Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and N atural disasters propagate gender-differentiated effects. Women and girls are disproportionally impacted owing to existing Barbuda inequalities in access to endowments, economic opportunities, and Country Profile agency. The objective of this desk review3 is threefold. First, present current 1,2 data on key gender gaps in relation to disaster risk management (DRM) in Antigua and Barbuda and compare its performance against regional and structural peers. Second, present gender-differentiated effects of previous disasters in Antigua and Barbuda based on existing evidence. And finally, use evidence on gaps and differentiated effects of disasters to help task teams identify gender-responsive activities and indicators for the gender tag, a tool to systematically track the implementation of the WBG gender strategy4 and measure the quality and results of World Bank operations. 1 According to the WB Climate Change Knowledge Portal, Antigua and Barbuda are exposed to climate change impacts, including accelerated coastal erosion and inundation, lower average annual rainfall, increased rainfall intensity causing flooding, and a likely increase in tropical storm intensity. 2 Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience: Existing Evidence. GFDRR (2021). 3 Acknowledgement: This desk review is an output of the LAC Regional Gender Coordination (Poverty and Equity GP) with support from the Canada-Caribbean Resilience Facility. Giacomo Palmisano is the primary author. Naraya Carrasco and Eliana Rubiano-Matulevich provided insightful comments. Chitra Arcot edited the content. 4 World Bank Group Gender Strategy (FY16-23): Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile 1)—do not offer a complete understanding of the differentiated effects caused by disasters on women and men in the country. However, post-Hurricane Irma and Maria assessments and reports highlight some critical issues about the specific vulnerabilities of women compared to men in the country. Health: Health-related indicators show that Antigua and Barbuda has a similar performance and, in some cases, a better performance than regional and same-income level peers (table 1). For instance, all births are reported to be attended by skilled health staff, contributing to low maternal mortality rates. Despite this, health risks are generally compounded This note presents examples of result chains for project teams by disasters, and differentiated impacts on women and men working on DRM-related operations to obtain the gender tag, might occur. Anecdotal evidence following Hurricane Irma in focusing on exposure and vulnerability, preparedness, and 2017, suggests that the health facility in Barbuda suffered coping capacity. Details about key policy documents on gender significant damage; the water supply was contaminated, and equality and gender-based violence (GBV), gender gaps in DRM the emergency generator was damaged, directly impacting the national level policies and laws in Antigua and Barbuda, and health of the entire population, and particularly of women and recommendations for policy makers to address gender gaps— girls (DoGA 2019). According to the policy brief on “Gendered which go beyond the gender tag requirements for World Bank Impacts of Climate Change and Disaster Risk” in Antigua project teams—are presented in the annexes. and Barbuda (UN Women, 2021a), pregnant women are more susceptible to vector-borne and water-related diseases such In general, gender data are scarce in the Caribbean as malaria and dengue in the event of flooding and water region. Disaster risk management in particular, lags behind contamination. At the same time, men are less likely to seek other sectors in collecting and reporting of sex- and age- disaggregated data. This review is based on a desk review of mental health assistance from posttraumatic stress. existing evidence and data about how men and women have Education: Education outcomes are different for girls and been impacted by, prepare for, and cope with disasters and boys in Antigua and Barbuda (table 1), and gender stereotypes climate-related events in the country. The review also draws in the school curriculum with male-oriented subjects are from national reports on gender and DRM and country level reported (DoGA 2019). According to the assessment report data and statistics. Some of the assessments and data used in following Hurricane Irma in 2017, educational structures, this review might be considered outdated but acknowledging including preschools, primary, and secondary schools, suffered lack of current data on gender and DRM, they nevertheless damages, with all primary and secondary students being provide valuable information to understand differentiated placed in schools in Antigua. Interestingly, women interviewed impacts of natural disasters on women and men due to during focus group discussions declared that being displaced prevailing inequalities. to Antigua provided access to better quality schools for their children as in Antigua, truancy is closely managed (DoGA 2019). Extreme weather events in Antigua and Barbuda will 1. Exposure and vulnerability, likely widen gender disparity gaps, including boys dropping out preparedness, and coping capacity of of school to find work to assist single-parent mothers (GoAB women and men in case of disasters 2020). Care work: Despite a data gap on time use in Antigua and 1.1. Exposure and vulnerability Barbuda, unpaid care work is reported to be predominantly Women5 in the country are reported to be adversely affected carried out by women (CBD 2014; DoGA 2019). When schools by systemic, institutional, and sociocultural, political, and close during disasters, it is reported that women in Antigua economic inequalities (CBD 2014; DoGA 2019), but data gaps— and Barbuda tend to be more absent at work to dedicate time especially under the domain of economic opportunities (table to stay at home to care for their children (UN Women 2021a). According to Erman et al. (2021), exposure constitutes the assets that are of interest and at risk—including population, environment, 5 economy, buildings—in a disaster-affected area. Vulnerability refers to assets’ susceptibility to damage or impact from a hazard. 