste and the state directorates are expected to carcass is a widespread practice in investigate E&S aspects also. most states posing risk of ground water contamination and possible 82 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Potential Recommendations to Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Align with Core Principle adverse impacts on sensitive habitats • Therefore, on ground, there are risks in the vicinity. of impacts spreading out to sensitive environmental areas in the proximity • The Environment, health and safety (EHS) issues are also an important • Environment, health and safety area that the workers in veterinary (EHS) remains one of the issues that facilities and filed staff are supposed require constant emphasis. Whereas to follow. UPDATE – State wise there are adhoc practices and training SOPs etc. on EHS issues, the overall system needs strengthening and • There are no uniform and established regularization of related training SOPs for Biosafety and Biosecurity programs. measures in state laboratories (except in Karnataka). Even in presence of adhoc SOPs and trainings, compliance is lacking or extremely weak in absence of a dedicated Biosafety and Biosecurity Officer 6 (v) Clear articulation of • Although the Municipal Corporations There is a gap in clear articulation of There is need for placement of institutional and State Pollution control boards are institutional responsibilities and Environmental expert and social responsibilities and required to coordinate with different resources for E&S management. expert as a nodal person in DAHD resources to support VFs and laboratories to facilitate/ and AHDs to oversee and monitor implementation of plans support waste/pollution management, the E&S activities. Also, there is there is no clear articulation of need for clear articulation of E&S institutional responsibilities and responsibility at the district and coordination mechanism within block level and need to strengthen various departments to manage E&S the EHS mechanism across the risks associated with implementation implementation chain. of the supported programs. 83 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Potential Recommendations to Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Align with Core Principle 7 (vi) Responsiveness and • In all participating states, the • While most of the states are engaged • There is need for streamlining the accountability through veterinary officers along with para in awareness generation and various beneficiary/ community stakeholder consultation, vets, Gopal Mitra, and Pashu Sakhi means of engagement with engagement process along with timely dissemination of the undertake awareness through community, and where the frontline proper communication strategy for PforR information, and consultation with beneficiaries, and staffs play the most important role, the One health program. responsive GRMs. in some cases also use printed there is no comprehensive strategy • Capacity building of AHD staffs materials about diseases and its towards communication and especially the frontline workers on management. Some states like community engagement, and no well communication and community Maharashtra also undertake various laid capacity building program for engagement process will be very awareness camps involving PRI frontline workers on this in any of much useful. members. the states. • Grievance redress mechanism to • All the AHDs in the participating • While the existing mechanism of be further strengthened for states have Toll free helpline grievance redress mechanism is monitoring and reporting of numbers which is not only used for working fine, however it lacks in grievances. seeking information but also for monitoring and reporting. feedback and registering grievances. • Though the citizen charter is there in In addition, there Chief Minister’s many of the states, there is no grievance portal or help line number monitoring of what proportion of for registering any grievances; service request or complaints are seeking RTIs; and other mechanism addressed within the stipulated time such as written manual complaints at and what has been the level of the AHDs or Veterinary centers are satisfaction. there. • Many of the state AHDs do have Citizen charters illustrating the services and the timelines for addressing them. 84 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment System and Capacity Assessment - Core Principle 2 Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle Core Principle 2: Program E&S management systems are designed to avoid, minimize, or mitigate adverse impacts on natural habitats and physical cultural resources resulting from the Program. Program activities that involve the significant conversion or degradation of critical natural habitats or critical physical cultural heritage are not eligible for PforR financing. 1 Identify, and screen for adverse • National and State level laws and • Screening Mechanism does not • Screening to be instituted along effects on potentially important regulations exist for regulation of exist currently in any of the with community consulting to biodiversity and cultural resource activities in proximity of pilot states rule out any adverse E&S impact. areas and provide adequate protected monuments and for • At the screening stage only, there measures to avoid, minimize, or management of chance finds of is need of identifying structures of mitigate adverse effects. archaeological, historical value. cultural and religious importance and any important/sensitive • The Ancient Monuments and critical natural habitat in the Archaeological Sites and vicinity. Remains (Amendment and 2 Support and promote the protection, Validation) Act, 2010 bans on • Not Relevant to the current conservation, maintenance, and construction within 100 metres of program rehabilitation of natural habitats. a centrally protected monument and regulated construction within 3 Avoid significant conversion or 100- 200 metres. • Not Relevant to the current degradation of critical natural program habitats • Likewise, comprehensive set of national regulations exist to 4 If avoiding the significant protect forests, wildlife and • Not Relevant to the current • conversion of natural habitats is not program biodiversity rich areas. technically