EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM JENI KLUGMAN ELENA ORTIZ ABSTRACT This paper investigates the extent to which gender analysis was undertaken on var- ious fronts in the Building the Evidence on Forced Displacement research program. The program is a partnership between the the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office, UNHCR and the World Bank. We adapt the World Bank’s own methodology of “gender tagging,” which provides a consistent framework to assess the diversity of the more than 45 studies published to date. Specifically, we exam- ine whether qualitative or quantitative gender analysis was undertaken, whether the indicators provided are causally linked to gender gaps, and whether the implications discussed propose ways to close gender gaps. We reviewed 45 studies across five global themes. The good news is that a number of studies highlight important gender findings: 31 of these papers meaningfully present gendered indicators and constraints in the text, and 24 assess gender gaps. However only 9 consider gender-specific pol- icy implications by, for example, calling for expanded access to sexual and reproduc- tive health services in areas affected by forced displacement. Overall, only 7 out of the 45 papers – or about 16 percent of the papers – adequately address gender and meet all three of our proposed criteria. The overarching implication of this review is that more work is needed to understand and address the intersectionality of gender and displacement, to close gender gaps in education and paid work, and to address heightened risks of gender-based violence during displacement. The authors of this paper conducted their under the Gender Dimensions of Forced Displacement project. The project is co-led by Lucia Hanmer and Diana Arango un- der the guidance of Hana Brixi, Global Director, Gender Unit, The World Bank Group. The authors may be contacted at jeni.klugman@gmail.com. Funding: This work is part of the program “Building the Evidence on Forced Displacement: A Multi-Stakeholder Partnership’’. The program is funded by UK aid from the United Kingdom’s Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), it is managed by the World Bank Group (WBG) and was established in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The scope of the program is to expand the global knowledge on forced displacement by funding quality research and disseminating results for the use of practitioners and policy makers. This work does not necessarily reflect the views of FCDO, the WBG or UNHCR. Acknowledgements: With thanks to Audrey Sacks, Fernando Xavier Montenegro Torres, Mattias K. A. Lundberg, Jan von der Goltz, and Noah Yarrow, as well as Lucia Hanmer and Diana Jimena Arango for their valuable inputs and to Emma Anderson for her valuable research assistance with this work.. TABLE OF 3 EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM CONTENTS 1. Introduction and motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2. Framework for assessing the integration of gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3. Findings from the global themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Social protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Social cohesion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Annex 1: List of papers reviewed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Annex 2: Assessment of papers against gender criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION A confluence of factors, including con- Research under the BEOFD program ex- flict and insecurity, poverty, and climate amines the impacts of forced displace- change, have forced tens of millions of ment across several thematic areas: people to flee their homes, both within gender, health, social protection, educa- and across national borders. This cre- tion, social cohesion, and jobs. ates immediate humanitarian needs and brings long-term consequences for the This note reviews the various themat- wellbeing of affected people and com- ic programs to examine the extent to munities. The World Bank’s Building which the published research papers to the Evidence on Forced Displacement date have integrated gender.1 (BEOFD) program is a research ini- tiative that aims to expand high qual- The specific program of work on Gender ity and policy-relevant research on Dimensions of Forced Displacement forced displacement to inform more (GDFD) is not the focus of this note. effective and durable responses. It is a Box 1 summarizes key findings from partnership between the UK Foreign, the Gender Dimensions of Forced Commonwealth and Development Displacement program, while the rest Office, the United Nations High of the note extracts and assesses gen- Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), der-related findings from the other topic and the World Bank, engaging organiza- areas. tions such as the Overseas Development Institute (ODI), Columbia University, and others. The research portfolio collective- ly covers refugees, IDPs, returnees, and host populations in 36 countries and 6 regions of the world. 1 Not included in this review are several forthcoming impact evaluations, nor are the various policy toolkits and blogs include. For an overview of all outputs, visit https://www.worldbank.org/en/pro- grams/building-the-evidence-on-forced-displacement 5 BOX 1: HEADLINE FINDINGS FROM THE GENDER DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT (GDFD) EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM RESEARCH The GDFD program examined how forced displacement affects men and women differently in terms of poverty, livelihoods, gender-based violence, and social norms. The multi-country studies of multidimensional poverty covering Ethiopia, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan and monetary poverty analysis in Somalia and Jordan find that displaced households are generally poorer than non-displaced households. The analysis relies on a newly developed Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which complements traditional mone- tary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations across 15 indica- tors of health, education, living standards, and financial security. 2 If a person is deprived in at least a third of indicators, they are identified as ‘MPI poor’. The extent – or intensity – of their poverty is measured through the percent- age of indicators of which they are deprived. The MPI reveals that, generally, displacement affects a household’s depriva- tion status, whereas gender affects differences within households, although results vary by country. 3 Among the forcibly displaced who are multidi- mensionally poor, girls are often less likely than boys to attend school. In all countries studied, males more often than females live in households where they have completed primary education and another household member has not – suggesting that men and boys’ education is the priority. The gender of the household head is an indicator of multidimensional deprivation in most, but not all, countries. For monetary poverty, many of the differences in income poverty risk be- tween internally displaced persons (IDPs) and non-IDPs are associated with differences in household demographic characteristics and the gender and number of earners in the household. These, in turn, are often associated with displacement-related changes in household composition and gender roles. The poverty analysis points the need to go beyond the gender of the house- hold head to understand deprivation and poverty. For example, male-head- ed households are income poorer than female-headed households in both 2 https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/ 3 Admasu, Alkire, & Scharlin-Pettee 2021. 