INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES KNOWLEDGE PACK Cloud for Education EXPLORE INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES KNOWLEDGE PACK CLOUD FOR EDUCATION INDEX © 2022 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank INTRODUCTION 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org Problem statement Support to education License: Creative Commons Attribution CC BY 3.0 IGO WHO WHY outcomes Use cases This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, Benefits Core concept and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. This report was also supported with funding from the Structure of solutions Strategy Global Partnership for Education. Challenges and trade-offs WHAT HOW Team The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, Private Cloud denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the What has been done part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such in other countries Public Cloud boundaries. Market overview Some references may appear in this Knowledge Pack to Logos, Products, Brands or Trademarks belonging to CONCLUSION others not affiliated with the World Bank. They belong to their respective owners/ holders and are used for TO GO FURTHER illustrative purposes only and do not imply any affiliation with or endorsement by them. The World Bank does not endorse, prefer or recommend any of these products. ANNEXES Rights and Permissions Key terms The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its FAQ knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Please cite the work as follows: EdTech team. 2022. Knowledge Pack : Cloud for Education. Washington, D.C.: World Bank Group Acknowledgment: Much appreciation goes to Robert Fogel who took part in the development of this Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank resource under the guidance of Alex Twinomugisha and Robert Hawkins from the EdTech Team, and to Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; Omar Arias and Jaime Saavedra for their overall support. Also we want to thank colleague Koen Martijn e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org Geven and participants of the industry roundtable for providing comments to enrich these resources. Design : Alejandro Scaff, Sarah Kleinmann 2 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Introduction What is a KP? After reading the main content of this KP, some Knowledge Pack contains a main questions might pop* : Knowledge Packages (KPs) are presentation and an APPENDIX that short, pragmatic guides on • How did Cloud come about? includes an FAQ to access details. individual topics within EdTech, NOTE: this KP is not prescriptive • Where does Cloud fit in the IT timeline? meant to provide sufficient knowledge in terms of providing specific and understanding so that non- implementation or operational details. • Why are services at the core of Cloud? technical stakeholders can make key planning, design, and procurement What you can get out of this KP • What are the different types of Cloud Services? decisions for education. • Help develop your cloud strategy. • What are Infrastructure Services? They can be used as a starting point • Sift through the confusion, chaos, • What are Platform Services? for the planning of technology and noise around cloud and reduce • What are Software and Data Services? deployment to improve education, risk and increase likelihood of especially with education ministries. success with cloud. • What is Virtualization? • Apply proven practices to avoid • Is Cloud the same as off-prem? About this KP reinventing the wheel and avoid • Is Private Cloud the same as off-prem? The primary purpose of this common pitfalls and costly dead • What do I need to know about Cloud Security and Privacy? knowledge pack is to provide high- ends. level knowledge and understanding • What regulatory and privacy issues should I be aware of? • Minimize costs of implementing of cloud computing for Education as cloud and get more value out of • How do you mitigate Connectivity issues? a starting point for creating a cloud cloud. strategy that includes policy, planning • What is involved with a current state assessment? and procurement decisions. This • What to consider for a cloud RFP. • What are examples of VGOs and use case scenarios? *To know more about these questions and their answers, go to the FAQ available in the annex. 3 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES WHO are the main stakeholders ? RESPONSIBILITY Task Team Leaders (TTL’s) & Bank • Understand general Cloud concepts so as to evaluate and advise on Client requests or requirements and Project Managers to help design and supervise projects with Cloud (non-technical) components. • Use KP to make key planning, design, and procurement This Knowledge Ministries of Education (MoE) decisions related to Cloud components in an education Pack is primarily (non-technical Leadership, Managers) program or digitization and transformation project. for non- technical decision makers who are Large Education Institutions e.g. • Use KP to make key planning, design, and procurement responsible for Universities decisions related to Cloud components in an education defining a cloud (non-technical Leadership, Managers) program or digitization and transformation project. strategy and making decisions related to Cloud for Technical staff in Education • Use the KP to understand how Cloud relates to solving education challenges. Gain an overview of cloud education. (Technical) technologies where capacity is lacking. Donors, NGOs and Other Partners • Use KP to align with Bank EdTech programs and establish (non-technical) a common EdTech framework. 4 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES HOW Problem statement | Support to education outcomes | Use cases | Benefits WHY is this KP designed ? PROBLEM STATEMENT BUILDING SCHOOLS OF THE FUTURE AND THE POTENTIAL OF CLOUD COVID pandemic has shown the need to build resilient education systems with blended or hybrid learning an integral part of the education system. The Cloud is a key enabler of The School of the Future, is flexible resilient education where students learn anytime, systems. anywhere, teachers are continuously supported and pedagogical approaches are personalized and adapt to the level of the students We can’t talk about scaling interventions that benefit from technology without talking about the cloud. 