Ngong Hills Hotel, Business Center, Suite 309 Ngong Road, P.O.Box 51972-00100, Nairobi, Kenya (+254)700666605 I connect@spatialcollective.com Digital Public Works Tasks for Kenya Settlements Catalog of Tasks Objectives ● Develop a thorough estimation of the volume and type of work necessary to complete the pilot and playbook. ● Identify the priority themes, features, and attributes of the data model and their associated task volume and data collector capacity. ● Provide a detailed dissection of each task, including specific activities and their associated skill levels, time spent, technologies, training requirements, and outputs. ● Identify the appropriate quality control mechanism for each task, and the capacities required to complete it. Tasks overall ● Initial consultations with the relevant stakeholders/initial workshop with the stakeholders ● Digitization of buildings using aerial imagery ● Rapid data collection using a terrestrial camera ● Tagging features in terrestrial imagery through micro-tasking ● Household socio-economic data collection ● Participatory mapping of unplanned settlements ● Facilitation of focus group discussions and participatory mapping ● Presenting the data to the community and stakeholders A detailed description of the tasks can be found below. 1 DIGITAL TASK 1: Initial consultations with the relevant stakeholders/initial workshop with the stakeholders Task description Supporting consultations with community representatives and other relevant community stakeholders, such as local administration, non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, youth groups, interest groups, etc. Only several of the youth, usually youth leaders, participate at this initial stage. Skill type Soft skill. Purpose or contribution to the project The purpose of this task is to compile a list of relevant community stakeholders, their roles within the community, relevance to the project, and to further sensitize the community about the project and tasks performed. These initial consultations also help determine the nature of the problems and priority areas as put forth by the community and its representatives. Workflow 1. Youth hold an open discussion with the project facilitators about community stakeholders, their roles within the community, relevance to the project, etc. 2. Youth and facilitators come up with a list of stakeholders to invite to the kick-off meetings. 3. Youth, facilitators, and experts design the questionnaire for the stakeholder workshop. 4. The youth and project facilitators carry out initial network mapping to determine each stakeholders’ role and linkages. 5. Youth help facilitators design a stakeholder workshop. 6. Youth are led through a day-long workshop on how to facilitate a meeting, gender sensitivities, community sensitization, etc. 7. Youth are handed out lists of stakeholders and letters of invitation for the workshop and are asked to invite the stakeholders to the workshop. 8. Youth follow up with the stakeholders to ensure their participation. 9. At the workshop, the youth support the logistics of organizing and carrying out the workshop. 10. Some of the youth lead the discussions with the community stakeholders and some take notes and record the workshop. 11. Some of the youth participate in transcribing the workshop. Base Data Needs or Source A list of stakeholders and their roles and mandates within the community. 2 Data Output A description of each stakeholders’ potential role or relevance to the project. A description of main problem areas for intervention. Training Thematic Area(s) ● Soft skill training. ● Gender sensitivity. ● How to carry out interviews. ● Network mapping. ● Notes taking and transcribing. Training Timeframe & Intensity A one-day training to prepare for the workshop and a one-day training to prepare for transcribing records. Scalability The trained youth can help facilitate workshops in other communities and also train a new cohort. Recruitment process and roles The leaders of youth groups, various committees, community leaders, etc. usually participate in this process because of their standing/respect within the community. Initial community engagement should come from a trusted source. Participants should include: ● The core team of the facilitating organization to oversee the process and train the youth. ● Some youth workers to help the core team facilitate the process. ● Community liaisons to ensure community participation. ● World Bank in an advisory role. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Equipment ● Notepads. ● Markers. ● Recorders. ● Paper sheets. Volume of tasks This process requires field visits to selected stakeholders to give them letters of invitation, one or two-day training sessions for the participating youth, a day or two to help with logistics (setting up the venue, etc.), a one-day workshop with stakeholders, one or two days to transcribe the documents. Payment Structure (how to quantify work for payment) Payment per-day. 3 Mobile payment. Amount: 20 dollars a day. Quality Control Mechanism The experienced project facilitators (core team) oversee the whole process and intervene if necessary. Sub-Task 1.1: Supporting initial stakeholder meetings or community network mapping Purpose By juxtaposing actors and issues, the network map can give us insights into spatial relations between the main stakeholders and issue areas as identified by the community members, services providers, and others. Task type Stakeholder meetings, interviews, and participatory mapping. Recruitment Youth leaders and respected community members are recruited to support the initial community consultations. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source List of stakeholders in the settlement. Workflow 1. Participate in a day-long training on network mapping and in running stakeholder discussions. 2. Take the invitation letters to the selected stakeholders and introduce the project. 3. Follow up with stakeholders through calls and in-person meetings to ensure their participation. 4. Support with the organization of the venue: ensure that the environment is adequate for the meeting. 5. Logistical support in carrying out initial interviews: note-taking, recording, translating (if necessary). Technology or equipment ● Notepads. ● Markers. ● Recorders. ● Paper sheets. Training received ● How to carry out interviews. ● How to carry out and support initial interviews. 4 Skills obtained ● Communication skills. ● Time management. ● Interviewing. ● Writing. ● Organization skills. Payment Mobile payment per day. Amount: 20 dollars a day. Sub-Task 1.2: Transcribing the interviews Purpose Transcription of recorded interviews and paper notes into a digital form for easier management. Task type Transcription of interviews recorded during the network mapping. Recruitment Youth who have basic computer knowledge. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes Data requirements/source ● Recordings. ● Write-up from the interviews. Workflow 1. Written notes and recordings are organized in one place: Pictures of written notes are taken and recordings are organized by date, location, time, and stored in one folder. Backups are made. 2. Setting up a computer (if applicable with software) for transcriptions. 3. Transcribing by following set rules. The rules are determined in advance and templates are prepared for transcriptions. 4. Once the documents are transcribed, they are organized in folder(s) and backups are made. Technology or equipment ● Computers. ● Audio player and Microsoft Word. Training received ● How to transcribe recordings. ● How to organize files obtained in the field. 