6 Somalia and Jordan. However, further analysis reveals other links between gender and poverty. In Somalia, IDP families with children, especially single female caregivers, experience the highest poverty rates as is also the case for Syrian refugees in Jordan. In Somalia, compared to IDP families without children, IDP single female caregivers and couples with children are 17-20 percentage points more likely to be poor, which is not the case among non- IDP families.4 Access to economic opportunities is key. In Jordan gender-spe- cific barriers which prevent women from accessing labor markets increase the poverty risk faced by refugees. In Somalia, having more income earn- ers of either sex reduces household poverty risk, whether or not displaced. Interestingly, for IDP households, the largest decline in poverty risk is asso- ciated with having more female earners, while having more male earners is associated with the lowest poverty risk for non-IDPs. The research findings on livelihoods cover diverse forced displacement set- tings – refugees in Ethiopia5 and protracted displacement of IDPs in Darfur, Sudan6 – and demonstrate that substantial barriers constrain the economic opportunities of displaced women, most notably limited education and sub- stantial care responsibilities. The drivers of these constraints vary across settings. Endowments, specif- ically lack of access to land, emerge as important in Ethiopia while lack of education is critical in both Ethiopia and Darfur. Gender norms as well as factors like access to land shape participation in paid work and self-employ- ment versus agricultural work in Darfur, with women working predominant- ly in family farms and businesses. Some barriers are similar for displaced and non-displaced women. For example, female household headship in- creases the likelihood of women’s employment for refugees and hosts in Ethiopia. Nonetheless, some differences emerge across different contexts. Interestingly, in Darfur, displaced women are more likely to work than women in the host community. While women’s participation in paid work can reduce their poverty risk (as found in Somalia), there is also evidence that displaced women in paid work have low earnings relative to men. The findings on intimate partner violence (IPV) in Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Liberia, and Mali, underline that IPV rates are significantly higher for women that have been displaced, and living in households in proximity to conflict, measured by conflict-related deaths, 4 Hanmer, Rubiano-Matulevich, & Santamaria 2021. 5 Admasu 2021. 6 Stojetz and Brück 2021. 7 compared to those living in peaceful areas of the country.7 In Mali, wartime EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM conflict increases the risk of all forms of IPV—physical, emotional, and sexu- al. In Colombia, women who have been forcibly displaced experience more severe forms of IPV often resulting in a visit to a medical facility. Women also have less control over their earnings in conflict-affected districts. Moreover, the risks faced by displaced women along their displacement journey and impacts of gender-based violence (GBV) often persist over time. Two studies in the series focus on gender norms, which can be defined as the acceptable and appropriate actions for men and women that are reproduced through social and economic interactions. Norms are typically embedded within both formal and informal institutions. Gender attitudes can be defined as expressed views about appropriate roles, responsibilities and behaviors. The findings suggest that gender attitudes and gender norms do not always shift together, and do not always progress toward gender equality during forced displacement. 8 Moreover, attitudes and norms can shift without corre- sponding changes in behavior, at least within the time frames of the studies. For example, among women in Colombia, displacement corresponded with less rigid patriarchal norms around gender roles and GBV but reduced the ability of women to make decisions about contraception and earnings. The next section outlined criteria Section 3 applies those criteria to the against which to assess the extent to research papers available, and the final which the global themes investigated in section concludes. the World Bank’s forced displacement research program integrated gender. 7 Arango et al. 2021. 8 Arango et al. 2021; Krafft, Assaad, and Pastoor 2021. 8 2. FRAMEWORK FOR ASSESSING THE INTEGRATION OF GENDER The appropriate framework for assessing the extent to which gender was integrated is not obvious. Only one of the research programs – social cohesion – explicitly mention gender among the study objectives in the website descriptions. We adapt the Bank’s own methodology for assessing the gender integration, known as Gender Tagging. Gender Tagging is applied to all Bank operations and is summarized in Box 2. BOX 2: WORLD BANK GENDER TAGGING The World Bank Group’s Gender Strategy for 2016-2023 lays out four stra- tegic objectives: improving human endowments; removing constraints for more and better jobs; removing barriers to women’s ownership and control of assets and enhancing women’s voice and agency and engaging men and boys. These objectives guide the World Bank’s work around gender and are covered by the GDFD research program. The Gender Tag was introduced in 2017 to systematically track the implemen- tation of the Gender Strategy.9 All IBRD and IDA operations – regardless of the sector or mode of financing – are subject to gender tagging. In order for an operation to be “gender tagged”, three elements are required: 9 https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com.mcas.ms/sites/WBGender/sitepages/systempages/detail. aspx/documents/mode=view?_id=153&siteurl=/sites/wbgender 9 1. Analysis of gender gaps, EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM 2. Actions designed to narrow or close the identified gaps, and 3. Monitoring and Evaluation through indicators with baseline and tar- get values in the Results Framework to monitor the project’s contribu- tion in narrowing the gaps. Between FY14 and FY19, the share of World Bank projects that were gender tagged increased from 24 percent to 65 percent, reflecting a growing com- mitment to advancing equality under the Gender Strategy.10 While the Gender Tag is not directly applicable to research, here we adapt this ap- proach to help establish a framework for this assessment. This allows us to apply a method consistently and transparently across the diverse set of papers. Our framework assesses three basic gaps differ between hosts and forcibly questions, namely, does the research: displaced groups, although this was a major focus of the gender dimensions of 1. Assess quantitative or qualitative forced displacement research program, data to identify gender gaps - to as outlined in Box 1. the disadvantage of either men or women; Our focus is on the new BEOFD research and analysis, and our method does not 2. Provide indicators that are causally count mentions of gender in the litera- linked to gender gaps, and apply ture review, background, or context sec- research methods to identify the tions of the papers. The list of research constraints that drive the observed papers reviewed is in Annex 1. gaps. Each of the thematic programs had 3. Present policy and programmatic a large policy focus, for example, the implications that consider ways in health research theme aims to “pro- which development and humanitari- vide practical programming and policy an actors could work to close gen- guidance to national and international der gaps and address their drivers. actors who are involved in directing and funding health responses in situations Note that our assessment criteria do of forced displacement,” while the edu- not require analysis of whether gender cation program seeks to identify “what 10 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35219/World-Bank-Group-Gen- der-Strategy-Mid-Term-Review-An-Assessment-by-the-Independent-Evaluation-Group.pdf?se- quence=5&isAllowed=y 10 programs and policies are needed to As noted above, we do not examine provide inclusive and quality education work outside the global themes, that for forcibly displaced populations.” All is, the set of 11 focus papers nor the 15 four thematic areas are relevant to impact evaluations that have been com- closing gender gaps and realizing the missioned under the overall project. The strategic objectives of the World Bank’s website descriptions suggest that these gender strategy outlined in Box 2, activities do not address gender dimen- though none of the thematic areas ex- sions, with a couple of exceptions. 