EMERGING EVIDENCE
ON GENDER FROM
THE BUILDING THE
EVIDENCE ON FORCED
DISPLACEMENT
RESEARCH PROGRAM
JENI KLUGMAN
ELENA ORTIZ
ABSTRACT
This paper investigates the extent to which gender analysis was undertaken on var-
ious fronts in the Building the Evidence on Forced Displacement research program.
The program is a partnership between the the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and
Development Office, UNHCR and the World Bank. We adapt the World Bank’s own
methodology of “gender tagging,” which provides a consistent framework to assess
the diversity of the more than 45 studies published to date. Specifically, we exam-
ine whether qualitative or quantitative gender analysis was undertaken, whether the
indicators provided are causally linked to gender gaps, and whether the implications
discussed propose ways to close gender gaps. We reviewed 45 studies across five
global themes. The good news is that a number of studies highlight important gender
findings: 31 of these papers meaningfully present gendered indicators and constraints
in the text, and 24 assess gender gaps. However only 9 consider gender-specific pol-
icy implications by, for example, calling for expanded access to sexual and reproduc-
tive health services in areas affected by forced displacement. Overall, only 7 out of
the 45 papers – or about 16 percent of the papers – adequately address gender and
meet all three of our proposed criteria. The overarching implication of this review is
that more work is needed to understand and address the intersectionality of gender
and displacement, to close gender gaps in education and paid work, and to address
heightened risks of gender-based violence during displacement.
The authors of this paper conducted their under the Gender Dimensions of Forced
Displacement project. The project is co-led by Lucia Hanmer and Diana Arango un-
der the guidance of Hana Brixi, Global Director, Gender Unit, The World Bank Group.
The authors may be contacted at jeni.klugman@gmail.com.
Funding: This work is part of the program “Building the Evidence on Forced Displacement: A
Multi-Stakeholder Partnership’’. The program is funded by UK aid from the United Kingdom’s Foreign,
Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), it is managed by the World Bank Group (WBG) and
was established in partnership with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). The
scope of the program is to expand the global knowledge on forced displacement by funding quality
research and disseminating results for the use of practitioners and policy makers. This work does not
necessarily reflect the views of FCDO, the WBG or UNHCR.
Acknowledgements: With thanks to Audrey Sacks, Fernando Xavier Montenegro Torres, Mattias K. A.
Lundberg, Jan von der Goltz, and Noah Yarrow, as well as Lucia Hanmer and Diana Jimena Arango for
their valuable inputs and to Emma Anderson for her valuable research assistance with this work..
TABLE OF
3
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
CONTENTS
1. Introduction and motivation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Framework for assessing the integration of gender . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Findings from the global themes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Education. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Social protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Social cohesion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Annex 1: List of papers reviewed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Annex 2: Assessment of papers against gender criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4
1. INTRODUCTION
AND MOTIVATION
A confluence of factors, including con- Research under the BEOFD program ex-
flict and insecurity, poverty, and climate amines the impacts of forced displace-
change, have forced tens of millions of ment across several thematic areas:
people to flee their homes, both within gender, health, social protection, educa-
and across national borders. This cre- tion, social cohesion, and jobs.
ates immediate humanitarian needs and
brings long-term consequences for the This note reviews the various themat-
wellbeing of affected people and com- ic programs to examine the extent to
munities. The World Bank’s Building which the published research papers to
the Evidence on Forced Displacement date have integrated gender.1
(BEOFD) program is a research ini-
tiative that aims to expand high qual- The specific program of work on Gender
ity and policy-relevant research on Dimensions of Forced Displacement
forced displacement to inform more (GDFD) is not the focus of this note.
effective and durable responses. It is a Box 1 summarizes key findings from
partnership between the UK Foreign, the Gender Dimensions of Forced
Commonwealth and Development Displacement program, while the rest
Office, the United Nations High of the note extracts and assesses gen-
Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), der-related findings from the other topic
and the World Bank, engaging organiza- areas.
tions such as the Overseas Development
Institute (ODI), Columbia University, and
others. The research portfolio collective-
ly covers refugees, IDPs, returnees, and
host populations in 36 countries and 6
regions of the world.
1 Not included in this review are several forthcoming impact evaluations, nor are the various policy
toolkits and blogs include. For an overview of all outputs, visit https://www.worldbank.org/en/pro-
grams/building-the-evidence-on-forced-displacement
5
BOX 1: HEADLINE FINDINGS FROM THE GENDER
DIMENSIONS OF FORCED DISPLACEMENT (GDFD)
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
RESEARCH
The GDFD program examined how forced displacement affects men and
women differently in terms of poverty, livelihoods, gender-based violence,
and social norms.
The multi-country studies of multidimensional poverty covering Ethiopia,
Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, and Sudan and monetary poverty analysis
in Somalia and Jordan find that displaced households are generally poorer
than non-displaced households. The analysis relies on a newly developed
Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI), which complements traditional mone-
tary poverty measures by capturing the acute deprivations across 15 indica-
tors of health, education, living standards, and financial security. 2 If a person
is deprived in at least a third of indicators, they are identified as ‘MPI poor’.
The extent – or intensity – of their poverty is measured through the percent-
age of indicators of which they are deprived.
The MPI reveals that, generally, displacement affects a household’s depriva-
tion status, whereas gender affects differences within households, although
results vary by country. 3 Among the forcibly displaced who are multidi-
mensionally poor, girls are often less likely than boys to attend school. In all
countries studied, males more often than females live in households where
they have completed primary education and another household member has
not – suggesting that men and boys’ education is the priority. The gender of
the household head is an indicator of multidimensional deprivation in most,
but not all, countries.
For monetary poverty, many of the differences in income poverty risk be-
tween internally displaced persons (IDPs) and non-IDPs are associated with
differences in household demographic characteristics and the gender and
number of earners in the household. These, in turn, are often associated with
displacement-related changes in household composition and gender roles.
The poverty analysis points the need to go beyond the gender of the house-
hold head to understand deprivation and poverty. For example, male-head-
ed households are income poorer than female-headed households in both
2 https://ophi.org.uk/multidimensional-poverty-index/
3 Admasu, Alkire, & Scharlin-Pettee 2021.
6
Somalia and Jordan. However, further analysis reveals other links between
gender and poverty. In Somalia, IDP families with children, especially single
female caregivers, experience the highest poverty rates as is also the case
for Syrian refugees in Jordan. In Somalia, compared to IDP families without
children, IDP single female caregivers and couples with children are 17-20
percentage points more likely to be poor, which is not the case among non-
IDP families.4 Access to economic opportunities is key. In Jordan gender-spe-
cific barriers which prevent women from accessing labor markets increase
the poverty risk faced by refugees. In Somalia, having more income earn-
ers of either sex reduces household poverty risk, whether or not displaced.