feasible, include measures to mitigate or offset the adverse impacts of the PforR Program activities 85 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle 5 Consider potential adverse effects • The awareness on the relevant • Screening to be instituted along on physical cultural property and provisions of the existing laws with community consulting to provide adequate measures to avoid, and regulations among the key rule out any adverse E&S impact. minimize, or mitigate such effects. stakeholders, especially the para • At the screening stage only, there veterinarians and field staff is need of identifying structures of needs to be enhanced. cultural and religious importance and any important/sensitive critical natural habitat in the vicinity. System and Capacity Assessment - Core Principle 3 Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle Core Principle 3: Core Principle 3: Program E&S management systems are designed to protect public and worker safety against the potential risks associated with (a) the construction and/or operation of facilities or other operational practices under the Program; (b) exposure to toxic chemicals, hazardous wastes, and otherwise dangerous materials under the Program; and (c) reconstruction or rehabilitation of infrastructure located in areas prone to natural hazards. 1 Promote adequate community, • Environment, Health and safety • Limited or no provision of • A state wise comprehensive individual, and worker health, for Vet Workers and field staff is medical camps and regular EHS training road map to be safety, and security through the safe a critical issue and a visible gap in checkups for field staff is a developed for the state’s design, construction, operation, and all pilot states. critical concern. veterinary and para veterinary maintenance of Program activities; workers and filed staff. or, in carrying out activities that • No/Only Adhoc SOPs on • Implementation of biosafety and may be dependent on existing Biosafety and Biosafety measures biosecurity measures is a critical • Dedicated Biosafety and infrastructure, incorporate safety exist for Labs and other Facilities gap in all pilot states Biosafety officers to be where workers deal with employed in state departments 86 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle measures, inspections, or remedial hazardous and toxic materials • Only adhoc trainings on staff of animal husbandry and works as appropriate. (Except Karnataka) wellness and EHS Compliances veterinary being done in pilot states. Need to • Even for Veterinary facilities • Regular check-ins and strengthen this aspect. where SOPs have been monitoring reports to be established, there is lack of • Limited equipment and lack of documented by all facilities uniform compliance in absence of dedicated budget head for dealing with hazardous and training and capacity building Worker health and safety has toxic substances. programs been reported as a key gap by • Awareness to be enhanced on some pilot states (Assam, Odisha • There is no dedicated biosafety the requirement of BMWM and Maharashtra) and biosecurity officer to monitor Rules 2016 with respect to and regulate EHS concerns regular and uniform immunization of workers • Although states like Assam have involved in handling of bio- undertaken rabies vaccinations for medical waste as per rule 4(h) its filed staff, and other pilot states and conduction of regular health have also prioritized its veterinary checkups to these workers as staff for covid related per rule 4(m). vaccinations, there are no updated records available regarding regular and uniform immunization of workers involved in handling of bio-medical waste as per rule 4(h) and conduction of regular health checkups to these workers as per rule 4(m) of the BMWM Rules 2016. 87 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle 2 Promote measures to address child • The Child Labor (Prohibition • While the forced labor • Awareness among community and forced labor. and Regulation) Act, 1986, participation is not anticipated in and field level staff to be amended in 2016 ("CLPR the program, there is a possibility enhanced on the issue. Act")23 prohibits employment of of finding child labor working in • New upgradation activities a Child below the age of 14 in waste management and disposal including Civil work contract any employment and prohibits value chain in rural areas. clauses shall reiterate the the employment of adolescents • This is largely due to socio- prohibition along with in the age group of 14 to 18 economic problems such as monitoring by the contracting years in hazardous occupations poverty, economic backwardness, agency for its adherence. and processes. All the civil illiteracy etc. in parts of some contracts in the participating pilot states. states have this clause in the tender and civil contract • Awareness with respect to The document. Child Labour (Prohibition & Regulation) Act,1986 and • The Article 23 of The amendment up to 2016 is Constitution of India, generally low in peri urban and Prohibition is imposed on the rural areas. practice of Traffic in Human Being and of Forced Labor. It also provides that contravention of said prohibition is an offense under law. 3 Promote the use of recognized good • The BMW rule 2016 and further • BMW management at VIs and Will be made a part of O&M practice in the production, amendments in 2019 provides the Laboratories, and in field is not guidelines and management, storage, transport, and process of management, up to the desired level and needs sensitization/training on disposal of hazardous materials transportation, and disposal of both infrastructure and capacity environment aspects. generated under the PforR hazardous wastes. This is 23 https://labour.gov.in/childlabour/child-labour-acts-and-rules 88 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle applicable to all facilities across to meet the regulatory all states. requirements. 4 Provide training for workers • While there are training programs • Training required across the • Training modules to be prepared involved in the production, and training modules do exist in implementation chain both for and incorporated in training procurement, storage, transport, use, public and private sector AHD staffs, paraprofessionals schedule and disposal of hazardous chemicals including in participating states, and community workers. in accordance with the relevant however, AHDs lack in this area. international guidelines and conventions. 