FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Report No: PAD4817
INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION
PROJECT APPRAISAL DOCUMENT
ON A
PROPOSED CREDIT
IN THE AMOUNT OF EUR 282.8 MILLION
(US$300.0 MILLION EQUIVALENT)
FROM THE IDA SCALE UP WINDOW
TO THE
REPUBLIC OF CÔTE D’IVOIRE
FOR A
SUSTAINABLE AND INCLUSIVE SECONDARY CITIES PROJECT
March 9, 2023
Urban, Resilience And Land Global Practice
Western and Central Region
This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of
their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization.
CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS
(Exchange Rate Effective February 28, 2023)
Currency Unit = Euro (EUR)
US$1 = EUR 0.942595910
FISCAL YEAR
January 1 - December 31
Regional Vice President: Ousmane Diagana
Country Director: Coralie Gevers
Regional Director: Simeon Kacou Ehui
Practice Manager: Sylvie Debomy
Task Team Leaders: Camille Bourguignon-Roger, Vivien Deparday
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
ACD Urban Land Title (Arrêté de concession definitive)
AFD French Development Agency (Agence française de développement)
AGEROUTE Roads Management Agency (Agence de Gestion des Routes)
ANAGED National Waste Management Agency (Agence Nationale de Gestion des Déchets)
ANDE National Environment Agency (Agence Nationale de l’Environnement)
ASA Advisory Services and Analytics
AWPB Annual Work Plan and Budget
BCEAO Central Bank of West African States (Banque Centrale des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest)
BOAD West African Development Bank (Banque Ouest-Africaine de Développement)
CERC Contingent Emergency Response Component
CIGN Geographic and Digital Information Center (Centre d’information géographique et numérique)
COVID-19 Coronavirus Disease 2019
CPF Country Partnership Framework
CSO Civil Society Organization
DGDDL General Directorate for Decentralization and Local Development (Direction Générale de la
Décentralisation et du Développement Local)
DPIO Decentralized Project Implementation Office
DA Designated Account
EIRR Expected Internal Rate of Return
ESCP Environmental and Social Commitment Plan
ESF Environmental and Social Framework
ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework
FA Financing Agreement
FM Financial Management
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GHG Greenhouse Gas
GPN General Procurement Notice
GRID Green Resilient and Inclusive Development
GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism
GRS Grievance Redress Service
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
IDA International Development Association
IFR Interim Financial Report
IGF General Inspectorate of Finance (Inspection Générale des Finances)
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
IPF Investment Project Financing
ISC Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee
LAC Local Advisory Committee
LMP Labor Management Procedures
M&E Monitoring and Evaluation
MCLU Ministry of Construction, Housing, and Urban Development (Ministère de la Construction, du
Logement et de l’Urbanisme)
MINHAS Ministry of Water and Sanitation (Ministère de l’Hydraulique, de l’Assainissement et de la
Salubrité)
MIS Ministry of Interior and Security
NDC Nationally Determined Contributions
NDP National Development Plan
NPV Net Present Value
NGO Non-governmental organization
ONAD National Office for Sanitation and Drainage (Office National de l’Assainissement et du Drainage)
PA Project Account
PARU Urban Resilience and Solid Waste Management Project (Projet d’assainissement et de
résilience urbaine)
PCU Project Coordinating Unit
PDO Project Development Objective
PIM Project Implementation Manual
PIP Priority Investment Plan
PPSD Project Procurement Strategy for Development
QII Quality Infrastructure Investments
RPF Resettlement Policy Framework
SCD Systematic Country Diagnostic
SEA/SH Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/Sexual Harassment
SEP Stakeholder Engagement Plan
SPN Specific Procurement Notices
TORs Terms of Reference
UN United Nations
UVICOCI Union of Cities and Municipalities of Côte d'Ivoire (Union des Villes et Communes de Côte d’Ivoire)
WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union
The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
TABLE OF CONTENTS
DATASHEET ........................................................................................................................... 1
I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT ...................................................................................................... 8
A. Country Context................................................................................................................................ 8
B. Sectoral and Institutional Context .................................................................................................. 10
C. Relevance to Higher Level Objectives............................................................................................. 14
II. PROJECT DESCRIPTION.................................................................................................. 16
A. Project Development Objective ..................................................................................................... 16
B. Project Components ....................................................................................................................... 16
C. Project Beneficiaries ....................................................................................................................... 28
D. Results Chain .................................................................................................................................. 29
E. Rationale for World Bank Involvement and the Role of Partners .................................................. 29
F. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design .................................................................... 30
III. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS ............................................................................ 31
A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements .......................................................................... 31
B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements......................................................................... 32
C. Sustainability................................................................................................................................... 33
IV. PROJECT APPRAISAL SUMMARY ................................................................................... 33
A. Economic Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 33
B. Fiduciary.......................................................................................................................................... 34
C. Legal Operational Policies ............................................................................................................... 37
D. Environmental and Social .............................................................................................................. 37
V. GRIEVANCE REDRESS SERVICES ..................................................................................... 38
VI. KEY RISKS ..................................................................................................................... 38
VII. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING ................................................................... 41
ANNEX 1: Implementation Arrangements and Support Plan .......................................... 54
ANNEX 2: Economic Analysis ......................................................................................... 66
ANNEX 3: Climate Co-Benefits ....................................................................................... 72
ANNEX 4: Priority Investment Plan: Framework ............................................................ 80
ANNEX 5: Map .............................................................................................................. 82
The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
DATASHEET
BASIC INFORMATION
BASIC_INFO_TABLE
Country(ies) Project Name
Cote d'Ivoire Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project
Project ID Financing Instrument Environmental and Social Risk Classification
Investment Project
P177062 Substantial
Financing
Financing & Implementation Modalities
[ ] Multiphase Programmatic Approach (MPA) [✓] Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC)
[ ] Series of Projects (SOP) [ ] Fragile State(s)
[ ] Performance-Based Conditions (PBCs) [ ] Small State(s)
[ ] Financial Intermediaries (FI) [ ] Fragile within a non-fragile Country
[ ] Project-Based Guarantee [ ] Conflict
[ ] Deferred Drawdown [ ] Responding to Natural or Man-made Disaster
[ ] Alternate Procurement Arrangements (APA) [ ] Hands-on Enhanced Implementation Support (HEIS)
Expected Approval Date Expected Closing Date
30-Mar-2023 31-May-2029
Bank/IFC Collaboration
No
Proposed Development Objective(s)
The Development Objective is to (i) improve access to green and climate resilient urban infrastructure and basic
services, and (ii) strengthen local government capacity for participatory and climate risk-informed urban and
economic planning in selected secondary cities
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Components
Component Name Cost (US$, millions)
Component 1: Developing Green and Climate Resilient Urban infrastructure in
250.00
Selected Secondary Cities
Component 2: Providing Support to Local Governments in Selected Secondary Cities 30.00
Component 3: Project Management and Coordination 20.00
Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response 0.00
Organizations
Borrower: Republic of Côte d'Ivoire
Implementing Agency: Ministry of Water and Sanitation
PROJECT FINANCING DATA (US$, Millions)
SUMMARY -NewFin1
Total Project Cost 300.00
Total Financing 300.00
of which IBRD/IDA 300.00
Financing Gap 0.00
DETAILS -NewFinEnh1
World Bank Group Financing
International Development Association (IDA) 300.00
IDA Credit 300.00
IDA Resources (in US$, Millions)
Guarantee
Credit Amount Grant Amount SML Amount Total Amount
Amount
Cote d'Ivoire 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 300.00
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Scale-Up Window
300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 300.00
(SUW)
Total 300.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 300.00
Expected Disbursements (in US$, Millions)
WB Fiscal Year 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029
Annual 0.00 26.98 31.33 39.89 57.46 67.75 76.59
Cumulative 0.00 26.98 58.31 98.20 155.66 223.41 300.00
INSTITUTIONAL DATA
Practice Area (Lead) Contributing Practice Areas
Agriculture and Food, Education, Health, Nutrition &
Urban, Resilience and Land
Population, Social Sustainability and Inclusion
Climate Change and Disaster Screening
This operation has been screened for short and long-term climate change and disaster risks
SYSTEMATIC OPERATIONS RISK-RATING TOOL (SORT)
Risk Category Rating
1. Political and Governance Substantial
2. Macroeconomic Moderate
3. Sector Strategies and Policies Moderate
4. Technical Design of Project or Program Substantial
5. Institutional Capacity for Implementation and Sustainability Substantial
6. Fiduciary Substantial
7. Environment and Social Substantial
8. Stakeholders Moderate
9. Other Substantial
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
10. Overall Substantial
COMPLIANCE
Policy
Does the project depart from the CPF in content or in other significant respects?
[ ] Yes [✓] No
Does the project require any waivers of Bank policies?
[ ] Yes [✓] No
Environmental and Social Standards Relevance Given its Context at the Time of Appraisal
E & S Standards Relevance
Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts Relevant
Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure Relevant
Labor and Working Conditions Relevant
Resource Efficiency and Pollution Prevention and Management Relevant
Community Health and Safety Relevant
Land Acquisition, Restrictions on Land Use and Involuntary Resettlement Relevant
Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Relevant
Resources
Indigenous Peoples/Sub-Saharan African Historically Underserved Traditional Not Currently Relevant
Local Communities
Cultural Heritage Relevant
Financial Intermediaries Not Currently Relevant
NOTE: For further information regarding the World Bank’s due diligence assessment of the Project’s potential
environmental and social risks and impacts, please refer to the Project’s Appraisal Environmental and Social Review
Summary (ESRS).
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Legal Covenants
Sections and Description
FA, Schedule 2, Section I, A, 2: The Recipient shall: (a) no later than one (1) month after the Effective Date, establish
a new committee (“Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee” or “ISC”) under the authority of its Prime Minister, and
thereafter maintain it throughout the period of implementation of the Project with terms of reference,
composition and resources acceptable to the Association. Without limitation to the foregoing provision, the ISC
shall (i) be responsible for the provision of overall strategic guidance to the Project, the approval of Annual Work
Plans and Budgets, and coordination among stakeholders; and (ii) include representatives of the Recipient’s line
ministries and specialized agencies involved in the implementation of the Project.
Sections and Description
FA, Schedule 2, Section I, A.3 (a): The Recipient shall designate and charge the PARU PCU (“PCU”), under MINHAS,
with overall responsibility for coordination and implementation of the Project: with this respect, the Recipient shall
ensure that no later than one (1) month after the Effective Date, the mandate of the PCU is expanded to also
include the Project and that the contracts of the PCU staff working on the Project is amended as needed to cover
their services in connection with the Project for a term commensurate with the period of implementation of the
Project.
Sections and Description
FA, Schedule 2, Section I, B.1 (d): If during Project implementation, the Recipient decides to use its military or
security forces, the Recipient shall prior to any involvement of its military and/or security forces in the carrying out
of Project activities, send a written notice to the Association (in accordance with Section 11.01(b) of the General
Conditions) communicating such decision, including the name of the military or security unit.
Sections and Description
ESCP: A draft SEA / SH Prevention and Management Action is included in the disclosed ESMF. The Plan shall be
refined, disclosed, consulted upon, and adopted no later than 120 days after the Effective Date.
Sections and Description
FA, Schedule 2, Section I, A.3 (c) (B): The Recipient shall recruit, from a date not later than three (3) months after
the Effective Date, and thereafter maintain the following additional staff to strengthen the PCU (in addition to the
key staff currently based in Abidjan): a procurement specialist, a financial management specialist, a monitoring and
evaluation specialist, an environmental specialist, a social development specialist and others as may be mentioned
in the ESCP, a civil engineer and an urban development specialist.
Sections and Description
ESCP: Three (3) months after the effective date, additional staff (including an environmental specialist, a social
development specialist, and a gender specialist) will be recruited to strengthen the PCU and maintained throughout
the implementation of the project, as outlined in the Financial Agreement.
Sections and Description
ESCP: Establish and operationalize the Project GM prior to carrying out project activities and maintain and operate
the mechanism throughout Project implementation.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Sections and Description
ESCP: The SMP shall be developed, consulted upon, and adopted before the carrying out of the Project activities,
and thereafter implement the SMP throughout Project implementation.
Sections and Description
ESCP: Submit the respective RAP for the Association’s prior review and no objection, adopt, and disclose the RAP,
and once adopted, implement the respective RAP, including ensuring that before taking possession of the land and
related assets, full compensation has been provided and displaced people have been resettled and moving
allowances have been provided.
Conditions
Type Financing source Description
Effectiveness IBRD/IDA FA, Article IV, 4.01 a): the Recipient has recruited a Manager for the
Decentralized Project Implementation Office (“DPIO”) in Korhogo,
in accordance with Section I.A.3(c)(i) of Schedule 2 to this
Agreement.
Type Financing source Description
Effectiveness IBRD/IDA FA, Article IV, 4.01 b): the Recipient, through its PCU, has signed
Project Implementation Support Framework Agreements with the
Recipient’s following ministries and specialized agencies: Ministry of
Construction, Housing and Urban Development, Ministry of
National Education and Literacy, Ministry of Health, Public Hygiene
and Universal Health Coverage, AGEROUTE ONAD, and ANAGED, all
in accordance with Section I.A.3(d) of Schedule 2 to this Agreement
Type Financing source Description
Effectiveness IBRD/IDA FA, Article IV, 4.01 c): the Recipient has prepared and adopted the
Project Implementation Manual (“PIM”), in accordance with Section
I.B.1 of Schedule 2 to this Agreement.
Type Financing source Description
Disbursement IBRD/IDA FA, Schedule 2, Section III, B.1 (b): No withdrawal shall be made for
expenditures under Category (2), unless and until: (i) the Recipient
has provided at least one (1) resettlement action plan in connection
with affected people as a result of activities to be implemented
under Part 1 of the Project, in accordance with the provisions of the
ESCP, in form and substance acceptable to the Association; and (ii)
the Association has confirmed its agreement to allocate funds of
the Credit to Category (2) for the financing of the expenditures to
be incurred by the Recipient for the implementation of such
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
resettlement action plan.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
I. STRATEGIC CONTEXT
A. Country Context
1. Côte d’Ivoire’s economy has been relatively resilient throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. While
economic growth fell from an average of 6.9 percent during 2017-2019, to 2 percent in 2020 (a real per
capita decline of 0.6 percent), Côte d’Ivoire was among the best performing economies in sub-Saharan
Africa.1 COVID-19 response measures resulted in the fiscal deficit rising from 2.3 percent to 5.6 percent of
gross domestic product (GDP) between 2019 and 2020. Government expenditure increased from 17.3
percent to 20.7 percent of GDP between 2019 and 2020 and included the expansion of social services. The
increase was also attributable to ongoing initiatives to expand universal health care, education, and access
to water and electricity. Slow progress in efforts to mobilize domestic revenues continues to constrain the
government’s ability to respond to shocks, with tax revenues remaining around 12 percent of GDP in recent
years. Public debt rose steeply, from 41 percent of GDP in 2019 to 49.8 percent in 2020.
2. Although Côte d’Ivoire’s economy rebounded strongly from the COVID-19 pandemic in 2021, it
faces headwinds from increased inflationary pressures and tightening international financial markets.
Real GDP growth declined but remained positive at 2 percent in 2020 and recovered to 7 percent in 2021.
Yet, the fiscal deficit and public debt increased over this period, by 2.8 and 4.5 percentage points of GDP.
Inflation hit a 10-year high in 2021 because of supply chain disruptions and weather conditions. The impact
of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine is putting additional strain on public finances. Côte d’Ivoire has tried to
contain rising food and fuel prices through subsidies and price caps, the cost of which is estimated at nearly
1 percent of GDP in 2022. For 2022, real economic growth is set to slow to 5.7 percent (2.8 percent per
capita) but is expected to reach 6.7 percent in 2023-2025. Notwithstanding these heightened global
uncertainties, the government is rolling out its long-term development plan.
3. Côte d’Ivoire aspires to reach upper-middle income status by 2030, which would require
sustaining rapid economic growth. The government has set ambitious goals for the decade, including
achieving emerging market status by 2030, which would entail doubling the country’s GDP per capita
compared to its 2020 level of US$1,736. To achieve this and ensure a more inclusive economic growth, the
National Development Plan (NDP) for 2021-2025 lays out the main guiding principles and strategic pillars
of development, namely attracting more private investment and transforming the economy towards
greater productivity and value-added, while ensuring regional equity and inclusion. It also sets the
government’s development objectives including accelerating the economic transformation, reducing
poverty and inequality, and improving governance. Côte d’Ivoire will have to improve domestic resource
mobilization and enhance the business environment, as well as the efficiency and allocation of public
spending in education, healthcare, and rural development.
4. Although poverty declined in Côte d’Ivoire between 2011 and 2019, the incidence remains high,
and the 2022 Poverty Assessment reveals significant spatial disparities. Between 2011 and 2019, Côte
d’Ivoire’s poverty rate declined from 55.3 to 39.4 percent; much higher than other lower middle-income
countries where the average poverty rate was only 12.8 percent. Poverty reduction has been uneven across
the country. Poverty declined rapidly in the regions along the eastern border with Ghana and in the south
1According to the Macro Poverty Outlook consulted on October 2022, Côte d’Ivoire has been one of the fastest growing
economies in Sub-Saharan Africa for almost a decade, with real GDP growth averaging 8.2 percent over 2012–2019 (5.7 percent in
per capita terms).
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
while living conditions have significantly worsened along the western border with Liberia and Guinea. 2 In
the north, 52.8 percent of the population is poor compared to 39.5 percent nationally.
5. Côte d’Ivoire also faces rising regional insecurity risks stemming from the ongoing crisis in the
Sahel that could dampen the economic outlook. The number of violent attacks in Central Sahel has
increased eight times since 2015. Porous borders and intense migratory flows render containing this threat
to any country or area unlikely. In the last decade, terrorist groups have repeatedly assailed neighboring
Mali and Burkina Faso, and Côte d’Ivoire has suffered several terrorist attacks targeting security forces and
villages along these borders. Many living in proximity to these borders share history and participate in
shared local economies, and may have the same political grievances – social contexts which are highly
conducive to the spread of extremism and violence. The expansion of terrorism can be fostered by any
number of factors, including rising poverty, growing unemployment, marginalization, infrastructure and
basic services gaps, as well as a widespread perception that government disregards the needs and concerns
of communities. Regional disparities and the sense among poor communities that their interests are
unrepresented within government institutions can quickly become accelerants of escalating conflict, as can
land disputes. Insecurity in neighboring countries can destabilize the northern part of Côte d’Ivoire and
create additional fiscal pressures, as increased spending on security becomes even more necessary.
Programs to address these sources of vulnerability and fragility, and spillover risks from elsewhere in the
Sahel, warrant significant priority on the part of the government.
6. Strengthening the government’s capacity to deliver effective and inclusive public services, and
supporting citizen engagement are paramount to enhance the social contract, as well as reinforce trust
between citizens and the state. Côte d’Ivoire has made important efforts to bolster its governance
framework through the establishment of accountability institutions and fighting against corruption.3
Nevertheless, further efforts are required to strengthen accountability in public financial management, as
well as to enhance access to and the quality of public services throughout the country, and foster citizen
engagement. Improving access to key public services such as education, health, transport, and electricity is
critical to improve the quality of life and create economic opportunities for citizens who otherwise rely on
more expensive and less climate-friendly alternatives. In this context, it is essential to consolidate efforts to
accelerate access to public services to all citizens, in particular to those located in lagging regions such as
northern and western Côte d’Ivoire. Strengthening the bargaining interface between the state and citizens,
and among citizens, could also create space to peacefully address the social breakdown. This could be
achieved by establishing and deepening citizen engagement in the definition, planning and implementation
of public policies and programs.
7. In Côte d’Ivoire, climate change is expected to exacerbate the impacts of extreme weather events
and natural disasters, especially floods. In terms of vulnerability to climate change, Côte d’Ivoire ranks in
the bottom quintile compared to other lower middle-income countries, and it also scores relatively low in
terms of climate change readiness.4 Considering demographic growth and climate change projections, the
country’s high climate risk level is quickly escalating, mainly driven by vulnerability and the lack of coping
2 40 percent of the population in extreme poverty lives in the western regions. World Bank Group Côte d’Ivoire Country Partnership
Framework (CPF) for the period FY 23-27 (Report No. 179288)
3 Recent initiatives include the creation of a Ministry in charge of good governance and anti-corruption in 2021, the creation of the
digital platform System for the Prevention and Detection of Acts of Corruption and Assimilated Offenses in 2022, and the creation
of three supreme judicial institutions (i.e., Court of Auditors, Court of Cassation, and Council of State).
4 Chen, C., Noble, I., Hellmann, J., Coffee, J., Murillo, M., & Chawla, N. (2015). University of Notre Dame global adaptation index
country index technical report. ND-GAIN: South Bend, IN, USA
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capacity.5 The semi-arid northern regions, including Savanes and Zanzan, are highly exposed to extreme
heat events, which are likely to intensify given an anticipated rise in mean temperatures of up to 3°C by the
end of the century under a Shared Socioeconomic Pathways 5-8.5 climate change scenario. At the same
time, precipitation is projected to increase and become temporally more concentrated, making wet seasons
wetter and dry seasons drier.6 Internal climate migration modelling indicates high levels of climate in-
migration toward large secondary cities such as Korhogo and Man, which further increases their exposure
and vulnerability to climate change.7
B. Sectoral and Institutional Context
8. Côte d’Ivoire is one of the most urbanized countries in sub-Saharan Africa, with 52 percent of its
population residing in urban areas, compared to an average of 41 percent for the region .8 The country
continues to urbanize rapidly, at a rate of approximately 3.4 percent a year. The share of the Ivoirian
population living in cities is expected to reach 60 percent by 2025, and to exceed 70 percent by 2050. Côte
d’Ivoire is also characterized by the economic dominance of Abidjan, which has an estimated population of
5.6 million inhabitants, or 20 percent of the country’s total population and over 40 percent of its urban
dwellers. 90 percent of the country’s formal enterprises are in Abidjan. With 550,000 inhabitants, Bouaké
is the second largest city, followed by Daloa (270,000), Korhogo (375,000), Yamoussoukro (210,000), San
Pédro (180,000), Gagnoa (170,000), Man (197,000), and many smaller cities. Abidjan, San Pédro, and
Yamoussoukro are Côte d’Ivoire’s global connectors: Urban economies that are hubs of innovation,
increasing returns to scale, and global competitiveness. The country also has six regional connectors, more
localized urban economies that are essential centers of transport and regional trade, namely Bouaké and
Korhogo (north corridor), Daloa and Man (west corridor), and Adzopé and Abengourou (east corridor).