11 plicitly refer to the Bank’s commitments on gender. The following section applies this frame- work, and presents the findings grouped by theme. It is based on a desk review of research papers of the five research programs that were available as of October 2022. It is largely descriptive in the sense that we merely document the extent to which gender was integrated. Broader cross cutting findings are high- lighted at the end. 11 The exceptions are two of the forthcoming evaluations, about intimate partner violence prevention in Cameroon and women’s economic participation in Kenya – and one of the forthcoming focus pa- pers, which is the impact of displacement amidst the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria on the social norms in host communities, with a focus on women’s empowerment, contraceptive use, and violence against women. 3. FINDINGS 11 FROM THE GLOBAL EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM THEMES The BEOFD program – excluding GDFD Only 7 of the 45 research outputs meet outputs – has generated 45 research all three gender assessment criteria papers as of October 2022, that are (table 1). About two thirds include gen- subject to review here. This section der-disaggregated indicators, but most presents how the program research do not explore gender analysis. We papers compare against the three-fold found that 9 outputs discuss policies gender criteria outlined above. to close gender gaps, the bulk of which emerge from the Health program. TABLE 1: BEOFD TREATMENT OF GENDER: SUMMARY TABLE Global theme Total Number of papers meeting criteria number of Assessment of Presents gendered Considers policy Meets research gender gaps indicators and and program all three papers identification of implications to criteria constraints close gender gaps Education 2 2 2 1 1/2 Health 9 7 7 4 3/9 Jobs 2 1 0 0 0/2 Social Protection 6 4 3 2 2/6 Social Cohesion 26 11 18 2 1/26 Totals 45 25 30 9 7/45 12 The good news is that 30 of these pa- access to services and ability to take up pers present gendered indicators and economic opportunities. constraints in the text, and 25 assess gender gaps. However only 9 consider EDUCATION gender-specific policy implications by, for example, calling for expanded ac- cess to sexual and reproductive health services in areas affected by forced displacement. Overall, only 7 out of the This theme addresses the implementa- 45 papers – or about 16 percent of the tion, impact, costs, and cost-effective- papers – fully address gender and meet ness of education for forcibly displaced all three of our proposed criteria. populations and host communities, and the programs and policies needed to The sections below cover the various provide inclusive and quality education global themes in turn, identifying and for forcibly displaced populations. assessing the approach and findings against our three gender assessment As of October 2022, the education criteria. We review all the studies with a program had published two papers, in focus on those which included gender partnership with UNHCR, FDCO and the analysis and indicators. American Institutes of Research (AIR). The first is a systematic review and We argue that there appear to be a cost-effectiveness analysis of interven- number of missed opportunities for the tions focusing on education in situations analysis of gender, opportunities which, affected by forced displacement. if investigated, could have deepened our knowledge about the impacts of The review identified 194 programs forced displacement across various sec- across 22 countries selected based on tors, and led to better-grounded policy criteria related to socioeconomic clas- recommendations. sification, region, policy environment, and size of the displaced population.12 It seems that in some cases lack of The review doesn’t state how many gender-disaggregated data limited interventions deliberately targeted dis- the analysis, although more generally, placed women and girls but does high- it seems that there was potential for light some. For example, the Womanity deeper investigation of gender related Foundation’s School in a Box program dimensions, consistent with the World in Afghanistan implemented vocational Bank’s global gender strategy and training pilot programs in public schools commitments. This is especially import- for displaced women. ant where gender-related constraints are cross cutting – for example, social The review also highlights a range of norms that limit for example constraints gender-specific education outcomes, on women’s mobility that impede their including the following: 12 Burde et al. 2023, forthcoming.  • In Kenyan refugee camps, the target- Afghanistan resulted in poor de- 13 ed provision of mobile technology signs and low-quality construction, and online social networks targeting highlighting the need for women’s EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM displaced women increased their inclusion at all stages of educational access to higher education. It does provision. not specify if there was a provision of mobile technology for men or its • Evidence on gender differences impact on men. in learning outcomes of education programs in contexts of forced dis- • Training programs for conflict-af- placement was mixed. Evaluations fected teachers in Uganda aimed at of programs aiming to expand the promoting positive gender norms quality and reach of education in positively influenced teachers’ knowl- DRC, Jordan, Senegal, and Sudan edge of gender-related issues but did not find significant differences did not have a significant effect on in learning outcomes by gender. the adoption of teaching practices to However, the Feed the Monster13 close gender gaps. Findings suggest program in Syria aimed at increasing that traditional gender norms were a literacy among displaced children barrier to behavior change. did find larger effects for girls. • In the Philippines, the construction of However, the systematic review found typhoon-resistant schools was sig- that drawing conclusions about gen- nificantly associated with increased der impacts of education programs in educational attainment for girls while forced displacement contexts is chal- there was no significant effect for lenging due to small sample sizes. On boys. The review states that it is pos- average, the median sample size of the sible that the larger effects for girls programs reviewed was 402 students, were driven primarily by differences making it statistically difficult to detect in school enrollment at baseline, and different effects by gender. The review urges caution in interpretation be- did not specifically identify which inter- cause these results are based on one ventions did collect gender-disaggre- study that had a high risk of selection gated data on outcomes. bias. The program was targeted to children affected by disaster and not The second paper summarizes a se- necessarily IDPs. They don’t discuss ries of case studies covering Chad, the possibility that girls’ education Colombia, Jordan, Pakistan, which will may be more vulnerable to disruption also be published separately, as well as due to disasters. Sudan, that explore how education sys- tems can be adapted and strengthened • A lack of female involvement in the to better serve displaced and non-dis- planning of education facilities in placed children following crisis.14 13 The Feed the Monster program focused on distance learning using education apps for out-of-school primary aged children in Syria. 14 Burde et al. 2023, forthcoming. 