2 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile Livelihoods: Data gaps are particularly evident in the affected by flood damages. On average, women reported that economic opportunity sphere (table 1). Available data on labor they paid over US$1,000 more than their male counterparts force participation show an existing gap, with women having for post-disaster recovery after the hurricanes, including more limited economic opportunities than men. However, materials to repair houses, and replacing electric wiring and the gender gap in Antigua and Barbuda is lower compared to water pipes. (GoAB and Adaptation Fund 2020). both regional and structural peers. In line with global trends, Female-headed households: About half of the households occupational sex segregation can drive the degree of financial in Antigua and Barbuda are reported to be headed by instability of women and men in case of disasters. For instance, women (table 1), many of whom are reported to be single- women are overrepresented in the services sectors, which are parent households with dependents, such as the elderly more susceptible to climate impacts such as in tourism, the and the disabled. The responsibilities to provide and care for worst impacted sector by the 2017 hurricanes Irma and Maria them, in addition to the barriers that women may face to (GCF 2022). Many of those in tourism, a large proportion being access economic opportunities, may expose female-headed women, are commonly employed in low level, low paying, and households (FHHs) to greater vulnerability (DoGA 2019), seasonal jobs (DoGA 2019; UN Women 2021b). In addition, the especially in case of natural disasters. It is estimated that COVID-19 pandemic has particularly affected female workers at least half of the households hit by Hurricane Irma were in the tourism sector, especially female-headed households FFHs, which were larger than those male-headed, and which (UNDP, UNICEF, and UN Women 2020; UN Women 2021a). may have suffered significant damages due to their specific Agriculture is another sector highly exposed to natural hazards; conditions (DoGA 2019). a sector that employs only 0.9 percent of the population, with a third of this group being women, mainly engaging in Gender-based violence: According to available data (table subsistence farming (DoGA 2019). In addition, male farmers on 1) and reports (DoGA, 2019), women in Antigua and Barbuda average, tend to engage in both crop cultivation and livestock continue to be adversely affected by gender-based violence rearing, whereas in contrast, female farmers tend to engage in (GBV). A more limited ability for women to meet their needs a greater variety of crop cultivation but less in livestock rearing financially may result in increased reliance on the income of (CDPC 2021). According to the Caribbean Development Policy men to support their families, including partners who do not Centre’s (CDPC) survey (2021), 72 percent of male farmers in live in the house, which may eventually lead to increased Antigua and Barbuda accrued losses due to a natural hazard risks of violence against women and their families (GoAB and or extreme weather event compared to 48 percent of female Adaptation Fund 2020; UN Women 2021a). Given their specific farmers. Also, women form the majority of domestic workers socioeconomic situation in FFHs, transactional sex is reported with a high level of job insecurity. They are generally only paid as a severe risk to single women who lead households (GoAB for days worked and do not receive paid vacation, sick leave, or and Adaptation Fund 2020). maternity leave (ILO 2018). Women in DRM decision making: Women occupy about Assets: Despite the lack or limited availability of data, 11 percent of the seats in the national parliament of Antigua women in Antigua and Barbuda are reported to have more and Barbuda (table 1). It highlights pending issues in women’s limited access to and control over the means of production participation in political leadership and decision making. The compared to men, particularly of land and credit, because of National Office of Disaster Services (NODS) is responsible for male preference in inheritance, male privilege in marriage, male disaster management, and women comprise nine out of 17 bias in community and state programs of land distribution, district disaster coordinators (WMO 2018). Meteorological and male bias in the land market (DoGA 2019). However, data Services is accountable for warnings and forecasts to from the agriculture sector in Antigua and Barbuda reveal that prepare and send out early warning system (EWS) bulletins— female farmers are more likely to own the land used for farming, information bulletins, alert bulletins, watch bulletins, and but the plots of land are smaller than male farmers (CDPC warning bulletins. Of a staff of eight meteorologists and 2021). Inequalities in asset ownership and in their control and forecasters, two are female, and of the 13 meteorology use contribute to an unequal distribution of disaster-related observers, five are female (WMO 2018). In addition, both the impacts along gender lines. This was evident in the case of the Directorate of Gender Affairs (DoGA) and the Department of fisheries sector, where middle-aged and older men tend to own Environment (DoE) are headed by female directors. The GoAB and use the boats and tools for fishing, with expected financial has taken steps to integrate a gender perspective into DRM losses for them and their families (UN Women 2021a). With at the national, sector, and agency levels (table A.2). In the regards to the housing sector, after Hurricanes Irma and Maria, aftermath of Hurricane Irma in 2017, women were actively assessments revealed that women were disproportionately involved in the development and distribution of dignity kits— 3 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile essential health and hygiene products—to the affected mobile phones, with accessibility features utilized by disaster population, as well in the recovery efforts through their management service agencies (UN Women 2021a). In addition, representation within the Barbuda Council, a local government the WMO assessment (2018) included Antigua and Barbuda body, where more than half of 11 members are female (DoGA among the countries selected for the EWS review. It identified 2019; World Bank 2021a). Although DRM-related institutions key gender issues to consider when designing and developing have women in high positions, this does not necessarily EWS: (i) women and men are likely to respond differently to translate into gender-responsive policies and practices in the EWS because of time use patterns; (ii) their bargaining power sector (UN Women 2021a). in the household and their family structure; (iii) the economic activity they are engaged in; and (iv) gendered differences in risk perception. It led to a specific assessment of the national 1.2. Preparedness and coping capacity. EWS to identify ways to improve it. Aspects for improvement Women and men are reported to differently prepare and cope include: (i) collection and analysis of gender differentiated risks with climate-related events in Antigua and Barbuda. This and vulnerability data; (ii) feedback mechanisms to verify that highlights the role of gender in defining resilience as data and warnings have reached the principal stakeholders, particularly reports in this section demonstrate.6 women and people in vulnerable conditions; (iii) communication and dissemination systems to tailor the different needs or risks Evacuation or access to shelters: Overall, women from of urban and rural populations, women and men, older people rural areas in Antigua and Barbuda face specific barriers to and youth, people with disabilities; and (iv) dissemination mobility, mainly due to transportation shortages. In case through greater use of radio amateurs and community alert of climate-related events, pregnant and elderly women and via social media (NODS 2018). persons with disabilities (PWDs) may be particularly at risk as roads become unavailable and coastal areas become prone Disaster preparedness: According to the policy brief to flooding. To address potential risks of GBV in shelters, the on “Gendered Impacts of Climate Change and Disaster Directorate of Gender Affairs (DoGA), in collaboration with Risk” in Antigua and Barbuda (UN Women 2021a), women United Nations Population Fund and UN Women Caribbean in Antigua and Barbuda tend to spend more