5 Skills obtained ● Transcribing. ● Organizing. Payment Mobile payment per day. Amount: 20 dollars a day. 6 DIGITAL TASK 2: Digitization of buildings using aerial imagery Task description This assignment will utilize the rectified aerial or satellite imagery to produce digitized foot/roof prints of buildings as well as road and street networks of selected settlements. Skill type Technical skill. Purpose or contribution to the project Digitized buildings and roads as a base layer will support on-the-ground data collection and also help determine population density. Workflow 1. A venue is set up for digitization. 2. Hardware and software are set up, including QGIS, JOSM, and Tasking Manager depending on the approach to digitization. 3. Youth are introduced to the aforementioned mapping software. 4. Youth participate in a day-long training on tracing building outlines. 5. The youth then trace the outlines of the buildings and map the centers of the roads. 6. Peer-to-peer mechanisms are put in place to ensure the accepted quality of the dataset. 7. A group of more experienced digitizers carries out checks on the data on a daily basis for quality control. Base Data Needs or Source An aerial or satellite imagery in centimeter resolution. Drone imagery is preferred for tracing over the informal settlements. Data Output Digitized roof prints and digitized road networks. Training Thematic Area(s) Required: ● Getting themselves familiar with QGIS or other software. ● Digitization of buildings and roads. ● Peer-to-peer validation of results. Training Timeframe & Intensity One-day training on software and digitization techniques. Scalability The trained youth can remotely support other mapping initiatives all over the world. 7 Recruitment process and roles The digitizers can be anyone with at least basic computer knowledge (how to use a mouse and keyboard). More experienced digitizers work on quality control. Equipment ● Internet. ● Computers. ● Mice. ● Software: QGIS, JavaOpenStreetMap Editor, Tasking Manager. ● Preferably a server to enable easier access and storage of data. Volume of tasks This process requires a one-day training on digitization techniques and then a daily (at least 6 hours) commitment of digitizers until the completion of digitization. No. of digitizers Buildings traced per day 1 300 10 per settlement 3,000 Payment Structure (how to quantify work for payment) Payment per day. Daily goals are set, usually at 300 or 500 digitized buildings per day, however, that depends on the building density and the quality of the imagery. Mobile payment. Amount: 20 dollars a day. Quality Control Mechanism The experienced project facilitators (core team) and supervisors oversee the process and ensure that digitization is done to an agreed standard. Quality control encompasses peer-to- peer visual interpretation of results, a second check by the more experienced digitizer, and built-in topology tools in QGIS and other platforms. Sub-Task 2.1: Set up a venue for digitization Purpose Provide an environment for workers to carry out the tracing of building outlines. Task type Logistics. Recruitment 8 Some youth with basic computer skills are preferred. These same youth will also participate in digitization. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source The number of people participating. Workflow 1. Set up a venue for digitization: a. A large and well-ventilated room is set up with computers and an Internet connection. However, due to Covid-19, multiple venues with a limited number of participants, and even work from home, are encouraged. 2. Set up a platform to oversee and manage workers’ activities: a. A management dashboard, Tasking Manager, is set up. b. The Tasking Manager is used to partition the entire settlement into smaller tasks for digitization. It also allows for oversight of each workers’ activities and quality control. c. To ensure equal participation, the tasks are divided so that they contain relatively similar proportions of buildings for tracing. d. Once the settlement is divided into smaller tasks, estimate the number of tasks and determine the number of workers needed. e. Training materials and manuals, such as digitization rules, errors, peer-to-peer quality control, etc. for the workers are prepared. 3. Recruitment and training of youth: a. Recruit the youth who have basic computer skills b. Organize a one-day training session to teach the following: i. How to set up a software environment for digitization. ii. How to use the Tasking Manager. iii. How to interpret features using aerial imagery. iv. How to trace buildings using JOSM. v. Potential errors during tracing and how to avoid them. Technology or equipment ● A well-ventilated room. ● Computers. ● Internet. ● Software: JOSM, OpenStreetMap, Tasking Manager, QGIS. Training received ● How to set up a venue for multiple workers. ● How to set up the software and logistics for building tracing. Skills obtained Soft skills: ● Time management. ● Team management. ● Goal setting. Payment Mobile payment per day. 9 Amount: 20 dollars a day. Sub-Task 2.2: Tracing building outlines Purpose To develop a vector dataset of the building outlines within each settlement. Task type Digitization in JOSM or QGIS. Recruitment Youth with basic computer skills are preferred. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source High-resolution aerial or satellite imagery. Workflow 1. The worker logs into the Tasking Manager from their computer and selects an available task. 2. The selected task is then ‘locked’ for that particular worker. 3. The worker then traces the outlines of all the buildings visible on the aerial imagery within this task 4. After completion, the worker uploads the traced buildings to OpenStreetMap for review and then marks the task as completed in the tasking manager. They can then proceed to select another task. 5. A validator will then inspect the buildings digitized to determine completion and quality. If the quality is not to an agreed standard, the task is sent back to the worker. 6. Tasks completed and validated will be eligible for payment. Technology or equipment ● Computers. ● Mice. ● JavaOpenStreetMap editor. ● HOT Tasking Manager. ● Internet access. Training received ● Working with the Tasking Manager and OpenStreetMap. ● Basic data editing in JOSM. Skills obtained Technical skills: ● Tracing of building outlines or digitization. ● Image interpretation. Soft skills: ● Precision. 10 Payment Payments for this task are based on the number of grids completed. The grids contain similar amounts of traced buildings. At the end of each week, workers are paid for all the grids completed during the week. Payments will be disbursed via mobile money to each worker's registered mobile number. Amount: $15 per task grid Sub-Task 2.3: Peer-to-peer quality control Purpose To validate completeness and quality of digitized buildings. Task type Data validation using JavaOpenStreetMap editor. Recruitment Youth with some knowledge of remote mapping, JOSM, OpenStreetMap, and peer-to-peer quality control management. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source ● High-resolution aerial or satellite imagery - the same imagery that was used for tracing buildings. ● Digitized/traced building outline from the sub-task 2.1. Workflow 1. Set up a platform to oversee and manage the validation activities: a. Set up the Tasking Manager. b. Develop a validation checklist for validators. c. Prepare the training materials and manuals for validators. 