14 The review combines several meth- and general – thus there appears to be odologies, including a desk review, scope to further investigate how educa- key informant interviews, focus group tional access and experiences differ for discussions, and costing analyses. For displaced girls and boys, and the impli- interviews, analysts applied a common cations for education programs. coding structure following 11 categories, one of which was gender to evaluate dif- HEALTH ferent effects for girls and boys. Notably, discussion of these gendered impacts is sparse. The only major key finding re- lated to gender is that in Pakistan, long travel distances to school prevent edu- The health research theme aims to pro- cation access especially for girls. vide practical programming and policy guidance to national and international Both papers do include gender-specific actors who are involved in directing and policy recommendations, such as great- funding health responses in situations er collaboration between local women’s of forced displacement. As of October organizations and local governments to 2022, the program has produced 9 ensure greater equity and inclusion in outputs: four case studies covering access and education design and more Bangladesh, Colombia, DRC, and Jordan training for displaced women teachers that generate new evidence around from national governments and orga- different experiences with healthcare nizations like UNHCR to increase their access for forcibly displaced and host capacity. populations; one synthesis paper sum- marizing the case studies; and four Assessed against the three evalua- knowledge briefs examining existing tion criteria, both education papers do literature on the impacts of COVID-19 consider gender-specific indicators and among displaced populations. do evaluate the gendered impacts of forced displacement on educational ac- Through four case study reports and cess. Only the case study review incor- one summary paper, the program porates policies to close gender gaps assesses how healthcare quality and into their recommendations through access differs for displaced and non-dis- emphasizing the importance of working placed populations through focus group with local women’s organizations, train- discussions, key informant interviews, ing more female teachers, and working and health facility assessments. All of to ensure girls don’t have to travel great these studies meet the first two gender distances to get to school. The case assessment criteria through providing study review does not, however, specify gender-specific data and meaningfully any possible differences between host analysing gender-specific issues while communities and forcibly displaced producing new evidence. The summary populations in these recommendations. report provides few mentions of gen- Overall, it seems that the exploration of der besides recognizing that displaced gender in the case studies is limited and women face added challenges and that the recommendations are very broad these should be accounted for in policy design.15 However, the case study re- • In DRC, displaced women reported 15 ports do present some important gen- added barriers to receiving antena- der-specific findings: tal care such as cost, transportation EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM difficulties, and a general lack of • In Colombia, family planning ser- appropriate providers.19 vices are not consistently available at healthcare centers. Of the 20 However, the policy implications of the healthcare facilities studied, half foregoing findings could have been ex- provided emergency contraception plored further. The summary paper rec- or injectables, a quarter provided ommends that healthcare policy design oral contraceptive pills and IUDs, consider the determinants of health in- and only one provided condoms or cluding gender, recognizing that women vasectomy procedures. However, have differential access to livelihoods, the study did not assess how this food security, and safety in protracted limited access affects displaced and displacement which creates a unique set non-displaced women differently.16 of vulnerabilities related to health. The Bangladesh case study paper recom- • Similarly, in Jordan, all kinds of con- mended establishing women-friendly traceptive services are provided at safe spaces to better help connect with less than 15 percent of the 22 health- essential healthcare and allowing female care facilities assessed in the country, patients to bring a female companion to severely affecting both displaced and medical visits. host women.17 The four knowledge briefs review a • In Bangladesh, focus group inter- broad range of existing literature and views from Cox’s Bazar revealed that datasets from around the world to as- women’s healthcare was not ade- sess the impacts of COVID-19 in settings quately provided in the camp, that affected by forced displacement in added barriers such as mistreatment terms of indirect health impacts, family and stigmatization of GBV survi- violence, response capacity of health- vors and scarce obstetrics services care workers, and utilization of medical further hindered care. Women also services. 20 reported safety risks in the camp, including fear of kidnapping and vio- Two knowledge briefs—one by Lau et lence while using the latrine.18 al. on preventing and mitigating the 15 World Bank. 2022. 16 World Bank. 2023b. Forthcoming. 17 World Bank. 2023d. Forthcoming. 18 World Bank. 2023a. Forthcoming. 19 World Bank. 2023c. Forthcoming. 20 The Jordan, Bangladesh, and DRC country briefs distinguished between hosts and forcibly displaced people in their gender findings, while the Columbia brief did not make this distinction. 16 impacts of COVID among displaced Planned Parenthood Foundation in communities and one by Roa et al. on Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia family violence during COVID— integrate to increase SRH provision during gender-specific examples and analysis the pandemic, including delivering which differentiate between hosts and contraception and pregnancy tests forcibly displaced people into the main to people’s doorsteps. In Somalia findings, highlighting, for example: and Sudan, UNDP has developed programs in areas affected by forced • The pandemic has heightened exist- displacement to increase communi- ing gender inequalities, worsening ty-led violence prevention, such as risks of GBV and IPV. In contexts neighborhood watches and com- of forced displacement, these ef- munity-based conflict resolution fects are magnified during lock- strategies. 24 downs which also reduced access to support services. 21 Restrictions These two health knowledge briefs rec- on movement within the camps and ommend linking external resources for settlements can inhibit women’s SRH provision during COVID and toolkits ability to escape dangerous or vio- for addressing gender-based discrimina- lent situations, while reduced access tion in service provision, as well as: to services may have confined wom- en in unsafe situations. • Underlining the need to communi- cate changes clearly and deliber- • Persons with special needs, elderly ately in medical service provision to people, survivors of GBV, and mem- marginalized populations such as bers of the LGBTQ+ community women, forcibly displaced people, face unique challenges and forms of people with disabilities, and people discrimination that can exacerbate with diverse gender identities. health risks during COVID-19. 22 • Ensuring the GBV and Violence • Experiences of GBV pose long- against Children (VAC) responses term physical and psychological are deemed essential services to health threats to survivors includ- safeguard their priority and ensure ing injury, high medical costs, and swift responses. depression. 23 • Adapting GBV shelters and safe • Efforts have been made by or- spaces to be COVID-safe and pro- ganizations such as Fundación viding digital service delivery such Oriéntame and the International as counselling where possible. 21 Lau et al. 2020. 22 Lau et al. 2020. 23 Roa et al. 2020. 24 Roa et al. 2020. The paper does not specify whether these programs were adopted in Somalia and Sudan in response to a particular spike in violence. 