money on Multi-Country Office, and the International Organization for disaster preparation by stocking essentials when notification Migration (IOM) developed guidelines for the prevention of of the disaster is provided. However, this may make them sexual assault and GBV within shelter settings and conducted more financially vulnerable when returning to normalcy or training for all shelter managers on their implementation resumption of work takes longer than expected. This seems to (DoGA 2019). be confirmed by the GoAB and Adaptation Fund report (2020). On average, in Antigua and Barbuda, women pay over US$800 Early Warning System (EWS): According to the World more than their male counterparts for disaster preparedness, Meteorological Organization (WMO) assessment (2018), radio including for materials such as shutters, tapes for windows to is still a key source for information on hazards and threats, yet protect their houses, food, and clothes.7 Interestingly, the GoAB social media are gaining prominence in the region—thus, the use launched a social housing program in 2018 focused on poor of mobile phones for accessing media such as WhatsApp and and vulnerable persons in urban communities, which prioritizes Facebook is becoming increasingly relevant. The dissemination women, particularly single mothers, as they are recognized as of early warnings through the internet might generate barriers a vulnerable and often disadvantaged group. This recognition based on gender, location, and ethnicity, yet a data gap exists has improved women’s access to safe, affordable, and climate regarding the digital divide and potential gaps between women resilient housing (DoGA 2019). and men in Antigua and Barbuda (table 1). According to the policy brief on “Gendered Impacts of Climate Change and Access to finance, assets, and social security: Despite Disaster Risk” in Antigua and Barbuda (UN Women 2021a), some data gaps (table 1), women and men in Antigua and most households in Antigua and Barbuda have at least one Barbuda continue to have unequal access and control over working mobile phone during disasters, which should allow assets and resources (CBD 2014), contributing to determining for the vast majority to access disaster-related information. their coping capacity to disasters. Likewise, access to pension However, FHHs with low income may not have access to in Antigua and Barbuda is biased as periods of absence from 6 According to Erman et al. (2021), resilience refers to the ability to prepare (anticipate, absorb, accommodate) or cope (recover) from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner. 7 This aspect would require further analysis as there is no evidence on the driving factors and on the consequences in terms of reduced impacts for women and men in AB. Global evidence may suggest the different responsibilities in household and social family roles as potential factors influencing disaster preparedness of women and men (Erman et al., 2021). 4 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile work owing to childcare are not accounted for pension benefits challenges for women, and specifically for FFHs. For instance, (WBL 2021). Impact assessments focusing on disasters such from March to December 2020, women depleted most of their as hurricanes and the COVID-19 pandemic in Antigua and savings as many FFHs were without jobs. As a coping strategy, Barbuda indicate that women have economic challenges, some of them decided to work for a shorter period in a different resulting in limited resources such as disposable income (UN sector, while others created entrepreneurial ventures (UN Women 2021a). Women 2021a). Livelihoods: Women are generally reported to be more Insurance: Hurricane Irma caused damage to 95 percent at risk of unemployment (UN Women 2021a) as the great of the housing stock on the island of Barbuda, and significant majority engage in the services sector such as tourism, with damages were also reported in Antigua. This is in a context a relevant impact on their capacity to cope and recover from where about 30 percent of houses are reported to be covered disasters. According to the “Review of the Beijing Declaration by insurance, whereas the rest depend on family or friends and Platform for Action Report” (DoGA 2019), in the aftermath for disaster recovery assistance (GoAB and Adaptation Fund of Hurricane Irma, women working in the tourism sector were 2020). Sex-disaggregated data on policy holders in the housing the most concerned about employment as they were unsure of sector are unavailable, although they exist for the agriculture how they would be able to transfer their skills. On the contrary sector. According to CDPC’s report (2021), nine percent of male side, men overrepresented in the construction and fisheries farmers who had accrued losses caused by a natural hazard or sectors are better positioned to access jobs in the rebuilding extreme weather indicated that they have or have had insurance phase after a disaster occurs (DoGA 2019). To address this, the coverage for their crops or livestock, compared to three percent Government of Antigua and Barbuda developed the “Guidelines for female farmers. Additional findings from the report include: for Implementing Gender Equality and Social Inclusive (i) lack of awareness of parametric insurance8 as the dominant Infrastructure Projects” (GIGSIIP). Its goal is to enhance the reason for its minimal penetration levels in the country, with capacity of the Ministry of Works and Housing and other 66 percent of male farmers reporting not being aware of relevant ministry partners and contractors to implement equal parametric insurance, compared to 56 percent in the case of employment and gender-responsive safeguard policies in the female farmers; ii) about a third of female farmers reported the workplace (DoGA 2019). Assessments following the COVID-19 unavailability of insurance for their specific crop or livestock as pandemic in Antigua and Barbuda confirm the economic a reason for lack of coverage (CDPC 2021). According to CPDC (2021), parametric’ insurance is a category of insurance based on the use of specific measured ‘parameters,’ such as 8 rainfall amount, wind speed, or seismic activity linked to an insured’s loss. The claims payment amount is fixed in advance in the insurance contract and comes into effect when threshold conditions (i.e., parameters) are exceeded. 