2. Organize a one-day training for validators: a. How to set up JOSM for validation. b. How to integrate the Tasking Manager. c. How to carry out the validation of data in JOSM. 3. The actual validation workflow involves the following: a. Log into the Tasking Manager. b. Select a task or a grid cell available for validation. c. The selected task is then ‘locked’ for that particular validator. d. The validator visually inspects the grid cell for completeness of digitalized or traced buildings. e. The validator then uses JOSM to inspect errors such as incorrect topology and incorrect tagging of features. f. If there are significant errors in the tracing and tagging of buildings, the validator returns the task to the worker for improvements. g. If the work is satisfactory, the validator marks it as complete in the Tasking Manager. 11 Technology or equipment ● Computers. ● Computer mice. ● JOSM. ● HOT Tasking Manager. ● Internet access. Training received ● Advanced use of JOSM and OpenStreetMap. ● Validation of geospatial data which involves feature tagging and ensuring the topology of building geometries is correct. Skills obtained Technical skills: ● Validation of vector data. ● Data management. Soft skills: ● Precision. ● Task and team management. Payment Payments for this task are based on the number of grids validated. The grids contain similar amounts of traced buildings. At the end of each week, workers are paid for all the grids validated during the week. Payments will be disbursed via mobile money to each worker's registered mobile number. Amount: $20 per task grid 12 DIGITAL TASK 3: Rapid data collection using a terrestrial camera Task description Collection of highly accurate, high-resolution terrestrial or street view imagery. Skill type Technical skill. Purpose or contribution to the project Using high-resolution terrestrial or street view imagery will support the setting up of micro- tasking work for the youth in Nairobi’s settlements. Micro-tasking will touch on tagging and verifying infrastructure features, such as road infrastructure, buildings, drainage, streetlight, businesses, and other public amenities. Workflow 1. The camera is set up. 2. Software is set up. 3. Routes are pre-planned using OpenStreetMap or aerial or satellite imagery and loaded on a hand-held GPS unit. 4. The team arrives at the field and follows the GPS routes set for the day. 5. The data is then transferred to the computer and sent to the office for review. 6. The data is uploaded to PLACE Warehouse for post-processing (geo-referencing, blurring, etc.) 7. The data is stored and accessible on PLACE’s data trust platform. Base Data Needs or Source An aerial or satellite imagery or a base map to help plan daily routes. Data Output High-resolution terrestrial or street view imagery curated for micro-tasking work. Training Thematic Area(s) Required: ● Setting up the terrestrial camera. ● Using the terrestrial camera in the field. ● Data management. Training Timeframe & Intensity One day of theory and two days of practical training in the field. Scalability The trained youth will gain a very detailed skill that will allow them to support other mapping initiatives. 13 Recruitment process and roles The core team, together with supervisors and youth will be responsible for this task. The youth with some prior knowledge of computers, mapping software, and good knowledge of the community will be recruited for this task. Can persons with disabilities participate? Only on some sub-tasks. Equipment ● Terrestrial camera. ● Base map or aerial or satellite imagery. ● Handheld GPS units for navigation. ● Computers. ● Battery. ● Additional storage unit. ● Mapping rod. ● Mobile phones for communication. Volume of tasks This process requires more comprehensive training for several days. Further, the work is done on foot and under the supervision of the core team. Data collection itself will take several weeks and data management several days. Payment Structure (how to quantify work for payment) Payment per day. Daily goals are set, usually several kilometers of roads, however, the distance depends on the conditions on the ground. Mobile payment. Amount: 30 dollars a day. Quality Control Mechanism The data collected is checked each day and sent to the PLACE’s data trust for post- processing, quality control, and preparation for further use. Sub-Task 3.1: Setting up the camera and planning routes Purpose The terrestrial camera, as well as data collection routes, need to be set up for an accurate collection of geo-located imagery. Task type Planning of routes and setting up a camera to fit those routes best. Recruitment This task is more technical than most. For this reason, the core technical team, together with several youths as guides, will carry out the work. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes, to an extent. 14 Data requirements/source Base map or aerial or satellite imagery of the settlement. Workflow 1. Review the map or aerial imagery of the settlement. 2. Select routes for sensible traversal of the settlement. Usually, several kilometers of routes per day. 3. Map out the routes using QGIS and transfer the file to a handheld GPS unit or a field- based computer. 4. Once the routes are set, set up the camera: a. Interval of location data collection (time or length-based). b. Interval of image capture (time-based). c. Interval of collection contaminant data (parts per million). d. Storage of terrestrial imagery. e. Transfer of imagery into the database. Technology or equipment ● Terrestrial camera. ● Base map or aerial or satellite imagery. ● Handheld GPS units. ● Computer. ● Battery. ● Additional storage unit. ● Mapping rod. ● Mobile phones for communication. Training received ● Terrestrial camera set up. ● Management of imagery. ● Planning of data collection routes. Skills obtained Technical skills: ● How to handle a terrestrial camera. ● How to collect street-level imagery. ● How to manage large amounts of data. ● How to plan data collection routes. Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 30 dollars a day. 15 Sub-Task 3.2: Data collection using the terrestrial camera Purpose Collection of highly accurate, high-resolution terrestrial or street view imagery. Task type Traversal of each road and path in the settlement on foot and using a 360-degree camera for image capture. Recruitment Several youths from the community alongside the core technical team can participate both as data collectors and guides within the community. Can persons with disabilities participate? No. Data requirements/source Base map or aerial or satellite imagery of the settlement for navigation together with planned routes for each day. Workflow 1. Pick up the camera, computers, GPS at the office and arrive at the location. 2. Review the planned routes for the day. 3. Turn the camera on at the start point. At this point, the camera is pre-programmed, see sub-task 3.1. 4. Walk, preferably in the middle, otherwise at the side of the road while steadily holding a mapping rod with the camera and computer and battery in the backpack. 5. Follow the planned routes for the day collecting imagery along the way. 6. At the end of the daily route, review the data collected, store the camera and computers, and transfer them to the office for further review and storage of data. Technology or equipment ● Terrestrial camera. ● Base map or aerial or satellite imagery. ● Handheld GPS units. ● Computer. ● Battery. ● Additional storage unit. ● Mapping rod. ● Mobile phones for communication. Training received ● Data collection using a terrestrial camera. ● Navigating with the help of maps and GPS units. ● Data management. Skills obtained Technical skills: ● How to collect data using a terrestrial camera. ● How to manage large datasets. ● How to navigate the terrain. 