17 The other two knowledge briefs do not idenatities face compounding challeng- EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM contain any meaningful gender-specific es, and this topic arguably warranted analysis. The first by Audi et al. draws more attention. For example, a recent on examples from around the world systematic review of 76 relevant ar- to explore the generally exacerbated ticles from around the world found challenges facing healthcare workers that during COVID, women healthcare in emergency settings during COVID, workers were more likely to face higher including a persistent lack of personal risks of exposure and infection; barriers protective equipment, stigma, financial to accessing personal protective equip- insecurity, and a high disease burden. 25 ment; increased workloads; low leader- There is a brief acknowledgement that ship and decision-making opportunities; women and girls often lack access to increased caregiving responsibilities in digital platforms and thus telehealth ser- the home; and higher rates of mental vices, but this is the only time gender is ill-health, including depression, anxiety, mentioned. Despite the fact that wom- and post-traumatic stress disorder. 27 It en comprise 70 percent of the global would be interesting to consider how health and social care workforce, 26 the these factors play out in displacement brief does not discuss how overbur- settings. The knowledge briefs provide dened health systems have dispropor- useful general overviews, but there ap- tionately affected women. pears to be scope to better understand how, for example, COVID has specifical- It is increasingly well recognized ly affected female healthcare workers that women healthcare workers and working in displacement settings. healthcare workers of minority gender 25 Audi et al. 2020. It is noted that the scope is global, and there is not regional or country focus. 26 Audi et al. 2020. 27 Morgan et al. 2022. 18 The second health knowledge brief fo- cuses on experiences of COVID among JOBS displaced Venezuelans and nationals in Colombia, comparing COVID infection The jobs research theme exam- rates and health service utilization and ines the cost effectiveness of var- concluding that Colombians recorded ious livelihood interventions in higher rates of COVID but this could be displacement settings in Uganda and due to their higher testing and treat- a multi country study covering Iraq, ment access. 28 Gender is not mentioned. Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Mali, and South Sudan, and the policy chang- In sum, two of the four health knowl- es required to make displaced people edge briefs successfully meet all three self-reliant. The program has released criteria through assessing gender-spe- two research papers, both drawing on cific gaps, incorporating data and datasets compiled by the World Bank resources that are gender-specific, and and UNHCR. deriving policy recommendations to close gender gaps based on findings. “How to Cope with Refugee Shock: The other two knowledge briefs do not Evidence from Uganda” by Kadigo, meet any of the three criteria. Of the 9 Diallo, and Maystadt finds that host total Health outputs, 7 meaningfully in- households living in close proximi- corporate gender analysis in the results ty to refugee settlements experience and discussion, 7 include gender-specif- consumption gains, especially in rural ic data and indicators, and 4 consider areas, due to increased demand for policy and program implications for agricultural products. 29 The UNHCR closing gender gaps. The research col- and the World Bank’s Living Standards lectively underlines that women’s health Measurement Survey include data on has not been adequately prioritized, the population of female refugees and especially for women affected by forced female-headship, but gender is not displacement. Closing gender gaps in discussed in the results. For example, healthcare in fragile settings requires differential welfare impacts for female ongoing investigation into the unique vs male-headed households are not needs and challenges facing women examined. Several sex-disaggregated in- and girls, especially those impacted by dicators are included – namely, the age forced displacement. and gender of household heads for both displaced and non-displaced popula- tions. However, gender is not included among policy recommendations. “Cost Effectiveness of Jobs Projects in Conflict and Forced Displacement Contexts ” (2022) assesses the impacts 28 Shepard et al. 2021. 29 Kadigo, Oumou, and Maystadt 2022. and monetary cost of job support Neither of the two papers introduce 19 programs implemented by the World novel gender-disaggregated findings Bank, UNHCR, and FCDO in six low nor discuss gender-specific policy EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM and middle-income countries (LMICs) implications. In their paper on Uganda, affected by conflict and displacement: Kadigo, Diallo, and Maystadt (2021) do Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Mali, and meet the first assessment criterium by South Sudan. The research reviews over reporting sex-disaggregated summary 100 job support project portfolios from statistics, they do not meaningfully dis- FCDO, UNHCR, and the World Bank, cuss these results in the text, exposing a concluding that public works have the missed opportunity for gender analysis. lowest cost per job created over job training, matching, economic inclusion, capital support, and market systems interventions. 30 The paper notes that SOCIAL PROTECTION gender specific findings are not general- ly discussed in the paper due to gaps in This research aims to better understand project reporting, meaning the paper’s how social protection systems and hu- empirical findings do not include any manitarian systems can work together gender-specific results, nor are the gen- to meet the needs of displaced popula- der implications and policy implications tions and vulnerable households in host addressed. However, the paper does communities. ODI was commissioned include a box summarizing how gender to perform most of the analysis, which norms around women’s roles obstruct focuses on Cameroon, Colombia, and access to microfinance and promote Greece. Research drew on both existing occupational segregation in the sample datasets and new primary research in countries, excluding women from jobs the form of surveys and focus groups deemed to be ‘for men’ such as con- conducted among displaced popula- struction. Access to microfinance is also tions. As of October 2022, the program scarcer for women. had published 3 country reports and 3 thematic reports. Notably, while the concept note and TOR documents for this program state We find that 3 out of the 6 research that the work will include gender-relat- papers on social protection mean- ed analysis, they explicitly state that the ingfully incorporated gender into the analysis is not intended to address the analysis. The fullest coverage is re- needs of women and girls and does not flected in Hagen-Zanker et al. which provide mechanisms to monitor gen- explores how humanitarian and social der-disaggregated outcomes. 31 assistance impact the welfare and wellbeing of displaced populations in Cameroon, Colombia, and Greece, and how these effects differ for male and 30 World Bank. 2023e. Forthcoming. 31 In a check box 20 female-headed households. 32 In gener- technology. 34 These two papers are the al, assistance provision generates more only research papers in the social pro- pronounced benefits for female-headed tection theme to include gender in poli- households. In Cameroon, assistance cy recommendations and meet all three receiving IDP and refugee households criteria of the gender assessment. headed by women were also more likely to see improvements in mental health There is less gender-specific analysis in and wellbeing than households headed the paper by Tramountanis et al., which by men. This leads to recommendations covers social protection and displace- to target female-headed households ment in Greece.35 Single women and in the provision of assistance, and to mothers are prioritized in the provision encourage closer collaboration be- of humanitarian and social assistance, tween assistance providers and local although the transition period between gender-focused organizations to ensure being registered as an asylum seeker and that vulnerable populations are not refugee is especially difficult for especial- overlooked. ly vulnerable groups of refugees such as single or pregnant women and people Research by Lowe et al. covering the with disabilities because they are often integration of humanitarian assistance left without income, accommodation, within national social protection pro- and other forms of essential support. grams in the same three countries also The paper is based on new surveys of frequently discuss gender-disaggre- refugees, hosts, and asylum seekers from gated results, especially in terms of Greece, and an equal number of men experiences with assistance programs. 