REPUBLIC OF RWANDA Final Report Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Prepared by: Elisée Gashugi, Sina Wartmann, Peter Katanisa, Michael Hammond, Alex Mulisa, and Pablo Benitez June, 2021 REPUBLIC OF RWANDA Final Report Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Prepared by: Elisée Gashugi, Sina Wartmann, Peter Katanisa, Michael Hammond, Alex Mulisa, and Pablo Benitez June, 2021 Acronyms and abbreviations AFOLU Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use MINALOC Ministry of Local Government ARCOS Albertine Rift Conservation Society MINICOM Ministry of Trade and Industry BTR Biennial Transparency Reports NISR National Institute of Statistics of Rwanda BUR Biennial Update Report NST National Strategy for Transformation BAU Business as usual NDC Nationally Determined Contribution CoK City of Kigali NGO Non-Governmental Organisation Development Partners Coordination PSF Private Sector Federation DPCG Group RBME Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation DDS District Development Strategy RBC Rwanda Biomedical Center ETF Enhanced Transparency Framework Rwanda Climate Change and RCCDN Environment and Climate Change Development Network E&CC TWG Thematic Working Group RDB Rwanda Development Board ENR Environment and Natural Resources Rwanda Environment Management REMA GCC Government Command Centre Authority GoR Government of Rwanda RFA Rwanda Forestry Authority GHG Greenhouse Gas RHA Rwanda Housing Authority Integrated Financial Management Rwanda Land Management and Use IFMIS RLMUA Information & System Authority IPPU Industrial Processes and Product Use RMPGB Rwanda Mines, Petroleum and Gas Board International Union for Conservation of RTDA Rwanda Transport Development Agency IUCN Nature Rwanda Water and Sanitation WASAC JSR Joint Sector Review Corporation Limited KPI Key Performance Indicators RWB Rwanda Water Resources Board MRV Measuring, Reporting and Verification FONERWA Rwanda’s Green Fund Ministry of Agriculture and Animal SSP Sector Strategic Plan MINAGRI Resources SWG Sector Working Group MINEDUC Ministry of Education TER Technical Expert Review Ministry In Charge of Emergency TWG Thematic Working Group MINEMA Management United Nations Framework Convention MoE Ministry of Environment UNFCCC on Climate Change Ministry of Finance and Economic USD United States (US) dollar MINECOFIN Planning University of Rwanda College of Science MINISANTE Ministry of Health UR-CST and Technology MININFRA Ministry of Infrastructure Contents Acronyms and abbreviations iii Glossary vii 1. Introduction 1 2. System Overview 3 3. Data collection and compilation of indicators 13 3.1 Data Quality 13 3.2 GHG Inventory Compilation 14 3.3 GHG-related Impacts of Mitigation Actions and Progress of Mitigation Actions 14 3.4 Climate Finance 15 3.5 Capacity Building/Technology Transfer 19 3.6 Business as Usual and Mitigation Scenario Data 20 3.7 Data Management Systems 20 3.8 NDC Indicator Tables 22 3.8.1 Mitigation Indicators 22 3.8.2 Adaptation Indicators 39 4. Evaluation of indicators and drafting of policy recommendations 47 5. Implementation 51 Annexes 55 Annex I: Generic Data Collection Template 57 Annex II: Template for the Collection of Information on Progress of Mitigation Actions 58 Annex III: QA/QC Checklist 59 Annex IV: Documentation Guidance 61 Annex V: Archiving Guidance 62 Annex VI: NDC MRV Indicators Suggested for the Joint Sector Review 63 vi Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Annex VII: Detailed Lists of Adaptation Indicators 65 Annex VIII: List of Contributors to the Development of the NDC MRV System for Rwanda 77 Annex IX: Indicators in the RBME System 79 Annex X: Roles and Responsibilities for the NDC MRV Framework Included in Rwanda’s Updated NDC  91 Annex XI: Risk Management 95 Glossary Term Explanation Adaptation actions Projects, policies, or programmes aiming to increase resilience against the impacts of climate change, e.g. droughts, excessive rainfall. Adaptation refers to adjustments in ecological, social, or economic systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli and their effects or impacts. It refers to changes in processes, practices, and structures to moderate potential damages or to benefit from opportunities associated with climate change.1 Business-as-usual (BAU) The BAU projection represents the scenario according to which mitigation policies and actions are not implemented. It therefore provides the reference case (or baseline) against which the emissions reduction potential from mitigation actions have been quantified. GHG-related mitigation impact The effect of a mitigation action on GHG emissions. The GHG-related mitigation impact is usually estimated by comparing GHG emissions with a mitigation measure with a theoretical scenario without the mitigation measure. Mitigation actions Projects, policies, or programmes aiming to reduce human-induced greenhouse-gas emissions National Greenhouse Gas Inventory Estimates of all emissions and removals of greenhouse gases from given sources or sinks from a defined country in a specific period of time. A national greenhouse gas inventory allows an understanding of how a country’s greenhouse gas emissions develop over time. It is, however, not necessarily suited to understanding GHG-related mitigation impacts. 1 https://unfccc.int/topics/adaptation-and-resilience/the-big- picture/what-do-adaptation-to-climate-change-and-climate- resilience-mean. 01 Introduction T his report presents an approach to operationalize the Measurement, Reporting and Verification (MRV) system presented in Rwanda’s updated This operationalization includes the identification of data sources for the NDC indicators and the suggestion of institutional arrangements and Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), published processes for their collection and evaluation. in 2020. The system consists of a set of cross-cutting The overall system design takes place in several and sectoral mitigation and adaptation indicators as steps: well as a high-level institutional structure.  A gap analysis, identifying: In Rwanda, the introduction of indicators for  which of these indicators and/or relevant policy purposes follows a three-step approach (see data to compile these indicators are already Figure 1). First, targets are set and indicators to track collected, which stakeholders are involved these targets are defined. The setting of targets and in collecting and reporting, and which IT- definition of indicators are laid down in Rwanda’s systems are used (if applicable) for this updated NDC. As a second step, the necessary reporting. underlying data and their sources for compiling/ computing the indicators are identified. The third  What gaps with regards to data, processes step is the collection (and later evaluation) of the and institutional structures remain. indicator data. The collection of data will take place  A basic system design suggesting how to build once the NDC MRV system has been established. on what already exists and how gaps can be filled, taking into consideration international This report presents a draft design for the best practices. This basic system design was operationalization of the NDC MRV system presented to and validated by stakeholders in that was identified in Rwanda’s updated NDC. the form of sectoral workshops. Figure 1: Approach to establishing policy indicators in Rwanda Defining Identifying Collecting Indicators data sources data 2 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution  An enhanced system design, taking into compilation of the GHG inventory, data on mitigation consideration stakeholder feedback, laying out actions and climate finance are discussed. The institutional structures, processes, and data in report turns towards the sectoral level, presenting detail, including a long-term implementation for each mitigation and adaptation indicator in the roadmap. NDC framework which data are already available, in which form and how, from where, by whom and This report describes the design of a basic system, through which systems data which is not yet or not while also presenting the results of the gap regularly available could be collected and compiled analysis. These results and the system design are in the future. presented in an integrated manner to keep the report concise. Section 4 addresses the evaluation of the indicator data with the aim of gaining an understanding Section 2 presents a high-level overview of the of progress on NDC implementation and, system design. where appropriate, the development of policy Section 3 addresses system elements related to recommendations. data collection and the compilation of data (e.g. Section 5 presents a simplified implementation indicators). First, cross-cutting issues like the roadmap for the NDC MRV system. 02 System Overview T his section suggests high-level structures and steps for Rwanda’s NDC MRV system. Details of these structures and steps Figure 2: The policy cycle are elaborated in the following chapters. The structures and steps are based on the Recommendations NDC MRV framework included in Rwanda’s for updating of Updated NDC, published in May 2020. The strategy report indicates where information presented, e.g. graphics or tables, is taken directly from Rwanda’s Updated NDC. Assessing progress Climate Strategy An NDC MRV system needs to support the target towards target well-known policy cycle (see Figure 2). Under this cycle a strategy for achieving a climate target is developed and implemented and the progress towards the climate target is tracked. Implementing The results of this tracking might reveal the strategy need for adjustments to the strategy. Typical examples include changes to the planning to accelerate mitigation or adaptation actions or to amend or enhance these actions to increase their effect. This is a continuous process. An NDC MRV system supports the following steps of  Reporting of indicators for evaluation the cycle: purposes.  Evaluating of indicator data. a) Assessing progress, consisting of the following sub steps: b) Developing policy recommendations  Collecting data and calculating of as appropriate (depending on progress indicators.2 achieved). Rwanda’s updated NDC already defines relevant 2 In some cases, data collected already constitutes the indicator (e.g. elements of such an NDC MRV system. These heads of cattle) without any further steps (e.g. calculation) needed. elements are presented in Table 1. As a principle, In other cases, the indicator relies on several data inputs and requires calculation (e.g. GHG emissions from electricity generation in CO2-eq, integrating a new process into existing processes deep fertilizer use in rice production in t/ha) to compile the indicator. will reduce the additional effort required. Looking 4 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution to the international arena, countries have generally Data Collection and only started working on their systems and processes Compilation and Reporting of for tracking and reporting on NDC implementation and progress. They are however building these onto Indicators existing processes and systems for climate-related The responsibilities for data collection and reporting, enhancing and complementing them as compilation of NDC MRV indicators are, to some necessary. Examples include using/expanding: extent, already defined in Rwanda’s updated NDC.  The responsibilities of institutions already Table 2 below summarises these for the most involved in climate reporting and the capacity relevant stakeholders. More detailed information and expertise of their staff. is presented in Annex X, which includes Table 7.1  Legal frameworks for data collection and from Rwanda’s updated NDC. The updated NDC reporting. allocates roles to further bodies, for example the Joint Action Development Forum (JADF) at District  Data collection processes. level, Permanent Secretaries (PS) Forum. This  Data management systems. project suggests that the development of Rwanda’s  Reporting systems. NDC MRV system starts with a limited number of stakeholders (as presented in Table 2) with  Processes for political decision-making related clearly defined responsibilities and includes further to climate change. stakeholder as necessary and when appropriate. Based on the above considerations, this report This will allow a smoother system set-up, which suggests the following overarching approach to the can be adjusted and enhanced over time, based on NDC MRV system: lessons learned. Table 1:  Elements of an NDC MRV system specified by the updated NDC and which remain to be defined Elements specified Elements to be defined3  Overarching responsibilities for indicator collection are  Which indicators/indicator data should be defined (e.g. the Ministry of Infrastructure (MININFRA) collected from which sources specifically for indicators related to the energy and waste sector). (e.g. how can MININFRA collect data of solid  The Ministry of Environment (MoE) chair the Energy waste landfilled), in which form and how and Natural Resources (ENR) sector working groups frequently? and JSRs as well as monitor progress of NDC measuring  The specific steps and tasks in evaluating & reporting. the reported indicators (REMA and the NDC  Rwanda Environment Management Authority (REMA) MRV Technical Working Committee) holds a central role together with the NDC MRV  Approach to compiling the national GHG Technical Working Committee and Environment & inventory which constitutes a key source of Climate Change Thematic Working Group indicator data.  National Institute of Statistics Rwanda (NISR) has a  Approach to NISR ensuring data quality quality control role. oversight.  MoE’s Results Based Monitoring and Evaluation (RBME)  Methodological alignment for the estimation system is to play a role in reporting/data management of GHG-related mitigation impacts achieved (see section 3.7 for more information on RBME) 3 Elements remaining to be defined are addressed in the following chapters. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 5 Importantly, MININFRA, the Ministry of Trade and update the GHG projections under its NDC Industry (MINICOM) and the Ministry of Agriculture scenarios, the BAU scenario and the conditional and (MINAGRI) are not only responsible for collecting unconditional mitigation scenarios. This process indicator data and compiling indicators related to relies on the GHG inventory data as its starting point, GHG-related mitigation impacts, mitigation actions, which will be provided by MININFRA, MINICOM and adaptation, capacity building, technology transfer MINAGRI. and progress information, but also for collecting Figure 3 shows the institutional structure as included data related to the national GHG inventory, which in Rwanda’s updated NDC. On this structure, in is compiled by REMA. Rwanda intends to regularly Figure 3: Key steps of the policy process mapped on the high-level institutional NDC-MRV structure included in Rwanda’s updated NDC4 MoE (Chair) National ENR Sector working reporting group (ENR SWG) RBME Oversight International Evaluation of indicators, reporting to drafting of recommendations UNFCCC: NDC MRV, NC and BUR REMA (Chair) Environment and Climate Change Thematic Working Group (TWG) NDC MRV Technical Working Committee MINECOFIN/ Data Collection, indicator calculation, NISR Rwanda indicator reporting Data quality Green Fund oversight Reporting on nance NDC nance Greenhouse Gas Capacity building Mitigation Adaptation (conditional/ (GHG) Inventory and technology unconditional) t.JOJTUSJFT 0UIFSQVCMJDJOTUJUVUJPOT MPDBMHPWFSONFOUJOTUJUVUJPO EJTUSJDUT FUD tHigher Learning and Research Institution t1SJWBUF*OTUJUVUJPO /(0T $#0T FUD 4 Source: Republic of Rwanda (2020); Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution; https://www4.unfccc.int/sites/ ndcstaging/PublishedDocuments/Rwanda%20First/Rwanda_ Updated_NDC_May_2020.pdf 6 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 2: Responsibilities for data collection and compilation by type of indicator Type of indicator Responsibility for data collection and indicator compilation Indicators related: Data collection and indicator compilation:  to mitigation impacts and other information  MININFRA for the energy (incl. transport) and on mitigation actions waste sector, water  to adaptation  MINICOM for the industrial processes and other  to capacity building and technology transfer product use (IPPU) sector  to “other factors”, which qualitatively  MINAGRI for the agriculture sector, present progress with implementation or  MoE for the forestry and land-use change sector policy development  Ministry for Emergency Management (MINEMA) for disaster management Indicators related to the GHG inventory (GHG Data collection: emissions or activity data)  MININFRA for the energy (incl. transport) and waste sector  MINICOM for the IPPU sector  MINAGRI for the agriculture sector,  MoE for forestry and land-use change sector Indicator compilation: REMA, as part of the GHG inventory compilation process Indicators related to the BAU scenario To be compiled by REMA as part of the regular scenario updating process, using GHG inventory data as starting point as well as sectoral assumptions from:  MININFRA for the energy (incl. transport) and waste sector  MINICOM for the IPPU sector  MINAGRI for the agriculture sector  MoE for forestry and land-use change sector Indicators related to climate finance Collected and compiled by MINECOFIN through the IFMIS system (to be updated to enable this task) red boxes, the key steps of an NDC-MRV system The above-mentioned Ministries do not necessarily mentioned above are mapped. collect the relevant data regularly yet and in some cases, data are collected by their affiliated Please note that while the graphic indicates that institutions. Certain indicators, particularly those reporting under the UNFCCC takes place through related to adaptation, are collected regularly. Data REMA, the submission of the reports takes place for other indicators are not collected yet or regularly. with MoE, with the preparation of the reports resides To enable regular, efficient data collection, Ministries with REMA. Furthermore, the NDC MRV Technical will have to establish processes which ensure that Working Committee is a sub-body of the Environment relevant data are regularly obtained with minimum & Climate Change Thematic Working Group. effort. Within Ministries, this might be achieved Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 7 by establishing new internal processes. In January of a third party for quality assurance purposes 2021 Rwanda’s cabinet approved a Ministerial Order could be considered. As part of the preparation of No 005/2021 of 08/04/2021 for Determining the Rwanda’s Third National Communication and First Procedures for Preparation of National Report on Biennial Update Report, an international consultant Climate Change. The Ministerial Order requests the reviewed the data reported. A further option, which authority in charge of climate change (MoE) to collect is often used, is MoE reviewing reports together with data for reporting on the GHG inventory, mitigation, development partners. adaptation, and projections. It further requests institutions in relevant sectors, private companies, Ideally, each of the above-mentioned Ministries has and NGOs to share relevant data requested by the one department which is responsible for NDC MRV authority. The Ministerial Order thus provides a legal indicator compilation and reporting, with at least basis for the collection of relevant. It does however 2 staff members (one focal point, one deputy) not specify, which data in particular is to be collected responsible for this task. Where possible, these by whom, in which format and at which frequency. departments and focal points should be the same To facilitate such regular data provision, using a as the ones responsible for NDC implementation, data sharing template specifying the requirements i.e. the planning departments. All of the above- (e.g. which data, their scope, measurement units,, mentioned stakeholders need to set aside sufficient reporting frequency and timing, and departmental staff resources with relevant capabilities to perform responsibility, etc.) can be helpful. Annex I provides the tasks foreseen. This particularly applies to REMA, a very simple data-sharing template which could be which is responsible for multiple tasks, including the used as starting point. REMA is about to start a project compilation of the GHG inventory, GHG projections, under the Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency driving the compilation of the NDC MRV indicators (CBIT) for the development of methodologies, tools and performing a draft assessment of progress and integrated platform for GHG inventory data towards the NDC targets. collection, processing and transmission. This project, At present, indicators are reported into the RBME as well as other future initiatives, could help develop a (MoE) and MIS systems (MINEMA, MINAGRI, common data-sharing template which the Ministries MININFRA for the water, sanitation and hygiene could use for their data collection under the NDC sector only, MINISANTE for health only) and of MRV framework. course in regular reports, e.g. as part of the ministries’ Section 3.8 provides an overview of which indicators annual reports. We suggest that for the time being, or indicator data are already collected and provides this approach is kept, but that in the long run, the suggestions for improvements. majority of indicators are made available through RBME. This can be achieved through the planned The institutional structure in Rwanda’s updated NDC integration of MIS with RBME and by reporting more fore sees a quality oversight role for NISR. NISR has indicators into RBME directly. More information on relevant experience with data collection, evaluation, the role of MIS and RBME can be found in section 3.7. management, reporting and ensuring data quality As long as MIS systems are not connected to RBME, throughout these steps. This experience could be ministries can report all their NDC indicators in their used to advise stakeholders involved in the NDC MRV annual reports. For this purpose, the NDC MRV tables framework on data quality, e.g. in the form of trainings as included in Rwanda’s updated NDC can be used as and by helping to develop relevant templates. More reporting format. information on data quality and NIRS’s role can be found in section 3.1. As an additional step, involvement Figure 4 presents the process as suggested. 