16 Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 30 dollars a day. Sub-Task 3.3: Data management and post-processing Purpose Additional processing of raw terrestrial imagery in preparation for further analysis. Task type Editing and organizing street-level imagery into formats/outputs ready for further analysis. The task includes removing all the personally identifiable information. Recruitment This task is more technical than most. For this reason, the core technical team will carry out the work. However, if available, youth with demonstrable skills in GIS could be recruited to work with the core team on the task. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes, to an extent. Data requirements/source Images collected during sub-task 3.2, together with aerial or satellite imagery of the settlement and all the route maps used during fieldwork. Workflow 1. Terrestrial imagery captured on each route is overlaid on top of the aerial image in QGIS. 2. The completeness and consistency of captured imagery are assessed using QGIS. These parameters are based on the principles defined in sub-task 3.1. 3. All the Personally Identifiable Information (PII) such as faces and car plates is blurred using image processing software. 4. Finally, all the processed images are stored in one database. Technology or equipment ● Computer. ● Base map or aerial or satellite imagery. ● Software: QGIS, Image processing software. Training received ● Data management in QGIS. ● Image manipulation using image processing software. Skills obtained ● Advanced GIS data management 17 Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 30 dollars a day. 18 DIGITAL TASK 4: Tagging features using terrestrial imagery and micro-tasking Task description Training and engaging youth in Nairobi to generate high-quality spatial information using micro- work or micro-tasking. IN this project, the micro-tasks will be based on the terrestrial camera imagery captured in the field and will include an image or feature tagging/recognition and feature verification. Skill type Technical skill. Purpose or contribution to the project The goal of this task is to add a comprehensive and very granular and detailed dataset to support the decision-making in KISIP 2. Thousands of features will be captured and verified through micro-tasking, including the conditions of roads and road infrastructure, drainage, buildings, and location of public amenities. Workflow 1. A catalog of points of interest is prepared. 2. Software is set up based on the points of interest. 3. Microtasks are then set up on each platform. 4. Youth are recruited and introduced to micro-tasking. They participate in a day-long training on how to use the tools and complete the tasks. 5. Once the features are set and software set up, the youth work on the tasks until completion. 6. New tasks are assigned usually using WhatsApp. 7. Peer-to-peer mechanisms are put in place to ensure the quality of the work meets the set thresholds and a group of more experienced youth reviews the data on a daily basis for quality control. Base Data Needs or Source Post-processed imagery captured with the terrestrial camera, see Task 3. Data Output Thousands or tens of thousands of geo-located points of interest for each settlement including road conditions and road infrastructure, drainage, information on buildings, locations of public amenities such as schools, clinics, businesses, and many others. Training Thematic Area(s) Required: ● Setting up computers and relevant software for image tagging and image validation. ● WhatsApp for communications. ● Learning how to tag and/or verify a feature. 19 Training Timeframe & Intensity Two-day training on image tagging and feature verification. Scalability Mirco-tasks are a popular solution to capturing vast amounts of data by using aerial imagery or terrestrial cameras. Youth trained in these skills can participate in mapping campaigns all over the world. Recruitment process and roles Anyone with a mobile phone or a computer can participate in the micro-tasking work. More experienced workers will work on the validation of tagged imagery and quality control. Equipment ● Processed terrestrial camera imagery. ● Mobile phones. ● Software for image tagging. ● Internet. ● WhatsApp. Volume of tasks The amount of work depends on how many points of interest there are. The higher the number of features, the more the microtasks will be completed, and the longer the work will last. Depending on the complexity of the microtasks, the work usually requires a 1 to 2-day commitment to training and then 2 to 4 hours of work per day. Payment Structure (how to quantify work for payment) Payment per feature count. Daily goals of expected tagged features are set. In the past, the workers were expected to tag 2,500 features per day, which took between one and two hours, to receive 5 dollars per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 5 dollars a day for 2,500 features tagged. Quality Control Mechanism Quality control varies based on the microtasks performed. Mechanisms put in place include peer-to-peer review during which workers validate each other’s work, each task is carried out several times to improve on the quality with each iteration, and more experienced workers checking the work. Sub-Task 4.1: Setting up micro-tasking work in Mapillary Purpose Developing a series of micro-tasking activities to generate data on urban infrastructure. 20 Task type Set up of micro-tasking activities in Mapillary. Recruitment This task is more technical than most. For this reason, the core technical team will carry out the work. However, if available, youth with demonstrable skills in GIS could be recruited to work with the core team on the task. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes, to an extent. Data requirements/source A list of features of urban infrastructure such as traffic signs, manholes, etc. Processed street-level imagery and aerial or satellite imagery of the settlement. Workflow 1. Set up a platform to oversee and manage workers’ activities: a. A management dashboard on Mapillary, Verifications Projects, is set up. b. The dashboard is used to create separate micro-tasks for each feature of interest. It also allows for oversight of each workers’ activities and quality control. c. Setup worker communication channels using WhatsApp or group messaging. 2. Recruitment and training of youth: a. Recruit the youth who have basic digital literacy. b. Organize a one-day training session to teach the following: i. How to set up an account on Mapillary. ii. How to access a micro-task. iii. How to verify objects by swiping street-level images. c. Divide workers into smaller teams and add them to their respective WhatsApp groups. Each team will participate in different micro-tasks. Technology or equipment ● Computers ● Smartphones ● Internet Training received ● Setting up microtasks. ● Team management. Skills obtained ● Digital skills in software platforms such as QGIS, Mapillary, etc. ● Communication skills. Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 - 20 dollars a day. 21 Sub-Task 4.2: Verifying and validating the features in Mapillary Purpose Improving the quality of features detected by Machine learning algorithms. Task type Verifying and validating the correctness of features detected by Mapillary. Recruitment Targeted recruitment within the settlement for youth with basic digital literacy. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source Mapillary detections and street-level images. Workflow 1. A link to a micro-tasking job is shared with a team of workers via WhatsApp. This link directs the worker to the specific task. 2. The worker then reads through the set instructions required to complete the task. 3. After that, the worker receives the actual verification task: a street-level image with the AI-detected feature. 4. The worker verifies the detections by either approving or rejecting the AI detection. To approve, they press a “thumbs-up” button, and to reject they press a “thumbs-down” button. 5. Each image and each detection is verified by at least 3 people before being approved or rejected by the system. In this way, the quality standards are maintained. 6. The worker continues approving or rejecting the detections, earning points along the way. Points are earned for each detection that matches 3 other workers. 7. Once all detections have been reviewed or the daily set limits have been reached, the team leader adds up the points earned by each worker per day. 8. Payment to workers is made based on these points. Technology or equipment ● Smartphones ● Computers ● Internet ● WhatsApp Training received ● Training on the use of the Mapillary platform. Skills obtained ● Digital skills (Feature identification and annotation). ● Communication skills. Payment Payment per feature verified. Daily goals of expected tagged features are set. Mobile payment. Amount: 5 dollars a day for 2,500 features verified. 22 Sub-Task 4.3: Setting up micro-tasking work in QGIS Purpose To develop a series of micro-tasking activities to improve the quality of urban infrastructure datasets. Task type Set up micro-tasking activities in QGIS to capture buildings’ attributes visible on street-level imagery. Recruitment This task is more technical than most. For this reason, the core technical team will carry out the work. However, if available, youth with demonstrable skills in GIS could be recruited to work with the core team on the task. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source Digitized buildings from Digital Task 2 Processed street-level imagery and aerial or satellite imagery of the settlement. Workflow 1. Set up a venue for work: a. A large and well-ventilated room is set up with computers. However, due to Covid-19, multiple venues with a limited number of participants, and even work from home, are encouraged. 2. Set up a toolset to oversee and manage workers’ activities: a. Using QGIS, partition the entire settlement into smaller areas using the aerial image as reference. b. Once the settlement is divided into smaller areas, estimate the number of tasks and determine the number of workers needed. c. Training materials and manuals, such as tagging rules, errors resolution, quality control, etc. for the workers are prepared. d. Create a QGIS project for each area. Each project will contain the following: i. Terrestrial imagery captured overlaid with building footprints and the aerial image in QGIS. ii. A customized building attribute form containing all the attributes to be captured in this activity. iii. Project settings that define the constraints for data tagging. 3. Recruitment and training of youth: a. Recruit the youth who have demonstrable skills in GIS b. Organize a two-day training session to teach the following: i. How to work with QGIS projects ii. How to interact with street-level images, digitized building in QGIS iii. Data editing (tagging) in QGIS. Technology or equipment ● Computers. ● Software: QGIS. 23 Training received ● Setting up QGIS projects. ● Feature tagging and advanced editing in QGIS. ● Data management. Skills obtained ● Digital skills (GIS skills). ● Image interpretation. Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 - 20 dollars a day. Sub-Task 4.4: Tagging of features in QGIS Purpose Improve the quality of the digitized buildings dataset by adding buildings’ built characteristics. Task type Add attributes derived from street-level imagery to digitized buildings in QGIS. Recruitment Targeted recruitment within the settlement for youth with demonstrable computer knowledge or direct hiring of youth with GIS skills. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source A list of attributes of interest, processed street-level images, digitized buildings, and aerial or satellite imagery of the settlement. Workflow 1. Terrestrial imagery captured is overlaid on top of the building footprints and the aerial image in QGIS. 2. A worker then clicks on an image point which opens up the 360-degree image at that location. 3. Using the 360-degree image, the worker spatially orients themselves on the aerial image. 4. The worker then tags the visible characteristics of the buildings to the corresponding building geometry, for example, if the building is multi-storeyed from the street level image, the worker adds that attribute to the digitized polygon. 5. The above procedure is repeated for all the images and buildings until the worker completes his/her assigned area. Technology or equipment 24 ● Computers. ● Internet. Training received ● Adding attributes to digitized features in QGIS. ● Advanced editing with QGIS. Skills obtained ● Image interpretation and annotation. ● Geospatial data management. Payment Payment per feature created. The daily goal of 500 features per worker. Mobile payment. Amount: 10 dollars a day for 500 features tagged. Sub-Task 4.5: Setting up micro-tasking work in Native Purpose To develop a series of micro-tasking activities to map services within the settlements. Task type Set up micro-tasking activities in Native to map locations and descriptions of services available in settlements. Recruitment This task is more technical than most. For this reason, the core technical team will carry out the work. However, if available, youth with demonstrable skills could be recruited to work with the core team on the task. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source A list of services to be mapped Workflow 1. Set up a platform to oversee and manage workers’ activities: a. Develop data models for each service to be mapped. b. Develop micro-tasking methodology including worker targeting within settlements. c. Setup Native platform to deliver the microtasks to workers. 2. Recruitment and training of youth: a. Recruit the youth who have basic digital literacy. b. Organize a one-day training session to teach the following: i. How to set up an account Native. ii. How to access a micro-task. iii. How to collect data using the Native app. 25 Technology or equipment ● Computers ● Smartphones ● Internet Training received ● Working with Native data collection platform ● Team management Skills obtained ● Database development Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 - 20 dollars a day. Sub-Task 4.6: Data collection using Native Purpose To create a database of services within a settlement. Task type On-the-ground data collection of locations and descriptions of services. Recruitment Targeted recruitment within the settlement for youth with basic digital literacy. Can persons with disabilities participate? No. Data requirements/source N/A Workflow 1. Data collectors are requested to perform ‘discovery tasks’ whereby they are asked to ‘find’ POIs as required. 2. The tasks are dynamically dispatched with varying ‘offers’ in order to pool existing trained local data collectors who then compete to perform each task. 3. Data collectors receive push notifications on their phones about work opportunities. 