5 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES HOW Problem statement | Support to education outcomes | Use cases | Benefits WHY is this KP designed ? WHY ARE EDUCATION SYSTEMS AROUND THE WORLD MOVING TO CLOUD? Build flexible and resilient Personalizing learning and Enable Data collection and Education Systems remediation analytics for system improvements Learning Management Systems (LMS), Virtual Classrooms, Remote Cloud technologies can be used to Cloud technologies can be accessed Learning Systems and Digital host Adaptive Learning Systems by all schools and administrators to Content can be hosted in the and to process and analyze large collect data on any device with an Cloud and scaled up rapidly in the amounts of data to personalize internet connection and to analyze event of School Closures as was learning. In addition, students can this data in real time to provide the case during COVID pandemic. access learning resources in the insights and support evidence-based In addition, students can access Cloud anytime, anywhere with an decision making e.g. identifying “at learning resources in the Cloud internet connection. Cloud technical risk” students falling behind or likely anytime, anywhere with an internet can enable solutions to recover to drop out. connection. learning losses at scale such as online tutoring. Continuous Teacher Professional Reduce IT complexity and costs Save time for teachers Development at Scale to focus on education outcomes Online and blended learning systems Schools can develop and deploy Increasingly complex machine as well as collaborative platforms new education technology solutions learning algorithms can mark hosted in the Cloud can be used without having to invest in complex student assessments to provide to support large scale continuous IT infrastructure upfront and can instant student feedback and free professional development of instead focus on serving students’ up teacher time to focus on student teachers. needs. learning. 6 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES HOW Problem statement | Support to education outcomes | Use cases | Benefits WHY is this KP designed ? USE CASES EXAMPLES OF EVERYDAY PUBLIC CLOUD SERVICES FOR EDUCATION 7 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES HOW Problem statement | Support to education outcomes | Use cases | Benefits WHY is this KP designed ? BENEFITS CLOUD SIMPLIFIES IT SO THAT EDUCATION SYSTEMS CAN FOCUS ON TEACHING AND LEARNING IT resources scaled up or down on demand Sharing infrastructure across departments without costly and time-consuming or even across ministries means that costs investments in additional physical IT Flexibility- can also be shared. With a public cloud infrastructure. provider, infrastructure is shared across scale up Cost multiple subscribers. or down IT EXAMPLE: During high-stakes examinations, efficiencies resources are automatically reallocated resources as EXAMPLE: A public cloud email service, such from other less critical operations. Even in need as Gmail or Outlook, can be offered at very a disaster, IT resources can automatically be low cost since that service may be shared dispatched from special disaster recovery with many millions of subscribers. (DR) resources to step-in and keep things running. CLOUD When a service is developed, the underlying resources such as servers, storage, Speed and Cost databases, etc. are provisioned (i.e. setup) Like an electricity utility, you only pay for the Agility in and managed automatically so that you services you use (i.e. OpEx) versus a fixed cost reductions setting focus on education NOT technology. (i.e. CapEx) of having to purchase yourself. with Pay-as- up new you-go Education EXAMPLE: If there is a new education EXAMPLE: When teachers and students are application developed or purchased, it can not using the collaboration service, you are Services be deployed rapidly without spending time not paying for it. worrying about servers and other resources. 8 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Core concept | Structure of solutions | Challenges and trade-offs | What has been done in other countries | Market overview HOW WHAT are the potential solutions? Accessible on CORE CONCEPT any device over the internet WHAT IS CLOUD IN A NUTSHELL? “Cloud” refers to a Data IT resources- (What is Center* connected to the virtualization?) Cloud software Servers, Facilities: internet in which IT resources • Automate the management stack, Storage systems, Buildings, such as networks, servers, of the IT resources with virtualization, Networking Power backup, storage and applications limited human intervention Resource equipment Cooling systems, are delivered on-demand, • Make the IT resources pooling, Equipment are scalable (elastic) and as available to users on Automation, racks, services over the internet. A demand in a self-service Self service Physical Data Center is a building or model security, part of a building housing • Elastically (and Fire protection Servers, data storage, automatically) add or networking and other remove resources as equipment and applications needed DATA CENTER to process, store and share • Deliver resources as data. services over the internet All Data Centers are moving to the Cloud by adding This means you can treat special software to the IT IT resources almost like a infrastructure to: “utility” with “pay as you go” • Virtualize and pool the pricing. Photo : Data center from Data center Knowledge 9 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Core concept | Structure of solutions | Challenges and trade-offs | What has been done in other countries | Market overview HOW WHAT are the potential solutions? STRUCTURE OF SOLUTIONS TYPES OF CLOUD There are 3 types of Clouds depending from companies called Cloud Service on who owns, hosts and manages the Providers (CSPs). The biggest CSPs underlying data center infrastructure: include Microsoft (Azure), Google (Google Cloud Platform) and Amazon HYBRID Private Cloud: An organization (Amazon Web Services or AWS). owns and manages its data center The main advantages with using a equipment often on the premises of the organization (on-premise) or a 3rd Public CSP is that i) an institution does not have to buy, own and manage their PUBLIC VS PRIVATE Parties Premises (Co-location or Virtual own data center thus avoiding high Private Cloud) or for the benefit of its start up or expansion costs and ii) the employees and customers only e.g., a institution can scale resources rapidly ministry of Education Data Center can and easily when extra/ additional offer Cloud services for all education capacity is needed. institutions in their country. The main advantage of a private cloud Hybrid Cloud: combines a private cloud is full control over the infrastructure service and a public cloud service to and services. provide maximum benefits: full control over private cloud and often ability Public Cloud: An organization does to scale capacity rapidly on the public NOT buy, own and manage their data cloud when required. center instead acquiring services Source: Adapted from University of Illinois 10 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Core concept | Structure of solutions | Challenges and trade-offs | What has been done in other countries | Market overview HOW WHAT are the potential solutions? STRUCTURE