5 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile TABLE 1. Benchmarking gender gaps related to DRM. Performance Year LAC Year Income group Year Source Human Endowments Life expectancy at birth, male 76 2020 70 2020 78 2020 WB (2020) (years) Life expectancy at birth, female 81 2020 77 2020 83 2020 WB (2020) (years) Maternal mortality ratio per 42 2017 74 2017 11 2017 CRF report (2021) 100,000 live births Births attended by skilled health 100 2017 95 2019 99 2019 WB (2017) staff (% of total) School enrollment, secondary, 90 2018 79 2018 91 2018 WB (2018) female (% net) School enrollment, secondary, 88 2018 76 2018 90 2018 WB (2018) male (% net) Lower secondary completion 101.6 2019 82.9 2020 95.1 2020 WB (2019) rate, female (% of relevant age group) Lower secondary completion 105.1 2019 77.9 2020 93.9 2020 WB (2019) rate, male (% of relevant age group) Percentage of female tertiary NA NA NA NA NA NA UN Women (2020) graduates in Information and Communication Technologies Percentage of female tertiary NA NA NA NA NA NA UN Women (2020) graduates in Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Proportion of persons aged 15- 1.24 2018 or NA NA NA NA CRF report (2021) 24 enrolled in vocational training latest (%); female Proportion of persons aged 15- 2.26 2018 or NA NA NA NA CRF report (2021) 24 enrolled in vocational training latest (%); male Proportion of population above NA NA NA NA NA NA UN Women (2021) statutory pensionable age receiving a pension, female Assessing laws affecting the 75 2022 81.3 2022 NA NA WBL (2022) size of a woman’s pension - on a scale from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest) Female-headed households (% of 48.4 2012 NA NA NA NA CDB (2016) total households) Proportion of time spent on NA NA NA NA NA NA Data not available unpaid domestic and care work, female (% of 24-hour day) Economic opportunity Female labor participation (% of 66.2 2008 or 52.5 2019 53.6 2019 CRF report (2021) female population ages 15+) latest Male labor participation (% of 78.2 2008 or 76.7 2019 68.6 2019 CRF report (2021) male population ages 15+) latest Vulnerable employment, female NA NA 33.8 2019 7.7 2019 Data not available (% of female employment) 6 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile Performance Year LAC Year Income group Year Source Firms with female top manager NA NA 20.1 2020 18.2 2020 Data not available (% of firms) Account ownership at a financial NA NA 70.14 2021 96.72 2021 Data not available institution or with a mobile- money-service provider, female (% of population ages 15+) Share of agricultural landowners NA NA NA NA NA NA Data not available who are female Female mobile phone ownership NA NA NA NA NA NA Data not available as a % of total female population Female internet use as a % of NA NA NA NA NA NA Data not available total female population Voice and agency Proportion of seats held by 11 2021 34 2021 31 2021 WB (2021) women in national parliaments (%) Number of Domestic violence 119 2015 NA NA NA NA DECIDES CARIBBEAN cases with females as victims/ (2017) survivors Number of Domestic violence 12 2015 NA NA NA NA DECIDES CARIBBEAN cases with males as victims/ (2017) survivors 2. DRM policies and gender financially. Special provisions are made to provide loans and financing options to female, single-headed households to increase their resilience to climate change (DoGA 2019). The Government of Antigua and Barbuda is advancing in The Act also periodically mandates the preparation of applying gender lens into DRM at the national, sector, and gender impact statements of the Fund’s operations, agency levels. Among other initiatives, the National Office of projects, and programs. Disaster Services (NODS) works closely with the Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA), which ● The National Strategic Biodiversity Action Plan’s10 main provides a framework for integrating gender into disaster risk goal is to ensure that the biological diversity of Antigua reduction plans, programs and policies in Antigua and Barbuda and Barbuda is sustainably and equitably used, protected, (DoGA 2019). Nevertheless, most national disaster-related and conserved so that it contributes positively to the policies have no gender-specific content (table A.2; World Bank social and economic development of the country. This goal 2021b). sets strategic goals, actions to be undertaken, and related indicators. It aligns the strategic goal D, which is to enhance ● The Environmental Protection and Management Act the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services of 20199 establishes and defines the Department of to the Aichi Biodiversity Target 14. By 2020, ecosystems Environment (DoE) functions, which takes the lead on that provide essential services, including services related all government programs related to climate resilience to water, and contribute to health, livelihoods, and well- and mitigation. Further, through DoE, the Government being, are restored and safeguarded, taking into account of Antigua and Barbuda developed a national fund, the the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund (SIRF Fund), the poor and vulnerable. to serve as the primary channel for environmental, climate mitigation, and adaptation funding to support vulnerable ● The Gender Policy of the Department of Environment groups and communities for disaster preparedness (DoE)11 formalizes the DoE’s commitment to mainstreaming gender nationally and achieving gender 9 Environmental Protection and Management Act (2019) 10 FAO’s National Strategic Biodiversity Action Plan (2014–2020). 11 Gender Policy of Dept. of Environment. 7 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile sensitivity in all areas. This involves the active and equal involvement of men and women in environmental management and implementation and understanding and mitigating against risks associated with the differentiated vulnerabilities of men and women to climate change events. ● The Environmental Social Safeguard Policy of the DoE12 formalizes the DoE’s commitment to promoting environmental and socially sustainable projects. More specifically, the objectives include: (i) provide for environmental, social, and gender screening of projects; (ii) determine and assess environmental, social, and gender level, it identifies knowledge gaps concerning understanding risks and impacts of projects through consultations with gender and its concepts, as well as bias in gender attitudes stakeholders and vulnerable communities; (iii) ensure such as “women to prioritize their family over their career”. At access to information and full participation in the decision- the institutional level, it identifies the limited awareness of making process for stakeholders, especially to vulnerable gender and the lack of sex-disaggregated data in the sector, communities; (iv) create safeguards and mechanisms to which is reflected in the majority of sector strategies and mitigate risks and negative environmental, social and actions plans (UN Women 2021a; UN Women and IISD 2021). economic impacts associated with projects; (v) ensure access to justice in environmental matters regarding social safeguard and gender issues for affected parties 3. Building result chains for impact in the form of a functional and efficient complaint through the gender tag mechanism; and (vi) cooperate with partners to build capacity in risk mitigation and facilitate implementation of environmental, social and gender safeguards, and This section provides a set of non-exhaustive gender gaps monitoring and evaluation. in key priority areas for Antigua and Barbuda. It illustrates actions that could be integrated into DRM-related projects to The Post-Disaster Public Financial Management (PD-PFM) address such gaps, and indicators to monitor progress at the Review for Antigua and Barbuda13 reports that the principles project level (table 2). These result chains are intended to inform of inclusiveness and gender equality are not considered in the the design of World Bank DRM-related operations to meet the allocation of resources for disaster response. requirements for the gender tag. Specific recommendations for UN Women conducted a survey to assess gender biases policy makers to address existing gender gaps—going beyond and how they play out in coordination mechanisms for climate the requirements of the gender tag—are presented in table A.3 change adaptation and disaster risk reduction. At an individual in Annex A. Environmental Social Safeguard Policy of the DoE (2018) 12 Post-Disaster Public Financial Management (PD-PFM) Review for Antigua and Barbuda. 