33 and women were interviewed. However, Additionally, the share of female-head- there is no discussion of any gendered ed Venezuelan households who felt patterns around the provision and im- their complaint was fairly dealt with was pacts of social protection to displaced significantly lower than male-headed people, nor does the paper analyze households. Based on these findings gender-disaggregated data nor provide and others, the paper recommended gender-specific policy implications. understanding gaps women and minori- ties face in receiving information about Levine et al. covers the integration of social protection programs, especially humanitarian assistance and national for digitized assistance where wom- protection schemes in Cameroon. 36 It en are less likely to be digitally liter- briefly provides gender-disaggregated ate and have less access to necessary figures on employment and compares 32 Hagen-Zanker et al. 2022. 33 Lowe et al. 2022. 34 For a review of the evidence see, for example, https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/ wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Digital-Equity-Policy-Brief-W20-Japan.pdf 35 Tramountanis et al. 2022. 36 Levine et al. 2022. the sample by gender characteristics in peace agreements, social attitudes 21 but does not examine sex-disaggre- surrounding migration, and other im- gated outcomes. Again, however, the portant themes. EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM paper does not meaningfully evaluate gender-specific results or derive policy Across the several research themes, this recommendations to close gender gaps. program has the most extensive inclu- sion of gender. Our assessment sug- Overall, social protection reflects rel- gests that 11 of the 26 research papers atively good coverage of gender, and present gender gaps, while 18 presents highlights ways in which social protec- gendered indicators and identification tion is not equally accessible to dis- of constraints. However, far fewer pa- placed men and women: four of the six pers – only two – consider the gendered papers meet the first criterion of ana- policy implications, suggesting missed lyzing gender gaps and three provide opportunities for analysis to explore the sex-disaggregated data, although only implications of gender analysis. two papers address the third criteri- on of incorporating gender into policy Müller, Pannatier, and Viarengo study recommendations. The research does refugee economic integration in demonstrate the benefits of incorporat- Switzerland, measured in terms of em- ing gender lens into the analysis. ployment rate and earnings. They find that higher unemployment rates at arriv- al slow down the integration process and SOCIAL COHESION that in locations where refugees face rel- atively more hostile attitudes from Swiss natives upon arrival, they integrate at a This program aims to look at the roots faster pace, probably due to a greater of social conflicts in displacement effort undertaken in environments that settings through the lens of social are more hostile. 38 This emerges as the inequalities along the lines of income, only paper across the entire BEOFD pro- opportunities, access to services and gram (outside GDFD) with a designated gender inequalities, between and within gender results section. Gender-specific displaced populations and host commu- analysis reveals that the employment nities. The program published 26 work- rates of male refugees increase at a fast- ing papers covering over 50 countries, 37 er rate than female refugees: after 7–8 relying on existing datasets. Research years, male refugees reach employment from the program documents the long- rates that are 15 percentage points lower term impacts of conflict on education than those of male natives. By contrast, and economic outcomes for house- it takes more than twice as long for holds, the importance of including IDPs female refugees to attain a similar gap. 37 The regional breakdown of the countries is as follows: Europe (5); Latin America and the Caribbean (3); Middle East and North Africa (2); South Asia (1); and Sub-Saharan Africa (45), while Aksoy & Gin‘s (2021) paper covers 100 LMICs between 2005-2018. 38 Müller, Pannatier, and Viarengo 2022. 22 However, for women who are working, • Among Guatemalans deported the earnings gap between refugees and and traveling back from the United natives is smaller for women than for States, women were found to be men, which is likely attributed to the more likely to be extorted during relatively greater strength of women’s their journey. However, only 8 per- networks that foster services that boost cent of the survey sample was women’s labor force participation such female, limiting the validity of this as childcare. result.41 Other key gender-specific findings from • In Iraq, the inclusion of women, the Social Cohesion program include youth, and civil society in local the following: peace agreements was not associ- ated with safer conditions for return • In host communities in eastern DRC, but was associated with a longer women were more likely to report duration of return. negative perceptions of in- and out-group relationships while men • In Iran, economic shocks erode reported positive associations with social cohesion between hosts and hosting. Study participants identified displaced communities and dispro- gender equality as a potential source portionately harm Afghan refugees of destabilization because it chal- in terms of expenditures and aid re- lenges tradition and the established ceived from other households. Being social order. 39 married, female, and less educated are associated with especially nega- • In Colombia, Tellez and Balcells find tive consequences.42 that internally displaced men are more likely to return and are more • In Greece, nearly half of refugee likely to formally pursue property women from Turkey displaced restitution than women. A separate before the age of 15 are married study by Kaplan finds that being fe- to a Greek native, compared with male is also associated with a lower less than 10 percent of Albanian likelihood of recommending return immigrants. Average rates of in- to others; women were not found termarriage in Eastern Europe are to have stronger beliefs that prayer between 2-25 percent. Additionally, provides protection or helps with the children of women refugees tend trauma.40 to be more educated than those of native women.43 Data on male rates of intermarriage are not discussed. 39 Pham, et al. 2022. 40 Tellez and Balcells 2022. 41 Denny et al. 2022. 42 Hoseini and Dideh 2022. 43 Murard 2022. • In Peru, 38 percent of female Across the social cohesion series, two 23 Venezuelans have experienced papers mention gender in the policy rec- discrimination in public or the work- ommendations. Pham, O’Mealia, and Wei EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM place, compared to 35 percent of et al. suggest that women’s relatively men.44 Higher rates of informal em- negative perceptions of social cohesion ployment are overall associated with means that humanitarian actors include lower levels of discrimination and inter-ethnic programming for women these effects are more pronounced in eastern DRC. Ludolph, Šedová, and for men. For men, a 10 percent Talevi note the security implications of increase in informal employment is internal displacement in Nigeria and sug- associated with a 2-3 percent re- gests that efforts are needed to increase duction in discrimination, while the IDP mobility and reduce risks of GBV, change for women is not statistically although these themes are not discussed significant.45 The reason for this dif- in the main body. ference is not explained. • Among IDPs in Mali, there was no statistically significant difference in per capita consumption be- tween female and male-headed households.46 • In Bosnia, being male is consistent- ly associated with higher levels of education and income, regardless of exposure to conflict.47 All of the foregoing social inclusion papers meet our first two criteria – by assessing gender gaps and including indicators that help capture gender gaps. An additional ten Social Cohesion papers include gender variables in ap- pendix tables, but do not discuss these results in the paper. These papers meet only the second criteria. 