Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica N atural disasters catalyze gender-differentiated effects. Women and girls are disproportionally impacted because of inequalities in Country Profile access to endowments, economic opportunities, and agency.1,2 The objective of this desk review3 is threefold. First, present recent data on key gender gaps concerning disaster risk management (DRM) in Jamaica and compare its performance against regional and structural peers. Second, present gender-differentiated effects of previous disasters in Jamaica based on existing evidence. And finally, use the evidence on gaps and differentiated effects of disasters to help task teams identify gender-responsive activities and indicators for the gender tag, a tool to systematically track the implementation of the WBG gender strategy4 and measure the quality and results of World Bank operations. This desk review presents examples of 1 According to the WB Climate Change Knowledge Portal, Jamaica is vulnerable to natural disasters such as hurricanes and flooding as well as the effects of climate change especially along coastal sectors. In addition, Jamaica faces very serious threats from hotter temperatures, droughts and floods linked to climate change, and an existential threat due to sea level rise. 2 Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience: Existing Evidence. GFDRR (2021). 3 This note is an output of the LAC Regional Gender Coordination (Poverty and Equity GP) with support from the Canada-Caribbean Resilience Facility. It was written by Giacomo Palmisano. Naraya Carrasco and Eliana Rubiano-Matulevich provided insightful comments. Chitra Arcot edited this note. 4 World Bank Group Gender Strategy (FY16-23) : Gender Equality, Poverty Reduction and Inclusive Growth. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/23425 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile Based on existing assessments and the most current data on gender gaps (table 1), the following analysis intends to highlight the potential exposure and vulnerability to natural hazards along gender lines. Health: The assessment following Hurricane Ivan (ECLAC, UNDP, and PIoJ 2004) reported severe damage to the health sector in Jamaica. Thirty-six percent of the island’s health centers suffered some damage, including loss of equipment and supplies and lack of quality water to guarantee the operation results chains for project teams working on DRM-related of hospitals—with a potential deprivation of healthcare operations to obtain the gender tag, focusing on exposure and services for a significant proportion of the population. Findings vulnerability, preparedness, and coping capacity. Details about from the UNDP report (2009a) highlight different health needs key policy documents on gender equality and gender-based or impacts on women and men following hurricanes Gilbert violence (GBV), gender gaps in DRM national level policies and (1988), Ivan (2004), and Dean (2007) hitting Jamaica: laws in Jamaica, and recommendations for policy makers to address gender gaps—beyond the gender tag requirements for ● Lack of water and other basic needs for menstruating World Bank project teams—are presented in the annexes. women. In general, gender data are scarce in the Caribbean region. ● Lack of facilities to cater to the basic needs of women with Disaster risk management, in particular, lags behind other breast and cervical cancer. sectors in collecting and reporting of sex- and age disaggregated ● Lack of psychological support, which in the case of men, data. This desk review draws on existing evidence and data may lead to alcoholism, anger, or stress. about how men and women have been impacted by, prepare for and cope with disasters and climate-related events in the Among other health risks, assessment of Hurricane country, national reports on gender and DRM, and country- Ivan’s impact reports that nearly 12,500 children were at level data and statistics. Some of the assessments and risk of folic acid deficiency due to the expected shortage of data used for this review might be considered outdated, but fruits and vegetables available to pregnant women. This is acknowledging lack of current data on gender and DRM, they particularly relevant in a country where maternal mortality nevertheless provide valuable information to understand the exceeds the region’s average (table 1). This would increase the differentiated impacts of natural disasters on women and men risk for women accessing reproductive and sexual healthcare due to prevailing inequalities. during disasters and emergency situations (World Bank 2021). A gastroenteritis outbreak affected children during the two weeks following the hurricane (ECLAC, UNDP, and PIoJ 2004). 1. Exposure and vulnerability, Education: Girls outperform boys in line with regional and preparedness, and coping capacity structural peers (table 1). According to the Reform of Education of women and men in case of natural in Jamaica’s report (Jamaica Education Transformation disasters Commission 2021), this is mainly due to the cultural norms of masculinity that tend to disincentivize education for boys. This seems particularly true among those living in rural 1.1. Exposure and vulnerability areas and those from socially and economically marginalized According to the Jamaica Country Document on Disaster Risk populations. Therefore, damages and potential lack of Reduction (ODPEM 2014), low income women5 in Jamaica are continuity of education centers following disastrous events, as more vulnerable to the impact of natural hazards. They are occurred in the aftermath of Hurricane Ivan (2004), may widen likely to bear the heaviest burdens when disasters occur due existing gaps, significantly affecting boys’ access to education. to their overrepresentation among the poor. Although women For instance, Hurricane Ivan (2004) damaged nearly a third represent just over half the population, they account for about of schools in Jamaica due to the age of the school stock and 70 percent of those living below the poverty line (UNDP 2009a). low maintenance levels affecting approximately one-third of According to Erman et al (2021), exposure constitutes the assets that are of interest and at risk—including population, environment, 5 economy, buildings—in a disaster-affected area. Vulnerability refers to assets’ susceptibility to damage or impact from a hazard. 2 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile the students enrolled in the public education system (ECLAC, prevalent in Jamaica, which may be more evident in rural areas. UNDP, and PIoJ 2004). However, an in-depth analysis of Available impact assessments for the country allow a better the impact on girls’ and boys’ education outcomes was not understanding of the potential impact of disasters on women’s conducted. Moreover, boys are more likely to drop out of school and men’s livelihoods. Hurricane Ivan in 2004 directly affected than girls to assist in recovery after disasters and to work on those involved in farming and fishing. Women were reported the farm (UN Women 2021). to be more engaged in trading and small-scale farming and suffered from the loss of stocks in small shops and of produce Care work: Time use data show that, in Jamaica, women from their backyard gardens (ECLAC, UNDP, and PIoJ 2004). dedicate more than twice the amount of time men allocate Furthermore, women were affected the most based on their to perform unpaid domestic and care work (table 1). This lower access to the labor market and the existing gender pay disparity is likely to increase in case of disasters, as global gap, resulting in their limited ability to provide for themselves evidence suggests, and as occurred in Jamaica during the and their families (ECLAC, UNDP, and PIoJ 2004). Hurricane COVID-19 pandemic (Duncan-Price et al. 2021). Damage to Dean in 2007 directly affected food crop farmers and