Around 20 other cities serve as domestic connectors, generating internal economies of scale that play a
central role in realizing the agricultural potential of their respective regions.9
9. Boosting the development of Côte d’Ivoire’s secondary cities is critical to reduce poverty, promote
shared prosperity, and help the country attain middle-income status. Sixty percent of Côte d’Ivoire’s urban
population and 30 percent of its total population reside in secondary cities. Yet, while Abidjan is
experiencing rapid urbanization accompanied by strong economic development, the same trend is not
evident among secondary cities. The Autonomous District of Abidjan alone accounts for 80 percent of formal
jobs and over 60 percent of the country's economic activity. By contrast, secondary cities have not been
well-integrated into the national economy and fall significantly behind. This is of particular concern for
secondary cities in the northern and western regions, where years of civil war, political unrest, and lack of
investment in key infrastructure have kept cities and urban areas less efficient and prosperous. These
regions are experiencing a higher incidence of poverty, a lower Human Development Index, limited
economic opportunities, and increased fragility. 10 Access to education, life expectancy, food security, and
gross domestic product per capita are all lower than the national average.11 Major constraints include years
5 Côte d’Ivoire is among the 15 countries classified as “high risk” and where the risk level is quickly growing. Source: European
Union (2022) INFORM Risk Index: Climate Change Tool. https://drmkc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/inform-index/INFORM-Climate-
Change/INFORM-Climate-Change-Tool
6 World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal: Côte d’Ivoire.
7 World Bank (2021) Groundswell Africa: Internal Climate Migration in West African Countries
8 United Nations Population Division. World Urbanization Prospects: 2018 Revision.
9 World Bank (2015) Côte d’Ivoire Urbanization Review: Diversified Urbanization
10 Almost 53 percent of the northern population is considered poor, compared with 39.4percent nationally
11 Northern Côte d’Ivoire has on average up to 4.6 years of schooling, compared to 6.4 for the rest of the country
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of underinvestment in public infrastructure and basic services, limited access to finance, costly and unsafe
transportation, and insufficient local government capacity to plan and control urban and economic growth.
10. Investing in green infrastructure and the sustainable development of Côte d’Ivoire’s secondary
cities is critical to reducing their carbon footprint. Most urban areas are heat islands: they have less
vegetation than natural landscapes, and have urban structures that absorb and re-emit solar heat. Urban
areas are also major greenhouse gas (GHG) emitters, and are responsible for around 70 percent of global
anthropogenic GHG emissions. Because they are still in an early stage of urbanization with low population
density, secondary cities in Côte d’Ivoire are in a unique position to minimize their carbon footprint as urban
development advances. 12 This will require sound urban planning to minimize urban sprawl, prevent the
removal of trees and vegetation, plant trees and greenery, create public parks, and encourage the adoption
of green building and infrastructure standards. Unique opportunities are available to secondary cities to
grow in ways that are climate-friendly and respectful of the environment. Existing public squares,
recreational areas, schools, and other facilities have often been constructed without adequate
consideration to green building design. They can be retrofitted or renovated to reduce their carbon
footprint. This is the case with many public schools that lack any form of vegetation.
11. As Côte d’Ivoire’s secondary cities continue to grow, it is critical to increase their climate change
resilience. Small and medium cities are particularly vulnerable to extreme weather and climate change-
related natural hazards. This is, in part, due to the lack of sound planning, limited control exerted over urban
growth, and lack of investments in basic urban infrastructure. These often result in the informal occupation
of risk prone areas and other areas unsuitable for urbanization. The effects of climate change are expected
to differ throughout the country. In northern Côte d’Ivoire, climate change is anticipated to make rainfall
patterns more erratic and unpredictable, with longer dry periods, and more intense and extreme rainfall,
exacerbating flood risks.13 Secondary cities are particularly ill-prepared to cope with floods. While the
southern part of the country is more prone to floods and costal erosion, these events can also take place in
the north, such as in Korhogo in 2007. Vegetation, which plays a role in regulating the local hydrological
cycle, has been receding over decades, creating conditions for soil erosion and landslides. Temperatures in
Côte d’Ivoire are projected to increase by 3 °C by the end of the century, with more frequent heatwaves. 14
This poses serious risks for urban areas, where alternations between extended droughts and flood events
will lead to the faster deterioration of infrastructure and buildings. These alternating periods of drought and
extreme rainfall also threaten food security, rendering local agricultural economies more vulnerable to
shocks and undermining cities’ potential to serve as engines of growth. 15
12. Secondary cities’ limited capacity to plan and regulate urban development and address
uncertainties regarding questions over land tenure has meant that urban spatial growth has substantially
exceeded investment in basic public services. Local governments often lack updated planning instruments,
and urban sprawl continues, with cities expanding into new “village subdivisions” – areas subdivided by
customary authorities, families, or individuals without necessarily following existing plans and regulations.
These subdivisions are generally delineated by land surveyors who should normally submit the plans for a
12 World Bank (2022) From Surviving to Thriving: Making Cities Green, Resilient, and Inclusive
13 Côte d’Ivoire is in a transition zone between humid equatorial climate to the southeast and drier tropical conditions to the north,
heavily influenced by the West African Monsoon, which brings moisture during the wet season, with recurring extreme rainfall episodes.
14 Côte d’Ivoire (2017) Troisième communication nationale à la Convention Cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques
15 Dodman, D. et al. (2022) Cities, Settlements and Key Infrastructure. In: Climate Change (2022) Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability.
Contribution of Working Group II to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge
University Press, Cambridge, the United Kingdom.
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subdivision to local governments for approval before they are forwarded for final approval by the Ministry
of Construction, Housing, and Urban Development (Ministère de la Construction, du Logement et de
l’Urbanisme, MCLU). However, the commercialization and occupation of urban lots in village subdivisions
often precede any such formal approval, resulting in the creation of fragmented and poorly connected urban
areas that do not comply with regulations, and suffer from poor access to basic services and infrastructure.
So long as these land subdivisions are not regularized, their residents cannot obtain an Urban Land Title
(Arrêté de Concession Définitive, ACD), the legal proof of land ownership in urban areas. Residents may rely
on alternative mechanisms such as certificates issued by traditional and local authorities, but these
documents provide limited protection in case of disputed claims.
13. Although there are differences in service provision between secondary cities, all require
significant investments in roads, drainage, and solid waste management. Secondary cities generally have
only a small part of their streets paved as investments have not kept up with the urban expansion. This
subsequently increases the cost of transportation and leaves cities more vulnerable to higher levels of
precipitation associated with climate change. In Korhogo, Côte d’Ivoire’s fourth largest city and the largest
city in the north, only 8 percent of the roads are paved, one-quarter of the city has public lighting, while 3
percent of the houses – i.e., in the city center – are legally provisioned with water, electricity, and roads. In
Odienné, 80 percent of the population has access to safe water, but this figure drops to 62 percent in
Korhogo and below 50 percent in Ouangolodougou. The absence of functioning drainage systems is another
source of concern, as these are critical infrastructure to control runoff water, prevent flooding, and protect
assets. Because most secondary cities lack sanitation and sewage infrastructure, untreated gray waters are
often discharged informally without being treated. Solid waste management is another matter requiring
urgent attention. Many secondary cities have neither efficient solid waste management collection systems
nor sanitary landfills. Garbage ends up in a multitude of unauthorized dumpsites without being treated and
with no opportunities for recycling, which stands in the way of achieving the 13-percent reduction in GHG
emissions from the solid waste management sector envisioned in Côte d’Ivoire’s 2022 Nationally
Determined Contributions (NDC).16 This applies to large secondary cities such as Korhogo, Ferkessédougou,
and Man as well.
14. Secondary cities also require important investments in other key public infrastructure and
services, notably those related to education, health, and economic activities. Public school infrastructure
is a major determinant of the learning environment.17 Many public schools in urban areas are too
dilapidated, overcrowded, and poorly equipped to offer a safe or inclusive learning environment. In
secondary cities in the north public schools are often built on large parcels, and investments are urgently
required to build additional classrooms, canteens, latrines, leisure areas, and fences. Public schools lack
greenery and trees and do not meet environmental standards. Health infrastructure is likewise inadequately
equipped and severely overcrowded, while local urban health facilities are the primary sources of public
health services for local population. Maternity facilities, for instance, are sometimes used for both giving
birth and providing general health services, owing to a lack of physical space. Lastly, economic infrastructure
such as wholesale, retail and cattle markets play a key economic role and are a revenue source for local
governments. However, they are often overcrowded, and do not meet safety and health standards.
15. Most secondary cities are heavily reliant on agriculture, and it is essential to support sustainable
practices, improve market infrastructure, and undertake activities aimed at transforming the sector. The
16 Côte d’Ivoire (2022). Contributions Déterminées au niveau National Côte d’Ivoire.
17 Barrett et al. (2019). The Impact of School Infrastructure on Learning: A Synthesis of the Evidence. Washington, DC. The World Bank.
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economies of secondary cities are dominated by the tertiary sector, with a focus on basic economic services
such as markets and banks. Economic activities in the industrial sector are very limited and formal
employment opportunities are scarce. Youths are caught between limited opportunities in rural areas and
informal urban activities.18 Women often work in food systems such as peri-urban vegetable production,
small-scale processing of agricultural products, and local trading and services. The potential for economic
transformation is limited or absent altogether, with activities limited to the production and
commercialization of raw products such as mangoes, cashews, and shea nuts. Market infrastructure is
limited and, where existent, is often inadequate, poorly maintained, overcrowded, and does not comply
with basic hygiene and security requirements.19 As a result, agricultural supply chains face serious
challenges. Most of Côte d’Ivoire’s secondary cities are unable to support the realization of the full
agricultural potential of their regions, and their role as regional and domestic connectors remains limited.
Unleashing secondary cities’ economic potential requires significant investments in market infrastructure
and local food systems.20
16. While local governments have a significant part in supporting urban development and responding
effectively to citizens’ basic needs, their ability to do so is constrained by an incomplete decentralization
process, which left them with limited autonomy, financial resources, and human capacity. Since the 1980s,
Côte d’Ivoire has adopted a large body of laws and regulations on decentralization. For instance, Law
no.2003-208 of July 7, 2003, defines 16 areas of responsibility to be delegated to local governments,
including nursery and primary schools, health centers, roads and networks of communal interest, water
supply and sewage, waste pre-collection, as well as urban master plan and land use planning. However, the
adoption of this law was followed by years of civil and political conflict, and the responsibility for urban
development remained centralized within ministries and specialized agencies. In 2014, Côte d’Ivoire
adopted law 2014-451 on the general organization of the territorial administration, which specifies that
regions and local governments are the main agents of decentralization. This law details local governments’
missions, including ensuring the participation of populations in the management of local affairs; promoting
and implementing local development; improving living conditions; as well as land and environmental
management. These broad missions allow local governments to intervene in a large range of services, all
within the administrative purview of the Ministry of Interior and Security’s General Directorate for
Decentralization and Local Development (Direction Générale de la Décentralisation et du Développement
Local, DGDDL). Yet, the effective decentralization of public service delivery functions and authority to local
governments did not occur in practice. Ambiguities remain regarding the mandates of the subnational
governments; local governments’ capacity to generate their own revenues is limited; the transfers of
financial resources from the central to local governments are inadequate and sporadic; and local
governments are unable to recruit and retain staff with the required experience and skills. 21
17. In view of Côte d’Ivoire’s limited decentralization, ministries and specialized agencies have
retained a central role in supporting urban development. The MCLU is responsible for preparing urban
master plans and detailed urban plans, formalizing urban subdivisions, and issuing ACDs. While local
18 Korhogo and Ferkessédougou, respectively 74 percent and 64 percent of 15- to 24-year-olds are unemployed.
19 Market infrastructure has only slowly changed in response to urban growth because they are hampered by major constraints such as
the lack of density, a large part of the population living in informal settlements, the lack of scale effects (i.e., cities are a collection of
neighborhoods having little connection to a coherent whole), and expensive living costs. It is estimated that the cost of living and doing
business in African cities is 30 percent higher than in other regions.
20 World Bank (2021) Côte d’Ivoire Northern Cities: Investing in Cities to Fight Fragility and Support Territorial Development.
21 Even large secondary cities have limited financial resources, 80 to 85 percent of which are used for payroll expenditures. This leaves
few resources available to invest in infrastructure and maintenance Secondary city budgets are typically between $1 and $7 per capita
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governments are responsible for local roads construction and maintenance, they usually can only afford to
build unpaved roads without sidewalks and drainage systems. Local governments rely on external support,
mainly from the Roads Management Agency (Agence de Gestion des Routes, AGEROUTE), which prioritizes
the national road network and main urban roads.22 Regarding drainage and sanitation infrastructure, these
are generally built by AGEROUTE or the National Office for Sanitation and Drainage ( Office National de
l’Assainissement et du Drainage, ONAD), while local governments focus primarily on cleaning road drainage
gutters. The National Waste Management Agency (Agence Nationale de Gestion des Déchets, ANAGED) is
responsible for solid waste management, which is normally contracted out to private firms. However,
ANAGED operates in a limited number of cities, and many secondary cities simply lack any structured solid
waste management systems. Regarding education infrastructure, the construction of schools is the
responsibility of the Ministry of National Education and Literacy which delegates maintenance to School
Management Committees comprising teachers and parents’ representatives. Local governments play an
advisory role in these committees. As for health infrastructure, local governments are responsible for
constructing local health centers, and they generally receive dedicated subsidies for this purpose. However,
the staffing and daily operation of these health centers fall under the Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene’s
(Ministère de la Santé et de l’Hygiène Publique) responsibility. Lastly, local governments are responsible for
building and maintaining markets, though large market infrastructure may involve the Ministry of Trade,
Industry and Promotion of Small and Medium Enterprises (Ministre du Commerce, de l'Industrie. et de la
Promotion des Petites et Moyennes Entreprises). Other key institutions involved in urban development
include the DGDDL; the National Environment Agency (Agence Nationale de l’Environnement, ANDE); the
National Office of Civil Status and Identification; and the Union of Cities and Communes of Côte d'Ivoire
(Union des Villes et Communes de Côte d’Ivoire, UVICOCI).
18. In the north in particular, secondary cities have a vital role to play in addressing security concerns.
Much of this will consist of providing access to basic services and encouraging community participation
through more inclusive institutions. They also have an important role in facilitating and promoting job
creation. Cities in neighboring countries – including Sikasso in Mali; and Boucle du Mouhoun, Hauts-Bassins,
and Cascades in Burkina Faso – are experiencing structural fragilities which are likely to spread to Côte
d’Ivoire. Instability in Burkina Faso has led to a regrouping of the jihadist movements in northern Côte
d’Ivoire, particularly in the Comoé forest between Bouna and Ferkessédougou. Other vulnerable areas
include Tengréla near the border with Mali, and Ouangolodougou along the border with Burkina Faso.
Boundiali and Korhogo are vulnerable as well. The number of conflicts along the northern border with Mali
and Burkina Faso have increased significantly. Clashes between farmers and herders are also a source of
concern, particularly in the areas around Bouna. Northern Côte d’Ivoire is part of the Sahel’s Central
Transhumance Corridor, and has become a destination for stranded herders that is an important part of
their adaptation strategy. Over recent years, a variety of stressors, including some attributable to climate
change, have intensified competition over land and water resources in northern Côte d’Ivoire.
C. Relevance to Higher Level Objectives
19. The Project will contribute to Côte d’Ivoire’s NDP 2021-2025, which aims to support the
development of productive, competitive, green, inclusive, and resilient cities. The NDP identifies the
development of secondary cities as a priority to improve economic opportunities for people living outside
of Abidjan. The plan seeks to balance regional development, support environmental preservation, and fight
22Observations made during project preparation show that between 5 and 15 percent of the urban roads are paved in the main
secondary cities of northern Côte d’Ivoire.
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against climate change. The Project will support the goals set in Côte d’Ivoire’s 2022 NDC to invest US$12
billion in adaptation measures, and to GHG emissions by 30.4 percent by 2030.
20. The Project fits within the Main Pathways of the 2022 update of the Côte d’Ivoire Systematic
Country Diagnostic (SCD), which identifies untapped opportunities to use secondary cities to stimulate the
economies of rural areas through regional integration and territorial development. The Project’s focus on
urban agriculture is consistent with the priorities set under Main Pathway I: Improving agricultural
productivity and boosting rural development. The proposed investment in public educational and health
facilities will support Main Pathway III: Human capital development through better social spending.
21. The Project is aligned with the World Bank Group Côte d’Ivoire Country Partnership Framework
(CPF) for the period FY23-27 (discussed by the Board of Executive Directors on February 2, 2023, Report
No. 179288). One of the objectives of the CPFs second High-Level Outcome is to support the development
of sustainable cities for inclusive growth. The CPF stresses the importance of supporting the sustainable
development of Côte d’Ivoire’s secondary cities to enable all regions to contribute to, and benefit from,
national economic progress. The CPF proposes a phased approach, starting with a limited number of cities
in the northern and western regions to counter the Sahel security crisis’ spillover effects.
22. The Project will support the World Bank Group’s 2021-2025 Climate Change Action Plan in
contributing to Côte d’Ivoire’s efforts to develop, finance, and implement solutions for cities that reduce
emissions, build resilience, and promote shared prosperity. The Project is aligned with the Adapt-Connect-
Transform goals of the World Bank Group’s 2021-2025 Western and Central Africa Region Priority:
Supporting a Resilient Recovery, including Goal #4 Ramp Up Climate Resilience, which state that efforts
should focus on resilient green cities by enabling urban transition and transformation toward resilient low-
carbon growth and green technology. Project activities are intended to promote transformational and
sustainable impacts on communities, by prioritizing people-centered interventions that contribute to
making secondary cities, Green, Resilient, Inclusive, and more Competitive in accordance with the World
Bank’s Green, Resilient, and Inclusive Development (GRID) framework and goals.
23. The Project will support the Sustainable Development Goal 11’s objective to make cities inclusive,
safe, resilient, and sustainable. Lastly, the Project builds upon the findings and recommendations of several
Advisory Services and Analytics (ASA), including the Côte d'Ivoire Urbanization Review: Diversified
Urbanization (World Bank, 2015, P147762), the ASA Côte d’Ivoire Northern Cities: Investing in Cities to
Fight Fragility and Support Territorial Development (World Bank, 2021, P175630), and the flagship report
From Surviving to Thriving: Making Cities Green, Resilient, and Inclusive (World Bank, 2022).
24. The Project is aligned with the World Bank Group’s Global Crisis Response Framework (World
Bank, 2022). Under Component 1, most of the Project funds will finance investments in green and climate-
resilient urban infrastructure, which is consistent with Pillar 3’s objective to help strengthen resilience, while
support provided to urban agriculture planned under Subcomponent 2.3 will contribute to Pillar 1’s
objective to respond to food insecurity and protect the vulnerable. Subcomponents 2.1 and 2.2 are also
aligned with the objectives of Pillar 3.
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II.
PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. Project Development Objective
25. The Project Development Objectives (PDO) are to (i) improve access to green and climate resilient
urban infrastructure and basic services; and (ii) strengthen local government capacity for participatory and
climate risk-informed urban and economic planning in selected secondary cities.
26. The achievement of the PDO will be measured by four key results:
- People provided with improved urban living conditions23 (Number)
- People provided with improved urban living conditions - female (Number)
- Beneficiaries reporting that Project investments reflected their needs (Percentage)
- Female beneficiaries reporting that Project investments reflected their needs (Percentage)
- Local governments with new/updated climate risk-informed urban master plans prepared through a
participatory process (Number)
- Local governments with new/updated local development plans prepared through a participatory
process (Number)
B. Project Components
27. It was agreed with the Government that the Project will initially target eight secondary cities.
Depending on future government priorities and the availability of funds, the Project may be extended to
additional cities. The cities initially targeted are Bouna, Boundiali, Ferkessédougou, Korhogo, Man, Odienné,
Ouangolodougou, and Tengréla. The selection of these cities follows the recommendations of the World
Bank Group Côte d’Ivoire’s CPF (FY23-27) to adopt a phased approach, starting with a limited number of
cities in the northern and western regions to counter the Sahel security crisis’ spillover effects. These regions
were selected because they fall behind the rest of the country, including in terms of poverty, Human
Development Index, and economic opportunities. The rationale for the Project’s strong focus on northern
Côte d’Ivoire is that this region is directly affected by security and stability concerns along the borders with
Burkina Faso and Mali. Korhogo, Ferkessédougou, Boundiali, Odienné, Tengréla, and Ouangolodougou are
the largest cities in northern Côte d’Ivoire, with a combined population of 900,000. Their populations range
from around 30,000 inhabitants in Bouna, to close to 375,000 inhabitants in Korhogo. While Bouna is the
eleventh largest city in the north, it was selected because it is the largest urban center in the northeastern
region of Bounkani, which borders Burkina Faso and Ghana, and is particularly affected by ongoing conflicts
in the Sahel. Man is the largest city in western Côte d’Ivoire, with around 200,000 inhabitants. 24 It is a
regional connector and an important center of transport and regional trade with Guinea and Liberia.
28. The Project aims to have a transformational impact on secondary cities, making them more
inclusive, greener, and more resilient to climate change. Infrastructure and services need to be significantly
upgraded to improve the living conditions of their populations, provide job opportunities, and leverage the
cities’ role as drivers of economic growth. The proposed spatial approach consists in targeting specific areas
such as city centers and selected poor neighborhoods to avoid lock-in effects of less dense, and fragmented
23 This is a Corporate Result Indicator with a standardized name. However, this indicator measures the number of people benefiting from
new or rehabilitated green and climate-resilient urban infrastructure financed under the Project.
24 2021 census of Côte d’Ivoire’s National Institute of Statistics
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urban forms, which are raising the cost-of-service delivery, and are preventing cities from achieving
agglomeration economies. Scattered and fragmented cities also generate higher risks, energy consumption,
and transport induced GHG emissions. Therefore, the Project will help developing and densifying city
centers, upgrading access to the denser neighborhoods, improving soft mobility, developing access to public
facilities, and establishing well-functioning drainage and solid waste management systems. Incorporating
greening strategies and climate resilience into urban planning and infrastructure design is also paramount
in view of these cities’ vulnerability to climate change and its consequent impact on poverty.