8 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Figure 4: Data collection, compilation and reporting of indicators Data requests MoE, MIS Internal reporting MININFRA, Department’s processes districts, MINICOM, agencies, Data sharing Compiled RBME institutions, template backed by MINAGRI, indicators industry, etc the Ministerial MINEMA Order on Climate Reporting MINISANTE, Annual MINECOFIRN Reports Indicator data, input data Data collection Indicator compilation Indicator Reporting Evaluation and development that the working group does not only represent sectoral Ministries and agencies, but also district of policy recommendations level stakeholders (e.g. MINALOC). REMA updates Figure 5 presents the suggested processes. It is the evaluation and recommendations accordingly suggested that REMA collects the NDC MRV indicators and makes them publicly available. International from the relevant sources (MIS, RBME, reports) and good practice, e.g. as seen in the UK, shows that it can be helpful to foresee an official process for conducts a first assessment of developments together relevant stakeholders to acknowledge and react to with draft policy recommendations. For this purpose, the policy recommendations. In the long-term, such REMA has to be enabled to obtain the NDC indicators an approach could also be beneficial for Rwanda. In with minimal effort. In the short and medium term Rwanda a similar process already exists where policy this can be achieved, by the line ministries including briefs/recommendations are discussed during the all NDC indicators under their responsibility into their Joint Sectors Reviews. The agreed recommendations annual reports, using the indicator tables in Rwanda’s are reported to the Prime Minister for further updated NDC. REMA could thus simply collect the consideration. information from these publicly available reports. Additionally, and in the longer term, the majority of Section 4 provides more details on the evaluation and indicators could be reported through MIS and with development of policy recommendations. the planned integration of the MIS and the RBME system (see section 3.7 on the MIS and their planned Integration with integration with the RBME), making information readily available to REMA. international reporting under the UNFCCC As a next step, the assessment and policy recommendations are discussed with the NDC The mentioned in Figure 5 processes require close MRV Technical Working Committee which provides alignment with international reporting under the feedback based on its sectoral insight. It is important UNFCCC, particularly the reporting of Biennial Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 9 Figure 5: Indicator evaluation and development of policy recommendations MIS y NDC Progress REMA assessment RBME y Policy recommendations Annual Reports Draft progress Feedback, assessment and sectoral policy insights recommendations NDC MRV Technical Working Committee Transparency Reports (BTR). These reports strongly of mitigation and adaptation measures and of overlap in the areas covered by the NDC MRV trends in the national GHG emissions. The reporting indicator framework: GHG inventory, indicators requirements under the ETF request that selected expressing progress towards the NDC, mitigation NDC MRV indicators with relevance to Rwanda’s actions, projections, adaptation, climate finance, NDC are to be included in the Biennial Transparency capacity building and technology transfer. The Report. Rwanda is of course free to include all NDC reporting under the UNFCCC is not mandatory for all MRV indicators into the BTR, if so desired. of these topics.5 The fact that both processes require very similar Figure 6 shows how the compilation of the NDC MRV input data, allows integrating the preparation indicators and the preparation of the BTR could be processes of the NDC MRV indicator set and the integrated. Both processes rely on a very similar data BTR. This, of course, requires careful planning, so set. The input data to the NDC MRV indicators also information is available at the time it is required. Not serves as input data for the preparation of the Biennial all information can be compiled at the same time, as Transparency Reports. The main difference is that certain information can only be compiled once other information for the NDC MRV indicators is mostly information is available. As an example, the GHG quantitative, whereas the information required for the inventory compilation provides the input data for the BTR also requires qualitative data, e.g. descriptions NDC MRV GHG indicators, but also forms the basis for the GHG projections, which provide the data for the Business-As-Usual projections in the NDC 5 Reporting of the GHG inventory and NDC progress (progress MRV indicator set. The estimation of the impacts indicators, mitigation actions, projections) is mandatory (shall). Reporting on capacity building, technology transfer and climate of mitigation actions in turn depends on the results finance received as well as adaptation is requested (should) for of the GHG projections and requires additional developing countries. Flexibility options for those countries needing information on the implementation progress of it in light of their capacity can be applied to certain elements, e.g. projections, reporting on mitigation impacts, gases, and time series mitigation actions. The estimation of adaptation in the national GHG inventory. impacts should depend on the effectiveness of 10 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Figure 6: Integration of the BUR preparation and the NDC MRV process Input data NDC MRV Indicators Reports GHG Inventory GHG Indicators GHG Projections Business-As-Usual NDC Projections progress Mitigation assessment impacts Mitigation impact indicators Other mitigation Policy Mitigation actions recommendations Indicator Adaptation actions Adaptation indicators Climate Finance NDC Progress Finance indicators narrative Capacity Building/ Technology Transfer CB/TT indicators Biennial All or selected Transparency indicators Report BTR preparation adaptation interventions when compared with provides a narrative which can be included into the baseline data and target in line with NDC indicators, BTR in the section on progress towards the NDC e.g. Water storage capacity per capita (artificial dam) together with selected NDC progress indicators. This was estimated at 6.89 m³ in 2018 and the target is again. requires that the evaluation of the NDC MRV to reach 10 m³ per capita storage by 20256. This indicators and the preparation of the BTR are well estimation should also inform the NDC revision and aligned with regards to planning. national adaptation plan through recommendations Taking a look at the overall time frame, we have to from lessons learned. Furthermore, the co-benefits consider that the BTR reporting takes place every two of mitigation and adaptation actions should be years, with the first BTR due in December 2024. A acknowledged in BTR reporting. Summarising, backward planning approach seems most appropriate the integration of both processes requires careful to understand when which process needs to be start consideration of the interdependencies of data and end at the latest. For examples, one would need collection and compilation processes, as presented to consider that the compilation of GHG inventories in Figure 6. takes 6-9 months even in developed countries with The same care is required with regards to the a long-standing experience with this process. GHG evaluation of data. Most importantly here, the projections, even if well-established, will also take 4-6 evaluation of the NDC MRV indicator framework months at the least. The careful planning is not only required with regards to data collection, but also with regards to relevant staff resource being available at 6 RoR, 2020. Revising Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) mitigation and adaptation priorities for Rwanda. the time required. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 11 Rwanda’s updated NDC foresees REMA to drive/ is unlikely to work perfectly the first-time round, a coordinate the compilation of the NDC MRV steep learning curve might be expected. For the first indicators and to compile the BTR. REMA thus seems BTR, starting 2 years before the BTR’s submission best positioned to develop an integrated planning date, i.e. in December 2022, is thus suggested. This for these two processes, liaising with other key will provide some buffer time. The planning for future stakeholders (e.g. the Ministries providing relevant reporting cycles can then be adjusted based on the data, see Table 2). Planning of such a complex process lessons learned from the first reporting cycle. 03 Data collection and compilation of indicators T his section presents suggestions for processes and responsibilities related to various aspects of an NDC MRV system for Rwanda. These are based oversight role for NISR. NISR has long-standing experience in collecting data, ensuring adherence to transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency, on the NDC MRV framework in Rwanda’s updated and comparability, as well as improving data quality NDC and have been adjusted and refined considering over time. At the same time, NISR is not necessarily the insights from the stakeholder consultations held sufficiently familiar with data relevant to the NDC under this project, including existing processes, data and reporting processes and data under the UNFCCC. availability, technical capability and available staff Here REMA holds relevant experience. In order to resources. bring these two relevant areas of expertise together, REMA should lead/drive quality related processes while NISR provides their expert input. 3.1 Data quality A first step with regards to quality could be the High quality data is needed for reliable policy-decision development of a guidance document, covering the making. Quality can be defined using the TACCC following areas: (transparency, accuracy, completeness, consistency,  Transparently documenting, for each indicator, comparability) concept as for greenhouse gas data sources, assumptions, calculation inventory data. Evidently, it might not be possible to methodology, recalculations, etc. Ideally this is collect all indicator data at a high level of accuracy based on a simple template. from the beginning. This is not a problem, as long as there is clear long-term planning, which indicator  Ensuring methodological consistency, which can be collected in which form by when and would aid recalculation of indicators. where indicator time series are recalculated once  Reviewing/validating data. any methodological changes or changes to data  Gap filling approaches, where data are not sources are made. Both NISR as well as the national complete, e.g. with regards to scope or the GHG inventory team will be fully familiar with the time series. requirements of recalculation processes.  Improvement planning, including documenting As various ministries/agencies are currently identified improvement options and collecting some of the required indicators/indicator implemented improvements ; 7 data from different sources and using different systems (e.g. MIS, RBME), processes to ensure data  Safely archiving relevant materials. quality currently differ. These can be aligned in the long-term, building on approaches used today, e.g. 7 Improvement planning refers to the documenting identified options for improvement (e.g. related to calculation methodology, capacity validation checks performed on MIS and RBME building, processes) and identifying when, how and by whom these data. The updated NDC foresees a data quality improvements should be implemented. 14 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Most entities will already be familiar with such It is planned that REMA will compile the GHG approaches to some extent, and the guidance could inventory in the future. Data collection could happen help to make quality processes more comparable most efficiently through the line ministries: over time.  MoE (forestry and land-use change) REMA, supported by NISR, could conduct a workshop  MININFRA (energy, transport, waste) with focal points from all relevant institutions to  MINAGRI (agriculture) present the guidance and discuss how it can enhance existing data quality approaches in the institutions,  MINICOM (IPPU)8 what barriers to data quality the institutions currently In the past, data collection for the GHG inventory face and how these could be overcome. compilation has mostly taken place using consultants. In the long-term, REMA and NISR could: Data collection processes for GHG inventory data remain to be established. A key role in this will be played  Conduct a biennial data quality workshop, by a recently started CBIT project which REMA is addressing data quality issues for all climate- conducting. As well as developing methodologies and related data relevant for the NDC and reporting tools, this project will deliver an integrated platform under the UNFCCC. These workshops could for GHG inventory data collection, processing and foster further alignment between institutions transmission. Strong alignment with this project is and identify and address data quality issues the required, so the platform ensures that relevant data institutions face. is collected, the NDC MRV indicators related to GHG  Support data quality principles and processes in inventory emissions and activity data are compiled existing data management systems relevant for and are, ideally, directly shared through the RBME. the NDC MRV framework (e.g. MIS, RBME) as well as relevant systems to be built in the future. 3.3 GHG-related impacts  Once all indicators have been reported, spot- check indicator time series in the various of mitigation actions and systems, e.g. MIS and RBME. progress of mitigation actions The NDC MRV system foresees indicators on: 3.2 GHG inventory compilation  Total aggregated GHG-related mitigation impacts and The updated NDC foresees a number of indicators related to GHG inventory data, including:  Aggregated impacts at sectoral level  Total GHG emissions  Indicators relating to the progress of mitigation measures and helping to estimate their  Sectoral GHG emissions impacts, e.g. electricity generated through  Indicators based on activity data which can waste to energy projects. be obtained from the GHG inventory (e.g. fuel consumption, head of cattle, mitigation 8 Data related to fluorinated GHGs (“F-gases”) have so far been indicators for fluorinated greenhouse gases). compiled by REMA for the purposes of the GHG inventory compilation in the form of studies, in 2015 and in 2019. It remains to be discussed, The GHG inventory is thus a key source of mitigation whether such data collection should be transferred to MINICOM or should remain with REMA. Much effort is involved in gathering F-gas indicator data. Data used for the GHG inventory data, for this reason even some developed countries do not conduct compilation should be fully aligned with data used for such data collection (or at least part of it) on an annual basis, but at other indicators. intervals, modelling data for the intermediary years. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 15  Qualitative indicators related to the progress ex-ante. Considering how resource-intensive the of mitigation measures, policy frameworks or estimation of GHG-related mitigation impacts can infrastructure. be, a careful discussion is needed on which mitigation measures impacts are assessed, how frequently this The estimation of GHG-related mitigation impacts should happen and what alignment of assumptions of projects, programmes or policies is inherently is required. uncertain, as it requires assumptions of what would have happened without the project. A large number As with other data, giving the overarching of factors determine GHG emissions at the national responsibility to the line-ministries seems a good level or within a (sub) sector. Where impacts are approach: estimated ex-ante, things can develop differently from  MININFRA (energy, transport, waste) expectations. Where impacts are estimated ex-post, it is difficult to attribute which changes perceived were  MINAGRI (agriculture) actually caused by a mitigation action and which by  MINICOM (IPPU) other factors. Estimations of GHG-related mitigation  MoE (forestry and land-use change) impacts thus constitute an indication, but can never be an accurate value. Impacts estimated for the same Within the line ministries, responsibilities for the mitigation action can differ widely, e.g. depending on estimation of impacts can be allocated to the entities the counter factual chosen. Estimated GHG-related implementing the mitigation action. Line ministries mitigation impacts for several measures in the same can ensure that common assumptions are made for sector will not be comparable if they are not based calculating GHG-related mitigation impacts, e.g. on aligned assumptions. Mitigation measures might related to electricity generation and consumption also influence each other, enhancing or reducing each (demand, electricity generation capacities used, other’s impacts. The estimation needs to reflect this; fuels used, efficiencies, network losses, etc.). These however, even where this is done with great care, assumptions need to be fully aligned with the large uncertainties remain, e.g. where behavioural assumptions for GHG projection which Rwanda intends changes are concerned. to prepare and report regularly. Ideally, line ministries should create and regularly update such assumptions, Where the impacts of measures can be highly meaning they can be readily used for the projections, uncertain and measures might influence each other ensuring full alignment with minimal effort. or overlap, aggregating GHG-related mitigation impacts might not lead to meaningful figures. As a Ideally, a spread sheet template is used to document consequence, real GHG emissions might keep rising the calculation methodology, data, data sources and while the estimated GHG impacts indicate they assumptions. Line ministries can, at regular intervals, should fall. In this sense, an aggregated mitigation collect information on the level of implementation impact can be seen as an indication of the effort and any updated estimations for mitigation actions. made and can indicate the order of magnitude in Again, this could be done with a simple Spreadsheet which GHG reductions might be expected. template, to easily provide an overview of the progress at ministry level. An important point to consider in this regard is that, at present, even countries pertaining to Annex I of the UNFCCC, which have by now submitted 7 3.4 Climate finance National Communications and 4 Biennial Reports, do not estimate impacts for each mitigation measure The NDC MRV indicator framework foresees the regularly ex-post. Impacts are mostly estimated following indicators related to climate finance: 16 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution  Domestic climate finance (million USD): direct/ share of the overall funding is dedicated to climate indirect. change and within that, to mitigation/adaptation  International climate finance (million USD): can be challenging. Donors use the so-called OECD Grants/other. Rio Markers9 to indicate whether funds are related to mitigation, adaptation, or both and to which  International contribution to finance mitigation extent. measures (indicate activities and amounts) at the sectoral level (energy – electricity These issues could be addressed as follows: generation, energy – other, IPPU, AFOLU,  Develop a clear common definition for climate waste). finance. Table 3 presents a selection of existing MINECOFIN is the leading institution with regards definitions. to climate finance, while the Rwanda Green Fund  Prepare common guidance on how to identify (FONERWA) could play a role. While FONERWA climate-related projects based on the common has access to relevant data for climate finance, we definition and further criteria and how to report currently consider that MINECOFIN has a more on such activities using a common template. comprehensive overview as well as access to relevant The typology of mitigation projects and data. Where FONERWA should lead the technical guidance on adaptation projects provided by work on climate finance indicators, close alignment The Joint Report on Multilateral Development with MINECOFIN and provision of all relevant data by Bank’s Climate Finance10 can provide a good MINECOFIN would be required. starting point. MINECOFIN is currently preparing a project to  Prepare guidelines for apportioning a develop an approach for the compilation of domestic proportion of project financing to climate and international climate finance data. This will financing. include recommendations for updating the IFMIS  Provide a template for data collection in line with system, so relevant information is directly entered UNFCCC reporting requirements (see below), into the system and can be aggregated through the so information needs to be collected only once. system according to needs (e.g. by sector, year, etc.).  Establish a reporting process in each of The project is planned to start in Spring 2021, and the relevant institutions whereby the data take 2-3 months. The following considerations could collection template is sent to agreed focal serve as input to this project. points in relevant departments/agencies based There can be difficulties in consistently identifying on an agreed timeframe. projects/programmes which are related to climate.  Carry out capacity building about the reporting Projects might have relevant adaptation or mitigation process and the use of the guidance. impacts, while having been designed for different  Integrate as much as possible into the regular, purposes and not mentioning climate or mitigation policy relevant reporting frameworks such as in the project description. E.g. Health/sanitation Imihigo (particularly for local levels). projects related to waste water management can help reduce GHG emissions from waste water. 9 For more information see: https://www.oecd.org/dac/environment- Projects/programmes can address various means, development/Revised%20climate%20marker%20handbook_ e.g. development as well as climate change, FINAL.pdf mitigation as well as adaptation. Identifying, which 10 https://www.eib.org/attachments/press/1257-joint-report-on- mdbs-climate-finance-2019.pdf Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 17 Table 3: Selected climate finance definitions Possible definitions Source Climate finance refers to the flow of funds toward activities that reduce WRI, 201311 greenhouse gas emissions or help society adapt to climate change’s impacts Climate finance aims at reducing emissions, and enhancing sinks of greenhouse UNFCCC, 201812 gases and aims at reducing vulnerability of, and maintaining and increasing the Used by EU and Colombia resilience of, human and ecological systems to negative climate change impacts. Climate finance refers to local, national, or transnational financing, which may be UNFCCC website13 drawn from public, private, and alternative sources of financing, to mitigate and adapt to climate change Climate finance is defined as all resources that finance the cost of South Africa’s South Africa, 201514 transition to a lower-carbon and climate resilient economy and society. This covers both climate-specific and climate-relevant financial resources, public and private, domestic, and international. This includes: financial resources that go towards reducing emissions and enhancing sinks of greenhouse gases; reducing vulnerability, maintaining, and increasing the resilience of human and ecological systems to negative climate change impacts; climate-resilient and low-emission strategies, plans and policies; climate research and climate monitoring systems; as well as climate change capacity-building and technology Using internationally accepted definitions, such applied in a consistent manner throughout as those of the UNFCC or IPCC, can be the most institutions. straightforward approach for a country, as it avoids The current MRV framework under the UNFCCC lengthy discussions about definitions at the national has only basic requirements15 for the reporting on level. At the same time, countries have to ensure climate finance. These are non-binding and limited that such definitions are in line with a country’s to providing information on financial resources institutional culture (e.g. clearly understandable received from the Global Environment Facility, Parties with regards to relevant terminology used) included in Annex II to the Convention and other and fully understandable to the stakeholders developed country Parties, the Green Climate Fund applying these terms. These considerations and multilateral institutions. Flows to be reported might require slight adjustments to definitions on are the ones relating to climate change, which or additional guidance to ensure definitions are includes the preparation of Biennial Update Reports. The information to be reported as part of BTRs is far 11 WRI (Shally Venugopal, Shilpa Patel) (2013); Why is climate finance more comprehensive (see Table 4). so hard to define?; https://www.wri.org/blog/2013/04/why- climate-finance-so-hard-define 14 Department of Environmental Affairs, Republic of South Africa (2015); 12 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Standing The National Climate Change Response Monitoring and Evaluation Committee on Finance (UNFCCC SCF). 2018. “Biennial Assessment and System Framework; https://www.environment.gov.za/sites/default/ Overview of Climate Finance Flows”; https://unfccc.int/sites/default/ files/reports/nationalclimatechangeresponse_MESF.pdf files/resource/2018%20BA%20Technical%20Report%2 0Final.pdf 15 As defined in 2/CP.17, FCCC/CP/2011/9/Add.1, Annex III. This 13 https://unfccc.int/topics/climate-finance/the-big-picture/ document can be found under https://unfccc.int/resource/ introduction-to-climate-finance docs/2011/cop17/eng/09a01.pdf 18 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 4: Information required under the ETF Piece of information/data field Options (where Reporting Additional Additional applicable) elements to be reporting reporting considered in elements to be elements to be the short-term considered in the considered in Medium-term the Long-term Name (of project/programme)  Description of project/programme  Amount [local currency]  Amount [US $] 16  Channel bilateral, regional or  multilateral Recipient entity  Implementing entity  Sector/subsector  Funding source: international/ International/  domestic domestic17 Funding source: public/private Public/private  Financial Instrument grant, loan, equity,  guarantee or other Interest rate (only applies to loans)  Type of support mitigation, adaptation,  cross-cutting Donor name(s)  Donor code(s) (DAC/CRS code ) 18  Status of flow Committed, received  Share of flow received  Share of flow used  Starting date  Ending date  Status of activity (project, Planned, ongoing or  programme) completed Does the activity (project, Capacity building,  programme) contribute to technology transfer, capacity building and/or both, neither technology transfer Use, impact, estimated results of  the activity19 19 161718 19 This is a requirement under the Paris Agreement’s Enhanced 16 This relates to the total budget of the project/programme. Transparency Framework. There is no agreed definition of what 17 Domestic funding relates to any finance provided by Laos PDR itself. specific information should be submitted. Relevant information might 18 See http://www.oecd.org/dac/financing-sustainable-development/ include activities carried out with the climate finance and impacts as development-finance-standards/DAC-CRS-CODES.xls well as outcomes achieved. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 19 A step-wise approach can be useful in developing a seems best, to place the overall responsibility with system for the collection and reporting on climate the line ministries: finance data. Collecting a limited amount of  MININFRA (energy, transport, waste) information can allow a quick start if resources are constrained. The scope of information collected and  MINAGRI (agriculture) reported, and the relevant processes can be extended  MINICOM (IPPU) and refined over time, based on lessons learned.  MoE (forestry and land-use change) It is important to consider, that the reporting There can be difficulties in consistently identifying on climate finance received under the ETF is not projects/programmes which have CB and/or TT mandatory (must) but requested (should). This elements. Not all projects specify this as part of a means that, where there are good reasons that short project description. Projects programmes can certain information are not available for the time address various means, e.g. development as well as being (but improvements are planned), this will be climate change, mitigation as well as adaptation. considered as acceptable. Rwanda could thus take Projects providing climate finance can include CB and/ an incremental approach to data collection. Table 4 or TT elements. It is therefore often not possible to suggests information which could be included in the quantify the climate-related CB and/or TT elements short-, medium- and long-term. or allocate them to mitigation/adaptation if they are part of a larger project. Reporting under the UNFCCC 3.5 Capacity building/ does however not require identifying/reporting such information, neither under the current MRV technology transfer framework, nor under the ETF in the future. The NDC MRV indicator framework requires listing/ The following approaches could be considered: describing activities related to capacity building (CB) support and technology transfer (TT) support  Agree common definitions for CB/TT (see box received per sector (cross-cutting, energy – power below for an example). generation, energy other, IPPU, AFOLU, waste).  Prepare guidance on how to identify CB/ This information can most efficiently be compiled TT-related projects based on the common by the same institutions compiling also mitigation/ definition and further criteria and how to report adaptation indicators for these sectors. It therefore on such activities using a common template. Examples of definitions for CB/TT. The definitions below are adapted from the IPCC definition and are used in the EU’s 7th National Communication:  Definition of climate relevant technology development and transfer: a broad set of processes covering the flows of know-how, experience and equipment for mitigating and adapting to climate change amongst different stakeholders such as governments, private sector entities, financial institutions, non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and research/education institutions. The broad and inclusive term “transfer” comprises the process of learning to understand, utilize and replicate the technology, including the capacity to choose and adapt to local conditions and integrate it with indigenous technologies.  Definition of climate relevant capacity building: capacity-building is a process which seeks to build, develop, strengthen, enhance and improve existing scientific and technical skills, capabilities and institutions particularly in developing countries, to enable them to assess, adapt, manage and develop technologies. Capacity building must be country-driven, addressing specific needs and conditions of developing countries and reflecting their national sustainable development strategies, priorities and initiatives. 20 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution  Provide a template for data collection in line of a spreadsheet, which is filled every time scenarios with UNFCCC reporting requirements, so have been updated and then made available to REMA. information needs to be collected only once. Such a template could include the following data for  Establish a reporting process in each of each scenario: the relevant institutions whereby the data  GHG emissions: national total, power collection template is sent to focal points in generation, energy other, IPPU, agriculture, relevant departments/agencies based on an forestry and land-use change, waste agreed timeframe.  Population  Build capacity for reporting and the use of the  GDP guidance.  Power demand  Fossil fuel use 3.6 Business as usual and  Renewable energy use mitigation scenario data  Any further key projection outputs and/or The updated NDC presents a business-as-usual assumptions. (BAU) projection to which the mitigation scenarios (unconditional, conditional) are compared. Rwanda The scenarios are currently updated as part of the has decided to regularly update the BAU projection preparation of the preparation of Rwanda’s Biennial and the mitigation scenario projections, to reflect Update Report. This could be a good opportunity to changes in key drivers (e.g. GDP, population, develop such a template, receiving input from the projections of power demand, etc.) as well as new staff working on the scenarios. insights, e.g. related to mitigation technologies. The NDC MRV indicator framework draws on the 3.7 Data management systems BAU projections, e.g. with total and sectoral GHG emissions, electricity demand, fossil fuel use and A number of the relevant line ministries already renewable energy use. Rwanda intends to update the have data management systems for indicator data NDC scenarios as part of the national reporting to the collection and reporting in place. UNFCCC, meaning that updating takes place every two years. For the BAU-indicators to be meaningful, MINAGRI, MININFRA, MINISANTE and MINEMA the BAU updates have to be based on the approaches operate Management Information Systems (MIS)20, previously used. This is not always possible, e.g. where MoE operates the Environment and Natural data gaps are closed or more disaggregated data Resources (ENR) Results-Based Monitoring and is collected. Where this is the case, changes made Evaluation (RBME). These are all based on the should be documented transparently. Similarly, the DHIS2 open source platform, which allows easy differences in resulting GHG emission levels should configuration (e.g. to add new data entry sheets) be presented transparently. by system administrators. Overviews on indicator data are provided by dashboards and reports. The National Communications and/or Biennial Update system is web-based, allowing also for offline use. Reports do not always include scenario data (e.g. fossil Data warehouse systems are used to safely store and fuel use) in an easily accessible format, potentially access historic data. making it difficult to remain fully consistent when updating the BAU. A simple solution could be an 20 MININFRA report data into an MIS only for the water, sanitation and NDC MRV scenario data template, e.g. in the form hygiene sector, MINISANTE only for the health sector. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 21 The indicators collected by the system are based meantime, line ministries could extract indicator data on current sectoral targets set and will change over from the MIS into a spreadsheet and make it available time according to needs. As an example, current to REMA. indicators in MINAGRI’s MIS reflect, among other, Section 3.8 lists which indicators are already collected the indicators needed to track progress towards the through which systems. The section also provides targets of the Strategic Plan for the Transformation suggestions on which system could be used to track of the Agriculture in Rwanda (PSTA 4). Indicator and compile additional indicators which are not yet data is collected at various frequencies, e.g. monthly, compiled or not compiled regularly. quarterly, biannually and annually. Data is entered at different government levels as appropriate. The Apart from the connection of the MIS systems with systems have user-differentiated access, meaning the RBME, further ongoing developments (e.g. green users can only see/enter/change data related to growth and climate resilience indicators) need to be their specific remit. After data has been entered into considered for the future systems accessing NDC the system, it has to be validated and approved by MRV indicators: more senior members of staff.  At present, a consultancy is assessing how The RBME system is currently being updated to NDC MRV indicators for which MoE will be include a revised indicator list, this includes new responsible could be integrated into RBME. indicators related to ENR-projects. In early 2021, This work is planned to be finalised by end of a process for the integration of other ENR-related April 2021. systems (e.g. the various MIS) with RBME is planned  REMA has recently started a project under to start. This process is planned to be finalised by CBIT on the development of methodologies, mid-2023. The integration would allow information tools, and integrated platform for GHG reported under the MIS to be accessible through inventory data collection, processing, and RBME. transmission. The platform for GHG inventory The existing data management systems form an data collection might potentially also benefit excellent starting point for Rwanda’s future NDC from access to specific data reported in MIS MRV system. Not only are a number of indicators systems. At the same time, certain activity data (e.g. related to agriculture) already collected in such relevant for GHG inventory compilation (e.g. systems. The systems are also all based on the same fuel consumption for power generation) is also open-source software, which can be easily adjusted. to be reported under the NDC MRV indicator System processes already foresee quality control. framework. A connection between the platform While quality control steps taken might not be the for GHG inventory data collection and the same within all systems and might depend on the RBME (allowing access only to selected data type of indicator, common guidance could help align as required under the NDC MRV framework) and strengthen them over time. Data warehouse might thus be considered. systems ensure that at least indicator data is archived.  An ongoing project under MINECOFIN is The planned integration of ENR-related systems with focussing on the tagging and tracking of the RBME could enable the majority of NDC MRV data related to climate finance (including indicators to be directly available from the system development partners, civil society in the future. This could greatly reduce the effort organisations and Private sector). Such related to NDC tracking, as the majority of indicators indicators could be reported into RBME directly would be available from the same source. In the or in the annual report. 22 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 3.8 NDC Indicator tables intermediate years. This is a recognised approach, used also by developed countries e.g. for the This section provides an overview of which data GHG inventory compilation with regards to relevant for NDC indicators is already collected, by agriculture (where censuses are often only whom, in which form/using which system and how conducted every 5 years) and to fluorinated GHGs frequently. Where data is not yet collected or not (where comprehensive studies can be required to collected regularly, data collection approaches are understand consumption and use). suggested. In some cases, approaches suggested In the following, indicators are presented in the are differentiated into short/medium and long-term structure foreseen by the updated NDC, first related actions. This is based on the consideration that, to mitigation, broken down by sectors (cross-cutting, with the resources available, it might not be feasible energy – power generation, energy – other, IPPU, to collect all indicator data on an annual basis right AFOLU, waste), then related to mitigation, by sector/ away or even in the long-term. In the short term, topic cross-cutting, energy – power generation, simplified approaches, for example the use of proxy energy – other, IPPU, AFOLU, waste, water, health, data combined with expert judgement can be a disaster management). solution. While this data will be less accurate, it can give a first indication of developments. Where it is too costly to collect data annually, studies conducted 3.8.1 Mitigation Indicators at larger intervals21 (e.g. 3-5 years) are often used, modelling or interpolating developments for the 3.8.1.1 Cross-cutting Indicator Line Ministry Source of data Note  BAU GHG emissions MoE (REMA to compile Most recent version of (MtCO2e) BAU projections) updated GHG projections for Rwanda, currently Rwanda’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) planned to be finalised in early 2021. ŒŒ Energy See above See above ŒŒ IPPU See above See above ŒŒ Agriculture See above See above ŒŒ Waste See above See above ŒŒ TOTAL See above See above Current GHG emissions MoE (REMA to compile Available from national (MtCO2e) GHG inventory) GHG inventory, prepared by REMA every two years, submitted as part of BTR ŒŒ Energy See above See above ŒŒ IPPU See above See above 21 An example is the Assessment of Climate Change Vulnerability (https://rema.gov.rw/cc_vulnerability_Rwanda(2018)-Final_ report.pdf), compiled by REMA. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 23 Indicator Line Ministry Source of data Note ŒŒ Agriculture See above See above ŒŒ Waste See above See above ŒŒ TOTAL See above See above  Mitigation from NDC MINAGRI, MINICOM, Collected by line Estimated reductions from measures (MtCO2e) MININFRA ministries from the various mitigation measures are often institutions responsible for based on differing assumptions and the implementation of the might overlap with regards to the measures sources they address. Summarising reductions from several measures where methodologies and assumptions have not been aligned, can thus potentially lead to a meaningless value. Reductions might not be assessed ex-post for all measures regularly, as this involves much effort. In the short- to medium-term, consider including a link to the section of the BTR presenting the mitigation measures. ŒŒ Unconditional See above See above ŒŒ Conditional See above See above ŒŒ TOTAL See above See above  Mitigation from NDC MoE Prepared based on the Can only be prepared once measures (% change indicators “BAU GHG mitigation impacts can be from BAU) emissions (MtCO2e)” aggregated (see above) and Mitigation from NDC measures (MtCO2e) ŒŒ Unconditional See above See above See above ŒŒ Conditional See above See above See above ŒŒ TOTAL See above See above See above Other  GDP (million USD) NISR From NISR website, To be agreed, which timeframe currently most recent GDP should be based on – current data is available from the or 2017. National Accounts report22, Reporting needs to consider that quarterly GDP values at GDP values will continue to be current market prices or recalculated when they refer to a 2017 prices. Available ca. different time basis, meaning that 3 months after a quarter with every report the whole time has ended. series has to be updated. GDP data need to be aligned with the GDP data used for the updated NDC projections. 22 The currently most recent report is the following: GDP National Accounts (Second Quarter 2020), https://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/ gdp-national-accounts-second-quarter-2020. 24 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Indicator Line Ministry Source of data Note  Population (millions) NISR From NISR publications, Once a census has been carried out Currently: Fifth Integrated (last census took place in 2012), Household Living Survey the whole time series will have to (2018)23 be updated. Population data need to be aligned with the Population data used for the updated NDC scenario projections. Finance and Mechanisms Domestic climate MINECOFIN To be aggregated from finance (million USD) data in the updated IFMIS system. See section 3.4 for more information. Direct MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data in the updated IFMIS system. See section 3.4 for more information. Indirect MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data in the updated IFMIS system. See section 3.4 for more information. International climate MINECOFIN To be aggregated from finance (million USD) data in the updated IFMIS system. See section 3.4 for more information. Grants MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data in the updated IFMIS system. See section 3.4 for more information. Other MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data in the updated IFMIS system. See section 3.4 for more information. Internationally Not currently available, See to the left CDM projects under Transferred Mitigation as international implementation should also be Outcomes (MtCO2e) reporting requirements considered under Art. 6 of the Paris Agreement remain to be agreed. Suggested approach: Information on projects is reported through RBME by the Ministries into who’s remit that specific projects fall. 23 See NISR (2018); Fifth Integrated Household Living Survey; https://www.statistics.gov.rw/publication/eicv5thematic-reportenr. The population figures in the medium scenario of this report was used for the Baseline scenario in Rwanda’s Updated NDC. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 25 Indicator Line Ministry Source of data Note Technology REMA to summarize To be compiled by the line development and information received by ministries using a common transfer (describe MININFRA, MINAGRI, template. See section 3.5 activities undertaken) MINICOM, MINEMA for more detail. Capacity building and REMA to summarize To be compiled by the line strengthening (describe information received ministries using a common activities undertaken) by MoE, MININFRA, template. See section 3.5 MINAGRI, MINICOM, for more detail. MINEMA Other voluntary co- REMA to summarize Framework under Art. 6 operation (describe information received of the Paris Agreement activities undertaken) by MoE, MININFRA, remains to be established. MINAGRI, MINICOM, Suggested approach: MINEMA Information on projects is reported through RBME by the Ministries into who’s remit that specific projects fall 3.8.1.2 Energy NDC progress indicators: Line ministry Data source Note Energy (electricity generation) Headline indicators BAU GHG emissions MoE (REMA to Most recent version of updated (MtCO2e) compile BAU GHG projections for Rwanda, projections) currently Rwanda’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) planned to be finalised in early 2021. Current GHG emissions MoE (REMA to  From national GHG inventory (MtCO2e) compile GHG data prepared by REMA: GHG inventory) emissions from category 1A1a Electricity Generation  Relevant data: ŒŒ Fuel consumption for electricity generation: regularly collected by the individual power plants and reported to the REG/ EDCL ŒŒ Data on fuels imports can be sourced from RRA ŒŒ Fugitive emissions from methane gas generation (Lake Kivu) remain to be considered in the GHG inventory (REG/EDCL) 26 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution NDC progress indicators: Line ministry Data source Note Energy (electricity generation) BAU electricity demand MoE (REMA to Most recent version of updated (GWh) compile BAU GHG projections for Rwanda, projections) currently Rwanda’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) planned to be finalized in early 2021. MININFRA estimates future demand up to 2050. Current electricity demand MININFRA Data on electricity generation (GWh) are regularly collected by REG/ EDCL and reported in the statistical yearbooks (NISR) BAU emissions intensity of REMA to Most recent version of updated grid supply (tCO2e/MWh) compile based GHG projections for Rwanda, on information currently Rwanda’s first Biennial from the BAU Update Report (BUR) planned projections to be finalised in early 2021, using power generation (MWh) assumed for the BAU scenario and GHG emissions from power generation (tCO2e) Current emissions intensity REMA to compile GHG emissions from power of grid supply (tCO2e/MWh) the indicator based generation/Electricity supply to on GHG inventory the grid (sources see above) emissions and grid supply data provided by MININFRA Share of renewables in total MININFRA Power generation from Off-grid electricity supply is not electricity supply (%) renewable sources, e.g. yet reported by all companies hydropower (source see offering such supply. below)/Electricity supply to the grid + off-grid (from REG) Supporting indicators Electricity supply MININFRA From REG, annual, published by NISR in Statistical Yearbook Generation MININFRA Data is collected annually from Data quality control approaches (GWh and % of total) REG. to be discussed with REG. Off-grid electricity supply is not yet reported by all companies offering such supply. Off-grid supply constitutes relevant share, but currently not fully quantifiable, assumed to further increase in the future. Suggestion to start reporting only on-grid generation and add off-grid generation over time, indicating also the share of off-grid generation. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 27 NDC progress indicators: Line ministry Data source Note Energy (electricity generation) Solar/wind24 MININFRA See above Natural gas25 MININFRA See above Peat MININFRA See above HFO MININFRA See above Imports MININFRA See above TOTAL MININFRA See above Mitigation measures MININFRA Where listed mitigation measures remain to be implemented, we suggest retaining the indicator and instead of a value indicate, when project implementation is likely to start (e.g. from 2023 onwards). Hydropower Capacity MININFRA Available from REG. (MW) Off-grid # Tier 1 MININFRA Available from REG, regular electrification households reporting process to be established. # Tier 2 MININFRA Available from REG, regular households reporting process to be established. Solar mini MININFRA Available from REG, regular grids (MWp) reporting process to be established. Solar street # Solar LED MININFRA Available from REG, regular At present, solar LED street lighting streetlights26 reporting process to be lighting projects remain to be established. implemented. # Solar MININFRA Available from REG, regular At present, solar traffic traffic lights reporting process to be light projects remain to be established. implemented. International finance and support International contribution to MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data finance mitigation measures in the updated IFMIS system. (indicate activities and See section 3.4 for more amounts) information. Technology transfer and MININFRA To be compiled by the line capacity building activities ministries using a common (indicate activities) template. See section 3.5 for more detail. Other factors MININFRA 24 At present, only capacities for solar are installed. 25 This currently only relates to methane gas production from lake Kivu. 26 Such projects remain to be implemented. 28 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution NDC progress indicators: Line ministry Data source Note Energy (electricity generation) Development and MININFRA Information available from REG, strengthening of grid e.g. action taken to reduce grid infrastructure, including losses, development of grid grid losses (indicate key losses [%] over time. developments) Lake Kivu methane gas MININFRA Information available from REG This indicator may be deleted as utilisation and emissions (REMA for power generation from methane monitoring programme monitoring) gas is reported under the (indicate key developments) supporting indicators. Rural Electrification Strategy MININFRA Information available from REG This indicator covers both development (progress mitigation and adaptation towards goals and milestones aspects. achieved)27 NDC progress indicators: Energy Line Ministry Data source Note (other) Headline indicators BAU GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA to Most recent version of updated compile BAU GHG projections for Rwanda, projections) currently Rwanda’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) planned to be finalised in early 2021. Current GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA to  From national GHG  In the medium to compile GHG inventory data prepared long-term regularly inventory) by REMA: GHG emissions producing an energy from the energy sector balance would help (Sector 1) without category ensure consistent 1A1a Electricity Generation and high-quality  Relevant data: energy sector data (both for electricity ŒŒ Data on manufacturing generation and industries and other). MININFRA construction are (pot. with support regularly collected by from NISR) would the individual industries be well-placed for and companies by this task. MINICOM ŒŒ Transport: RRA can  Energy surveys need provide data on fuel to be conducted consumption and more regularly to vehicles categories. This reduce the need data is however not for inter- and collected regularly by extrapolations MININFRA. 27 The name of this indicator was corrected from “Rural Energy Strategy development” to “Rural Electrification Strategy development”. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 29 NDC progress indicators: Energy Line Ministry Data source Note (other) ŒŒ Data on fuel and covering all consumption in data needs, e.g. commercial/institutional related to transport and residential buildings and commercial/ are collected via various institutional/ surveys and from residential sector, to the regular surveys allow disaggregation conducted in various of data to the level reports including necessary for the the EICV, statistical GHG inventory yearbooks, etc. compilation, Recently REMA has also e.g. biomass conducted an energy consumption survey. data is currently not sufficiently disaggregated to allow understanding which households use which fuel, e.g. firewood, charcoal, gas. This is also relevant for the estimation of GHG mitigation achieved by mitigation projects.  A data sharing agreement between MININFRA and RRA could help ensure that the right data in the right format is reported regularly. BAU fossil fuel use (% of total energy MoE (REMA to Most recent version of updated use) compile BAU GHG projections for Rwanda, projections) currently Rwanda’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) planned to be finalised in early 2021. Current fossil fuel use (% of total energy MININFRA Can be calculated as Fossil fuel use) consumption = import – export + production – storage. Data can be obtained from RRA. BAU renewable energy use (% of total MoE (REMA to Most recent version of updated energy use) compile BAU GHG projections for Rwanda, projections) currently Rwanda’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) planned to be finalised in early 2021. 30 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution NDC progress indicators: Energy Line Ministry Data source Note (other) Current renewable energy use (% of MININFRA = RE consumption/(Fossil total energy use) fuel consumption + RE consumption) Fossil fuel use see above. Biomass gas consumption can be obtained from RRA. Supporting indicators Transport Average fuel Buses MININFRA  Some data on fuel  An MoU with economy for economies can be sourced RRA could enable newly registered from recent energy surveys. relevant data on vehicles However, these are not fuel consumption, (litres of fuel complete. car population and consumed per  RRA does not collect this fuel economies 100 km) information currently to be reported regularly and in a format suitable for the GHG inventory compilation and the compilation of indicators. To be discussed with RRA, whether: ŒŒ Data on fuel type consumed by each vehicle type ŒŒ Manufacturing date of vehicle type ŒŒ data on fuel economies per vehicle type could be collected in the future as part of registration process?  Regular surveys should be conducted to ensure all the changes are captured. The needed data could be also collected in collaboration with NISR. LDVs MININFRA See above See above HDVs MININFRA See above See above Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 31 NDC progress indicators: Energy Line Ministry Data source Note (other) Electric vehicles # EV motorcycles MININFRA MININFRA is currently Collecting information on (EV) conducting a study on electric power consumption by vehicles EV vehicles in the future RRA does not dispose of could provide additional number of EV motorcycles insight. This information registered could potentially be collected by RED/EDCL, considering power consumption of EV charging stations # EV buses MININFRA See above See above # EV LDVs MININFRA See above See above Other activities Buildings and Rooftop solar MININFRA  Information on rooftop household (MWp) solar, CFL replacements, energy use Efficient stoves, SWH installations are regularly collected by REG/EDCL.  Statistical yearbooks, EICVs, further surveys # Compact MININFRA See above This could in principle fluorescent lighting also relate to replacements replacement by other technologies than CFL, e.g. LEDs. Efficient stoves (# HH) MININFRA See above # SWH installations MININFRA See above Manufacturing # Efficient brick kilns MINICOM Available from individual industry and industries/factories/ agriculture companies/brick kiln owners Cement (% non- MINICOM Available from individual fossil energy use) industries/factories/ companies/brick kiln owners # On-farm MINALOC Information was originally biodigesters (MINAGRI) collected by REG (EDCL), but has been transferred to the districts. Regular reporting could be set-up through MINALOC or through MINAGRI through their MIS reporting. Solar irrigation (Ha)28 MININFRA/ Solar irrigation data available MINAGRI from RAB (MINFRA leading) 28 While related to agricultural activities, this indicator is listed under the energy sector, as it relates to reducing energy consumption. 32 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution NDC progress indicators: Energy Line Ministry Data source Note (other) International finance and support International contribution to finance MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data in mitigation measures (indicate activities the updated IFMIS system. See and amounts) section 3.4 for more information. Technology transfer and capacity MININFRA To be compiled by the line building activities (indicate activities) ministries using a common template. See section 3.5 for more detail. Other factors E-mobility, modal shift and other MININFRA Further information on modal public transport progress (indicate key shift could be obtained by developments) partnering with the Rwanda Transport Development Agency and the city of Kigali. Indicators of activity by mode of MININFRA Studies to be conducted transport e.g. occupancy rates; average distances (once studies are available) Ongoing developments and trends MININFRA Studies to be conducted within buildings practices and household and SME energy use (describe) Availability and cost of new and low MININFRA Studies to be conducted carbon energy technologies and practices 3.8.1.3 Industrial processes and other product use NDC progress indicators: IPPU Line ministry Data source Note Headline indicators BAU GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA Most recent version of updated GHG to compile projections for Rwanda, currently Rwanda’s BAU first Biennial Update Report (BUR) planned projections) to be finalised in early 2021. Current GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA  From national GHG inventory prepared  MoU between to compile by REMA – Sector 2, Industrial MINICOM and GHG Processes and Other Product Use RRA could ensure inventory)  Relevant data: relevant data on non-energy-  Minicom annually collects data on products and production input and clinker production ODS substitutes from the one existing clinker producing is reported plant regularly and, in  Metal production: Minicom collects a format, readily aggregated production amounts directly available for from industry. Disaggregated data on GHG inventory types and quantity of metal produced are compilation currently collected at the factory level. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 33 NDC progress indicators: IPPU Line ministry Data source Note Ideally, the reported data to MINICOM should be in disaggregated form (e.g. types of ferroalloys produced: High chromium, manganese, cast iron, etc.)  Non-energy products: Information obtained by MINICOM from RRA  Substitutes for ozone-depleting- substances: At present there are no established processes in place. REMA conducted studies in 2016 and 2020 for the purposes of reporting on Montreal protocol and they are used for GHG inventory compilation. Data on ODS substitutes available at RRA has been collected for tax purposes and is not available in a format which can be readily used for the GHG inventory compilation. The Ministerial order nº006/2008 of 15/08/2008 regulating the importation and exportation of ODS products is yet to be updated in order to include the control of HFCs in view of the recently passed Kigali Amendment. Supporting indicators Cement production MINICOM See above Clinker Pozzolana use MINICOM Not collected at present Could be collected substitution (t) by MINICOM through the same process during which production inputs and production amounts are collected Clinker/cement MINICOM Not collected at present Could be collected ratio (%) by MINICOM through the same process during which production inputs and production amounts are collected Substitution of F-gases MINICOM Imported HFC MINICOM Available from REMA inventory reports in (kg) line with the Montreal protocol on the phase out of ODS. Data could be obtained from RRA, see above with regards to format. F-gas use (list MINICOM See above the gases and amounts in kg) F-gas substitution MINICOM See above (%) 34 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution NDC progress indicators: IPPU Line ministry Data source Note International finance and support International contribution to MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data in the updated finance mitigation measures (FONERWA) IFMIS system. See section 3.4 for more (indicate activities and amounts) information. Technology transfer and capacity MININFRA To be compiled by the line ministries using building activities (indicate a common template. See section 3.5 for activities) more detail. Other factors Progress with enabling continued MINICOM Can be collected directly from clinker/ and/or greater use of clinker cement producers substitute materials in cement production Progress with implementation of MINICOM Data available at MINICOM MRV system for GHG emissions in industry (indicate developments) Substitution of F-gases and MINICOM/ Data available through RRA and REMA. REMA better placed progress towards targets under REMA? for this reporting Kigali amendment to Montreal as more directly Protocol involved in assessing progressed towards targets under the Kigali Amendment? 3.8.1.4 Agriculture, Forestry and Land-use change Indicators: AFOLU (agriculture) Line Ministry Data source Note Headline indicators BAU GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA to Most recent version of updated GHG compile BAU projections for Rwanda, currently projections) Rwanda’s first Biennial Update Report (BUR) planned to be finalised in early 2021. Current GHG emissions MoE (REMA to From national GHG inventory prepared by It is important (MtCO2e) compile GHG REMA – sector 3 Agriculture, Forestry and to note that, inventory) Land-use change. Relevant data includes: different from other  Livestock numbers countries, there is only a very small  Milk yield, can be derived from national number of non- statistics, previously through surveys dairy cattle (e.g. for  Fertilizer amounts sold, surveys are semen production) conducted by NISR, however not in Rwanda. annually. The amount of fertilizer applied to specific crops is not available, could potentially be collected from the distributors  Crop production Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 35 Indicators: AFOLU (agriculture) Line Ministry Data source Note Crop production (total t crop MINAGRI Can be aggregated from crop production biomass) data collected regularly through MIS Livestock production MINAGRI Collected regularly through MIS. (# population) Supporting indicators Crops Nutrient use Compost MINAGRI Only total quantity of compost applied is Could be estimated efficiency application (ha) reported at district level into MIS, but not by local agronomists area. reporting compost NISR report on the use of organic fertilizer, quantity through however not differentiating between MIS: estimate manure and compost. number of farmers and multiply by average area per farmer. Compost MINAGRI Only total quantity of compost applied is Could be calculated application reported at district level into MIS from amount (t/ha) reported and surface area (see above). Deep fertiliser MINAGRI Deep fertilizer use in rice production is Deep fertilizer as and biomass use currently not reported well as biomass in rice production Biomass applied in rice production is use: Could first be (kg/t rice) reported in ha, not kg/t rice assessed through a survey with rice cooperatives, in the long-term be reported into MIS at district level? Soil and Terraced land MINAGRI A number of reports exist, the total land water (ha) area is however overestimated, as multi- conservation crops are double-counted Crop rotation (ha) MINAGRI Reported into MIS Banana and MINAGRI Currently not reported, information could Multi-crop coffee multi-crop be obtained from NAEB in the future. production of this production (ha) kind remains to be introduced; potentially pilot projects could be conducted by RAB/ NAEB Conservation MINAGRI Currently not reported, as conservation tillage (ha) tillage is only being introduced. Livestock Livestock New fodder MINAGRI Currently not reported Report through husbandry species MIS in the medium- and species production (ha) term? 36 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Indicators: AFOLU (agriculture) Line Ministry Data source Note New fodder use MINAGRI Currently not reported Report through (# cows) MIS in the medium- term? New species MINAGRI Currently not reported Report through (# cows replaced MIS in the medium- with cross- term? breeds) Manure # new kraals MINAGRI Currently not reported, but could be management included into the existing process of reporting on number of cows. When sector agronomists/sector vets provide info on number of cows to district agronomist/ district vets, they could also collect information on the number of kraals Manure yields MINAGRI Currently not collected, but could be The question (t/cow) estimated based on the number of arises whether this cows and using existing surveys about indicator is still manure production and management. relevant, if there is An important insight is that there limited interest in is a preference for using manure for biogas generation. composting than for the generation of biogas. Many biodigesters are installed, but then become inoperational due to lack of maintenance. International finance and support International contribution to MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data in the updated finance mitigation measures IFMIS system. See section 3.4 for more (indicate activities and amounts) information. Technology transfer and capacity MINAGRI To be compiled by the line ministries using building activities (indicate a common template. See section 3.5 for activities) more detail. Other factors Government fertilizer production MINAGRI Fertilizer production can be obtained from and distribution policy (describe MINICOM, fertilizer export from RRA. progress and outcomes) Agricultural and horticultural MINAGRI Present indicators on these issues (e.g. production, domestic food composition of domestic food demand, demand, and export and market types and amounts of agricultural/ developments horticultural production and exports, etc.) as well as narratives of developments. Climactic and other key factors MINAGRI This information could be presented as influencing yields and agricultural part of MINAGRI’s annual report. practices Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 37 3.8.1.5 Waste NDC progress indicators: Waste Line Ministry Data source Note Headline indicators BAU GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA Most recent version of updated GHG to compile projections for Rwanda, currently BAU Rwanda’s first Biennial Update Report projections) (BUR) planned to be finalised in early 2021. Current GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA From national GHG inventory MININFRA plans to to compile prepared by REMA. conduct further studies GHG  Limited data availability at present to assess total amounts inventory) with regards to solid waste landfilled, composting disposal, landfill typology, solid approaches, how to waste composition, wastewater engage the population in generation and composition. recycling activities. In 2020 MININFRA conducted a waste-related study (incl. recycling) at the country-level. This study provides a baseline with regards to waste generation per capita and composition of waste, which can be used for the estimation of GHG emissions from solid waste disposal.  Waste collection service (% HH), waste burnt and composting amounts are available from EICV reports BAU total waste disposal (t) MoE (REMA Background data from the report: to compile Revising Nationally Determined BAU Contribution (NDC) mitigation and projections) adaptation priorities for Rwanda Current total waste disposal (t) MININFRA Comprehensive information on solid Information on waste waste disposal amounts are not disposal amounts could available at present, as landfills do be collected from not have the necessary equipment the existing estimate to weigh the waste. Waste disposal during the national amounts can however be estimated communications based on a current study conducted by MININFRA (see above), which provides insight into waste generation per capita. BAU organic waste disposal (t) MoE (REMA Background data from the report: to compile Revising Nationally Determined BAU Contribution (NDC) mitigation and projections) adaptation priorities for Rwanda 38 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution NDC progress indicators: Waste Line Ministry Data source Note Current organic waste disposal (t) MININFRA Waste collection services (%HH) and composting data are available from EICV reports. The fraction of organic waste was estimated for Rwanda’s National Communication reports Supporting indicators Solid waste Landfill gas (LFG) MININFRA At present, no projects have started. utilisation # sites with LFG MININFRA At present, no projects have started. capture LFG generation MININFRA At present, no projects have started. (MW) Waste-to-energy MININFRA At present, no projects have started. WtE with its high (WtE) investment costs is considered as a long-term option, with no projects currently implemented. # WtE sites MININFRA At present, no projects have started. See above. WtE generation (MW) MININFRA At present, no projects have started. Aerobic Amount produced (t) MINAGRI Information is available from the composting implemented projects Composting rate MINAGRI Information is available from the (% organic waste implemented projects composted) Wastewater Wastewater # WWTP facilities MININFRA Data are regularly collected by treatment MININFRA plants # households MININFRA Data are regularly collected by (WWTP) connected to WWTP MININFRA International finance and support International contribution to finance MINECOFIN To be aggregated from data in the mitigation measures (indicate updated IFMIS system. See section 3.4 activities and amounts) for more information. Technology transfer and capacity MININFRA To be compiled by the line ministries building activities (indicate using a common template. See section activities) 3.5 for more detail. Other factors Developments in waste MININFRA Suggestion to provide a brief summary infrastructure investment and on establishment/enhancement of management measures (indicate landfill sites and relevant equipment, activities developed) waste water infrastructure, waste collection and transport infrastructure, other waste management infrastructure and processes. Can be obtained from MININFRA Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 39 NDC progress indicators: Waste Line Ministry Data source Note Development of national and MININFRA Suggestion to provide a brief The focus should be on regional29 waste regulations and summary on any changes to waste- regulations as enabling enforcement related regulations within Rwanda and environment to achieve at the regional level with importance the mitigation actions, for Rwanda, which have changed since e.g. regulations for last reporting. Information can be waste collection, sorting, obtained from MININFRA recycling, etc. at national level Waste recycling progress MININFRA Recycling rates currently not available. Studies could first (e.g. policies and practices; plastic, Data related to recycling could in be conducted in metals and paper recycling rates) the future also be obtained through representative districts as MINICOM with regards to recycling a basis for the estimation waste from industry. of national recycling rates. Over time, regular data collection processes at district level related to recycling could be established. 3.8.2 Adaptation indicators after consultation with stakeholders a small number of indicators was changed, e.g. with regards to their The table below shows the prioritized adaptation name or by splitting one indicator into two sub- interventions and the corresponding NDC indicators indicators. Where this is the case, this is indicated by as well as the indicators split into categories A and a footnote. Annex VII provides additional information B for global and national reporting, respectively. It on these indicators by presenting also their baselines should be noted that bold text indicates the entity and targets, and these were developed throughout with the primary for each indicator. Please note that extensive consultations for the updated NDC. S.N. Intervention Indicator Line Ministry Category Data availability Note (implementing of entities) indicator Water 1 Develop a Water storage MoE/MINAGRI A Data are being collected The collected data will National per capita (RWB/REMA/ and reported annually also inform the progress Water Security RAB, Private under RBME by RWB on SDGs. This indicator through water sector) refers to artificial conservation storage as detailed in practices, NDC technical report. wetlands Renewable MoE (RWB/ B Data are being collected The collected data will restoration, water resource REMA/ and reported under RBME also inform the progress water storage availability per WASAC, by RWB on SDGs and efficient capita per annum Private sector) water use (m³/capita/a) 29 In this case, “regional” means East Africa. While regional waste regulations are beyond Rwanda’s control, they can have impact on Rwanda’s waste sector, e.g. with regards to the conventions on international waste transfers. 40 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S.N. Intervention Indicator Line Ministry Category Data availability Note (implementing of entities) indicator 2 Develop water Percentage of MoE (RWB/ B From RBME and RWB Data are annually resource catchments with Private sector) annual reports collected by RWB models, water water balance quality testing, and allocation and improved models hydro-related information systems 3 Develop and Number of MOE (RWB/ B From RBME and RWB Data are collected and implement operational Private sector) annual reports reported quarterly and a catchment hydrological annually by RWB under management stations RBME plan for all Level Percentage of MoE (RWB/ B From RBME and RWB Monitoring water 1 catchments water bodies Private sector) annual reports quality is very expensive with good and there is a need to ambient water agree with REMA on quality the parameters to be monitored Agriculture30 4 Develop climate Number of MINAGRI B Improved varieties are Not in MIS in the exact resilient crops climate resilient (RAB, NAEB, reported by crop in RAB shape. It should be and promote crop varieties REMA, Private but not for all crops. noted that all reported climate resilient developed sector, Civil improved varieties are livestock society) not necessary considered as climate resilient Percentage of MINAGRI B From MINAGRI annual The current reporting farmers adopting (RAB, NAEB, reports should be improved for resilient crop/ Private sector, details. Only there are varieties Civil society) number of farmers using improved seeds for maize Percentage B To be collected by Surveys are done but not of crossbreed MINAGRI through RAB regularly, this indicator livestock at is not in MIS. Annual national herd reporting needed. This species information could be checked when collecting data on cow numbers at sector level. 5 Develop Capacity MINAGRI B Reported by MINAGRI climate resilient of storage (RAB, NAEB, in MIS postharvest and constructed in Private sector, value addition metric ton (MT) Civil society) facilities and technologies 30 Also check the compendium Report, from MoE and MINAGRI, 2020, to understand the contextual framing on the development of Rwanda’s adaptation agriculture indicators and for a detailed picture of each of the indicators. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 41 S.N. Intervention Indicator Line Ministry Category Data availability Note (implementing of entities) indicator 6 Strengthen crop Number of MINAGRI B To be collected by Not in MIS currently. management farmers using (RAB, NAEB, MINAGRI through RAB Crop management practices surveillance tool Private sector, practices are reported (disease (Fall Armyworm - Civil society) combined with prevention, FAW Database, fertilizers etc. Need for diagnostic, BXW apps, etc.) disaggregated data. surveillance and control) 7 Develop Area of Land MINAGRI B Reported by MINAGRI for See the NDC technical sustainable land under erosion (RAB, NAEB, terraces report for targets in management control measures RLUMA, RWB, terraces. Terracing is practices (soil and used Districts, reported but exceeds erosion control; optimally Private sector, the physical crop area. landscape Civil society) Reporting should be management) checked with GIS Percentage of A From NISR records Can be derived from agricultural land crop area statistics at (to the land NISR area)31 8 Expand Number of MINAGRI/ A Reported by MINAGRI in Captured in MIS/ irrigation and hectares under MoE (RAB, MIS MINAGRI but need improve water irrigation NAEB, RLUMA, to check on details management within IWRM RWB, Districts, of reporting if framework Private sector, disaggregated data is Civil society) needed 9 Expand crop Ha of crops MINAGRI B Reported by MINAGRI in But need to have both and livestock under insurance (RAB, NAEB, MIS – crops area insured insurance Banks, (per crop) and not just insurance the list of farmers companies, Number of cows B To be collected by Not currently reported Private sector) under insurance MINAGRI through RAB under MIS Land and Forestry 10 Development Change in land MINAGRI/ A Ha of planted Current methodology of Agroforestry area covered by MoE/ agroforestry area are is to refer to the new and Sustainable agroforestry MINALOC, reported under RBME and planted area combining Agriculture (RAB, REMA, RFA annual report trees and crops. At (control soil RLUMA, RFA, present, there is no erosion and Private sector, specific department in improved soil Civil society) charge of this indicator. fertility) RFA in partnership RWB will share their data to MINAGRI for reporting in MIS 31 The initial NDC indicator ”Percentage of arable land (to the land area)” was modified. 42 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S.N. Intervention Indicator Line Ministry Category Data availability Note (implementing of entities) indicator 11 Promote (i) Hectares of MoE/ B From RBME & annual Data are collected by afforestation/ forest restored in MINAGRI/ reports of the Ministry of RFA. reforestation program area MINALOC, Environment The three indicators of designated (ii) Hectares (RAB, REMA, are in line with targets areas of protected RFA, RLUMA, under forestry sector forest in project/ Private sector, respectively for: program area32 Civil society) (i) forestry restoration, (iii) Hectares of (ii) natural forestry forest afforested protection and in project/ (iii) new forestry program area plantation Percentage A From RBME & annual From periodical national of forest area reports of the Ministry of forest mapping surveys (to the land Environment organised by RFA area) and the NISR. Recent national forest mapping survey was done in 2019 12 Improve Number of Ha MoE/ B From RBME & annual Data are collected Forestry of private forest MINAGRI/ reports of the Ministry of by RFA. There is a Management restored and MINALOC, Environment landscape rehabilitation for degraded whose owners (RAB, REMA, project which has been forest resources are grouped into RFA, RLUMA, running and mapping cooperatives Private sector, the degraded forest. The Civil society) project also include the rehabilitation of some forests Number of B From RBME & annual Data are collected by Ha of forest reports of the Ministry of RFA plantation whose Environment management is transferred to the private operators (i) Change B From RBME & annual Data are collected by in forest area reports of the Ministry of RFA. degraded/ Environment To sustain forest rehabilitated33 management and increase responsibility in forest harvesting, Rwanda has targets to transfer some state forests to the private operators 32 The initial indicator ”Hectares of forest restored/afforested in program area and hectares of protected forest in project/program area” was divided into three indicators. 33 This indicator ”Change in forest area degraded/rehabilitated” should be removed/ignored because it is already covered in SN11. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 43 S.N. Intervention Indicator Line Ministry Category Data availability Note (implementing of entities) indicator 13 Integrated National land use MoE/ B From RBME & annual Data on implementation approach to development MINAGRI/ reports of the Ministry of of Land Use Plans, planning and master plan MININFRA/ Environment agriculture and premium monitoring for (NLUDMP) MINALOC land protected will need sustainable land that includes (RLUMA, RAB, to be regularly updated management comprehensive RHA, REMA, by RLUMA measures and RFA, Districts, procedures for Private sector, sustainable land Civil society) use practices Detailed spatial B To be collected by RLUMA Spatial/land use plans for all and reported to Moe planning linked with districts annual reports and RBME economic planning % of compliance B From RBME & annual In line with inclusive of land use reports of the Ministry of land administration that development Environment regulate and provide plans (LUDP) to guidance for land tenure the NLUDMP security 14 Develop a Accurate data MoE/ B To be collected by RLUMA RLUMA is developing harmonized on exposure MINAGRI/ and reported to MoE a project for the and integrated to climate MININFRA/ annual reports and RBME development of the spatial data vulnerability MINALOC National Spatial Data management on households (RLUMA, RAB, Infrastructure for system for (HHs) and RHA, REMA, effective management sustainable infrastructures RFA, Districts, of resources land use in high-risk areas Private sector, management reported Civil society) Percentage of B To be collected by RLUMA RLUMA is developing operational and reported to MoE a project for the integrated annual reports and RBME development of the geospatial National Spatial Data information Infrastructure for framework effective management integrated with of resources environmental and socio-economic statistics 15 Inclusive land Percentage of MoE/ B From RBME & annual Data are being collected administration registered state MINAGRI/ report of the Ministry of by RLMUA that regulates land optimally MININFRA/ Environment and provides used MINALOC guidance for (RLUMA, RAB, Model linking B To be collected by To be aligned with the land tenure RHA, RFA) land use/ RLUMA and reported to land registration data security administration in MoE annual reports and and the level(%) of place RBME compliance to district land use plan with designated land use category 44 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S.N. Intervention Indicator Line Ministry Category Data availability Note (implementing of entities) indicator Human Settlements 16 High density Percentage MININFRA/ A From MININFRA and RHA This is also reported buildings of (1) urban MoE (RHA, annual reports under SDGs and SSP of and informal population RLUMA, RWRB, MININFRA settlement living in informal WASAC, NISR, B From MININFRA and RHA upgrading settlements, Districts, annual reports (2) rural Private Sector, population living RDB, Civil in clustered society) settlements Average share of B From MININFRA annual This is also reported the built-up area reports under SDGs of cities that is open and green space for public use for all (SDG) Access to water B From NISR/EICV reports EICV surveys are and sanitation conducted every services 3 years 17 Storm water Percentage of B From MININFRA annual The indicator is also management urban population reports with inputs from considered under the in areas covered RWB Water and Sanitation by master plans Sector Strategic Plan with storm water 2018 – 2024. The considerations targets relate to urban population in areas covered by master plans with storm water considerations (See the NDC technical report) Health 18 Strengthen Malaria MINISANTE, A From MINISANTE and Vectors are also preventive and proportional (RBC, Meteo RBC annual reports, HMIS controlled through surveillance mortality Rwanda, Civil & SISCOM mosquito net measures and rate (N=total society) (Data are collected distribution every create capacity malaria deaths; monthly by RBC) 3 years, spraying of to adapt D=Total deaths insecticide in high to disease for all diseases endemic districts outbreaks causes)34 and entomological Or Inpatient surveillance including malaria deaths laboratory capacity per 100,000 strengthening inhabitants 34 The initial NDC indicator ”Malaria proportional mortality rate per 1,000 population” was modified. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 45 S.N. Intervention Indicator Line Ministry Category Data availability Note (implementing of entities) indicator Transport 19 Improved Environmental MININFRA/ B RTDA will develop the Guideline will be transport and engineering MINEMA guidelines developed by RTDA in infrastructure guidelines (RTDA, RHA, line with the ongoing and services developed Meteo Rwanda; project supported by (for climate Districts) the Nordic Development resilient road Fund expected to end infrastructure) July 2022 Reduction of B From the National Risk RTDA will regularly/ length of roads Atlas of Rwanda by annually provide updates vulnerable MINEMA (recent report on this indicators and to flood and was in 2015) in line with the above- landslides mentioned guidelines Percentage MININFRA B From MININFRA annual RTDA, RURA & NISR will of passengers (RTDA, RURA, reports (data are keep reporting on this using the public NISR Private regularly collected by indicator transport each Sector) RURA and RTDA) year35 Mining 20 Climate Percentage MoE/MINICOM B From RBME and MoE This should be aligned compatible of companies (RMB, Private annual reports with the Mining sector mining deploying climate Sector, Civil RBME indicator “% of compatible society) inspected mines and mining quarries complying with environmental and mining standards” Cross-cutting 21 Disaster risk Population MINEMA/ B To be collected by Data should be collected monitoring covered by MoE (Meteo MINEMA, in partnership during the development Disaster risk Rwanda, with other ministries such of detailed National risk reduction (DRR) REMA, RWB, as MINAGRI for drought, and vulnerability atlas programs MINALOC, after assessment and (see the NDC technical MININFRA, report every 5 years report for baseline & NISR) targets) Number of B To be collected by effective city MINEMA and reported in contingency annual reports plans developed 22 Establish an Percentage of A From RBME and MoE MINEMA in partnership integrated extreme weather annual reports with METEORWANDA early warning events for which and RWB collect the system, and advance warning data and report annually disaster was provided at on this indicator into response plans least 30 minutes RBME in advance 35 The initial NDC indicator ”Number of passengers using the public transport each year” was modified. 46 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S.N. Intervention Indicator Line Ministry Category Data availability Note (implementing of entities) indicator 23 Institutional Number of staff MoE (REMA B To be collected by MoE in REMA will also provide capacity who acquired and other NDC annual reports data in annual report on building and technical skills participating related capacity building development to effectively sectors) and development for cross- coordinate and conducted sector NDC report on NDC implementation implementation 24 Access to Cumulative MINECOFIN/ A To be collected by Aggregated from data finance volume MoE MINECOFIN and MoE in the updated IFMIS (Resource of finance (FONERWA, (FONERWA) in annual system. Also, to be mobilisation) [USD millions] REMA and reports. aligned with RBME mobilized for other NDC indicator for FONERWA climate and participating on “Total amount of environmental sectors) financial resources purposes mobilized (by type of funds)” and for ECC indicator “Total amount of funds mobilized for NDC implementation” 04 Evaluation of indicators and drafting of policy recommendations T his section provides suggestions for the step of assessing progress towards Rwanda’s NDC target using the compiled NDC MRV indicators and NDC MRV system and present the results to the E&CC TWG for approval. The Thematic Working Group (Climate Change and Environment, chaired providing recommendations to policy decision- by REMA) is a formal structure under the national makers based on the findings of the assessment. planning framework with the overall guidance of MINECOFIN, the technical coordinator of the Based on the updated NDC, REMA holds a key national planning and budgeting processes. position in the evaluation of the NDC indicator framework, together with the NDC Technical We suggest that the assessment is carried out as follows: Working Group Committee, which are both operational under and guided by the Environment 1. REMA performs a draft assessment of progress & Climate Change Thematic Working Group. The based on the compiled NDC MRV indicators, updated NDC does not specify REMA’s role in detail, including draft policy recommendations as but indicates it should chair the technical working appropriate. committee for Rwanda’s NDC MRV. The technical 2. The draft assessment is discussed with the working committee should provide oversight to the NDC MRV Technical Working Committee. Figure 7: Indicator evaluation and development of policy recommendations MIS y NDC Progress REMA assessment RBME y Policy recommendations Annual Reports Draft progress Feedback, assessment and sectoral policy insights recommendations NDC MRV Technical Working Committee 48 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 3. REMA updated the draft assessment based practices can be transferred to other areas. Again, on the feedback obtained, producing a report policy recommendations can be drafted to make sure on the NDC progress to date, which includes this is the case. policy recommendations as appropriate Key questions to ask as part of the evaluation 4. At the national level, policy recommendations include: are applied as appropriate. At the international  How have indicators developed compared to level, the findings of the report can be used indicator targets (where applicable)? E.g. how for reporting under the UNFCCC, e.g. in the are GHG emission trends developing compared form of selected NDC indicators and a short to NDC targets? How have they developed narrative on progress towards the NDC compared to the BAU projection (where included in the BTR. applicable)? In the following, we present considerations related to  What are the key drivers/conditions are these steps. influencing GHG trends – are they mostly Generally, the main aim of the evaluation is purely external (e.g. GDP developments) or can tounderst and whether the desired progress is they be attributed to mitigation/adaptation being made, i.e. whether mitigation and adaptation actions? actions have the desired effects. Or, where this  Are mitigation actions (in total and at sector is not the case, to understand why they are not level) influencing GHG emission levels as having the desired effects so that relevant policy intended? If not, what could be the reasons, recommendations can be developed. Issues e.g. are mitigation actions implemented more encountered might include: slowly than planned? Are they not accepted  actions are not implemented according to the by target groups (e.g. no interest in energy timelines planned efficient appliances?)? Are their barriers to implementation which had not been identified  actions, despite being implemented, do not before? necessarily lead to the impacts desired, as other developments counteract them or previously  Are adaptation actions influencing resilience unidentified barriers inhibit the impacts. as intended? If not, what could be the reasons, e.g. are actions implemented more slowly than In this case, the evaluation process needs to identify planned? Are they not accepted by target steps to ensure actions are implemented according groups? Are there barriers to implementation to plan and/or the desired impact can be achieved, which have not been identified? e.g. through appropriate planning, capacity  Is the necessary support (climate finance, development support, clear framework including capacity building and technology transfer) agreed methodology and indicator definition received, i.e. in the relevant (sub)sectors, the (metadata), a fine tuning of actions, checking the appropriate form, to the appropriate amount? finance and other support gaps, inclusion of further If not, what could be the reasons? What should actions, adjusting of framework conditions, etc. be changed? Such steps can be addressed in the form of policy recommendations. Of course, the evaluation might  Generally, where indicators are not developing also identify best practices, e.g. where actions work as expected and considering key drivers particularly well because they are well designed or identified, what action is necessary? What favourable conditions apply. Potentially such best should be done/changed? Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 49  Where indicators are developing particularly MRV communication plan and reviewing studies well and considering key drivers identified, for quality assurance purposes, but also providing what good practices can be derived? Could guidance on questions related to the design, planning they be applied to any other areas? What needs and implementation of actions related to the NDC. to be done to apply them to other areas? On this basis, the aim of the Committee seems to be of a broader nature than related to NDC MRV, and it Such an assessment including draft policy seems to pertain to the implementation of the NDC recommendations could be laid down in a concise more in general. report of not more than 20-25 pages, with a 5-page executive summary for policy-makers. From a purely practical perspective, the following These results could then – again based on purely process is suggested: REMA conducts a first practical considerations – be shared with sectoral/ assessment of the indicator developments, including topic experts for detailed discussion of findings and draft policy-recommendations and presents them policy recommendations. Such sectoral staff on one in the form of a concise report (e.g. 20 pages max + hand needs a good overview of relevant sectoral annexes with indicator tables). Feedback on the draft development, but also a good understanding of assessment and the policy recommendations could and involvement with high-level political decision- then be received by the E&CC TWG. Such feedback making. This will enable them to understand and add could be collected by circulating the assessment to the assessment made as well as ensuring policy including the policy recommendations to the E&CC recommendations are developed and formulated to TWG members and holding a half-day meeting with be realistic and effective. the E&CC TWG 2-3 weeks later to present and discuss results in detail. Based on verbal feedback and written The above tasks have so far been discussed feedback received within 2 weeks after the meeting, without considering, which stakeholders should be the assessment could be updated and finalised. responsible for which tasks. Apart from REMA, the updated NDC mentions the NDC MRV Technical The suggested role of the E&CC TWG already Working Committee and the E&CC TWG. The latter ensures the involvement and awareness of the group already exists and meets roughly twice a year relevant line ministries. In order to further support and mainly during the review of the national reports the consideration and implementation of the policy such as NC, BUR, GGCRS, etc. For instance, during recommendations, a process could be considered, the 3rd National Communication, the following whereby the prime minister’s office, the cabinet or four working groups were formulated under the parliament have to take notice and/or provide the E&CC TWG: (i) National Circumstances and a written reaction to the recommendations. This crosscutting issues, (ii) Greenhouse Gases Inventory, general approach is successfully practiced in a number (iii) Vulnerability and adaptation to climate change, of OECD countries, e.g. the UK, where parliament and (iv) Greenhouse Gases Mitigation Assessment. has to provide a written answer to the findings and This indicates that the E&CC TWG covers all relevant recommendations to the progress towards the UK’s areas to NDC indicators apart from finance and can carbon budgets36. Laying such a process down in law, offer sufficiently high technical expertise. could further strengthen the NDC-MRV system. The NDC MRV Technical Working Committee (as a sub-entity of the E&CC TWG) remains to be set up 36 More information on the UK’s carbon budgets and tracking progress and its tasks with regards to NDC MRV remain to towards the budgets can be found here: https://www.transparency- be specified. The updated NDC lists certain tasks partnership.net/documents-tools/good-practice-uk-carbon- of the Committee, including developing an NDC budgets-mrv-system 50 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution In addition, the Joint Sector Review (JSR) forum For the NDC MRV, this reporting framework can be bring together all Sector Working Group (SWG) conducted on few selected indicators. A suggestion stakeholders to engage in forward and backward of indicators to be included in the JSR is presented reviews of policy dialogue and to ensure ownership, in Annex VI. accountability and transparency of the NST The stakeholders in this forum also conduct an in- implementation and monitoring process and it is depth analysis of what has been achieved during the also based on detailed discussions of developments past year and to arrive at policy recommendations in each (sub-) sector. To this end, the lead for the coming years. The JSR should draw together ministry prepares and circulate the report on the all sector stakeholders, including representatives implementation of the Annual Action Plan and a from: the designated Lead Ministry, other concerned draft of the Sector performance report before the line ministries, the budget and strategic planning JSR. For instance, the review of sector targets for the units, MINECOFIN, donor organisations, civil society fiscal year 2019-2020, the Sector Indicators matrix organisations and other representatives as deemed to be reviewed should include indicators, targets appropriate by the Lead Ministry. and policy actions drawn from the NST1 Indicators. 05 Implementation T his section presents an implementation roadmap for the establishment of Rwanda’s NDC MRV system, setting out step-wise tasks for the scope of indicators reported and addressing less imminent tasks like the process of assessing progress towards the NDC based on the indicators. This allows the institutions involved in the establishment of stakeholders to start simple, using existing resources the system. The idea underlying the roadmap is and capacities and to extend these slowly over time. to start simple, establishing reporting processes Table 5 below presents the roadmap. As an additional for the indicators currently available and the most tool supporting the implementation of the system, imminent tasks (data collection and reporting) and Annex XI presents risks identified as well as potential extending the system over time, e.g. by widening mitigation approaches. Table 5: Basic roadmap for the implementation of Rwanda's NDC MRV system Activity Responsibility Timing Confirm/agree focal points for NDC MRV MoE June 2021  Check with MoE, MINAGRI, MINEMA, MINICOM, MININFRA, MINISANTE, MINECOFIN whether the existing environment and climate change focal persons will be responsible also for NDC MRV reporting.  Where this is not the case, MoE, MINAGRI, MINEMA, MINICOM, MININFRA, MINISANTE, MINECOFIN to assign new focal persons for NDC MRV Agree the way forward for new indicators/additional data MoE, MINAGRI, May– July 2021  Each Ministry assesses (for the indicators in section 3.8 of this report MINEMA, which fall under their remit), which indicators and data are not yet MINICOM, regularly reported or not available yet. Section 3.8 of this report indicates MININFRA, for which indicators and which data this is the case. MINISANTE, MINECOFIN  Each Ministry agrees relevant data collection approaches and reporting approaches for indicators not yet reported, including ŒŒ from when on they should be reported ŒŒ how often they should be reported (e.g. annually, every second year, every five years) ŒŒ through which channels, e.g. MIS/RBME/annual report Section 3.8 of this report provides suggestions on how to source data and compile indicators in the medium- and long-term, where indicators are not currently reported and relevant data is not available. Ministries may decide to prioritise certain indicators over others, e.g. regarding how often indicators should be reported, from when on they should be reported. 52 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Activity Responsibility Timing Align NDC MRV processes with reporting under the UNFCCC REMA June –  Identify the sequence and timing of activities necessary for the December regular preparation of the Biennial Transparency Reports and National 2021 Communications (e.g. GHG inventory preparation, preparation of GHG projections, data collection on mitigation measures, data collection on adaptation measures, evaluation of progress towards NDC; compilation of BTR, report approval and submission, etc.). This might be easiest working back from the relevant submission dates, e.g. December 2024 for the first BTR.  Based on the sequence and timing of activities for reporting under the MoE UNFCCC, agree by when NDC MRV indicators need to be available at the latest and when the evaluation of the indicator data should take place, so a summary of key results can be included in the BTR.  