13 8 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile TABLE 2. List of gender gaps in key priority areas in Antigua and Barbuda. Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Health Health risks are likely to Provide support to healthcare Percentage of women increase in case of natural services, including sexual and receiving healthcare disasters: reproductive health services, and services. psychological support, especially • in case of flooding and water for those at most risk (pregnant Percentage of pregnant contamination, pregnant women; those living in areas prone women receiving antenatal/ women are more susceptible to flooding). postnatal care. to vector-borne and water- related diseases (e.g., malaria Increased number of water access Percentage of females/ and dengue). points, especially in remote areas, males receiving psychosocial • men are less likely to seek in line with women’s and men’s counseling services. mental health assistance specific needs. from post-traumatic stress. Percentage of women suffering from water-borne Following Tropical Storm Arthur, diseases. FHHs, children and the elderly were identified as particularly in Percentage of women need of psychosocial support. suffering from GBV due to long distances to fetch water. Education Extreme weather events in Support continuity and Share of female and male Antigua and Barbuda are likely strengthening education activities students attending school to widening gender disparity and infrastructure, especially in regularly in selected areas. gaps, including boys to drop out underserved areas with a higher of school to find work to assist risk/rate of out-of-school children, Out-of-school girls and boys their single parent mothers. girls, and boys (e.g., in Barbuda). in selected areas. The risk of drop out of school Provide incentives for family may be particularly relevant in and community engagement to Barbuda. create environments that support the success of girls and boys in school. Care work Unpaid care work is reported Provide infrastructure and service Reduction in time spent to be predominantly realized support to reproductive and care on unpaid work in the by women. When school closes work: provision of childcare, household. during disasters, it is reported transport services to access that women in Antigua and employment opportunities for Reduction in time spent Barbuda tend to be more absent those in shelters; increase water fetching water due to at work to dedicate time to access points as part of water improved access to water stay at home to care for their supply system rehabilitation or supply system. children. improving overall accessibility by improving road networks as part of infrastructure rehabilitation. 9 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Livelihoods Gender gaps in labor market: Provide targeted support to Female beneficiaries reached P166328 – Dominica those affected by ensuring with productive assets and Emergency • labor force participation is equal opportunities to recover/ services (disaggregated by Agricultural lower for women. restart their livelihoods and ethnic groups/areas). Livelihoods and • occupational sex segregation, consider existing gaps/barriers Climate Resilience with women overrepresented for women, including for female Share of women receiving Projecta in the service sector that is heads of households, rural women. support (disaggregated by more susceptible to climate Targeted support may include ethnic groups/areas). impacts. provision of inputs and tools; technical support to meet the Number of women-owned Reported impacts/risks along specific needs of women and businesses formalized gender lines: men; provision of childcare and and with access to social transport services to facilitate security by the end of the • a large proportion of women project. in the tourism sector are female participation in trainings; employed in low level, low involvement of female trainers; Share of women in paying and seasonal jobs. formalization of women-owned permanent jobs created by • women are the majority of businesses. the project. the domestic workers with Promote female participation high level of job insecurity – in reconstruction work through no paid vacation, sick leave or targeted training, recruitment maternity leave. (quota in bidding documents), etc. • male farmers tend to engage This is in line with the “Guidelines in both crop cultivation and for Implementing Gender Equality livestock rearing; female and Social Inclusive Infrastructure farmers engage in a greater Projects” (GIGSIIP). variety of crop cultivation, but less in livestock rearing - male farmers are more likely to report losses to weather events compared to female farmers. • middle-aged and older men tend to own and use the boats and tools for fishing, with expected financial losses for them and their families. Social About half of the households Provide access to safety net Share of female informal Locust Emergency assistance in Antigua and Barbuda programs with specific targets workers receiving access to and Food Security are reported to be headed for female beneficiaries including emergency funds. Project (P174314)b by women and particularly older women. These may include vulnerable in case of disasters/ the design of cash-for-work Share of public works shocks: programs with childcare work as offering childcare/Share of an option. beneficiaries with access to Somalia Emergency • many FHHs are reported to childcare. Drought Response be single parent households Increase financial inclusion of low- and Recovery with dependents (elderly, income women by including them Increased number of men Project (P163830)c disabled, etc.) which may in safety net programs through with accounts with financial limit their access to economic digital payments. institutions/ mobile-money- opportunities. service providers. • due to COVID-19 pandemic, women depleted most of their savings as many female heads of households were without jobs. Access to pension in Antigua and Barbuda is still biased as periods of absence from work due to childcare are not accounted for pension benefits. 