5 Include adequate measures to avoid, • There are no comprehensive • Current capacity and practices are • Detailed SOP/ guidance to be minimize, or mitigate community, guidelines exists with respect to adhoc and require comprehensive prepared and adopted for individual, and worker risks when community and workers safety approach including awareness workers and community the PforR Program activities are in and needs attention. creation. safety along with training and areas prone to natural hazards such awareness creation efforts. as floods, hurricanes, earthquakes, or other severe weather or affected by climate events. 89 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment System and Capacity Assessment - Core Principle 4 Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle Core Principle 4: Program E&S systems manage land acquisition and loss of access to natural resources in a way that avoids or minimizes displacement and assists affected people in improving, or at the minimum restoring, their livelihoods and living standards. 1 Avoid or minimize land acquisition • All the participating states follow • While the process of land • Any land acquisition and/or and related adverse impacts. the Right to Fair Compensation acquisition is well laid across all resettlement is part of the and Transparency in Land the states and the designated state exclusion list under the program. 2 (a) Identify and address economic Acquisition, Rehabilitation and revenue department has capacity, or social impacts caused by land Resettlement Act, 2013 no land acquisition is anticipated acquisition or loss of access to (amendment up to 2015. under the program, and it is part natural resources, including those of the exclusion list. affecting people who may lack full • The act provides for a transparent legal rights to resources they use or process and fair compensation in occupy. land acquisition for public purpose and provides for (b) Provide compensation sufficient rehabilitation and resettlement of to purchase replacement assets of landowners and those affected by equivalent value and to meet any land acquisition. It comprises four necessary transitional expenses, paid schedules that provide the before taking land or restricting minimum applicable norms for access. compensation based on market (c) Provide supplemental livelihood value and replacement cost, improvement or restoration multiplier and solatium; measures if taking of land causes resettlement and rehabilitation loss of income-generating. (R&R) entitlements to landowners and livelihood losers; and (d) Include measures for land facilities at resettlement sites for acquisition and related activities to displaced persons, besides be planned and implemented with providing flexibility to states and appropriate disclosure of implementing agencies to provide information, consultation, and 90 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle informed participation of those higher norms for compensation affected. and R&R. (e) Restore or replace public infrastructure and community services that may be adversely affected by the Program. System and Capacity Assessment - Core Principle 5 Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle Core Principle 5: Core Principle #5: Program E&S systems give due consideration to the cultural appropriateness of, and equitable access to, Program benefits, giving special attention to the rights and interests of Scheduled Tribe people (Indigenous Peoples) and scheduled caste people, and to the needs or concerns of vulnerable groups. 1 Undertake meaningful • In most of the states, veterinarians, • The current process of community • DAHD should prepare a consultations if the Indigenous para vets, Gopal Mitra, and Pashu engagement including comprehensive community Peoples are potentially affected Sakhi do the communication on consultations and communication engagement strategy and (positively or negatively), to animal diseases and related with right intent, the participating participating states should determine whether there is broad precautions and practices. Also, states lack in having a further finetune it for adopting community support for the PforR animal vaccination drives are comprehensive strategy of doing a state specific community Program activities. another set of events when the so. engagement strategy. consultations towards awareness • Also, there is no capacity building • The AHDs front line staffs as creation are being undertaken in of the frontline workers including well as Gopal Mitra, Maitri most of the states. Gopal Mitra, Pashu Sakhi, and Workers, Pashu Sakhi, and • other community volunteers on the other community volunteers community engagement strategy should be trained on talking 91 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle for consultations and forward the community communication. engagement strategy and ways and means of community consultations and communication. 2 Ensure that Indigenous Peoples • Though the provision of veterinary • Shortage of staffs is one of the • The participating states need to can participate in devising institutions (VI) across states and biggest challenges in most of the have proper strategy towards opportunities to benefit from especially in remote areas, tribal hilly, remote tribal areas, and ensuring equitable services in exploitation of customary areas, and difficult to reach areas difficult to reach areas across all hilly, remote tribal areas, and resources and indigenous varies as some states have the VIs states. This is also because the difficult to reach areas. knowledge, the latter (indigenous and some feels more VIs are human resource norms as per the knowledge) to include the consent • Proper coordination required in some of the areas, one 1984 Act is still not met in most of Indigenous Peoples. mechanism to developed with common challenge faced by most of states. NGOs where available in the states are having adequate staffs 3 Give attention to groups • In most states reliance for services providing animal health to cater to these VIs or not enough vulnerable to hardship or in these hilly and remote tribal