OF SOLUTIONS Laptop Desktop CLOUD SERVICE MODELS Cloud services come in 3 main storage and networking and Internet “service models” which can be usually operating systems Internet thought of as “layers”: and databases. It is targeted at developers allowing them Infrastructure as a to focus on developing, Service (IaaS): is the deploying and managing basic cloud service that applications without provides access to servers worrying about underlying (compute), storage space infrastructure. and networking resources over the internet. For public Software as a Service clouds, it eliminates the need (SaaS): provides a for organizations to build completed application that their own data centers. For is run and managed by the Private Cloud, it eliminates service provider. It allows need for every organization’s organizations to focus on Internet department or branch to have serving its customers and not their own data center. on IT. Popular examples of Internet SaaS are Gmail and Microsoft Platform as a Service Office 3. (PaaS): combines compute, Phone Tablet Source: Adapted from Wikipedia image Created by Sam Johnston 11 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Core concept | Structure of solutions | Challenges and trade-offs | What has been done in other countries | Market overview HOW WHAT are the potential solutions? CHALLENGES AND TRADE-OFFS BIG TYPICAL MISTAKES AND TRADITIONAL IT CHALLENGES THAT CLOUD OVERCOMES CHALLENGE IMPACT Silos (each department has own Grossly inefficient duplication of resources servers/ data center) Manual Provisioning of Hardware Very slow, costly, and unreliable (HW) and Software (SW) Inefficient and can’t keep up with demand and Difficult to Grow and Plan for Peak high-demand events such as national exams High & Hidden Total Cost of So many unknown and hidden costs Ownership (TCO) As soon as you buy HW or SW it becomes 42% of Capital Costs: Hardware, Obsolete Hardware (HW) and Software obsolete and costly to support with slow software, disaster recovery (SW) upgrade cycles arrangements, uninterrupted power supplies, and networking. When weather gets hot, servers start crashing Poor Reliability which is disruptive to teaching and learning 58% of Operational Costs: Heating, air Teachers and students can’t access using any conditioning, property and sales taxes, Poor Availability and Accessibility device from anywhere and have to remember and labor costs. a bunch of usernames and passwords 12 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Core concept | Structure of solutions | Challenges and trade-offs | What has been done in other countries | Market overview HOW WHAT are the potential solutions? CHALLENGES AND TRADE-OFFS REALITY CHECK: IF CLOUD IS SUCH A BIG DEAL, WHY ISN’T EDUCATION ADOPTING IT IN A LARGE WAY? While Education Systems increasingly use Cloud Services, there is still a lot of traditional IT investments going on especially in LMICs. POINT COUNTERPOINT 1. “Sunk Cost Effect”: Significant investment in existing, In the long run, cloud has strong economic and efficiency advantage over traditional IT. traditional IT infrastructure 2. Traditional IT Culture and Vendor Relationships: Most Vendors increasingly support migration to Private Cloud as well as Hybrid Cloud. Traditional IT mentality and existing relationships with vendors Cloud has strong economic and efficiency advantage over traditional IT. 3. Data Sovereignty, Security, and Privacy: Government Develop Private Cloud on-prem or using a CSP with an in-country cloud datacenter. policy or regulation requires in-country 4. CapEx vs. OpEx: (Public) Cloud requires shift to Opex. Develop Private Cloud. Consider OpEx as it eliminates the need for large upfront CapEx Difficulty in shifting policy, budget, funding to OpEx investments. 5. Knowledge and Skills: Lack of knowledge and skills for There is a significant global knowledge base and many certification programs in many implementing and operating cloud different languages are available. 6. National Economic Interests: Keep investments within the Focus on building greater upstream value in education delivery vs. building IT country by using local vendors infrastructure. 7. Connectivity: High Internet costs when accessing a CSP Use on-prem Private cloud or at least hybrid cloud services. 8. FUD: Fear of not having control of the infrastructure, Uncertainty of costs and/or runaway costs, Doubt that cloud CSP’s offer tools to manage costs and optimize resources, as well as measure ROI. will really deliver on its promise 13 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Core concept | Structure of solutions | Challenges and trade-offs | What has been done in other countries | Market overview HOW WHAT are the potential solutions? WHAT HAS BEEN DONE IN OTHER COUNTRIES SOME GOVERNMENTAL ARE DEPLOYING NATIONAL EDUCATION CLOUDS Many countries already use Cloud Services particularly Software as a Service (SaaS) in areas such as Email, Collaboration and video conference systems, Financial Management System, Learning Management Systems and Education Management Information Systems. The pandemic accelerated the use of such SaaS solutions. Kenya Education Cloud for pre-primary, primary China the National Turkey’s EBA is a Cloud and secondary school students providing LMS and Online Cloud Classroom based online platform Content resources for teachers and students on launched as the Start of that was extensively Hybrid Cloud. COVID. It is a free online used for remote learning learning platform for during COVID pandemic. primary and secondary school students studying at home during the COVID-19 outbreak. European Research and Education Network (GEANT) offer cloud services for European Research and Education Institutions. 14 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Core concept | Structure of solutions | Challenges and trade-offs | What has been done in other countries | Market overview HOW WHAT are the potential solutions? WHAT DOES THE MARKET LOOK LIKE? PRIVATE CLOUD PROVIDERS WHO OFFERS CLOUD FOR EDUCATION IN THE PRIVATE SECTOR? Most “traditional enterprise” hardware infrastructure for K12 and Higher Ed. and software vendors offer infrastructure Its software can enable cloud services and software for private and hybrid for education. cloud deployments. Increasingly these companies also offer a “managed service” private cloud on your own premises: • Huawei offers several solutions for education and a hybrid cloud stack for governments and enterprises. • Hewlett Packard Enterprise offers HPE Private Cloud Services. • RedHat’s offers several products to create a private cloud within your • Dell Technologies offer solutions for existing data center based as part Cloud K12 Data infrastructure and cloud Suite. and Higher Education Solutions. VmWare, owned by Dell, offers digital Note: These are only examples of providers. Clients should check for local and international providers in their own countries. 