Interestingly, for IDP households, the largest decline in poverty risk is asso-
ciated with having more female earners, while having more male earners is
associated with the lowest poverty risk for non-IDPs.
The research findings on livelihoods cover diverse forced displacement set-
tings – refugees in Ethiopia5 and protracted displacement of IDPs in Darfur,
Sudan6 – and demonstrate that substantial barriers constrain the economic
opportunities of displaced women, most notably limited education and sub-
stantial care responsibilities.
The drivers of these constraints vary across settings. Endowments, specif-
ically lack of access to land, emerge as important in Ethiopia while lack of
education is critical in both Ethiopia and Darfur. Gender norms as well as
factors like access to land shape participation in paid work and self-employ-
ment versus agricultural work in Darfur, with women working predominant-
ly in family farms and businesses. Some barriers are similar for displaced
and non-displaced women. For example, female household headship in-
creases the likelihood of women’s employment for refugees and hosts in
Ethiopia. Nonetheless, some differences emerge across different contexts.
Interestingly, in Darfur, displaced women are more likely to work than women
in the host community. While women’s participation in paid work can reduce
their poverty risk (as found in Somalia), there is also evidence that displaced
women in paid work have low earnings relative to men.
The findings on intimate partner violence (IPV) in Colombia, Democratic
Republic of the Congo (DRC), Nigeria, Liberia, and Mali, underline that IPV
rates are significantly higher for women that have been displaced, and living
in households in proximity to conflict, measured by conflict-related deaths,
4 Hanmer, Rubiano-Matulevich, & Santamaria 2021.
5 Admasu 2021.
6 Stojetz and Brück 2021.
7
compared to those living in peaceful areas of the country.7 In Mali, wartime
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
conflict increases the risk of all forms of IPV—physical, emotional, and sexu-
al. In Colombia, women who have been forcibly displaced experience more
severe forms of IPV often resulting in a visit to a medical facility. Women also
have less control over their earnings in conflict-affected districts. Moreover,
the risks faced by displaced women along their displacement journey and
impacts of gender-based violence (GBV) often persist over time.
Two studies in the series focus on gender norms, which can be defined as the
acceptable and appropriate actions for men and women that are reproduced
through social and economic interactions. Norms are typically embedded
within both formal and informal institutions. Gender attitudes can be defined
as expressed views about appropriate roles, responsibilities and behaviors.
The findings suggest that gender attitudes and gender norms do not always
shift together, and do not always progress toward gender equality during
forced displacement. 8 Moreover, attitudes and norms can shift without corre-
sponding changes in behavior, at least within the time frames of the studies.
For example, among women in Colombia, displacement corresponded with
less rigid patriarchal norms around gender roles and GBV but reduced the
ability of women to make decisions about contraception and earnings.
The next section outlined criteria Section 3 applies those criteria to the
against which to assess the extent to research papers available, and the final
which the global themes investigated in section concludes.
the World Bank’s forced displacement
research program integrated gender.
7 Arango et al. 2021.
8 Arango et al. 2021; Krafft, Assaad, and Pastoor 2021.
8
2. FRAMEWORK
FOR ASSESSING
THE INTEGRATION
OF GENDER
The appropriate framework for assessing the extent to which gender was integrated is
not obvious. Only one of the research programs – social cohesion – explicitly mention
gender among the study objectives in the website descriptions. We adapt the Bank’s
own methodology for assessing the gender integration, known as Gender Tagging.
Gender Tagging is applied to all Bank operations and is summarized in Box 2.
BOX 2: WORLD BANK GENDER TAGGING
The World Bank Group’s Gender Strategy for 2016-2023 lays out four stra-
tegic objectives: improving human endowments; removing constraints for
more and better jobs; removing barriers to women’s ownership and control
of assets and enhancing women’s voice and agency and engaging men and
boys. These objectives guide the World Bank’s work around gender and are
covered by the GDFD research program.
The Gender Tag was introduced in 2017 to systematically track the implemen-
tation of the Gender Strategy.9 All IBRD and IDA operations – regardless of
the sector or mode of financing – are subject to gender tagging. In order for
an operation to be “gender tagged”, three elements are required:
9 https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com.mcas.ms/sites/WBGender/sitepages/systempages/detail.
aspx/documents/mode=view?_id=153&siteurl=/sites/wbgender
9
1. Analysis of gender gaps,
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
2. Actions designed to narrow or close the identified gaps, and
3. Monitoring and Evaluation through indicators with baseline and tar-
get values in the Results Framework to monitor the project’s contribu-
tion in narrowing the gaps.
Between FY14 and FY19, the share of World Bank projects that were gender
tagged increased from 24 percent to 65 percent, reflecting a growing com-
mitment to advancing equality under the Gender Strategy.10
While the Gender Tag is not directly applicable to research, here we adapt this ap-
proach to help establish a framework for this assessment. This allows us to apply a
method consistently and transparently across the diverse set of papers.
Our framework assesses three basic gaps differ between hosts and forcibly
questions, namely, does the research: displaced groups, although this was a
major focus of the gender dimensions of
1. Assess quantitative or qualitative forced displacement research program,
data to identify gender gaps - to as outlined in Box 1.
the disadvantage of either men or
women; Our focus is on the new BEOFD research
and analysis, and our method does not
2. Provide indicators that are causally count mentions of gender in the litera-
linked to gender gaps, and apply ture review, background, or context sec-
research methods to identify the tions of the papers. The list of research
constraints that drive the observed papers reviewed is in Annex 1.
gaps.
Each of the thematic programs had
3. Present policy and programmatic a large policy focus, for example, the
implications that consider ways in health research theme aims to “pro-
which development and humanitari- vide practical programming and policy
an actors could work to close gen- guidance to national and international
der gaps and address their drivers. actors who are involved in directing and
funding health responses in situations
Note that our assessment criteria do of forced displacement,” while the edu-
not require analysis of whether gender cation program seeks to identify “what
10 https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/35219/World-Bank-Group-Gen-
der-Strategy-Mid-Term-Review-An-Assessment-by-the-Independent-Evaluation-Group.pdf?se-
quence=5&isAllowed=y
10
programs and policies are needed to As noted above, we do not examine
provide inclusive and quality education work outside the global themes, that
for forcibly displaced populations.” All is, the set of 11 focus papers nor the 15
four thematic areas are relevant to impact evaluations that have been com-
closing gender gaps and realizing the missioned under the overall project. The
strategic objectives of the World Bank’s website descriptions suggest that these
gender strategy outlined in Box 2, activities do not address gender dimen-
though none of the thematic areas ex- sions, with a couple of exceptions. 11
plicitly refer to the Bank’s commitments
on gender.