Develop a data collection template which all entities participating in the REMA NDC MRV framework can use. Annex I of this report provides a basic template which could be used as starting point and could potentially be further developed under the project “Methodologies, tools and integrated platform for GHG inventory data collection, processing and transmission” (CBIT project under REMA, ToR phase, project likely to conclude by the end of 2021). Consult MoE, MINAGRI, MINEMA, MINICOM, MININFRA, MINISANTE, MINECOFIN on the draft template. REMA with  Discuss the timing for the reporting of indicators with the relevant MoE, MINAGRI, ministries (MoE, MINAGRI, MINEMA, MINICOM, MININFRA, MINEMA, MINISANTE, and MINECOFIN), trying to understand how the timing MINICOM, used in the existing reporting cycles (e.g. annual reports, MIS) fits MININFRA, and identifying the need for changes to reporting timelines where MINISANTE, necessary. MINECOFIN Align work on climate finance tagging and tracking with NDC MRV framework MoE/MINECOFIN June -  Integrate the work on tagging and tracking of climate finance (UNDP December supported project under MoE to support MINECOFIN, consultant to be 2021 selected soon, likely to be finalised in December 2021) with the NDC MRV work with regards to: ŒŒ Ensuring relevant data collection and indicator compilation and reporting for the NDC MRV framework is enabled through the tagging and tracking approach ŒŒ Integrate the developed tools to track climate finance for partners: e.g. DPs, CSOs, Private sector ŒŒ Aligning the timing of reporting and reporting channels with REMA Follow up and align data collection and reporting platforms REMA, MoE, June -  Ensure compatibility between platforms, so they can efficiently exchange MINAGRI, December data relevant for the NDC MRV framework (and other reporting MINEMA, 2021 frameworks as relevant): MINISANTE, MININFRA ŒŒ MIS systems ŒŒ RBME (integration of MIS and RBME planned under ongoing project aiming to update RBME) ŒŒ Integrated GHG activity data Platform to be developed under the project “Methodologies, tools and integrated platform for GHG inventory data collection, processing and transmission” (CBIT project under REMA, ToR phase, project likely to conclude by the end of 2021). Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 53 Activity Responsibility Timing ŒŒ Robust National GHG Inventory Platform to be developed under the CBIT project in REMA, project likely to conclude by the end of 2021 ŒŒ Ensure that the required data are clarified (e.g. collected by whom, in which format and at which frequency) through a data collection template shared between institutions Ensure existing indicators will continue to be collected in the future MoE, MINAGRI, July 2021 (to  Each Ministry ensures (for the indicators in section 3.8 of this report MINEMA, be discussed) which fall under their remit) that the indicators which are already MINICOM, collected (see section 3.8) will continue to be collected in the future  MININFRA Implement Capacity building plans and report training and other support April - July needs 2021 Conduct trainings on UNFCCC and ETF reporting requirements, tracking REMA and collection, processing and transmission of GHG related data under CBIT support and additional support provided through UNFCCC report- related projects  Each Ministry identifies: ŒŒ training needs for staff involved in new data collection and reporting processes and assesses to which extent they can provide such training internally MoE, MINAGRI, ŒŒ Climate finance and technology transfer needs (if applicable) for the MINEMA, NDC MRV processes MINICOM,  Where needs cannot be met by capacities in Rwanda, they are reported MININFRA, to REMA for inclusion in the forthcoming report to the UNFCCC (Biennial MINISANTE, Initial update Report, Fourth National Communication) as capacity MINECOFIN building support needed Quality control and assurance processes and guidance REMA & NISR July – August  Agree necessary quality principles (e.g. related to accuracy, consistency, 2021 completeness, etc.) for NDC MRV framework and identify QA/QC processes required to achieve those principles with regards to the NDC MRV framework  Agree necessary guidance to support training principles (note QA/QC checklist in Annex III could provide a starting point)  Discuss training needs on QA/QC processes with MoE, MINAGRI, MINEMA, MINICOM, MININFRA, MINISANTE, MINECOFIN  Train staff involved in data collection and reporting under the NDC MRV framework on QA/QC processes and guidance Set up NDC MRV Technical Working Committee REMA and Climate Late 2021,  Identify members of the Environment and Climate Change Thematic Change Thematic early 2022 Working Group which should participate in the NDC MRV Technical Working Group Working Committee  Discuss potential approach to the cooperation with the NDC MRV Technical Working Committee in the evaluation of the NDC MRV indicators and the development of policy recommendations (see chapter 4 of this report)  Ensure a user-friendly format for the outputs of the NDC MRV processes during the evaluation (e.g. consideration of the results format and other different stakeholders such as data providers and experts external to the ministries). 54 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Activity Responsibility Timing Enhancing the NDC MRV framework in the long-term REMA From 2022  Exploring the inclusion of further indicators to make the evaluation more onwards comprehensive, e.g. on biodiversity, green growth  Exploring the reflection of subnational-level data in the national MRV system (e.g. leveraging the ICLEI-CDP unified reporting system for subnational governments)  Improvements to indicators or processes based on lessons learned after the first rounds of reporting and evaluation.  Exploring data systematization, storage, and review for full functionality of the data compilation process  Improve the MRV system to be flexible (structures and procedures open to adapt to modifications) and expandable (e.g. to be used in other indicators such as sustainable development goals) for other national and internationally reporting  Assess whether institutions feel sufficiently empowered for their NDC MoE, MINAGRI, MRV reporting task (to be conducted by the institutions themselves as MINEMA, part of the reporting process and discussed as part of the evaluation step MINICOM, in the meetings of the NDC MRV Technical working committee). MININFRA, MINISANTE,  Consider establishing additional document, under each line ministry, to MINECOFIN specify the calculation formula, definition of variables included for each indicator, methodology for the calculation of the indicator, frequency the indicator will be measured, process for the collection of data, source of data, assumptions, etc. Annexes Annex I: Generic data collection template Annex II: Template for the collection of information on progress of mitigation actions Annex III: QA/QC Checklist Annex IV: Documentation Guidance Annex V: Archiving Guidance Annex VI: NDC MRV Indicators suggested for the Joint Sector Review Annex VII: Detailed list of adaptation indicators Annex VIII: List of contributors to the development of the NDC MRV system for Rwanda Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 57 Annex I Generic Data Collection Template This annex presents a generic data collection entered for the required time period. Such templates template, which can also be used to specify the could be easily transferred to a spreadsheet format data provided as part of data sharing agreements or with a dedicated overview worksheet and a separate MoUs. Table 6 presents the template for an overview worksheet for the data collection tables for each of data required, as it could be included into a data type of data. sharing agreement. Illustrative examples of data to With regards to GHG inventory data, REMA be provided have been included in the template.37 has advertised a consultancy in January 2021, Table 7 presents a template for data collection for "Consultancy services to develop methodologies, one specific type of data (e.g. milk production). The tools and integrated platform for GHG inventory data upper part of the table repeats the specification of collection, processing and transmission". This can data, i.e. data type, scope, unit, etc.). The lower part further help to specify relevant templates. of the table allows the relevant data values to be Table 6:  Overview of data required – Example of data collected to calculate an average milk yield by dairy cows for the years 2021-22 Type of data Scope of data Units Years to be covered Comments Example: Milk production National level L Calendar years 2021-2022 Example: Number of National level # Calendar years 2021-2022 female cattle Table 7: Data collection table - Example for milk production Type of data Scope of data Units Years to be covered Example: Milk production National level L 2021-2022 Data Values 2021 2022 37 Please note, that information on cattle numbers is already collected by MININFRA through MIS. This example has been chosen for purely illustrative purposes. 58 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Annex II Template for the collection of information on progress of mitigation actions Table 8: Suggested template for progress with the implementation of mitigation measures Item Guidance/Example Sector e.g. Waste Type of mitigation measure Aerobic composting Implementing institution, sector Indicate the implementing institution or sector, e.g. City of Kigali Indicator Include the mitigation measure indicator, e.g. Amount produced (ton) Short description of the project A short description of the project: E.g. Development of commercial scale aerobic composting systems for agricultural and forestry residue, manure, food processing, kitchen and garden waste. Status of the project Indicate the status: [Completed/ongoing/planned] Progress achieved per year Indicate the progress achieved per each year. The progress can be divided into two categories, e.g.: i. Amount of compost produced (t) ii. Other factors such as developments in waste infrastructure investment and management measures for aerobic composting, activities developed, etc. Target for 2021-2030 Include the target for the proposed mitigation measure by using the same indicator unit, e.g.: 1,000,000t compost produced by 2030 Target achieved per year 100,000t compost produced in 2021 Mitigation achieved Reduced emission in Million ton of CO2e. Once the above data are collected, REMA will be in charge of the calculation and reporting the mitigation achieved Description of costs Provide the description of the total cost incurred in FRW to achieve the project target (2021-2030), this can include, e.g.: waste compost infrastructure investment training, implementation and monitoring of composting units, compost application, etc. Planned next steps If you are reporting in 2021, include any new activity planned for the following year, e.g.: development of commercial scale aerobic composting systems in two other secondary cities. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 59 Annex III QA/QC Checklist Ensuring data quality is of great importance for the data when, helps implement quality processes NDC MRV indicators as it will allow taking policy- efficiently and in a standardised manner. This will decisions with confidence. Data quality processes also allow identifying room for improvement and are often referred to as quality assurance and quality enhancing indicator quality over time. In order control. While quality control is commonly defined to work effectively, QA/QC plans need to clearly as processes performed by staff involved in the allocate tasks to staff members and require a collection, evaluation, reporting and management coordinator, which oversees the implementation of data, quality assurance is commonly defined as of these processes. This Annex presents a checklist processes performed by staff not involved in these of key quality processes, applicable to quantitative activities. A QA/QC-plan, which documents who indicators, which can be used as a starting point for has to perform which quality process on which a QA/QC plan. Table 9: Basic quality checklist Step Responsible staff Deadline Activity performed? member (When done, note date, include any relevant findings) Data Collection Is this the right data for the indicator? Is it in line with the scope of the indicator? Is it in line with the units defined for the indicator? Is it for the right type of time period (e.g. calendar years vs financial years) Is it for the time period needed (e.g. 2021-22)? Calculation/data management/reporting Are the calculation formula in spreadsheets correct for the calculation to be performed? 60 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Step Responsible staff Deadline Activity performed? member (When done, note date, include any relevant findings) Are the links in the spreadsheet appropriate (if applicable)? Within the formulae, ensure there are no fix calculation factors (e.g. emission factors) embedded If several formulae use the same factors (e.g. grid factor expressing the emission intensity of power in the electricity grid tCO2/MWh), ensure all formulae refer to the same cell in a spreadsheet, so the same factor is used by all formulae. After each calculation or aggregation step, compare the trend in the indicator time series. It should remain the same Compare original data with data in reporting format for transcription errors Documentation Use templates for storing data, so it is always stored in the same format Ensure all relevant fields of a template are filled Ensure all relevant documents comply with the given naming convention, so they can be easily identified later Ensure all relevant documents are saved in the correct place in the folder structure Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 61 Annex IV Documentation Guidance Having information on the data, data sources,  Scope of data methodologies, assumptions, etc. used previously,  Unit of measurement allows compiling indicators in a more efficient manner  Source of data, potentially including contact and consistently over time. Data documentation is data thus an important step. Key points to consider in data documentation are:  Years covered  Calculation methodologies  Document information in a manner easily understandable even to a new staff member.  Calculation factors, e.g. emission factors  Use a simple and clear template which includes  Source of calculation factors all relevant information (qualitative and  Relevant assumptions quantitative). This can be done in a spreadsheet  Agree on a naming convention for the format. documents you store the information in and the  Relevant information depends on the specific folder structure to store the documents in. The indicator collected, but typically includes the naming convention of folders and documents following: should allow someone without previous  Type of data knowledge to easily find the information. 62 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Annex V Archiving Guidance Archiving is closely linked to documentation. It refers  Original data received from data providers to storing all relevant information in a manner which  Data documentation templates (see previous ensures that it remains accessible over time. While annex) documentation rather refers to identifying relevant information and structuring it transparently, e.g. in the  Final versions of calculation sheets form of a template, archiving relates to the process of Ideally, a staff member is selected as archiving collecting relevant information and storing it. coordinator. The archiving coordinator is responsible All relevant information should be archived in one for: common location in a digital format, using clear  Ensuring the set-up and maintenance of a naming conventions for files and folders. Such naming central archiving location and access of relevant conventions might include references to: staff to the location  information contained in a document  Generates an archiving plan, including a list of  Sector or indicator this information relates to documents to be archived, who is responsible for archiving them and when  Year the information relates to  Communicates archiving processes and the  Version number. archiving plan to the relevant staff members Typical data to be archived includes:  Tracks the implementation of the archiving  Communication with data providers plan Table 10: Template for an archiving plan Documents to be archived Responsible Deadline Activity performed? staff (When done, note date, member include any relevant findings) Example: Email communication with institution X related to the collection of indicator Y Example: Survey conducted by institution X in 2018 from which assumptions a, b, c for the indicator compilations were taken Example: Original indicator data obtained by institution X Example: Reviewed and adjusted indicator time series 2018-2022 in the reporting template Example: Documentation of indicator metadata in documentation template Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 63 Annex VI NDC MRV Indicators Suggested for the Joint Sector Review Mitigation indicators. The NDC MRV framework JSR is interested in few indicators and that mitigation includes a subset of cross-cutting indicators, to measures in some sectors will take time to be mitigation, covering GHG emissions, mitigation initiated, it is recommended for the JSR to mainly actions, climate finance, capacity building and focus on the total mitigation from NDC measures (% technology transfer. These seem well-suited for the change from BAU). Joint Sector Review process. Considering that the Table 11: Mitigation indicators suggested to be considered for the Joint Sector Review Indicator Line Ministry  BAU GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA to compile BAU projections) ŒŒ Energy See above ŒŒ IPPU See above ŒŒ Agriculture See above ŒŒ Waste See above ŒŒ TOTAL See above  Current GHG emissions (MtCO2e) MoE (REMA to compile GHG inventory) ŒŒ Energy See above ŒŒ IPPU See above ŒŒ Agriculture See above ŒŒ Waste See above ŒŒ TOTAL See above  Mitigation from NDC measures (% change MoE from BAU) ŒŒ Unconditional See above ŒŒ Conditional See above ŒŒ TOTAL See above 64 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Indicator Line Ministry Other  GDP (million USD) NISR  Population (millions) NISR Finance and Mechanisms Domestic climate finance (million USD) MINECOFIN Direct MINECOFIN Indirect MINECOFIN International climate finance(million USD) MINECOFIN Grants MINECOFIN Other MINECOFIN Adaptation indicators. The NDC MRV framework set out in NDC and their cross-cutting nature to includes a set of adaptation indicators, classified other actions set out in the National Strategy for according to eight key sectors as detailed in 3.8.2. Transformation (NST1) toward the implementation The table below propose three indicators which of vision 2050. In addition, the proposed indicators seem well-suited for the Joint Sector Review are known to have large scale impact to climate process and the review can pick 1 or 2 indicators change adaptation with significant mitigation co- per year. Their selection was based on the actions benefits. Table 12: Adaptation indicators suggested to be considered for the Joint Sector Review SN Indicator Line Ministry 1 Water storage per capita MoE to summarize information received from RWB 2 Percentage of forest area (to the land area) MoE to summarize information received from RFA 3 Percentage of (1) urban population living in MoE to summarize information received from informal settlements, (2) rural population living in MININFRA/RHA clustered settlements Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 65 Annex VII Detailed Lists of Adaptation Indicators This list of adaptation indicators is taken from the Please note that upon consultation with sectoral report “Revising Nationally Determined Contribution stakeholders for the development of the NDC MRV (NDC) mitigation and adaptation priorities for system, a small number of indicators presented in Rwanda” finalized in March 2020 and supported by section 3.8.2 was amended, e.g. by clarifying its name. the NDC Support Facility and the World Bank. This Such changes are indicated through a footnote. The table is included to further facilitate implementation indicators below are as originally presented in the of indicator-related processes, by providing report. background information on the scope, the baseline and targets of indicators. Table 13: List of adaptation interventions in the water sector and corresponding indicators Sector: Water Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Integrated Develop a (i) Water storage (i) Water storage (i) 10 m³ per capita  Water National per capita (m³ capacity storage by 2025 Resource Water Security per capita) [3] per capita [3] Planning and through water (ii) Renewable (artificial dam) (ii) 12 m³ per capita Management conservation water resource is estimated at storage by 2030 [2] practices, availability 6.89m³ in 2018 wetlands [3] (iii) 1000 m³/ per capita per capita/a of restoration, annum (m³/ (ii) Rwanda is still water storage renewable capita/a) [3] a water scarce resource and efficient country with water use availability by 670 m³ of water 2030 [3] per capita per year and 25% of the population still unable to access safe drinking water in 2015 [1,3] 66 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Sector: Water Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Develop water (i) Percentage of (i) 30% of (i) 60% and 100%  resource catchments with catchments with of catchments models, water water balance water balance with water quality testing, and allocation and allocation balance and and improved models models in 2019 allocation models hydro-related (ii) Number of (ii) 43 hydrological respectively by information hydrological stations in 2019 2025 and 2030 systems [2] stations (iii) 100 hydrological stations in 2030 Develop and Percentage of water 15% of water 45% of water bodies  implement a bodies with ambient bodies with ambient with ambient water management water quality water quality by quality by 2025 plan for (2017/18) [3] all Level 1 catchments [3] Note: It should be noted that the following indicators were discussed during the consultations and mentioned as good indicators. However, the concerned sectors were not ready to do the monitoring and thus should be considered in the NDC timeline 2025–2030:  Indicator: Soil erosion and soil loss rate decreased  Baseline: In 2015, soil erosion was 62t/ha and soil loss at 5.5t/ha (NISR, 2019b)  Target: Not yet set, policy action not yet in place using NCA indicators Table 14: List of adaptation interventions in the agriculture sector and corresponding indicators Sector: Agriculture Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Climate Develop climate (i) Number of (i) In 2019, 40 (i) By 2025 and 2030,  Resilient resilient crops climate resilient climate resilient respectively 100 and Value Chain and promote crop varieties crop varieties 200 climate resilient Development climate resilient developed released varieties will be [2] livestock [3] (ii) Percentage (PSTA4) released (based on of farmers (ii) In 2019, 11.8% vision 2050) adopting of farmers use (ii) By 2025 and 2030, resilient crop/ improved seeds respectively 50% and varieties [3] varieties (NISR, 90% of farmers will (iii) % of crossbreed 2019b) be using improved livestock at (iii) To be seeds varieties national herd determined (iii) To be determined species Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 67 Sector: Agriculture Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Develop (i) Capacity (i) In 2018, agro (i) In 2030, agro  climate resilient of storage processing processing facilities postharvest and constructed in facilities were will increase at value addition MT [1, 3] estimated at a capacity of facilities and a capacity of 1,200,000 MT [3] technologies [3] 400,000 MT [3] Strengthen crop (i) Number of (i) 2000 farmers (i) 9000 farmers using  management farmers using using surveillance tools practices (disease surveillance tool surveillance by 2025 and 18,000 prevention, (FAW Database, tools in 2019 farmers by 2030 diagnostic, BXW apps etc.) surveillance and control) [3] Develop (i) Area of Land (i) In June 2017, (i) The target is to  sustainable land under erosion an estimated reach 142,500 management control 103,918 ha of Ha of land with practices (soil measures and radical terraces radical terraces and erosion control, used optimally and 913,884 ha 1,007,624 ha of landscape [3] of progressive progressive terraces management) (ii) Percentage of terraces by 2025 [3] [3] arable land (to have been (ii) Biological soil the land area) implemented conservation [1, 3] practices of 150,000 TBD ha by 2025 (ii) 52% of the national total surface area in 2019 used as arable land Expand (i) Number of (i) By 2016, only (i) 102,284 ha to be  irrigation and hectares under 48,508 ha irrigated by 2025 improve water irrigation (7.5% of land [3] management within IWRM with irrigation (ii) 200,000 ha to be [3] framework potential) had irrigated by 2030 [1, 3] been equipped with irrigation technology [3] Expand crop (i) ha of crops (i) Crop insured by (i) 37,462 ha of crops  and livestock under insurance 2019: insured by 2025. insurance (by season)  Maize: 247.61 Including the (ii) Number of ha following: cows under  Rice: 1,588 ha  Maize: 16,244 ha insurance  Rice: 10,322 ha 68 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Sector: Agriculture Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets (ii) Livestock  Banana: 928 ha insured by 2019:  Cassava: 975 ha  Poultry: To be  Beans: 278 ha determined  Irish potato: 2785  Piggery: To be ha determined  Soybeans: 278 ha  Cows: 3,496 Horticulture:  French beans: 975 ha  Chili: 500 ha  Tea: 4177 ha (ii) 102,284 Ha of crops insured by 2030 (the total irrigated area by 2025, i.e. half of the irrigated area targeted by 2030) 585,792 livestock (iii)  insured by 2025. Including the following:  Poultry: 464,100  Piggery: 23,205  Cows: 98,487 (iv) TBD livestock insured by 2030 (Assuming to maintain 585,792 livestock previously insured) Note: For soil erosion control, MINAGRI is proposing to revise the efficiency of existing infrastructures, e.g. Terraces, and to design the best soil erosion control measures through a study that will be conducted in partnership with the MoE. Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 69 Table 15: List of adaptation interventions in Land and Forestry sectors and corresponding indicators Sector: Land and Forestry Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Sustainable Development (i) Change in land (i) In 2019, (i) Agroforestry  manage- of Agroforestry area covered by agroforestry covering 50% ment of and Sustainable agroforestry [1] is covering and 80% of forestry Agriculture (control 212,214 ha, arable land and Agro- soil erosion and i.e. 25% of respectively by forestry [2] improved soil arable land 2025 and 2030 fertility) [2] Promote (i) Hectares of (i) In 2019 it (i) To have a  afforestation/ forest restored/ is indicated sustained reforestation of afforested in that forest cover designated areas program area 724,666 ha of 724,666 ha [1] and hectares of (30.4%) of (30.4%) by protected forest Rwandan 2025 and 2030 in project/ dry land was (ii) 20,000 ha of program area covered by new land area [3] forest; afforested (ii) Percentage of by 2030 forest area (i.e. 10,000 ha by 2025 and additional 10,000 ha by 2030) Wood Improve Forest (i) Number of (i) 880 ha of (i) 10,000 ha of  Supply Management for ha of private private private forest Chain, degraded forest forest restored forest were will be restored, Improved resources [1] and whose restored, and and owners will owners were Efficiency owners are be grouped into grouped into and Added grouped into cooperatives cooperatives Value [2] cooperatives by 2019 by 2030 (i.e. (ii) Number of 5,000 ha by (ii) 36% ha of forest 2025 and (22,148.7 ha) plantation of public forest additional whose plantations 5,000 ha by management allocated 2030) is transferred to private (ii) 60% and 80% to the private operators by of public forest 2019 operators plantations (iii) Change in Forest allocated area degraded/ to private rehabilitated [1] operators respectively by 2025 and 2030 70 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Sector: Land and Forestry Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Climate- Integrated (i) NLUDMP (i) National (i) 100% of Land  sensitive approach to that includes land use Use Plans (LUP) Integrated planning and comprehensive development harmonized with Land Use monitoring for measures and master plan NLUDMP by Planning sustainable land use procedures for (NLUDMP) 2025[3] and Spatial management [1] sustainable land is being (ii) 100% agriculture Planning use practices developed and premium [2] (ii) Detailed spatial land protected plans for all by 2025 [3] districts (Note: premium (iii) % of compliance land includes of LUDP to the ecosystems) NLUDMP [3] (iii) Materialization of physical boundaries for Kigali, surrounding districts of Kigali and six secondary cities by 2025 (iv) 100% streamlined coherence between sectors and stakeholders relevant to the use of land by 2025 (v) Spatial/land use planning linked with economic planning by 2030 (vi) To develop and strengthen the Land use monitoring and supervision by 2025 (vii) To develop a land use monitoring index by 2025 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 71 Sector: Land and Forestry Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Develop a (i) Accurate data (i) 8 Continuous (i) To have an  harmonized and on exposure Operating operational integrated spatial to climate Reference and integrated data management vulnerability System National system for on HHs and (CORs) Spatial Data sustainable land use infrastructure in with 50% Infrastructure management [1] high-risk areas of coverage (NSDI) by 2030 reported [3] 2017/18) [1] (ii) Percentage of [3] (ii) To develop operational (ii) low accurate updated and integrated and accurate geospatial outdated geospatial data information geospatial and tools to framework data in place guide every integrated with planning in environmental the country by and socio- 2030 economic statistics Inclusive land (i) Percentage of (i) 11,4 million (i) To ensure the  administration registered state parcels security of that regulate and land optimally registered/8, tenure and provide guidance used 8 titles access to land for land tenure (ii) Up to date land issued by for the rational security register 2019 use of land by (Note: Effective 2025 (iii) Model linking land administration land use/ (ii) To update the that increase the administration land registration security of tenure, in place data/ access to land and information by create an incentive 2025 for landowners to use their land in a sustainable manner) 72 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 16: List of adaptation interventions in Human Settlements sector and corresponding indicators Sector: Human Settlements Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Land Use High density (i) Percentage (i) 62.60% of urban (i) 47 % of urban  and Spatial buildings of (1) urban population population Planning [2] and informal population living in informal living in informal settlement living in settlements in settlements by upgrading informal 2016 [3] 2025 [3] [3] settlements, (ii) 67.9% of rural (ii) 35% of urban (2) rural households population population are settled in living in informal living in integrated, settlements by clustered planned, green 2030 settlements rural settlements (iii) 80% of rural [3] in 2019 [3] households (ii) Average share (iii) The CoK is settled in of the built-up comprised of integrated, area of cities more than 30% planned, green that is open public space in rural settlements and green 2018 [3] by 2025 [3] space for (iv) 87.4% of (iv) To have a public use for HH using an sustained (with all (SDG) improved water qualitative (iii) Access to source and 86.2% maintenance) of water and of HH accessing 30% urban green sanitation basic sanitation and public space services [3] facilities in 2017 [3] [3] (v) 100% of HH using an improved water source and 100% of HH accessing basic sanitation facilities by 2030 [3] Storm water Storm water (i) Percentage (i) Less than 20% of (i) 90% of urban  and Drainage management of urban urban population population in Management [3] population in in areas covered areas covered [3] areas covered by master plans by master plans by master with storm water with storm water plans with considerations in considerations by storm water 2016 [3] 2025 [3] considerations [3] Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 73 Sector: Human Settlements Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets (ii) Regular maintenance and upgrading of road and drainage infrastructures [2] Note: It should be noted that the following indicators were discussed during the consultations and mentioned as good indicators. However, the concerned sectors were not ready to do the monitoring and thus should be considered in the NDC timeline 2025 – 2030:  Indicator: Kigali City quick flow (runoff) rate reduced  Baseline: In 2015, storm water as quick flow was 1,356M per hectare (NISR, 2019b)  Target: There is not target yet set Table 17: List of adaptation interventions in Health sector and corresponding indicators Sector: Health Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Vector- Strengthen (i) Malaria (i) 5.7 Malaria (i) 3 Malaria  based preventive proportional proportional proportional disease measures and mortality mortality mortality rate by prevention create capacity to rate per rate in 2025 [3] [1] adapt to disease 1,000 2016/17 [3] Note: The following outbreaks [1] population programs are among [3] the initiatives to be carried out in the country: Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS), Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets (LLINs), Presidential Malaria initiative (PMI), etc. 74 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 18: List of adaptation interventions in Transport sector and corresponding indicators Sector: Transport Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Sustainable, Improved (i) Environmental (i) Draft road (i) Guidelines  climate- transport and design manuals developed by resilient infrastructure engineering are available 2025 on: roads and and services guidelines but without  road material bridges [2] [1] developed consideration of stabilization (for climate climate change  Seals resilient road adaptation technology infrastructure)  Gravel roads inspection and maintenance  emergency response to landslide & floods  erosion control  quarry and borrow pits management (i) Reduction of (i) In 2015, the (i) To be  length of roads total length of determined vulnerable roads vulnerable Note: Accurate and to flood and to landslide was additional information landslides estimated at 979 will be supplemented km (with 165 from a project on km for national Capacity development paved roads, 210 for Climate Resilient km for national Road Transport unpaved roads Infrastructure and 604 km for currently being district roads) conducted across the (MIDIMAR, country with expected 2015) end date July 2022 (i) Length of (i) In 2017, the (i) Establishing  paved national total length of Scheduled roads urban road was Bus Routes, (ii) Number of km estimated at Construction of feeder roads 421.4 km [3] of Urban Roads rehabilitated (ii) In 2017, the total and rural roads (iii) Number of length of feeder rehabilitated, route passengers road rehabilitated franchising, and using the was estimated at Operationalization public 2060 km [3] of Smart Ticketing transport each System [3] year [1] Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 75 Table 19: List of adaptation interventions in Mining sector and corresponding indicators Sector: Mining Unconditional Conditional Activity Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) name intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets Climate Climate (i) Percentage (i) All active mines are (i) All (100%)  compatible compatible of companies complying with water mines comply mining [1] mining [1] deploying use efficiency in 2017 water use climate [1] efficiency compatible (ii) In 2017/18 [3]: by 2025 and mining [1] 2030 (a) Model mines concept has been (ii) Rehabilitation developed of abandoned mining sites (b) Mining standards developed (c) report for SEA for mining (d) EIA required for each mining license (f) Mining law 58/2018 76 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Table 20: List of adaptation interventions in cross-sectors and corresponding indicators Sector: cross-sectors Unconditional Conditional Activity name Adaptation Selected indicators (with stakeholders) intervention [Sources: 1- NDC, 2- SPCR, 3- SSP and others] Indicators Baselines Targets DRR program Disaster risk (i) Number of (i) National risk (i) Review contingency  (Disaster monitoring effective city atlas of Rwanda plans and develop preparedness contingency developed districts disaster and plans developed in 2015 and management plans [1] emergency (ii) Population Disaster risk (ii) Detailed National risk response) [1] covered by maps and vulnerability atlas Disaster risk developed by 2025 [3] reduction (DRR) programs [1] Establish an (i) Percentage (i) 70% occurred (i) 95% occurred extreme  integrated of occurred extreme weather weather events are early warning extreme weather events are warned in lead time by system, and events for which warned in lead 2025 and 2030 [3] disaster advance warning time by 2017 [3] (ii) Community-based response was provided at (ii) In 2015, DRR with developed plans [1] least 30 minutes around 30,000 farming techniques, in advance [3] households in first aid training, (ii) Population high-risk zone public awareness for covered by DRR were recorded disease prevention, and programs [1] [1] relocation of 10,209 households from high- risk zones by 2030 [1,3] Institutional Institutional (i) Number of staff (i) MoE staff and (i) Sectors effectively  capacity capacity who acquired focal point in coordinated to development building and technical skills other sectors implement NDC development to effectively are available priorities by 2025 and for cross- coordinate and to support 2030 sector NDC report on NDC coordination implementa- implementation across sectors tion [3] but will need additional technical skills [3] Finance Access to (i) Cumulative (i) 99 USD millions (i) 217.78 USD millions to  (Resource finance volume of finance mobilized in be mobilized by 2025 mobilization) [USD millions] 2017/18 [3] [3] [2] mobilized for climate and environmental purposes [3] Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 77 Annex VIII List of contributors to the Development of the NDC MRV System for Rwanda Table 21: Stakeholders consulted during the development of the NDC MRV system S. No. Name Institution Position 1 Marshall BANAMWANA MoE Director General Environment & Climate Change (a.i) 2 Benon Kaka MoE Director of planning 3 Theophile DUSENGIMANA MoE Environment & Climate Change Policy Specialist 4 Tabitha Benegusenga MoE Consultant 5 William Mugabo MoE Green Economy Specialist 6 Juliet KABERA REMA Director General 7 Faustin Munyazikwiye REMA Deputy Director General 8 Herman Hakuzimana REMA Director of Climate Change and International Obligations 9 Fabrice Mugabo REMA SPIU unit 10 Svetlana V. Gaidashova RAB Senior Principal Research 11 Telesphore Mugwiza MINICOM Director of Industrial Development 12 Steven Niyonzima Climate Innovation CEO Center 13 Alexis Rutagengwa RLMUA Head of Surveying, Land Use and Mapping Department 14 Dismas Bakundukize RFA Director of forestry 15 Bernard Musana Segataraga RWB Head of Knowledge and Forecasting Hub Department 16 Aimable Gahigi Meteo Rwanda Director General 17 Alphonse Hishamunda MINEMA Ag. Director of Prevention & Mitigation Unit 18 Elisabeth Yambabariye MINEMA Drought and Flood Risk Management Engineer 78 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S. No. Name Institution Position 19 Petra Niyonsenga MINAGRI NDC Project Manager/MINAGRI 20 Elias Niyituma RBC Entomological coordinator 21 Emmanuel Hakizimana RBC Director Vector control unit 22 Mugabo Teddy FONERWA CEO 23 Bright Ntare FONERWA Chief Finance Officer 24 Murekatete Emmanuella FONERWA Resource Mobilisation Division Manager 25 Fred Sabiti MINECOFIN/UNDP Technical Advisor 26 Jean Claude Mwizerwa NISR Director of Economic Statistics Department 27 Emmanuel Nuwamanya MININFRA Division Manager, Planning 28 Steven Bihinda MININFRA Renewable Energy Senior Engineer 29 Juvenal Mukurarinda MININFRA Sanitation Senior Engineer 30 Vincent Rwigamba RHA Division manager, Urban Management 31 Cyprien Ndayisaba RTDA Environment Specialist 32 Martin Musonera REG Environment specialist 33 Innocent Nkurikiyimfura UR-CST Lecturer 34 Alex Mulisa World Bank Consultant 35 Peter Katanisa World Bank Consultant 36 Michael John Hammond World Bank Technical Specialist (Disaster Risk Management, Hydrometeorology, and Climate Adaptation) Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 79 Annex IX Indicators in the RBME System This annex presents the indicators already SERVICES TO STRENGTHEN CAPACITIES FOR DATA included in the RBME system and suggested for MANAGEMENT & MRV SYSTEM FOR ADAPTATION future inclusion into the system. The information AND MITIGATION ACTIONS”) prepared on behalf of was taken from a draft report (“CONSULTANCY MoE in April 2021. Table 22: Indicators and metadata currently included in RBME S. No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of data Reporting Institution unit data collection frequency 1 Cumulative volume of finance Amount M&E Specialist Annual reports 1 year committed to projects 2 Total number of projects Amount M&E specialist Annual reports 6 months financed by FONERWA 3 Cumulative volume of finance Amount M&E specialist FONERWA Quarterly disbursed to projects reports FONERWA 4 Cumulative total cost of projects Amount M&E specialist Grant reports Quarterly funded by FONERWA 5 Cumulative volume of finance Amount M&E specialist Grant agreement Quarterly [US$ millions] mobilized for reports climate and environment 6 Proportion of informal land Number Planning and Department of 3 y transactions vis a vis formal M&E Officer surveying and transaction spatial planning, Quarterly and Annual Reports 7 Number of districts with Land Number Planning and Official Gazette 1 year Use Plan revised M&E officer RLMUA 8 Level of citizen satisfaction with Percentage District Survey 1 year land services by service type environmental Officer 9 Percentage of privately and Percentage Planning and Data generated Monthly Public owned land held M&E Officer from LAIS 80 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S. No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of data Reporting Institution unit data collection frequency 10 Proportion of total adult Percentage Planning and Survey 3 years population with secure tenure M&E officer rights to land, with legally recognized documentation, and who perceive their rights to land as secure 11 Level (%) of compliance to Percentage Planning and Survey 1 year district land use plan with M&E officer designated Land use category 12 Number of land transactions Number Planning and Land use plans 3 months registered with approved land M&E officer and LAIS titles by service type 13 Number of land services Number Planning and Irembo and LAIS 3 months processed online M&E officer 14 National Spatial Data Number Planning and LAIS 3 months Infrastructure phase 1 M&E officer established and operationalized 15 Annual Land reference prices Number Planning M&E LAIS 3 months published officer 16 Number of district land use plans Number Planning M&E LAIS 3 months integrated into LAIS officer 17 Number of facilities established Number Planning and RMB 1 year for mineral and quarry value M&E Specialist addition. 18 Percentage contribution of the Number Planning and RMB 3 months mining sector to GDP M&E Specialist 19 Number of mining and quarrying Number Planning and Licensing report 3 months licenses issued M&E specialist 20 Value of exported mineral after Percentage Planning and GDP National 3 months value addition M&E Specialist accounts-NISR 21 Volume of exported mineral after Number Planning and Reports from 3 months value addition M&E Specialist mineral value addition facilities RMB 22 Number of jobs created Number Planning and Reports from 3 months in mining, quarry, gas and M&E Specialist mineral value petroleum sector addition facilities 23 % of inspected mines and Percentage Planning and Labour Force 3 months quarries complying with M&E specialist Survey, National environmental and mining Institute of standards Statistics 24 Number of new potential mining Number Planning and Exploration 1 month sites identified for investment M&E Specialist reports-RMB 25 Total monthly earnings from Amount in $ Planning and BNR-External 1 month mineral export USA M&E Specialist sector statistics Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 81 S. No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of data Reporting Institution unit data collection frequency 26 Level of citizen satisfaction with Percentage Planning and RGB-Score card 1 year meteorological information/ M&E officer services 27 Number of operational Number Planning and 1 year meteorological measurement M&E officer stations. 28 % of seasonal forecasts by level Percentage Planning and 1 year of accuracy M&E officer 29 Percentage of occurred extreme Percentage Planning and 6 months weather events for which M&E officer advance warning was provided at RMA least 30 min in advance 30 Standardized precipitation Number Planning and 1 year evapotranspiration index M&E officer 31 Climate extremes index Number Planning and 1 year M&E officer 32 Tourism climatic index Number Planning and 1 year M&E officer 33 Total annual frequency of Number Planning and 3 months disseminated weather products M&E officer by timescale 34 Estimated economic value of Amount/US Planning M&E Forestry Ecosys- 5 years RFA forest ecosystem services. Dollars Officer tems Services Valuation study 35 Proportion of land surface Percentage Planning M&E Forestry 5 years covered by forest [Forest cover]. Officer department- This excludes agro- forestry area. Forest mapping report 2019 GIS Report 36 Mean forest volume increment Volume per Planning M&E Reports from 5 years per hectares ha per year Officer permanent Number observation plots scattered all over the country. 37 Number of new high value Number Planning M&E 5 years species introduced Officer 38 Proportion (%) of degraded Percentage Planning M&E Forest cover 10 years forest Officer mapping report 2019 and ROAM report Rwanda, IUCN and World Resources Institute (WRI) reports 82 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S. No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of data Reporting Institution unit data collection frequency 39 Percentage of the household Percentage Planning M&E EICV surveys of 3 years population using biomass as their Officer NISR main energy supply 40 Number of ha of small Number Planning M&E 3 years natural forests under private Officer partnership participatory (PPM) management 41 Total value of forestry products Number Planning M&E 5 years from forests under concession Officer and co-management 42 Total value of forestry products Number Planning M&E 1 year imported Disaggregated by Officer forest products 43 Total value of investments in Amount Planning M&E 1 year forestry sub sector Officer 44 Value of annual production of Frw Planning M&E 5 years processed forest product (and as Officer a percentage of GDP) 45 Total area of forest classified Number District RFA/REMA 1 year as protected area (to conserve environmental reports biodiversity) officer 46 Total volume of wood harvested Area in Planning M&E RFA reports 1 year (consumed) annually hectares Officer 47 Number of ha of degraded forest Area in ha District RFA reports 3 months ecosystems rehabilitated to its environmental functioning state Officer 48 Number of jobs created in Number Planning M&E 3 months forestry sector Officer 49 Number of ha of under Area in ha District 1 year agroforestry trees planted environmental officer 50 Number of ha of new forest Area in ha District RFA reports 1 year planted environmental officer 51 Number of public forest Number Planning M&E RFA reports 3 months plantations allocated to private Officer operators. 