services. Mobile veterinary units (MVUs) or discrimination, including, as areas are largely on Gopal Mitra, the MVU staffs. • Capacity building of Gopal relevant, the poor, the disabled, Maitri, Pashu Sakhi and other Mitra, Maitri workers, Pashu women and children, the elderly, • Majority of the Gopal Mitra, Maitri, community volunteers, and who Sakhi and other community ethnic minorities or other Pashu Sakhi and other community may have limitation in providing volunteers on extended marginalized groups; and if volunteers are women. Also, women technical diagnostic and treatment technical services. necessary, take special measures are the most vulnerable groups as facilities as they are not trained for to promote equitable access to they are the one who generally take the same. PforR Program benefits care of the animals at home, and • Though in many of these areas hence, more at risk for contracting there are some local NGOs who any disease from animals. also work on animal diseases, • Animal Husbandry is a state subject there is no state mechanism to and even in Schedule VI areas, it is formally engage with them or train the AHD department which them for enhanced services. provides services. In most of the 92 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Management System Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. at National Level and State Level Core Principle tribal areas, additional financial • support is there through Tribal Sub Plan (TSP) component, though they are relatively small to cater to the whole area. System and Capacity Assessment - Core Principle 6 Sl. Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Management System Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. Core Principle Program E&S systems avoid exacerbating social conflict, especially in fragile states, post-conflict areas, or areas subject to territorial disputes. 1 Consider conflict risks, • As on 2019, about 18 of the 90 Left • While the program activities do • Same as the recommendations including distributional equity Wing Extremism (LWE) districts of not exacerbate any social under Core principle-5 for and cultural sensitivities. the country are in Odisha (15) and conflicts, but as mentioned under addressing staff shortage and Maharashtra (3). However, the the Core principle -5 above, some building local capacity. Government’s approach is to deal of these areas also face challenges with LWE areas in a holistic manner, of staff shortage. in the areas of security, development, ensuring rights and entitlements of local communities, improvement in governance and public perception management. In the process Government undertakes various development projects, including livelihood programs and irrigation facilities, besides critical road networks to regain lost ground and 93 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl. Recommendations to align with Planning Elements Management System Capacity, Risks and Gaps No. Core Principle legitimacy in these areas and further endeavors to integrate community concerns into the development plan, thereby reducing the psychological and political alienation of the local population in the troubled territories, especially in south-western parts of the state. With experience of the last few years, Government of Odisha has proposed to remove 5 districts (including Deogarh, Nayagarh and Sambalpur) from the 15 LWE list. • The animal health programs of the government are quite welcomed in these areas as well as it helps improve livelihood assets of the local population, and so far, no such conflicts have been faced for the veterinary services. Also, most of the frontline staffs of the AHDs are also come from local community and further supported by the community level workers such as Gopal Mitra, and Pashu sakhi etc. 94 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Annexure – 5: Details of Stakeholder Consultation Workshops Two multi-stakeholder workshops were conducted – the first one was on June 22, 2022, with NGOs, CBOs, community resource persons (CRPs), and field level officials related to AH from all participating states and including from tribal areas; and the second workshop was conducted on June 24, 2022, with key AHD officials and other stakeholder department officials from all the participating states along with DAHD. The detailed list of participants is mentioned below. A. List of participants of multi-stakeholder consultation Workshop on June 22, 2022 1. FROM ASSAM a. NGO Participants Mr. S.S. Dutta, JBF (Just Be Friendly) Mr. B. Talukdar, Aranyak Ms. Indira Amma, PFA (People for Animal) Ms. Moloy Baruah, Early Bird Ms. Pollobi Gogoi, Lucy Foundation Ms. Urmimala, Avinava Prayash Ms. Rashmi, Street Animal Welfare Guwahati b. DCS / DUSS participants Ms. Juri Sen Deka, Bileswar Dugdha Utpadan Kendra Ms. Dipanki Malakar, Janashakti Mr. Bipul Gogoi, Surabhi DUSS Mr. Sri Pada Choudhury, Bajali District Milk Producer Union Limited c. Para professions - Maitri and Prani Mitra Ms. Mridula Basumatary Ms. Puja Sarma Mr. Ajay Chetia Ms. Smriti Patar Mr. Pankaj Chetri d. FPC participants Sl. Participant Name FPC name District No. 1 Pranjal Goswami Titabor Pig Producer Company Limited Jorhat 2 Prasanta Baruah Dhemaji Livestock Producer Company Limited Dhemaji 3 Maneswar Gogoi Dhakuakhana Agro & Allied Producer Lakhimpur Company Limited 4 Dimpul Chamuah Telahi Pig Producer Company Limited Lakhimpur 5 Montu Konwar Sissiborgaon Pig Producer Company Limited Dhemaji 6 Trideep Das Bordoloni Pig Producer Company Limited Dhemaji 7 Ranjan Kotoki Sonitpur Livestock Producer Company Limited Sonitpur 8 Debajit Mandal Krishnai Pig Producer Company Limited Goalpara 9 Kirip Deka Mayong Agro & Allied Producer Company Morigaon Limited 95 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 10 Padmeswar Taye Podumoni Pig Producer Company Limited Golaghat 11 Pranjal Brahma Bihpuria Livestock Producer Company Limited Lakhimpur 12 Prakashjeet Borah Khowang Livestock Producer Company Limited Dibrugarh 13 Kalpajit Borgohain Saikhowa Pig Producer Company Limited Tinsukia 14 Roon Sonowal Amguri Pig Producer Company Limited Sivasagar 15 Parikshit Karmakar Dangtol Pig Producer Company Limited Bongaigaon 16 Rajib Kumar Tamuli Koliapani Pig Producer Company Limited Jorhat 17 Udayan Nath Coal Queen Pig Producer Company Limited Tinsukia 18 Sibsankar Hazarika Kako Mithong Pig Producer Company Limited Tinsukia 19 Bibhash Sonowal Lahowal Pig Producer Company Limited Dibrugarh 20 Phirliensang Hmar Lakhipur Pig Producer Company Limited Cachar 21 Hiren Sarma Seuji Morigaon 22 Hemanta Kumar Yangli FPC Morigaon Sarmah 2. FROM KARNATAKA a. NGO and CBO participants Sri Girish, BAIF Sri Athini Sri Nadagouda Smt. H.Radhamma Sri Laxmi Narayana Smt. Rupa.R. Dr. Shiragi Naik Dr. Rekya Naik b. Field level AHD staffs Dr.Ravi, Deputy Director, Chikkaballapura. Sri.Laxman, Veterinary Inspector, Chikkaballapura. Sri.D.Venkataramana, Veterinary Inspector. Chikkaballapura. Dr.Nadagowda, Deputy Director, Bagalkote Sri.A.I.Jigajinagi, Veterinary Inspector, Bagalkote. Sri.K.S.Aralur, Veterinary Inspector. Bagalkote. 