29. Proposed infrastructure investments can be grouped into three broad areas of intervention: (i)
Urban roads and public spaces: Well-connected street grids bring connectivity as well as access to jobs and
markets. However, only 5 to 15 percent of the cities’ roads are paved. The Project will finance the
construction or renovation of approximately 70 km of urban roads, representing about 3 percent of these
cities’ total road networks. The focus will be on improving all-weather access to city centers, dense areas,
key public facilities, and poor neighborhoods. Attention will be given to improving safety at accident-prone
intersections, soft transportation (sidewalks, bike lanes, etc.), and tree planting along roadsides to limit rain
flows and improve walkability; (ii) Drainage and solid waste management: The Project will finance urban
drainage and nature-based solution infrastructure. The focus will be on restoring, improving, and protecting
the drainage system’s capacity to increase resilience to floods. Priority will be given to lowlands to safeguard
and support urban agriculture, parks, and green belts to limit urban sprawl. In four cities, solid waste
management will complement these investments. (iii) Public facilities: The focus will be on the rehabilitation
and construction of public health, education, recreational, and economic facilities, such as primary,
secondary, and high schools; nurseries; local health centers; parks; squares; public markets; and cattle
markets.
30. Project investments will encourage green, resilient, and compact urban growth. Investments in
nature-based solutions will be prioritized to support carbon sequestration, reduce the impact of natural
hazards (e.g., floods, droughts, landslides, and extreme heat), while improving the quality of life through
preserving and creating green spaces that provide shade and cool cities. Project investments in drainage
and integrated storm water management will be adopted where possible. The creation of green spaces
along canals, as well as the protection and restoration of existing green spaces that are deteriorated and
are threatened by encroachment, are key to help to retain water during storm events. Reforestation and
greening efforts will prioritize the use of indigenous species appropriate to the target regions. There will be
three levels of intervention. At the city level, the Project will help protect and restore green belts (e.g.,
Ferkessédougou and Odienné) and riverbanks. It will also support the creation of green corridors and the
protection of holly forests. At the neighborhood level, the Project will concentrate on the creation and
preservation of parks and squares, as well as improving and protecting urban agriculture areas. At the
infrastructure level, green designs will be of particular importance. For instance, the Project will finance
roadside greening, and tree planting in school yards and public squares. These measures are expected to
contribute to reducing the impact of heat waves, improving the quality of life, and positively affect public
health. The Project will also focus on energy efficiency, notably through investments in energy-efficient
street lighting, solar panels for public facilities, and energy efficient retrofits. Regarding investments in
school renovation and construction, architectural designs will reflect the bioclimatic plans that are being
developed by the Ministry of Education and Literacy, with the support of the French Development Agency
(Agence française de développement, AFD).
31. Local governments identified a first series of priority investments, in close collaboration with local
communities and stakeholders, ministries, and specialized agencies . Consultations were initiated in 2021
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with the support of the Project Coordination Unit of the Urban Resilience and Solid Waste Management
Project (PARU, P168308) and resulted in a long list of over 800 investment proposals totaling over US$1.5
billion. This long list was established in a participatory manner, with local authorities and communities
partaking in the process. Proposals were screened and prioritized considering their relevance regarding the
PDO; number of beneficiaries; complexity; social and environmental impact; complementarity with
investments under other projects financed by the government and development partners; and, importantly,
overall transformational impact through spatial coherence and synergy. Available studies, plans, and
strategies were reviewed to ensure that the proposed investments are aligned with local, regional, and
national priorities. Public consultations were held to ensure that the investment proposals reflected the
priority needs of local communities and other stakeholders. As a result, a short list of proposed integrated
investments amounting to US$250 million was compiled, including urban roads; drainage, flood reduction,
and water infrastructure; education and health infrastructure; green spaces; solid waste management; and
economic infrastructure. This short list will be used to prepare a Priority Investment Plan (PIP) for each
target city, which may be adjusted from time to time in agreement with the implementing agency and the
World Bank.
32. With most of the target cities located in the north, the Project is being designed to complement
a series of World Bank operations concentrating on northern Côte d’Ivoire. Investments in these
operations total over US$1 billion. They include the Gulf of Guinea Social Cohesion Project (P175043) and
the Northern Côte d’Ivoire Inclusive Connectivity and Rural Infrastructure Project (P178362); two
operations that target rural areas. The Northern Côte d’Ivoire Electricity and Digital Access Project
(P176776) and the Côte d'Ivoire Water Security and Sanitation Support Project (P177118, under
preparation) focus on improving the availability of water resources, and increasing access to electricity
and drinking water. The Secondary Cities Project will not finance any major investments in the electricity
and water sectors, though funds will be earmarked for possible social connections to increase access to
water in the target cities. The primary focus of the Secondary Cities Project will be inclusive and resilient
development in urban areas through investments in green and climate-resilient urban infrastructure (e.g.,
schools, health centers, recreational facilities, and markets, as well as roads, water, sanitation, drainage,
and solid waste management) and support to local governments in matters related to urban planning,
land administration, municipal services, infrastructure management, and local economic development.
These investments will complement those planned under other projects, notably the PARU (P168308), the
Côte d'Ivoire Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project (P156739), and the Strengthening Primary
Education System Operation (P177800).25The Project will be structured around the following components:
25There is presently a shortfall of 16,000 classrooms to accommodate the students who are subject to compulsory education but
cannot attend school because of lack of space, while demographic trends suggest the need to build 3,000 new classrooms per
year. The Strengthening Primary Education System Operation plans to finance the construction of 3,000 new classrooms
throughout the country, and the Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project will support the construction of around 500
additional classrooms.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Component 1: Developing Green and Climate Resilient Urban infrastructure in Selected Secondary Cities
(US$250 million equivalent)
33. This component focuses on priority green and climate-resilient infrastructure to improve urban
living conditions, promote local economic development, and foster social inclusion. These investments will
be coupled with implementation support and technical assistance for Operation and Maintenance under
Subcomponent 2.2. Greening strategies and climate resilience considerations will be embedded into all
infrastructure design to reduce the carbon footprint of cities and ensure resilience to climate-related
impacts.
Sub-component 1.1: Quick Impact Investments (US$40 million equivalent)
34. This subcomponent will finance quick impact investments identified and selected in close
consultation with local governments and communities. The objective is to encourage citizen engagement
from project design to completion, while responding to the most pressing investment needs that do not
trigger negative social and environmental impacts, including physical or economic displacement. A first
batch of quick impact investments amounting to an estimated US$25 million were identified with the
municipalities and communities during Project preparation. They were screened for environmental and
social impacts and will be implemented as soon as the Project becomes effective. This first series of quick
impact investments includes improvements to existing facilities such as public schools, health centers,
maternities, dispensaries, stadiums, sports facilities, cultural centers, and youth centers. The Project will
finance the: (i) renovation and construction works such as fences, classrooms, canteens, gender-segregated
latrines, painting, maintenance of public buildings, and additions of energy efficient and climate-resilient
design features; (ii) purchase of goods for the renovated facilities and to support local associations
particularly women and youth associations; and (iii) tree planting, urban cleaning and anti-erosion
measures.
35. Project funds will be earmarked for additional quick impact investments to be identified in
collaboration with local governments and local communities throughout implementation. This
subcomponent will encourage Project beneficiaries’ active participation. It will help develop ownership of
the Project investments, and encourage stakeholders to maintain them after completion – a vital
determinant of how sustainable these investments will ultimately be. This early engagement will also
strengthen the government’s presence in areas that have suffered from a lack of public investment.
Throughout Project implementation, the Project Coordination Unit (PCU) will carry out consultations with
local communities and local governments at least once a year. This will help enhance citizens feedback and
thereby interaction between the state and citizens, as well as deepening citizen engagement in the
definition, planning, and implementation of public policies and programs. Wherever possible, Non-
Government Organizations (NGOs) and Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) will be called upon to support local
communities in carrying out Project activities.
Subcomponent 1.2: Social and Economic Infrastructure (US$60 million equivalent)
36. This subcomponent will focus on the renovation and construction of social and economic
infrastructure that is instrumental in fostering social cohesion, improving living standards, building climate
resilience, protecting existing vegetation, and promoting local economic development. A list of proposed
subprojects was identified during Project preparation with the support of local governments and
communities, as well as ministries and public agencies in charge of the planning and construction of public
social and economic infrastructure. Over 100 subprojects were proposed, amounting to around US$300
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million. They include among others: (i) construction and rehabilitation of health, education, and recreational
facilities, notably primary and secondary schools, vocational education centers, public libraries, cultural
centers, childcare centers, local health centers, maternities, and dispensaries; (ii) greening of public spaces;
(iii) creation and protection of green spaces and protected areas such as parks, forests, and riverbanks; and
(iv) investments in the rehabilitation and construction of economic infrastructure such as public markets,
cattle markets, and bus stations. The project will also support the implementing agencies and local
governments on how to design and build green and climate change-resilient social and economic
infrastructure.
Subcomponent 1.3. Roads, Sanitation, Solid Waste Management and Water Infrastructure (US$150 million
equivalent)
37. This subcomponent will finance pressing investments needs in urban roads, sanitation, solid waste
management and water infrastructure. It will focus on medium and large-scale infrastructure that aims to
make cities greener, more livable and resilient, as well as support local food systems, while contributing to
their emergence as regional and domestic connectors. It will finance among others: (i) the rehabilitation or
construction of at about 70 km of urban roads to improve climate-resilient accessibility to social and
economic public facilities, economic zones, as well as to enhance living conditions in poor neighborhoods.
Urban road rehabilitation and construction will include sidewalks and pedestrian safety features, energy
efficient public lighting, and tree planting. This aims at making safer and more walkable cities, while
minimizing their carbon emissions and making them more resilient to climate-related shocks such as heavy
rainfall.26 (ii) Preparation of sanitation and drainage master plans and the construction of about 30 km of
stormwater channels and complementary Nature Based Solutions to reduce and manage floods. Boundiali
, Ferkessédougou, Korhogo and Odienné already have or are in the process of adopting Sanitation and
Drainage Master Plans, which will also be prepared for Bouna, Ouangolodougou, and Tengréla. (iii)
Preparation of Communal Solid Waste Management Plans, implementation of cleanup campaigns,
promotion of recycling and circular economy opportunities, establishment of solid waste management
services, and the first phase of construction of sanitary landfills in Bouna, Boundiali, Odienné and Tengréla.
No investments in solid waste management are planned in Ferkessédougou, Korhogo, or Ouangolodougou
because these cities are already covered by the PARU. The Project may also finance (iv) water network
extensions and social water connections contingent on the completion of new and rehabilitated water
supply infrastructure planned in these cities under the Water Security Program for Results (P177118).
Component 2: Providing Support to Local Governments in Selected Secondary Cities (US$30 million
equivalent)
38. This component focuses on urban and economic planning, land administration, and strengthening
the capacity of local governments to plan and manage local development. Funds are earmarked for urban
agriculture to support local economic development.
Sub-component 2.1: Urban Planning, Land Administration, and Municipal Services Activities
(US$10 million equivalent)
39. The subcomponent will finance (i) the update and preparation of green and climate-resilient urban
master plans and detailed urban plans. All target cities have Urban Master Plans that are outdated and do
26Côte d’Ivoire’s Road Management Agency, in consultation with local and regional authorities, identified 264 km of roads that need to
be rehabilitated or constructed in the target cities for a total of US$ 314 million.
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not adequately address green and climate-resilient concerns. The Project will finance the update of urban
master plans for Bouna, Boundiali, Ferkessédougou, Korhogo, and Odienné. For Man, Ouangolodougou and
Tengréla, new Urban Master Plans will be prepared as existing plans date from the 1980s. Master plans will
be prepared with the active participation of local governments and citizens, including women, youth and
vulnerable groups. Better planning capacity will help control urban growth with the aim to reduce the
carbon footprint of the target cities and help keep development out from areas prone to climate hazards.
This subcomponent will also support (ii) the regularization of urban subdivisions and land tenure, and
housing policies. The approach adopted to regularize urban subdivisions will foster citizen’s engagement,
favor flexible zoning approaches, acknowledge realities on the ground, and minimize involuntary
resettlement. Activities will include a review of Côte d’Ivoire’s experience in issuing urban land titles ( Arrêtés
de concession definitive), and feasibility studies on sites and services. The possibility of piloting systematic
urban land tenure regularization will be explored. If piloting of urban land tenure regularization proceeds,
then measures will be included in the process to ensure that women benefit. Such measures will include
sensitization and awareness raising on women’s land rights. The participation of women in the process and
the number of women with land tenure regularized will also be measured. Lastly, this subcomponent will
finance (iii) the establishment of Geomatics Units in selected target cities through office renovation,
acquisition of furniture, equipment and software, and data production. This activity will help local
governments access the knowledge and tools to carry out an inventory of their assets.
Sub-component 2.2: Capacity Development for Urban Management and Social Participation
(US$8 million equivalent)
40. This subcomponent will strengthen local governments’ capacity to program, design, and manage
urban infrastructure investments planned under Component 1 through: (i) Hiring of municipal engineers
and urban development specialists to help plan and oversee Project activities and to strengthen local
governments’ capacity to plan in a participatory manner, oversee, operate and maintain urban
infrastructure; and (ii) Formulating and implementing annual training and technical assistance plans. These
plans will be prepared annually and may be updated as mutually agreed between the PCU and the World
Bank. They will address matters such as green and climate-resilient urban infrastructure, urban
infrastructure operations and maintenance programming, solid waste management and circular economy,
local economic development, urban planning, local tax administration, financial management,
procurement, as well as social and environmental safeguards.27 This subcomponent will also support citizens
engagement through (iii) Hiring community organizers and organization of citizens engagement activities.
Community organizers will be responsible for carrying out consultations and other activities to help local
communities engage in all aspects of project investments (e.g., needs assessment, investment planning,
participatory planning, social accountability, and operation and maintenance). This will include activities to
support youth mobilization, social inclusion, and social cohesion. Community organizers may be individual
consultants, NGOs, or CSOs. They will be contracted by the Project to cover specific geographic areas and
tasks (e.g., consultations, cultural and sports events to promote collaboration, team spirit, workshops; focus
group discussions; communication and awareness campaigns; and community clean up days).
Subcomponent 2.3: Local Economic Development (US$12 million equivalent)
41. Activities under this subcomponent will include: (i) Sustainable development of local food systems
through a) infrastructure investments in market gardening areas, including the installation and/or
27 Matters related to social and environmental safeguards will include conflict resolution and Community-Based Early Warning Systems.
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rehabilitation of water mobilization infrastructure, storage units and marketing structures; and b) studies,
technical assistance, and training to help local producers integrate local and regional food systems (e.g.
support to producer organizations, food standards and certifications, development of strategic
partnerships); and (ii) Preparation of Local Development Plans and studies to support local economic
development and private sector participation. All of the target cities already support community groups,
job creation, small-scale business activities involved in urban service provision, and small-income generating
businesses. These studies will help them to optimize and enhance coordination between these initiatives,
as well as to better articulate joint initiatives between the local and the regional levels. They will provide
inputs for the preparation of Local Development Plans prepared under Subcomponent 2.1. A series of
studies will focus on the creation of Economic Activity Zones within the target cities.
Component 3: Project Management and Coordination (US$20 million equivalent)
42. This component finances project management and coordination costs including: (i) staffing,
training, equipment, and operating costs for expanding the PARU PCU which will implement the Project.
The PCU is based in Abidjan and a Decentralized Project Implementation Office (DPIO) will be opened in
Korhogo to host the project team responsible for implementing the Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary
Cities Project; (ii) establishment of the Project monitoring and evaluation (M&E) system; (iii) development
and implementation of all Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) activities, including a Grievance
Redress Mechanism; and (iv) the implementation of campaigns for the sensitization of the public, citizen
engagement, communications, and knowledge exchange. The PCU responsibilities will include overall
project coordination, fiduciary, safeguards, M&E,28 preparation of audits (e.g., technical, financial, and ESF),
and reporting. The Korhogo office will be staffed with a DPIO Manager, a Civil Engineer, an Urban
Development Specialist, a Procurement Specialist, a Financial Management (FM) Specialist, a Social
Specialist, an Environmental Specialist, a M&E Specialist, and a gender and social inclusion specialist.
Safeguard Assistants and Municipal Engineers will support the implementation of and oversee compliance
with Project activities. They will also help strengthen local governments’ capacity for infrastructure planning
and management. Additional staff will be hired as needed. This component will finance the development of
an economic analysis using real-time, field-based data. This component may also support the preparation
of new operations.
43. This component may also finance compensation for land acquisition, loss of assets and revenues,
and livelihood restoration. Per the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), resettlement costs are estimated
at US$6.4 million. However, the estimate will need to be refined and reconfirmed during implementation
once more details are available on all investments and locations. Provided that the World Bank is satisfied
by the methodology applied by the Borrower to estimate the reasonable cost of implementing the RAP and
the resulting estimated cost, the World Bank will process a formal request for authorization to use the funds
of the Credit to the financing of such costs. If the authorization is provided by the World Bank, a
corresponding reallocation of funds of the Credit among disbursement Categories will be processed as well.
Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response (US$0 million)
44. A Contingent Emergency Response Component (CERC) is included in the Project structure pursuant
to World Bank Policy Investment Project Financing. The Borrower may request the reallocation of Project
funds to this component under the circumstances set forth under the World Bank Policy Investment Project
28 Including the tools and methods of the Geo-Enabling Initiative for Monitoring and Supervision (GEMS)
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Financing such as in case of (i) urgent need for assistance because of a natural or man-made disaster or
conflict; or (ii) capacity constraints related to fragility or specific vulnerabilities.
Corporate Commitments
Gender
45. Urban infrastructure financed under the Project will be designed to reduce gender inequalities in
access to education, health, and economic opportunities. The 2022 SCD update underlines that women in
Côte d’Ivoire face constraints regarding access to education and high-quality maternal and reproductive
health care, good jobs, assets, voice, and political decision making. Project investments in the renovation
and construction of educational and health facilities will help close gender gaps in access to education and
health care. The installation of gender-segregated latrines, fences, and public lights in schools, health
centers and other locations is intended to increase public safety and to create a safer environment for
women. Women are expected to be the primary beneficiaries of the support provided to urban agriculture
under Subcomponent 2.3. Several project performance indicators will be disaggregated by sex and citizen
satisfaction surveys will provide additional data specifying whether the respondent is male or female. The
project’s results framework includes PDO-level indicators tracking the number of women provided with
improved urban living conditions, and the number of women beneficiaries reporting that project financed
investments reflected their needs.
46. Gender gap in women’s economic empowerment. In 2019 the female labor force participation rate
was 44.6 percent compared to 62.6 percent for males. 80.4 percent of women were employed in jobs
classified as vulnerable compared to 61.5 percent for men. Just 22 percent of women owned a business
compared to 78 percent of men).29 Women’s activities are mostly based on agriculture, including local food-
crop farming and women-friendly value chains such as shea butter. Agriculture employs 42.9 percent of the
female workforce, followed by 31.6 percent in retail and 9.6 percent in domestic work.30 However, these
activities are constrained by persistent issues such as tediousness of artisanal transformation processes
(e.g., shea nuts into butter and other products), bad hygiene conditions, non-existent or poor work platform,
inadequate equipment, and lack of certifications and norms to integrate regional and international markets.
Thus women-owned microenterprises/associations are less productive than those owned by men, and this
decreases their income-earning opportunities.31 In Project areas, the shea butter value chain is a women-
led activity. Cooperative members are all women. To help address the gender gap in economic
empowerment, the project will undertake specific actions to improve women-led activities by purchasing
equipment, rehabilitating shea butter processing sites, improving access roads, and providing technical
assistance to help them have required certifications. The project will invest in market gardening area
improvement with specific facilities and infrastructure to improve accessibility, hygiene, sanitation, and
water supply. The project’s impact on women’s economic empowerment will be monitored using an
intermediate results indicator measuring the number of women certified to sell their shea butter
products.
47. Gender gap in women’s access to maternal health facilities and services. Although some progress
has been made in the past years to close the "first generation" gaps in health, issues remain. Many urban
health facilities are overcrowded. Some maternity facilities are used for both childbirth and general health
29 World Bank gender data portal: https://genderdata.worldbank.org/countries/cote-d-ivoire
30 Kavita Kalsi and Dr Fofana Memon (2020) Women’s Economic Empowerment in Côte d'Ivoire. WOW Helpdesk Query 55.
31 World Bank (2021) Côte d’Ivoire Systematic Country Diagnostic Update: Countdown to 2030
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services, owing to a lack of space. Pregnant women do not always receive adequate attention because of
congestion in the maternity and lengthy waiting time. These factors contribute to Côte d’Ivoire’s high
maternal mortality rate. 617 women die per 100,000 live births due to pregnancy-related causes. A 2014
research article from the National Library of Medicine shows that the occurrence of any delay in obtaining
access to appropriate health care is associated with increasing severity of maternal outcomes: 52 percent
in potentially life-threatening conditions, 68.4 percent in maternal near-miss, and 84.1 percent in maternal
death.32 To address this gap in access to maternal health services , the project will rehabilitate and expand
existing health facilities – by adding dispensary to maternity and vice versa according to the situation- and
will provide adequate equipment to allow women to have dedicated buildings for maternity care. The
project’s impact on women’s access to health services will be monitored with an intermediate results
indicator measuring a reduction in the waiting time for women seeking maternal health services in new
or improved facilities.
Climate Change
48. Improving climate resilience and adaptation. Climate and other environmental considerations are
incorporated into the design of all infrastructure investments planned in the Project. These include
investments in the renovation and construction of educational, health, recreational and commercial
facilities, most of which were constructed with limited attention environmental impact and climate change-
resilience. Public squares and other urban amenities are devoid of trees, while most roads are unpaved with
no sidewalks or trees. Similarly, most public schools lack vegetation, though trees help moderate
temperature and provide protection from the sun. This represents a missed opportunity to combat heat
islands while making these areas safer and more attractive to the public. Project investments in the
renovation and construction of urban infrastructure will focus on environmental sustainability and climate-
change resilience. Project investments in urban roads and drainage will also make the target cities more
resilient to climate change. These cities are all located in regions experiencing medium to high risk of river
floods. Urban flood hazard is high medium in Man and medium to low in other project locations.33 The
project will help target cities prepare for expected climate change impacts. Further, project’s investments
in land administration are expected to have a range of positive effects for climate adaptation, such as
enabling people to safely evacuate their land in case of disaster.
49. Mitigating climate change. The project will finance investments in solid waste management in
Bouna, Boundiali, Tengréla and Odienné. An assessment of the GHG emissions resulting from these
investments has been carried out and shows a gross emission over a 10-year economic lifetime of 638,119 t
Co2 and a net emission of -199,997 t Co2. Project’s investments in solid waste management are aligned with
the priorities of Côte d'Ivoire’s National Hygiene Policy (2022-2026) and National Solid Waste Management
Program (2022-2026), which underline the importance of reducing the number of open dumping and
burning sites – the method commonly used in target cities to dispose of solid waste – and investing in
methane gas management systems to reduce GHG emissions. Access and collection roads will be
rehabilitated. This will help to improve trucks' fuel efficiency and optimize travel distances for solid waste
transport. Finally, all investments in infrastructure undertaken in the Project will address matters relating
to environment and climate-resilience. The Project will also help establish and preserve green areas within
and around the target cities. The World Bank has secured a Trust Fund under the Quality Infrastructure
32 Pacagnella et al. (2014) Delays in receiving obstetric care and poor maternal outcomes: results from a national multicenter cross-
sectional study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. May 5, 2014.