15 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Core concept | Structure of solutions | Challenges and trade-offs | What has been done in other countries | Market overview HOW WHAT are the potential solutions? WHAT DOES THE MARKET LOOK LIKE? PUBLIC CLOUD PROVIDERS WHO OFFERS CLOUD FOR EDUCATION? Almost all public cloud providers have remote learning and Office 365 Education Oracle’s public cloud services into the education cloud services. Many of the top for productivity applications. Azure Stack organizations own data center. public CSPs also provide options for Private Hub is Microsoft’s hybrid cloud solution. & Hybrid Cloud. Examples include but are not limited to: • IBM Cloud for Education offers include an • AWS Cloud for Education provides Applications Lab and SPSS Software on several solutions including back-end data Cloud. IBM Cloud Satellite provides hybrid • Google Cloud for Education includes management to virtual desktops. AWS cloud capabilities. Google Workspace providing applications Outposts is AWS’s hybrid cloud solution. such as Google Classroom and Google Meet. Google Anthos is hybrid cloud • Zoom popular during COVID for remote solution running on leading server vendor • Oracle Cloud for Education provides learning is a SaaS offering. Hardware. solutions for k12 to Higher Education including Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Human Resources (HR) and financial • Moodle offers a Cloud based LMS on • Microsoft has a suite of education cloud management and EMIS applications. Moodle Cloud. solutions including Microsoft Teams for Oracle Cloud@Customer brings all of Note: These are only examples of providers. Clients should check for local and international providers in their own countries. 16 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? STRATEGY WHAT ARE THE STEPS IN CREATING A CLOUD STRATEGY? 8. Adapt, Improve & Sustain 2. Assess Current State Adapt and adjust based on Assess your current state in terms of 6. Create Solution Roadmap what is working and what is existing infrastructure, process, How you go from your current not working, as well as new or accessibility, stakeholders, etc. state to your desired future state updated VGOs. using cloud services. 4. Identify Use Case Scenarios How teachers and students will be using your cloud solution to achieve VGOs. 3. Determine VGOs 7. Execute Roadmap Define your future state for Execute roadmap one step at a time. cloud in terms of vision, goals, ACM (Adoption and Change and objectives (VGOs) 5. Determine Cloud Solution Management). Determine your cloud solution 1. Assemble Cloud Team based on VGOs, Use Case Assemble cloud team and acquire Scenarios. key skills necessary to make business and technical tradeoff decisions. Note: Refer to “Journey to the Cloud: Improving Government Services through Cloud Solutions”, section 4.2 on “decision-making level”. 17 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? STRATEGY OPTIONS FOR YOUR IT STRATEGY PRIVATE CLOUD Become your own provider Cloud Services of cloud service. This means developing and AND/OR CLOUD SERVICES implementing a strategy for providing Cloud services Procure cloud services from to your users. Your main PUBLIC CLOUD a CSP. options for providing cloud services are: IT STRATEGY Benefits of moving to the cloud Traditional IT infrastructure • Reduced costs- from automation to self service and eliminating capital costs if using public Although, it’s possible Cloud TRADITIONAL IT to have traditional IT • Scalability- scale up and down quickly as needed INFRASTRUCTURE infrastructure along • Rapid Start Up- provide services rapidly side cloud; it’s more without having to procure, setup and provision advantageous to migrate infrastructure your existing traditional IT • Reduce energy- public cloud can reduce energy infrastructure to cloud. usage by up to 90%* 18 *Source: “Journey to the Cloud: Improving Government Services through Cloud Solutions”, World Bank INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? STRATEGY HOW DO YOU DETERMINE THE RIGHT CLOUD SOLUTION? The choice between a public, private or a hybrid cloud deployment depends on a variety of factors and is rarely either/or situation in real world. PRIVATE HYBRID PUBLIC Private Cloud suitable for Hybrid Cloud is suitable Public Cloud is most suitable public sector entities: for organizations facing when: • Working within a various security, regulatory • There is a focus on cost restrictive regulatory and performance efficiency with no upfront framework e.g. data requirements with the capital costs, residence requirements need to have scalable, agile, • unpredictable demand • Working with “top-secret elastic resources peaks data” • Need for advanced • Can afford to continuously features for instance AI- invest in high performance enabled security technology and • have qualified IT personnel available Source: “Journey to the Cloud: Improving Government Services through Cloud Solutions”, World Bank 19 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? STRATEGY KEY FACTORS IN DETERMINING YOUR CLOUD SOLUTION - PRIVATE OR PUBLIC Use Case Scenarios • Mature SaaS applications like website hosting, Email, Collaboration tools for What applications and how they will be remote learning, Video conferencing and Learning Management Systems are used is a key determinant. likely to be best served by Public Cloud. Environment • If there are no local Public Cloud Data Centers in the country and there is poor Includes connectivity, existing connectivity, use of public cloud could be impacted. Consider Private Cloud. infrastructure, supplier ecosystem. • “Pay as you go” model eliminates any large upfront costs. However, this requires Budget/Funding a change in budgeting from currently common CAPEX model to OPEX models. Many MoEs and donors are hesitant to fund OPEX. If you can’t use OPEX, Public Cloud uses a “pay as you go” model. consider Private Cloud and use CAPEX. Skills/Capacity • Since Cloud is still relatively new, many Ministries in low-income countries lack Private/ Hybrid/ Public Cloud requires these skills and this could impact speed of migration. Invest in skills upfront. Many Cloud providers offer training courses at various levels for civil servants skilled IT personnel. who want to upskill on cloud and associated topics such as cybersecurity, big data and artificial intelligence. Data Control or Sovereignty Some countries have laws restricting • This may impact the choice of Cloud solution to adopt especially if there are no where citizens’ data can be stored. local public cloud providers. Legacy Systems • Cloud enables these organizations to “leapfrog” to the latest technology. Having Having no large legacy system makes it easier to large legacy systems leads to “sunk costs” fallacy. adopt Cloud. 