livestock water and sanitation infrastructure and childcare facilities— that happened with the passage of Hurricane Dean in Jamaica farmers—mainly men, with women extensively involved in the (PIoJ 2007) —may be relevant drivers in increasing the time selling of farm produce. Fishers, primarily men, bore the most women would allocate to this kind of work. As confirmed from significant burden of damage and loss in this industry; however, findings of consultations with residents in rural communities as in the case of farming, women were involved mainly as fish in Jamaica, when a hurricane occurs, women’s workload tends vendors. Therefore, they were severely affected, too (PIoJ to increase as they have to prepare for and clean up after 2007). In addition, some business activities run by women the event. In the case of drought, women spend more time may be particularly affected by contaminated water supplies searching for water; in case of flooding, women spend more caused by droughts or floods, such as food preparation or time in water storage and purification (UNDP 2009b). hairdressing, and can result in reduced income UNDP (2009b). Female-headed households: In Jamaica, more than 40 Assets: Women and men have equal ownership rights percent of households are female-headed households (FFHs) to property, including right to inherit assets and equal (table 1). FHHs tend to be larger and have more children than administrative authority over assets during marriage granted male-headed households (MHHs). They also tend to be single- by the Property (Rights of Spouses) Act and Intestate Estates parent households (UNDP, 2009a; forthcoming Jamaica and Property Charges Act (WBL 2022). But access to and Country Gender Assessment, World Bank 2022). In addition, control over assets may still show some gaps; for instance, more than 70 percent of households below the poverty line are approximately 30 percent of agricultural landowners are also female headed, making them particularly vulnerable in women (table 1). Hurricane Ivan in 2004 severely damaged case of disasters (UN Women 2021). The assessment following fishers’ assets, mainly men who lost boats, engines, nets, the strike of Hurricane Ivan in 2004 seems to confirm this and fish pots, the essential tools of their trade. Also damaged trend, as FHHs were overrepresented in each category of were assets and production of the agriculture and livestock damage reported (ECLAC, UNDP, and PIoJ 2004). sector as women suffered loss of produce from their backyard gardens. It impacted purchases of those in trading, especially Livelihoods: Data on the economic opportunity sphere women running small shops and home-based enterprises, as highlight pending gender gaps in Jamaica with lower labor force food preparation (ECLAC, UNDP, and PIO J 2004). However, participation for women than men (table 1). Female labor force Hurricane Ivan in 2004 mainly affected the housing sector; participation (FLFP) in the country is higher than the average of those household heads who reported their houses were for the region and the same income level group. Jamaica destroyed, 48 percent were female, whereas those reporting has the narrowest gender gap in labor force participation severe damage and minor damage, 57 percent and 54 percent compared to its regional and same-income peers. The rate of were female heads of households, respectively (ECLAC, UNDP, firms or companies with a female manager in Jamaica is higher and PIoJ 2004). compared to regional and structural peer rates. Nevertheless, according to the Women’s Health Survey (STATIN 2016), Gender-based violence: Despite progress on the 66 percent of employed women in Jamaica work in jobs legislation framework, violence against women and girls in that barely allow them the opportunity to earn more than a Jamaica continues to be a relevant issue (table 1). More than minimum wage and they tend to be primarily employed in the one in four women, over their lifetime, experienced intimate informal economy. According to the UNDP report (2009b), a partner physical or sexual violence or both. A similar share division of labor in economic activities along gender lines is of women experienced non-partner sexual violence (STATIN, 3 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile 2016). Despite the lack of data on GBV prevalence in Jamaica women’s and men’s resilience and findings from available during the disasters, some anecdotal evidence confirms the reports for Jamaica. likelihood of the GBV risk increasing in the event of disasters Access to shelters: The UNDP report (2009a) for Jamaica in Jamaica. During Hurricane Gilbert in 1988, some women indicates a series of needs and risks for women and girls, men experienced sexual harassment in shelters; an increased risk and boys, to be catered for about shelter management - these of rape and incest was reported after Hurricane Dean in 2007 were compiled by the Bureau of Women’s Affairs (BWA) in (UNDP, 2009a). Jamaica and based on the experience of Hurricanes Gilbert, Women in DRM decision making: Data on female Ivan and Dean. Women are reported to face risks such as representation in the national parliament are in line with the outbreaks of diseases when they move to shelters, especially average for the region and for the same-income peers, which when shelters are overcrowded and have inadequate and highlight the existence of specific barriers and social norms poor sanitation facilities. Pregnant women and breastfeeding limiting women’s representation and participation in decision mothers, women during their menstruation cycle, and those making in Jamaica., The government of Jamaica has appointed with breast and cervical cancers may be particularly affected gender focal points in the Office of Disaster Preparedness by the lack of adequate facilities in shelters, including water and Emergency Management (ODPEM), the National and and sanitation. Women and girls in shelters also face the Environment Planning Agency, and the Ministry of Transport, risk of sexual harassment and unplanned and unwanted Works and Housing (World Bank 2021) to tackle this issue pregnancies (UNDP, 2009a). Poor facilities and shelter services and to ensure the particular needs and priorities of women in also affect men, specifically those with prostate cancer. Men the context of DRM are adequately considered. Among other are reported to find it more challenging to adapt to shelters, related data and initiatives, ODPEM —whose senior leadership and risks include increased alcoholism, anger, and stress team of nine officers includes five women—has developed: (i) the (UNDP, 2009a). The BWA developed an “Agenda for Action to National Disaster Risk Management Volunteer Program, aimed Mainstream Gender in Disaster Risk Management” to tackle at strengthening the capacity of local communities and the these issues, including shelter management recommendations coordination within the DRM system in Jamaica. One hundred (UNDP, 2009a). In addition, under the Community Disaster and seventeen volunteers were trained in 2017–18, 72 percent Risk Reduction Fund (CDRRF)7, capacity-building activities of whom were female (World Bank 2021); (ii) the Climate Risk like training guide and sessions were conducted to improve the Atlas of Coastal Hazards and Risk in Negril Project, which capacity of shelter managers and deputy shelter managers, in included a community hazard mapping to raise community risk Jamaica, to address gender-related issues in times of disasters awareness and improve overall disaster preparedness in the and from climate change impacts. community had 77 percent of participants who were women Early Warning System: Radio is still a key source for (ODPEM 2015). According to the World Bank Desk Review information on hazards and threats, although social media (2021), women’s organizations in the country have developed are gaining prominence in the region (WMO 