4. Data collectors then physically visit the location of the POI and collect the required information. Technology or equipment ● Smartphones ● Computers ● Internet ● WhatsApp 26 Training received ● Training to capture data using the Native platform. Skills obtained ● Digital skills (Feature identification and annotation). ● Communication skills. Payment Different payment strategies can be implemented. Previously, payments have been made for each Point of Interest (POI) mapped and POI verified. Mobile payments Amount: Varies as it is set automatically by the platform. 27 DIGITAL TASK 5: Household socio-economic data collection Task description Household data collection of socio-economic indicators in the settlements. Skill type Technical skill. Soft-skill. Purpose or contribution to the project Updating the existing socio-economic dataset of the settlements by carrying out a survey of randomly selected households. Workflow 1. A series of consultative meetings and interviews with community members, leaders, and other stakeholders are organized to determine the nature of the survey and sampling methodology. 2. Questionnaires are developed. 3. Questionnaires are transformed into a digital form using KOBO Toolbox and uploaded on mobile phones. 4. Target households are randomly selected using building outlines. 5. Locations of selected households are loaded on the mobile phones as a base map. 6. Field surveyors are recruited and trained to carry out the survey. 7. In the field, they use the base map - digitized buildings and selected buildings - to navigate to the selected house. 8. Once at the selected household, the surveyors use the KOBO Toolbox on their mobile phones to complete the survey and send the data to the server for storage and review. Base Data Needs or Source Aerial imagery and digitized building footprint. Data Output A dataset of geo-located socio-economic indicators for each settlement. Training Thematic Area(s) ● Reading a map and navigating using handheld GPS units, mobile phones, or maps. ● Carrying out household interviews. ● Data management. Training Timeframe & Intensity One day of theory and one day of practical training in the field. 28 Scalability The trained youth will gain comprehensive knowledge on how to carry out interviews and household surveys that will allow them to participate in any similar activities in the future. Recruitment process and roles The core team, together with supervisors and youth will be responsible for this task. The youth with some prior knowledge conducting household surveys, good interpersonal skills, and good knowledge of the community will be recruited for this task. Can persons with disabilities participate? Only on some sub-tasks. Equipment ● Base map or aerial or satellite imagery. ● Handheld GPS units for navigation. ● Computers. ● Mobile phones for carrying out surveys and communication. Volume of tasks The density of households, the sampling strategy (number of households selected), and the length of the questionnaire will determine the volume of work. Payment Structure (how to quantify work for payment) Payment per day. Daily goals are set, usually several households per day, however, the number depends on the number of questions, the density of households, and the sampling strategy. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 to 20 dollars a day. Quality Control Mechanism Mechanisms such as close-ended questions are implemented to ensure consistency of responses. The data collected is submitted to a server and checked daily by quality control personnel to ensure it is up to accepted quality. Sub-Task 5.1: Setting up the questionnaire and a sampling method Purpose The goal is to determine the survey questions and tools to collect socio-economic data in a number of randomly selected households. Task type The tasks consist of determining which questions will be asked, setting up the mobile survey, and determining the sampling method. Recruitment The core team, the stakeholders, together with supervisors and some youth will be 29 responsible for this task. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source Any previous surveys or socio-economic indicators. Workflow 1. Initial consultations with stakeholders to determine indicators and sampling methods. 2. The questionnaire is developed and reviewed by stakeholders. 3. A sampling method is set up using building outlines and, if sampling is random, a random selection of those buildings is carried out. 4. A file consisting of the locations of randomly selected households is made. 5. The questionnaire is set up on KOBO Toolbox. This will enable the transfer of the questionnaire to the mobile phones. Technology or equipment ● Notepads. ● Markers. ● Recorders. ● Paper sheets. ● Computers. ● Mobile phones. ● Software: KOBO Toolbox. Training received ● Setting up a questionnaire using KOBO Toolbox. ● Setting up questionnaires on mobile phones. ● Selecting of households for survey using GIS methods - random sampling. Skills obtained ● How to determine the questionnaire based on the client’s need. ● How to determine which tools are most appropriate for data collection. ● How to use mobile phones for data collection. Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 or 20 dollars a day. 30 Sub-Task 5.2: Household data collection Purpose The goal is to add socio-economic data to the already existing dataset by implementing a household survey in a number of randomly selected households. Task type Household data collection. Recruitment The youth with some prior knowledge in carrying out surveys, good interpersonal skills, and good knowledge of the community will be recruited for this task. Can persons with disabilities participate? No. Data requirements/source ● A map or locations of selected households for the survey. ● A questionnaire. Workflow 1. The surveyor in the field uses the base map - digitized buildings and selected buildings - to navigate to the selected house. 2. The surveyor introduces themselves and asks whether the person - adult - wishes to participate in the survey. 3. If the person agrees to participate, the surveyor presses on the building, and the questionnaire is displayed. 4. The surveyor uses the KOBO Toolbox on their mobile phones to complete the survey and send the data to the server for storage and review. 5. The surveyor thanks the person interviewed and continues to the next - pre- determined household. Technology or equipment ● Mobile phones. ● Internet. ● Locations of selected households. Training received ● Using mobile phones to carry out a survey. Skills obtained ● How to carry out a household survey. ● Communication. ● Responsibility. Payment Payment is considering how many households were done in a day. Targets are set per day (minimum 10, maximum 20) and the surveyor receives payment at the end of the week, also taking into account the accuracy of the data. Mobile payment. 31 Amount: 15 or 20 dollars a day. Sub-Task 5.3: Post-processing of household data and quality control Purpose Ensuring that the data is collected to an agreed quality standard. Task type Checking the dataset for completion, fixing errors, adding missing information, etc. Recruitment Several youths from the community alongside the supervisors and the core technical team can participate. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source Household data in CSV or Excel or Shapefile formats. Workflow 1. The worker opens the dataset in the tabular format in either Excel or QGIS. 2. The worker first checks the data for completion, meaning, are there any fields missing. If fields are missing, the worker contacts whoever were responsible for data capture and inquire why fields are missing. 