20 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? TEAM THE RIGHT SKILLED TEAM IS KEY TO CLOUD SUCCESS Before you embark on your cloud • Cloud Developers- design, develop It is recommended that once the journey, it is critical to first assemble and maintain applications in the team is assembled, the team can take and build the capacity of your team. cloud training and certification courses on Cloud technologies from any of the The team could include some or more • Data Engineers, Data Scientists, major Public Cloud Providers such as of the following roles: AI specialists- manage data, use Amazon, Microsoft, Google and others. machine learning and Artificial • IT managers- need foundational Intelligence to solve business needs Some countries or universities have Cloud and Business knowledge partnered with global Cloud providers • Security engineer- manages to offer university level courses to • Project managers- need security of cloud infrastructure and increase the number of skilled cloud foundational cloud knowledge applications professionals in the country. • Solution Architects- evaluate the organizations business needs and design IT systems to respond to these needs • System Administrators- who look after Cloud infrastructure 21 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? PRIVATE CLOUD TYPICAL PATH TO PRIVATE CLOUD Traditional IT/ Data Centers Consolidate and virtualize Transform to Private/Hybrid OR start with Greenfield compute, storage, Cloud with Automation, Private Cloud with pre- networking Orchestration and Self- integrated solution Service SaaS SaaS PaaS PaaS IaaS IaaS Cloud Software Cloud Software Cloud solution Traditional IT has silos First step is usually to Add Cloud Management Greenfield of infrastructure and consolidate servers into Software for resource start is ideal for usually multiple data one or fewer data centers, pooling, orchestration, organizations with centers/ server rooms standardize servers automation and self- no legacy systems per department. Start by (including buying new service. Cloud software can or where legacy taking a full inventory of IT servers to replace old ones), enable private and hybrid systems are mostly resources. simplify network and add cloud services. end of life. virtualization software to virtualize computer, storage and networking. 22 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? PRIVATE CLOUD CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROCURING PRIVATE CLOUD SEPARATE LOTS • Sold by the manufacturer or by a certified personnel as private cloud means “self- reseller service or self-provisioning model which It is good practice to have separate lots for • Increasingly pre-integrated and pre- traditional IT views as losing control ii) other 3 key deliverables in a Request for Proposal configured systems are available from many departments who have to give up their own (RFP) depending on your needs. Bidders can manufacturers including from public Cloud infrastructure bid on one or more lots. Service Providers • Change in budgeting at organization level as • Some manufacturers offer these pre- private cloud can come with a “chargeback Lot 1- Data Center Facilities integrated solutions as a service. Solution model”. Other departments are buying a is installed in your data center or in the service from internal private cloud • This includes building/ refurbishment, Providers data center (co-location or Virtual power systems, cooling systems and racks Private Cloud) and usually managed by HELP DESK • Can also use a 3rd party’s facilities (co- the manufacturer/ reseller and you pay a location)in which case you “rent” the recurring fee IT will have to set up robust helpdesk for facilities OR procure a Virtual Private Cloud users. Can be a combination of phone, email infrastructure run by a Cloud Service Lot 3- Consulting services and self-service models. Provider in their own facilities. • “Containerized” solutions are available. • Includes Planning, Architecture Design, IT SKILLS AND CERTIFICATIONS These are usually ready to deploy Migration, Management, Support, Quality containers with power, cooling systems and Assurance, Security, Training Organization should consider training for IT racks built into the container personnel and equipping them with industry SERVICE MODELS certification on cloud technologies Lot 2- Servers, storage and networking equipment and Cloud Software • Requires a change in mindset of IT 23 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? PRIVATE CLOUD CONSIDERATIONS FOR PROCURING PRIVATE CLOUD PHASE 1 (PILOT) PHASE 2 PHASE 3 Start with a small simple project Build your cloud foundation. Adopt a Cloud-first Strategy. that will not impact operations. • Consolidate your Data Centers/ • All new applications should be • Identify the Hardware (HW)- server rooms/ HW, Standardize Cloud-ready and deployed to the (servers, storage, and networking) Servers and Add Cloud Software Cloud. for a single app or monolithic (Private Cloud). silo that has low utilization is not • Robust Internet connectivity business critical. • Establish digital identities for enables cloud to scale for all administrator, teachers and students, aspects of service delivery • Either procure from CSP or develop then provision their accounts and automation including user lifecycle on-prem backup and/or disaster assign appropriate licenses. management. recovery of on-prem data. • Migrate all existing silos to IaaS, PaaS, • IT staff have cloud skills to leverage • Select IT staff has basic cloud skills. and SaaS. advanced cloud features and technology for optimizing costs, • Review all applications and determine performance, and security. which ones to move to CSP as SaaS. • Full DR in place with consistent • Select IT staff has advanced cloud policies and procedures. skills. 24 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? PUBLIC CLOUD BUYING PUBLIC CLOUD SERVICES Which service? Decide between Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS), Platform as a Service (PaaS) and Software as a Service (IaaS) Separate Lots It is recommended to have separate lots for: Cloud Technologies/ Infrastructure- IaaS/ PaaS Applications- SaaS Consulting Services- planning, deployment, migration, training Framework Agreements* Ministries of Education should consider framework agreements for entire education sector for efficiency and economy. *Framework Agreement- ”a multi- organizational award of a menu of clouds, from which eligible purchasers affiliated with the purchasing organization can acquire the cloud technologies and associated services that meet and suit their needs”-- Buying Cloud Services in Public Sector Handbook Source: Buying Cloud Services in Public Sector Handbook - Including Sample RFP Language for a Cloud Framework Agreement. 