2018). Thus, the expertise on DRM and environmental issues, empowering use of mobile phones for accessing social media platforms is them to partner with government agencies working in the becoming increasingly relevant. The dissemination of early sector. Furthermore, women are reported to play a vital role in warnings through the internet might generate barriers for community networks through community-based organizations men more than for women in Jamaica as data for the country to address disaster preparation and response, for instance, by show that fewer men tend to own mobile phones as well as less directly managing community shelters (UNDP 2009b). use internet than women (table 1). Additional data on internet use and mobile ownership across urban and rural areas and ethnic groups might give a better understanding on access to 1.2. Preparedness and coping capacity. EWS and their intersectionality with gender. Overall, findings The degree of resilience6 of women and men tends to differ from the WMO assessment (2018) on gender-specific issues based on their socioeconomic status. An analysis is presented in early warnings in the Caribbean may apply to the case based on the existing gaps (table 1) that may be linked to of Jamaica. Women and men in the Caribbean are likely to 6 According to Erman et al. (2021), resilience refers to the ability to prepare (anticipate, absorb, accommodate) or cope (recover) from the effects of a hazardous event in a timely and efficient manner. 7 The Community Disaster Risk Reduction Fund (CDRRF) is a multi-donor trust fund that the Caribbean Development Bank manages (CDB). The purpose of CDRRF is to finance, through the provision of grant funding, Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) and/or Climate Change Adaptation (CCA) initiatives at the community level across CDB Borrowing Member Countries. The training guide is available at https:// www.caribank.org/sites/default/files/publication-resources/Gender%20Booklet2%20final%20November%2020%2C%202020.pdf 4 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile respond differently to EWS because of time use patterns, their are not available on access to insurance. However, some data bargaining power in the household and their family structure; indicate that the penetration rate of insurance against disaster the economic activity they are engaged in and gendered in the country may still be low. Following Hurricane Sandy in differences in risk perception. The “Gender-Responsive Disaster 2012, more than 17,000 households applied to the Ministry Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean Desk Review” of Labor and Social Security (MLSS) for emergency relief (World Bank 2021) reports existing evidence shows a more assistance due to damage to household items and properties significant percentage of male respondents versus female as a result of the hurricane, and of the 14,471 applicants who respondents to be aware of climate change; 78.6 percent responded to the question, only 38 (0.26%) confirmed that versus 52 percent, respectively. This is likely to influence their these items and properties were insured (PIoJ 2013). risk perception and preparedness with women being less aware Livelihoods: Higher level of unemployment among of or less prepared to climate-related hazards. As such, the women (UN Women 2021) and their greater involvement in design and development of EWS should consider and address the informal economy may represent specific constraints to existing gender disparities and barriers, for example, through recover after a disaster. However, about 40 percent of men targeted awareness campaign to close knowledge gaps and engage in vulnerable forms of employment contributing family broad outreach strategy to eliminate barriers. workers and own-account workers versus 30 percent in the Access to finance, assets, and social security: Data case of women (table 1). It highlights the difficulties men may reveal a gender gap in financial account ownership in line with face in engaging in stable and secure forms of employment and the trend for regional and structural peers (table 1). Seventy- making them, particularly at risk of temporary or permanent one percent of women versus seventy-five percent of men are loss of revenue and jobs in case of disasters. According to the reported to have access to a financial account in Jamaica. Its policy brief on the “Gendered Impacts of Climate Change and significance means that women would be more limited in using Disaster Risk in Jamaica” (UN Women 2021), women and men savings as a coping measure to recover from a disaster. Also, are pushed to seek out alternative sources of income in case women and men report access to other financial products, of climate-related hazards. Yet, some activities may be more which may support their recovery from climate-related hazards. common for women or men. For instance, men may be more Women are more likely to seek out micro-loans but less likely likely to seek employment in infrastructure repair or migrate to seek out loans for small, medium-sized, or large businesses in search of income activities, while women may seek a job as (UN Women 2022). In addition, while no legal discrimination domestic helper. In addition, disasters may directly impact prevents women from accessing pensions, periods of absence infrastructure such as roads and bridges, which would force from work owing to childcare are not accounted for as pension men, women, and children to walk long distances instead of benefits with a direct impact on mothers (WBL 2022). FHHs using transportation. This would generate risks to women’s are also reported to receive and depend more on remittances safety especially at night, and it may be a deterrent to women compared to those headed by males, making the first less to employment opportunities outside of their communities financially independent (PIoJ 2018). Sex-disaggregated data (UNDP 2009b). 5 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile TABLE 1. Benchmarking gender gaps related to DRM. Performance Year LAC Year Income group Year Source Human Endowments Life expectancy at birth, male (years) 70 2020 70 2020 73 2020 WBG (2020) Life expectancy at birth, female 74 2020 77 2020 79 2020 WBG (2020) (years) Maternal mortality ratio per 100,000 80 2017 74 2017 NA NA CRF report (2021) live births Births attended by skilled health staff 100 2018 95 2019 99 2019 WBG (2018) (% of total) School enrollment, secondary, female 76 2018 79 2018 84 2018 WBG (2018) (% net) School enrollment, secondary, male 72 2018 76 2018 81 2018 WBG (2018) (% net) Lower secondary completion rate, 83.1 2019 82.9 2020 91.8 2020 WBG (2019) female (% of relevant age group) Lower secondary completion rate, 81 2019 77.9 2020 90.4 2020 WBG (2019) male (% of relevant age group) Percentage of female tertiary NA NA NA NA NA NA UN Women (2020) graduates in Information and Communication Technologies Percentage of female tertiary NA NA NA NA NA NA UN Women (2020) graduates in Engineering, Manufacturing and Construction Proportion of persons aged 15-24 NA NA NA NA NA NA CRF report (2021) enrolled in vocational training (%); female Proportion of population above NA NA NA NA NA NA UN Women (2021) statutory pensionable age receiving a pension, female Assessing laws affecting the size of a 75 2022 81.3 2022 NA NA WBG (2022) woman’s pension - on a scale from 0 (lowest) to 100 (highest) Female-headed households (% of total 43.6 2018 Jamaica Survey of households) Living Conditions (2018) Proportion of time spent on unpaid 18.1 2018 Jamaica Survey of domestic and care work, female (% of Living Conditions 24-hour day) (2018) Proportion of time spent on unpaid 8.2 2018 Jamaica Survey of domestic and care work, female (% of Living Conditions 24-hour day) (2018) Economic opportunity Labor force participation rate, female 66 2019 58 2019 64 2019 WB (2019) (% of female population ages 15-64) Labor