The following section applies this frame-
work, and presents the findings grouped
by theme. It is based on a desk review
of research papers of the five research
programs that were available as of
October 2022. It is largely descriptive in
the sense that we merely document the
extent to which gender was integrated.
Broader cross cutting findings are high-
lighted at the end.
11 The exceptions are two of the forthcoming evaluations, about intimate partner violence prevention in
Cameroon and women’s economic participation in Kenya – and one of the forthcoming focus pa-
pers, which is the impact of displacement amidst the Boko Haram insurgency in Nigeria on the social
norms in host communities, with a focus on women’s empowerment, contraceptive use, and violence
against women.
3. FINDINGS 11
FROM THE GLOBAL
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
THEMES
The BEOFD program – excluding GDFD Only 7 of the 45 research outputs meet
outputs – has generated 45 research all three gender assessment criteria
papers as of October 2022, that are (table 1). About two thirds include gen-
subject to review here. This section der-disaggregated indicators, but most
presents how the program research do not explore gender analysis. We
papers compare against the three-fold found that 9 outputs discuss policies
gender criteria outlined above. to close gender gaps, the bulk of which
emerge from the Health program.
TABLE 1: BEOFD TREATMENT OF GENDER: SUMMARY TABLE
Global theme Total Number of papers meeting criteria
number of Assessment of Presents gendered Considers policy Meets
research gender gaps indicators and and program all three
papers identification of implications to criteria
constraints close gender gaps
Education 2 2 2 1 1/2
Health 9 7 7 4 3/9
Jobs 2 1 0 0 0/2
Social
Protection
6 4 3 2 2/6
Social
Cohesion
26 11 18 2 1/26
Totals 45 25 30 9 7/45
12 The good news is that 30 of these pa- access to services and ability to take up
pers present gendered indicators and economic opportunities.
constraints in the text, and 25 assess
gender gaps. However only 9 consider
EDUCATION
gender-specific policy implications by,
for example, calling for expanded ac-
cess to sexual and reproductive health
services in areas affected by forced
displacement. Overall, only 7 out of the This theme addresses the implementa-
45 papers – or about 16 percent of the tion, impact, costs, and cost-effective-
papers – fully address gender and meet ness of education for forcibly displaced
all three of our proposed criteria. populations and host communities, and
the programs and policies needed to
The sections below cover the various provide inclusive and quality education
global themes in turn, identifying and for forcibly displaced populations.
assessing the approach and findings
against our three gender assessment As of October 2022, the education
criteria. We review all the studies with a program had published two papers, in
focus on those which included gender partnership with UNHCR, FDCO and the
analysis and indicators. American Institutes of Research (AIR).
The first is a systematic review and
We argue that there appear to be a cost-effectiveness analysis of interven-
number of missed opportunities for the tions focusing on education in situations
analysis of gender, opportunities which, affected by forced displacement.
if investigated, could have deepened
our knowledge about the impacts of The review identified 194 programs
forced displacement across various sec- across 22 countries selected based on
tors, and led to better-grounded policy criteria related to socioeconomic clas-
recommendations. sification, region, policy environment,
and size of the displaced population.12
It seems that in some cases lack of The review doesn’t state how many
gender-disaggregated data limited interventions deliberately targeted dis-
the analysis, although more generally, placed women and girls but does high-
it seems that there was potential for light some. For example, the Womanity
deeper investigation of gender related Foundation’s School in a Box program
dimensions, consistent with the World in Afghanistan implemented vocational
Bank’s global gender strategy and training pilot programs in public schools
commitments. This is especially import- for displaced women.
ant where gender-related constraints
are cross cutting – for example, social The review also highlights a range of
norms that limit for example constraints gender-specific education outcomes,
on women’s mobility that impede their including the following:
12 Burde et al. 2023, forthcoming.
• In Kenyan refugee camps, the target- Afghanistan resulted in poor de- 13
ed provision of mobile technology signs and low-quality construction,
and online social networks targeting highlighting the need for women’s
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
displaced women increased their inclusion at all stages of educational
access to higher education. It does provision.
not specify if there was a provision
of mobile technology for men or its • Evidence on gender differences
impact on men. in learning outcomes of education
programs in contexts of forced dis-
• Training programs for conflict-af- placement was mixed. Evaluations
fected teachers in Uganda aimed at of programs aiming to expand the
promoting positive gender norms quality and reach of education in
positively influenced teachers’ knowl- DRC, Jordan, Senegal, and Sudan
edge of gender-related issues but did not find significant differences
did not have a significant effect on in learning outcomes by gender.
the adoption of teaching practices to However, the Feed the Monster13
close gender gaps. Findings suggest program in Syria aimed at increasing
that traditional gender norms were a literacy among displaced children
barrier to behavior change. did find larger effects for girls.
• In the Philippines, the construction of However, the systematic review found
typhoon-resistant schools was sig- that drawing conclusions about gen-
nificantly associated with increased der impacts of education programs in
educational attainment for girls while forced displacement contexts is chal-
there was no significant effect for lenging due to small sample sizes. On
boys. The review states that it is pos- average, the median sample size of the
sible that the larger effects for girls programs reviewed was 402 students,
were driven primarily by differences making it statistically difficult to detect
in school enrollment at baseline, and different effects by gender. The review
urges caution in interpretation be- did not specifically identify which inter-
cause these results are based on one ventions did collect gender-disaggre-
study that had a high risk of selection gated data on outcomes.
bias. The program was targeted to
children affected by disaster and not The second paper summarizes a se-
necessarily IDPs. They don’t discuss ries of case studies covering Chad,
the possibility that girls’ education Colombia, Jordan, Pakistan, which will
may be more vulnerable to disruption also be published separately, as well as
due to disasters. Sudan, that explore how education sys-
tems can be adapted and strengthened
• A lack of female involvement in the to better serve displaced and non-dis-
planning of education facilities in placed children following crisis.14
13 The Feed the Monster program focused on distance learning using education apps for out-of-school
primary aged children in Syria.