25 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Strategy | Team | Private Cloud | Public Cloud HOW to implement next steps ? PUBLIC CLOUD UNDERSTANDING PUBLIC CLOUD PRICING Most if not all public Cloud Service Providers • Specialized packages usually optimized (CSPs) publish their pricing on their websites. compute, storage or network services for Check CSPs website for pricing. special applications Pricing for IaaS and PaaS will involve determining: • Amount of CPU resources PRICING FOR INFRASTRUCTURE (IAAS PRICING FOR SOFTWARE AS A SERVICE • Memory AND PAAS) (SAAS) • Storage type and amount • Operating System used Cloud is “pay as you go” and you can cancel • Region or where CSPs Data Center is • Is typically priced per month located anytime. Pricing for infrastructure Is usually • Is usually on a per user basis or tiered • Bandwidth used per hour or per second and is influenced by: depending on “package” you choose • Database required • Other pricing models for SaaS are flat rate, • Level of performance (e.g. IOPS), usage based or per feature, but these are reliability and availability required • Upfront commitments for amount of service less common • Single Tenancy vs shared infrastructure (reserved services)- while service is pay as • Pay as you Go vs Reserved/ committed • Is influenced by volume discount or high services you go, having an upfront commitment for value packages cost less a minimum amount of services can reduce costs Use public CSP Price Calculators to get a budget (and see how variables above • Commitment for length of time- in addition influence price). to commitments for amount of service, the length of commitment can impact pricing It is critical to track spending and adjust/ • Higher consumption- the more you optimize variables as use the Cloud. consume, the lower the per-unit cost can get (volume-based discounts) 26 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES HOW Conclusion WHAT WHO WHY Key stakeholders are the Ministry of Education IT Cloud can help improve education by improving departments, Senior management in Ministries access and quality of education while building of Education, teachers, students and private a resilient, flexible education system in cost sector Cloud Service Providers (CSPs). Almost all effective ways. Cloud empowers you to focus public cloud providers have education cloud services. on what matters most: delivering education And most “traditional enterprise” hardware and vs. building, maintaining, and supporting IT software vendors offer infrastructure and software infrastructure. for private and hybrid cloud deployments. “Cloud” refers to a Data Center connected to the The choice between a public, private or a WHAT internet in which IT resources such as networks, hybrid cloud deployment depends on a variety HOW servers, storage and applications are delivered of factors and is rarely either/or situation in real as services over the internet, on-demand and world. It will be essential to develop cloud literacy are scalable (elastic). Cloud is a reality for an IT within your organization so that you can make the organization, so it’s a matter of “when cloud” not right trade-offs between the variety of options. “if cloud”. This Knowledge Pack is meant to introduce you to cloud and help you create a cloud strategy or extend your existing cloud strategy. 27 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES To go further CLOUD OF KPs R E L AT E D P O D C A ST S AI/ML Devices Cloud Exploring the Potential of Digital Infrastructure Adaptive Learning in Education (on Apple Podcasts and Anchor) Connectivity Digital Infrastructure Broadening Connectivity: A Conversation with Digital identity BE DATA Data visualization DRIVEN ENGAGE the Steve Song and Mike Jensen : Part I (on Apple NRENs ECOSYSTEM Procurement Podcasts and Anchor) and Part II (on Apple Startups Podcasts and Anchor) Ecosystem Data collection EMIS AssistiveTechnologies LMS LEARNER DESIGN and Mobile based S T AY C O N N E C T E D Computer based ACT AT SCALE, Digital ASK WHY? FOR ALL Assessment Literacies Follow us on Twitter Digital Content EMPOWERED TEACHERS Subscribe to our podcast channel Teachers Competencies Spotify & Anchor More updates on Medium Subscribe to our EduTech Newsletter EdTech website OTHER EXISTING RELATED KPs EMIS 2.0 Digital content Devices Procurement 28 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT KEY TERMS On-Prem On Premises. This is IT CSP Cloud Services Provider. CSPs can Security Posture Or cybersecurity or infrastructure on your own premises, i.e. provide both public and private cloud threat posture (also security status) is the your datacenter. services. overall ability to defend against cyber- attacks. This posture includes policies, user training, and security HW and SW solutions Off-Prem Off Premises. This is IT Hybrid Cloud This is a combination of in place, from anti-virus to face recognition for datacenter personnel to gain physical infrastructure on somebody else’s both public cloud services and private cloud access to specific areas, etc. premises, i.e. their datacenter. services. Public Cloud Cloud services provided AI & ML Artificial Intelligence and by a Cloud Services Provider (e.g. Google, Machine Learning. Amazon, Microsoft, etc.) and are available to other customers. CSP Cloud services provider. CSPs provide both public and private cloud Private Cloud Cloud services (from services. hardware to the software) that is dedicated to you and not shared with anybody else. A private cloud could be on-prem or off- M&E Monitoring and Evaluation. prem. 29 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ • How did Cloud come about? • Where does Cloud fit in the IT timeline? • Why are services at the core of Cloud? • What are the different types of Cloud Services? • What are Infrastructure Services? • What are Platform Services? • What are Software and Data Services? • What is Virtualization? • Is Cloud the same as off-prem? • Is Private Cloud the same as off-prem? • What do I need to know about Cloud Security and Privacy? • What regulatory and privacy issues should I be aware of? • How do you mitigate Connectivity issues? • What is involved with a current state assessment? • What are examples of VGOs and use case scenarios? 30 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to How did Cloud come about? a) Enterprise IT Enterprise IT had been transitioning from LOB (line of business) SW & HW silos towards shared virtualized HW infrastructure Cloud started as a convergence of a) IT evolving in the b) Research and Academia enterprise, Research and academia b) research and academia created pre-cloud standards sharing infrastructure to for sharing infrastructure solve problems, and across multiple campuses. c) SaaS vendors foreseeing an c) SaaS Vendors opportunity SaaS Vendors such as Amazon and Google, saw the infrastructure they were building as well as the IT services that they were providing for their own internal operations could be sold to external customers. This not only allowed them to be more efficient by selling their unused capacity, it also ended-up creating an enormous revenue stream on its own. 31 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to Where does Cloud fit in the IT timeline? 