33 Thinkhazard (2022): https://thinkhazard.org/en/report/66-cote-d-ivoire/FL
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Investments partnership to implement the program Green and Resilient Cities for Northern Côte d’Ivoire.
The program is executed by the World Bank and supports the creation and dissemination of knowledge on
the design of green and climate-resilient urban infrastructure.
50. Annex 3 provides further details on the project’s contribution to climate change adaptation and
mitigation.
Citizen Engagement
51. The project will support citizen engagement at the local level to promote greater transparency and
accountability, as well as address perceptions of exclusion and strengthen social cohesion. Public
consultations were held early during Project preparation to allow the active participation of the civil society
in the selection of the proposed investments.34 During implementation, the PCU will carry out consultations
with local governments and communities at least once a year to ensure that the project meet their needs.
The PCU will give particular attention to the needs of women, the youth, and vulnerable groups. These
consultations will help ensure that citizens are engage and actively participate in the design and
maintenance of the infrastructure investments planned under Component 1. The civil society will also be
actively consulted and engaged in the preparation of the urban master plans Subcomponent 2.1 and local
economic development plans under Subcomponent 2,3. In each city, and for each plan, the PCU will ensure
that at least two public consultations are carried out. Further, under Subcomponent 2.2, the project will
recruit community organizers to carrying out consultations and other activities to help local communities
engage in project investments. Through these community organizers and the project’s grievance redress
mechanisms (GRM), the PCU will establish a real-time feedback mechanism that will help ensure that project
investments address their needs.
52. The project’s institutional arrangements were designed with a focus on the active participation of
local governments and local communities. The project’s institutional arrangement will include the creation
of Local Advisory Committees (LAC) chaired by the mayors, and comprising representatives from the civil
society. The PCU, through the DPIO in Korhogo, will establish and maintain the project-level GRM. The DPIO
in Korhogo will also be responsible for carrying out information and public awareness campaign,
encouraging citizen engagement, and creating opportunities for knowledge exchange. The DPIO will be
responsible for collecting, recording, and reporting on inputs received from citizens, as well as ensuring
citizens’ participation in decision-making, and citizen-led monitoring and oversight.
53. Under Sub-component 2.3, project funds will be allocated to support the preparation of urban and
local development plans, housing policies, and land tenure regularization. These activities will be carried out
through participatory and inclusive processes that foster citizen’s engagement, ensure equitable and non-
discriminatory access to land and housing (including women and people of foreign origin), favor flexible
zoning approaches based on existing realities on the ground and avoid as much as possible involuntary
resettlement. Participatory approaches, such as Urban Labs, are already showing encouraging results and
may be adapted and replicated with the support of the Project.35
34 For each sector involved, consultations have been done with the main beneficiaries – Teachers, directors and pupils parents’
representatives for education, merchants, drivers, small shop owners and head of commercial associations for economic facilities
– and municipal actors to ensure investments propositions are tailored to their needs and appropriate.
35 Urban Labs were tested in the Sahel (Ouagadougou) by the French Development Agency. This Urban Labs supports communities
in designing and testing urban micro-projects with social, cultural, and environmental impact. An urban operator, in partnership
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54. The project’s Results Framework includes a PDO-level indicator to measure the percentage of
beneficiaries satisfied with the project financed investments , including the percentage of female
beneficiaries reporting that project financed investments reflected their needs. It also includes a
Intermediate Results Indicators measuring the number of consultations held to prepare or revise urban
master plans and local development plans, as well as the percentage of grievances recorded and addressed
within the GRM timeframes. Data for the PDO-level indicator on beneficiaries’ satisfaction will be collected
through beneficiary satisfaction surveys to be carried out at least every two years.
Readiness and sequencing
55. Under Subcomponent 1.1, a first series of quick impact investments, amounting to US$25 million,
has been identified and screened during preparation. It is expected that related technical studies and
bidding documents will be finalized during Project preparation so that works can be contracted as soon as
the Project becomes effective. These initial quick impact investments include the renovation and equipment
of 83 primary schools, five secondary and high schools, as well as 18 local health centers. They also include
the renovation of public squares, recreational facilities, and minor roadworks.
56. For investments planned under Subcomponent 1.2 and 1.3, the bidding documents for feasibility
and technical and safeguards studies are being prepared so a first series of contracts can be tendered as
soon as the project becomes effective. The plan is to launch works-related procurement processes at the
end of the first year and start works for an estimated US$165 million in the second year of project
implementation.
(i) Urban roads. A mobility and technical feasibility study will be finalized during the first year of Project
implementation. Over 250 km of priority roads have been identified, of which 70 km are expected
to be covered by the Project for an estimated US$80 million. The study will determine which roads
will be selected under the Project, provide recommendations on how to ensure that the proposed
road designs are green and climate change-resilient, and provide the required technical inputs for
the preparation of the bidding documents for road renovation works.
(ii) Drainage. Investments in drainage amount to an estimated US$60 million. The contracts for the
preparation of Sanitation and Drainage Master Plans for Bouna, Ouangolodougou and Tengréla will
be launched shortly after project effectiveness. Since Korhogo, Ferkessédougou, Odienné, and
Boundiali already have Sanitation and Drainage Master Plans, the contracts for the detailed
technical studies will be launched during the first year of implementation. This activity will benefit
from the nature-based solutions technical assistance contract that is being tendered under PARU.
(iii) Solid waste management. The preparation of Communal Solid Waste Management Plans in
Korhogo, Ferkessédougou and Ouangolodougou will be launched during the first year of Project
implementation. PARU already supports the preparation of Communal Solid Waste Management
Plans for other cities and will support the preparation of the bidding documents for the preparation
of such plans in Korhogo, Ferkessédougou and Ouangolodougou.
57. To avoid delays with project implementation, the hiring of the Deputy Project Coordinator, FM
Specialist, Procurement Specialist, Social Safeguards Specialist, Environment Safeguards Specialist, Civil
Engineer, and Urban Development Specialist have been initiated during Project preparation.
with local authorities, facilitates the identification and implementation of micro-projects, which may be temporary or eventually
upscaled. Projects can promote better use of unoccupied space during land-use studies or construction such as urban
improvements, development of new uses for renovated spaces such as sports trail or playgrounds in restored riverbanks.
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58. Project funds under Component 1 amount to US$250 million to be allocated between cities as
shown in Table 2. Considering that the estimated population of these cities ranges from 30,000 for Bouna
and 350,000 for Korhogo, they will all receive a minimum of US$25 million, or a total of US$200 million
representing 80 percent of the US$250 million earmarked for Component 1. The rationale for these
minimum allocations is to have a transformational impact in all targeted cities, and in particular the smaller
ones as larger secondary cities tend to attract more investments. The remaining US$50 million will be
distributed based on the population of these cities. Per this methodology, cities will receive between
US$26.7 million for Bouna, and US$45.8 million for Korhogo. These funds will be split into a firm envelope,
allocated immediately, and an optional envelope, which will be confirmed at Project Mid-Term depending
on the progress and results achieved. To ensure that Project funds are used within the project timeframe,
the PCU will continuously monitor disbursement per city, and allocations may be adjusted as mutually
agreed between the implementing agency and the World Bank.
Table 1 – Summary of project costs by subcomponent
Project Components US$
million
Component 1: Developing Green and Climate Resilient Urban Infrastructure in Selected 250.0
Secondary Cities
Sub-component 1.1: Quick Impact Investments 40.0
Subcomponent 1.2: Social and Economic Infrastructure 60.0
Subcomponent 1.3. Roads, Sanitation, Solid Waste Management and Water Infrastructure 150.0
Component 2: Providing Support to Local Governments in Selected Secondary Cities 30.0
Sub-component 2.1: Urban planning, land administration, and municipal services 10.0
activities
Sub-component 2.2: Capacity Development for urban management and social 8.0
participation
Subcomponent 2.3: Local Economic Development 12.0
Component 3: Project Management and Coordination 20.0
Component 4: Contingent Emergency Response 0.0
Total 300.0
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Table 2 – Proposed initial fund allocations per city for Component 1
Ouangolo
Boundiali
Tengréla
Odienné
Korhogo
Bouna
Ferké
Total
Man
City
Population (INS 2021) 30,359 62,232 74,578 374,614 72,619 42,213 46,089 197,079 899,783
Lum sump allocation
25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 25.0 200
(80%)
Pop based allocation
1.7 3.5 4.1 20.8 4.0 2.3 2.6 11.0 50
(20%)
Total allocation 26.7 28.5 29.1 45.8 29.0 27.3 27.6 36.0 250
Firm envelope (80%) 21.3 22.8 23.3 36.7 23.2 21.9 22.0 28.8 200
Performance
50
envelope (20%) 5.3 5.7 5.8 9.2 5.8 5.5 5.5 7.2
C. Project Beneficiaries
59. The project’s direct beneficiaries are the inhabitants of Bouna, Boundiali, Ferkessédougou, Korhogo,
Man, Odienné, Ouangolodougou and Tengréla. The cumulated population of these cities amounts to close
to 900,000 inhabitants, most of whom are expected to benefit directly or indirectly from the Project
investments. Some of the larger-scale economic infrastructure such as markets, cattle markets and bus
stations that will be renovated or constructed under the project are commonly used by most residents, as
well as by people from surrounding areas. The same applies to some of the public spaces, green spaces, and
other recreational facilities that will be renovated or constructed. Smaller infrastructure such as schools and
local health centers are expected to benefit surrounding residents. Support to local entrepreneurship that
will be provided under Subcomponent 2.3 is also expected to favor specific groups, notably women who are
traditionally involved in urban agriculture. While it is difficult to accurately quantify the number of
beneficiaries who will benefit from the Project’s infrastructure investments, a methodology will be
developed to calculate the number of beneficiaries associated with each. The PCU will regularly report on
the actual number of project beneficiaries through the Project’s M&E system. Lastly, the Project’s
investments in civil works are expected to directly benefit the local construction industry and to create a
significant number of temporary job opportunities in the construction sector.
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D. Results Chain
Figure 1 Theory of Change/Results Chain
E. Rationale for World Bank Involvement and the Role of Partners
60. The World Bank is uniquely positioned to support the Government of Côte d’Ivoire’s efforts to
promote the inclusive and sustainable development in secondary cities. The World Bank Group has been
financing urban development projects since the 1970s and developed a diversified and extensive experience
in supporting governments in sub-Saharan Africa and elsewhere in their efforts to address urban
development challenges. The World Bank has been engaged in the urban sector in Côte d’Ivoire for decades,
and is currently supporting five urban development projects amounting to over US$1.2 billion, including a
growing portfolio of sector operations with investments in urban areas.36 This operational and analytical
engagement allowed the World Bank to develop a thorough practical understanding of the challenges facing
urban development in Côte d’Ivoire, and effective working partnerships with government institutions and
development agencies.
61. The proposed Project activities are beyond the financing capacity of local governments and are
directly related to the provision of public goods and services that tend not to be attractive to and could
not be viably provided by the private sector. Many of the challenges facing secondary cities in Côte d’Ivoire
36Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Project (P156739-), the Urban Resilience and Solid Waste Management Project (P168308),
Infrastructure for Urban Development and competitiveness of second cities (P151324), Greater Abidjan port and city integration
project (P159697), and the Abidjan Urban Mobility Project (P167401).
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stem from a lack of public sector finance available to invest in basic services. The COVID-19 outbreak further
complicates an already fragile economic outlook, stresses the Government’s revenues, and constrains its
ability to invest in basic infrastructure and services—and the poor stand to be hit particularly hard. In the
prevailing fiscal context, any resources the World Bank can offer are needed to improve key public sector
services and priority investments targeted to the poorest and most affected populations. This will ultimately
support preparatory work to help mobilize private capital and assist to improve capacity within agencies
involved in these areas
62. The government of Côte d’Ivoire and the World Bank have reached out to development partners
involved in urban development during project preparation, establishing a technical platform that includes
representatives from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), European Union,
Suisse Cooperation, Japan International Cooperation Agency, and will expand to include representatives
from the AFD, the West African Development Bank (Banque Ouest-Africaine de Développement, BOAD), the
African Development Bank, and others.
F. Lessons Learned and Reflected in the Project Design
63. Project design reflects lessons learned from recent urban development projects in Côte d’Ivoire
and in fragile and low-capacity environments. (i) While a multisectoral approach to urban development is
key to achieving transformative results, project design should remain simple, focused, and include well-
linked components. (ii) In multisectoral projects, it is important to ensure that implementation is not
hampered by complex decision-making processes, conflicting interests, or diverging views from the various
stakeholders. It is also key to rely on trusted implementing entities and to ensure that the responsibilities
of the institutions involved in project implementation are clearly defined. (iii) Phasing investments and
ensuring that the initial set of activities can be implemented as soon as the project becomes effective is
essential to foster citizen engagement and allow for early disbursements. (iv) Project investments should
foster genuine involvement of local governments and communities in the selection and implementation
oversight of project activities to ensure social cohesion and greater ownership and sustainability of
investments. (v) Projects should support activities to encourage the participation of vulnerable groups such
as women, youth, and minorities. (vi) Large-scale investments in urban infrastructure should be associated
with adequate technical assistance, and with supporting measures in terms of management and
maintenance of facilities. (vii) When planning project investments, try to utilize labor intensive approaches
to basic infrastructure and services to help create jobs for youth and develop their skills. (viii) In conflict-
prone and polarized communities, it is paramount to create opportunities for dialogue among community
leaders to help minimize and address disputes. (ix) In a rapidly changing and unpredictable environment,
project design and implementation arrangements need to be flexible enough to adapt to the evolving
context and allow for rapid response to emerging needs.37
37These operations include the Côte d’Ivoire Municipal Support Project (P037575), Côte d’Ivoire Emergency Urban infrastructure
(P110020), Côte d’Ivoire Emergency Infrastructure Renewal Project (P124715), Côte d’Ivoire Infrastructure for Urban
Development and Competitiveness of second cities (P151324), Mali Reconstruction and Economic Recovery Project (P144442),
Cameroon Inclusive and Resilient Cities Development Project (P156210), and Togo Infrastructure and Urban Development Project
(P161772).
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III. IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS
A. Institutional and Implementation Arrangements
64. The Ministry of Water and Sanitation (Ministère de l’Hydraulique, de l’Assainissement et de la
Salubrité, MINHAS) will implement the project through the PCU. The core project team will be based in
the DPIO in Korhogo, with a liaison office in Abidjan. The PCU will be responsible for all aspects of project
management, including fiduciary functions, audits, M&E, and compliance with the ESF. The DPIO will be
staffed with a Manager, a Procurement Specialist, an FM Specialist, an Accountant, an M&E Specialist, an
Environmental Safeguard Specialist, a Social Safeguard Specialist, a Sexual Exploitation and Abuse/Sexual
Harassment (SEA/SH) Specialist, a Civil Engineer, and an Urban Development Specialist. The DPIO manager
will report to the PCU Project Coordinator. The Project will also hire Safeguard Assistants and Municipal
Engineers to support Project implementation and oversee compliance of Project activities. Technical experts
will be hired as needed, and are expected to include specialists in matters related to urban development,
urban planning, urban infrastructure, solid waste management, land administration, geospatial information,
and agriculture.
65. Ministries and specialized agencies will provide design and implementation support to the PCU
within the framework of their technical mandates. The role and responsibilities of each party will be
defined in project implementation support framework agreements to be signed with the PCU prior to
project effectiveness. It is expected that framework agreements will be signed between the PCU and the (i)
MCLU for the activities related to urban planning, the regularization of urban subdivisions and urban land
tenure regularization under Subcomponent 2.1; (ii) AGEROUTE for the rehabilitation and construction of
urban roads under Subcomponent 1.3; (iii) ONAD for activities related to sanitation and drainage under
Subcomponent 1.3; (iv) ANAGED for activities related to Solid waste management under Subcomponent
1.3; (v) Ministry of National Education and Literacy for investments related to educational facilities under
Subcomponents 1.1 and 1.2; and (vi) Ministry of Health and Public Hygiene for investments related to health
under Subcomponents 1.1 and 1.2.
66. Local governments in secondary cities will sign project implementation support framework
agreements with the PCU. Local governments are responsible for developing investment proposals
(including Priority Investment Plans) in close collaboration with local communities, LACs, ministries,
specialized agencies, and the PCU. They are also responsible for supporting the implementation of the
project activities, as well as operating and maintaining the urban infrastructure that fall under their
responsibility. The project will hire Municipal Engineers and Safeguards Assistants to help plan and oversee
Project activities, and will be responsible for strengthening local governments' capacity through training and
technical assistance. Depending on the capacity and needs of local governments, the project may hire
additional experts on relevant technical matters.
67. The Prime Minister’s Office will establish and chair an Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee (ISC)
comprising representatives from the ministries and specialized agencies involved in the implementation of
the Project activities. The ISC will provide overall project supervision and strategic guidance.
68. In each city, local governments will establish a LAC chaired by the mayor, and comprising
representatives from relevant municipal departments, decentralized government services, and civil
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society.38 LACs have a key role in preparing and approving Priority Investment Plans, overseeing project
implementation, and encouraging the participation of civil society, in particular women and the youth.
69. Activities to be financed under the Project will be defined in Priority Investment Plans developed
by local governments in close collaboration with the PCU, ministries and specialized agencies. In each city,
prior to initiating project activities planned under Subcomponents 1.2 and 1.3, the LAC shall advise on the
Priority Investment Plan in form, substance and manner acceptable to the Association. These plans will
cover the project duration, and may be updated from time to time in agreement with the LAC, PCU and the
World Bank.
70. Annex 1 provides further details on the project’s implementations arrangements.
B. Results Monitoring and Evaluation Arrangements
71. The PCU will be responsible for the project’s Results M&E. The DPIO will be staffed with a full time
M&E specialist who will: (i) collect, consolidate, and report on Project performance, including physical and
financial progress; and (ii) provide periodic information on the Project indicators included in the Project
Results Framework and progress toward outcomes. The PCU will submit quarterly reports to the World Bank
within 45 days of the end of each reporting period. Capacity building will be provided as needed to
strengthen the PCU’s ability to carry out M&E. A methodology is being developed to calculate the number
of beneficiaries associated with the project investments in green and climate-change resilient urban
infrastructure, including education, health, recreational, economic facilities, urban roads, drainage, and
sanitary landfills. All indicators will be sex-disaggregated to the extent possible. The project’s M&E specialist
will work in close collaboration with PCU staff, local governments in the target cities, as well as partner
ministries and agencies to monitor the number of individuals benefiting from the project investments. The
38 E.g., women’s and youth organizations, community-based organizations, and nongovernmental organizations
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Project will use the World Bank’s Geo-Enabling initiative for Monitoring and Supervision (GEMS), which
provides platforms for remote supervision, real-time risk monitoring, and portfolio mapping for
coordination across projects and partners. In-depth evaluations will be conducted for the Project Mid-Term
review and for the close of Project.
C. Sustainability
72. World Bank experience with urban development projects points to the need for post-project
operation and maintenance of the constructed or rehabilitated infrastructure. Over 80 percent of the
project funds are expected to be invested in green and climate-change resilient urban infrastructure,
notably in the construction of about 70 km urban roads, 30 km of stormwater channels, and initial
investments in four sanitary landfills. Investments also include the construction and rehabilitation of over
200 public facilities such as schools, vocational education centers, libraries, squares, recreational centers,
local health centers, dispensaries, markets, and cattle markets. To ensure the sustainability of these
investments, the project includes Subcomponent 2.2 Capacity Development for Urban Management and
Social Participation with a focus on strengthening local governments’ capacity to program, operate, and
maintain urban infrastructure. Support will be provided through technical assistance, training, and the
development of strategies and plans for operations and maintenance. The project will finance the hiring of
Municipal Engineers whose responsibilities will include strengthening local governments’ capacity to
manage urban infrastructure falling under their responsibility. The maintenance of large infrastructure such
as urban roads, stormwater channels, and sanitary landfills, will be carried out with the support of the
relevant ministries and national agencies (e.g., AGEROUTE, ONAD, and ANAGED).
IV. PROJECT APPRAISAL SUMMARY
A. Economic Analysis
73. An economic analysis was conducted to confirm the economic feasibility and rationale of the
proposed infrastructure investments in roads, solid waste management, drainage, sanitation, health,
education, and urban agriculture. These investments are expected to bring significant socioeconomic
benefits by, among others, (i) improving mobility through a reduction of travel time and upgrading road
conditions, all-weather proofing for climate resilience, and flood control; (ii) strengthening human capital;
(iii) reducing vector-diseases incidence; and (iv) improving sanitary conditions. In the medium term, the
project will improve living conditions and social cohesion in the targeted cities.
74. Given the lack of granular data, a cost-benefit analysis was conducted for investments planned in
urban roads and solid waste management, and is presented in the following two paragraphs. The analysis
is conservative and only considers the estimated direct beneficiaries of these investments. For roads, the
analysis considers data for vehicle operating expenses and time saves due to road improvement, and
determines a value for accidents (deaths, injuries, and associated costs) avoided. For solid waste
management, benefits from prevented damage and destruction of buildings due to improved flood
protection, and reduced disease rates (prevented sickness, death, and associated costs) are the primary
data factors used for analysis. For the other investments such those related drainage, education, sanitation,
health, urban agriculture, and economic facilities, the methodology adopted is based on benefit-to-cost
ratios, net present values and Economic Internal Rate of Returns (EIRR) from similar investments in cities in
other countries from Sub-Saharan Africa, as well as from projects in northern Côte d’Ivoire and the Gulf of
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Guinea Northern Regions Social Cohesion Project. Annex 2 provides additional details on the results of the
economic analysis across all sectors.
75. Urban roads. Alongside the benefits derived from improved road safety, and reduced travel time
and vehicle operating expenses, the improved connectivity from new and upgraded roads cities bring wider
benefits associated with improved spatial integration. These include raised economic activity due to
increased connectivity and trade, which in turn have impacts on economic growth and spending power of
individuals. The Project is expected to finance a total of 70 km of urban roads for an estimated cost of
US$83.8 million, including studies, supervision, and works. Maintenance costs are assumed to be 1 percent
of the investments based on the reality and context in the field. In terms of benefits, vehicle operations,
travel time and accident reduction costs have been quantified. For a discount rate of 6 percent, the
economic analysis shows a Net Present Value (NPV) of US$208.04 million and an EIRR of 17 percent.