force participation rate, male (% 77 2019 82 2019 81 2019 WB (2019) of male population ages 15-64) 6 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile Performance Year LAC Year Income group Year Source Vulnerable employment, female (% of 31 2019 34 2019 38 2019 WB (2019) female employment) Vulnerable employment, male (% of 40 2019 33 2019 36 2019 WB (2019) male employment) Firms with female top manager (% of 24 2010 20 2021 20 2021 WB (2010) firms) Account ownership at a financial 71.55 2021 70.14 2021 82.26 2021 WB (2021) institution or with a mobile-money- service provider, female (% of population ages 15+) Account ownership at a financial 75.11 2021 76.97 2021 86.27 2021 WB (2021) institution or with a mobile-money- service provider, male (% of population ages 15+) Share of agricultural landowners who 30.2 2011 Our World in Data are female (2011) Female mobile phone ownership as a % 97 2016 ITU (2016) of total female population Male mobile phone ownership as a % 96 2016 ITU (2016) of total male population Female internet use as a % of total 74 2019 ITU (2019) female population Male internet use as a % of total male 68 2019 ITU (2019) population Voice and agency Proportion of seats held by women in 29 2021 34 2021 28 2021 WBG (2021) national parliaments (%) Lifetime prevalence of intimate 27.8 2016 Women’s Health partner physical and/or sexual Survey 2016 violence against Jamaican women Jamaica 2. DRM policies and gender include all stakeholders, particularly women and children, the poor, mentally and physically challenged individuals, and other groups. Jamaica is among those countries in the Caribbean with the highest numbers of national disaster and climate change ● The Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of policies and plans containing some provisions related to gender. Jamaica to UNFCCC9 highlights Jamaica’s commitment to Yet, their coverage does not go beyond general statements the implementation of the Paris Agreement to be framed about the importance of assessing the specific needs of women under all relevant laws, guidelines, policies, and programs in DRM activities (World Bank 2021). The most relevant policies which are designed to increase inclusiveness and fairness, and plans and how they integrate gender are summarized (see including the national policy for gender equity. table A.2 for a complete list). ● The Climate Change Policy Framework10 identifies youth ● The National Hazard Mitigation Policy8 sets its guiding and gender as cross-cutting themes to be considered principles for stakeholders’ inclusiveness in the hazard in analyzing threats and potential impacts of climate mitigation strategies. It mandates that such a plan must change. It clearly states that men and women tend to face 8 www.caribbeanelections.com/eDocs/strategy/strategy/j,_Hazard_Mitigation_2005.pdf 9 www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/es/c/LEX-FAO1962821 10 www.mhurecc.gov.jm/docs/policies/FINAL150721_Updated_Climate_Change_Policy_Framework_(002).pdf 7 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile different economic, social, and environmental realities. For ● The Gender Sectoral Plan of the National Development instance, Jamaican young men at risk of various forms Plan12 indicates that women tend to be responsible for of violence and marginalization and women at risk of disaster mitigation and recovery in their primary role GBV. Therefore, they experience different vulnerabilities as caregivers. In addition, they: (i) have less access and may have other concerns and inputs into decision- to rehabilitation resources such as building materials making processes. Socioeconomic conditions of women, and labor to rebuild shelters or housing; (ii) deal with and specifically their higher rates of poverty compared reproductive health and sanitation issues and will end to men, make them particularly vulnerable during times up carrying the traditional uneven burden for social of disasters to risks of displacement and hamper their reproduction. As such, climate change adaptation and ability to respond and recover from natural disasters. This mitigation measures factorgendered governance and is particularly the case of FHHs, which suffer from a higher decision making in all areas such as energy production and use, and disaster mitigation to ensure the solutions are poverty level and have a more significant proportion viable and sustainable. The plan sets under Outcome #4. of children than male-headed households. Women are Appropriate policy frameworks are established to ensure reported to be more impacted by drought than men that gender inequities are mitigated, under”Strategy 4.4. because of the increased responsibilities on them and on Create an integrated, gendered, sustainable approach to children for sourcing and collecting water. It may limit environmental planning, management, and conservation”. their ability to earn and diversify their income and expose Two specific actions are identified: (i) conduct research them to dangers when performing such tasks as the risk on gender and the environment to inform evidence-based of GBV. The Climate Change Policy Framework is intended policy and program planning; (ii) strengthen the capacity to support gender equitable development in line with the of environmental agencies to integrate gender concerns Vision 2030 Gender Sector Plan and the National Policy in environmental policies, programs, and projects and for Gender Equality. to increase the sustainability and management of such ● The National Policy for Gender Equality11 aims to ensure activities. that females and males have equal access to opportunities, The Post-Disaster Public Financial Management (PD-PFM) resources, and rewards to eliminate discrimination based Review for Jamaica13 reveals that gender and inclusiveness on gender and to promote sustainable human development. are not embedded in the allocation of resources for disaster It sets different policy strategies and tools—gender response. It calls for “strengthening the collection and use of mainstreaming in all national policies and programs; sex-disaggregated social data to inform planning, monitoring, gender focal points (GFPs) in all ministries, departments, reporting and evaluation of budget allocations for disaster and agencies; targeted training for public service management activities.” employees and elected officials; collection and analysis UN Women conducted a survey and stakeholder of sex-disaggregated data as well as gender-responsive consultation for Jamaica to understand gender biases and how monitoring and evaluation. Although a specific target is they play out in coordination mechanisms for climate change not set for environmental-related issues, the document adaptation and disaster risk reduction. (UN Women and IISD includes issues and recommendations identified through 2021). Key findings include: (i) existence of knowledge gaps the national consultations (Appendix #7) – Gender and concerning understanding gender and its concepts like poor the Environment - Climate Change and Natural Disasters understanding of equality versus equity; (ii) gender bias as, is defined as an emerging issue. Recommendations for instance, some respondents believe that women should include: (i) involve women actively in environmental prioritize their family, regardless of the impact on their career, decision making at all levels. Integrate gender concerns and that it is more critical for a man than a woman to get a and perspectives in policies and programs for sustainable university degree and work outside the home; (iii) evidence development to minimize the differential effects of climate of limited awareness on the relevance of gender within change and natural disasters. (ii) establish and strengthen the institutions, which results in lack or limited strategies mechanisms at the national level to assess the differential and actions plan addressing gender issues; (iv) lack of sex- impact of environmental policies on women and men. disaggregated data as the main barrier to allow for gender 11 https://japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/461_National-Policy-for-Gender-Equality-NPGE.pdf 12 www.vision2030.