32 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to Why are services at the core of Cloud? EXAMPLE: “Sending Gmail” A Cloud service is simply some software Gmail is offered by Google, and when capability or function accessed via an you click the Gmail “send” button, Cloud service abstraction intranet or the Internet. you don’t have to worry about all the ultimately allows you to databases, servers, OS’s, network focus on what you care Services abstract their own routing, security, and much MOs most about, which is implementation details, so that you more involved to make the service delivering education, NOT don’t have to know the details in order happen in delivering your email to implementing technology. to use and benefit from a service. somebody. 33 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What are the different types of Cloud Services? Cloud services combine and build on Software and Data Services (or other services, so that sophisticated Software as a Service or SaaS) are built functionality can be created without on top of PaaS, and are the actual requiring the expertise or detailed applications and data that ultimately knowledge of the underlying services. deliver end-user value. Examples of Providers and Services Infrastructure Services (or Microsoft Office 365, Google Apps, YouTube, Infrastructure as a Service or IaaS) are Salesforce.com, Moodle, Dropbox, the foundational services that provide Facebook, etc. the actual hardware the virtualization Microsoft Azure PaaS, Amazon PaaS, Google of that hardware, and the orchestration PaaS, Oracle PaaS, Linux, Windows, SQL of the hardware’s use. Database, content delivery, workflow, etc. Platform Services (or Platform as a Service or PaaS) are implemented Microsoft Azure IaaS, Amazon IaaS, VMware, on top of Infrastructure services, and Rackspace, VPN, Internet Gateway, etc. provide the OS, as well as the SW and Data frameworks that are used to build applications, databases, etc. 34 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What are Infrastructure Services? IaaS is NOT just virtualization of server, storage, and networking hardware. IaaS is often thought of as a virtual datacenter and includes: • Automated provisioning of virtual resources and the underlying hardware • Dynamic scaling and sizing of virtualized resources • Connectivity to the Internet • Cybersecurity safeguards, firewalls, VPNs, and encryption • Performance optimization of virtual servers, storage, and networking • Physical building and personnel security 35 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What are Platform Services? • IaaS runs on top of Platform Services, and PaaS itself is implemented on top of IaaS. • PaaS is used to develop, manage, and run apps; as well as, develop, manage, and access data often in the form of databases. • PaaS includes the OS’s that run on VMs, and containers (OS virtualization). • PaaS also includes analytics tools to gain insights from data, to monitor performance, to manage workflows, and many other capabilities. 36 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What are Software and Data Services? • SaaS is the actual applications and data that users access typically via the Internet, instead of having to download apps and maintain the data on their device. • You typically think of SaaS as being 3rd party services such as Gmail, Outlook, Drop Box, Zoom, etc. or you can provide your own SaaS for your users. • If you are procuring SaaS from a CSP, then you are not responsible for any of the other cloud layers. • SaaS licensing and pricing is often managed as a per-user, monthly or yearly subscription. 37 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What is Virtualization? Virtualization creates a software representation of the physical servers, storage, and networking hardware, so that the PaaS and Virtual machines (VM) IaaS layers can be completely independent from the hardware. EXAMPLE: Server Virtualization • Without server virtualization, you simply have a software running on top of dedicated physical server hardware. • This is inherently inefficient since the server is not likely to be fully utilized and it’s also difficult to move the software to a different server. • Special virtualization software called a “hypervisor” creates standard multiple virtual servers (called virtual machines or VMs) running on top of the actual physical server. • VMs can be added or removed to optimize utilization of the physical server, and completely different software can run on each VM. Physical Server • VMs can be moved around dynamically to different physical servers to accommodate more efficient network routing, performance, or security requirements. 38 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to Is Cloud the same as off-prem? On-Prem Off-Prem A CSP (Cloud Service Provider) is responsible for providing You are responsible for everything from the IaaS layer (or hosting) the IaaS layer but it is dedicated only to you. (i.e. HW servers, storage, and networking) to the PaaS, You are typically responsible for the PaaS, SaaS, and EaaS SaaS, and EaaS layers. layers on top of the IaaS layer. The CSP may provide Private IaaS layers to other customers but they are completely ANALOGY: This is like owning a car where you are Cloud separate from each other. responsible for everything, such as driving, parking, gas, cleaning, insurance, road tolls, cost of the car itself, ANALOGY: This is like leasing a car in which you don’t driving, repair, maintenance, disposal, repurchase, actually own the car but it’s dedicated to you and you etc. are responsible for insurance, gas and driving it. This is an on-demand public utility where the CSP (e.g. Google, AWS, and Azure) is responsible for the services (IaaS, PaaS, and/or SaaS) it provides and you only pay Public for what you use. NOT A VALID OPTION Cloud ANALOGY: This is like using a taxi service in which you are not responsible for any aspect of the service other than just using the service. 