3. FROM MAHARASHTRA a. NGO and CBO participants Dr. Jayant Khadse, General Manager, BAIF Dr. Nitya Sambamurti Ghotge, Anthra, Pune Dr. Pradip Ghalsasi, NARI (Nimbkar Agriculture Research Institute), Phultan, Satara Dr. Auti Dinesh, Baramati Agro Dr. Parkale, CEO, Maharashtra Livestock Development Board (MLDB) 96 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Dr. Vivek S Khirsagar, MD, Pune District Cooperative Milk Producers Association Dr. Madhuri Dhamle, Pune District Cooperative Milk Producers Association Dr. Archana Khirsagar, MAVIM (Mahila Arthik Vikas Mahamandal) 4. FROM MADHYA PRADESH a. NGO and CBO participants Dr Ravi Prakash Paul, BAIF Mr Sanjay Shrivastava, JK Trust Dr Ranjan Neog Manager Operation, Madhya Pradesh Women Poultry Producers Company Pvt Ltd (MPWPCL) Bhopal Ms Kunti Dhurva, President, Kesla Poultry Society, Kesla, Hoshangabad Ms Kulvati Bai, Board member Kesla Poultry Society, kesla, Hoshangabad Mr U K Sharma, Nodal Officer, Bhopal Milk Federation Mr Kamlesh Sharma, Supervisor, Bhopal Milk Federation Mr Deepak Pushpa, Member, Tumda Dairy Society, Tumda, Dist Bhopal Mr Manohar Meena, Member, Dugdha Dairy Society Kudhar, Dist Bhopal Ms Rajiya Begam, SRLM, Village Ghanshyampura, District Damoh Ms Maya Patel, SRLM, Village Kalleh, District Shahdol Mr Neelesh Desai, Sampark- Samaz Sevi Santha Jhabua MP Professor S K Trivedi, Bhartiya Vikas Prabhandham Sansthan (IIDM Indian Institute of Development Management) 5. FROM ODISHA a. NGO and CBO participants Mr. Rakesh Warrier, State project head, BAIF, Odisha Dr.Loknath Behera, CEO,OLRDS B. List of participants of multi-stakeholder consultation Workshop on June 24, 2022 Dr. Praveen Mallik, Animal Husbandry Commissioner, DAHD Dr. Aruna Sharma, Assistant Commissioner, DAHD Dr. Amitabh Chakravarty, NERRDL, Govt. of Assam Dr. Bibhu Ranjan Das, Dy Director, Govt. of Odisha Dr. Lokanath Behera, Addl Director, Govt. of Odisha Dr. Limaye, Joint Commissioner, Animal Husbandry, Govt. of Maharashtra Dr Jayant Tapase Nodal Officer SADIL Bhopal, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh Dr A K Sharma Deputy Director DAH, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh 97 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Dr Priyakant Pathak Additional Deputy Director DAH, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh Dr Vaani Pandey Additional Deputy Director DAH, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh Dr Ajay Ramteke DDVS Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh Mr Sunil Parashar AVFO Kurana Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh Mr Tulsiram Birla AVFO Balachon Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh Mr Santosh patidar AIPP Funda Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh Mr Pushottam Meena Matri Worker Bhopal District, Madhya Pradesh Director, AHD Karnataka Additional Director (Livestock Health), AHD Karnataka Additional Director (Animal Resources), AHD Karnataka Additional Director (Extension, Training & RKVY), AHD Karnataka Joint Director (State Sector), Bengaluru, AHD Karnataka Joint Director (State Sector), Raichur, AHD Karnataka Joint Director (State Sector), Mysore, AHD Karnataka Joint Director (State Sector), Dharwad, AHD Karnataka Deputy Director (State Poultry Farm), Hessaraghatta, AHD Karnataka Deputy Director, State Livestock Breeding and Training Centre (SLBTC), Hessaraghatta Deputy Director, State Semen Collection Centre (SSCC), Hessaraghatta. Deputy Director, Pig Breeding Centre, Hessaraghatta Director, NDRI, Bengaluru NDDB Regional Director, Bengaluru. NDDB Manager, Bengaluru. 98 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Annexure – 6: Screening Format for Environmental and Social Risks/Impacts The Screening checklist is applicable to any civil work activities leading to repair, renovation, expansion and/or reconstruction of diagnostic facilities, veterinary hospitals and dispensaries under the project. This form is to be used by facility in-charge to rule out any adverse environment and social impacts due to program intervention under the guidance of the AHDs/ Project Management Unit (PMU) to screen for the potential environmental and social risks and impacts of a proposed subproject. Name of the District Name of the Block/ Town Category of Veterinary Facility/ Laboratory Name of facility Sl.No. Key Question Answer Due diligence/ Actions Yes No 1 Is there any risk/ impact/ If yes, any interventions should be avoided. disturbance to forests and/ or protected areas because of subproject activities? 2 Is the Veterinary Facility/ If yes, any interventions should be avoided24. Laboratory within 100 meters of any cultural, historic, religious site/ buildings? 3 Is the Veterinary Facility/ If yes, due permission to be taken from ASI for Laboratory between 100 - 200 any construction. Where there is no impact, meters of any cultural, historic, chance finds procedures would be applicable religious site/ buildings? and ASI norms would need to be followed. 4 Does the subproject involve If yes. It is not supported by the project. additional land for upgradation/ Alternate options to be explored. expansion and/ or new construction through land acquisition or direct purchase and/or restrictions on land use? 5 Does the subproject involve If yes. Follow government norms for transfer. additional land for upgradation/ Construction activities can be initiated only expansion through transfer after transfer is completed. from another government department? 