10 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Housing Quality of housing may be Provide targeted support to Number of female-headed P166537 – Dominica different between FHHs and women and FHHs for housing households that receive Housing Recovery MHHs. reconstruction through grants technical, legal and/or Projectd or subsidies, while prioritizing financial support to rebuild/ Following Hurricane Irma and criteria which targets women. repair their houses. P171361 – Comoros Maria, women reported that, This may include ensuring Post-Kenneth on average, they paid over adequate technical assistance in Share of female-headed Recovery and $1,000 more than their male reconstruction works. This is line households with access to Resilience Projecte counterparts for post disaster with the Social Housing program resilient housing. recovery after hurricane, (2018). including for materials to repair houses, replacing electric wiring and water pipes, etc. Insurance The penetration rate of housing Expand insurance coverage and Increased rate of female/ P171465 – Grenada insurance against disaster address protection gaps between male policy holders (home/ Disaster Risk is still low (30%), but sex- women and men. This may business insurance). Management disaggregated data are not include designing women-friendly Development available. insurance products; insurance Policy Credit with coverage and registration for a Catastrophe A gender protection gap does workers in the supply chain not Deferred Drawdown exist in the agriculture sector previously covered; subsidized Optionf - 9% of male farmers that had insurance costs for those most accrued losses due to extreme in need; increased awareness of weather indicated that they insurance coverage/benefit for currently have or have had an potential beneficiaries. insurance coverage for their crops /livestock vs. 3% for female farmers. About a third of female farmers reported the unavailability of insurance for their specific crop/livestock as a reason for lack of coverage. EWS FHHs with low income may not Support awareness campaign Share of registered users of P170874 - Indonesia have access to mobile phone and EWS which target women, mobile phone application Disaster Resilience with accessibility features, especially those living in rural for EWS (or other EWS Initiative Projectg currently utilized by the disaster areas/low-income women, application) that are women management service agencies. and ensure that systems meet (and disaggregate by urban/ specific information needs, use rural areas, ethnic groups). The NODS identifies areas inclusive language and materials, for improvement of the EWS, use appropriate channels for including on specific gender dissemination. issues. Ensure that women are represented and involved in the design and development of EWS (Design messaging and delivery of EWS through women’s networks). 11 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples GBV Increased risks of violence Support infrastructure design Number of shelters with against women: and services in shelters to established protocol and prevent and address GBV (set measures to prevent and • especially for those that up protocol and procedures to address GBV cases. have more limited ability to prevent and address GBV cases; financially meet their needs. training/awareness campaigns Number of women and girls • transactional sex is reported on GBV and measures for DRM using GBV response services as a severe risk to single professionals and communities; in shelters women heads of households. provide separate toiletsh and adequate lighting). Number of women and girls reporting GBV cases in Ensure GBV protocol and shelters. measures address the specific needs of women and girls, by strengthening reporting systems, and raising awareness with communities. This is in line with DoGA’s Guidelines for prevention sexual assault and GBV within shelter settings. DRM Lack of sex-disaggregated Set up adequate systems, Disaster risk, exposure, and P171474 – Haiti policies and socioeconomic data on disaster protocols, and guidelines for vulnerability information, Covid-19 Response gender response, risks, vulnerability, collecting and analyzing sex- disaggregated by gender and Resilience and exposure to inform DRM disaggregated data in DRM. and age, made available for Development Policy interventions, investments and investment planning and Operationi address existing gaps. Provide targeted support data sharing among sectors. such as capacity building and Despite DRM-related technical assistance to generate institutions have women in and disseminate information high positions, this does not on disaster risk, exposure, and necessarily translate into vulnerability, disaggregated by gender-responsive policies and gender and age. practices in the sector. Set up/review DRM framework to include a set of gender-responsive indicators informed by sex- and age-disaggregated baseline data, which can be used to select/ prioritize investment projects and monitor and evaluate progress in addressing identified gaps. This is in line with NODS’s efforts to support the gender equality agenda in the sector. Note: a. Dominica Agricultural Livelihoods. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/676791523844067219/pdf/Dominica-Project- Appraisal-Document-PAD-April-4-2018-04042018.pdf b. Pakistan. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P174314 c. Somalia. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P163830 d. Dominica Housing Recovery. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/799351523844037096/pdf/Dominica-Housing-project- appraisal-document-pad-P166537-04042018-04042018.pdf e. Comoros. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P171361 f. Grenada. https://www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2020/01/21/grenada-disaster-risk-management-development-policy- credit-with-a-catastrophe-deferred-drawdown-option g. Indonesia. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/160881575169231425/pdf/Indonesia-Disaster-Resilience-Initiatives-Project.pdf h. Please note that having separate facilities (as separate toilets) is an essential requirement of universal project design. As such, it does not fulfill the criteria for the gender tag. i. Haiti. https://projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P171474 12 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile References International Telecommunication Union (ITU). The Digital Development Dashboard. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Dashboards/Pages/ Digital-Development.aspx Canada Caribbean Resilience Facility. 2019. Post-Disaster Public Financial Management (PD-PFM) Review for Antigua and Barbuda. https://www. National Office of Disaster Services (NODS). 2018. Multi-Hazard Early gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/GFDRR-CRF-FS-ANT-BARB.pdf Warning Systems Report for Antigua and Barbuda. St. John’s, Antigua and Barbuda: NODS. https://www.cdema.org/component/jdownloads/ Caribbean Development Bank. 2014. Country Gender Assessment of send/28-antigua/158-multi-hazardearly-warning-systems-report-for- Antigua and Barbuda. https://www.caribank.org/publicationsand- antigua-and-barbuda-2018 resources/resource-library/gender-assessments/country- genderassessment-antigua-and-barbuda-2014-volumes-1-and-2. Our World in Data website. https://ourworldindata.org Caribbean Development Policy Centre (CPDC). 2021. Gender and Climate UN Women and IISD. 2021. Gender-Responsive Resilience Building in the and Disaster Risk Finance and Insurance. A focus on Small-Scale Farmers Caribbean: Understanding the Role of Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviours, in Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, and Grenada. https://cpdcngo.org/ and Practices in Coordination Mechanisms for Climate Change and wp-content/uploads/2021/07/Gender-and-Climate-Disaster-Risk- Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.iisd.org/publications/gender- Finance-and-Insurance-A-Focus-on-Small-Scale-Farmers-in-Antigua- responsive-resilience-building-caribbean and-Barbuda-Barbados-and-Grenada-1-1.pdf UN Women. 2020. Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and DECIDES CARIBBEAN. 