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/12/Microsoft-Word-Gender.pdf 13 Post-Disaster Public Financial Management (PD-PFM) Review for Jamaica 8 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile responsiveness at the institutional level (UN Women 2021). The latter point has been raised in previous reports. Lack of sex-disaggregated data on vulnerability and DRM in Jamaica makes women invisible in disasters in the country (ODPEM 2014). 3. Building result chains for impact through the gender tag This section provides a set of non-exhaustive gender gaps in key priority areas for Jamaica. It illustrates (i) actions that World Bank DRM-related operations to meet the gender tag could be integrated into DRM-related projects to address such requirements. Specific recommendations for policy makers to gaps, and (ii) indicators to monitor progress at the project address existing gender gaps going beyond the requirements level. These result chains are intended to inform the design of of the gender tag are presented in table A.3 in the Annex. Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Health Increased risk for women to access Provide support and ensure Percentage of women reproductive and sexual healthcare continuity to healthcare receiving healthcare in case of natural disasters - services, including sexual services. maternal mortality in Jamaica is and reproductive health above the average for the region. services, pre- and post-natal Percentage of pregnant care, psychological support, women receiving Additional health impacts/risks especially for those at most antenatal/postnatal care. reported: risk—pregnant women, young mothers, those living in areas Percentage of females/ • children at risk for folic acid prone to flooding. males receiving psycho- deficiency due to the expected social counseling services. shortage of fruits and vegetables available to pregnant Percentage of females/ women. males suffering from • outbreak of gastroenteritis. water-borne diseases. • lack of water and other basic needs for menstruating females. • lack of facilities to cater to the basic needs of females with breast and cervical cancer. • lack of psychological support, which in the case of males, it may lead to alcoholism, anger, stress. Education Girls outperform boys in education. Support continuity and Share of female and male This is mainly due to the cultural strengthening education students attending school norms of masculinity that tend to activities and infrastructure, regularly in selected areas. disincentivize education for boys. especially in underserved areas and where there is a Out-of-school girls and Increased risk of school drop-out higher risk/rate of out-of- boys in selected areas. – especially for boys living in rural school children, girls and boys. areas, and those from socially and economically marginalized Provide incentives for family population. and community engagement to create environments that support the success of girls and boys in school. 9 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Care work Women dedicate more than twice Provide infrastructure Reduction in time spent the amount of time that men and service support to on unpaid work in the allocate in performing unpaid reproductive and care household. domestic and care work. work: provision of childcare, transport services to access Reduction in time spent Damages to water and sanitation employment opportunities for fetching water due to infrastructure as well to childcare those in shelters. improved access to water facilities may increase the time supply system. women allocate to this kind of Increase water access points work: as part of water supply Percentage of females/ system rehabilitation, males suffering from - in case of drought, women spend especially in remote areas and water-borne diseases. more time searching for water. in line with women and men specific needs. Improve overall Percentage of women - in case of flooding, women spend accessibility by improving suffering from GBV due more time in water storage and road networks as part of to long distances to fetch purification. infrastructure rehabilitation. water. Livelihoods Gender gaps in labor market: Provide targeted support Female beneficiaries P166328 – to those affected by reached with productive Dominica • labor force participation is lower ensuring equal opportunities assets and services Emergency for women. to recover/restart their (disaggregated by urban/ Agricultural • gender earning gap and women livelihoods and consider rural). Livelihoods and primarily occupied in the existing gaps/barriers for Climate Resilience informal economy. women, including for female Share of women receiving Projecta • gender division of labor in heads of households, rural support both technical economic activities. women, etc. and financial e.g., loans (disaggregated by urban/ Reported impacts/risks along Targeted support may include rural). gender lines: provision of inputs and tools; technical support to meet the Number of women-owned • women in small-scale farming specific needs of women and businesses formalized suffer from the loss of produce men; provision of childcare and with access to social from their backyard gardens. and transport services to security by the end of the • fishers, mainly men, may lose facilitate female participation project. boats, engines, nets and fish in trainings/employment pots. Women may be affected opportunities; involvement of Share of women in as largely involved as fish female trainers; formalization permanent jobs created by vendors. of women-owned businesses; the project. • women running small shops and etc. home-based enterprises may lose their stocks and items, and be affected by contamination of water. • men may be more likely to seek employment in infrastructure repair and/or migrate in search of income activities, while women may seek a job as domestic helper. • damages to infrastructure as roads and bridges may reduce mobility for women and restrain their access to employment opportunities outside of their communities. • different access to financial products: women more likely to seek out micro loans, but less likely to seek out loans for small, medium-sized or large businesses. 10 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples Social More than 40 percent of Provide access to safety net Share of female Locust Emergency assistance households are headed by a programs with specific targets beneficiaries receiving and Food Security woman. FHHs are particularly for female beneficiaries, access to emergency Project (P174314)b vulnerable in case of disasters as especially FHHs and older funds —women heads of they: women (which may be households, older women. Somalia Emergency affected from gender bias in Drought Response • are overrepresented among poor access to pension benefits). Share of public works and Recovery households. These may include the design offering childcare/Share of Project (P163830)c • tend to be larger in size and with of cash-for-work programs beneficiaries with access a greater number of children with childcare work as an to childcare. than male-headed households option. (MHHs). Increased number of • tend to be single-parent Increase financial inclusion of women with accounts households. low-income women, especially with financial institutions/ • receive and depend more on FHHs, by including them in mobile-money-service remittances compared to those safety net programs through providers. headed by males, making them digital payments. less financially independent. Gender gap in access to financial account (71 percent for women