14 Burde et al. 2023, forthcoming.
14 The review combines several meth- and general – thus there appears to be
odologies, including a desk review, scope to further investigate how educa-
key informant interviews, focus group tional access and experiences differ for
discussions, and costing analyses. For displaced girls and boys, and the impli-
interviews, analysts applied a common cations for education programs.
coding structure following 11 categories,
one of which was gender to evaluate dif-
HEALTH
ferent effects for girls and boys. Notably,
discussion of these gendered impacts
is sparse. The only major key finding re-
lated to gender is that in Pakistan, long
travel distances to school prevent edu- The health research theme aims to pro-
cation access especially for girls. vide practical programming and policy
guidance to national and international
Both papers do include gender-specific actors who are involved in directing and
policy recommendations, such as great- funding health responses in situations
er collaboration between local women’s of forced displacement. As of October
organizations and local governments to 2022, the program has produced 9
ensure greater equity and inclusion in outputs: four case studies covering
access and education design and more Bangladesh, Colombia, DRC, and Jordan
training for displaced women teachers that generate new evidence around
from national governments and orga- different experiences with healthcare
nizations like UNHCR to increase their access for forcibly displaced and host
capacity. populations; one synthesis paper sum-
marizing the case studies; and four
Assessed against the three evalua- knowledge briefs examining existing
tion criteria, both education papers do literature on the impacts of COVID-19
consider gender-specific indicators and among displaced populations.
do evaluate the gendered impacts of
forced displacement on educational ac- Through four case study reports and
cess. Only the case study review incor- one summary paper, the program
porates policies to close gender gaps assesses how healthcare quality and
into their recommendations through access differs for displaced and non-dis-
emphasizing the importance of working placed populations through focus group
with local women’s organizations, train- discussions, key informant interviews,
ing more female teachers, and working and health facility assessments. All of
to ensure girls don’t have to travel great these studies meet the first two gender
distances to get to school. The case assessment criteria through providing
study review does not, however, specify gender-specific data and meaningfully
any possible differences between host analysing gender-specific issues while
communities and forcibly displaced producing new evidence. The summary
populations in these recommendations. report provides few mentions of gen-
Overall, it seems that the exploration of der besides recognizing that displaced
gender in the case studies is limited and women face added challenges and that
the recommendations are very broad these should be accounted for in policy
design.15 However, the case study re- • In DRC, displaced women reported 15
ports do present some important gen- added barriers to receiving antena-
der-specific findings: tal care such as cost, transportation
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
difficulties, and a general lack of
• In Colombia, family planning ser- appropriate providers.19
vices are not consistently available
at healthcare centers. Of the 20 However, the policy implications of the
healthcare facilities studied, half foregoing findings could have been ex-
provided emergency contraception plored further. The summary paper rec-
or injectables, a quarter provided ommends that healthcare policy design
oral contraceptive pills and IUDs, consider the determinants of health in-
and only one provided condoms or cluding gender, recognizing that women
vasectomy procedures. However, have differential access to livelihoods,
the study did not assess how this food security, and safety in protracted
limited access affects displaced and displacement which creates a unique set
non-displaced women differently.16 of vulnerabilities related to health. The
Bangladesh case study paper recom-
• Similarly, in Jordan, all kinds of con- mended establishing women-friendly
traceptive services are provided at safe spaces to better help connect with
less than 15 percent of the 22 health- essential healthcare and allowing female
care facilities assessed in the country, patients to bring a female companion to
severely affecting both displaced and medical visits.
host women.17
The four knowledge briefs review a
• In Bangladesh, focus group inter- broad range of existing literature and
views from Cox’s Bazar revealed that datasets from around the world to as-
women’s healthcare was not ade- sess the impacts of COVID-19 in settings
quately provided in the camp, that affected by forced displacement in
added barriers such as mistreatment terms of indirect health impacts, family
and stigmatization of GBV survi- violence, response capacity of health-
vors and scarce obstetrics services care workers, and utilization of medical
further hindered care. Women also services. 20
reported safety risks in the camp,
including fear of kidnapping and vio- Two knowledge briefs—one by Lau et
lence while using the latrine.18 al. on preventing and mitigating the
15 World Bank. 2022.
16 World Bank. 2023b. Forthcoming.
17 World Bank. 2023d. Forthcoming.
18 World Bank. 2023a. Forthcoming.
19 World Bank. 2023c. Forthcoming.
20 The Jordan, Bangladesh, and DRC country briefs distinguished between hosts and forcibly displaced
people in their gender findings, while the Columbia brief did not make this distinction.
16 impacts of COVID among displaced Planned Parenthood Foundation in
communities and one by Roa et al. on Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
family violence during COVID— integrate to increase SRH provision during
gender-specific examples and analysis the pandemic, including delivering
which differentiate between hosts and contraception and pregnancy tests
forcibly displaced people into the main to people’s doorsteps. In Somalia
findings, highlighting, for example: and Sudan, UNDP has developed
programs in areas affected by forced
• The pandemic has heightened exist- displacement to increase communi-
ing gender inequalities, worsening ty-led violence prevention, such as
risks of GBV and IPV. In contexts neighborhood watches and com-
of forced displacement, these ef- munity-based conflict resolution
fects are magnified during lock- strategies. 24
downs which also reduced access
to support services. 21 Restrictions These two health knowledge briefs rec-
on movement within the camps and ommend linking external resources for
settlements can inhibit women’s SRH provision during COVID and toolkits
ability to escape dangerous or vio- for addressing gender-based discrimina-
lent situations, while reduced access tion in service provision, as well as:
to services may have confined wom-
en in unsafe situations. • Underlining the need to communi-
cate changes clearly and deliber-
• Persons with special needs, elderly ately in medical service provision to
people, survivors of GBV, and mem- marginalized populations such as
bers of the LGBTQ+ community women, forcibly displaced people,
face unique challenges and forms of people with disabilities, and people
discrimination that can exacerbate with diverse gender identities.
health risks during COVID-19. 22
• Ensuring the GBV and Violence
• Experiences of GBV pose long- against Children (VAC) responses
term physical and psychological are deemed essential services to
health threats to survivors includ- safeguard their priority and ensure
ing injury, high medical costs, and swift responses.
depression. 23
• Adapting GBV shelters and safe
• Efforts have been made by or- spaces to be COVID-safe and pro-
ganizations such as Fundación viding digital service delivery such
Oriéntame and the International as counselling where possible.
21 Lau et al. 2020.
22 Lau et al. 2020.
23 Roa et al. 2020.
24 Roa et al. 2020. The paper does not specify whether these programs were adopted in Somalia and
Sudan in response to a particular spike in violence.