3. The worker then checks the dataset for spelling and, if necessary, and fixes the errors. 4. The core team and the supervisors run basic analyses on the data to ensure the dataset is coherent and sound. 5. Once the data is checked for quality it is stored in the file together with associated metadata and data dictionary. Technology or equipment ● Computers. ● Software: QGIS, Microsoft Excel. Training received ● Checking and correcting large datasets. Skills obtained ● Precision ● Data management. Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 or 20 dollars a day. 32 DIGITAL TASK 6: Participatory mapping of unplanned settlements Task description Collecting spatial and attribute information on relevant amenities, issues, and other community points of interest relevant for the KISIP II project, generating up-to-date open data in the process. Skill type Technical skill. Purpose or contribution to the project Collecting detailed data on public amenities, such as schools, hospitals, clinics, pharmacies, businesses, religious institutions, transport systems, water and sanitation, and others, acquiring a more comprehensive insight into the scale of the problems, identifying needs of the community, and informing on the design of the project. Workflow 1. Determine which amenities to capture. 2. Create a data model. 3. Create a survey for data collection. 4. Set up mobile phones and a base map. 5. Train the workers on how to collect amenities data. 6. Carry out data collection. 7. Validate and process the data. Base Data Needs or Source Building outlines with unique identification numbers. Data Output Data on public amenities. Training Thematic Area(s) ● Reading a map and navigating using handheld GPS units, mobile phones, or maps. ● Collecting public data using mobile phones. ● Data management. Training Timeframe & Intensity One day theory and one day in the field. Scalability Data collection of this sort is very popular. Participants will be able to carry out data collection activities in other settlements and for other clients. 33 Recruitment process and roles Anyone with basic knowledge of how to use a mobile phone can participate. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Equipment ● Mobile phones. ● Computers for data management. Volume of tasks The task requires traversing the community to collect data on all the public amenities required by the stakeholders. The volume of work depends on the size of the community and the number of amenities. Payment Structure (how to quantify work for payment) Payment per day. Daily goals are set, usually the number of amenities captured per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 to 20 dollars a day. Quality Control Mechanism Quality control mechanisms are inherent to the tools used - close-ended fields for data entry, etc. Further, several supervisors will carry out peer-to-peer quality checks on a daily basis. Sub-Task 6.1: Setting up tools for documenting characteristics of points of interest Purpose The goal is to set up data collection toolkits for on-the-ground mapping activities. Task type The tasks consist of determining which points of interest will be mapped, defining data models, and setting up the tools to capture this data. Recruitment The core team, the stakeholders, together with supervisors and some youth will be responsible for this task. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source ● Data models from previous POI mapping campaigns. ● Digitized buildings from Task 2. ● Aerial or satellite imagery of the settlement. Workflow 1. Initial consultations with stakeholders to determine their data needs as it relates to points of interest. 34 2. Based on their data requirements, data models are developed and reviewed by stakeholders. 3. Data collection forms for the points of interest are developed on OpenMapKit. This will enable the transfer of forms to mobile phones. 4. Partitioning of the settlement into smaller areas using aerial or satellite imagery as reference. Each area will be assigned to a team for mapping. 5. Recruitment and training of youth: a. Recruit the youth who have basic digital literacy. b. Organize a one-day training session to teach the following: i. How to use OpenMapKit. ii. How to use digital data collection forms in OpenMapKit. iii. How to map points of interest. Technology or equipment ● Computers. ● Mobile phones. ● Handheld GPS units ● Internet. ● Satellite imagery. ● Digitized buildings. Training received ● Setting up data collection forms using OpenMapKit. ● Data collection using mobile phones. ● Organizing teams for field mapping activities. Skills obtained ● How to determine a client's data needs. ● How to determine which tools are most appropriate for data collection. ● How to use handheld GPS and mobile phones for data collection. Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 or 20 dollars a day. Sub-Task 6.2: Unplanned settlements mapping/data collection on the points of interest Purpose The goal is to map all points of interest within the settlement. Task type Points of Interest (POI) mapping. Recruitment Targeted recruitment within the settlement for youth with basic digital literacy. 35 Can persons with disabilities participate? No. Data requirements/source Digital data collection forms designed in sub-task 6.1. Workflow 1. The worker downloads the digital data collection from the server containing the POI they have been assigned to. 2. The worker uses the aerial map to navigate to the assigned area. 3. The worker identifies the POI using the OpenMapKit app. 4. The worker then selects the amenity/building where the POI is located, fills in the required attributes, and saves the information. 5. The worker repeats the steps above until all the POI have been spotted and mapped. Technology or equipment ● Mobile phones. ● Internet. Training received ● Using mobile phones to carry out POI mapping. Skills obtained ● How to carry out POI mapping. ● Communication. ● Responsibility. Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 or 20 dollars a day. Sub-Task 6.3: Post-processing and Quality Control of data for unplanned settlements mapping Purpose Ensuring that the data is collected to an agreed quality standard. Task type Checking the dataset for completion, fixing attribute errors, metadata development, format conversion, etc. Recruitment Several youths from the community alongside the supervisors and the core technical team can participate. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source 36 Raw POI data from the server in CSV or GeoPackage formats. Workflow 1. The worker opens the dataset in the tabular format in QGIS. 2. The worker first checks the data for completion. If fields are missing, the worker contacts whoever were responsible for data capture and inquire why fields are missing. 3. The worker then checks the dataset for spelling and, if necessary, and fixes the errors. 4. The core team and the supervisors run basic analyses on the data to ensure the dataset is coherent and sound. 