44 Whether this difference is statistically significant is not reported. 45 Groeger, León-Chiliotta, and Stillman 2022. 46 Foltz and Shibuya 2022. It is noted that only 8% of households surveyed are female-headed. 47 Kovac, Efendic, and Shapiro 2022. 24 4. CONCLUSIONS The overarching implication of this Among the measures that could have review is that more work is needed to been considered are policy reforms and understand and address the intersec- more proactive programs to increase tionality of gender and displacement, to displaced people’s free movement and close gender gaps in education and paid access to labor markets, for example, work, and to address heightened risks of and to provide safe, affordable, and GBV during displacement. quality childcare. The research does reveal some import- In a number of cases, the analysis ap- ant gender findings – including that peared to be limited by lack of appropri- COVID-19 has worsened risks of GBV, ate data. It is critical to address this gap. that access to maternal and sexual Within households, sex-disaggregated health services for displaced women are individual-level data is needed to enable scarce, that in some contexts displaced a better understanding of the situation households headed by women benefit of different household members, depen- more from social protection programs dency ratios and more. than those headed by men, and that displaced women may face greater We know that displacement affects men discrimination economically and social- and women differently, and overlook- ly than displaced men. For example, ing these dimensions creates profound in Greece, 32 percent of male-headed blind spots in policy design. Addressing refugee households knew whom to the gender dimensions of forced dis- contact with problems regarding social placement must become more routine protection assistance, compared to only in data collection, research analysis, and 21 percent of female-headed refugee program implementation. households. For displaced Venezuelans in Colombia, the gap was even wider at 44 and 23 percent of male and fe- male-headed households, respectively. The studies on Social Cohesion and Social Protection demonstrate how learning from qualitative information from displaced groups, and including the voices of displaced women is key, especially those facing multiple dis- advantages. However, in general, the research did not point to the types of policies and programs to achieve gen- der equality in displacement settings. REFERENCES 2020. Addressing the Human Capital 25 Dimension of the COVID-19 Response in Forced Displacement Settings. 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Forthcoming. 29 Consortium: The Big Questions in Forced World Bank Consortium: The Big Displacement and Health - Final Summa- Questions in Forced Displacement EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM ry Report. Washington, DC: World Bank and Health – Jordan Country Report. Group. https://documents1.worldbank. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. org/curated/en/099001106212246276/ https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ pdf/P1669090e0c4010b0ad- publication/documents-reports/doc- fa050973837275a.pdf umentdetail/099001106212246276/ p1669090e0c4010b0ad- World Bank. 2023a. Forthcoming. fa050973837275a World Bank Consortium: The Big Questions in Forced Displacement and World Bank. 2023e. Forthcoming. Cost Health – Bangladesh Country Report. Effectiveness of Jobs Projects in Con- Washington, DC: World Bank Group. flict and Forced Displacement Contexts. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ publication/documents-reports/doc- publication/documents-reports/doc- umentdetail/099001106212246276/ umentdetail/099720012082210100/ p1669090e0c4010b0ad- p16767104f2a340d1083c- fa050973837275a 2072102de4feb5 World Bank. 2023b. Forthcoming. World Bank Consortium: The Big Questions in Forced Displacement and Health – Colombia Country Report. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ publication/documents-reports/doc- umentdetail/099001106212246276/ p1669090e0c4010b0ad- fa050973837275a World Bank. 2023c. Forthcoming. World Bank Consortium: The Big Questions in Forced Displacement and Health – DRC Country Report. Washington, DC: World Bank Group. https://documents.worldbank.org/en/ publication/documents-reports/doc- umentdetail/099001106212246276/ p1669090e0c4010b0ad- fa050973837275a ANNEX 1: LIST OF 30 PAPERS REVIEWED EDUCATION (2) The Big Questions in Forced Displacement and Health - Final Summary Report (Unpublished) Forced Displacement and Education: Building the Evidence for What The Big Questions in Forced Works (Phase 1 Report - Synthesis) Displacement and Health – Bangladesh (Unpublished) Country Report (Unpublished) Forced Displacement and Education: The Big Questions in Forced Building the Evidence for What Works - Displacement and Health – Colombia (case study summary) (Unpublished) Country Report (Unpublished) The Big Questions in Forced HEALTH (9) Displacement and Health – DRC Country Report (Unpublished) Addressing the Human Capital The Big Questions in Forced Dimension of the COVID-19 Response in Displacement and Health – Jordan Forced Displacement Settings (August Country Report (Unpublished) 2020) Family Violence Protection in the JOBS (2) Context of COVID-19 and Forced Displacement (November 2020) Cost Effectiveness of Jobs Projects Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Conflict and Forced Displacement in Colombia on utilization of medical Contexts (Unpublished draft) services by Venezuelan migrants and Colombian citizens (October 2021) How to Cope with a Refugee Shock? Evidence from Uganda (March 2022) Preventing and Mitigating Indirect Health Impacts of COVID-19 on Displaced TOR: Global Questions on Displacement Populations in Humanitarian Settings and Jobs (Unpublished) (July 2020) TOR: Global Questions on Forced Displacement and Jobs (Unpublished) 31 SOCIAL PROTECTION (6) Displacement and Social Empowerment: Evidence from Surveys of IDPs in Iraq, the Philippines, and Uganda (April 2022) EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM Adjusting Social Protection Delivery to Support Displaced Populations Distributional Policies and Social (September 2022) Cohesion in a High-Unemployment Setting (June 2022) Basic Needs and Wellbeing in Displacement Settings: The Role of Extortion and Civic Engagement among Humanitarian Assistance and Social Guatemalan Deportees (April 2022) Protection (June 2022) Forced Displacement, Exposure to Humanitarian Assistance and Social Conflict and Long-run Education and Protection in Contexts of Forced Income Inequality: Evidence from Displacement: effects on social cohesion Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (May 2022) (April 2022) Humanitarian Assistance and Social Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and Protection Responses to the Forcibly Conflict: The 2015 Refugee Inflow in Displaced in Greece (April 2022) Germany (January 2022) Integrating Assistance to the Displaced Hosting New Neighbors: Perspectives of into a Social Protection System in Host Communities on Social Cohesion in Cameroon: An ideal, but in whose inter- Eastern DRC (June 2022) ests? (June 2022) How do Shared Experiences of Social Protection Responses to Forced Economic Shocks Impact Refugees Displacement in Colombia (June 2022) and Host Communities: Evidence