17
The other two knowledge briefs do not idenatities face compounding challeng-
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
contain any meaningful gender-specific es, and this topic arguably warranted
analysis. The first by Audi et al. draws more attention. For example, a recent
on examples from around the world systematic review of 76 relevant ar-
to explore the generally exacerbated ticles from around the world found
challenges facing healthcare workers that during COVID, women healthcare
in emergency settings during COVID, workers were more likely to face higher
including a persistent lack of personal risks of exposure and infection; barriers
protective equipment, stigma, financial to accessing personal protective equip-
insecurity, and a high disease burden. 25 ment; increased workloads; low leader-
There is a brief acknowledgement that ship and decision-making opportunities;
women and girls often lack access to increased caregiving responsibilities in
digital platforms and thus telehealth ser- the home; and higher rates of mental
vices, but this is the only time gender is ill-health, including depression, anxiety,
mentioned. Despite the fact that wom- and post-traumatic stress disorder. 27 It
en comprise 70 percent of the global would be interesting to consider how
health and social care workforce, 26 the these factors play out in displacement
brief does not discuss how overbur- settings. The knowledge briefs provide
dened health systems have dispropor- useful general overviews, but there ap-
tionately affected women. pears to be scope to better understand
how, for example, COVID has specifical-
It is increasingly well recognized ly affected female healthcare workers
that women healthcare workers and working in displacement settings.
healthcare workers of minority gender
25 Audi et al. 2020. It is noted that the scope is global, and there is not regional or country focus.
26 Audi et al. 2020.
27 Morgan et al. 2022.
18 The second health knowledge brief fo-
cuses on experiences of COVID among
JOBS
displaced Venezuelans and nationals in
Colombia, comparing COVID infection The jobs research theme exam-
rates and health service utilization and ines the cost effectiveness of var-
concluding that Colombians recorded ious livelihood interventions in
higher rates of COVID but this could be displacement settings in Uganda and
due to their higher testing and treat- a multi country study covering Iraq,
ment access. 28 Gender is not mentioned. Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Mali, and
South Sudan, and the policy chang-
In sum, two of the four health knowl- es required to make displaced people
edge briefs successfully meet all three self-reliant. The program has released
criteria through assessing gender-spe- two research papers, both drawing on
cific gaps, incorporating data and datasets compiled by the World Bank
resources that are gender-specific, and and UNHCR.
deriving policy recommendations to
close gender gaps based on findings. “How to Cope with Refugee Shock:
The other two knowledge briefs do not Evidence from Uganda” by Kadigo,
meet any of the three criteria. Of the 9 Diallo, and Maystadt finds that host
total Health outputs, 7 meaningfully in- households living in close proximi-
corporate gender analysis in the results ty to refugee settlements experience
and discussion, 7 include gender-specif- consumption gains, especially in rural
ic data and indicators, and 4 consider areas, due to increased demand for
policy and program implications for agricultural products. 29 The UNHCR
closing gender gaps. The research col- and the World Bank’s Living Standards
lectively underlines that women’s health Measurement Survey include data on
has not been adequately prioritized, the population of female refugees and
especially for women affected by forced female-headship, but gender is not
displacement. Closing gender gaps in discussed in the results. For example,
healthcare in fragile settings requires differential welfare impacts for female
ongoing investigation into the unique vs male-headed households are not
needs and challenges facing women examined. Several sex-disaggregated in-
and girls, especially those impacted by dicators are included – namely, the age
forced displacement. and gender of household heads for both
displaced and non-displaced popula-
tions. However, gender is not included
among policy recommendations.
“Cost Effectiveness of Jobs Projects
in Conflict and Forced Displacement
Contexts ” (2022) assesses the impacts
28 Shepard et al. 2021.
29 Kadigo, Oumou, and Maystadt 2022.
and monetary cost of job support Neither of the two papers introduce 19
programs implemented by the World novel gender-disaggregated findings
Bank, UNHCR, and FCDO in six low nor discuss gender-specific policy
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
and middle-income countries (LMICs) implications. In their paper on Uganda,
affected by conflict and displacement: Kadigo, Diallo, and Maystadt (2021) do
Iraq, Jordan, Kenya, Lebanon, Mali, and meet the first assessment criterium by
South Sudan. The research reviews over reporting sex-disaggregated summary
100 job support project portfolios from statistics, they do not meaningfully dis-
FCDO, UNHCR, and the World Bank, cuss these results in the text, exposing a
concluding that public works have the missed opportunity for gender analysis.
lowest cost per job created over job
training, matching, economic inclusion,
capital support, and market systems
interventions. 30 The paper notes that
SOCIAL PROTECTION
gender specific findings are not general-
ly discussed in the paper due to gaps in This research aims to better understand
project reporting, meaning the paper’s how social protection systems and hu-
empirical findings do not include any manitarian systems can work together
gender-specific results, nor are the gen- to meet the needs of displaced popula-
der implications and policy implications tions and vulnerable households in host
addressed. However, the paper does communities. ODI was commissioned
include a box summarizing how gender to perform most of the analysis, which
norms around women’s roles obstruct focuses on Cameroon, Colombia, and
access to microfinance and promote Greece. Research drew on both existing
occupational segregation in the sample datasets and new primary research in
countries, excluding women from jobs the form of surveys and focus groups
deemed to be ‘for men’ such as con- conducted among displaced popula-
struction. Access to microfinance is also tions. As of October 2022, the program
scarcer for women. had published 3 country reports and 3
thematic reports.
Notably, while the concept note and
TOR documents for this program state We find that 3 out of the 6 research
that the work will include gender-relat- papers on social protection mean-
ed analysis, they explicitly state that the ingfully incorporated gender into the
analysis is not intended to address the analysis. The fullest coverage is re-
needs of women and girls and does not flected in Hagen-Zanker et al. which
provide mechanisms to monitor gen- explores how humanitarian and social
der-disaggregated outcomes. 31 assistance impact the welfare and
wellbeing of displaced populations in
Cameroon, Colombia, and Greece, and
how these effects differ for male and
30 World Bank. 2023e. Forthcoming.
31 In a check box
20 female-headed households. 32 In gener- technology. 34 These two papers are the
al, assistance provision generates more only research papers in the social pro-
pronounced benefits for female-headed tection theme to include gender in poli-
households. In Cameroon, assistance cy recommendations and meet all three
receiving IDP and refugee households criteria of the gender assessment.
headed by women were also more likely
to see improvements in mental health There is less gender-specific analysis in
and wellbeing than households headed the paper by Tramountanis et al., which
by men. This leads to recommendations covers social protection and displace-
to target female-headed households ment in Greece.35 Single women and
in the provision of assistance, and to mothers are prioritized in the provision
encourage closer collaboration be- of humanitarian and social assistance,
tween assistance providers and local although the transition period between
gender-focused organizations to ensure being registered as an asylum seeker and
that vulnerable populations are not refugee is especially difficult for especial-
overlooked. ly vulnerable groups of refugees such as
single or pregnant women and people
Research by Lowe et al. covering the with disabilities because they are often
integration of humanitarian assistance left without income, accommodation,
within national social protection pro- and other forms of essential support.