Sensitivity tests have confirmed the robustness of the analysis: (i) an increase of 10 percent of the
investment costs shows a NPV of US$200.1 million and an EIRR of 15 percent; and (ii) a decrease of 20
percent of benefits shows a NPV of US$166.4 million and an EIRR of 17 percent.
76. Solid waste management. More effective solid waste management, especially the construction of
sanitary landfills, has the benefits of reduced emissions due to better disposal of waste, reduction in flooding
due to less waste blocking both natural and manmade storm water channels, and reductions in disease such
as malaria, diarrhea, and typhoid. The project is expected to finance sanitary landfills in four cities.
Investments costs have been associated with maintenance costs amounting to 1 percent of the investments
costs over a 20-year economic period). Flood control, given the close link between a controlled chain
management of waste with a good performing stormwater system, malaria incidence reduction, and CO2
emissions costs have been estimated for the analysis. High and Low Shadow Carbon Price have been used.
Table 3 – Solid waste management: Results of the Economic analysis
Description EIRR (%) NPV (US$ million) at 6%
Shadow Price of Carbon- Low
Base 18 26.3
Sensitivity test: +10% on investments costs 17 25.6
Sensitivity test: -20% on benefits 18 21.1
Shadow Price of Carbon-High
Base 24 41.2
Sensitivity test: +10% on investments costs 23 40.4
Sensitivity test: -20% on benefits 24 32.9
B. Fiduciary
(i) Financial Management
77. The PCU within MINHAS will be responsible for maintaining FM arrangements that are acceptable to
the World Bank and for providing reasonable assurance that the proceeds of the World Bank loan are used
for the intended purpose.
78. MINHAS is currently implementing PARU, which is funded by a EUR 287.7 million credit from the
World Bank. An FM assessment of the PCU was completed in September 2022 in accordance with the FM
Manual for World Bank-Financed Investment Operations effective on March 1, 2010, and reissued on
February 10, 2017, and the supporting guidelines. The assessment focused on the following aspects of the
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PCU: planning and budgeting, financial accounting, financial reporting, and internal controls and external
auditing that are needed to satisfy the World Bank’s Policy and Directive – Investment Project Financing
(IPF), which describes the overall FM policies and procedures. The implementing entities’ arrangements are
found to be acceptable if they are capable of: (i) recording all budgets and transactions and balances
correctly; (ii) supporting the preparation of regular and reliable financial statements; (iii) safeguarding the
entities’ assets; and (iv) are subject to auditing arrangements acceptable to the World Bank. The FM
assessment covered the PCU in accordance with the FM Manual for World Bank IPF Operations that became
effective on March 1, 2010, and was re-issued on February 10, 2017
79. The FM assessment determined that the PCU is familiar with the World Bank FM requirements and is
satisfactorily managing PARU. The current FM staffing, which includes the assignment to the Project of one
financial controller and one public accountant (Agent comptable du projet) from the Ministry of Finance, is
adequate. The PCU staff consists of one FM specialist and two Accountants who are experienced in the
implementation of World Bank-financed projects. There were no major FM issues raised during the PARU
supervision missions or by the auditors. There are no overdue audit reports or unaudited Interim Financial
Reports (IFRs). The FM performance of the PCU was recently rated Satisfactory. The PARU’s compliance was
deemed satisfactory for financial requirements including timely submission of unaudited IFRs, proper
bookkeeping, and appropriate banking arrangement. In sum, the FM arrangements meet the minimum
fiduciary requirements under the FM Manual for World Bank for IPF.
80. The financial management capacity of the PCU will be strengthened by: (i) updating the PARU FM
procedures manual; and (ii) updating the configuration of the existing accounting software, train the users,
and ensure that the Integrated Financial Management Information System and Integrated Accounting
Computerized Network are well implemented. (iii) In line with the Use of Country Systems stipulated in Côte
d’Ivoire decree n° 475 governing donor-financed projects, a financial controller, and a public accountant
(both from the Ministry of Finance and Budget), already assigned to the PCU, will manage the transactions
of the Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project. (iv)The project internal audit function will be
managed by the General Inspectorate of Finance (Inspection Générale des Finances) in collaboration with
the Internal auditor of PCU. (v) the PCU will be required to submit to the World Bank (a) a consolidated
annual work plan and budget (AWPB) not later than November 30 of the year preceding the year the AWPB
will be executed; (b) consolidated quarterly unaudited IFRs; and (c) consolidated audited annual financial
statements (e.g., audit reports prepared by independent external auditors) not later than June 30 of each
year.
81. The Project’s annual accounts will be audited by an independent external auditor to be recruited in
compliance with Terms of Reference (ToRs) acceptable to the World Bank.
82. The overall FM residual risk rating for the Project is assessed as Moderate . Based on the mitigation
measures outlined above, the proposed financial management arrangements for this project are considered
adequate to meet the World Bank’s minimum financial management requirements under the FM Manual
for World Bank IPF. Detailed FM arrangements are provided in Annex 1.
(ii) Procurement
83. Project procurement activities will be carried out in accordance with the World Bank Procurement
Regulations for IPF Borrowers (dated November 2020); the Guidelines on Preventing and Combating Fraud
and Corruption in Projects Financed by International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)
Loans and International Development Association (IDA) Credits and Grants (dated October 15, 2006, and
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revised in January 2011 and as of July 1, 2016); and the provisions stipulated in the Financing Agreement.
84. Côte d’Ivoire adopted Procurement Code (Order N°2019-679 dated July 24, 2019) and Decree n°475
dated July 1, 2015, in line with the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU)’s procurement
Directives and international good practices, along with key implementing regulations and documentation.
An electronic system for collecting and disseminating procurement information and for monitoring
procurement statistics has been set up and needs to be mainstreamed in the work of all contracting
authorities.
85. The publication of procurement notices including the General Procurement Notices (GPN) and Specific
Procurement Notices (SPN) will be in line with paragraphs 5.22, 5.23, and 5.24 of the World Bank
Procurement Regulations. A GPN should be published on the United Nations Development Business and
World Bank’s external website as soon as the project is approved. SPN Requests for Expression of Interest
and results of the evaluation and contracts award should be published in accordance with advertising
provisions in the World Bank Procurement Regulations.
86. Approaching the international market (international competitive procurement) is appropriate when
the participation of foreign firms will increase competition and may assure the achievement of best Value
for Money and fit-for-purpose results. Open international competitive procurement, for which international
advertisement is required in accordance with Procurement Regulations, is the preferred approach for
complex, high-risk, and/or high-value contracts. The World Bank has set specific thresholds for this purpose.
87. A PPSD and a Procurement Plan for the project’s first 18 months were prepared by the Borrower and
approved by the World Bank on March 3, 2023. A qualified consultant was recruited to help the PCU to
perform this operation. The PPSD identified optimum procurement strategies for meeting the PDO, and the
Procurement Plan sets the selection methods. Per the PPSD, the total amount of contracts to be awarded
under the Project is estimated at approximately US$254.3 million for more than200 procurement processes
to be conducted. Contracts related to the works represent 79 percent of the credit amount to be allocated
to all the contracts; consultancy contracts represent about 16 percent, and those relating to supplies 5
percent. All contracts to be awarded will represent at least 84 percent of the amount of project financing.
Further, the PPSD recommends strengthening the procurement capacity of the PCU with at least one Senior
Procurement Specialist, two Procurement Specialists, and additional specialists and assistants as needed.
88. There may be situations where direct procurement from United Nations (UN) agencies may be the
most appropriate method. In such circumstances, the project would make specific arrangements with the
respective UN agencies through a single-source selection; in turn, the UN agencies would then follow their
own procurement procedures to purchase and deliver the goods and services needed.
89. Project implementation will be entrusted to the PCU along with the associated fiduciary
responsibilities (procurement and FM). A capacity assessment of the PCU was carried out with a focus on (i)
the person in charge of the procurement process; (ii) the procedure manual; and (iii) the expertise of PCU
in terms of the procurement process. The assessment has shown that while the PCU has the required
experience, skills, and knowledge, the procurement personnel is limited. The procedure manual fits with
World Bank standards for timely project implementation.
90. Person in charge of procurement. The assessment revealed that the PCU has a procurement specialist
who is familiar with and was recently trained on World Bank procurement procedures. The procurement
specialist received training on the new procurement framework, specifically on the PPSD, and has been
trained on contract management. Per the new procurement framework, the procurement specialist is
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responsible for the Project’s contract management. The procedures need to be adapted to reflect these
changes.
91. Procedures manual. Given the PCU’s current involvement in the implementation of a World Bank
financed- project, there is an established procedures manual in place that is aligned with World Bank
requirements. However, that manual should be updated to meet the requirements of the new project.
92. Expertise of the PCU in terms of procurement procedures. Despite the PCU’s experience in World Bank
FM and procurement procedures, the assessment shows that the quality of the procurement documents
and contract management could be improved.
93. To minimize the risks identified and ensure that the Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project
is implemented as per the World Bank standards, at least one Procurement Specialist and one Procurement
Assistant should be dedicated to the new operation. The Terms of Reference, qualifications, and experience
of the appointed specialists will be reviewed by the World Bank. If the specialists are recruited, the selection
should be done through a competitive process according to national procedures. As the DPIO is expected to
be in Korhogo, an organization chart will confirm which of the procurement specialist or the assistant will
be in Abidjan or in Korhogo.
.C. Legal Operational Policies
.
Triggered?
Projects on International Waterways OP 7.50 Yes
Projects in Disputed Areas OP 7.60 No
.
94. OP 7.50 is applicable to this Project because the Project will finance activities that may use or risk
polluting waters of the Sassandra, Comoé, Niger, and Volta rivers and/or their tributaries, which are
considered international waterways. The exception to the riparian notification requirement according to
paragraph 7(a) of the Policy applies because activities are limited to upgrading and modernization of
existing, small-scale schemes which will not appreciably impact quality or quantity of water flows to other
riparians. The exception according to paragraph 7(b) of the Policy also applies and accordingly, the terms of
reference for the sanitation and drainage master plans will consider an examination of any potential riparian
issues as required by the Policy. The exception to the notification requirement was approved by the Regional
Vice President on December 23, 2022.
D. Environmental and Social
95. The project’s environmental and social risk classification is considered Substantial owing to the risks
associated with the proposed investments in urban infrastructure, namely the renovation and construction
of health, education and recreational facilities, markets, cattle markets, urban roads, stormwater channels,
and sanitary landfills. There are also risks associated with the project’s investments in planning, notably the
preparation of Urban Master Plans, Sanitation and Drainage Master Plans, and Communal Solid Waste
Management Plans. Possible environmental and social impacts include labor influx, employment
expectations, and working conditions; stakeholder engagement and communication (e.g., exclusion of
certain groups); displacement (economic and physical); waste management and pollution; nuisance and
road traffic safety; community health and safety, including SEA/ SH, and road safety); and potential impacts
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on natural habitats. To manage these risks, the Government of Côte d’Ivoire adopted the following
safeguards instruments: an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) disclosed on January
12, 2023 in-country and January 24, 2023 on the World Bank website, a RPF disclosed on January 12, 2023
in-country and January 16, 2023 on the World Bank website, a Stakeholder Engagement Plan (SEP) disclosed
on December 14, 2022 in-country and December 24, 2022 on the World Bank website, and a Labor
Management Procedures (LMP) disclosed on December 14, 2022 in-country and January 16, 2023 on the
World Bank website. The instruments were redisclosed to reflect changes in project implementation
arrangements. However, the original disclosure dates are the ones mentioned in the Environmental and
Social Commitment Plan (ESCP). An ESCP was disclosed on March 9, 2023, both in-country and on the World
Bank website. A SEA/SH assessment and action plan will be prepared and disclosed no later than 120 days
after project effectiveness. Further, the PCU will be staffed with an Environment Specialist, a Social
Specialist, a SEA/SH specialist, while safeguards assistants will be placed in target cities. All project activities
will be subject to the relevant ESF requirements. Resettlement impacts cannot be precisely determined at
this stage, though per the RFP resettlement costs are not expected to exceed US$6.4 million.
V. GRIEVANCE REDRESS SERVICES
96. Communities and individuals that believe they are adversely affected by a World Bank supported
project may submit complaints to existing project-level grievance redress mechanisms or the World Bank’s
Grievance Redress Service (GRS). The GRS ensures that complaints received are promptly reviewed in
order to address project-related concerns. Project affected communities and individuals may submit their
complaint to the World Bank’s independent Inspection Panel which determines whether harm occurred,
or could occur, as a result of World Bank non-compliance with its policies and procedures. Complaints may
be submitted at any time after concerns have been brought directly to the World Bank's attention, and
World Bank Management has been given an opportunity to respond. For information on how to submit
complaints to the World Bank’s corporate GRS, please visit http://www.worldbank.org/en/projects-
operations/products-and-services/grievance-redress-service. For information on how to submit
complaints to the World Bank Inspection Panel, please visit www.inspectionpanel.org.
VI. KEY RISKS
97. The overall risk rating of the project is Substantial because of the risks associated with the political
and governance context, technical design, institutional capacity, fiduciary, environmental and social
impacts, and security concerns in some of the areas targeted by the project.
98. Political and governance risk is rated Substantial. Grievances between communities from the South
and the North of Côte d’Ivoire have fueled violent conflicts as recently as ten years ago. Some of those
tensions remain and could be revived during upcoming elections. In the past year, the Government has been
taking concrete steps to foster a process of national. Transparency and decentralization in the governance
system are not fully achieved, which may negatively impact project investments and cause delays with
procurement. The political and governance risk will be mitigated with increased population involvement
and greater devolution. The project will monitor stakeholder engagement to ensure that Project
implementation is inclusive and responsive to community feedback.
99. Technical design of project risk is rated Substantial. The Project technical design is relatively
complex given its ambitious objectives and the range of activities and investments across several secondary
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cities. The World Bank has a wealth of expertise on the approaches and technologies proposed in the
different sectors. The World Bank has mobilized Trust Fund resources to support the creation and
dissemination of knowledge on the design of green and climate resilient urban infrastructure. Technical
design of project risk will be mitigated by (i) ensuing that the PCU is adequality staffed; (ii) consolidating
investments to reduce transaction costs; (iii) engaging relevant ministries and specialized agencies; (iii)
consulting with relevant sectors (e.g., health, education, and agriculture) to ensure coordination of
investments and the saucerful operation and maintenance of infrastructure beyond construction or
renovation; and (iv) providing strong and continuous capacity development and technical assistance to
project stakeholders. The detailed sequencing of activities was reviewed during project Appraisal and found
to be realistic.
100. Institutional capacity for implementation and sustainability risk is rated Substantial . While
government institutions have a good record in implementing multisectoral projects, the following risks are
associated with this operation: (i) lack of coordination between institutions at the central and local levels
could delay project implementation; (ii) government’s limited capacity to prepare quality studies,
particularly for more complex activities, could lead to long reviews and implementation delays; and (iii) the
location of the PCU in Korhogo could create coordination challenges with the central level. As mitigation
measures, the Project will be implemented under the guidance of the Prime Minister’s Office, which is in a
unique position to ensure coordination between relevant line ministries and specialized agencies. The PCU
will be vested with strong decision-making authority and technical capacity, with a focus on limiting
dependency on other government entities. Dialogue with local governments, line ministries and specialized
agencies began early during project preparation. The Project will be implemented by the PCU, which will be
strengthened and received additional training in procurement, FM, ESF, project management, and M&E.
Strong technical assistance will be provided throughout the project duration.
101. Fiduciary risk is rated substantial. This is due to the procurement risk that is substantial because
of (i) the potential influence of local authorities and/or politicians in local procurement and (ii) the
number and geographic dispersion of the project's target cities. These risks are being mitigated by
anchoring the Project within an existing PCU that that is familiar with the World Bank FM and procurement
requirements, and is satisfactorily managing PARU. A Decentralized project Implementation Office will be
created and located in the North to allow better coordination. A new procedure manual will be elaborated
and adopted for the Project. This procedure manual will include processes for pre-selection and
procurement at the local level that specify the roles and responsibilities of the actors, including the Local
Authorities. Fiduciary capacity of the PCU will be strengthened through the hiring of additional FM and
Procurement staff, some of which will based locally.
102. Environmental and social risks are substantial. These include soil and water pollution, vegetation
clearing, biodiversity loss, workers’ health and safety, community safety, SEA/SH, and economic
displacement. Because the Project targets some areas facing increasing insecurity, the ability to implement
and supervise project activities may be restricted. In addition, the capacity of local governments is limited,
especially with respect to implementing safeguard instruments as per the World Bank’s ESF. The
environmental and social risk rating also considers the varying capacities of the implementing partners and
direct third-party implementation institutions to manage potential risks, particularly under the new ESF
requirements. The environmental and social risk management instruments entail robust mitigation
measures that have been developed and disclosed. The ESCP outlines a series of capacity building and
institutional strengthening activities for PCU staff to undertake during project implementation.
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103. Security risks are Substantial. Though stable at the time of Project preparation, the security
situation could become a challenge, making it difficult to carry out Project activities in certain areas. Seven
of the target cities are in Northern Côte d’Ivoire where violent extremism, community and socio-political
conflicts, and conventional and cross-border crime could threaten project implementation. These cities are
in five regions that are part of the 11 regions covered by the Côte d’Ivoire Inclusive Connectivity and Rural
Infrastructure Project (P178362), namely Kabadougou (Odienné), Bagoué (Boundiali and Tengréla), Poro
(Korhogo), Tchologo (Ferkessédougou and Ouangolodougou), and Bounkani (Bouna). A security risk
assessment was conducted in June 2022 under the Côte d’Ivoire Inclusive Connectivity and Rural
Infrastructure Project (P178362).39 The assessment concludes that the risk of violent extremism40 is very
high in the Bounkani region and high in the Poro, Tchologo, and Bagoué regions. Even though no new attack
has been reported since 2021, the security situation in some areas of northern Côte d’Ivoire remains fragile.
The Government has deployed additional security forces in these areas and strengthened his intelligence
cooperation with neighboring Mali and Burkina Faso. Nevertheless, the situation in some areas remains
unstable and volatile, and security risks remains Substantial. While the project will rely on the 2022 security
risk assessment of the Inclusive Connectivity and Rural Infrastructure Project, a project specific Security
Management Plan will be adopted prior to implementing activities. Preventive measures will be included in
the works contracts to protect physical infrastructure and mitigate risks exposure for workers. The PCU and
the World Bank will continuously monitor security risks during project implementation and additional
measures could be adopted to ensure the security of the works.41
.
.
39 Evaluation des Risques Sécuritaires (ERS) - Rapport Provisoire, July 2022.
40 These risks include armed attack by jihadist groups on sites or project members or partners, kidnapping of project members or
partners, assassination of project members, and destruction and/or looting of a project sites, structure, and equipment.
41 Relevant experiences include the road projects in Far-North Cameroon (CEMAC, P079736). These additional measures may
include the use third-party verification in case security conditions do not allow direct supervision.
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VII. RESULTS FRAMEWORK AND MONITORING
Results Framework
COUNTRY: Cote d'Ivoire
Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project
Project Development Objectives(s)
The Development Objective is to (i) improve access to green and climate resilient urban infrastructure and basic services, and (ii) strengthen local
government capacity for participatory and climate risk-informed urban and economic planning in selected secondary cities
Project Development Objective Indicators
RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ PD O
Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target
1
Improve access to green and climate resilient infrastructure and basic services
People provided with improved urban living
0.00 100,000.00 390,000.00
conditions (CRI, Number)
People provided with improved urban living
0.00 50,000.00 195,000.00
conditions - Female (Number)
Beneficiaries reporting that Project investments
0.00 75.00 75.00
reflected their needs (Percentage)
Female beneficiaries reporting that Project
0.00 75.00 75.00
investments reflected their needs (Percentage)
Strengthen local gov. capacity for participatory and climate risk-informed urban & economic planning
Local governments with new/updated climate
risk-informed urban master plans prepared 0.00 3.00 8.00
through a participatory process (Number)
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ PD O
Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target
1
Local governments with new/updated local
development plans prepared through a 0.00 3.00 8.00
participatory process (Number)
PDO Table SPACE
Intermediate Results Indicators by Components
RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ IO
Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target
1
Component 1:Developing Green and Climate Resilient Urban infrastructure in Selected Secondary Cities
Quick Impact Investments completed (Number) 0.00 60.00 94.00
Social infrastructure rehabilitated or constructed
0.00 20.00 46.00
(Number)
Economic infrastructure rehabilitated or
0.00 8.00 15.00
constructed (Number)
Green areas developed or rehabilitated (Text) 0.00 4 hectares 8 hectares
Urban roads rehabilitated or constructed
0.00 30.00 70.00
(Kilometers)
Communal sanitation and drainage master plans
4.00 6.00 8.00
adopted (Number)
Stormwater channels rehabilitated or constructed
(Kilometers) 0.00 10.00 30.00
Sanitary landfills with methane emission
capture/combustion technology constructed 0.00 0.00 3.00
(Number)
Waiting time for women seeking maternal health
services (Text) To be established Baseline - 10% (in minutes) Baseline - 20% (in minutes)
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
RESULT_FRAME_TBL_ IO
Indicator Name PBC Baseline Intermediate Targets End Target
1
Communal solid waste management plans
adopted (Number) 0.00 3.00 3.00
Component 2: Providing Support to Local Governments in Selected Secondary Cities
Public consultations organized for the preparation
of local economic development plans and urban 0.00 16.00 32.00
masterplans (Number)
Local governments with an infrastructure
operation and maintenance strategy (Number) 0.00 2.00 8.00
Project financed infrastructure are functioning,
used, and maintenaned (Yes/No) No Yes Yes
People trained (Number) 0.00 200.00 400.00
People trained (of which women) (Number) 0.00 100.00 200.00
Cities with operational Geographic Information
0.00 1.00 4.00
System (GIS) capacity (Number)
Improved market gardening areas with increased
0.00 20.00 150.00
operations (Hectare(Ha))
Women with improved capacity to produce and
To be established Baseline + 10% Baseline + 20%
sell their shea butter products (Text)
Component 3: Project Management and Coordination
Project related grievances received and addressed
0.00 80.00 80.00
within the project GRM timeframe (Percentage)
IO Table SPACE
UL Table SPACE
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
Monitoring & Evaluation Plan: PDO Indicators
Methodology for Data Responsibility for Data
Indicator Name Definition/Description Frequency Datasource
Collection Collection
This is a Corporate
Result Indicator with a
standardized name.
However, this indicator
measures the number
of people benefiting
from new or
rehabilitated green and
climate-resilient urban
Detailed
infrastructure financed
design
under the project
studies,
This indicator measures
infrastructur
the number of direct
e works
People provided with improved urban Semi-annual beneficiaries from the PCU
completion,
living conditions following new or
reports,
rehabilitated green and
surveys
climate-
and evaluatio
resilient urban infrastru
n studies.
ctures: 1) Urban Roads;
2) Health facilities; 3)
Educational facilities; 4)
Public spaces; 5)
Markets; 6) Solid waste
management; 7) Storm
water channels and
complementary Nature
Based Solutions.