2017. Domestic Violence in Antigua and Barbuda: Mathematics (STEM) in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region. Final Research Report. https://www.interarts.net/wp-content/ https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20americas/ uploads/2018/02/DECIDES_Caribe-Domestic-Violence-in-Antigua-and- documentos/publicaciones/2020/09/women%20in%20stem%20un%20 Barbuda_-Final-Research-Report.pdf women%20unesco%20en32921.pdf?la=en&vs=4617 Dept. of Environment (DoE). 2018. Gender Policy. https://www. UN Women. 2021a. EnGenDER Gender Inequality Climate Change adaptation-fund.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Approved-DOE- & Disaster Risk Resilience Brief – Antigua and Barbuda. https:// Gender-Policy.pdf wrd.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2022-02/EnGenDER_ Gender%20Inequality%20CC%20DRR%20Brief_Antigua%20and%20 Directorate of Gender Affairs (DoGA). 2019. Antigua and Barbuda Review BarbudaF_20220203.pdf of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action: 2014–2019. Antigua and Barbuda: Directorate of Gender Affairs. https://www.cepal.org/sites/ Un Women. 2021b. Summary Status of Women and Men Report – The default/files/informe_beijing25_antigua_y_barbuda.pdf. Impacts of COVID-19: A Gender analysis of the Impacts of COVID-19 on women and men in 12 Caribbean Countries February/March 2021. https:// Erman A., De Vries Robbé S. A., Thies S. F., Kabir K., and Maruo M. 2021. caribbean.un.org/sites/default/files/2021-07/20210413%20summary%20 Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience. Existing Evidence. report%20covid-19%209%20interactive.pdf https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/926731614372544454/ pdf/Gender-Dimensions-of-Disaster-Risk-and-Resilience-Existing- UN Women. Country Fact Sheet for Antigua and Barbuda. https://data. Evidence.pdf unwomen.org/country/antigua-and-barbuda Green Climate Fund (GCF). 2022. Antigua and Barbuda: Climate Change UNDP, UNICEF, and UN Women, 2020. Antigua and Barbuda. COVID-19 Country Programme 2020. https://www.greenclimate.fund/sites/default/ Heat Report: Human and Economic Assessment of Impact. https:// files/document/country-programme-antigua-and-barbuda.pdf caribbean.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20Caribbean/ Attachments/Publications/2020/Human%20Impact%20and%20 Govt. of Antigua and Barbuda (GoAB). 2014. National Strategic Economic%20Assessment%20of%20Impact%20%20Antigua%20%20 Biodiversity Action Plan (2014-2020). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/ Barbuda.pdf details/en/c/LEX-FAOC154533/ Women, Business and the Law website. https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl Govt. of Antigua and Barbuda (GoAB). 2019. Environmental Protection and Management Act (2019). No. 10 of 2019. http://laws.gov.ag/wp- World Bank. 2021a. Antigua and Barbuda Country Gender Scorecard. content/uploads/2019/08/No.-10-of-2019-Environmental-Protection- https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com.mcas.ms/sites/LCR/Documents/ and-Management-Bill-2019.pdf Gender/Country%20Scorecards/LCR%20Country%20Gender%20 Scorecards%202021/Antigua_barbuda_SCORECARD-OK-linked. Govt. of Antigua and Barbuda (GoAB). 2020. The Socio-economic Impact pdf?McasTsid=20892 of the Cost of Extreme Weather Events On Women In Antigua And Barbuda. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/resource/03_Pres_AF%20 World Bank. 2021b. Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Event_Antigua%20and%20Barbuda.pdf Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review. Canada Caribbean Resilience Facility. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35215 Government of Antigua and Barbuda and Adaptation Fund. 2020. The Socio-economic Impact of the Cost of Extreme Weather Events On World Bank. 2022. Climate Change Knowledge Portal. https:// climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/antigua-and-barbuda Women In Antigua And Barbuda. https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/ resource/03_Pres_AF%20Event_Antigua%20and%20Barbuda.pdf World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/ world-development-indicators International Labour Organization. 2018. Gender at Work in the Caribbean: Synthesis Report for Five Countries. https://www.ilo.org/ World Meteorological Organization (WMO). 2018. Caribbean 2017 wcmsp5/groups/public/---americas/---ro-lima/---sro-port_of_spain/ Hurricane Season. An evidence-based Assessment of the Early Warning documents/publication/wcms_651944.pdf System. https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=5459 13 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile Annex A TABLE A.1. Antigua and Barbuda’s key policy documents on gender equality and GBV. Laws, policies, and plans Content Gender equality National Gender Equality Policy and It is aimed to establish a framework for implementing gender priorities nationally and integrating the Sustainable Development Action Plan (under consideration) Goals for national implementation. Labour Code (1975, amended in 2011) It ensures equal pay for equal work for men and women in both the public and private sectors. Disabilities and Equal Opportunities Act It prohibits discrimination against women and men with disabilities. (2017) Social Protection Act (2019) Section 37 establishes the National Social Protection Commission to promote an integrated, equitable, and sustainable social protection system, reduce poverty and vulnerability, and deliver child and gender-sensitive programs. National Youth Policy (2007) It identifies critical factors to youth empowerment and key focus areas of participation, gender equality, and gender relations. National Health and Family Life Education It aims to mainstream health and family life education as a core Policy (2010) curriculum component in schools, including gender relations and sexual health. Gender-based Domestic Violence Act (2015) It expands the definition of DV under the law and mandates that violence police offices file a report on every reported DV case. Evidence (Special Provisions) (Amendment) It allows vulnerable witnesses of sexual crimes to give evidence Act (2016) without facing the perpetrator in court. Children (Care and Adoption) Act (2015) It ensures that children, particularly girls, are placed in safe living environments, and provides access to psychosocial care through counseling services for children in need of protection. Sexual Offences Act (1995, amended in It recognizes a wide range of offences, and contains provisions geared 2004) at offering greater protection to children and persons with mental disorders. Trafficking in Persons (Prevention) Act Section 7A establishes the Trafficking in Persons Prevention (2010, amended in 2018) Unit, with its main function to eliminate and prevent trafficking incidents.t outlines mechanisms for policy, legislation, multi-sectoral collaboration, implementation, prevention, data collection, and tracking the progress on GBV. National Strategic Action Plan to End It creates the National Electronic Gender-Based and Sexual Violence Database to store and analyze data and statistics on the related Violence Against Women and Girls for cases. Referrals to other organizations can also be made through the system. the period 2015-2018 Source: “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 14 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile TABLE A.2. Gender in Antigua and Barbuda’s key policy documents on DRM. Laws, policies, and plans Gender-specific content