grams in the same three countries also The paper is based on new surveys of
frequently discuss gender-disaggre- refugees, hosts, and asylum seekers from
gated results, especially in terms of Greece, and an equal number of men
experiences with assistance programs. 33 and women were interviewed. However,
Additionally, the share of female-head- there is no discussion of any gendered
ed Venezuelan households who felt patterns around the provision and im-
their complaint was fairly dealt with was pacts of social protection to displaced
significantly lower than male-headed people, nor does the paper analyze
households. Based on these findings gender-disaggregated data nor provide
and others, the paper recommended gender-specific policy implications.
understanding gaps women and minori-
ties face in receiving information about Levine et al. covers the integration of
social protection programs, especially humanitarian assistance and national
for digitized assistance where wom- protection schemes in Cameroon. 36 It
en are less likely to be digitally liter- briefly provides gender-disaggregated
ate and have less access to necessary figures on employment and compares
32 Hagen-Zanker et al. 2022.
33 Lowe et al. 2022.
34 For a review of the evidence see, for example, https://www.gsma.com/mobilefordevelopment/
wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Digital-Equity-Policy-Brief-W20-Japan.pdf
35 Tramountanis et al. 2022.
36 Levine et al. 2022.
the sample by gender characteristics in peace agreements, social attitudes 21
but does not examine sex-disaggre- surrounding migration, and other im-
gated outcomes. Again, however, the portant themes.
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
paper does not meaningfully evaluate
gender-specific results or derive policy Across the several research themes, this
recommendations to close gender gaps. program has the most extensive inclu-
sion of gender. Our assessment sug-
Overall, social protection reflects rel- gests that 11 of the 26 research papers
atively good coverage of gender, and present gender gaps, while 18 presents
highlights ways in which social protec- gendered indicators and identification
tion is not equally accessible to dis- of constraints. However, far fewer pa-
placed men and women: four of the six pers – only two – consider the gendered
papers meet the first criterion of ana- policy implications, suggesting missed
lyzing gender gaps and three provide opportunities for analysis to explore the
sex-disaggregated data, although only implications of gender analysis.
two papers address the third criteri-
on of incorporating gender into policy Müller, Pannatier, and Viarengo study
recommendations. The research does refugee economic integration in
demonstrate the benefits of incorporat- Switzerland, measured in terms of em-
ing gender lens into the analysis. ployment rate and earnings. They find
that higher unemployment rates at arriv-
al slow down the integration process and
SOCIAL COHESION that in locations where refugees face rel-
atively more hostile attitudes from Swiss
natives upon arrival, they integrate at a
This program aims to look at the roots faster pace, probably due to a greater
of social conflicts in displacement effort undertaken in environments that
settings through the lens of social are more hostile. 38 This emerges as the
inequalities along the lines of income, only paper across the entire BEOFD pro-
opportunities, access to services and gram (outside GDFD) with a designated
gender inequalities, between and within gender results section. Gender-specific
displaced populations and host commu- analysis reveals that the employment
nities. The program published 26 work- rates of male refugees increase at a fast-
ing papers covering over 50 countries, 37 er rate than female refugees: after 7–8
relying on existing datasets. Research years, male refugees reach employment
from the program documents the long- rates that are 15 percentage points lower
term impacts of conflict on education than those of male natives. By contrast,
and economic outcomes for house- it takes more than twice as long for
holds, the importance of including IDPs female refugees to attain a similar gap.
37 The regional breakdown of the countries is as follows: Europe (5); Latin America and the Caribbean
(3); Middle East and North Africa (2); South Asia (1); and Sub-Saharan Africa (45), while Aksoy & Gin‘s
(2021) paper covers 100 LMICs between 2005-2018.
38 Müller, Pannatier, and Viarengo 2022.
22 However, for women who are working, • Among Guatemalans deported
the earnings gap between refugees and and traveling back from the United
natives is smaller for women than for States, women were found to be
men, which is likely attributed to the more likely to be extorted during
relatively greater strength of women’s their journey. However, only 8 per-
networks that foster services that boost cent of the survey sample was
women’s labor force participation such female, limiting the validity of this
as childcare. result.41
Other key gender-specific findings from • In Iraq, the inclusion of women,
the Social Cohesion program include youth, and civil society in local
the following: peace agreements was not associ-
ated with safer conditions for return
• In host communities in eastern DRC, but was associated with a longer
women were more likely to report duration of return.
negative perceptions of in- and
out-group relationships while men • In Iran, economic shocks erode
reported positive associations with social cohesion between hosts and
hosting. Study participants identified displaced communities and dispro-
gender equality as a potential source portionately harm Afghan refugees
of destabilization because it chal- in terms of expenditures and aid re-
lenges tradition and the established ceived from other households. Being
social order. 39 married, female, and less educated
are associated with especially nega-
• In Colombia, Tellez and Balcells find tive consequences.42
that internally displaced men are
more likely to return and are more • In Greece, nearly half of refugee
likely to formally pursue property women from Turkey displaced
restitution than women. A separate before the age of 15 are married
study by Kaplan finds that being fe- to a Greek native, compared with
male is also associated with a lower less than 10 percent of Albanian
likelihood of recommending return immigrants. Average rates of in-
to others; women were not found termarriage in Eastern Europe are
to have stronger beliefs that prayer between 2-25 percent. Additionally,
provides protection or helps with the children of women refugees tend
trauma.40 to be more educated than those of
native women.43 Data on male rates
of intermarriage are not discussed.
39 Pham, et al. 2022.
40 Tellez and Balcells 2022.
41 Denny et al. 2022.
42 Hoseini and Dideh 2022.
43 Murard 2022.
• In Peru, 38 percent of female Across the social cohesion series, two 23
Venezuelans have experienced papers mention gender in the policy rec-
discrimination in public or the work- ommendations. Pham, O’Mealia, and Wei
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
place, compared to 35 percent of et al. suggest that women’s relatively
men.44 Higher rates of informal em- negative perceptions of social cohesion
ployment are overall associated with means that humanitarian actors include
lower levels of discrimination and inter-ethnic programming for women
these effects are more pronounced in eastern DRC. Ludolph, Šedová, and
for men. For men, a 10 percent Talevi note the security implications of
increase in informal employment is internal displacement in Nigeria and sug-
associated with a 2-3 percent re- gests that efforts are needed to increase
duction in discrimination, while the IDP mobility and reduce risks of GBV,
change for women is not statistically although these themes are not discussed
significant.45 The reason for this dif- in the main body.
ference is not explained.
• Among IDPs in Mali, there was no
statistically significant difference
in per capita consumption be-
tween female and male-headed
households.46
• In Bosnia, being male is consistent-
ly associated with higher levels of
education and income, regardless of
exposure to conflict.47
All of the foregoing social inclusion
papers meet our first two criteria – by
assessing gender gaps and including
indicators that help capture gender
gaps. An additional ten Social Cohesion
papers include gender variables in ap-
pendix tables, but do not discuss these
results in the paper. These papers meet
only the second criteria.