Beneficiaries will be
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
estimated for each type
of intervention type,
either through access
metrics (number of
people within the
distance within which
residents benefits from
the infrastructure (for
instance 500m for
secondary roads) or
registration/usage
metrics (for instance for
health center and
school)
The detailed
methodology for data
collection will be
defined in the Project
Implementation
Manual.
Detailed This indicator measures
design the number of direct
studies, beneficiaries from the
Number of women infrastructur following new or
beneficiaries of improved e works rehabilitated green and
People provided with improved urban Semi-annual PCU
climate-resilient urban completion, resilient
living conditions - Female
infrastructure reports, urban infrastructures:
surveys 1) Urban Roads; 2)
and evaluatio Health facilities; 3)
n studies. Educational facilities; 4)
Public spaces; 5)
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
Markets; 6) Solid waste
management; 7) Storm
water channels and
complementary Nature
Based Solutions.
Beneficiaries, adjusted
with census data on
gender, will be
estimated for each
intervention type.
Access metrics (number
of people within the
distance within which
residents benefits from
the infrastructure, (for
instance 500m for
secondary roads) will
be calculated by type of
investment using
spatial analysis.
The detailed
methodology for data
collection will be
defined in the Project
Implementation
Manual.
Percentage of direct Aggregation of survey
beneficiaries reporting that Satisfaction response from service
Beneficiaries reporting that Project Annual PCU
they are satisfied with the surveys. providers (and
investments reflected their needs
project financed preventing double
investments. counting of
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
beneficiaries)
Female beneficiaries reporting that
Project investments reflected their
needs
Confirm the extent of
the participatory
process used to
Number of local
elaborate the plans in
governments with a new or Urban
Local governments with new/updated the final reports, and
an updated climate risk- Semi-annual master plan PCU
climate risk-informed urban master plans the integration of data
informed urban master final reports
prepared through a participatory process on climate-risk in the
plans prepared through
plan, and obtain official
participatory processes.
signed adoption
documents
Number of local Confirm the extent of
governments that prepared Local the stakeholder
Local governments with new/updated or updated their local economic consultation done in
Semi-annual PCU
local development plans prepared development plans with development the final reports and
through a participatory process extensive stakeholder final reports obtain official signed
consultation and community adoption documents.
participation.
ME PDO Table SPACE
Monitoring & Evaluation Plan: Intermediate Results Indicators
Methodology for Data Responsibility for Data
Indicator Name Definition/Description Frequency Datasource
Collection Collection
Number of quick impact Semi- Contractor Target is based on the
PCU, Municipalities
Quick Impact Investments completed investment projects annual reports list of Quick Impact
identified and validated in (Works Investments screened
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
collaboration with the completion in collaboration with
participating cities/ reports) the participating cities/
municipalities with active municipalities with
community participation active community
and completed. participation
Data from progress
reports
Number of social
infrastructure rehabilitated
or constructed across all
cities including health and Contractor
education facilities, notably reports
Semi-
Social infrastructure rehabilitated or primary and secondary (Works Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
annual
constructed schools, vocational completion
education centers, public reports)
libraries, cultural centers,
childcare centers, local
health centers, maternity
wards, and dispensaries
Contractor
Number of economic
reports
infrastructure rehabilitated Semi-
Economic infrastructure rehabilitated or (Works Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
or constructed for example annual
constructed completion
public markets, cattle
reports)
markets, and bus stations
Total area (in hectares) Contractor
across all municipalities for reports
Semi-
the creation and protection (Works Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
Green areas developed or rehabilitated annual
of green spaces such as completion
parks, forests, and reports)
riverbanks, greening of
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Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
public building courtyard,
and other nature-based
solutions for flood, and heat
island management.
Length of urban roads (in
km) rehabilitated or Contractor
constructed to improve reports
Semi-
accessibility to social and (Works Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
Urban roads rehabilitated or constructed annual
economic public facilities, completion
economic zones, as well as reports)
to improve living conditions
in poor neighborhoods
Number of communal
sanitation and drainage
master plans adopted.
Korhogo, Ferkessédougou,
Odienné, and Boundiali
Consultant PCU, Municipalities
Communal sanitation and drainage already have or are in the Anual Progress reports
reports
master plans adopted process of adopting
Sanitation and Drainage
Master Plans, which will also
be prepared for Bouna,
Ouangolodougou, Tengréla,
and Man.
Length of stormwater Contractor
channels (in km) reports
Semi-
Stormwater channels rehabilitated or rehabilitated or constructed (Works Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
annual
constructed as well as complementary completion
nature based solutions to reports)
reduce and manage floods.
Sanitary landfills with methane emission Number of sanitary landfills Annual Contractor PCU
capture/combustion technology with methane emission reports
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Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
constructed capture/combustion (Works
technology constructed, and completion
related solid waste reports)
management services
operational in Odienné,
Boundiali, Tengréla and
Bouna
Waiting time for women Beneficiary
Semi-
Waiting time for women seeking maternal seeking maternal health Satisfaction Progress reports PCU
annual
health services services Survey
Number of communal solid
waste management plans
adopted, along with
implementation of cleanup Consultant
campaigns, promotion of reports, and
recycling and circular documents
Communal solid waste management plans Annual Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
economy opportunities. No for the
adopted
investments in solid waste adoption of
management are planned in the plans
Korhogo, Ferkessédougou
and Ouangolodougou
because these cities are
already covered by PARU
Number of public Reports from
consultations held for the consultants,
Public consultations organized for the preparation of the including
Semi-
preparation of local economic new/updated local specific Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
annual
development plans and urban development plans and sections on
masterplans urban master plans. In each public
target city, at least 4 public participation
consultations have been and
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
organized, or a total of 32 stakeholder
consultations. consultation
processes.
Consultant
Number of cities which reports,
adopt and implement urban Semi- consultation
Local governments with an infrastructure Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
infrastructure operations annual of
operation and maintenance strategy
and maintenance strategy participating
and plans cities
Project financed infrastructure are
functioning, used, and maintenaned
Number of people trained in
local economic
development, urban
planning, operations and
Training
maintenance of municipal
Semi- reports, and
assets, procurement, Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
People trained annual attendance
financial and human
lists
resources management, or
other topics as needed and
defined in the respective
capacity building chapters of
the city investment plans.
Number of people trained in
local economic Training
development, urban Semi- reports, and
Progress reports Municipalities, and PCU
People trained (of which women) planning, operations and annual attendance
maintenance of municipal lists.
assets, procurement,
financial and human
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Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
resources management, or
other topics as needed and
defined in the respective
capacity building chapters of
the city investment plans.
Training
Number of established GIS reports,
capacity at selected consultant
municipalities with effective reports,
Semi-
Cities with operational Geographic operationalization, including consultation Progress reports PCU, Municipalities
annual
Information System (GIS) capacity trained staff, software, and of
equipment, and its effective participating
use for planning and municipalitie
maintaining investments. s
Mapping of
Area (in hectares) that
urban
improved market gardening
agriculture
activities and sustainable
area, survey
development of local food
Semi- of
Improved market gardening areas with systems through Progress reports PCU
annual participating
increased operations infrastructure investments
cities and
including the installation
beneficiaries,
and/or rehabilitation of
contractor
water storage units and
reports
marketing structures
Number of local women Beneficiary
producers with improved satisfaction
Women with improved capacity to Semi-
capacity to commercialize survey, Progress reports PCU
produce and sell their shea butter annual
shea butter and related trainer
products
products via with targeted reports
and relevant training
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Sustainable and Inclusive Northern Cities Project (P177062)
received in business and
finance, including organic
certification and standards
as needed
Project related grievances received and
addressed within the project GRM
timeframe
ME IO Table SPACE
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The World Bank
Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
ANNEX 1: Implementation Arrangements and Support Plan
COUNTRY: Côte d'Ivoire
Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project
Institutional arrangements
1. The Project will be implemented by the PCU of the PARU established under MINHAS. MINHAS will
be responsible for strengthening the PCU and coordinating with the Prime Minister’s Office regarding the
establishment of the project’s ISC. Local governments in the project target cities will be responsible for
establishing LACs.
2. Inter-Ministerial Steering Committee. The ISC will be headed by the Prime Minister’s Office and will
include representatives from MINHAS, Ministry of Economy and Finance, Ministry of the Budget and the
State Portfolio, Ministry of Equipment and Road Maintenance, DGDDL, AGEROUTE, ONAD, ANAGED, ANDE,
Geographic and Digital Information Center (Centre d ’Information Géographique et du Numérique, CIGN),
Association of Regions and District of Côte d’Ivoire, and UVICOCI. The ISC will meet at least twice a year and
hold extraordinary meetings as necessary. The ISC will, inter alia, provide overall project supervision and
strategic guidance.
3. Project Coordination Unit. The PCU will be strengthened and expanded. While the PARU-PCU is
based in Abidjan, for the Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project, a DPIO will be established in
Korhogo. This will allow DPIO staff to be closer to the target population and local stakeholders, and allow
them to actively participate in day-to-day project implementation. The PCU will be responsible for all
aspects of Project management. This will include fiduciary functions, M&E, and compliance with the ESF.
The PCU will approve project investments proposed by local governments in concertation with relevant
Ministries and Specialized Agencies. The PCU will be strengthened with at least a DPIO Manager, a Civil
Engineer, an Urban Development Specialist, a Procurement Specialist, a Financial Management Specialist,
an Accountant, an M&E Specialist, an Environmental Safeguard Specialist, a Social Development Specialist,
and a SEA/SH specialist. Safeguard Assistants and Municipal Engineers will be hired to support project
implementation of and oversee compliance with Project activities. They will also help strengthen local
governments’ capacity for infrastructure planning and management. The composition of the PCU will be
adjusted as needed in agreement with the Implementing Agency and the World Bank. Technical experts will
be hired as appropriate, and are expected to include at least one urban development specialist, one urban
planner, two urban infrastructure specialists, one solid waste management specialist, one land
administration and geospatial information specialist, as well as one agriculture specialist.
4. Local Advisory Committees. Local governments will establish LACs in each city. They will be chaired
by the mayor and include representatives from relevant municipal departments, decentralized government
services, and civil society, community representatives, women’s and youth organizations, community-based
organizations, NGOs and CSOs. LASs will help plan, coordinate, and monitor Project activities. LASs will have
a key role in encouraging the participation of the civil society in the planning and implementation of the
Project activities. Priority will be assigned to ensuring women representatives in the LACs.
5. Local governments. Local governments in the target cities will sign Project Implementation Support
Framework Agreements with the PCU. Local governments will be responsible for preparing Priority
Investment Plans in close collaboration with the LACs, line ministries, specialized agencies, and the PCU. The
Project will hire Municipal Engineers and Safeguards Assistants to help local governments plan and oversee
Page 54 of 82
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
project activities and will be responsible for strengthening the capacity of local governments through
training and technical assistance. Depending on the capacity and needs of each local government, the
project may hire additional experts to second them on relevant technical matters.
6. Line Ministries and Specialized Agencies. While PCU will be responsible for the Project’s fiduciary
functions and will be staffed with technical experts in the fields relevant to the Project investments,
ministries and specialized agencies will provide design and implementation support to the PCU within the
framework of their technical mandate. The role and responsibilities of each party will be defined in Project
Implementation Support Framework agreements to be signed prior to Project effectiveness. Framework
agreements will be signed with the following: (i) MCLU for the activities related to urban planning, the
regularization of urban subdivisions and urban land tenure regularization under Subcomponent 2.1; (ii)
AGEROUTE for the rehabilitation and construction of urban roads under Subcomponent 1.3; (iii) ONAD for
activities related to sanitation and drainage under Subcomponent 1.3; (iv) ANAGED for activities related to
Solid waste management under Subcomponent 1.3; (v) Ministry of National Education and Literacy for
investments related to educational facilities under Subcomponents 1.1 and 1.2; and (vi) Ministry of Health
and Public Hygiene for investments related to health under Subcomponents 1.1 and 1.2.
Table 1.1. Key institutions and their role
No Agencies Areas of Expected role Instruments
intervention
1 Project Responsible for all Fiduciary; Planning; Inter-ministerial
Coordination Unit aspects of project Implementation; M&E; decree expending the
(PCU) management Compliance with safeguards mandate of the PCU
instruments. to cover the services
in connection with
the project
2 Local Governments Responsible for Chair local development Project
developing committees; Propose Implementation
investment activities to be financed; Support Framework
proposals Prepare Priority Investment Agreements signed
(including Priority Plans; Review of technical with the PCU
Investment Plans) studies;
in close Local oversight of project
collaboration with implementation.
the LACs,
ministries,
specialized
agencies, and the
PCU
3 Ministry of Urban master plans, Definition and approval of Project
Construction, detailed master investments in collaboration Implementation
Housing and Urban plans, regularisation with local governments and Support Framework
Development of urban the PCU; Agreement signed
(MCLU) subdivisions, and Support the preparation of with the PCU
systematic issuance bidding documents;
of Arretes de Participation in
Concessions procurement processes;
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
No Agencies Areas of Expected role Instruments
intervention
Definitives Monitoring and approval of
(Subcomponent 2.1) deliverables.
4 Roads Management Rehabilitation or Definition and approval of Project
Agency (AGEROUTE) construction of investments in collaboration Implementation
urban roads with local governments and Support Framework
(Subcomponent 1.3) the PCU; Agreement signed
Definition of technical with the PCU
norms;
Support the preparation of
bidding documents;
Participation in the
procurement processes;
approval of works.
4 National Office for Drainage Definition and approval of Project
Sanitation and (Subcomponent investments needs in Implementation
Drainage (ONAD) 1.3) collaboration with local Support Framework
governments and the PCU; Agreement signed
Definition of technical with the PCU
norms;
Support the preparation of
bidding documents;
Participation in
procurement processes;
approval of works,
5 National Waste Solid waste Definition and approval of Project
Management managent (Sub- investments in collaboration Implementation
Agency (ANAGED) component 1.3 and with local government and Support Framework
1.2) the PCU; Agreements signed
Support the preparation of with the PCU
bidding documents;
Participation in
procurement processes;
Approval of solid Waste
Management Plan;
Management of
infrastructure built.
6 Ministry of National Rehabilitation Definition and approval of Project
Education and /construction and investments needs in Implementation
Literacy equipment of collaboration with local Support Framework
infrastructure and government and the PCU; Agreement signed
soci-education Definition of technical with the PCU
(Subcomponents norms;
1.1 and 1.2) Support the preparation of
bidding documents;
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
No Agencies Areas of Expected role Instruments
intervention
Participation in
procurement processes;
Provision of staff (teachers)
in the rehabilitated/
constructed facilities
7 Ministry of Health Construction/rehab Definition and approval of Project
and Public Hygiene ilitation and investments needs in Implementation
and Universal equipment of collaboration with local Support Framework
Health coverage health centers government and the PCU; Agreement signed
(Subcomponents Definition of technical with the PCU
1.1 and 1.2) norms;
Support the preparation of
bidding documents;
Participation in
procurement processes;
Provision of staff in the
rehabilitated/ constructed
facilities
8 National Safeguards Oversight of compliance Not applicable
Environment with national environmental
Agency (ANDE) regulations
Financial Management and Disbursements arrangements
7. The PCU will be the World Bank’s main counterpart and focal point for FM aspects of the project.
This includes budgeting, financial reporting, supervision, management of the Designated Account (DA), and
auditing.
Budgeting
8. The PCU will prepare a budgeted annual action plan, to be discussed and validated during the
Project SSC annual review, scheduled by the end of September of each year. The process will be detailed,
and sample reports will be included in the PIM.
9. Not later than November 30 of the year preceding the year to which the work plan applies, it will
first be submitted to the project Steering Committee for approval and then to the World Bank to ensure
there is no objection. The budget will also reflect the activity to be implemented by the implementing
entities; hence the creation of a budget lines for the activities to be implemented by each implementing
entities The budgetary discussions will begin at least six months before the fiscal year of implementation
and will consider the procurement plan as the starting point. Once the budget is approved, the budget
execution will be monitored through the automated accounting software to serve as a basis for a budget
execution monthly follow-up, based on variance analysis report comparing planned with actual
expenditures that will be part of the quarterly unaudited IFR.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Accounting and Reporting
10. Accounting standards, policies, and procedures. The prevailing accounting policies and procedures
will apply. These are aligned with the accounting standards for West African Francophone countries
(SYSCOHADA) which are in use in Côte d’Ivoire for current World Bank-financed operations. The new
project’s accounting systems, policies, and financial procedures will be documented in the Project
Implementation Manual (PIM).
11. Accounting staff. PCU has a qualified and experienced FM specialist, who will be supported by one
Chief Accountant and one accountant. This team will be reinforced by another FM specialist dedicated to
this project, one chief accountant and one accountant. They will have the overall FM responsibility over
budgeting, accounting, financial reporting, flow of funds, internal control, and auditing. The FM staff will
have their capacity reinforced over the project implementation through the rolling out of the training plan
that includes training on World Bank disbursement procedures and financial reporting arrangements,
among others.
12. Accounting information systems software. The PCU will ensure within three months after the
project’s effectiveness the well-functioning of the accounting software of PARU and its customization to
handle the activities financed under this project.
Internal Control
13. Internal controls. The internal control policies and procedures will be documented in the PIM which
will be updated and adopted before project effectiveness. The PIM will document the FM and disbursement
arrangements including internal controls, budget process, assets safeguards, and clarify roles and
responsibilities of all the stakeholders.
Internal Audit
14. The internal control system is necessary to ensure that (i) operations are effective and efficient; (ii)
financial reporting is reliable; and (iii) the Project complies with all applicable laws and regulations. The PCU
currently has a PIM. Therefore, for this Project the existing PIM will be updated, and it will describe work
processes, information flow, authorization and delegation of authority, timing, job segregation, automatic
and sequential controls, compliance with project objectives, and micro and macro rules. The FM section of
the PIM will also clarify the procedures to comply with in executing the budgets allocated to the
implementing agencies.
15. In line with the new Decree No. 475 governing how donor-financed projects will operate in Côte
d’Ivoire, the General Inspectorate of Finance (Inspection Générale des Finances, IGF) will oversee the project
internal audit function, managed by the PCU. Once the IGF is appointed, the PCU and the IGF will agree on
the modalities of IGF interventions and the resources it will need to fulfill its mandate. The existing
government internal controls systems in place including the use of budget controllers and separation of
duties between the administrative phase of budget execution and the accounting phase of public
expenditure channel will be used for the purposes of this project.
16. Transparency, accountability, and anti-corruption efforts will be encouraged including via a
complaint handling mechanism; a communication strategy to inform the public through the media on all
aspects of the project; and the publication on the implementing entity or government websites of budgets,
financial reports and audited financial statements. The PCU will also have to deal with fraud and anti-
corruption in accordance with the World Bank Anti-Corruption Guidelines referred to in the Financing
Agreement.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Flow of Funds
17. A DA managed by the Directorate of Debt (Direction Générale du Trésor et de la Comptabilité
Publique) will be opened for disbursement purposes at the Central Bank of West African States ( Banque
Centrale des Etats de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, BCEAO). A project account (PA), managed by the public accountant
assigned to the PCU, opened in a reputable commercial bank under conditions acceptable to the World
Bank, will be used to pay expenditures. The Operational Account (project account) will be managed by PCU.
Cash withdrawal transactions from the Operational Account will be authorized respectively by the Project
Coordinator and the project’s FM Specialist.
18. Disbursements will be made in accordance with the Disbursement Guidelines for IPF dated February
2017. Withdrawal application requests will be prepared by the Project’s FM specialist signed by a designated
signatory or signatories (the signature authorization letter is signed by the Minister of Finance) and sent to
the World Bank for processing. The Project will submit applications using the electronic delivery tool, “e-
Disbursements”, available at the World Bank’s Client Connection website/web-based portal. The Authorized
Signatory Letter will include authorization for the designated signatories to receive Secure Identification
Credentials from the World Bank for delivering such applications by electronic means.
19. Once the credit becomes effective, Disbursements of IDA funds will be transaction-based
disbursements. The Project will finance 100 percent of eligible expenditures inclusive of taxes. A DA will be
opened at the central bank (BCEAO) and a Project Account (PA) in a commercial bank under terms
acceptable to IDA. The PA will be managed by the public accountant assigned to the PCU by the Minister of
Finance. The ceiling of the DA will be stated in the Disbursement and Financial Information Letter. An initial
advance up to the DA ceiling will be made and subsequent disbursements will be made against submission
of a Statement of Expenditures reporting on the use of the previous advance. The option to disburse against
submission of quarterly unaudited IFRs (also known as report-based disbursements) could be considered
once the project meets the criteria. Other methods of disbursing funds (reimbursement, direct payment,
and special commitment) will also be available. The minimum value of applications for these methods is 20
percent of the DA ceiling. The project will sign and submit Withdrawal Applications electronically using the
eSignatures module accessible from the World Bank’s Client Connection website.
Figure 1.1: Funds flow diagram
IDA Account (Washington) at the World Bank
Direct payment upon request from project Designated Account (BCEAO) managed by MoF
Transactions Account managed by
Project in commercial bank
Transactions Account by
implementing agencies
Beneficiaries / Suppliers / Consultants
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
20. The table below specifies the categories of eligible expenditures to be financed out of the proceeds
of the financing, the amounts under each category, and the percentage of expenditures to be financed for
eligible expenditures in each category.
Table 1.2: Categories of Eligible Expenditures
Category Amount of the Financing Percentage of Expenditures
Allocated (expressed in EUR) to be Financed
(exclusive of Taxes)
(1) Goods, works, non-consulting services, 282,093,000 100%
consulting services, Training and Incremental
Operating Costs of the Project excluding Parts
3.2(ii) and 4 of the Project
(2) Land expenditures (including compensation for 0
land acquisition related to the implementation of a
resettlement instrument), cash compensation and
other assistance paid in cash for involuntary
resettlement under Part 3.2(ii) of the Project
(3) Front-end Fee 707,000 Amount payable pursuant
to Section 2.03 of this
Agreement in accordance
with Section 3.08 (b) of the
General Conditions
(4) Emergency Expenditures under Part 4 of the 0 100%
Project
TOTAL AMOUNT 282,800,000
Financial Reporting
21. PCU will prepare quarterly un-audited IFRs in form and content satisfactory to the World Bank,
which will be submitted to the World Bank within 45 days after the end of the quarter to which they relate.