6 Does the subproject require any If yes, any interventions should be avoided. informal/ illegal occupants’ Alternative options to be explored. However, if removal in case of any completely unavoidable, approval from World upgradation/ expansion in HCF Bank to be taken and necessary assessment and safeguard tools to be prepared as per ESS 5. 24 Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (Amendment and Validation) Act, 2010 there is ban on construction within 100 metres of a centrally protected monument and regulated construction within 100-200 metres construction. Any construction activity within 100-200 meters of the monument requires ASI permission. 99 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl.No. Key Question Answer Due diligence/ Actions Yes No 7 Does the subproject involve Follow the Labor laws provisions including the recruitment of workers25 welfare measures. including direct, contracted, primary supply, and/or community workers? 8 Does the subproject require Adequate provision to be made for shifting of shifting of any common the CPR along with proper coordination with property resources (CPRs) - respective departments and consultations with such as water supply structure; local users of the CPR/ community. sanitation structures; power supply infrastructure etc. or approach way 9 Is there civil works/building If yes, an Environment and Social management rehabilitation envisaged at the and monitoring plan to be prepared and shall facility?26 include among other things:  Increase in dust and noise • All legally required permits (to from demolition and/or include not limited to resource use, construction dumping, sanitary inspection permit)  Generation of have been acquired for construction construction waste and/or rehabilitation.  Impacts on accessibility to • Address Occupational Health & the facility Safety (OHS) and Community Health  Excavation impacts and & Safety measures during soil erosion construction  Increase sediment • Measures addressing pollution and loads/wastewater waste management during civil work. discharges in receiving • Use screens or nets to avoid flying water debris and dust and use of regular  Removal and disposal of water sprays to suppress dust toxic and/or hazardous substances27 • Hazardous waste separated from non-  Increase in soil erosion or hazardous waste on site and disposed changes in local drainage off to designated sites pattern • Measure and report noise (decibel) levels regularly • Manage oil leaks/spills from heavy machinery • The worksite site will establish appropriate erosion and sediment control measures to prevent sediment from moving off site and causing excessive turbidity in nearby streams and rivers. And keep all drains clear of silt and debris. 25 Given the scale of operation in highly dispersed locations across the state to undertake any repair, renovation, and/or upgradation of HCF, it does not attract any large labor influx. 26It is expected that the HCFs to be renovated/refurbished will pass the screening criteria with no problem and will be found suitable for improvements and any small civil works required. In such cases the standard mitigation measures would be all that is needed to minimize any risk of negative environmental and social impact. The generic Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) of this ESMF would apply in these cases. 27 Toxic / hazardous material includes and is not limited to asbestos, toxic paints, removal of lead paint, etc. 100 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl.No. Key Question Answer Due diligence/ Actions Yes No 10 Does the facility have an If yes, ensure that discharges into receiving Individual wastewater waters meeting adequate water quality treatment system? standards as prescribed by State pollution Control Board/ Central Pollution Control Board. 11 Is there adequate provision of If no, specify the mitigation measures to be clean water and sanitation adopted to provide adequate supplies of services at the facility? potable drinking water. 12 Is there adequate STP-ETP/ If No, adequate wastewater treatment and Soak Pit if facilities are not disposal systems, such as package treatment connected to the municipal plants and chlorination, where appropriate for wastewater scheme? the size, capacity, and services offered at the health facilities. 13 Is BMW being suitably If No, then specify the on-site measures/ segregated? equipment needed for waste segregation and follow CPCB guidelines on (this includes clinical waste, (i) CPCB Implementation Guidelines for sharps, pharmaceutical Management of Healthcare Waste in products, cytoxic and Health Care Facilities as per Bio Medical hazardous chemical waste, Waste Management Rules, 2016 radioactive waste, organic domestic waste, non-organic (ii) Guidelines for Management of domestic waste) Healthcare Waste as per Biomedical Waste Management Rules, 2016 (iii) Guidelines for Bar Code System for Effective Management of Bio-medical Waste 14 Is the subproject facility If No, then specify the on-site measures for connected to an offsite waste disposal. CBMWTF? 15 Is all Biomedical equipment in If no, specify how this will be mitigated. good working condition? 16 Are appropriate colour coded If no, specify how consumables will be Bins/ bags provided for bio- provided at HCF level, and follow CPCB medical waste disposal? Guidelines for Bar Code System for Effective Management of Bio-medical Waste 17 Is there SOP to manage Develop SOP for accident management and accidents/ spills at subproject systems for facility level including mercury reporting and recording: i. Occupational accidents and diseases ii. Dangerous occurrences and incidents iii. These systems should enable workers to report immediately iv. Follow CPCB guidelines on management of mercury. 