44 Whether this difference is statistically significant is not reported.
45 Groeger, León-Chiliotta, and Stillman 2022.
46 Foltz and Shibuya 2022. It is noted that only 8% of households surveyed are female-headed.
47 Kovac, Efendic, and Shapiro 2022.
24
4. CONCLUSIONS
The overarching implication of this Among the measures that could have
review is that more work is needed to been considered are policy reforms and
understand and address the intersec- more proactive programs to increase
tionality of gender and displacement, to displaced people’s free movement and
close gender gaps in education and paid access to labor markets, for example,
work, and to address heightened risks of and to provide safe, affordable, and
GBV during displacement. quality childcare.
The research does reveal some import- In a number of cases, the analysis ap-
ant gender findings – including that peared to be limited by lack of appropri-
COVID-19 has worsened risks of GBV, ate data. It is critical to address this gap.
that access to maternal and sexual Within households, sex-disaggregated
health services for displaced women are individual-level data is needed to enable
scarce, that in some contexts displaced a better understanding of the situation
households headed by women benefit of different household members, depen-
more from social protection programs dency ratios and more.
than those headed by men, and that
displaced women may face greater We know that displacement affects men
discrimination economically and social- and women differently, and overlook-
ly than displaced men. For example, ing these dimensions creates profound
in Greece, 32 percent of male-headed blind spots in policy design. Addressing
refugee households knew whom to the gender dimensions of forced dis-
contact with problems regarding social placement must become more routine
protection assistance, compared to only in data collection, research analysis, and
21 percent of female-headed refugee program implementation.
households. For displaced Venezuelans
in Colombia, the gap was even wider
at 44 and 23 percent of male and fe-
male-headed households, respectively.
The studies on Social Cohesion and
Social Protection demonstrate how
learning from qualitative information
from displaced groups, and including
the voices of displaced women is key,
especially those facing multiple dis-
advantages. However, in general, the
research did not point to the types of
policies and programs to achieve gen-
der equality in displacement settings.
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ANNEX 1: LIST OF
30
PAPERS REVIEWED
EDUCATION (2) The Big Questions in Forced
Displacement and Health - Final
Summary Report (Unpublished)
Forced Displacement and Education:
Building the Evidence for What The Big Questions in Forced
Works (Phase 1 Report - Synthesis) Displacement and Health – Bangladesh
(Unpublished) Country Report (Unpublished)
Forced Displacement and Education: The Big Questions in Forced
Building the Evidence for What Works - Displacement and Health – Colombia
(case study summary) (Unpublished) Country Report (Unpublished)
The Big Questions in Forced
HEALTH (9) Displacement and Health – DRC Country
Report (Unpublished)
Addressing the Human Capital The Big Questions in Forced
Dimension of the COVID-19 Response in Displacement and Health – Jordan
Forced Displacement Settings (August Country Report (Unpublished)
2020)
Family Violence Protection in the JOBS (2)
Context of COVID-19 and Forced
Displacement (November 2020)
Cost Effectiveness of Jobs Projects
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in Conflict and Forced Displacement
in Colombia on utilization of medical Contexts (Unpublished draft)
services by Venezuelan migrants and
Colombian citizens (October 2021) How to Cope with a Refugee Shock?
Evidence from Uganda (March 2022)
Preventing and Mitigating Indirect Health
Impacts of COVID-19 on Displaced TOR: Global Questions on Displacement
Populations in Humanitarian Settings and Jobs (Unpublished)
(July 2020)
TOR: Global Questions on Forced
Displacement and Jobs (Unpublished)
31
SOCIAL PROTECTION (6) Displacement and Social Empowerment:
Evidence from Surveys of IDPs in Iraq,
the Philippines, and Uganda (April 2022)
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
Adjusting Social Protection Delivery
to Support Displaced Populations Distributional Policies and Social
(September 2022) Cohesion in a High-Unemployment
Setting (June 2022)
Basic Needs and Wellbeing in
Displacement Settings: The Role of Extortion and Civic Engagement among
Humanitarian Assistance and Social Guatemalan Deportees (April 2022)
Protection (June 2022)
Forced Displacement, Exposure to
Humanitarian Assistance and Social Conflict and Long-run Education and
Protection in Contexts of Forced Income Inequality: Evidence from
Displacement: effects on social cohesion Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina
(May 2022) (April 2022)
Humanitarian Assistance and Social Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and
Protection Responses to the Forcibly Conflict: The 2015 Refugee Inflow in
Displaced in Greece (April 2022) Germany (January 2022)
Integrating Assistance to the Displaced Hosting New Neighbors: Perspectives of
into a Social Protection System in Host Communities on Social Cohesion in
Cameroon: An ideal, but in whose inter- Eastern DRC (June 2022)
ests? (June 2022)
How do Shared Experiences of
Social Protection Responses to Forced Economic Shocks Impact Refugees
Displacement in Colombia (June 2022) and Host Communities: Evidence from
Afghan Refugees in Iran (January 2022)
SOCIAL COHESION (26) Inequality and Security in the Aftermath
of Internal Population Displacement
Shocks: Evidence from Nigeria (May
Attitudes and Policies toward Refugees: 2022)
Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income
Countries (March 2022) Immigration, Labor Markets and
Discrimination: Evidence from the
Building Stability Between Host and Venezuelan Exodus in Perú (March
Refugee Communities: Evidence from a 2022)
TVET Program in Jordan and Lebanon
(June 2022) Inclusive Refugee-Hosting in Uganda
Improves Local Development and
Displacement and Return in the Internet Prevents Public Backlash
Era: How Social Media Captures
Migration Decisions in Northern Syria
(April 2022)
32 Labor Market Integration, Local Why Student Aid Matters? Roadblocks
Conditions and Inequalities: Evidence to the Transition into Higher Education
from Refugees in Switzerland (January for Forced Migrants in Chile (June 2022)
2022)
Local Peace Agreements and the Return
of IDPs with Perceived ISIL Affiliation in
Iraq (January 2022)
Long-term Effects of the 1923 Mass
Refugee Inflow on Social Cohesion in
Greece (January 2022)
Policy Preferences in Response to Large
Migration Inflows (May 2022)
Refugees, Diversity and Conflict in Sub-
Saharan Africa (May 2022)