General DRM Disaster Management Act (2002) It does not include gender-specific content. Emergency Powers Act (1992) It does not include gender-specific content. National Action Plan: Combating It is gender neutral, with the only reference to the Gilbert Agricultural and Desertification, Land Degradation Rural Development Centre, a non-profit NGO specializing in certified technical, and Drought (2015–2020) vocational, and enterprise development training for vulnerable youth and women. National Comprehensive Disaster It commits the national DRM architecture to develop a framework enabling Management (CDM) Policy communities and vulnerable groups to support and elaborate disaster (2014–16) prevention, mitigation, recovery, and rehabilitation efforts. Sector/Agency DRM Physical Planning Act (2003) It does not include gender-specific content Slum Clearance and Housing Act It does not include gender-specific content. (1948, amended in 1995) National Solid Waste It does not include gender-specific content. Management Authority Act (1995) Public Utilities Act (1992) It does not include gender-specific content. Barbuda Land (Amendment) Act It does not include gender-specific content. (2007, amended in 2017) Environmental Protection and It has a directive for the Sustainable Island Resource Framework Fund to Management Act (2019) provide financial support to vulnerable groups and communities for disaster preparedness. It also mandates to prepare gender impact statements periodically of the Fund’s operations, projects, and programs. National Strategic Biodiversity It recognizes the need to contribute to health, livelihoods and well-being, Action Plan (2014-2020) considering the needs of women, indigenous and local communities, the poor, and the vulnerable. Department of Environment It formalizes the agency’s commitment to promote environmental, gender- Environmental Social Safeguard responsive, and socially sustainable projects. Policy (2018) Department of Environment It formalizes the agency’s commitment to gender mainstreaming in its Gender Policy (2018) programs and project portfolio. Source: “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 15 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile TABLE A.3. Gender gaps in DRM and recommendations for Antigua and Barbuda. Area Gaps Recommendations Legislation, policies, and • Lack of a gender perspective in many DRM • Amend national disaster-related policies to include a plans national policies and programmatic plans. gender perspective. • Lack of legal provisions on unpaid domestic • Include legal provisions on unpaid domestic work. work. • Raise awareness among policy makers about the disproportionate vulnerability of women to disaster impacts. Sex-disaggregated data • Insufficient information about gender • Continue to build capacity and train public officials and gender-specific differentiated disaster impacts. on risk, vulnerability, capacity assessments, and research • Lack of information on the number of women adaptation assessments. in DRM and climate change-related decision- • Strengthen collection of data on disaster impacts, making processes. disaggregated by sex and other key variables related to • Lack of data on unpaid domestic work. vulnerable groups. • Enhance data collection on the number of women in DRM decision-making processes. • Develop time-use surveys to measure unpaid work periodically. Gender-based violence • Challenges of women and girls without sufficient • Expand the services provided by the Legal Aid and means in accessing justice, protection, and Advice Centre to include free legal aid and legal redress. representation for women and girls without sufficient means. • Increase the allocation of human, technical and financial resources dedicated to the Sexual Offense Model Court (SOMS) with the High Court of Antigua and Barbuda. Institutional • Gender disparities in women’s access • Ensure the effective implementation of the prohibition strengthening to disaster safety nets due to unequal of discrimination against women through appropriate employment, lower wages, and lower control enforcement mechanisms and sanctions. over productive resources. • Strengthen the existing mechanisms and programs • Lower access of Barbuda’s residents to health to improve access to affordable health care, including care and high-quality schools compared to sexual and reproductive health, for women, particularly Antigua’s residents. in disaster settings. • Limited efforts to integrate child and gender • Promote access of all women in disaster situations to sensitivity into ongoing public programs. critical services, relief payments, disaster insurance, • Limited monitoring and evaluation mechanisms and compensation. to support gender-mainstreaming initiatives. • Eliminate disparities between residents of Antigua and Barbuda in access to healthcare, education, and social protection. • Strengthen tools to integrate child and gender- responsive budgeting and improve monitoring and evaluation of gender mainstreaming in DRM programs. Advocacy and • Lack of legislative provisions for specific services • Provide legislative support for specific services related education to support health and family life education as a to health and family life education in schools. core curriculum component in schools. • Include tools and techniques to support people with HIV/ • Insufficient coverage of special needs and AIDS, people with disabilities, and members of the LGBTI measures to support various vulnerable groups community in disaster-related training programs. in the DoGA training programs. • Organize workshops on child and gender-responsive • Lack of awareness raising campaigns about the budgeting to increase the knowledge of relevant importance of gender-sensitive budgeting. policy makers and social development practitioners about financing child and gender-related policies and programs in DRM. Partnerships in DRM • Limited efforts to create partnerships with civil • Promote partnerships between public agencies, society in DRM areas. women’s organizations, and other CSOs and NGOs to accelerate responses to disasters and climate change hazards. 16 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Antigua and Barbuda Country Profile Area Gaps Recommendations Social inclusion • Lack of evidence-based policies on inclusion of • Increase inclusion of ethnic minorities, indigent people, ethnic minorities, indigent people, people with people with disabilities, HIV/AIDS, and members of disabilities, HIV/AIDS, and members of the LGBTI the LGBTI community in DRM and climate change community in DRM programs and decision- adaptation programs. making processes. • Increase Barbuda’s women’s participation in DRR, • Insufficient efforts to increase participation of climate resilience, and mitigation programs and projects Barbuda’s women in decision-making processes as well as decision-making processes about the land about land redistribution on the island. redistribution on the island. Women’s participation • Insufficient women’s participation and • Target and remove gender-biased criteria or processes and leadership leadership in DRM and climate change activities. of decision-making bodies and strengthen mechanisms to increase women’s participation and leadership in DRM and climate change activities. Source: “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 17