from Afghan Refugees in Iran (January 2022) SOCIAL COHESION (26) Inequality and Security in the Aftermath of Internal Population Displacement Shocks: Evidence from Nigeria (May Attitudes and Policies toward Refugees: 2022) Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries (March 2022) Immigration, Labor Markets and Discrimination: Evidence from the Building Stability Between Host and Venezuelan Exodus in Perú (March Refugee Communities: Evidence from a 2022) TVET Program in Jordan and Lebanon (June 2022) Inclusive Refugee-Hosting in Uganda Improves Local Development and Displacement and Return in the Internet Prevents Public Backlash Era: How Social Media Captures Migration Decisions in Northern Syria (April 2022) 32 Labor Market Integration, Local Why Student Aid Matters? Roadblocks Conditions and Inequalities: Evidence to the Transition into Higher Education from Refugees in Switzerland (January for Forced Migrants in Chile (June 2022) 2022) Local Peace Agreements and the Return of IDPs with Perceived ISIL Affiliation in Iraq (January 2022) Long-term Effects of the 1923 Mass Refugee Inflow on Social Cohesion in Greece (January 2022) Policy Preferences in Response to Large Migration Inflows (May 2022) Refugees, Diversity and Conflict in Sub- Saharan Africa (May 2022) Refugee Return and Social Cohesion (June 2022) Social Cohesion, Economic Security, and Forced Displacement in the Long-Run: Evidence from Rural Colombia (April 2022) Social Cohesion and Refugee Host Interactions: Evidence from East Africa (January 2022) Superstitions and Civilian Displacement: Evidence from the Colombian Conflict (April 2022) The Effects of Internally Displaced Peoples on Consumption and Inequality in Mali (May 2022) The Geography of Displacement, Refugees’ Camps and Social Conflicts What It Takes To Return: UN Peacekeeping and the Safe Return of Displaced People (June 2022) ANNEX 2: 33 ASSESSMENT OF EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM PAPERS AGAINST GENDER CRITERIA Title Assessment Presents Considers Meets all 3 of gender gendered policy and criteria gaps indicators program and implications identification to close of constraints gender gaps Education Forced Displacement and Education: Building Yes Yes No No the Evidence for What Works (Phase 1 Report - Synthesis) (Unpublished) Forced Displacement and Education: Building Yes Yes Yes Yes the Evidence for What Works - (case study summary) (Unpublished) Health Addressing the Human Capital Dimension No No No No of the COVID-19 Response in Forced Displacement Settings (August 2020) Family Violence Protection in the Context Yes Yes Yes Yes of COVID-19 and Forced Displacement (November 2020) Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in No No No No Colombia on utilization of medical services by Venezuelan migrants and Colombian citizens (October 2021) Preventing and Mitigating Indirect Health Yes Yes Yes Yes Impacts of COVID-19 on Displaced Populations in Humanitarian Settings (July 2020) The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes No Yes No and Health - Final Summary Report (Unpublished) The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes Yes Yes Yes and Health – Bangladesh Country Report (Unpublished) 34 Title Assessment Presents Considers Meets all 3 of gender gendered policy and criteria gaps indicators program and implications identification to close of constraints gender gaps Health The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes Yes No No and Health – Colombia Country Report (Unpublished) The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes Yes No No and Health – DRC Country Report (Unpublished) The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes Yes No No and Health – Jordan Country Report (Unpublished) Jobs Cost Effectiveness of Jobs Projects in No No No No Conflict and Forced Displacement Contexts (Unpublished draft) How to Cope with a Refugee Shock? Evidence Yes No No No from Uganda (March 2022) Social Protection Adjusting Social Protection Delivery to Yes Yes Yes Yes Support Displaced Populations (September 2022) Basic Needs and Wellbeing in Displacement Yes Yes Yes Yes Settings: The Role of Humanitarian Assistance and Social Protection (June 2022) Humanitarian Assistance and Social Protection No No No No in Contexts of Forced Displacement: effects on social cohesion (May 2022) Humanitarian Assistance and Social Protection Yes Yes No No Responses to the Forcibly Displaced in Greece (April 2022) Integrating Assistance to the Displaced into Yes No No No a Social Protection System in Cameroon: An ideal, but in whose interests? (June 2022) Social Protection Responses to Forced No No No No Displacement in Colombia (June 2022) Social Cohesion Attitudes and Policies toward Refugees: Yes No No No Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income Countries (March 2022) Building Stability Between Host and Refugee No No No No Communities: Evidence from a TVET Program in Jordan and Lebanon (June 2022) Title Assessment Presents Considers Meets all 3 35 of gender gendered policy and criteria gaps indicators program and implications EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM identification to close of constraints gender gaps Social Cohesion Displacement and Return in the Internet No No No No Era: How Social Media Captures Migration Decisions in Northern Syria (April 2022) Displacement and Social Empowerment: Yes No No No Evidence from Surveys of IDPs in Iraq, the Philippines, and Uganda (April 2022) Distributional Policies and Social Cohesion in No No No No a High-Unemployment Setting (June 2022) Extortion and Civic Engagement among Yes Yes No No Guatemalan Deportees (April 2022) Forced Displacement, Exposure to Conflict Yes Yes No No and Long-run Education and Income Inequality: Evidence from Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina (April 2022) Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and Yes No No No Conflict: The 2015 Refugee Inflow in Germany (January 2022) Hosting New Neighbors: Perspectives of Host Yes Yes Yes Yes Communities on Social Cohesion in Eastern DRC (June 2022) How do Shared Experiences of Economic Yes Yes No No Shocks Impact Refugees and Host Communities: Evidence from Afghan Refugees in Iran (January 2022) Inequality and Security in the Aftermath of No No Yes No Internal Population Displacement Shocks: Evidence from Nigeria (May 2022) Immigration, Labor Markets and Yes Yes No No Discrimination: Evidence from the Venezuelan Exodus in Perú (March 2022) Inclusive Refugee-Hosting in Uganda Yes No No No Improves Local Development and Prevents Public Backlash Labor Market Integration, Local Conditions Yes Yes No No and Inequalities: Evidence from Refugees in Switzerland (January 2022) Local Peace Agreements and the Return of Yes Yes No No IDPs with Perceived ISIL Affiliation in Iraq (January 2022) Long-term Effects of the 1923 Mass Refugee Yes Yes No No Inflow on Social Cohesion in Greece (January 2022) Policy Preferences in Response to Large Yes No No No Migration Inflows (May 2022) 36 Title Assessment Presents Considers Meets all 3 of gender gendered policy and criteria gaps indicators program and implications identification to close of constraints gender gaps Social Cohesion Refugees, Diversity and Conflict in Sub- Yes No No No Saharan Africa (May 2022) Refugee Return and Social Cohesion (June No No No No 2022) Social Cohesion, Economic Security, and Yes Yes No No Forced Displacement in the Long-Run: Evidence from Rural Colombia (April 2022) Social Cohesion and Refugee Host Yes No No No Interactions: Evidence from East Africa (January 2022) Superstitions and Civilian Displacement: Yes Yes No No Evidence from the Colombian Conflict (April 2022) The Effects of Internally Displaced Peoples Yes Yes No No on Consumption and Inequality in Mali (May 2022) The Geography of Displacement, Refugees’ No No No No Camps and Social Conflicts What It Takes To Return: UN Peacekeeping No No No No and the Safe Return of Displaced People (June 2022) Why Student Aid Matters? Roadblocks to the No No No No Transition into Higher Education for Forced Migrants in Chile (June 2022) 48 38 THE WORLD BANK GROUP