Refugee Return and Social Cohesion
(June 2022)
Social Cohesion, Economic Security, and
Forced Displacement in the Long-Run:
Evidence from Rural Colombia (April
2022)
Social Cohesion and Refugee Host
Interactions: Evidence from East Africa
(January 2022)
Superstitions and Civilian Displacement:
Evidence from the Colombian Conflict
(April 2022)
The Effects of Internally Displaced
Peoples on Consumption and Inequality
in Mali (May 2022)
The Geography of Displacement,
Refugees’ Camps and Social Conflicts
What It Takes To Return: UN
Peacekeeping and the Safe Return of
Displaced People (June 2022)
ANNEX 2:
33
ASSESSMENT OF
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
PAPERS AGAINST
GENDER CRITERIA
Title Assessment Presents Considers Meets all 3
of gender gendered policy and criteria
gaps indicators program
and implications
identification to close
of constraints gender gaps
Education
Forced Displacement and Education: Building Yes Yes No No
the Evidence for What Works (Phase 1 Report
- Synthesis) (Unpublished)
Forced Displacement and Education: Building Yes Yes Yes Yes
the Evidence for What Works - (case study
summary) (Unpublished)
Health
Addressing the Human Capital Dimension No No No No
of the COVID-19 Response in Forced
Displacement Settings (August 2020)
Family Violence Protection in the Context Yes Yes Yes Yes
of COVID-19 and Forced Displacement
(November 2020)
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in No No No No
Colombia on utilization of medical services by
Venezuelan migrants and Colombian citizens
(October 2021)
Preventing and Mitigating Indirect Health Yes Yes Yes Yes
Impacts of COVID-19 on Displaced
Populations in Humanitarian Settings (July
2020)
The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes No Yes No
and Health - Final Summary Report
(Unpublished)
The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes Yes Yes Yes
and Health – Bangladesh Country Report
(Unpublished)
34 Title Assessment Presents Considers Meets all 3
of gender gendered policy and criteria
gaps indicators program
and implications
identification to close
of constraints gender gaps
Health
The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes Yes No No
and Health – Colombia Country Report
(Unpublished)
The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes Yes No No
and Health – DRC Country Report
(Unpublished)
The Big Questions in Forced Displacement Yes Yes No No
and Health – Jordan Country Report
(Unpublished)
Jobs
Cost Effectiveness of Jobs Projects in No No No No
Conflict and Forced Displacement Contexts
(Unpublished draft)
How to Cope with a Refugee Shock? Evidence Yes No No No
from Uganda (March 2022)
Social Protection
Adjusting Social Protection Delivery to Yes Yes Yes Yes
Support Displaced Populations (September
2022)
Basic Needs and Wellbeing in Displacement Yes Yes Yes Yes
Settings: The Role of Humanitarian Assistance
and Social Protection (June 2022)
Humanitarian Assistance and Social Protection No No No No
in Contexts of Forced Displacement: effects
on social cohesion (May 2022)
Humanitarian Assistance and Social Protection Yes Yes No No
Responses to the Forcibly Displaced in Greece
(April 2022)
Integrating Assistance to the Displaced into Yes No No No
a Social Protection System in Cameroon: An
ideal, but in whose interests? (June 2022)
Social Protection Responses to Forced No No No No
Displacement in Colombia (June 2022)
Social Cohesion
Attitudes and Policies toward Refugees: Yes No No No
Evidence from Low- and Middle-Income
Countries (March 2022)
Building Stability Between Host and Refugee No No No No
Communities: Evidence from a TVET Program
in Jordan and Lebanon (June 2022)
Title Assessment Presents Considers Meets all 3 35
of gender gendered policy and criteria
gaps indicators program
and implications
EMERGING EVIDENCE ON GENDER FROM THE BUILDING THE EVIDENCE ON FORCED DISPLACEMENT RESEARCH PROGRAM
identification to close
of constraints gender gaps
Social Cohesion
Displacement and Return in the Internet No No No No
Era: How Social Media Captures Migration
Decisions in Northern Syria (April 2022)
Displacement and Social Empowerment: Yes No No No
Evidence from Surveys of IDPs in Iraq, the
Philippines, and Uganda (April 2022)
Distributional Policies and Social Cohesion in No No No No
a High-Unemployment Setting (June 2022)
Extortion and Civic Engagement among Yes Yes No No
Guatemalan Deportees (April 2022)
Forced Displacement, Exposure to Conflict Yes Yes No No
and Long-run Education and Income
Inequality: Evidence from Croatia and Bosnia
and Herzegovina (April 2022)
Forced Migration, Social Cohesion and Yes No No No
Conflict: The 2015 Refugee Inflow in Germany
(January 2022)
Hosting New Neighbors: Perspectives of Host Yes Yes Yes Yes
Communities on Social Cohesion in Eastern
DRC (June 2022)
How do Shared Experiences of Economic Yes Yes No No
Shocks Impact Refugees and Host
Communities: Evidence from Afghan Refugees
in Iran (January 2022)
Inequality and Security in the Aftermath of No No Yes No
Internal Population Displacement Shocks:
Evidence from Nigeria (May 2022)
Immigration, Labor Markets and Yes Yes No No
Discrimination: Evidence from the Venezuelan
Exodus in Perú (March 2022)
Inclusive Refugee-Hosting in Uganda Yes No No No
Improves Local Development and Prevents
Public Backlash
Labor Market Integration, Local Conditions Yes Yes No No
and Inequalities: Evidence from Refugees in
Switzerland (January 2022)
Local Peace Agreements and the Return of Yes Yes No No
IDPs with Perceived ISIL Affiliation in Iraq
(January 2022)
Long-term Effects of the 1923 Mass Refugee Yes Yes No No
Inflow on Social Cohesion in Greece (January
2022)
Policy Preferences in Response to Large Yes No No No
Migration Inflows (May 2022)
36 Title Assessment Presents Considers Meets all 3
of gender gendered policy and criteria
gaps indicators program
and implications
identification to close
of constraints gender gaps
Social Cohesion
Refugees, Diversity and Conflict in Sub- Yes No No No
Saharan Africa (May 2022)
Refugee Return and Social Cohesion (June No No No No
2022)
Social Cohesion, Economic Security, and Yes Yes No No
Forced Displacement in the Long-Run:
Evidence from Rural Colombia (April 2022)
Social Cohesion and Refugee Host Yes No No No
Interactions: Evidence from East Africa
(January 2022)
Superstitions and Civilian Displacement: Yes Yes No No
Evidence from the Colombian Conflict (April
2022)
The Effects of Internally Displaced Peoples Yes Yes No No
on Consumption and Inequality in Mali (May
2022)
The Geography of Displacement, Refugees’ No No No No
Camps and Social Conflicts
What It Takes To Return: UN Peacekeeping No No No No
and the Safe Return of Displaced People (June
2022)
Why Student Aid Matters? Roadblocks to the No No No No
Transition into Higher Education for Forced
Migrants in Chile (June 2022)
48
38
THE WORLD BANK GROUP