vs. 75 percent for men) limits women in using savings as a coping measure to recover from a disaster. Periods of absence from work due to childcare are not accounted for pension benefits with a direct impact on mothers’ pension. Housing Quality of housing may be different Provide targeted support to Number of female-headed P166537 – between FHHs and MHHs. women and FHHs for housing households that receive Dominica Housing reconstruction through grants technical, legal and/ Recovery Projecta Reported impacts of Hurricane or subsidies, while prioritizing or financial support to Ivan: criteria which targets women. rebuild/repair their houses. P171361 – Comoros This may include ensuring Post-Kenneth • of those household heads who adequate technical assistance Share of female-headed Recovery and reported their houses were in reconstruction works. households with access to Resilience Projectd destroyed, 48% were female. resilient housing. • those reporting severe damage and minor damage, 57% and 54% were female heads of households, respectively. Insurance The penetration rate of insurance Expand insurance coverage Increased rate of female/ P171465 – Grenada against disaster may still be low, and address potential male policy holders (home/ Disaster Risk but sex-disaggregated data are protection gaps between business insurance). Management not available. women and men (for instance Development for FHHs). Policy Credit with Following Hurricane Sandy (2012), a Catastrophe more than 17,000 households This may include designing Deferred Drawdown applied for emergency relief women-friendly insurance Optione assistance due to damage to products; subsidized insurance household items and properties costs for those most in need; - of the 14,471 applicants who increased awareness of responded to the question, only 38 insurance coverage/benefit for (0.26%) confirmed that these items potential beneficiaries, etc. and properties were insured. 11 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples EWS Gender is a driving factor in Support awareness campaign Share of registered P170874 - Indonesia defining risk perception and and EWS which target both users of mobile phone Disaster Resilience preparedness, as well gender bias women and men, especially application for EWS (or Initiative Projectf and barriers may prevent women those living in rural areas, and other EWS application) and men to access EWS. ensure that systems meet that are women/men (and specific information needs, disaggregate by urban/ • Fewer men tend to own mobile use inclusive language and rural areas). phones as well they tend to less materials, use appropriate use internet than women. channels for dissemination, • 78.6 percent of men vs. 52% of etc. women are aware of climate change. Ensure that both women and men are represented and involved in the design and development of EWS. GBV/Access to Reported cases and risks of GBV: Support infrastructure design Number of shelters with shelters and services in shelters established protocol and • women and girls in shelters face to prevent and address measures to prevent and the risk of sexual harassment GBV (set up protocol and address GBV cases. and of unplanned and unwanted procedures to prevent and pregnancies. address GBV cases; training/ Number of women and • increased risk of rape and awareness campaigns girls reporting GBV cases incest. on GBV and measures for in shelters. DRM professionals and Differentiated needs/risks for communities; provide Percentage of females/ women and men when accessing separate toiletsgand males receiving psycho- the shelters: adequate lighting; etc.). This social counseling services. • women face risks as outbreak to include psychological of diseases when they move support to victims, but also to to shelters, especially when potential perpetuators (men shelters are overcrowded, and are reported to found it more have inadequate and poor difficult to adapt to shelters). sanitation facilities. Ensure GBV protocol and • pregnant women and measures address the breastfeeding mothers, women specific needs of women during their menstruation and girls, by strengthening cycle and those with breast reporting systems, and raising and cervical cancers may be awareness with communities. affected by the lack of adequate facilities in shelters, including This is in line the BWA’s water and sanitation. Agenda for Action to • men suffering from prostate Mainstream Gender in cancer may be affected by Disaster Risk Management poor facilities and services in which includes shelters. recommendations for shelter • men find it more difficult to management. adapt to shelters and risks include increased alcoholism, anger, and stress. 12 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile Entry points Gaps Actions Indicators Examples DRM policies Gender-related provisions in Set up adequate systems, Disaster risk, exposure and P171474 – Haiti and gender national disaster and climate protocols, and guidelines for vulnerability information, Covid-19 Response change policies and plans remain collecting and analyzing sex- disaggregated by sex and Resilience scarce/limited: disaggregated data in DRM. and age, made available Development Policy for investment planning Operationh • gender and inclusiveness are not Provide targeted support and data sharing among embedded in the allocation of such as capacity building sectors. resources for disaster response. and technical assistance to • limited awareness on the generate and disseminate relevance of gender within the information on disaster risk, institutions, which results in exposure, and vulnerability, lack or limited strategies and disaggregated by gender and actions plan addressing gender age. issues. • lack of sex-disaggregated Set up/review DRM data as a main barrier to allow framework to include a set of for gender responsiveness at gender-responsive indicators institutional level. informed by sex- and age- disaggregated baseline data, which can be used to select/ prioritize investment projects and monitor and evaluate progress in addressing identified gaps. Note: a. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/676791523844067219/pdf/Dominica-Project-Appraisal-Document-PAD- April-4-2018-04042018.pdf b. www.projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P174314 c. www.projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P163830 d. www.projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P171361 e. www.worldbank.org/en/news/loans-credits/2020/01/21/grenada-disaster-risk-management-development-policy-credit-with-a- catastrophe-deferred-drawdown-option f. www.documents1worldbank.org/curated/en/160881575169231425/pdf/Indonesia-disaster-resilience-initiatives-project.pdf g. Please note that having separate facilities (as separate toilets) is a basic requirement of universal project design and, as such, it does not fulfil the criteria for the gender tag. h. https://www.projects.worldbank.org/en/projects-operations/project-detail/P171474 4. References Government of Jamaica. 2021. Climate Change Policy Framework for Jamaica. https://mhurecc.gov.jm/docs/policies/FINAL150721_Updated_ Climate_Change_Policy_Framework_(002).pdf Canada Caribbean Resilience Facility. 2021. Post-Disaster Public Financial ITU. The Digital Development Dashboard. https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/ Management (PD-PFM) Review for Jamaica. https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/ Statistics/Dashboards/Pages/Digital-Development.aspx default/files/publication/GFDRR-CRF-FS-JAMAICA.pdf Jamaica Education Transformation Commission, 2021.The Reform of Duncan-Price et al. 2021.Gender-Responsive Socioeconomic Study on the Impact of COVID-19 on Women in Business and Women Education in Jamaica, 2021 – REPORT. https://opm.gov.jm/wp-content/ Entrepreneurs in Jamaica. https://caribbean.unwomen.org/en/materials/ uploads/flipbook/jetc-reform-of-education-in-jamaica-2021/ publications/2021/7/gender-responsive-socioeconomic-study-on-the- Mortley N. 2020. Gender Mainstreaming for Natural Disaster Risks impact-of-covid-19-on-businesswomen-in-jamaica_caribbean and Climate Change. A Guide for Shelter and Deputy Shelter Managers. ECLAC, UNDP and PIoJ. 2004. Assessment of the socioeconomic and https://www.caribank.org/sites/default/files/publication-resources/ environmental impact of hurricane Ivan on Jamaica. https://www. Gender%20Booklet2%20final%20November%2020%2C%202020.pdf cepal.org/en/publications/25725-assessment-socioeconomic-and- National Gender Task Force. 