External Audit
22. An external independent and qualified private sector auditor will be recruited to carry out the audit
of the Project’s financial statements. The annual audits will be conducted based on ToRs that are satisfactory
to the World Bank. The Auditor will express an opinion on the Annual Financial Statements and perform his
audit in compliance with International Standards on Auditing. The auditor will be required to prepare a
Management Letter detailing observations and comments and providing recommendations for
improvements in the accounting system and the internal control environment. The audit report on the
annual Project financial statements and activities of the DA shall be submitted to the World Bank within six
months of the end of each fiscal year.
23. In accordance with World Bank Policy on Access to Information, the Borrower is required to make
its audited financial statements publicly available in a manner acceptable to the World Bank; following the
World Bank’s formal receipt of these statements from the borrower, the World Bank also makes them
available to the public.
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Table 1.3: FM action plan
Issue Remedial action recommended Responsible Completion Effectiveness
entity conditions
Staffing Recruit a qualified and experienced PCU Three months N
FM specialist, one chief accountant, after
and one accountant under ToRs effectiveness
acceptable to IDA.
Information Ensure the well-functioning of the PCU Three months N
system PARUs accounting software after
accounting effectiveness
software
Interim Financial Format, content, and frequency of PCU Prior to N
reporting (IFR) the IFR will be agreed during project effectiveness
negotiation
Administrative, Update PARU Administrative, PCU Prior to Y
Accounting, and Accounting and Financial Manual of effectiveness
Financial Manual procedures (as part of the PIM)
of procedures
Internal audit Update of Internal auditor’s work- PCU/ Three months N
program to include the new project’s IGF after
internal auditing on a risk-based effectiveness
approach
External financial Appoint an external auditor PCU Six months after N
auditing acceptable to the World Bank effectiveness
Implementation Support Plan
24. FM implementation support missions will be carried out twice a year based on the substantial FM
residual risk rating. Implementation Support will also include desk reviews such as the review of the IFRs
and audit reports. In-depth reviews may be done where deemed necessary. The FM implementation
support will include FM training missions for all implementing entities and will be an integrated part of the
project’s implementation support plan.
Table 1.4: FM support plan
FM Activity Frequency
Desk reviews
IFRs review Quarterly
Audit report review of the project Annually
Review of other relevant information such as interim internal control systems Continuous as they become
reports. available
On site visits
Review of overall operation of the FM system Once per year (Implementation
Support Mission)
Monitoring of actions taken on issues highlighted in audit reports, auditors’ As needed
management letters, internal audit, and other reports
Transaction reviews (if needed) As needed
Capacity building support
FM training sessions During implementation and as
needed
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25. The conclusion of the assessment is that the FM arrangements in place meet the World Bank’s
minimum FM requirements under World Bank IPF Policy and Directive, and subject to the implementation
of the FM action plan above, are therefore adequate to provide, with reasonable assurance, accurate and
timely information on the status of the project required by World Bank. The project’s FM residual risk of the
project is assessed as Moderate.
26. Financial Management Risks and Mitigation Measures. The FM risk assessment and mitigations
measures are summarized in the table below:
Table 1.5: FM Risks and Mitigation Measures
Risk Risk Risk-Mitigation Measures Incorporated Effectiveness Residual
Rating into Project Design Conditions (Y/N) Risk
Inherent Risks: M M
Country: Beyond the control of the project: The
The PEFA undertaken in 2017 government is committed to a reform
and the PIMA in 2016 identified S program that includes preparation of a N S
critical PFM weakness. Strategic Framework for PFM reforms in
Côte d’Ivoire. However, there are still
weaknesses. This project requires use of
the World Bank FM procedures
supported by Decree 475.
Entity Level The PCU is familiar with the World Bank
PCU has a good knowledge of M FM procedures and is well staffed. N M
World bank policies.
Project level The updated version of project current
Misunderstanding of FM procedures, internal controls and a
responsibility as the project M clear description of the roles and N M
involves several stakeholders. responsibilities of the various
stakeholders will be taken into
consideration with appropriate
trainings.
Control Risks: M M
Delays in budget preparation Budget procedures clearly defined in the
process of the project Project FM manual of procedures.
M M
And PCU has a good knowledge in N
budget preparation
Accounting
Risk of increasing of the FM This team will be reinforced by another
team workload leading to some FM specialist dedicated to this Project,
delays in the submission of the M one chief accountant and one N M
required reporting. accountant.
Lack of adequate accounting
software The existing accounting software will be
customized to consider the new
project’s specificities.
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Risk Risk Risk-Mitigation Measures Incorporated Effectiveness Residual
Rating into Project Design Conditions (Y/N) Risk
Internal Audit
Weak compliance with FM The FM manual will outline approval
procedures manual and of and authorization procedures with clear
circumventing internal control S segregation of duties. The project’s N M
systems internal audit annual work-program will
be updated to include this Project’s
internal auditing.
Funds Flow M
- Risk of misuse of funds and - Payment requests will be approved by
use funds to pay non eligible M the Coordinator and the Project FMS N M
purposes or combined with prior to disbursement of funds.
other projects funds managed - Require of the FM team to ensure
by the PCU monthly submission of the withdrawal
- Weak capacity in the application.
disbursement procedures of the - Perform external audit.
World Bank which could affect
the disbursement rate.
Reporting
Delay and difficulties in The IFR reports will be generated by the
preparation of acceptable IFRs M accounting software and support from N M
and financial statements the FMS.
External Audit
Project audit reports might be An independent qualified financial
submitted with delay and external auditor will be recruited.
inacceptable quality. M N M
Risk of fraud and corruption
Overall Risk M M
H: High; S: Substantial; M: Moderate; L: Low
Procurement
27. Procurement for the Project will be carried out in accordance with the World Bank’s Procurement
Regulations for IPF Borrowers (“Procurement Regulations”) dated November 2020; the Guidelines on
Preventing and Combating Fraud and Corruption in Projects Financed by IBRD Loans and IDA Credits and
Grants dated October 15, 2006, and revised in January 2011 and as of July 1, 2016; and the provisions
stipulated in the Financing Agreement.
28. Côte d’Ivoire adopted a Procurement Code (Order N°2019-679 dated July 24, 2019) and Decree n°475
dated July 1, 2015 in line with the WAEMU’s procurement Directives and international good practices, along
with key implementing regulations and documentation. An electronic system for collecting and
disseminating procurement information and for monitoring procurement statistics has been set up and
needs to be mainstreamed in the work of all contracting authorities.
29. The publication of procurement notices including the GPN and Specific Procurement Notices (SPN)
will be in line with paragraphs 5.22, 5.23, and 5.24 of the World Bank’s Procurement Regulations. A GPN
should be published on the United Nations Development Business and World Bank’s external website as
soon as the project is approved. SPN Requests for Expression of Interest and results of the evaluation and
contracts award should be published in accordance with advertising provisions in the World Bank’s
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Procurement Regulations.
30. Approaching the international market (international competitive procurement) is appropriate when
the participation of foreign firms will increase competition and may assure the achievement of best Value
for Money and fit-for-purpose results. Open international competitive procurement, for which international
advertisement is required in accordance with Procurement Regulations, is the preferred approach for
complex, high-risk, and/or high-value contracts. The World Bank has set specific thresholds for this purpose.
104. The PPSD and a Procurement Plan for the project’s first 18 months were prepared by the Borrower
and approved by the World Bank. A qualified consultant was recruited to help the PCU perform this
operation. The PPSD identified optimum procurement strategies for meeting the PDO, and the Procurement
Plan sets the selection methods. Per the PPSD, the total amount of contracts to be awarded under the
Project is estimated at approximately US$254.3 million for more than two hundred (200) procurement
processes to be conducted. Contracts related to the works represent 79 percent of the credit amount to be
allocated to all the contracts; consultancy contracts represent about 16 percent, and those relating to
supplies 5 percent. All contracts to be awarded will represent at least 84 percent of the amount of project
financing. Further, the PPSD recommends strengthening the procurement capacity of the PCU with at least
one Senior Procurement Specialist, two Procurement Specialists, and additional specialists and assistants as
needed.
31. There may be situations where direct procurement from United Nations (UN) agencies may be the
most appropriate method. In such circumstances, the project would make specific arrangements with the
respective UN agencies through a single-source selection; in turn, the UN agencies would then follow their
own procurement procedures to purchase and deliver the goods and services needed.
32. Project implementation will be entrusted to the PCU along with the associated fiduciary
responsibilities (procurement and FM). A capacity assessment of the PCU was carried out with a focus on (i)
the person in charge of the procurement process; (ii) the procedure manual; and (iii) the expertise of the
PCU in terms of the procurement process. The assessment has shown that while the PCU has the required
experience, skills, and knowledge, the procurement personnel is limited. The procedure manual fits with
World Bank standards for timely project implementation. The main findings of the capacity assessment of
the PCU are outlined in the following paragraphs.
33. Person in charge of the procurement process. The assessment revealed that the PCU has a
procurement specialist who is familiar with and has recently been trained on World Bank procurement
procedures. The procurement specialist received training on the new procurement framework and
specifically on the PPSD. The procurement specialist has also been trained on contract management. Per
the new procurement framework, the procurement specialist is responsible for contract management of
the project. Thus, the procedures need to be adapted to reflect these changes.
34. Procedure manual. Given the PCU’s current involvement in the implementation of a World Bank
financed project, there is an established procedures manual in place that is aligned with World Bank
requirements. However, that manual should be updated to meet the requirements of the new project.
35. Expertise of the PCU in terms of procurement process. Despite the PCU’s experience in World Bank FM
and procurement procedures, the assessment shows that the quality of the procurement documents and
contract management could be improved.
36. To minimize the risks identified and ensure that the Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project
is implemented as per the World Bank standards, at least one Procurement Specialist and one Procurement
Assistant should be dedicated to the new operation. The Terms of Reference, qualifications, and experience
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of the appointed specialists will be reviewed by the World Bank. If the specialists are recruited, the selection
should be done through a competitive process according to national procedures. As the DPIO is expected to
be in Korhogo, an organization chart will confirm which of the procurement specialist or the assistant will
be in Abidjan or in Korhogo.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
ANNEX 2: Economic Analysis
COUNTRY: Côte d'Ivoire
Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project
Economic Analysis
1. A Project economic analysis was conducted to confirm the economic feasibility and rationale of the
proposed infrastructure investments in roads, solid waste management, drainage, sanitation, health,
education, and urban agriculture. These investments are expected to bring significant socioeconomic
benefits by, among others, (i) improving mobility through a reduction of travel time, upgrade of road
condition, all weather proofing for climate resilience, and flood control; (ii) strengthening human capital;
(iii) reducing vector-diseases incidence; and (iv) improving sanitary conditions. In the medium term, the
project will improve people living conditions and social cohesion in the targeted cities.
2. Given the lack of granular data, a cost-benefit analysis was conducted for investments planned in
urban roads and solid waste management. The analysis is conservative and only considers the estimated
direct beneficiaries of these investments. For roads, the analysis considers data for vehicle operating
expenses and time saves due to road improvement, and determines a value for accidents avoided (deaths,
injuries and associated costs). For solid waste management, benefits from prevented damage and
destruction of buildings due to improved flood protection, and reduced disease rates (prevented sickness,
death, and associated costs) are the primary data factors used for analysis. For the other investments such
those related drainage, education, sanitation, health, urban agriculture, and economic facilities, the
methodology adopted is based on benefit-to-cost ratios, NPV and EIRR from similar investments in cities in
other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa as well as from projects in northern Côte d’Ivoire and neighboring
countries.
Urban roads
3. Alongside the benefits derived from improved road safety, and reduced travel time and vehicle
operating expenses, the improved connectivity from new and upgraded roads between cities bring wider
benefits associated with improved spatial integration in country. These include raised economic activity due
to increased connectivity and trade between cities, which in turn have impacts on economic growth and
spending power of individuals. It is expected that the project will finance the construction of 70 km of urban
roads for an estimated cost of US$70 million, including studies, supervision, and works costs. Maintenance
costs are assumed to be 1 percent of the investments based on the reality and context in the field. In terms
of benefits, vehicle operations, travel time and accidents reduction costs have been quantified. For a
discount rate of 6 percent, the economic analysis shows an NPV of US$208.04 million and an EIRR of 17
percent. Sensitivity tests have also been done to confirm the robustness of the analysis: (i) an increase of
10 percent of the investments costs shows an NPV of US$200.1 million and an EIRR of 15 percent; and (ii) a
decrease of 20 percent of benefits shows an NPV of US$166.4 million and an EIRR of 17 percent. To ensure
socioeconomic benefits, roads construction should be planned in a spatially integrated manner so that it
connects key sites in the cities (e.g., urban poor to jobs and markets, and informal settlements to schools
and/or healthcare facilities). To ensure resilience, roads should have associated drainage.
Solid waste management
4. More effective solid waste management, especially the construction of sanitary landfills, have the
benefits of reduced emissions due to better disposal of waste, reduction in flooding due to less waste
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blocking both natural and manmade storm water channels, and reductions in disease such as malaria,
diarrhea, and typhoid. The project is expected to finance sanitary landfills in four cities. Investments costs
have been associated with maintenance costs amounting to 1 percent of the investments costs over a 20-
year economic period). Flood control, given the close link between a controlled chain management of waste
with a good performing stormwater system, malaria incidence reduction, and CO2 emissions costs have
been estimated for the analysis. High and Low Shadow Carbon Prices have been used to make the estimates.
5. The cost of carbon is shown to be a significant factor in economic outcomes. This is corroborated in
the Côte d’Ivoire National Electricity Digitization and Access Operation (P176776), where the high and low
price of carbon led to a variation on NPV of 53 percent and of variation of EIRR of 34 percent for grid
connection investments.
Table 2.1: EIRR and NPV for Solid waste management
Description EIRR (%) NPV (US$ million) at 6%
Shadow Price of Carbon- Low
Base 18 26.3
Sensitivity test: +10% on investments costs 17 25.6
Sensitivity test: -20% on benefits 18 21.1
Shadow Price of Carbon-High
Base 24 41.2
Sensitivity test: +10% on investments costs 23 40.4
Sensitivity test: -20% on benefits 24 32.9
Drainage
6. Globally, urban flood impacts are more devastating than rural ones because they affect a greater
number of people and a higher asset concentration. Disrupted or inadequate drainage can cause or
exacerbate flooding, which can cost lives, damage, or destroy property and spread effluent and solid waste.
Unsanitary conditions can also spread disease due to stagnant pools of water caused by hampered free
drainage. Sediments in ponds and rivers can also increase due to run off from roads without adequate
drainage. Therefore, drainage benefits range from saved lives to avoided costs related to infrastructure and
property damage (including impacts on housing, businesses, roads etc.). Improved drainage systems also
help water discharge, help preserve the water table, and reduce the occurrence of water borne diseases
due to stagnant water.
7. Côte d’Ivoire’s economic development, combined with a lack of land planning and infrastructure
maintenance, have deepened its urban problems, and led to environmental degradation and greater
vulnerability to natural hazards. Major factors exacerbating this vulnerability include:
(i) occupation of areas not suitable for construction, building dwellings in high-risk areas such as
storm basins.
(ii) a deficit in alternative housing exacerbated by rural-to-urban migration.
(iii) a lack of investment for implementation of master plans for sanitation and drainage.
(iv) an inadequate solid waste management system, causing unsanitary conditions and spreading
diseases.
(v) insufficient involvement of local authorities in development management.
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8. While climate modelling scenarios present a large variability over the very long term, by 2050, the
country could face an estimated 9 percent decrease of precipitation in May coupled with an increase of 9
percent in October and 30 cm of sea level rise. Rising temperatures and increased variability will also
increase the frequency and magnitude of extreme events. These will further exacerbate the risk of flooding
due to more frequent extreme precipitations and lack of capacity to discharge stormwater by the existing
drainage systems. While precise flood models for northern cities are not available, these challenges are
expected to affect them.
9. The Project plans US$61.6 million in drainage investment across all eight investment areas. This
includes construction of 33 km of stormwater drainage channels, preparation of sanitation and drainage
master plans, and acquisition of equipment for local governments. Specific city-level investments will be
decided based on community engagement and participatory planning and will be coordinated to ensure
spatial integration of the selected investments.
10. The proposed Project’s drainage investments can be considered positive in economic terms. As
reference points, the analysis in the PARU, which finances drainage in Abidjan, points to a 28 percent EIRR.
Similar projects in other countries show a EIRR range of between 10 percent (Cameroon) to 32 percent (Mali
and Mozambique).
11. For economic analysis, given the lack of other data, a range of benefit-to-cost ratios are used based
on investments from comparable projects in other comparable jurisdictions. The low end of the range is
1.43x (Tanzania) and the high end is 2.8x (Mozambique). Analysis of the planned drainage investment for
this project assumes a five-year funds dispersal period. A 10-year benefits realization period is assumed,
where no benefits are realized in years 1 and 2, 72 percent of benefits are realized in years 3, 4, 5 and 6,
with 28 percent of benefits are realized in years 7, 8, 9 and 10. A discount rate of 6 percent is assumed.
Operations and Management costs are assumed at 5 percent of total investment amount per annum,
starting in year 3. A reduction in deaths due to flooding per km and an increase in employment due to
prevented flooding disruption are also assumed.
12. The baseline scenario assumes a benefit to cost ratio of 2x. In this scenario the EIRR of drainage
investments is 16 percent and NPV is US$17.8 million. (This analysis is subject to change as more information
on investments and beneficiaries is finalized).
13. The table below tests sensitivity of drainage investments by varying the benefit-to-cost ratio, and
the discount rate to show the effect on NPV. Baseline scenario as set out above is in grey.
Table 2.2: EIRR and NPV for Drainage investments
Discount rate
Benefit ratio 4% 6% 8%
1.43 (US$5.1M) (US$7.8M) (US$10.0M)
1.8 US$13.3M US$8.8M US$5.0M
2 US$23.2M US$17.8M US$13.2M
2.5 US$48.1M US$40.3M US$33.6M
2.8 US$63.1M US$53.8M US$45.8M
Latrines
14. Benefits of investment in latrines consist of (i) value of reduced mortality due to improved
sanitation- and hygiene-related outcomes; (ii) value of reduced childhood malnutrition related to reduced
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bouts of diarrhea and nematode infections; (iii) value of reduced healthcare costs; (vi) value of reduced
foregone income; (v) value of reduced school absence; and (vi) value of time saving due to increased privacy
and proximity of sanitation points to frequented areas, as laid out in the Cameroon Sanitation Project Phase
1 (P117102).
15. This project plans US$1 million in latrine investment across the investment areas.
16. Economic analysis from the World Bank-financed Gulf of Guinea Northern Regions Social Cohesion
Project (P175043) assesses investment in construction of latrines and indicates positive investment
outcomes.
17. Estimated yearly benefits are US$6,735 per five toilet latrines. The cost of a five-toilet latrine is
estimated at US$29,544. Over a twenty-year period, EIRR per five-person latrine is 24.5 percent, with NPV
of US$41,062. Sensitivity is shown with cost overruns, benefits reductions, and benefits lagging by two
years.
18. The EIRR is similar in economic analysis for this project at 26 percent, with an NPV of US$678,000.
Table 2.3: EIRR and NPV for Latrines
Latrine NPV (US$) EIRR (%)
Cost Increase 10% 37,844 24.5
Benefits reduce 10% 33,738 21.5
Benefits lag two years 26,617 15.6
Water
19. Investing in water supply infrastructure will provide positive economic benefits of higher and more
reliable access to safe potable water, which include direct savings in healthcare costs and lost work-time
due to averted cases of diarrhea and malnutrition related disease, as well as potential savings, productivity,
and education gains due to time savings realized by households gaining access closer to their home. In
addition to investments in water connections and networks, benefits are also derived from the construction
of water boreholes, which also help realize health benefits related to reduced risk of diarrhea morbidity,
value of time saved to access drinking water; and cost savings from decreased need to purchase water. The
project plans US$11.9 million in drinking water investment across all seven investment areas. Per city this is
allocated as follows, which includes investment in water connections, network extensions and boreholes.
20. Economic analysis from the World Bank-financed Gulf of Guinea Northern Regions Social Cohesion
Project (P175043), which assesses investment in boreholes indicates positive investment outcomes for each
type of investment.
21. For water connections, the EIRR is 10 percent (lowering to 8 percent with a 10 percent capital cost
overrun and 6 percent with a 20 percent overrun), with an NPV of US$3.4 million, based off a US$6.7 million
investment.
22. For boreholes, over a twenty-year period and based on a cost of US6,266 per borehole, EIRR per
borehole is 54 percent, with NPV of US$25,192 at a 6 percent discount rate. Sensitivity is shown with cost
overruns, benefits reductions, and benefits lagging by two years.
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Table 2.4: EIRR and NPV for Water
Borehole sensitivity NPV (US$) EIRR (%)
Cost Increase 10% 24,333 48.7
Benefits reduce 10% 21,814 48.2
Benefits lag 2 years 18,528 30.0
Health
23. The project plans about US$18.2 million in health investment across all eight investment areas. This
includes construction of small, central urban and larger scale healthcare facilities, including maternity
clinics, as well as improvements and repairs to existing facilities.
24. Benefits of improved access to primary healthcare units consist of value of reduced maternal
mortality, value of reduced morbidity-related deaths, value of reduced infant and general mortality, value
of quicker and more effective medical treatment.
25. Economic analysis from the World Bank-financed Gulf of Guinea Northern Regions Social Cohesion
Project (P175043), assesses investments in construction of primary healthcare facilities indicates positive
investment outcomes for primary health care facilities. Over a twenty-year period, based on a cost of
US$71,070 per health care unit, EIRR per unit is 67 percent, with NPV of US$390,764. Sensitivity is shown
with cost overruns, benefits reductions, and benefits lagging by two years.
Table 2.5: EIRR and NPV for Health
Health sensitivity NPV (US$) EIRR (US$)
Cost Increase 10% 363,780 58.3%
Benefits reduce 10% 324,704 57.5%
Benefits lag two years 260,464 27.9%
Education
26. Benefits of improved access to educational facilities consist of value of reduction in child mortality
and maternal deaths related to mother literacy and value of increased productivity income per year of
additional schooling. The project plans about US$18.4 million in education investment across all eight
investment areas. This includes school upgrades and improvements, and new school/classroom
construction.
27. Economic analysis from the World Bank-financed Gulf of Guinea Northern Regions Social Cohesion
Project (P175043), which assesses investment in construction of classrooms, indicates positive investment
outcomes. Estimated yearly benefits are US$18,476 per classroom. The cost of a classroom is estimated at
U$14,446. Over a twenty-year period, EIRR per classroom is 55.1 percent, with NPV of US$59,691. Sensitivity
is shown with cost overruns, benefits reductions, and benefits lagging by two years.