28 28 http://cpcb.nic.in/uploads/hwmd/Guidelines_for_ESM_MercuryW_fromHCFs.pdf 101 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Sl.No. Key Question Answer Due diligence/ Actions Yes No 18 Are healthcare and sanitation If no, ensure the following practices are workers provided with implemented: necessary and appropriate i. Yearly health screening of all health screening, precautionary Veterinary facility/ laboratory and measures and immunizations? Sanitation staff ii. Immunization for staff members as necessary (e.g. vaccination for hepatitis B virus, tetanus) iii. Provisions of gloves, masks, and gowns iv. Adequate facilities for hand washing are available. If hand washing is not possible, appropriate antiseptic hand cleanser and clean cloths / antiseptic towelettes should be provided. v. Adequate procedures and facilities for handling dirty linen and contaminated clothing 19 Does the facility have If No, Fire safety recommendations applicable appropriate fire safety to occupational areas are presented under Infrastructure and norms? ‘Occupational Health and Safety’ in the WBG General EHS Guidelines29 Additional recommendations for fire safety include: i. Installation of smoke alarms and sprinkler systems ii. Maintenance of all fire safety systems in proper working order, including ventilation ducts, escape doors. iii. Training of staff for operation of fire extinguishers and evacuation procedures iv. Development of facility fire prevention or emergency response and evacuation plans with adequate guest information (this information should be displayed in HCF main locations and clearly written in relevant languages). Veterinary Facility/ Laboratory In-charge Name……………………………………… Designation: ……………………………… Phone No. ………………………………… Signature …………………………………. Date: ……………………………………… 29 https://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/9aef2880488559a983acd36a6515bb18/2%2BOccupational%2BHealth %2Band%2BSafety.pdf?MOD=AJPERES 102 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Annexure – 7: Grievance Redressal 1. The participating states leverage existing country systems to receive, resolve and manage grievances. The main channels for grievance redressal are: a) Using Right to Information (RTI) Act to get information and resolution of grievances as mandated under the Act. All states and departments follow RTI and have deputed officials looking after the RTI within their department. b) Call centers and Toll-Free numbers. All AHDs in the participating states have Toll free helpline numbers such as Assam (1062), Karnataka (8277 100 200), Odisha (155 333), Maharashtra (1800 2330 418) and Madhya Pradesh (1962). These are not only used for seeking information but also for feedback and grievances. c) Grievances are also registered through Chief Minister’s (CMs) grievances portals in most participating states. The centralized grievance cells and portals30 in the participating states, under the Department of Personnel Administration and Reforms (DP&AR), are well used in Karnataka, Odisha and Maharashtra. On receipt of the grievances, initial screening is done at DP&PR and forwarded to the concerned department for resolution. The concerned departments make further investigations and address the grievances and report back to DP&PR where the grievances are monitored and tracked online. d) Registration of grievances can also be done through written application through veterinary institutions and/or AHD offices at district and block/ mandal level across the states. With majority of these grievances resolved locally, tracking them at state level is lacking in many cases. e) Veterinary institutions/ para vets; and (d) Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRAMS) at national level by DAHD. So, the participating states have multiple mechanisms to register and redress grievances. This includes: 2. At the national level, the Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System (CPGRMS) is an online web-enabled system (https://pgportal.gov.in/) in association with Directorate of Public Grievances (DPG) and Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DARPG) to register and track grievance. And is being used in all Central Ministries and Departments including for MORTH. Any State specific grievances can also be lodged here which are further directed to respective state and department for resolution and reported back through CPGRMS system. The schematic description of grievance flow in CPGRMS is as below. 3. Most of the beneficiary groups and community in general largely use the call centers, CM’s grievance portal and/or the manual written complaints at the local district offices of the AHDs. While the existing mechanism of grievance redressal is working fine in each of the states, however it lacks in monitoring and reporting in a consolidated manner at the district or at the state level and requires strengthening. The AHSSOH Program will support the strengthening of the grievance redress mechanism and its integration with M&E systems. 4. CPGRAMS (Centralized Public Grievance Redress and Monitoring System), a common portal for Central Government’s 89 departments to receive complaint from aggrieved persons/parties concerning services offered by government was launched in its present form in 2017. Currently, there are 67300 registered organizations with CPGRAMS in which all Central and State/UT government departments are signatories. Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances (DAPRG) reported that 93 percent complaints were received through CPGRAMS and other state level grievance redressal portals during 2020. 30 https://janaspandana.karnataka.gov.in/english in Karnataka; https://janasunani.odisha.gov.in/ in Odisha, and https://grievances.maharashtra.gov.in/en in Maharashtra. 103 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment 5. CPGRAMS is a well-functioning system for grievance receipt and redressal is credited with disposing of 87 percent grievances in less than 45 days. Out of 882,022 grievances received since its launch, 867,248 have been disposed by respective departments. The portal offers a smooth process for complainants and grievances are quickly resolved as they are marked to the portals of President of India, Prime Minister’s Office and Cabinet Secretariat in addition to PGO/Field office. Once the complaint is submitted, respective Department nodal officers or state nodal officers take it up for resolution. If the said grievance/complaint is not redressed in 45 days, it is submitted to Nodal Appellate Authority, Sub Appellate Authority for final resolution. 