52 Number of ha of small forest Number Planning M&E RFA reports 3 months plantations grouped into Private Officer Forest Management Units (PFMUs) Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 83 S. No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of data Reporting Institution unit data collection frequency 53 % Progress of greening and Percentage Planning M&E RFA reports 3 months maintaining CoK selected Officer roadsides and roundabouts completed 54 Number of km of CoK selected Number Planning M&E RFA reports 3 months roadsides and roundabouts Officer greened 55 Number of ha of forest- Number Planning M&E RFA reports 3 months maintained country wide Officer 56 Number of fruit trees planted Number Planning M&E District & RFA 3 months Officer Reports 57 Number of improved cooking Number Planning M&E RFA reports 3 months stoves produced & distributed Officer 58 Number of charcoal producers Number Planning M&E RFA reports 3 months using improved technologies Officer 59 Renewable water resources (m3/capita) Planning and Survey 2 years availability per capita per annum M&E Officer (m3/capita) 60 Level of water stress: freshwater Percentage Planning and Survey 2 years withdrawal as a proportion of M&E officer available freshwater resources RWB 61 Change in water-use efficiency Number Planning and Survey 2 years over time M&E officer 62 Change in Dry-season water base- Cubic meter Planning and RWB water 1 year flow of major rivers (Nyabarongo, per second M&E Officer monitoring Akanyaru, Akagera, Muvumba, (m3/s) report Mukungwa, Sebeya, etc.) 63 Number of Level 1 catchments Number Planning and RWB IWRM 1 year with functioning Water M&E Officer report Resources Management committees 64 Increment Water storage Percentage Planning and 1 year RWB water capacity M&E Officer storage report 65 Number of Catchments with Number Planning and 1 year RWB IWRM approved Management Plans. M&E Officer report Disaggregated by a) Level 1 b) Level 2 66 Area (ha) of Land protected Number District, 3 months District against Soil Erosion MINAGRI erosion Disaggregated by 1) radical control terrace 2) Progressive terraces report 84 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S. No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of data Reporting Institution unit data collection frequency 67 Total number of water use Number Planning and 3 months RWB Water conflict cases recorded and M&E Officer use report addressed 68 (%) of (a) Households, and (b) Percentage Planning and 3 months To be Institutions with a Rainwater M&E Officer integrated Harvesting (RWH) system into NISR installed. surveys 69 Number of water users with valid Number Planning and 3 months RWB Water water use permit M&E Officer use report 70 Percentage of floods control Percentage Planning and 3 months RWB flood measures implemented M&E officer control report 71 Number of water users with valid Number District 3 months RWB Water water use permit environmental use report officer 72 Number of ha of degraded level Number District 3 months RWB 1 catchments rehabilitated environmental erosion Officer control report 73 Percentage change in national Number 5 years Survey climate change vulnerability index REMA 74 Carbon dioxide (equivalent) Number Climate change 2 years Survey emissions per capita officer 75 Percentage change in Carbon Percentage Climate change 2 years Survey dioxide (equivalent) emissions officer 76 Quantity of carbon sequestered Number Climate change 2 years Survey officer 77 Annual percentage change in Percentage Climate change 1 year Survey level of non-point-source air officer pollution 78 Total amount of funds mobilized Number Climate change 1 year Annual for NDC implementation officer report 79 Value of projects developed Number Climate change 1 year Annual and financed for NDC officer report implementation 80 Number of projects developed Number Climate change 1 year Annual and financed for NDC officer report implementation 81 Percentage of the rural Percentage Climate change 1 year Annual population living in Green officer report Villages Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 85 S. No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of data Reporting Institution unit data collection frequency 82 Percentage of villages assessed Percentage Climate change 1 year Annual as Green (satisfactorily officer report applying sound environmental management approaches) 83 Percentage of (development) Percentage Climate change 1 year Annual sectors which have satisfactorily officer report mainstreamed environmental sustainability principles into their policies, strategies, plans and reports 84 Percentage of districts which Percentage Climate change 1 year Annual have satisfactorily mainstreamed officer report environmental sustainability principles (including climate change adaptation/resilience building) into their strategies, plans and reports 85 Level (%) of implementation Percentage Climate change 1 year Annual of domesticated regional and officer report international conventions on environment 86 Number of environmental crimes Number Climate change 3 months Monthly cases registered officer report 87 Percentage of identified Percentage Climate change 1 year Annual significant pollution sources officer report controlled (by type) 88 Number of green jobs created Number Planning and 1 year Annual through implementation of M&E officer report environmental projects 89 Number of sectors with approved Number Planning and 3 months Quartely Strategic Environmental M&E officer report Assessments monitored 90 Percentage of approved EIA and Percentage Planning and 3 months Quartely EA certified capital projects in M&E officer report compliance (75% or above) with EIAs, EAs Studies and Conditions of approval 91 Number of ha of degraded Number Planning and 3 months Quartely wetland ecosystems rehabilitated M&E officer report 92 Total area (ha) of degraded Number Planning and M&E 1 year ecosystems rehabilitated officer, district environmental officer 86 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S. No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of data Reporting Institution unit data collection frequency 93 Proportion of land that is Number Planning and 5 years degraded over total land area M&E officer, district environmental officer 94 Contribution of natural capital Number Planning and 1 year (natural resources) stocks to M&E officer, GDP Disaggregated by sub- district sector agencies environmental officer 95 Annually number of jobs created Number Planning and 1 year in the ENR sector M&E officer, district environmental officer Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 87 Table 23: Proposed additional metadata to be included in RBME system for mitigation and adaptation actions S.No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of Reporting Institution unit data collection data frequency 1 Number of large hydropower Number Planning M&E Annual 1 year MININFRA projects Officer reports EDCL® 2 Number of small and mini Number Planning M&E Annual 1 year MININFRA hydropower projects Officer reports EDCL® 3 Construction of energy regional Planning M&E Survey 2 years MININFRA projects Officer EDCL® 4 Reduction of GHG emissions from Percentage Planning M&E Survey 2 years MININFRA, fuel power generation (peat, diesel Officer REMA, oil) EDCL® 5 Installation of solar lighting and led Number Planning M&E Annual 1 year MININFRA lamps on the streets Officer reports EDCL® 6 Use of energy efficient technologies Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year MININFRA in agro-processing Officer reports EDCL® 7 Total replacement of diesel gensets Number Planning M&E Annual 1 year MININFRA, by grid and/or renewable energy Officer reports EDCL® 8 Phasing out of the use clamp kilns Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year MININFRA Officer reports EDCL® 9 Use of energy efficient technologies Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year MININFRA, in brick manufacturing industry Officer reports EDCL® 10 Solar pumping systems for irrigation Number Planning M&E reports 6 months MINAGRI, within agricultural production to Officer EDCL® replace diesel pumps 11 Reduction of GHG emissions Percentage Planning M&E Survey 2 years MINAGRI associated with the use of diesel Officer pumps in agricultural irrigation systems 12 Bus rapid transport project lanes Number Planning M&E Reports 1 month MININFRA, Officer National police, RRA 13 Non-motorised transport lanes Number Planning M&E Reports 1 month MININFRA, Officer National police, RRA 14 Use of electric buses, passenger Number Planning M&E Reports 1 month MININFRA, vehicles and motorcycles Officer National police, RRA 15 Reduced GHG emissions resulting Percentage Planning M&E Survey 2 years REMA, from displaced conventional vehicle Officer National police sales 88 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S.No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of Reporting Institution unit data collection data frequency 16 Off-grid and rooftop solar Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year EDCL & REG electrification Officer reports 17 Installation of solar thermal water Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year EDCL & REG heaters in urban residential buildings Officer reports 18 Increased use of on-farm anaerobic Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year MINAGRI, digestion of manure for bioenergy Officer reports EDCL & REG (bio-digestors) 19 Increase the share of volcanic Percentage Planning M&E Survey, 2 years REMA, private pozzalanas used within national Officer reports sector cement production to replace the clinker 20 Gradual substitution of F gases by Percentage Planning M&E Survey, 2 years REMA, private less polluting substitutes Officer reports sector 21 Progress in reduction of CO2 and Percentage Planning M&E Survey, 2 years MINAGRI, N2O emissions resulting from Officer reports REMA continuous crop rotation of up 22 Progress in reduction of erosion Percentage Planning M&E Survey 2 years MINAGRI resulting from continuous crop Officer and rotation reports 23 Increase of carbon sequestration in Percentage Planning M&E Survey 2 years MINAGRI soils resulting from continuous crop Officer and rotation reports 24 Promotion of better livestock feed Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year MINAGRI i.e. legume fodder species Officer reports 25 Trainings in better livestock Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year MINAGRI management under the Rwandan Officer reports livestock Master plan 26 Adoption of more efficient manure Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year MINAGRI management systems Officer reports 27 Increased promotion of collective Percentage Planning M&E Reports 6 months MINAGRI farms Officer 28 Trainings in management of Number Planning M&E Annual 1 year MINAGRI collective farms Officer reports 29 Reduced GHG emissions from Percentage Planning M&E Annual 1 year MINAGRI, manure management Officer reports REMA 30 Increased use of organic waste for Percentage Planning M&E Reports 6 months MINAGRI soil fertilisation Officer 31 Composting within all agricultural Percentage Planning M&E Annual 6 months MINAGRI households and more judicious Officer reports fertiliser use 32 Status of multi-cropping of coffee Percentage Planning M&E Reports 6 months MINAGRI and bananas Officer Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 89 S.No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of Reporting Institution unit data collection data frequency 33 Reduction of soil erosion resulting Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year MINAGRI from multi-cropping of coffee and Officer and bananas reports 34 Reduction of CO2 and N2O Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year MINAGRI, emissions resulting from multi- Officer and REMA cropping of bananas reports 35 Increased soil carbon sequestration Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year MINAGRI, in soils resulting from multi- Officer and REMA cropping of coffee and bananas reports 36 Reduction in vertical movement of Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year MINAGRI soil by leaving more crops residues Officer and on the soil surface reports 37 Reduction of CO2 and N2O Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year MINAGRI, emissions resulting from leaving Officer and REMA more crops residues on the soil reports surface 38 Increased carbon sequestration in Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year MINAGRI, soils resulting from leaving more Officer and REMA crop residues on the soil surface reports 39 Replacement of domestic cows with Percentage Planning M&E Reports 6 months MINAGRI improved cow species Officer 40 Expansion of fish farming, poultry Percentage Planning M&E Reports 6 months MINAGRI, and other small livestock to increase Officer REMA protein food supply without increasing the number of cows and change in livestock mix 41 Reduction of CH4 emissions from Percentage Planning M&E Survey 2 years MINAGRI, extensive fermentation Officer and REMA, CoK reports 42 Extraction and utilisation of landfill Number Planning M&E Survey 1 year REMA, CoK, gas (LFG) for power generation Officer and EDCL & REG in connection to semi- or fully reports controlled landfills for urban areas 43 Reduced CH4 emissions from landfill Percentage Planning M&E Survey 2 years REMA, CoK, sites and avoided CO2 emissions Officer and EDCL & REG from displacement of fossil-based reports electricity use 44 Developed waste to energy plants in Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year REMA, CoK, Kigali and other urban areas Officer and EDCL & REG reports 45 Reduced CO2 emissions from Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year EDCL & REG, displacement of soil-based Officer and REMA electricity use reports 90 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution S.No. Indicator Measurement Responsible for Source of Reporting Institution unit data collection data frequency 46 Developed commercial scale aerobic Number Planning M&E Reports 1 year MINAGRI, composting systems for agriculture Officer REMA, CoK and forestry residue manure, food processing, household kitchen garden waste and biosolids 47 Reduction in CH4 emission resulting Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year MINAGRI, from aerobic composting Officer and REMA, CoK reports 48 Constructed wastewater treatment Number Planning M&E Survey 1 year MINAGRI, plants Officer and REMA, CoK reports 49 Reduced CH4 emissions from Percentage Planning M&E Survey 1 year REMA, CoK wastewater Officer and reports 50 Production of nutrient rich digestive Percentage Planning M&E Survey MINAGRI that can be used as fertilizer Officer and reports Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 91 Annex X Roles and Responsibilities for the NDC MRV Framework Included in Rwanda’s Updated NDC Table 24: Institutional arrangements for Rwanda’s NDC MRV management Overview of institutional arrangements Policy and strategic decision Roles and Responsibilities levels/Line Ministry Permanent Secretaries (PS) Monitors the implementation of NST1 and proposes measures to fast track Forum its implementation. NDC MRV will be regularly presented to the forum by implementing institutions to ensure cross sector oversight over NDC to provide policy and strategic advisory and influence timely delivery of results. Development Partners The forum discusses achievements, challenges, policy actions, and propose measures Coordination Group (DPCG) to fast track implementation of NST1 It also facilitates alignment of programming and financing with priority areas outlined in NST1 and will provide support for finance as part of the NDC implementation including NDC MRV to track finance. Economic Cluster Working Monitors implementation of NST1 in different clusters and will serve as a platform Groups for integrating NDC MRV into high level decision making at the national level. Provide strategic guidance and orientation on policies and investments and will guide on the crucial role of NDC to deliver NST1 results. MoE serves as chair of the A forum for dialogue, ownership and accountability of the development agenda and ENR Sector Working Groups making a case for NDC MRV to all stakeholders at sector level: (SWG) & JSRs  Conduct joint sector reviews (Forward and Backward reviews) that will facilitate NDC MRV reporting and advocate for NDC MRV based decisions to wider sector stakeholders including NGOs/private sector and development partners  Monitor progress of the Sector Strategic Plan (SSP) including the NDC measuring and reporting, managing the data management system including aggregating data, conducting verification (REMA on NDC MRV) through the ENR RBME, a sector specific central data management system that will serve as the platform and repository for the NDC MRV. Joint Action Development Although the central government institutions are engaged in reporting through Forum (JADF) at District the JSRs, primary data and information is generated at levels coordinated by level Districts through MINALOC. Therefore relevant data will be collected and shared with sectors/institutions for processing and analysis to facilitate and inform overall national NDC MRV. Thus, the JADF that involves multiple stakeholders including NGOs, the private sector and Development Partners intervening in development programs including climate change serve a critical role in:  Elaboration and implementation of imihigo (monitoring and evaluation based performance contracts) 92 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Overview of institutional arrangements Policy and strategic decision Roles and Responsibilities levels/Line Ministry  Monitoring the implementation of NDC MRV relevant actions within District Development Strategies (DDSs)  Promoting cooperation between the public sector, private sector and civil society to deliver on NST1 (including NDC MRV) at district level MINECOFIN In addition to the critical responsibility of reporting on finance, MINECOFIN is responsible for:  Overall coordination of M&E activities (including NDC MRV) from planning, data collection, and reporting at all levels  Preparing the NST consolidated annual report using the reports from different sectors including the ENR sector and ensure that NDC MRV is part of the annual reporting  Monitoring the macro KPIs through the Government Command Centre (GCC), the highest monitoring platform at the national level and ensure integration of Rwanda’s NDC MRV MINALOC Coordinates the implementation of Districts Development Strategies (DDSs) and upstream reporting on NDC MRV performance at local levels Ensure the alignment between DDSs and Districts Imihigo and their contribution to NST1 targets that include NDC MRV NISR Provides oversight over environmental statistics that include climate change (NDC MRV) at national level. NISR supports surveys including vulnerability to climate change analysis and autheticates data and information for internal and external use and consumption Directly populates data portals providing interactive access, to data and metadata to these portals and as such a critical NDC MRV reporting channel REMA serves as the Chair E&CC TWG, a national planning forum chaired by REMA will host a core team of the Environment and that forms the NDC MRV technical working committee with the following Climate Change Thematic responsibilities: Working Group (E&CC  Creating guidelines and common standards, formats and templates to be used for TWG) reporting MRV results as part of NC and BURs to UNFCC,  Defining and using common data sources. and methods & procedures: to compile NDC MRV results.  Ultimate level for endorsement of NDC MRV and communicates the results for upstream NDC MRV based policy and strategic decision making  Institutional Strengthening and capacity building and training and facilitating linkages through a comprehensive stakeholder engagement process and jointly define the political, strategic, and tactical elements of the NDC MRV system Mitigation Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MININFRA Energy and related indicators REG REMA, RHA, RDB, MINECOFIN, FONERWA, MINALOC, RSB, MINISANTE, private sector, civil society Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 93 Transport, related indicators RTDA RURA, MINALOC, CoK, MINECOFIN, FONERWA, operators, REMA, MoE, Private sector transport operators, financial institutions, civil society Waste relevant indicators MINALOC RURA, RHA, MoE, REMA, Private sector, Municipalities, NGOs, Civil Society, WASAC, REG, CoK and MINEACOM, MINAGRI, RDB, civil society districts MINICOM IPPU related indicators MINICOM MINECOFIN, MINAGRI, MoE, REMA, FONERWA, WASAC, NIRDA,RDB, REG, MINALOC, Private sector, civil society MINAGRI AFOLU (agriculture) related RAB and RFA REMA, RFA, RURA, Private Sector, civil indicators society, WASAC, higher learning and research institutions Adaptation MoE Percentage change in national REMA All productive and social sectors/ climate change vulnerability institutions of the Rwanda economy index MINALOC/MoE/ Number and Percentage of REMA MINEMA districts at high risk of suffering major climate change effect MINEMA Average level of satisfaction Rwanda MoE, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, of major Weather and Climate METEO UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society information institutional users with METEO RWANDA Weather and Climate information Rwanda Water Water storage per capita RWRB MoE, MINAGRI, UR/CAVM, MININFRA, Resources Board Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RAB, civil society, (RWRB) Number (%) of (a) Households, WASAC, PSF, RLUMA, City of Kigali and and (b) Institutions with a MINALOC Rain Water Harvesting (RWH) system installed. MoE Proportion of land surface RFA REMA, FONERWA, RAB, RLUMA, covered by forest [Forest cover]. civil society, districts, Private Sector, This excludes agro-forestry area. MINALOC MINEMA Percentage of extreme weather Rwanda MoE, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, NISR, events for which advance METEO UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil society warning was provided at least 30 min in advance Finance and support (Capacity building and technical support including technology transfer) Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders MINECOFIN Total amount of finance FONERWA MOE, REMA mobilized for Green Investments (by major category – Climate Change mitigation; Green Energy production etc.) 94 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Line Ministry Activity/Indicator Lead Agency Key stakeholders Rwanda Capacity building technical REMA MoE/FONERWA and all NDC supporting Development support and technology transfer institutions and organizations Board (RDB) High level National/Global indicators planned to harmonize reporting on climate adaptation/resilience MININFRA Proportion of the rural RTDA MINECOFIN, MINALOC and Districts population who live within 2 km of an all-season road (SDG indicator 9.1.1); MINISANTE/ Percentage of health centres ECDC/RAB NISR MINAGRI with at least one food and nutrition outreach programme; MINEMA Annual loss due to damage Rwanda MoE RAB, REMA, MINALOC, MININFRA, caused by weather-related METEO NISR, UR, MINEDUC, RDF, RNP, civil hazards/number of deaths, society missing persons and directly affected persons attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (SDG 13.1.1); Number of people with access to MINEMA improved climate-related early warning information or systems for extreme weather events MINAGRI Change in climate sensitive RAB/RWRB NAEB, MINALOC, Districts, REMA, RWFA, agricultural production/ RLUMA, Private Sector, civil society Proportion of agriculture land protected against erosion (NDC); RWRB Freshwater withdrawal rate/ RWRB MoE, MINAGRI, UR/CAVM, MININFRA, National Water Security Plan Meteo Rwanda, REMA, RAB, civil society, to employ water storage and WASAC, PSF, RLUMA, City of Kigali and rain water harvesting, water MINALOC conservation practices, efficient irrigation established and operational (NDC). MINISANTE Change of malaria hazards; RBC MINAGRI, MINALOC, MINEMA, Meteo Rwanda, civil society MINECOFIN Specialized support, and amount MoE REMA, FONERWA, all institutions of support, including finance, technology and capacity- building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management (SDG 13.B.1). Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution 95 Annex XI Risk Management The implementation of a complex system like approach to establishing the NDC MRV system, the NDC MRV framework is subject to risks. supported by a clear roadmap (see section 5). This Table 25 identifies such risks and suggests approach allows relevant stakeholders to establish mitigation approaches. relevant resources, capacities and processes over time, adjusting as required based on lessons Generally, the key mitigation approach underlying learned. the suggestions made in this report, is a step-wise Table 25: Potential risks and mitigation approaches Risk Mitigation approach Data is currently not available Not all indicators are reported from the start. Section 3.8 identifies data currently not available and suggests ways forward to regularly collect such data initially and later regularly, including potential frequencies for data collection. Data is not shared/obtaining data Ministerial Order No 005/2021 of 08/04/2021 for Determining the requires much effort Procedures for Preparation of National Report on Climate Change requires relevant data to be shared. Data sharing can be further facilitated by MoE/REMA holding meetings with relevant stakeholders, explaining data requirements and the way data will be handled and published. Specific agreements could be found, where data confidentiality is an issue, e.g. commercial data might not be shared outside of REMA and is only published in an aggregated form. Tools like a data sharing template specifying the data required and data provision through the RBME and/or MIS systems can further facilitate data provision. Data is no longer reported. This REMA clarifies with relevant stakeholders which indicators are required on a might be the case where data long-term basis, until 2030 at the latest. was reported as part of assessing progress towards a specific national goal, e.g. the National Transformation Strategy (NTS1). Methodological changes in data Stakeholders recalculate the whole indicator time series in case of collection/indicator calculation lead methodological changes. This required detailed documentation of input to an inconsistent time series data, scope, calculation methodologies, etc. The capacity building related to quality control foreseen by REMA and NISR (see section 3.1) should include capacity building on time series consistency, recalculation and documentation. 96 Monitoring, Reporting and Verification Framework for Rwanda’s Updated Nationally Determined Contribution Risk Mitigation approach Stakeholders do not have the Stakeholders conduct a long-term planning of resource and capacity necessary resource and/or capacity required and request appropriate support (e.g. funding, capacity building) at to perform their tasks (e.g. data the domestic and international level as appropriate. As long as resource and/ collection/compilation/reporting/ or capacities are limited, tasks are prioritised in line with this planning, e.g. evaluation) focussing on data collection for the most relevant indicators.