5. The dataset is converted to required formats, metadata developed, and stored in a database or uploaded to OpenStreetMap using JOSM. Technology or equipment ● Computers. ● Software: QGIS, Microsoft Excel, and JOSM. Training received ● Checking and correcting large geospatial datasets. ● Data management; Converting data from one geospatial format to another. ● Data upload in OpenStreetMap. Skills obtained ● Precision ● Geospatial Data management. Payment Payment per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 or 20 dollars a day. 37 DIGITAL TASK 7: Facilitation of focus group discussions and participatory mapping Task description Focus group discussions, group interviews, stakeholder interviews. Skill type Soft skills. Purpose or contribution to the project Focus group discussions paired with participatory map drawing with selected cohorts enable the capture of more subjective perceptions, ideas, emotions, and experiences about a place. Workflow 1. Determine the goals of focus group discussions (FGD). 2. Prepare the questionnaire and FDG guide for facilitators. 3. Select the cohort. 4. Organize the venue. 5. Implement focus group discussions. 6. Transcribe and organize the data. Base Data Needs or Source Any reports or research on the topic at hand. Data Output Qualitative data on topics of interest. Training Thematic Area(s) ● Carrying out a focus group discussion. ● Qualitative data management. Training Timeframe & Intensity Two days of practice. Scalability Qualitative data collection of this sort is very popular in development and a building block to any data collection effort. Participants will be able to carry out data collection focus group discussions in other settlements and for other clients. Recruitment process and roles The leaders of various interest groups usually participate in this process because of their standing/respect within the community. Focus group discussions can be sensitive so community engagement should come from a trusted source. Participants should include: ● The core team of the facilitating organization to oversee the process and train the 38 youth. ● Some youth workers to help the core team facilitate the process. ● Community liaisons to ensure community participation. ● World Bank in an advisory role. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Equipment ● Notepads. ● Markers. ● Recorders. ● Paper sheets. Volume of tasks Up to two or more focus group discussions are done per day. The volume of work depends on the size of the cohort. Payment Structure (how to quantify work for payment) Payment per day. Daily goals are set, usually the number of amenities captured per day. Mobile payment. Amount: 15 to 20 dollars a day. Quality Control Mechanism The experienced project facilitators (core team) oversee the whole process and intervene if necessary. Sub-Task 7.1: Supporting focus group discussions Purpose By juxtaposing actors and issues, focus group discussions can give us insights into more subjective perceptions, ideas, emotions, and experiences about a place. Task type Focus group discussions including group interviews and participatory mapping. Recruitment Youth leaders and respected community members are recruited to support the initial community consultations. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Data requirements/source A cohort of participants. List of stakeholders in the settlement. Workflow 1. Work with stakeholders to design the FGDs. 2. Prepare FGD guidelines. 39 3. Participate in a day-long training on running the FGDs and in running stakeholder discussions. 4. Take the invitation letters to the selected cohorts and introduce the project. 5. Follow up with the selected participants through calls and in-person meetings to ensure their participation. 6. Support with the organization of the venue: ensure that the environment is adequate for the meeting. 7. Logistical support in carrying out the FGDs: note-taking, recording, translating (if necessary). Technology or equipment ● Notepads. ● Markers. ● Recorders. ● Paper sheets. Training received ● How to carry out interviews. Skills obtained ● Communication skills. ● Time management. ● Interviewing. ● Writing. ● Organization skills. Payment Mobile payment per day. Amount: 20 dollars a day. Sub-Task 7.2: Transcribing the interviews and data management Purpose Transcription of recorded FGDs and paper notes into a digital form for easier management. Task type Transcription of interviews, draw maps, and other materials recorded during the FGDs. Recruitment Youth who have basic computer knowledge. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes Data requirements/source ● Recordings. ● Write-up from the interviews. Workflow 40 1. Written notes and recordings are organized in one place: Pictures of written notes are taken and recordings are organized by date, location, time, and stored in one folder. Backups are made. 2. Setting up a computer (if applicable with software) for transcriptions. 3. Transcribing by following set rules. The rules are determined in advance and templates are prepared for transcriptions. 4. Once the documents are transcribed, they are organized in folder(s) and backups are made. Technology or equipment ● Computers. ● Audio player and Microsoft Word. Training received ● How to transcribe recordings. ● How to organize files obtained in the field. Skills obtained ● Transcribing. ● Organizing. Payment Mobile payment per day. Amount: 20 dollars a day. 41 DIGITAL TASK 8: Presenting the data to the community and stakeholders Task description Consultations with community representatives and other relevant community stakeholders, such as local administration, non-governmental organizations, civil society organizations, youth groups, interest groups, etc. Skill type Soft skill. Purpose or contribution to the project The purpose of this task is to gather feedback from the relevant community stakeholders and to further validate the data collected. Workflow 1. The workers and supervisors prepare the outputs: maps, data, statistics, etc. 2. The workers are led through a day-long workshop on how to facilitate a meeting, gender sensitivities, community sensitization, etc. 3. The workers are handed out lists of stakeholders and letters of invitation for the workshop and are asked to invite the stakeholders to the workshop. 4. The workers, facilitators, and experts take the stakeholders through the dataset one by one. 5. Feedback is gathered and recorded on the data collected. 6. Changes are made based on the stakeholder feedback. Base Data Needs or Source All the available datasets collected through previous tasks. A list of stakeholders and their roles and mandates within the community. Data Output Feedback from the community and other stakeholders. Improved and validated dataset. Training Thematic Area(s) ● Soft skill training. ● Gender sensitivity. ● How to carry out interviews. ● Notes taking and transcribing. Training Timeframe & Intensity A one-day training to prepare for the workshop and a one-day training to prepare for transcribing records. 42 Scalability The trained youth can help facilitate workshops in other communities and also train a new cohort. Recruitment process and roles The workers who took on the leading role during the previous tasks. Can persons with disabilities participate? Yes. Equipment ● Notepads. ● Markers. ● Recorders. ● Paper sheets. Volume of tasks This process requires field visits to selected stakeholders to give them letters of invitation, one or two-day training sessions for the participating youth, a day or two to help with logistics (setting up the venue, etc.), a one-day workshop with stakeholders, one or two days to transcribe the documents. Payment Structure (how to quantify work for payment) Payment per-day. Mobile payment. Amount: 20 dollars a day. Quality Control Mechanism The experienced project facilitators (core team) oversee the whole process and intervene if necessary. 43