Table 2.6: EIRR and NPV for Education
Education sensitivity NPV (US$) EIRR
Cost Increase 10% 48,486 43.3%
Benefits reduce 10% 42,517 42.1%
Benefits lag two years 817 15.7%
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Urban agriculture and economic equipment
28. Investment in urban agriculture and restoration/provision of economic equipment supports
increasing productivity for small scale farmers, pastoralists, aquaculture producers and small businesses
through provision of improved inputs, restoring productive assets for displaced populations, diversifying
livelihoods, and increasing resilience to shocks, which has an added benefit of promoting stability.
29. Similar investments in the Gulf of Guinea Northern Regions Social Cohesion Project (P175043)
focussed on rehabilitation of primary markets, increasing resilience and productivity of local farmers,
aquaculture and livestock producers, including allowing for climate-smart adaptation. In this case the total
strategic investment for climate adaptation at the local level to ensure robust economic activity was
US$67.5 million, with an NPV at 6 percent of US$284.4 million and an IRR of 63.5 percent. Sensitivity is
shown in cost overruns, benefits reductions and benefits lagging by two years.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
ANNEX 3: Climate Co-Benefits
COUNTRY: Côte d'Ivoire
Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project
1. The Project will achieve climate Co-Benefits through a series of comprehensive cross-cutting
approaches and activities on both mitigation and adaptation side.
2. Mitigation: Optimizing urban forms, methods of construction, and design represents powerful
levers for energy efficiency. This objective will be pursued through actions on: (i) build-up density, by
concentrating investments in denser areas to reduce the energy and infrastructure costs per inhabitant and
shorten the distances between housing and public and commercial facilities, as well as preserving and
developing green belt to limit urban sprawl; (ii) accessibility, by developing access to dense neighborhoods
through resilient road rehabilitation, using basic road profile, with sidewalks, pavements, surface gutter,
double lane, roadsides tree planting, greening ; (iii) “soft” mobility, by encouraging the use of non-motorized
modes of transport - developing sidewalks, bike lanes, two-wheelers parking (to avoid parking on sidewalks),
greening the roadsides to improve walkability; (iv) energy efficiency, with energy-efficient street lighting,
installation of solar panels on public facilities, and energy efficient school / public facilities retrofits; and (v)
waste management and storage (methane capture)
3. Climate change adaptation: A major objective of the Project is to manage urban floods combining
grey infrastructure measures (drainage systems and flood defenses), nature-based solutions, and softer
approaches (land use planning and early warning systems) with relevant support provided to authorities.
Examples of green infrastructures include: (i) to absorb rainwater - bioswales, permeable paving, trees &
plants, green shores & riverbanks, park as water retention; (ii) to store / capture rainwater –retention pond
wet/dry, constructed, and natural wetland, rainwater tanks, and roof water storage; and (iii) to drain
rainwater – green ditches/ open water channels, cascading drain, road drainage, reinstatement of
vegetation and re-vegetation. Heatwaves and other climate risks will also be managed through green
infrastructures such as green corridors (Korhogo), forest preservation and improvement, contour planting
(along roads), green urban park, public green space, multifunctional sports field, planting trees and plants
in schoolyards, preserving urban agriculture in lowlands.
4. The Project will finance investments in solid waste management in Bouna, Boundiali, Tengréla and
Odienné. The Project will support the establishment of more efficient and resilient management and
treatment systems (e.g., organization of collection and pre-collection and treatment, and construction of
recovery and technical landfill centers with methane capture) that will improve the daily lives of the
inhabitants of these cities, most of whom are vulnerable to the effects of the anarchic treatment of
municipal solid waste (e.g., proliferation of diseases and decrease in the city's competitiveness due to
insalubrity). An assessment of the greenhouse gas emissions resulting from these investments has been
carried out. It is based on the methodologies and formulas defined by the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change (IPCC) and the World Bank's Curb tool. Data used comes from the General Directorate of
Sanitation and Hygiene for those that are available, and from the report "What a Waste 2.0". The analysis
shows a gross emission over a 10-year economic lifetime of 619,091 t Co2 and a net emissions of -376,246
t Co2. and the results has been used in the project economic analysis using shadow price of carbon.
5. See Tables 3.1 and 3.2 for details on the integration of these measures per subcomponents and
activities:
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Table 3.1 – Estimated cost breakdown by subcomponent and activities
Project Components US$
million
Component 1: Developing Green and Climate Resilient Urban infrastructure in Selected 250.0
Secondary Cities
Sub-component 1.1: Quick Impact Investments 40.0
Renovation of and improvement to health, education, and recreational facilities 25
Purchase of goods for the renovated facilities and to support local associations 5
Tree planting and anti-erosion measures 10
Subcomponent 1.2: Social and Economic Infrastructure 60.0
Construction and rehabilitation of health, education, and recreational facilities 28.0
Greening of public spaces 10.0
Creation and protection of green spaces (e.g., parks, forests, and riverbanks) 10.0
Rehabilitation and construction of economic infrastructure (e.g., markets and bus stations) 12.0
Subcomponent 1.3. Roads, Sanitation, Solid Waste Management and Water 150.0
Infrastructure
Rehabilitation or construction of urban roads 70.0
Preparation of sanitation and drainage master plans 2.0
Construction of stormwater channels and complementary Nature-Based Solutions 66.0
Preparation of Communal Solid Waste Management Plans 2.0
Cleanup campaigns and promotion of recycling and circular economy opportunities 2.0
Construction of sanitary landfills 8.0
Component 2: Providing Support to Local Governments in Selected Secondary Cities 30.0
Sub-component 2.1: Urban planning, land administration, and municipal services 10.0
activities
Green and climate-resilient Urban Master Plans, Detailed Urban Plans, and Local Dev. Plans 5.0
Regularization of urban subdivisions, land tenure, and housing policies 2.0
Establishment of Geomatics Units 3.0
Sub-component 2.2: Capacity Development for urban management and social 8.0
participation
Hiring of municipal engineers 1.5
Formulating and implementing technical assistance and training plans 3.0
Hiring community organizers 1.5
Implementing activities aimed at encouraging and strengthening citizen engagement 2.0
Subcomponent 2.3: Local Economic Development 12.0
Studies and strategies to support local economic development 2.0
Establishment or reinforcement of a local economic development services 2.0
Sustainable development of local food systems 8.0
Component 3: Project Management and Coordination 20.0
Staffing and training 8.0
Rental of premises, equipment, and operating costs 4.0
Development and implementation Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) activities 3.0
Public information, citizen engagement, communications, and knowledge exchange 5.0
Total 300.0
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Table 3.2: Specific Project Activities to Address Climate Change Vulnerability and Mitigation
Component Climate-Relevant Activity
Component 1: Sub-component 1.1: Quick Impact Investments
Developing Renovation of and improvement of health, education, and recreational
Green and facilities:
Climate
Renovations of public buildings and recreational facilities will follow
Resilient
climate-resilient and energy efficient technical designs, informed by
Urban
the Green and Resilient Cities for Northern Côte d’Ivoire’s Technical
infrastructure
Assistance.
in Selected
Secondary Surroundings spaces and courtyard of public buildings, recreational
Cities facilities will be greened to provide shade and cooler areas and
contribute to climate change mitigation.
Tree planting and anti-erosion measures:
Tree planting and anti-erosion measures in river basins, along exist
drainage canals, and roads, will help capture carbon dioxide, reduce
heat island effects, reduce erosion caused by falling rain, help absorb
water in the soil, and help control stormwater runoff.
Subcomponent 1.2: Social and Economic Infrastructure
Construction and rehabilitation of health, education, and recreational
facilities
Construction of these public facilities buildings, will follow climate-
resilient technical and energy efficient designs, informed by the Green
and Resilient Cities for Northern Côte d’Ivoire Technical Assistance.
This will increase the resilience of critical social infrastructure in all
cities.
It will provide shelter points in cases of climate-related disasters and
allow for quicker recovery. Improved access to education will provide
a vehicle for communication of drills, increased awareness of climate
change matters, and implementation of behavioral change campaign
(for instance on solid waste).
Surroundings spaces and courtyard of public buildings, recreational
facilities will be greened to provide shade and cooler areas and
contribute to mitigation.
Construction of these social and economic will accommodate for
migrants (climate and conflict induced) and enhance social cohesion of
these cities that present a severe lack of infrastructure and services
facilities and are exposed to fragility due to their location close to the
borders with Mali and Burkina Faso with high levels of climate in-
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Component Climate-Relevant Activity
migration toward secondary cities which further increases their
exposure and vulnerability to climate change.
Greening of public spaces and Creation and protection of green spaces (e.g.,
parks, forests, and riverbanks)
Mitigation activities:
Greening of public spaces will produce shade and increase walkability,
reducing the likelihood of a car-oriented, higher carbon development
path. Construction or renovation of public buildings will include
climate-smart technical designs (e.g., energy efficient design and solar
energy).
Adaptation and mitigation activities:
Creation and protection of green spaces and protected areas such as
parks, forests, and riverbanks will help absorb heat during extreme
heat events, reduce the urban heat island effect and therefore energy
demand for cooling. Green belts will facilitate a better control of urban
sprawl. Additionally, it will Increase green space and tree canopy that
absorb air pollution, including GHGs.
Rehabilitation and construction of economic infrastructure (e.g., markets and
bus stations)
Construction of these commerce and transport facilities, will follow
climate-resilient technical designs, informed by the Green and
Resilient Cities for Northern Côte d’Ivoire Technical Assistance. This
will increase the resilience of critical social infrastructure in all cities.
Surroundings spaces and courtyard of public buildings, recreational
facilities will be greened to provide shade and cooler areas and
contribute to mitigation.
The rehabilitation of markets will strengthen the resilience of the local
farmers, facilitating the trading of their products, strengthening the
agricultural logistic and overall increasing the local farmers ability to
adapt to climate change. Market facilities will integrate preventive and
protective measures to address the climate change impacts on
agricultural logistics
Rehabilitation of bus stations will reinforce the mass public transport
system and increase its usage, reducing the usage of personal mode of
transportation
Subcomponent 1.3. Roads, Sanitation, Solid Waste Management and Water
Infrastructure
Rehabilitation or construction of urban roads
Mitigation activities:
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Component Climate-Relevant Activity
Roads to be financed by the project were selected through an urban
analysis and spatial approach. The road constructed and rehabilitated
will foster a higher density of urban development, and accessibility by
developing access to dense neighborhoods and key socio-economic
infrastructures.
Constructed roads will include sidewalks, public lighting, and tree
planting which will increase walkability, reduce the likelihood of a car-
oriented, higher carbon development path. Urban greening and
Nature Based Solutions will also aid carbon sequestration and lower
urban GHG-levels.
“Soft” mobility, by encouraging the use of non-motorized modes of
transport - developing sidewalks, bike lanes, two-wheelers parking (to
avoid parking on sidewalks).
In addition, roads in good condition slow down the wear and tear of
vehicles and the increased average speeds result in lower fuel
consumption and consequently in lead to a reduction in CO2 emissions,
thus supporting climate change mitigation.
Adaptation activities:
Road selected to be financed in the city priority investment plans are
key to access critical infrastructures (schools, health centers, markets,
bus stations). Currently, many roads are difficult to use due to damage
from climate hazards and the lack of climate-resilient measures in
construction and maintenance, and they may be impassable during
extreme weather events. They can be they impassable during extreme
weather events. All-weather proofing of roads that used to be dirt
roads or severely deteriorated will be accessible under worsening
climate change conditions.
Accessibility facilitated by the roads to key infrastructure (schools,
health centers, markets, bus stations) will increase overall climate
resilience of these cities making them able to function normally under
worsening climate change conditions. It will also provide better
disaster response access and food security in the cities.
Drainage along the roads, and further the application of the “Green
Roads for Water”42 approach will allow to protect roads while
managing rainwater and improve overall stormwater management of
the city.
Soil permeability will be increased by using appropriate materials for
streets, public facilities, markets and parking, and a combination of
42 World Bank (2021) Green Roads for Water: Guidelines for road infrastructure in support of water management and
climate resilience.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Component Climate-Relevant Activity
small-scale nature-based solutions like bioswales will be integrated in
the design.
Preparation of sanitation and drainage master plans
The sanitation and drainage master plans contain a specific volume on
stormwater water that will enable the cities to identify the key flood
risk mitigation investment required to limit flood impact in their cities.
Drainage masterplan will have a specific focus on the utilization of
nature-based solutions for stormwater management.
Construction of stormwater channels and complementary Nature Based
Solutions
The construction of at least 30 km of stormwater channels and
complementary Nature Based Solutions (e.g., green space
conservation or renaturation of watercourse, water buffer using public
green space or urban agriculture) will increase the targeted cities
resilience to urban flooding, which is projected to increase with higher
precipitation during the rainy season.
Urban greening and Nature Based Solutions in the drainage systems
will include the addition of bioswale, conservation of urban agriculture,
and existing wetland present in floodable areas of the river basin. It will
reduce the urban heat island effect in the local context that is highly
vulnerable to increasing mean and max temperatures due to climate
change and provide mitigation impact.
Preparation of Communal Solid Waste Management Plans, cleanup
campaigns, and promotion of recycling and circular economy opportunities
The communal solid waste management plans will aim achieving no
illegal dumping and burn, installation of sorting facilities, and methane
capture technology at the sanitary landfill.
Cleanup campaign will direct the waste to the sanitary landfills and be
organized before rainy seasons in order to ensure the proper function
of the drainage network for extreme rainy events.
Construction of sanitary landfills
This activity will finance the establishment of integrated solid waste
management services, and the construction of controlled landfills
(with methane capture and sorting facilities) in Odienné, Boundiali,
Tengréla and Bouna.
Unmanaged solid waste is a major cause of flooding due to waste
clogging the various stormwater management system during extreme
weather event worsened by climate change. Implementation of a well
performing solid waste management system will ensure functioning
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Component Climate-Relevant Activity
drainage systems for flood prevention, and mitigate urban GHG-
emissions from unmanaged solid waste.
Component 2: Sub-component 2.1: Urban Planning, land administration, and municipal
services activities
Providing
Support to Risk of river flooding is medium to high in all districts and pluvial flood
Local is medium to high in most districts that the targeted cities are part of
Governments Urban planning capacity, enforcement and improved land
in Selected administration are decreasing the risk of urban expansion in hazard
Secondary prone areas, such as riverbanks and land-slide-prone soils.
Cities
Green and climate-resilient Urban Master Plans, Detailed Urban Plans, and
Local Dev. Plans
The development of the Green and climate-resilient Urban Master
Plans, Detailed Urban Plans, and Local Dev. Plans will enable climate-
smart land-use planning and urban growth management in peri-urban
settings. Particularly the plans will take into account flood, and water
scarcity risks.
Urban plans will also foster densification, better accessibility, non-
motorized modes of transport, and overall and higher efficiency of the
city to reduce the energy and infrastructure costs per inhabitant and
shorten the distances between housing and public and commercial
facilities, and avoid carbon intensive development.
Urban plan will specifically consider the conservation of forested areas,
greenbelts, urban agricultures, and green spaces more broadly to
ensure both mitigation and adaption benefits.
Regularization of urban subdivisions, land tenure, and housing policies
Improved land registration systems have a range of positive effects for
climate adaptation, inter alia:43
o Formalized and registered land rights allow people to evacuate
their land during climate disasters without fear of losing it or
leaving anybody behind to protect the land and risk their lives.
o Formalized and registered land rights allow people to safely
reclaim their land after climate disasters.
o Formalized and registered land rights reduce loss of land, land
grabs, and elite capture during and after climate disasters.
o Formalized and registered land rights enable land holders to
apply for insurance and compensation after climate disasters.
43IPCC, 2019: Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land
degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems. IPCC.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
Component Climate-Relevant Activity
o Formalized and registered land rights give land holders the
legal right to sell their land, which is a key coping mechanism
after climate disasters.
Sub-component 2.2: Capacity Development for Urban Management and
Social Participation
Through building technical and institutional capacity, this sub-
component enables sound management of green and resilient
investments planned. It will enable the mainstreaming of climate
change consideration in the design and supervision of all
infrastructures and technical assistance activities.
Local engineers hired by the projects, the PIU, local government staff,
and national technical agencies staff will be trained on topic such
climate-resilient and energy efficient design, flood risk management,
utilization of nature base-solutions, and green spaces, and improving
mobility and accessibility.
Subcomponent 2.3: Local Economic Development
Strengthening of sustainable local food value chains and storage is
expected to increase resilience climate-related stresses to urban food-
systems, such as heatwaves and drought.44
The local economic development plans will support the local food
value chains to adopt climate adaptation practices and increase the
resilience of the local farmers.
Local economic development plans will account for the climate
adaptation of the food value chains.
Component 4: This component would support emergency recovery and
Contingent reconstruction efforts for future disasters.
Emergency
Response
44Blay-Palmer, A., Santini, G., Dubbeling, M., Renting, H., Taguchi, M., & Giordano, T. (2018). Validating the city region food system
approach: Enacting inclusive, transformational city region food systems. Sustainability, 10(5), 1680.
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Sustainable and Inclusive Secondary Cities Project (P177062)
ANNEX 4: Priority Investment Plan: Framework
Methodology for developing the cities’ Priority Investment Plans
1. The Project aims to have a significant impact in eight secondary cities that presents a severe lack
of public infrastructure and services, and potential fragility due to their location close the northern border
with Mali and Burkina Faso. The objective of the investments planned under the project is to make the
cities more spatially and socially inclusive, economically attractive, greener, and environmentally
sustainable. Urna Infrastructure and services need to be upgraded to improve the populations’ living
conditions, provide jobs and economic opportunities, leverage the cities’ role as drivers of economic
growth, as well as making then greener and more resilient to climate change.
2. To meet those objectives, a PIP will be prepared for each target city through an approach combining:
(i) the definition of a series of basic principles and overarching objectives (green and climate resilient urban
infrastructure); (ii) consultations with local governments, ministries, specialist agencies, development
partners local communities to elaborate a long list of sub-projects, and perform an initial screening based
on the alignment with project objectives and existing urban master plans and sector programs; (iii) a spatial
urban and socioeconomic diagnosis to rationalize and prioritize investments; (iv) the validation and formal
adoption of the plans by the target municipalities; and (v) an understanding that PIPs may have to be
regularly updated throughout project implementation. Those elements have been used based on an
iterative approach.
Framing through a menu of investments
3. Based on the PDO, available urban studies, and preliminary discussions with local governments,
local communities, and other Project stakeholders, the following categories of investments were defined:
(i) quick impact investments; (ii) socio-economic urban infrastructure; and (iii) basic urban infrastructure
such as those related to transportation, drainage, solid waste management and water supply. These
investments can fall either under the mandate of ministries, specialized agencies, or local governments. It
was also agreed that investments proposals should be aligned with municipal three-year rolling plans (“ plans
triennaux”) and other planning documents prepared at the local, regional, and national levels. A tentative
fund allocation was also established for each municipality based on population and an equalization formula
to support the programming approach and guide discussions with stakeholders. Both were used as initial
framing for the participatory approach described below.
Participatory approach and initial screening
4. A first series of priority investments were identified by municipalities, in close collaboration with
local communities, ministries, specialized agencies, and other stakeholders. Consultations were initiated in
2021 with the support of the Coordination Unit of the Urban Resilience and Solid Waste Management
Project (PCU) and resulted in a long list of over 800 investment proposals amounting to over US$1.5 billion.
These include investments proposals made from existing municipal three-year rolling plans and other
planning documents.
5. Investment proposals were discussed, screened, and prioritized considering their relevance
regarding the PDO, the basic principle of green and climate resilient urban infrastructure, and the tentative
fund allocation. Other criteria have been considered such as number of beneficiaries, implementation
complexity, social, economic, and environmental impact, complementarity with investments under other
projects financed by the government and development partners, and finally, overall impact on living
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conditions and attractiveness of the city. Available studies, plans, and strategies were reviewed to ensure
that the proposed investments are aligned with local, regional, and national priorities. Public consultations
were held to ensure that the investment proposals reflected the priority needs of local civil society and local
stakeholders. As a result, a shortlist of proposed integrated investments amounting to US$250 million was
compiled. This shortlist represents an initial list of possible investments to be further prioritized through
spatial and economic approach specific to each city, and further public dissemination and consultation for
final validation and adoption. It may also be adjusted from time to time in a common agreement between
the World Bank, the implementing agencies, and local governments.
Prioritization through a spatial urban and economic approach
6. Site visits and further participatory process are organized in each city to continue ensuring joint
programming with municipalities, local communities, and other involved stakeholders. The objective is to
prepare a first version of the PIPs to be financed by the Project. Attention was given to the identification of
the urban and economic challenges specific to each. To limit urban sprawls and foster agglomeration
economies, an integrated multi-sectoral spatial approach was used, considering the overall characteristics
of the territory, and spatial location and concentrations of both people and economic activities. Having
scattered small size investments has been avoided to favor integrated urban and economic impact.
Developing access to public facilities in densely populated neighborhoods and central areas, and
preservation of urban green spaces have been favored. Risk-sensitive climate-resilient urban planning and
infrastructure design are also paramount in view of these cities’ vulnerability to climate change and its
resulting impact on poverty. Within this frame, the infrastructure investments proposed are grouped into
three broad areas of interventions:
(i) Public facilities to support social and economic development. The focus is on the rehabilitation and
construction of public schools and other educational facilities, nurseries, local health centers, parks,
squares, markets, cattle markets, and bus stations. These public facilities are prioritized in the same
selected dense and/or poor neighborhoods whose access are strengthened by the Project. Green
and climate resilient design is favored for all investments.
(ii) Urban roads. Well-connected street grids bring connectivity and access to facilities, jobs, and
markets. The project finances the construction or renovation of urban roads with associated
drainage. The focus is on (a) unlocking residential vulnerable neighborhood and their facilities, and
(b) improving access to city centers and economic activities areas. Attention is paid to improving
safety at accident-prone intersections, non-motorized transportation (footpath, sidewalks,
footbridges) and tree planting along roadsides to limit rain flows and improve walkability.
(iii) Drainage, nature-based infrastructure, and solid waste management. The focus is on restoring,
improving, and protecting the capacity of the drainage system to increase resilience to floods.
Priority is given to lowlands and existing natural areas to safeguards and support urban agriculture,
parks, and green belts to limit urban sprawl and protect existing jobs. Solid waste management
infrastructure complements planned investments from the PARU.
Participatory validation and formal adoption of the PIPs
7. Draft PIPs and associated maps are disseminated, discussed, and validated through a consultative and
participatory process managed jointly by the PCU and local governments. Once validated by local
governments, the PCU and the World Bank, PIPs serve as a roadmap for project investments .
8. PIPs may be adjusted from time to time in a common agreement between the local governments, the
PCU and the World Bank.
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ANNEX 5: Map
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