6. CPGRAMS does not cover RTI matters, court related/ sub-judice matters, religious matters and service matters of government employees. The complaints are dominantly relating to development programs of central government in addition to reporting of mal-functional state level services. The category of complaints received from states are specific to (i) pashu sakhi & Para veterinarian not reporting, (ii) veterinary doctor unavailability at dispensary and veterinary hospitals, (iii) non-payment of insurance in case of death of animal (iv) non-attendance of treatment call (v) artificial insemination, castration and de-worming not undertaken, (vi) non-referral for minor surgery, (vii) unavailability of tele-medicine facility and medicines, (viii) poor condition of hospital building and infrastructure, (ix) compensation for death of animals due to natural calamities, diseases/toxicities, (x) seeking assistance under various animal husbandry schemes, (xi) and posting of veterinary doctors and livestock inspectors in veterinary institutions. 7. Department of Animal Husbandry and Dairying (DAHD) has a separate unit to handle complaints submitted through CPGRAMS with a Joint Secretary rank officer overseeing the process. The unit is responsible for marking the complaints to the concerned grievance officers within the department and they follow up with the respective officials till the disposal of complaints. An analysis of the number of complaints lodged and disposed of during 2019-20 and 2020-21 shows that DAHD received 1583 complaints and 393 unresolved complaints were brought forward from 2018-19. At the end of 2019-20, 1832 out of 1976 complaints were disposed of and 144 complaints remained unresolved. In 2020-21 the number of complaints were 2439, out of which 2274 were disposed of and 166 remained unresolved and brought forward to 2021-22. 8. An analysis of grievances received by DAHD on CPGRAMS from five program states indicate higher resolution rate of grievances. The number of grievances brought forward for redressal in the next year shows actively functioning departmental grievance redressal system and appellate authority committed to redress the grievances. Table 17: Programme state wise grievances received in CPGRAMS Year Name of State Brought forward Grievances Grievances Grievances from previous Received pending disposed year Assam 1 11 2 10 Karnataka 17 82 7 92 2019-20 Madhya Pradesh 6 60 7 59 Maharashtra 32 166 18 180 Odisha Assam 2 15 3 14 Karnataka 6 424 5 425 2020-21 Madhya Pradesh 8 46 12 42 Maharashtra 13 233 10 241 Odisha 1 16 1 16 Assam 2 14 0 16 Karnataka 17 102 3 116 104 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Year Brought forward Grievances Name of State Grievances Grievances from previous Received pending disposed year 2021-2022 Madhya Pradesh 12 35 0 47 (till 20th Maharashtra 10 118 7 121 June) Odisha 1 14 3 12 Source: CPGRAMS, DAPRG, GoI 9. State Grievance Redressal Mechanism: The program states have institutionalized grievance redressal system to receive complaints through Helpline numbers, Online posting, Media/social media and by hand submission. In Karnataka, Janaspandana – an integrated public grievance redressal system is used to receive complaints from individual complainants through call centre (1902) in addition to department level complaint cells headed by a Deputy Director. In Maharashtra, Aaple Sarkar – grievance redressal portal uses a citizen call centre number (1800 120 8040) to receive complaints (24x7). In Madhya Pradesh, CM Helpline (181) is used in addition to online mode for receiving complaints, whereas in Assam CPGRAMS is used for lodging complaints apart from in person submission and reporting in media/social media. In Odisha Jana Sunani portal is used to lodge complaints in which provision of submitting complaints using whatsapp, email and mobile app is available for the citizens. 10. The program states have dedicated divisions in General Administration or Public Grievances Department to handle the complaints lodged by aggrieved persons/parties. The escalation hierarchy for handling complaints and the number of days (21-45 days) provided to resolve a complaint differs in program states. The number of complaints received and resolved in a particular year by state grievance redressal system exhibits the efficacy of the system. According to reports by Animal Husbandry Dept in states, complaints received are similar in nature and pertains to veterinarian, para veterinarian, pashu Sakhi, medicine unavailability, poor services offered by dispensaries and veterinary hospitals and under-delivery of benefits provided in animal health and livestock development schemes. Table 18: Information Matrix on Grievance Redressal Mechanism in Programme States Description Assam Karnataka Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha Dist Veterinary CDVOs/Collectors Officer > Addl District Vet Officer > District Veterinary > Director AH & Director HQ >> Deputy Director, in- District Collector > Officer > Divisional VS >> Principal Escalation Director AHR charge of Grievances Dept. Nodal Officer > Veterinary Officer Secretary, F Hierarchy Veterinary >>> >> Director/Commissioner >> Joint Director &ARD >>> Chief Joint Director Director/Commissioner, >>> Director Secretary >>>> >>>> Director AHD Chief Minister AHR Veterinary Veterinarian & Para veterinarian not reporting at Clinical services, dispensary, Assistance under information about treatment call not various schemes, medicine Pashu Sakhi not attended, AI, government unavailability, vet reporting, vet doctor Castration and De- schemes, posting Category of doctor, paravet at Not reported unavailability at worming not of veterinary Complaints dispensaries, poor dispensaries, animal undertaken, no doctors and condition of insurance payment etc referral for minor livestock building/infrastructure, surgery, tele- inspectors at vet compensation in case medicine facility institutions of death of animals not available 105 Environmental & Social Systems Assessment Description Assam Karnataka Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha 2020 Grievances 2 33803 received Grievances No Data No Data No Data 2 33501 disposed Pending 0 302 2021 Description Assam Karnataka Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha Grievances 24 132 41701 received Grievances No Data No Data 6 105 41225 disposed Pending 18 27 476 2022 Description Assam Karnataka Maharashtra Madhya Pradesh Odisha Grievances 11 88 3111 52112 received Grievances 0 87 2751 51250 77 disposed Pending 11 1 341 862 31 Source: : State Govt Websites and information received from program states 106