39 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to Is Private Cloud the same as off-prem? Private Cloud simply means that you are NOT Off-prem- Rented space (and even servers) in sharing infrastructure services with other someone else’s Data Center customers • Co-location- you rent space in someone EXAMPLE: the physical server that your else Data Center and you provide your own software runs on is only used by you, the servers physical storage is only used by you, and the • Virtual Private Cloud- Hosted by a Public networks that communicate between those Cloud Provider on their infrastructure not servers and storage are only used by you. shared with anyone else Private Cloud can be on-prem or off-prem Public Cloud is always provided by a 3rd party On-prem- In your own Data Center on your CSP, so you are sharing infrastructure services own premises with two options with other customers. • Your own infrastructure- you own all the equipment and software EXAMPLE: one physical server may be running • Public Cloud Service Provider’s infrastructure- software from two different customers, most CSPs offer a limited version of their but note that the software runs in its own public offering infrastructure and/or software environment, called a VM or virtual machine; for installation in your own Data Center and, a VM is virtually equivalent to having your usually as part of a Hybrid Cloud Solution. own server. 40 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What do I need to know about Cloud Security and Privacy? Security and privacy are one of the top and customers are responsible for HW and SW solutions in place, global IT concerns today securing the data they put in the from anti-virus to face recognition cloud and setting access policies for datacenter personnel to gain • Security Technology and Controls: appropriately. physical access to specific areas, etc. Security and privacy is inherent with cloud and many CSPs have • Data Encryption: To secure your specialized technology and rigorous data, encryption is used to protect policies and controls to protect data both in transit (moving across users’ data and privacy as well as the network) and at rest (while being protect infrastructure and the cloud stored). layers from threats. • Security Posture: Your overall • Shared Responsibility: Using a CSP security objective is to have the best implies a “shared responsibility” possible security posture, which is model in which, depending on the your overall ability to defend against layer (IaaS, PaaS, or SaaS), CSPs are cyber-attacks. This posture includes responsible for the layer(s) used policies, user training, and security Note: Refer to “Journey to the Cloud: Improving Government Services through Cloud Solutions”, section 2.1.2. on security. 41 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What regulatory and privacy issues should I be aware of? Data Sovereignty- the idea that data The effect of these laws can mean is subject to and governed by the laws that using the public cloud will require of the country in which it is collected. careful consideration as some cloud Many country have enacted or are services rely on distributed servers considering enacting Data Sovereignty across multiple countries to store and laws. process data. Data Localization- laws that Cloud providers have developed require that citizen’s data be stored several solutions to address Data and processed on servers located Sovereignty and Data localization laws in the country and in some cases and it is recommended to engage that transfer of data outside the Cloud providers to discuss what country follows some mandatory options are available. requirements. One popular option is the use of Hybrid Cloud- with data stored on premise in the country some of the workloads running on the public cloud. 42 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to How do you mitigate Connectivity issues? Is Cloud even possible with poor Internet connectivity? CONNECTIVITY SCENARIO MITIGATION Use on-prem (or at least in-country) private cloud to deliver most cloud services, and then public cloud via Internet costs are too high for my country Internet for very select services that make little or no sense to deliver via private cloud. • Use more full-featured devices that have sufficient storge for data. • School servers provide a hub for content that can be Low bandwidth Internet connectivity accessed by teacher and student devices. • School servers can be sideloaded, preloaded, or trickle loaded. 43 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What is involved with a current state assessment? • Conduct an inventory of all or unpredictable. For example MIGRATION STRATEGIES your current IT applications applications with unpredictable which could include your peaks are ideal for Cloud • Rehost. Move your existing application as is website, Student Information from your servers to an Infrastructure as a System, Education Management • Review your backup policies and Service (IaaS) of a CSP or your own private cloud. Information System (EMIS), systems to ensure that all data Learning Management System is backed up prior to any Cloud • Replatform. Move applications to the Cloud (LMS), Teacher Management deployments while tweaking them or using Cloud Databases System, Financial Management and other platform tools. Systems and others • Consider your data sovereignty • Refactor. Move applications to the Cloud while and security concerns if any changing some of the code to make applications • The inventory exercise should benefit from Cloud.  document number of users, • Consider the connectivity • Repurchase. A classic example is to move to a vendors, integration touch points situation of your key users SaaS version of the same application you hosted and security concerns inhouse.  • Then look at your potential • Retire. A chance to shut down applications that • Understand the behavior of migration strategies are no longer needed your application- does it have steady usage, are there peak • Retain. Applications that cannot be migrated for demand that are predictable some reason. Note: Refer to “Journey to the Cloud: Improving Government Services through Cloud Solutions”, section 2.1.2. on security. 44 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Key terms | FAQ HOW Annexes WHAT FAQ Back to What are examples of VGOs and Use case scenarios? GOAL OBJECTIVES USE CASES • Teachers can i) create/ curate and deliver content ii) assess student learning iii) access professional development & support (coaching, • Enroll out of school youth mentoring) • Ensure continuity of Increase Learning/ Remote Learning • Students can i) access learning content ii) seek support from teachers Access • Build a flexible and iii) communicate and collaborate with peers iv) participate in regular resilient education system assessments • Administrators can i) track student enrollment, attendance & performance ii) communicate with students, teachers & parents • Teachers can i) have access to and use guided/ scripted lesson plans ii) determine the right level of students iii) conduct regular assessments iv) Lower learning poverty/ create additional learning aids/ content v) track student achievement vi) Improve ensure children have communicate with parents learning foundation skills (literacy, numeracy) • Students can i) access additional practice & learning resources at school & at home ii) access support and instruction that is adapted and personalized to the child’s level 45 INTRODUCTION WHO WHY WHAT HOW CONCLUSION ANNEXES Supported with funding from