2010. Vision 2030 Jamaica National environmental-impact-hurricane-ivan-jamaica Development Plan. Gender Sector Plan. https://www.vision2030.gov.jm/ Erman A., De Vries Robbé S. A., Thies S. F., Kabir K., and Maruo M. 2021. wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2020/12/Microsoft-Word-Gender.pdf Gender Dimensions of Disaster Risk and Resilience. Existing Evidence. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/926731614372544454/ National Hazard Mitigation Policy Development Committee. 2005. http:// pdf/Gender-Dimensions-of-Disaster-Risk-and-Resilience-Existing- www.caribbeanelections.com/eDocs/strategy/jm_strategy/jm_Hazard_ Evidence.pdf Mitigation_2005.pdf 13 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM). explore/library/engender-gender-inequality-climate-change-disaster- 2014. Jamaica Country Document on Disaster Risk Reduction. https:// risk-resilience-country-briefs dipecholac.net/docs/files/870-cd-jamaica-web.pdf UN Women. 2022. The Status of women and men report – Innovating Office of Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Management (ODPEM). Financing, Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction in the Caribbean. 2015. Negril Climate Risk Atlas. Produced for the Enhancing the Resilience https://caribbean.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/Status%20 of the Agriculture Sector and Coastal Areas to Protect Livelihoods and of%20Women%20and%20Men%20Report_InnovFinancing_CC_DRR%20 improve Food Security Project/Program. https://www.odpem.org.jm/wp- 20220529%20interactiveF.pdf content/uploads/2019/09/Chpt-1-6_RISK_ATLAS_NOV4-1.pdf UNDP. 2009a. Enhancing Gender Visibility in Disaster Risk Management Our World in Data website. https://ourworldindata.org and Climate Change in the Caribbean. Country Assessment Report for PIoJ. 2013. Jamaica Macro socio-economic and environmental Jamaica. https://www.undp.org/sites/g/files/zskgke326/files/migration/ assessment of the damage and loss caused by Hurricane Sandy. https:// latinamerica/UNDP_RBLAC_GenderVisibilityDRRJamaica.pdf www.pioj.gov.jm/product/damage-and-loss-assessments-2013-pioj- UNDP. 2009b. Case Study on the impact of climate change on water and report-hurricane-sandy/ sanitation in Jamaica. https://www.undp.org/latin-america/publications/ PIoJ. 2018. Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (JSLC) 2018. https:// case-study-impact-climate-change-water-and-sanitation-jamaica www.pioj.gov.jm/product/jamaica-survey-of-living-conditions-jslc-2018- Updated Nationally Determined Contribution of Jamaica to UNFCCC overview/ (2020). https://www.fao.org/faolex/results/details/es/c/LEX- Planning Institute of Jamaica (PIoJ). 2007. Assessment of the Socio- FAOC196282/ economic and environmental impact of Hurricane Dean on Jamaica. STATIN. 2016. Women’s Health Survey 2016 Jamaica. Statistical Institute https://www.pioj.gov.jm/product/damage-and-loss-assessments-2007- of Jamaica, Inter-American Development Bank, and UN Women. https:// pioj-report-hurricane-dean/ evaw-global-database.unwomen.org/-/media/files/un%20women/vaw/ The Bureau of Women’s Affairs (Gender Affairs) and The Gender Advisory vaw%20survey/jamaica%20womens%20health%20survey%20report%20 Committee, 2011. National Policy for Gender Equality (NPGE). https:// 2016.pdf?vs=5406 japarliament.gov.jm/attachments/461_National%20Policy%20for%20 Women, Business and the Law website. https://wbl.worldbank.org/en/wbl Gender%20Equality%20%28NPGE%29.pdf World Bank. 2021. Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and UN Women and IISD. 2021. Gender-Responsive Resilience Building in the Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review. Canada Caribbean Resilience Caribbean: Understanding the Role of Knowledge, Attitudes, Behaviours, Facility. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/handle/10986/35215 and Practices in Coordination Mechanisms for Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction. https://www.iisd.org/publications/gender- World Bank. 2021. Jamaica Country Gender Scorecard. https:// responsive-resilience-building-caribbean worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com.mcas.ms/sites/LCR/Documents/Gender/ Country%20Scorecards/LCR%20Country%20Gender%20Scorecards%20 UN Women Country Fact Sheet for Jamaica. https://data.unwomen.org/ 2021/Jamaica_SCORECARD-OK-linked.pdf?McasTsid=20892 country/jamaica World Bank. 2022. Climate Change Knowledge Portal. https:// UN Women. 2020. Women in Science, Technology, Engineering, and climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/jamaica Mathematics (STEM) in the Latin America and the Caribbean Region. https://www2.unwomen.org/-/media/field%20office%20americas/ World Development Indicators. https://databank.worldbank.org/source/ documentos/publicaciones/2020/09/women%20in%20stem%20un%20 world-development-indicators women%20unesco%20en32921.pdf?la=en&vs=4617 World Meteorological Organization. 2018. Caribbean 2017 Hurricane UN Women. 2021. EnGenDER Gender Inequality Climate Change & Season. An evidence-based Assessment of the Early Warning System. Disaster Risk Resilience Brief - Jamaica. https://wrd.unwomen.org/ https://library.wmo.int/doc_num.php?explnum_id=5459 14 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile Annex A TABLE A.1. Jamaica’s key policy documents on gender equality and GBV. Laws, policies and plans Content Gender National Policy for Gender Equality (2011) It includes a comprehensive list of strategies and tools to achieve gender equality equality: gender mainstreaming; gender-responsive budgeting; gender- aware information; gender analysis; cross-sectoral partnering; gender training; gender-aware monitoring and evaluation, and the legislation of temporary special measures. National Development Plan: Vision 2030 It integrates Jamaica’s population concerns such as gender, youth, working Jamaica (2009) age, the elderly, and persons with disabilities into the development planning. National Development Plan - Gender It develops goals, strategies, and actions for discrimination-free society. It Sectoral Plan (2009–2030) proposes a DRM strategy aimed at the creation of an integrated, gendered, and sustainable approach to environmental planning, management, and conservation to solve the issue of unequal burdens imposed on women in DRM and recovery. Medium Term Socio-Economic Policy One of its strategies is to foster gender equality, incorporating gender Framework (2018–2021) mainstreaming in all aspects of society and reducing GBV Persons with Disabilities (PWDs) Sector It recognizes the need to address the barriers that hinder PWDs from Plan (Draft, 2009–2030) achieving their full potential, while promoting personal responsibility among PWDs. National Youth Policy (2003) It identifies key principles such as equity and accessibility, gender inclusion, active participation, youth empowerment, and partnerships. National Policy for Senior Citizens (1997) It is intended to enhance the self-reliance and functional independence of senior citizens. Gender-based Domestic Violence Act (1996, amended in It provides for enhanced protection for GBV and DV victims and makes violence 2004) provision for a third party to start legal proceedings on behalf of DV victims. Sexual Offences Act (2011) It contains provisions for the prosecution of rape and other sexual offences and for the establishment of a Sex Offender Registry. Child Care and Protection Act (2004, It ensures that children, particularly girls, are placed in safe living amended in 2009) environments and prescribes measures against child abuse. National Strategic Plan to End Gender It outlines mechanisms for policy, legislation, multi-sectoral collaboration, Based Violence (2016–2026) implementation, prevention, data collection, and tracking the progress on GBV. Evidence (Special Measures) Act (2012) It is intended to provide greater protection and security for women and girls who are victims of crimes. Trafficking in Persons (Prevention, It prescribes measures to prevent and combat human trafficking, Suppression and Punishment) Act (2007, particularly to victims who are women and children by: protecting victims; amended in 2013 and 2018) facilitating the efficient investigation of cases; facilitating the effective punishment of traffickers; and promoting cooperation with other states. Source: “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 15 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile TABLE A.2. Gender in Jamaica’s key policy documents on DRM. Laws, policies, and plans Gender-specific content General Disaster Management Act (2015) It does not include gender-specific content. DRM National Damage Assessment Plan (2001) Preparedness activities associated with the damage assessment include anticipating the needs of the most vulnerable populations as well as data gathering and quantifying vulnerable people. National Hazard Mitigation Policy (2005) Strategies for hazard-risk reduction must represent all stakeholders, particularly women and children, the poor, mentally- and physically challenged individuals, and other special groups. National Disaster Relief Policy (2019) Preparedness activities must include assessments of the number of persons in vulnerable communities. Nationally Determined Contribution of It reflects Jamaica’s commitment to increase inclusiveness and fairness, Jamaica to UNFCCC (2020) through its integration with the National Policy for Gender Equity. Climate Change Policy Framework (2015, It supports gender-equitable development in line with the National Policy amended in 2019) for Gender Equality. It also supports the abilities of young people to lead the country toward positive, climate friendly changes in lifestyles, infrastructure, entrepreneurship, governance, and decision making. Sector/ Flood-Water Control Act (1958) It does not include gender-specific content. Agency Land Development and Utilization Act It does not include gender-specific content DRM (1966) National Solid Waste Management It does not include gender-specific content. Authority Act (2002) Urban Planning and Development: Sector The needs of women, children, the elderly, and the disabled must be considered Plan (2009–2030) in the process of planning and undertaking development. Information and Communications It aims to improve disaster preparedness, promote affordable universal access Technology Sector Plan (2009–2030) to ICT, including services to marginalized communities, remote areas, the disabled, and the elderly. Community Disaster Risk Management Their objectives are to provide residents with a workable emergency system, a Plans (2010–2012) basic outline of shelters, welfare and relief as well as to provide an emergency contact list and identification of vulnerable populations living in communities, women, the elderly, and children. Source: “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 16 Gender and Disaster Risk Management (DRM) Jamaica Country Profile TABLE A.3. Gender gaps in DRM and recommendations for Jamaica. Area Gaps Recommendations Legislation, policies, • Lack of gender-based analysis in many DRM and • Amend disaster-related policies to include a gender and plans environment policies, planning and programs. perspective. • Lack of legal provisions on unpaid domestic work. • Develop the Public Financial Management Policy • No connection to gender in existing DRM strategies. for Natural Disaster Risk and establish a Policy Framework for Disaster Risk Financing. • Include legal provisions on unpaid domestic work. • Raise awareness among policy makers about the disproportionate vulnerability of women to disaster impacts. Sex-disaggregated • Insufficient information about gender differentiated • Continue to build capacity and train public sector data and gender- disaster impacts. officials on risk, vulnerability, capacity assessments, specific research • Lack of information on the number of women and adaptation assessments of vulnerable groups. in DRM and climate change decision-making • Strengthen collection of data on disaster impacts, processes. disaggregated by sex and other key variables of • Lack of data on unpaid domestic work. vulnerable groups. • Limited local research on the connection between • Enhance data collection on the number of women in gender and the environment and women and men’s DRM decision-making processes. health in environment-based industries and work • Develop time use surveys periodically to measure environments (bauxite, construction, commercial unpaid work performed by women and men. farming). • Conduct gender-based research on the connection between gender and the environment and women and men’s health in relation to environment-based industries and work environments. Gender-based violence • High rates of crime and violence, including youth • Enhance anti-violence strategies and community and GBV. safety programs. • Persistent and subculturally institutionalized • Build the capacity of communities to mitigate community, family, youth, and GBV and violence institutionalized violence. against children and other vulnerable groups. Institutional • Limited monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to • Strengthen monitoring and evaluation mechanisms to strengthening support gender mainstreaming initiatives. support gender mainstreaming. • Insufficient resources provided for the Bureau of • Increase the resource base of the Bureau of Gender Gender Affairs. Affairs. • Insufficient women’s safety nets in disaster settings. • Ensure the effective implementation of the prohibition of discrimination against women through appropriate enforcement mechanisms and sanctions. • Further strengthen the social protection system. Advocacy and • Lack of national public education program on the • Develop and implement a national public education education impact of poor environmental practices on climate program to increase community resilience to climate change. change. • Limited education programs on gender sensitive • Organize workshops on child and gender-responsive budgeting. budgeting to increase the knowledge of relevant policy makers and social development practitioners about financing child and gender related policies and programs in DRM. Partnerships in DRM • Limited efforts to include civil society in DRM • Promote partnerships that involve women’s partnerships. organizations, other NGOs, and CSOs in the field of DRM and climate change adaptation. Social inclusion • Lack of evidence-based policies on inclusion of • Increase participation of ethnic minorities, indigent ethnic minorities, indigent people, HIV/AIDS, and people, people with disabilities, HIV/AIDS, and members of the LGBTI community in DRM programs members of the LGBTI community in DRM and climate and decision-making processes. change adaptation programs. Women’s participation • Insufficient women’s participation and leadership in • Target and remove gender-biased criteria or and leadership DRM and climate change activities. processes of decision-making bodies, and strengthen mechanisms to increase women’s participation and leadership in DRM and climate change activities. Source: “Gender-Responsive Disaster Preparedness and Recovery in the Caribbean: Desk Review.” World Bank, 2021. 17